UMASS/AMHERST 3120bb DEflB D333 b I FIVE COLLEGE i DEPOSITORY m ' Tf^'^^B A^VHf*V ,',i^' 4^fl^^M|Ej ^ ^^^ jS^sM ^^hI l^^slHHil 1 ->'*~., f^J ^V University of f? r^ Massachusetts UMASS. Amherst Library SPECIAL COLLECTIONS a ARCHIVES ^ on C^ r^ ^ QO ^ v;-^^^^' ■^im'^i THE NEIV ENGIiAND FARMER, AND HORTICUIiTURAIi JOURNAIi. CONTAINING Is^iiiif ii^ #irliliMHil anwir MeUw^lfir^ RELATING TO AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY ; WITH ISNGRAVINGS, AND THE PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. BY THOMAS G. FESSENDEN. TOL.UME VII. BOSTON, rUBLISHEU BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, 52 NORTH MARKET STREET. _o„ PRINTED BV ISAAC R. BUTTS— WI1£0N'3 LANE. ^^^g of a , 176 — more 1S29. Fer N44 4 ^^^•^/.r^ INDEX TO THE SEVENTH VOLUMe' OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. A. B., his quere on engrafting grape vines, 34. Abbot, Dr Abiel, extract from his letters, 339. Abbot, John, his remarks on thei'ulton pear, 386. Acorns, uses of. 37. Address by William E. Richmond, extracts from, 36. by Joseph L TilKnghast, 108 — of Samuel Brack, 172— by Myron flo-'ley, Esq. 260, 26S, 276, 284— by George N. Brigg.-, Esq. 356, 364 — by Col. Picker- ing 396, 404. A. E. on inifuoved breeds of cattle, 129 — on premiums for stock, 129. Agricob, on the rheum palmalum, or pie plant, 11 — on geology for schools, 214 — on broad wheels, 226. Agricultural Memoranda, 22 — Schools established in Eu- rope, 2 10. Agricultural Society, Massachusetts, list of its officers, 6 — rules and regulations of their cattle show, 94 — their show at Brighton, 102, 110 — premiums granted by, 102 — Committees of, 103 — report of, on agricultural in- ventions, 105 — on fat cattle, 106 — on agricultural ex- periments, 106, 206 — on working oxen, 114 — onsheep, 114 — on cows and heifers, 122. ,— of Essex, cattle show, &c. 86, 323— officers of,P9 report of committee of, 249 — remarks on said report, 265 — extracts from a pamphlet by, 412. of Worcester, 98, 101— officers of, 333. of Middlese.x, 99. . of Cheshire, 101. of Hartford, 107. of Rockingham, N. H., 110. of Bristol county, Mass., 118, 338. of Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin, 124. of Rhode Island, 126, 309. -, of Merrimack county, N. H., 130,331. of Plymouth county, 140. of Washington, Penn., 147. of Philadelphia, officers of, 219. of Waldo, Me., 341. Agricultural Societies, Gov. Lincoln's remarks on, 211. Agricultural and geological surveys recommended, 222. Agricultural School, proposed at South Hadley, Mass., 366. Agriculture, advantages to be derived from, 54 — Flemish, notices of, 57, 212 — in Nova Scotia, 148, 154 — article on, by the Editor, 173, 185,-193— Board of, in North Carofina, 219. Agriculturist, an, on the culture of silk, 237. Air, course of, how ascertained, 272. A. K., his remarks and queries on cultivating forest frees, 138. / Alcohol, quantity of, in different liquors, 403. Almanack, New England Farmer's, directions from, for the month of May, 342. - Almonds, bitter, alleviate the evils of drunkenness, 40. Amateur, on the cultivation of plums, 22. Animals, domestic, changes in, when transported to Ameri- ca, 237. Anthracite coal, formation of, 83. Apoplexy, classes of, 13 — blood letting recommended for, 58 — from white lead, 101. | Apples, on their preservation, uses, &c. 44 — notice of large ones, 86 — of double ones. 111 — kept in grain, 236 — and pomace, as food for stock, 274 — different sorts of, in possession of J. Buel, Esq., preserved in dry sand, 407. Apple Jelly, recipe for making, 45. Apple trees, query concerning, 273 — how treated by Da- vid Gray, 412. Arable ground, in large lots, 91. Armistead, W. R., on engrafting grape vines, 329. Arrachaca, vain attempts to cultivate, 243. Asparagus, improved by irrigation, 127 — early specimens of, 254 — on cultivating, in single rows, 406. Ashes, as manure, &c. 61. Ass, remarkable instance of instinct in, 48. B., his remedy against canker-worms, 12 — his query on woodlands, 367— on gypsum, sources of moisture in soils, &c. 221. Backlog, hollow iron, filled with water, 1S9; Bacon, how cured in Virginia, 251 — on preserving, 378. Baldness, remedy for, 171. Banking up houses, best mode of, 70. Bark-louse, or Coccus, remarks on, by Dr Harris, 289. Barley, Mr Parson's note on, 177 — Dr Bradford's remarks on 177. Barley, pearl, a substitute for rice, 101. Barstow, John, his query respecting diseased sheep, 267, 313 — on ruta baga, raised on new land, &c. 267. Bartlett, L., on insects on fruit trees, ^c. 202. Bathing, warm recommended, 37. Baylies, Alfred, his Aildress to the Bristol County Agri- cultural Society, 325. Beal, David, his cultivation of lucerne, 62. Bean, great increase of, 234 — winter, notices of, 394, 395. Beach tree, said never to be struck with lightning, 171 — uses of, 182. Bee Miller, methods of destroying; 14, 45, 234. Beer, excellent, how made, 407. Beer barrels, floating lids recommended for, 104. Bees, accident by, 58— preserved against insects by salt, 81— essay on, 114, 133, 141, 149— management of, 230 — Dr Thatcher's treatise on, 302 — remarks on, by Medi- cus, 345— great increase of, 348 — procure pollen in March, 361, 380— cruel custom of, 394. Beet, on its cultivation, 250, 261 — disease iq, 292 on making sugar from, 12, 285, 346, 362. Bell, Benjamin, on the use of India rubber for pruning and grafting, 31.3. Bene plant, uses of, 45. Birch tree, notices of, 131. Birds that destroy insects, 1 — how scared from garden crops, 119. Birnie, C, on hedges, 53. Bison, notices and inquiries concerning, 361. Blackberries, alcohol procured from, 255 — cultivation of, recommended, 351. Black-dying, remarks on, 132. Blacking for leather, 380. Bleaching flax, notice of a patent for, 247. Bleeding at the nose, remedy for, 247. Blight in fruit-trees, remarks on, 19. Bones of soldiers at W'aterloo, uses made of, 141. Borer in apple trees, how extirpated, 46, 354. Boscavaine, on a horse's age, 35. Botanic garden, at Cambridge, report on, 26. Botts in horses, said to be cured by giving them unslack- ed lime 23 — salt said to be a remedy for 74 — recipe for, 299 — notice of, by Professor Eaton 324. Boylston, J. L., Esq., great crops by 134 — on the culti- vation of Indian corn, &c. 225 — tine stock raised by 401. Bradford, Dr, his remarks on barley 177. Brains, loss of not fatal 40. Brakes, how destroyed 14. Bread, brown, remarks on making 379 — and milk, recom- mended for children 64. Breck, Samuel, E.sq., extracts from his address on the death of Judge Peters 172. Briar, Mohawk, a remedy for sores 6. Briggs, L. W. on different sorts of locust trees 81. Broccoli, Cape, how raised in England 73. Bronchotomy, operation of 141. Brunswick, on cultivating silk in Maine 382. Budding stone fruit 217. Buel, Jesse, Esq., on the horticulture of the U. S. 108 — on fire blight in fruit trees 137, 169 — on forest and or- namental treesl47, 234— on insects on fruit trees 169, 263 — on the uses of gypsum 188 — on forcing rhubarb 285 — on the propagation of fruits 305 — on the climate of the United States compared with that of Great Britain 316 — on planting timber, cultivation of sugar- maple and live fences 324. Bull, E. W., on a native grape 409. Burns, spirits of turpentine recommended for 58 — linseed oil and lime-water, for 72 — dredging them with flour 131, 299— tar said to be a remedy for 224. Burying grounds of a people 19 inches in length 16. Butchers' meat, market for in Ghent, how kept clean 28. Butter, by whom invented, and from what animals pro- duced 3 — how preserved in Turkey 29 — how made in winter 69, 222, 395— how purified when rancid, 71 — premium for to Mr Boylston 109. Buttons, manufacture of 161. C. his observations on haymaking, 1 — on staggers in Bwine, 1 — on the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, 278. Cabbage, preservation of, 155 — how obtained early, 341. Caledonian Horticultural Society, deputation of, their proceedings, 212. Caldwell, J. A., his remarks on broad wheels, 274. Calves, remarkably large, 37, 78, 82, 155, 327, 401, 410 — best mode of fattening, 181 — scouring in, 233. Canals and rail roads in the United States, 69 — in Ohio, 231. Cancer, recipes for, 5, 407. Candles, improvement in, 171, 181, 283. Canker worm, remarks on by Mr. Lowell, 2 — supposed remedy for, 5 — tarring fruit trees to preserve against, 25 — on destroying by burning straw, Sic. 41 — Mr. Houghton's remedy for, 94 — another by B., 129. Canine madness, remarks on, 292. Capiaumont pear, notices and cut of, 409. Capron, Joseph W., his queries on grass seeds, 350 — on cultivating the quince tree, 361. Carol, James, on preserving Indian corn from the wee- vil, 20.5. Carrots, juice of, used in making butter in winter, 23 — on their cultivation, 347. Casks, foul and musty, how purified, 329. Castor oil, how made, 6, 291. Caterpillars, modes of destroying, 213, 230, 310,355,413. Catnip poultice, how made, and use of it. Cattle, improved breeds of, 129, 388, 389— premiums for, remarks on, 129 — large and premiums for by J. H. Boylston, Esq. 166 — North Devon recommended, 171 ---economy in feeding, 173,206 — horn ail in, how cured, 194, 234 — on changing from poor to fertile soils, 202 — hoven or swoln, remedies for, 48, 510 — should have wa- ter in their yards, 65 — query respecting frozen feet, 267 — remarks on stall feeding, 281 — queries respecting food for, 293— on the loss of cud in, 337, 353— fine imported into Bennington, Vt., 389 — valuable breeds of, owned by J. Prince, Esq. 001. Cattle market, English, notices of, 100. Caution, his remarks on rural economy, 266. Cedars, transplanting of, 395 — recommended for hedges, 206. Charcoal dust, a top dressing of, for onions, &c. 354. Cheese, how preserved against mites, 59, 414 — how made with seeds in Switzerland, 229, 238 — directions for making, 358. Chesnut trees, notices of large ones, 36, 230 — on their cultivation, 138 — bark useful in tanning, 83. Chiccory, on its extirpation, 33. Children, shoes for should be made large, 80 — should not be rocked, 313. Chloride of lime, uses of, 402. Cider, on making, 4, 123, 182— best vessels for, 119— re- marks on making, by a physician, 1^. Cider brandy, ruinous to farmers, 253. Cider mill grater, notice of, 63. Cinnamon, fields of, 80 — management of, 230 — raised in France, 285. Circulation of sap in trees, remarks on 369. City and country, dependence of the former on the lat- ter 253. Clergymen, industrious, notices of 366. Climate and silk, remarks on by J. M. G. 252. Climate of the Middle States, compared with that ol Great Britain, by J. Buel, Esq. 316. Clover, green salted, quere concerning, 14 — flesh colored, notice of 388. Coal gas, experiments in burning 344. Coal, Lehigh, dust of mixed with clay and burnt 218. Coal fire, how kindled 165. Coal mine, Worcester, notice of 59, 151. Cochineal introduced into Spain 49. Cocks singing, notice of S3. Cockroaches, how to destroy 3, 6, 21. Coflte, how first obtained in the West Indies, 24 — no- tices of, 182. Coffin, R. A., queries proposed by, 329. Colds, on the prevention of, 86. Combustion of the human body, SO. Cookery, domestic, spirituous liquors should not be used in, 181. Cordage, new material for, 383. Corn husks for beds, 127— for making paper, 293. Corns in horses' feet, remarks on, 340. Correspondent, a new, on disease in fruit trees, 153. Cottages, English, notices of, 5. Cotton raised in Salem, Mass., 109. Cowing, Cornelius, his cultivation of turnip rooted cab- bage, 62. Cows, to prevent their contracting bad habits, 30 — on their going dry too soon, 31 — how they should be kept, 31 — useful in teams, 38 — good food for, 54 — marks of a good one, 56 — on the management of, 162, 176 — more IV INDEX. easily fattened and better laborers than oxen, 262— of 1 Filberts may be grown in the United States, 380 Lapfand, notice of, 285— garget in, 302— preserved ngainst llics, by oilini; tlie parts most exposed, 34S — notices of a reinarlialiie one, 386, 410. Coxe, Win., on engrailing vines, 34. Cramp, how to prevent, 41. Cranberries, prolitable produce of, 141. Croup, valuable remedy for, 96. Crows, useful in destroying vermin, 32S. Cucumbers, how rendered wholesome, 38 — large one, 43, 80 — GirkiOi how pickleil, 55— remarkable cluster of, 78 — how obtained early, 230 — analysis of, 251. Cultivation, thorough, advantages of 167. Cultivator, his remarks on the circulation of sap in trees, &c. 369. Curculio, an insect in fruit trees, notices of, 81, 82. Curtis, Samuel, on destroying insects by lime, 338. Dahlia, a flower, how forced, 236— on its cultivation, 387. Dairies, Dutch, notice of, 63 — should be kept sweet, clean, tVc. 97. Dairy, a valuable, 133. Dandelions, transplanting and cultivating, 358 — large, no- tice ol, 383. Dearborn, Gen. H. A. S., his notice of Mr. Lowell's of- fer to furnish buds to Mass. Horticultural Society, 401. Death, on the dread of, 8. Deming, Harvey, his query respecting the weevil, 62. D. F. on insects on fruit trees, 203, 217— his remarks on pear trees, 273. Diet, power of habit in, 46 — vegetable recommended, 124. Dogs, Esquimaux, their uses, 214. Dorchester, on stacking hay, 17. Downer, S. his remarks on native pears, 266 — on native grapes, 282 — on queen bees, curculio, and apple tree borer, 290 — on tho Epargne pear, 313 — on the Fulton pear, 3S6. Drains, difl'erent sorts of, &c. 52. Dram shops, remarks on, 224. Drawings of hoises, recommended by a breeder, 267. Drill husbandry, not proper for some crops, 166. Drowned persons, how recovered, 101. Drunkenness, evils of, 88. Dysentery, avoided by the use of pepper and spices, 4 — cured by boiled milk, &c. 39 — high mallows a cure for, E.on destroying canker worms, 41 — on smut in Indian corn, 41. Earthquakes, cause of, 52. Eaton, Professor, on the bott fly, 324. Economy, domoslic, principles in, 29, 349, 408 — on con- structing a parlor and kitchen, according to principles of, 246. Eels, how roasted, 38. Effluvia of rotten substances, a source of disease, 213. Eggs, prcservalion of 191, 219. E. H. his present of fine fruit from a graft of a tree in- troduced one hundred and seventy years since, 82. Elderberry wine, how made, 65 — do. syrup, 78. Electrified seeds and plants, rapid growth of, 51. Elm tree, extraordinary growth of, 299. Elwyn, J. L. on the age and founder of horses, 181. Entomology, contributions to, by Dr Harris 90, 117, 122, 132, 156, 164— ills of ignorance in 97, 171— study of, inexhaustible 182. Essex, his remarks on the report of the Essex Agricultur- al Society 265, 291. Evaporation, notice of experiments in 221. F., his notice of insectivorous birds 2. Farm- buildings, rules for their construction 65, 69. Farmer, R. I., on composition of soils 401. ' Farmer, an old, his hints to young farmers 243 — on pota- toes 393. Farmer, a young, his queries respecting frozen feet in cattle 367. Farmer, a, on potatoes as food for milch-cows, &c. 10 — on destroying thistles 17 — on pruning grape vines, 329 — on cultivating potatoes, 363. Farmer, a Roxbury, his extracts and remarks 113 — on new varieties of potatoes 257 — on orchards 273 — query of, respectingapple trees, 273 — on the supposed degen- eracy of pot.itoes by intermixture 293. Farmers' Winter evenings, how they should be spent 17 — importance of knowledge to 52 — work for June 374. Farmer's young, hints to 243 — their pursuits compared with those of merchanis 379. Farmer's sons, advice to 357. Farming, axioms in. by DrCooptv 14— embraces a variety of objects, &c. 196— Plougii Jogg;riculture, remarks on 65, 145. Improvements internal, notices of 29. Indian antiquities 168. Indian corn, on smut in 41, 113 — best mode of harvesting 49 — on selecting seed of 54 — raised in England by Mr Cobbett 157, 196, 293 — on preserving from the wee- vil 205 — premium for the greatest quantity on an acre 211 — on its cultivation by Mr Boylston 225 — remarks on its cultivation by the editor .334, 342, 382 — steepino' seed of 334 — on an oil obtained from 382. Inoculation of fruit trees 12, 23. Insect, a new and extraordinary 61. Insectivorous birds, notices of 1. Insects on fruit trees, notices of 33, 82, 142, 158, 169, 186, 194,202,203, 217, 289— on locust trees 70— Highland composition for destroying 93 — called the web worm, remarks on 299 — on the collection and preservation of 306 — Dr Green's remarks on, and remedies against 332 -"destroyed by an infusion of walnut leaves 333---how destroyed by a lime duster 338, 371-.-on~rerffoving early from trees 340---destroyed by tobacco water 371 ---by chickens 3S9. Institute, American, notice of its sales 115. Intemperance, various sorts of 36---how caused in chil- dren 47, 272— remarks on by Dr Drake 78— reforma- tion of in N. England 91— observations on by Sir Kichard Rum 308. Iron, manufacture of in Pennsylvania 57. Isabella grape, remarks on by Z. Cook, Jun. 258. Ivy, not injurious to trees 197. J. B., his notices of the vigorous growth of varieties of the vine 25. Jenkins L., his quere on horse chesnuts 82. J. G. J., on pickling girkin cucumbers 55---on climate and silk 252. J. M. G., on the long red potatoe 66— village anecdote by 187---on sowing grass seeds 322. J. N. H., on the cultivation of mustard 298. Johnson, S. R., his profitable plum tree 86. J. W. C, on sowing grass seeds and grafting 350.' Kelp or crude soda, on the manufacture of 9, 18. Keniick, J., on planting fruit trees, 73. King, Thomas, on agriculture in Nova Scotia, 149, 154. Kitchen garden for August 18. Knight, Thomas A., Esq. his present of fruits to the citi- zens of the U. Stales 42. L., on the collection and preservation of insects 306. La Fayette, extract of a letter from 92-— on shepherds' dogs, &c. 198. Lambs, how preserved from vermin 326. Lamp oil, improvement in 285. Lalhrop, Samuel, his essay on the cultivation of hemp 297— on the comparative strength of 309. Lawrence, Jauies S.^ on economy in constructing a par- lor and kitchen 246. Leather, remarks on, as an article of commerce 140. Leaves, cause of the fall of 97. Leech, observations on 397. Lemon, of large size, 247. Lightning rods, extent of the influence of 13. Lime, use of in destroying insects 338, 371— in preserv- ing health 398. Lime water, preserves timber 399. Lincoln, Gov., his remarks on rail roads 211— on agricul- tural societies 211. Lithography and geography, notices of 350. Locust tree, notices of its cultivation 46, 57— remarks on thedifferent sorts of 81,82— should not be sowed too early in spring 137. Low, Thomas, Esq. exlracts from his address, recom- mending the planting of trees 27. Lowell, John, Esq. his remarks on the canker worm 2— on the potatoe onion 2— on the Botanic Garden, at on new varieties of fruits, presented by T. A. Knight, Esq. 42--on engrafting vines at the root C6--on a proposed abridgment of Duhamel's Treatise 274--on new varieties of pears 283, 289, 301, 305— his comparative state of the season 351 — on the culti- vation of lucerne 366, .386--his present and offer to fur- nish new varieties of Iruit to the Mass. Hor. Soc. 401. Lucerne, great product of 62- -on its cultivation by J. Lowell, Esq. 366, 386--remarks of Veritas on 372. Lyceum, American, remarks on 10, 49, 134, 142, 239— in Concoid 240. M., his remarks and queries on fruit trees 313. Machine for reaping wheat 33— for transplanting trees 81 -for threshmg, by W. Greive 99— for spinning flax and hemp 100, 124---for threshing 102--for pulling up stumps 239— for washing 243— for dressing hemp 355 ---for weaving meal bags 407. Malaria, in Long Island 75. Malt liquors, said (o be a preventative of fevers 411. Manufactories in Massachusetts 215. Manure, horn shavings valuable for 17— green crops for 21---sea weed for 29, 70— how made aud applied by good farmers 49-. shipped from London 52— nshes use- ful for 61---soaper's waste lor 70--summer made, how preserved 70- remarks on, from the Gardener's Maga- zine 118— of earth and lime, cheap and valuable 131— , Parker, Amos, on the cultivation of hemp 125 Onion-potato, recommended by Mr Lowell 2. O. P., his reniai'ks on sumac 267. Opium of couunerce, how prepared 167— -how produced from the poppy 235. Oranges, raised in Florida 395. Orange tree, more than 400 years old 152. Orchard grass, on its cultivation 42 --to save seed of 43. Orchards, their management, Mr Welles' remarks on 197 ---remarks on by a farmer 273---on the grafting of by pedlars, &c. 315. Osgood, Jacob, statement of the cultivation of his premi- um farm 412. Oven, patent portahio 196. Ox, fat, raised by Gov. Lincoln 141---in Rhode Island 215— in Deerfield, 215--of Belmont, Me. 334. Oxen, on the best mode of working 262---large, raised in Amherst 206---how managed in Cuba 339. P., hisremaiks on an insect called the web worm 299. Painting in milk, recipe for 62--.its durability doubted 67 ---houses should be done late in autumn 93. Palm leaf, 40 feet in circumference 141. Paper making, improvement in 58— -from straw and blue grass 97, 165---substances proper for its manufacture 294. Cambridge 26-- bones of the soldiers at Waterloo, used for 141--its ap plication to different soils 170-— how obtained by David Gray, 412--green vegetables for 414. Maple, sugar, its cultivation recommended 324. Maps of towns, utility of 226. Mastodon, bones of found 189. Matrimonial happiness, rules for promoting 288. May, Gardener's Calendar for 339, 356. McCall, his notices of several sorts of grapes 187. Mease, Dr, notice of his observations on the penal code of Pennsylvania, &c. 196— his communication respect- ing railways 226. Medicines, quacks, Sfc. ren.arks on 372. Medicus, his remarks on bees. Melons, said to be preserved from bugs by soaking the seed in decoction of tobacco, 67, 310— mode of raising 334---how to destroy insects on 345. Merrimack River, queries by 300. Meteoric stones, notice of their falling 411. Metheglin, receipt for making 21. Mildew curable by soap suds 389. Milkmen, number of crossing Brooklyn Ferry 13. 1 Miller, Rev. Samuel, his queries on the cultivation of In- dian corn, &c. 225. Millington, Dr Seth, on the manufacture of silk 220. Mitchell, Dr, his notice of Prince's Treatise on Horticul- ture 10— on the Arracacha 243--on the mortality among peaches 243. Molasses, how the price is made up 3S0. Moon, its supposed influence on plants 79; Morrell, Calvin, on cultivating sweet potatoes 345— on sugar from the beet 346. Mortar, remarks on making 93. Moschetoes, how guarded against 71. Mother, a, on using ardent spirits in cooking 181. Moths, sweet flag a preservative against 17. Mowing, remarks on 378. Mowing land, should not be fed closely in the fall, &c. 136. Mowing match, notice of 6— great day's work of 61. Mulberry seed, received by N. Y. Institute 165— instruc- tions for sowing 322. Mulberry trees, premium on recommended 12— how quick- est raised 41--notices of a treatise on the cultivation of 153, 162— different modes of propagating 333--a new kmd of introduced into Europe 338--cultivation of re- commended 34S--premium for offered by the Worces- ter county Agricultural Society 373. Mule, on the uses of 138. Musquitoes, essence of penny royal a preventive against Mustard, on the cultivation of, 298— its use as an emetic 410. Nectarine, scion engrafted on a peach stock 184. Nettles, cause of their stinging 5. New American Gardener, notices of 54. New South Wales, game in 28. New Brunswick, horticulture of 141. Norfolk, his observations on the culture of potatoes 330. Nova Scotia, agriculture of 148, 154. Nut trees, remarks on 298. Oak, Shelton, notices of 45. Oat grass, remarks on its culture and uses 300. Oats proper time and manner of cutting 49. Oil, preserves horses, cows, Sfc. from flies 348. Olive gathering in Portugal 5. Onions, sea weed manure for 70---extraordinary crop of 131— charcoal dust a top dressing for 354. Wrlor and kitchen, economical mode of constructing 246. Parmentier, M. Andre, notices of his garden 25, 84, 397- — of grapes raised by 78---his remarks on a large pear 235, 292— -on some subjects of cultivation on Long Isl- and 293---on preserving peach trees against grubs, &c. 221. Parsley, said to cure salivation in horses 1%5. Parsnip, cultivation and uses of 55---great one 351. Patent, violation of, damages for 349. Patents, American, notices ol 372. Pea, Knight's Marrow, mode of procuring sticks for train- ing 77 --Bishop's early dwarf 2S5--on sowing in au- tumn 395. Peaches, notice of fine ones 109, 117— Chinese flat 215. Peach pies, how made 57. Peach trees, how preserved against worms 2, 221— -ben- efited by making fires in the orchards of 81— produc- tive on Long Island 382. Pear, the Bartlett, notices of 263-— Capiaumont, notices and cut of 409. Pear and plum trees, remarks on insects infecting, by S. D. 252— by J. Buel 253. Pears, how preserved in winter, 73-— new sort, called Heathcot pear 82— two sorts of produced on the same tree 89--on new varieties of 113---quince stocks for 169, 4I3---large one exhibited in Paris 198, 235, 292-- may be grafted on the mountain ash and the service tree 211---varieties of, raised by Professor Van Mens 212--native, remarks on, by Mr. Downer 266, 386-- remarkson large ones 267---Mr. Lowell, on new vari- eties of 283, 289, 301, 305--on the variety called the Fulton pear386--Bleeker's Meadow, notice of 393. Pear trees, queries respecting 257---answers thereto by D. F. 273— disease in 318, 358, 406— on rendering fruitful by operating on the borders, ^c. 397. Pepper, black, newly discovered elementary principle in, called pipeline 151. Peters, Lovett, Esq. on the horn ail in cattle 194. Physician, a, condemns the use of spirit in making cider 145. Pickering, Col. Timothy, notice of his decease 230— his address to the Essex Agricultural Society 396, 404. Pigeons, mischief done by 383. Pine tree, vei-y large 352. Pistareens, said to be a base coin 410, Plaster of Paris, its uses, &c. 188- -see further gypsum. Plough, self-sharpening, nofice of 29. Ploughing, deep, when beneficial 182. Ploughmen, should be trained to habits of activity 24. Plums, on the cultivation of 22 — to prevent worms from destroying 34---mode of preserving 73. Plum tree, profitable, by S. R. Johnson 86, 143. Poplars, Lombardy, supposed to cause the yellows in iruit trees 340. Population of different nations 182- of the United Stales 211. Potato, eveilnsting notice of 35. Potato-onion, remarks on, 2, 48 93. Potatoes, raw, good food for milch cows 10 — best mode of cooking 15 — modes of preserving 18, 101 — long red, remarks on 66 — Irish whites 114 — on gathering and preserving 118 — cause and remedy of the curl in US 125 — great yield of 171, 180 — -formerly proscribed in France 173— trade in with England 173, 182 — new variety of 20fi — cultivation of in Norwav 229 — varieties of raised by Mr Tidd 230,242,254, 257— mode of grow- ing early in Lancashire 245 — do not degenerate by VI INDEX. interniixture 298— on the culuiic of 31S, 326, JiSO, 363, 392— liow oljiairieil early 311 — slioulii not be pUnted whole 341 — iiolicf of a trciiii-e on 349 — on their cul- tivation Liy " No Theorist" 353— hlossoms of should be pincbeil oil 371 — pot ash extracted from the tops of 388 — pudding ol3S9. Potato, sweet, enltivatcd in Haverhill, Worcester, &c. 93, 118— large 110 — on ils cullivation 334. Poultry, on rearing 22 — queries concerning and remarks on 370. Povvel, Col. J. H., notice of his imported Durham short horn cow 53. P. R., on broad wheels 267. Preston, Samuel, his remarks on grafting; 337. Prince, John, on engrafting grape vines 329 — on fine stock, 394. Prince, \Vm., notices of his vines received from Germany 2 — of his treatise on Horticulture 10, 42, 170 — and sons elected members of the Paris Horticulttu'al Society 14 — notice of his nurseiy 25, 355 — of hii intioduction of the bread fiuit tree 73 — extracts fiom his «oik on Horticulture 131 — on foreign plants which have with- stood the present sevei'e winter 324 — schedule of fiuit trees, presented by him and sons, to the Mass. Hor. Soc. 385. Prince, William Robert, on Bleecker's Meadow pear 393. Printing press, improvements in 379. Proctor, J. W., his reply to Essex 275. Products, cultivated for London Market 91. Prunes, how made from plums 112. Pudding, tansy, receipt lor 342. Pumpkins, how raised with corn 225. Pumpkin seeds, oil made from 163 — bread made of 163. Punctuality, duty and value of 128. Quinces, on their cultivation, ^-c. 361. Radishes, best method of raising 372. Kail roads in the U. S., table of 69 — increasing in Eng- land 83 — remarks on 116, 149, 277 — -new invented cai' for 197, 251— remarks on by the editor 201, 2(19, 233, 245 — in South C.noilna 210 — Guv. Lincr)ln's remarks on 211, 380— in France 2 19 — Chevalier de Baader's improvements in 226 — notice of Jackson's lectures on 312 — arguments against prove too much 339 — great draught on 412. Raspberry, how forced at Haarlem 28 — notices of its cul- tivation 53. Rats, how driven away .391. Rattle snakes, remarks on 21. Razor straps, best njode of preparing 234. Razor, cuts belter for di|)ping in hot water 336. Recipe, for making ca'iiip poullice 4 — for rot in sheep 4 — to make a family medicine of walnuts 5 — to take spots out of silk, linen or woollen 5 — for cancer 5 — to pre- serve against molbs 17 — for making metheglin 21 — for preserving grape! 21 — for destroying cocliroaches 3, 6, 21 — for cleaning silks, i^c. 21 — io keep plums, peach- es, &c. fresh through the year 23 — to remove spo:s or stains, £lc. 23 — foi' the fever and ague 21 — for making raspberry wine 24— for dyeing cotton yarn with iriad- •der 28 — for making vinegar from honey 29— for dysen- tery 39, 72 — for making apple jelly 45 — for making bai'm or yeast 45 — for whooping cough 4i5 — for the cholera morbus 47 — to destroy nirs and lice in ciiddren's heads 53 — for pickling girkin cucumbers 55 — for mak- ing peach pies 57— I'or bleeding Irom the nose 58 — for burns 58, 72, 131, 224, 2iJ9, 3;39— for the wliooping cough 5S — for curing blindness 59 — for wens 59 — to raake starch 59 — to preserve cheese liom miles 69 — for sores CI — for a cheap and durable painl 62 — for the summer complaint 64 — for restoring hair 65— for mak- ing elderberry wine and syrup 65 — for preserving mel- on seed from bugs 67 — for a new mode of njaking fruit jelly 71 — lor cleaning stoves 72— for bolts in horses 23, 74, 155, 299 — for a baked soup 74 — for making Johnny or hoe-cake 75 — lor slasgers in horses 77 — lor elder- berry syrup 78 — for making economical bread 79 — for making slap-jacks 79 — lor a cement for wooil or paper 80 — for bilious colic and dysentery 83 — to dye cotton blue 83 — to pickle walnuts S3 — (o make brandy peaches 85 — to make yeast 85 — for preparing molasses for pre serving fruit 89- for the teller vvori:i 93— for the croup 96 — lor cleansing musty wheat 101 — Io prevent horses from being teased by flies 101 — Io kill moles and niice 104— for the gapes in chickens 1 11— several for cook- ing toinalos 116— for ni.iking shoe blacking 116— for foot rot in sheep 121— sweci potato pudding 125— for destroying ibc mealy bug 12.5 — for making' fly water 128— for pickling beef and pork 133— for the cure of a cancer, 14! — to prepare waterproof boots 141 — to pre- serve buildings from fire 141 — to prevent beer from growing Hat 155 — for making Lapland glue 163 — for baldness 171— for warts 182— for curing ham 189-for the horn oil in rallle 194, ^34— for dyspepsia 197— for blistered f.-el I9S — for a weak slomaeh 199— for a cold 203-lor making bread 907-for hoven caltle aiO-for destroying caterpillars 213— for sea sickness 230— lor making composition cakc^-c. 235— for a sore throat fi om cold 235—10 dry cows which you wish Io (atten 235 — for dropsy 235— for scouring in calves 238— for curing bacon 251— for wet feet 251 — Iwo for curing hams — 277— for impioving candles 283— lor the sick head ache 285— for garget in cows 302— for dyeing a perma- nent buff color 310— for German polish forlurnilure 310 — foryeaslSlO — for sick headache 315— for pre- serving landis from vermin 326— for Ihe destruction of slugs 326 — Ibi- destroying rose bugs 3:12f— or destroy- ing insects 332— for'stcVping seed coin 334 — for nnis- quiloe bites 334— for killing lice in calves 336— for tlie loss oft-ud in cattle 337— compositions for grafling337, 358 — for sore eyes 349— to make bread foi- horses 349 for sponge blacking 358 — for ice cream 373 — several for presp"'ing smoked meals 378 — fcr blacking for lealh" 380 — for making potato pudding 389 — to pre- vp/it wounds from inoiiil\in° 391 — for fever and ague 397 — for bad water 403 — for loolh powder 403 — Io improve dried figs 403 — for an incipient cmcer 407— of mustard as an emetic 410 — for making red currant jelly 414 — for preserving slrawberries 415 — for making raspbeiTy jam 415 — for removing spots and stains in silk,&c. 416 — to preserve furs and woollens 416. Refrigerators and ice houses, an es.say on 212, 217, 228, 236, 244. Reed mats, their use in gardens 73. Revere, John, on the manuHicture of soda 9. Reynolds, S. his observations on diseased sheep, and queries respecting the Girkin cucumber 294. Rheum palmalum, cr pie-plant 10. Rhubarb, cheap method of forcing 285. Kice, Siberian, 285. Rice, Jonathan, his mode of making cider 123. Richardson, Francis, on destroying the eggs of caterpil- lars. 230. Richmond, W. E., extracts from his address .36. Rivers, on Ihe origin of 59. Roads, good, advantages of 214 — bad, a sign of barbarism 214. Roller, use of on grass lands 349. Roots, on gathering and preserving 126. Rose, the double yellow, on its cultivation, 3S7 — Ihe Greville nol found valuable in Ihe vicinity of Boston 4U9. Rose bugs, remarks on and remedies against 332. Rose bushes, on llie culture of 28 — varieties of 187. Uuses, how raised twice a year, 389^ Rotation of crops, remarks on 49. Rum, Sir Richard, his poiver anil prerogatives 308. Rural economy, remarks on 266. Rusticus, on fire bliglit in li'uit trees, &c, 136. Rula baga, raised on new land 267. Rye, ivinier, best lime for sowing 17. Rye, for coffee, should be sprouied 348. Srdlads, should be washed in sea or salt wafer 341. Salem .'Vssocialion against trespassers, &c. 133 — oflicers of 371. Salt, improvement in the manufacture of 239 — remarks on as a manure 377. Scions, received from Penn. 286 — how selected 286. Scrutator, his remarks on insects in fruit trees 82. Seakale, seeds of should be sown in .\ugust .334 — premi- um for its cullurc 334. Sea sickness, remedy fo;- 173. Season, notices of 14, !7, 19,21, 30, 3."., 97,101,112, 125, 198, 231, 380— comparative state of 351, 394, 3y5. Seaweed, valuaLde for nr^nm-e 29. Secret in buying liquids 310. Seeds, necessity of changing 8 — of fruits should be sown with Ihe fruit 73 — should be sown as soon as Ihe fruit; are lipe 7.^ — on selecling the best and pievenling their deterioration 140 — to promote the germination of 163, 391 — fertilizing effecis of chlorine on 343 — destroyed by stagnant air in close vessels 414. Septeir.ber, farmer's work to be done in 41— gardener's work for 77. Sheep, how preserved against worms in the head 5— folding of injurious 36 — remarkable instinct in 75 — me- rino, .samples of wool from, sent from Gen. La Fayette 92 — remarks on a di-^ea'e in, by /" Wonlgrower" 109 — remedy for foot rot in 121 — feeding and management of in wdnter 206 — queries on their management 225 — how kept in Switzerland 288- Mr Barstow's queries respecting disease in 267 — answers to salt! queries 290, 294 — fine one sold in Boston market 342— English im- uoi ted 3S9. Shoe blacking, recipe for 116. Shooting matches reprobated 140. Sick head ache, remedy for 11. Silk, on the inaMifoclure of 21,27,100,220,237,333, 390, 413— raised i^o Rochester, N. Y. 38— by Mr Eoyn- ton 91— climate of New England adapted Io 252— do- nations of, to Pliiladelptua Agricultural Society by Mrs Adams 328. Silk-worms destroyed by a spider 10— disease in, and its cuie 30— directions for reaiing, from a pamphlet, pub- lished by Ihe Pennsylvania Socieiy, &c. 44, 50,60, 68,. 76, 92— raised by Mr Ahbolt 117— proper temperature for 3?5— on the culture of, by a commWee of ihe Ham- illon Counly Socieiy, Ohio 365— qireries respecting its culture in Maine 382 — Mrs Jones' Machinefor manu- ■ facluring406. Sinclait beet, on its properties 406. Slug worms, how destroyed 33, 326 — among cauliflowers and cabbages, how destroyed 387. Snroked meals, reniarks on preserving 378. Soda, renrarks on the manufacture of 9. Soils, which absorb the most moisture ihe most fertile 182 — remarks on their cotnposition, &c. 401. Spofford, Dr, his Gazeleer 62. Spencer, J. L, his notice of a remarkable cow and calf 410. Spice seed, Italian, notice of 111. Spinach, New Zealand 131, 180. Squashes, crooked necked, a large 109, 112 — wreat growth of II 1— how raised wilh corn 225 — on their cultivation 345, 347. Squinting in children, cause of 160. Squirrels, numerous and mischievous 117. Stage owners, ir.'.l to l-'?6. Staggers in swine, rc: larks on, and how cured 1. Stall feeding callle. remarks on 281. Starch, how made 59. Steam boats, consunqriion of fuel by 13. Sleam, heating hot houses by 28. Steel, new mode ol hardening 101— ore of, found in New ■Nork State 349. Storms dissipated by explosions of gunpowder 75. Slrawberries, manured wilh rotten wood 93— make a good dentifrice 262. Subscriber, on an insect on fruit trees 3 — his mode of ex- tracting the broken spetfr of a pump 130 -his re- commendalion of Norlh Devon stock 171 his dii'ec- lions for crjiiivaling fruit trees 241 — on large pears 267 —on ihe Sinclair beet 406. Sugar, maple, an arlicle of commerce 116 — remarks on making 269— from Ihe beet root 2S5, 346. 362. Sumac, on its cultivation 253— extroct of, how obtained 254 — remarks on, by O. P., Iwo vanctics of, &c. 326. Sun flowers, how to make a delicate oil frorrr 211. Sweet potatoes, large '10 — cultivated in Haverhill, Wor- cester, &c. 93 — by others 118- pudding of, how made 125— maybe raised in Ihe vicinity of Boston 213 — on their cultivation 334, 3-15. Swine, on a slye for 3 — subslilulc for ringing 31 — fatten- ing of, 37 — staggei-s in 99.-ndxtme for fattening 100^ Folices of fine ones 136— new sort of 391 — remarkable lilter of 200. Switzerland, rural economy in 238. S. X. on stall feeding catlle 281. Tanning a new substance f)r 331. Tea, reduction of duty on recournrended 35. Tea pl.rnt, on its cultivation II, 410. Teamster, a good 43. Teeth and Gums, diseases of 276. Temperance, examples of .58— Society at Montpelier, Vt. exiiacis horn a discourse delivered befoi-e 215. ■Tempests in New England, notices of 296. Thachor, Dr, nolice of his treatise on bees 302. Thistle, Canada, destroyed by salt 13, 17, 146. Thnrndike, C , on painting in milk 62. Thoiburn, Mi , arrecdoles of his life, &c. 120. * Tidd, Jacob, his experiments in raising new varieties o( potatoes 242, 254, 257. Tillinghasl, Joseph L., extracts from his address. Timber, qualities of &c. 151 — season of the year for fell- ing 170 — cullivation of recommended 324 — preserved by lime water, 399. Tindier plane, revolving, nolice of 411. Time, economy of 59. 152. Tin, found in (^Josben 152. Toads, their utility in gardens 236, 411. Tobacco, dust of, preserves plants 21 — on its cullivation and uses in preserving plants fioiri insects 300, tJOl, 371 — saiil Io preserve melons from bugs by soaking seed in a decoctior;.of 67,310. Tomatos, recipes, for cooking 116, 174. Toohey, R., his notices of the Heathcot pear 82 INDEX. vu Tooth extracter, patent, notice of 355. Tortoise shell, procured by roasting the animal ilive S3. Transfusion of sap from young plants to old trees 38. Transplanting, French mode of 238. Trees, planting of recommended 27, 42 — to cause new bark to grow on 54— forest, on transplanting 65 — a ma- chine for transplanting SI — how treated in Belgium 96 — should not be set too deep in transplanting 141 — on planting of, &c. 14S, 234 — see forest trees — ever green how transplanted 199 — use of sand in propagating 202 — beauty of 213 — signs of vigor, maturity and decay in 221 — advantages of 238 — of the Lombardy poplar, de- cay of 355 — on their attracting humidity 380. Tree preserver, guarding trees from canker wornis, &c. 119. Trunk, a robber proof 61. Turnip butterfly, scientific notices of, by Dr Harris 409. Turnip, early Dutch, great profit in raising, 94. Turnip husbandry, remarks on 17. Turnip rooted cabbage 62. Turnips, as food for horses 145 — how raised with corn 22S — -on transplanting 236 — on feeding cattle with 262. Veal, how fattened in the territory of Hamburgh 349. Vegetables, their improvement by culture 14 — t^iom Den- mark, notice of 156 — poisonous, rules for ascertaining 157 — may be poisoned by vegetable poisons 323. Ventriloquism, anecdotes of 256. Verdegris, poison of, sugar an antidote to 348. Veritas, his remarks on dram shops 224 — on destroying caterpillars .355 — on lucerne 372. Viator, on the nurseries and gardens of Long Island 25. Vine, grape, varieties of received by Mr Prince 2 — vigor- ous growth of several vaiieties in Bridgeport, Con. 25 — on engrafting 34 — at the root 66 — how protected from spring frosts 73 — on its culture 189, 195 — culture of in the Crimea 234 — cultivation does not lead to intem- perance 341. Vine, melon &c. how to destroy insects on 345. Vinegar, how made from honey 29 — how made very strong 182. Vulture, power of sight in 47. W. on tarring fruit trees 55 — condemns painting in milk 67 — his remarks on apples and pomace as food for stock, &.C. 27-1 — on the loss of cud in cattle 353. Wagon, patent, composed of two carts united 73. Walnut leaves, infusion of destroys insects 333. Walnuts, as a family medicine 5 — how to pickle 83. Walnut tree, a very large 13. Warts, cure for 182. Washington in retirement 251. Water in farm-yards, importance of 65 — boring for, in Providence, discoveries made by 91 — how purified 131 323— bad, remedy for 403. Water melon weighing 41 1-2 lbs. 38 — how preserved 63. Weather, prognostics of 312. Weaving, great despatch in 48. Webster, Ezekiel, Esq., notice of his decease 318. Web wmm, an insect, remarks on 299, 318. Weeping willow, remarks on 42. Welles, Hon. John, presents the bull Admiral to Worces- ter Agricultural Society 103. Wens, a cure for 59. Weevil in wheat, notices of 63. Wheat, machine for gathering, by Mr Williams 33— smut in how prevented !'j9— musty how purified 101 spring, on its cultivation 326. Wheels, broad, remarks on 190, 226, 253, 267, S73— act providing for in Massachusetts 274. Whitlow, how to treat S3. Williams, P., his machine for gathering and reanin" wheat 33. = i o Winship's Nursery, notice of 73. Winters in New England, notice of 304. Wire worm, how destroyed 125. Woad, Dutch mode of extracting a blue color from 235; Wood, should be sawed instead of being cut with an axe 63 — for fire, economy in 207. Wood lands, query respecting 267. Wood lots, preservation of 196. Wool, long Anglo Merino, premium for 165. Yeast, how made in Edinburgh 310. Z.,onbottsin horses 299. Z. C, Jr., on a Horticultural Society 198. P m '*S W^ MEW ENCJIiANl> FAKMER. Published by John B. Russell, ai JVo. 52 A'urf/t Market Street, (over the Jlgricultural Warehouse).— Thouas G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JULY 2.5, 1828. No. 1, AGRICULTURE. Fon THE N£W KNGLAND FARMER. HAYING. Mr Fessenden — I read in the last Farmer some directions for mowing, from some of which, though sanctioned by general practice, I beg leave to enter my dissent. " The mower's work, you say, will not onl}' be made easier by the coolness of the morning air ; but also by the dew on the grass, wliich is cut the more easily for being wet." I admit that the grass is cut with more ease when it is wot than in a dry state ; but when the grass is wet, tlie ground is of course wet ; antl if the grass is thick and suffered to he in the swarth it makes very imperfectly and slowly, and' from its wetness is liable to lose its sweetness ; a.« tea and all other herbs lose their sweetness or strength, by being steepeflK in water. Or if a person follows the mowers to spread the grass soori after it is cut, the ground upon which it lays is not soon thied ; much care is requisite to sepa- rate all the wet locks ; and to spread it complete- ly ; and much time and lal.'or are employed vrith- .out necessity; a matter of no smaii consideration in the busy season of haying. My own wish therefore is never to cut my hay but when it is perfectly dry, and the ground not only dry but warm ; it has then the advantage not only of the direct rays of the sun but of the reflected heat from the ground. Like weeds cut down in a corn field when the sun is clear and wann, it wilts at once ; it requires very liltle tossing about or as the Eng- lish call it, tedding, and it retains its sweetness. So far then it is a very grejit saving of labor and a gain of time and of quality in the hay. I am always anxious likewise to have my hay put in cock at night though it may have been mo%ved very late in the day, and be quite green ; provided only, it is not wet. Wetness upon hay, from dew or rain, is always in a degree injurious ; it hurts its sweetness ; but the moisture arising from the natural heat of the hay, is not prejudi- cial ; but serves on the contrary, to forward the making of the hay, unless it is permitted to con- tinue too long, or the heaps when in a green state are made too large. It must not be suffered, if I may use the expression, to go on to the acetous fermentation. The best farmers, I believe, agree that clover-hay shoidd be stirred no more than is indispensable, in order to save it — because of^the loss of its most nutritious parts, the leaves and flowers. By putting my bay in cock at night, 1 have the farther advantage of finding the ground round it dry and warm early in the morning, vhicl] is of great importance to the expeditious making of the hay. Clover is always much better for be- ing cured in part by salting. An old experienced farmer in my neighborhood, maintains, that it is so with all hay ; and he told me a few days since, that he considered the cost of a bushel of salt to evei'y load of hay be put in his barn saved in his being able to house it so much sooner and of course with much less labor. You will not understand me, Mr. Editor, as w ishing to set up my own in opposition to your iiitelhgence and experience. My remarks arc founded upon my own practice ; I hope you vifill think tliat there is some reason in them ; and if I you please, you may submit them to the agricul- ■ tural fraternity. C . Essex county, July 17, 1828. P. S. Sometime since I passed a farm near Boston, which I was told belonged to a gentle- i.um, who had been a ship-master ; and found Iiis hay cocks at night covered with pieces of can- vass, probably parts of an old sail, of a suitable si7,e, painted with a coarse red paint and having weights in the comers to keep them down. They crndd have cost hut little ; if taken care of would last for years ; could be thrown upon the hay with very little trouble ; and fifty or a hundred of them on a small farm in such a capricious, or as the farmers say, catching season as this, would have proved of a utility much outweighing the expen,se FOR THF. NEW ENGLAND I^MER. STAGGERS IN SWINE. Mv.. Fesse.nden.— Within the last two years I have had six })igs of diflerent ages attacked with a disorder, called the Staggers. Other persons in my n^ghborhood have likewise suffered, and that very severely in the loss of some large and valua- ble sJyine. The bog in this disorder is first ob- served to be continually turning himself round or ninnuig from one part cf the stye to the other ; he sooi> becomes totally blind ; refuses to eat, falls .low.i and rolls upon hi.s back in fits, which seem very painful and before long commonly dies. 7 inquired of a celebrated Cattle Doctor in my neighborhog^, a very useful and well, meaning man, if he knew the disorder and what was the cause and remedy. He replied that he was often called to cases of this kind, and commonly lost half his patients ; that in fact he was seldom success- ful. The cause of it, he said, to use his own ex- pression, was pizun (poisoned) teeth, which might be known by being discolored. The only remedy he knew was first to insert his knife into the ani- mal's neck^ust back of his ears up to the hilt nd "drive in" a piece of garget root ; then to cut a gash beginning between his ears down his fore- head and clean into the bone and then with a punch to beat out the poisoned teeth as ma.iy as there might be. After such horrible cruelty as this, it was no longer matter of sin-))rise to me that half his patients died ; but that any of them sur- vived ; and I wondered much at what medical school such a gentleman could have received his iU])loma. I myself at first lost two .swine from entire igno- rance as to what to do ; but in one of the volumes of the Philadelphia Memoirs of Agriculture, (the 1st, I think) I found a direction to cut off the tail and ears of the animal as the easiest way of bleed- ing him, and then to give him a strong dose of Castor Oil. I have followed these directions and have then immediately turned the sick hog out of the Stye uito the pasture, and in this way have suc- ceeded in saving them. Sometimes they have re- lapsed but have been restored by being again turn- ed out. They do not soon come to their appetite and the disease materially and for a length of time injures their growth. The disorder likewise is said 1'. be contagious and likely to go through the whole stye ; but this has not been the case with my swine. The cause of the disorder, is as yet, I believe, unknown. Some attribute it to their eating the liquor of meat ■(vhich has been cured by saltpetre ; others to a wet lodging ; others to excessive feed- ing. Neither of these causes apply to my hogs ; nor can it be the weather, as it has liajtpened with me at various seasons. I have no doubt that a release from tlie confinement of tlie stye was of great service to the sick swine. Whatever may be tlie cause, it may be useful to give the result of my own experience, in a case where, certainly, in- terest and humanity are greatly concerned ; and I should be happy to hear from your more exper- ienced correspondents, what they know of the sub- ject. Respectively, yours, Jvhj 17, 1828. C . FOR THE HEW ENGLAND FARMER. INSECTIVEROUS BTIJDS. Mr Fessenden — I have noticed in your New England Farmer several accounts of the ravages of the canker worm this season. And I am in- clined to believe this insect, as well as some oth- ers, has been more numerous in the county of Es- sex this season than for many years. Novi', Mr Editor, we are Jold by many people, we must tar our trees and do many other things to preserve our orchards from the ravages df the canker worm, which, cfter all, it avails but little. The insect iiicrca„.i2 in number yearly. But for my own part, I think,- were we to leave off wantonly destroying our small singing birds, we should be less troubled with insects of all kinds. It is a fact well known to every naturalist, that small birds destroy an almost incredible number of noxious insects. The amiable and indefatigable oinitholn- gist, Alexa.>der Wilson, who perhaps was bet- ter acquainted with the habits of our birds than any other person, when speaking of the Sturnus Predatarius, or red winged black bird, which, by the way, is by our farmers considered the most mischievous of birds, says " their food in spring and the early part of summer consists of grub- worms, caterpillars, and various other larvse, the silent but deadly enemies of all vegetation, and whose secret and insidious attacks are more to be dreaded by the husbandman than the combin- ed forces of the whole feathered tribes together, for these vermin the black-birfis search with great diligence ; in the ground at the roots of plants, in orchards and meadows, as well as among buds, leaves and blossoms ; and from their known vo- racity, the multitudes of these insects which they destroy nuist be immense. Let me illustrate this by a short computation. If we suppose each bird, on an average to devoui fifty of these larvae in a day, (a very moderate al- lowance) a single pair in four months, the usual time such food is sought after, will consume up- warAs of tweliie thousand. It is beheved that not less than a milUon pairs of these birds are distrib- uted over the whole extent of the United States in summer ; whose food being nearly the same, would swell the amount of vermin destroyed to twelve thousand millions But the number of yoimg NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 25, 1828. birds may be fair their parents, and ly estimated at double that ot to succeed so From the particular •- ■ ,„ f.ntlv fed on circumstances under which this i.nportation was IS these are constantly leu on , „ ,„|v ti.e made, I think the vines selected extremely well larv* for at least three weeks, making «»'>'; ^^i^^,,^,,,d ,„ succeed as far north as we may rea- same allowance for them as tiie old ones, in„ , , vineyards to flourish in our conn- share would an>ount to four Ihousand '«"' ""'<'-;^ ^ ' / wui merdy further retnark, that the great mUlions ; making a grand total ol sixteen housund y- ^^^^ ^^y ^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ obtained, tu,o hundred .MHons of "-''^-"^ '!'^''.;^,;:,f ^^"^i"' caused their laud transportation through France, m the space ol t""'" '""'"i'^ ^-V Thph , hos of t« amount to more than the original cost of the The combined ravages of such a '"deous ost of tea ^^^^^ respectfully, vermin would be sutKcient to spread (amme and \mes. ^ WM. PRINCE. wide extent of the richest and desolation over a best cultivateil country on earth. All this, it may be said, is mere supposition. It is, however, supposition founded on known and acknowledged facts. Mr. Bradley, m his General Treatise on Husban- dry and Gardening, shows, "that a pair of spar-' rows, during the time they have their young ones to feed, destroy ou an average, (every week) about Ihree thousand three hundred and sixty caterpillars." This calculation he founded on actual observation. And it is well known that several kinds of our birds, such as the hirundo, musdcapa genera, and , some others, feed entirely ou insects. | I am fully persuaded, as long as farmers and others permit boys to roam over their fields and shoot down every small bird they meet— as long as young men are in the habit, ou oar anniversa- ries, of forming themselves into shooting parties, for the purpose of destroying small birds, which they do in immense numbers — I say as long as this wanton destruction of birds is carried on, we must expect imiuinerable hosts of noxious insects will continue to ciimmit depredations on our orch- ards, our fields, and our gardens. Yours, respectfully, I Danvers, My 18, 1828. F FOK tUe new ENCiAND I'Ar.MER. THE VINE. Mr. Pessenden, — I last autumii addressed a requeit to some gentlemen who have extensive vineyards on the border of the Rhine in the most northern department (Haut Rliin) of France and vequested them to send me 6000 grape vines, comprisuig only those which were cultivated with ihe most ease and most success in their vineyards, and which were, there, fully to bo relied on for a- bundant yield and regular crops. I apjilied to these gentlemen from a full conviction of their knowl- edge on the subject, they having been most suc- cessful cultivators of the vine in that northern lo- cality ; and also because in a lung iutercoiirsc I have never been deceived by them, but on the contrary most honorably dealt with. In conse- quence of this application, I received in April last 6400 vines, which arrived in perfect order and were planted at my establishment here, where those who arc desu-ous can view them. But the object of most importance is the selection of kinds made by them and which consists of the followhig, Auvernas blanc Liiincean Botanic Garden, Ji.lv IS, lS-28. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMEK. gns Facun or Bourger Gros Rauschling Petit Rauschling Hincscli Rothlichtuer *" It ^vii! be perceived that several of the above are German varieties, and it is a subject of gratu- tatioa that the two first enumerated, from which !jje celebrated Charapaigne win(» is made, are found CANKER WORMS AND SLUG WORMS, Mr Fessenden, — These two destructive insects , have again appeared in great numbers — to the | c'l-eat .-nmoyance of farmers and gardeners ; but witii theu- return, there does not seem to have iiceii a correspondent return of good sense, and practical skill on the part of many of the sufferers. I think that you could not render a more accepta- ble service to the public, than by republishing in your journal (without the plates) the two treatises "of the late Professor Peck, on the canker worm and slug worm. Before 1 proceed to make any remarks or remedies, I would observe, that though the times of the ap])earance of these most destruc- tive insects, are not as well fixed, as those of the locust, which appears statedly once in sixteen or seventeen years; and although I am aware, that no such law prevails, or governs the movements j of the canker worm, and the slug worm, (having , seen both in very small numbers during the whole interval since tlieir last extensive ravages,) yet it is true, that the canker worm and the slug worm have appeared but twice within my memory in great force, and we have no reason to doubt, that, we shall again enjoy a long interval of peace from their depredations. Now as to remedies. I agree, cordially, with your Lynn correspondent, that in tarring we have the most effectual, and the most certain remedy. Yet it is a very exiiensive remedy as it respects labor — and if other means can be devised less troublesome and as effectual, it would be worth a premium of five hundred dollars from the State Legislature — I might say a thousand. During tiie last visitation of the cauker worm, about 17 or 18 years since, Mr. Josi^ Knapp, of Boston, applied effete or slacked lime to the roots of his apple trees, which had been overrun the year before, and the insects disappeared. I pub- lished his letter in our journal, and tried the lime on the greater part of my trees, leaving some without the application. Every tree treated with lime was free from the insect — every tree not treated with lime, was infested with them. Professor Peck observes, that the insects whicli rise in the fall and spring, rarely cotne from a greater distance than three or four feet from tlie stock — so that an apphcation of hme to that dis- tance would suffice. I am not, however, confident on this subject — but I thhik it worthy of extensive experiment. A gentleman in Rliodc Island has tried a circle of tin with success. An account of it was pubUshed iu your paper. Will you invite him to give a spe- cific description of the mode of ajipHcation, and of the success ? I have no doubt that a premium would be given to him if it sliould prove effectual. As to the slug worm, I had no difficulty whal- in the middle of the day. This was effected by suspending on a long pole an old sieye filled with lime, and shaking it over the whole tree. The slugs were entirely destroyed. The sieve should be suspended by twine at least eighteen inches long, so as to admit of con- siderable motion to the sieve. If these suggestions shall be of any use, it will afford me the highest pleasure. It should be recollected, that the slugs will re-appear the last of August. JOHN LOWELL. Roxbunj, Juhj 22, 1828. N. B. I am much pleased with the Potato O.Mor.', procured at the New England Farmer Seed Store — 1 had them of full size ten days since, and their quahty as an esculent is equal to any. lE,\lracl from a letter lo ibc Editor ol the N. E. Farmer ] PEAR TREES. "Have jou any information of the existence of the disorder which prevailed for the two last years,- and excited so much anxiety for the fate of the Pear trees.' I have the satisfaction to ob,serve that the cause, whatever it may have been, has ceased to operate in this vicinity. Our Pear trees look well, and although uot remarkably fruitful, are thrifty, and throw out new wood in abund- ance." ' Yours, W. J. Plymouth, Mass. My 22, 1828. From tiie American Farmer. PRESERVATION OF PEACH TREES. In jour paper of the 6tli of June, i observed one or two paragraphs upon the subject of the preser- vation of peach trees. If you esteem this luscious, and during its season incomparable fruit, as I do, you will uot hesitate iu rendering every aid to- wards its successful cultivation.^ In addition to my orchard, I have about one hundred peach trees of different kinds, (and some one or two which are natives of our village, and of but few years, are equal to any,) not one of which is at all injured by the worm, wliile many of my neighbors' are entirely xiestroyed. I can assure every one, that from my experience, no difficulty exists, and the produce amply remunerates lor every trouble. One of your correspondents re- commends lamp or fish oil, and then boiling wa- ter. Both are right, although I should say that boiUng water was a very tloubtful remedy, and would require to be often repeated. Not long since I sayv a very fine peach tree in a perfect state of preservation. Although it had been sev- eral years bearing, (it was in a small garden, the reason of there being no more) yet the worm had no» injured it. Always anxious to learn every thing connected with agriculture, I inquired par- ticularly with regard to its treatment, and was in- formed that the lady of the family had du-ected the suds of soap after washing, without regard to their being cold or boiling, to be thrown about the tree — and it had the desired effect. The season is approaching when the insect conmiences its depredations. The season of its depredations may be fixed as commencing early in July, and ending in September. Its greatest ravages are during the month of August. It pen- etrates the surface, and commences its depreda- tion by boring the tree and depositing its egg about one to three inches below the surface. I have read ui works upon the subject, that the ever m subduinff it by shaking lime over the leaves 'bark is there more tender, which I presume is au Vol. VII.— No. 1. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. error, and that all bark of the root is equally soft, and that it is only the natural instinct which cau- ses the insect to commence at that place. The fgg, thus lodged in the wood of the tree, is there hatched and becomes a worm, which feeds upon the tender wood and bark; and effectually destroys the tree. My method of prevention is this : Early in tlie month of July, with a hoe I clean away the e;irth from about my trees, in size and in shape like a common wasii bowl. The exca- vation being- about throe inches deep next the tree, and six or eight in diameter. I then fill up tlic hollow with common wood ashes, and raise an embankment about the tree, also about the size of a connnon wash basin inverted ; and have nev- er yet known the insect to penetrate this embank- ment of ashes to the injury of my trees. I have never discovered any hijury to result from the caustic nature of the ashes, and always take the precaution in the fall, say October, to retnove the ashes and mix them with the surrounding earth, drawing up fresh earth to the tree to stii)ply the place of the ashes. If any of your correspondents to whom this process is unknown, should be in- duced to try this experiment and should succeed, if they are as fond of a basket of fine Old Mixtons as I am, they will be obliged to me ; if unsuccess- ful, I shall not have given them much trouble. I have heard and read of various remedies for preventing the injury spoken of, but do not believe that any of them will prove efficacious, except the application of some substance to the tree just be- low the surface, wiiich will prevent the approach of the fly or insect. I have often thought that lime in its powdered state, would be more effica- cious than ashes ; but as the ashes have never failed me, I have never tried the experiment. I ^ have known it recommended to remove the eaith from the tree, so that the frosts might have full effect. This, however, will do no good, as the injury, or rather the seeds of it, are lodged in it before the frosts commence, and are not injured or destroyed by it. I have knowh the earth re- moved, and tobacco stems and other offal from the tobacconists, applied with success. Asfies, however, are less trouble and more certain. In the summer I give my trees a thick coat of wash ; a mixture of cow-dung, urine, soap-suds, ashes and lime. I do not know that it is of service in pre- venting the injury I speak of, but have often thought it did ; preventing by its disagreeable na- ture, the approach of the fiy to any part of the tree. It is of essential service to ihe general health of the tree by destroying worms and in- sects, which are prevented from depositing their eggs in the bark. If you think the above worthy a place in your columns, it is at your service. Dayton, Ohio, June 24, 1828. H. B. sometimes burned it in their lamps at their altars. In our English translation of the Bible, the word butter is used in Genesis xviii. S ; Deut. xxii. 14 ; Judges V. 2a ; 2 Sam. xxii. 29; Job. x.x. 17, juid xxix. (> ; Isaiah vii. 15 ; and Prov. xxx. 33 Bibli- cal critics agree that in all these passages, the He- brew ^vordtran^lated butter signifies sour thick niilk or cream — The passage in Proverbs might have been Iranslated " The pressing of the niiiker bring- eth fiirtli milk." Jahn says " anciently butter was not much used, but instead of it oil of olives. In the Bible there is no mention Tnade of bulter." He rrmtsrks that what in some translations is ren- dered butter, was used as a drink, and must have been milk in some shape or other. At the pres- ent day, there is but little butter used in countries where the olive grows. Olive oil supplies its pur- Jioses. A late traveller in Italy, Rev. J. J. Blunt, saj s butter is not to be met with iji those jiarts' of Italy not much frequented by travellers, and in SiciJy, he did not find it in a single place, except- ing the cities of Palermo and Messina. The cream of the milk of the goat, ewe, ass, buf- faloe, rein-deer, and cow yield butter; but "no leng.tli of churning," says the N. E. Encyclopedia, " wijl produce it from the cream of wom'aifs milk, or of mare's milk." The vessels used by the ancient barbarians in ninking butter, were not veiy different from mod- ern churns. In the northern parts of Africa, in Egypt, and Arabia, they churn by putting the cream into a goat's skin, and pressing it to and fro. Sometimes they place it on an inclined plane, .-ind keep it rolling from the top to the bottom. This method soon produces butter. An English trav- eller in Greece, observed them treading the goat 'skinsifilled with cream, with their feet. In Ben- gal, they churn by turning a stick in the milk, and in this way, families have fresh butter every morn- ing. ' Butter, it is said, may be got by agitating railk as drawn from the cow, in greater quantity than from the cream of the same milk. Even whey by churning yields butter. In Scotland, 14 gallon of whey are said to afford one pound of butter. 8 From tlie Hampshire Gazette. BUTTER. Butter was not used for food by the ancient Jew.s, Greeks and Romans. The invention of this article is ascribed to those barbarous nations, the ancient Scythians, Germans and Britons, and from them the Greeks and Romans derived their lirst acquaintance with it, about the time of the Christ- ian era. After learning its nature, they made use of It only as an ointment, and in medicine, and their agricultural writers take no notice of it.— The ancient butter appears to have been liquid, and was poured out lilre oD, and the Christians HAY MAKING. As the season for making hay has arrived, I Iwish to say something upon what I have found, from experience, the best manner of saving it, be- j cause I consider one ton of good hay of as much value for feeding a stock of cattle, as two tons of poor. It should be an invariable rule to cock up in the afternoon, all the grass which has been cut in the forenoon, and not open it again until the heat of a meridian sun has exhausted the dew and made the earth hot the next day, and then it need not be spread very thin. The best way is to turn the cocks directly over and loosen them a httle, so that the sun and wind can penetrate through them, and then before the dew falls put them back in their original position. The next day the weather be- ing good, serve it in the same manner, as soon as the dew is off, and you will find, after it has been open to the sun a short time, it will be sufficiently ! made to be taken into the barn, and that it has re- tained its original green color, looks nearly as bright as it was before mowing, has a rich ])er- fume and will weigh more, as weU as support more stock, and bring a better price in market. It may be that a longer time will be necessary for I curing clover, when mowed green and the crop large. If that is true, the same mode must be pursued to have it good, at least it must be pro- tected Ironi the dew. Let clover once be soaked with a heavy dew, after it has been wilted by the sun, and it is of but httle value ; the leaves drop, change color, and are lost, the stock becomes l»rown and tasteless ; indeed, it will hardly com- pensate the farmer for his labor of taking it to his barn ; but Eccured from the dews and made by the wind and .sun, it will he good hay, even a richness will be retained in the stocks, so that catrle or holies will consume the whole. In seasons of showers, you have the only security which is pos- sible, by having your hay in cock, which, done as it ought to be, prevents it ft-om receiving much damage ; whereas showers upon hay, half made, and spread on tiie ground, nearly ruin it. A small quantity of salt put on otir hay, which is early cut, is of great utihty ; it preserves the lia\ and is healthful (or the cattle. j Our soil is good for grazing ; cattle and beef are one of our >taple exports; that our stock should be well wintered is of great importance, because it is always easy to make good beef from cattle of any description, whicli have been well wintered, and are in good order in the spring. Every farm- er, therefore, who wishes to make money by his business, cannot pay too much attention to have his hay good, and his stock well tended, for there- by wealth will come to him. Should it be objected, that to make hay in this manner, the hay makers would be out of employ towards the close of the day, the answer is, that having secured what has been cut in the morning, the mowers may proceed to cut the grass, because it ceases to wilt after the dew-fall, and conse- quently is not injured by lying open on the groimd having never been wilted by the sun. Could we but learn to make our hay as it should be, and abuse our working oxen less ; not make them work 'excessively hard all day, and, at the same time, be continually branding them with a sharp iron, because they can do no more than their strength permits, wc should find many more dollars in the pockets of our farmers, and the value of our stock nearly doubled. — Maine Patriot How to dear a House of Cockroaches Messrs. Editors,— Having been greatly annoyed by the noctural visits of these insects which appear to be equally in want of food and clothing—some of my family applied a remedy which succeeded so well, that I am inclined to mention it for the ben- efit of those to whom it is not already known. Into a connnon bowl was put a gill or two of water, and made sweet with molasses. As the family were about to retire, this was set upon the kitchen hearth under and about which seemed to be their favorite resort. Several sjjiinters were placed, one end on the hearth, in order to provide a passage to the water. The first night about 20 were taken ; the second, more than one hundred ; the third, about fifty ; the fourth, about twenty ;— the fifth, seven ; which, I believe has very nearly cleared my house of the nuisance. This remedj is .so simple, and at the same time so effectual, that hereafter no family need be troubled with cock- roaches, unless they choose Col. Reg. [It might be well to add here, that this should serve as a caution against drinking water, or any liquid in the dark, as the same kind of weather, which makes people most thirsty, also makes in- sects the most plentiftij and troublesome.] 4 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 25, WIS. HOG STY. TJie ways of constructing these houses are va- rious : But the best are tliose which are Irained and boarded. The boards, that the swine may not gnaw them to piece.s, should be of some har- der wood than wliite pine, and they sliould lie fas- tened with ribbings and spilves. VVliatever be the coustructure of sties, tliey should always have one part close and warm, with a tight roof over it ; and the other jiart open, in which the trough is placed. Swhie will not well bear to be wholly se- cluded from the weather and sunshine ; and it is lun-tful to them to have a cold and wet lodging ; more liurtful than many people are ready to imag- ine Although there should bo a part of the sty dinner in this country, the too great freedom and frequency with which it is used, already affect the constitutions of the opulent, by those peculiar dis- orders wliich have been entailed on the descend- ants of the high bred families of Great Britain — The gout was once a stranger in New England ; but the luxury of modern days is preparing the way for a train of constitutional irregularities, which future generations can only regret, while they suffer its inflictions. To live long, live sim- p'y- It is true, that animal food contanis a greater portion of nutriment, in a given quantity, than vegetables, and in a proper state of preparation it is best adapted fc>r the immediate action of the absorbents of the chyle-poetic viscera ; but the di- gestive functions of tiie human system become pre planked and boarded and warm, covered from rain „ ■ j u and sun, and amply suj.plied with litter, yet the \ maturely exhausted, by constant action, and the greater part of it should have no wooden floor. — The trough in which pigs are fed should he firmly fixed to the floor, so that they may not overset it, and it is very important that the divisions of a pig- sty be so numerous, that pigs of nearly equal size and strength only should be permitted to feed to- gether, otherwise the more (jowerfu) will exclude the others, and mateiially stint their growth. The more comfortable liogs are kept, the less nourishment they require. The trough should be on the iqiper side covered with one or more lids, and upright pieces set before it at such distances that one hog only can i)Ut his head between any two of them. If sixteen hogs are to be kept in the same sty, it should be thirty-two feet long and twelve wide, and the apartments shonid be so di- vided, that too many of the animals may not be forced to lie together. And it would, probably, be well to divide likewise the feeding a])artment. Posts should bo set up in the sty for the hogs to rub themselves. If thirty-two hogs are to be kept or fatted, perhaps the better way is to have two hog-sties of the dimensions last described, placed together with a roof over the whole, and a passage between them for the purpose of ean-ying food to whole system eventually sinks under great or un- interupted excitement. If plain animal tbod were taken once a tiay, and men ^vould substitute tor the various ragouts with which modern tables are so abundantly furnished, wholesome vegetables and pure water, — or a weak, fermented beverage i tor tlie more deleterious potations of distilled li- 1 quors, we should see health walking in the paths that are now crowded witii tlie l)loated victims of voUipiuous appetite. Millions of Gentoos have hved to an advanced age without having tasted of any thing that ever possessed life, and been whol- ly free from a chain of maladies which have scourged every civilized nation on the globe ; tl\e wandering Arabs, who have traversed the barren desert of Sahara, subsisting on the scanty pittance of miik from the half-famished camel that carried them, liave seen two hundred years roll round, without a day of sickness. The temperature of our food is an exceedingly im])ortant consideration. We are accustomed to take it too warm, forgetful of the fact, that artifi- cial heat destroys the muscular tone of the stoin ach, vitiates its secretions and its physical powers, and uiduces painful and dangerous diseases of the liver. Let ns take then another hint from the chil- m- HOW TO AVOID DYSENTARY. Kulcs which the celebrated Dr. Rush recom- mended for the prevention of this disease ; — He advises that spices, and particularly Cayenne pepper, and the red peppers of our own country should be taken with our daily food. Mr. Dewer, a British surgeon, informs us that the French, while in Egyjrt, frequently escaped the diseases of the country, by carrying pepper with them to eat with the fruits of the land. Purging physic should also occasionally be taken, as any medicine of lax- I ative nature by preventing costiveness, will act as a preservative from this disease. A military cap- tain in the year 1778, while stationed at Amboy, preserved his whole con>pany from the dyseutary which prevailed in the army, by giving each of them a purge of sea salt ; and some years after- wards saved his family and many of his neigh- bors from the same disease, by distributing among them a few pounds of purging salts. This disease was also prevented in an Academy at Bordentown. N. J. by giving molasses very plentifully to ali the scholars, which had the effect of keeping the bowels in a laxative state. Another rule to be observed is to avoid expos- ure to the dampness of the night air ; and when necessarily exposed, the bowels shoidd be more carefully protected than any other jiarts of tlie body. The Egyptians, Mr. Dewer tells us, fur this purpose, tie a belt about their bowels, and wilii the happiest effect. These directions emanate from a high source, and deserve serious considera- tion. The facts adduced are striking, and should induce others to adopt similar measures for the the troughs. . ,• r The upper part of the stv, or some part of it ' dren of nature, who subsist on aliment of a te IS the different arti- i peraturc no higlier than that of their own bodies. may be approjiriated to storin cles of food, which are wanted for feeding the ani , raals, and it would be well to have a steam boiler ; til the simplicity of their habits is interrupted by and who are generally hardy and long lived, un- beneath the same roof If a part of the roof be made to extend considerably beyond the sty, it will afford a cover for forniing a heap of composts with the duns of the swine. — Deane. FOOD. Among those objects which inunediately relate to health, there is no one more important, and less regarded by individuals, than their aUnient. It is a mistaken notion, that one person requires an an- imal diet, and another, whose avocation and hab- its are different, a vegetable regimen ; many of the diseases originating in dyspepsia, the great endem- ic of the Northern States, are induced by a habit of living too exclusively upon a few articles of food, most of which are animal. N.-iture intended tlint he adoption of tlie vices bitjught among them by the civilized invaders of their native forests. — Bost. Medical IntcUigencer. AMERICAN DESERT. There is an extensive desert in the territory of the United States, west of the Mississijipi, which is described in Long's " Expedition to the Rocky Mountains." It extends from the base of the Rocky Mountains 400 miles to the east, and is 500 from north to south. There are deep ravines in which the brooks and rivers meander, skirled by a few stunted trees, but all the elevated sur- face Ls a barren desert, covered with sand, gravel, pebbles, &c. There are a few plants, but nothing like a tree to be seen on these desolate plains, ;uid prevention of this destructive disease .V. 1 . Ob CIDER. Good cider can be made any where, of good fruit, by the following method : When your ap- ples are well ground, wet your straw with the juice instead of water ; put some straw in a cask next your recei^^ng tub, with a blanket on it, to filtrate or strain it ; then put it into a good dear strong cask immediately ; suffer it to have as little air as possible, to prevent fermentation. When your cask is full bung it up tight, and remove it to your cellar, not to be disturbed for one month at least. This cider will retain its sAvcetness for years, and be as clear as neediul ; it will be fit for bottling in four weeks. It should not be removed in the cask it was put up in, but racked into anoth- er. If there be any who doubt this mode, Ici them try one cask after the above method. The foregoing is certified from experience. BENJ. WALDRON. inau should subsist upon the variety of l>oimties i .seldom is a living creature to be met with. The with which she has so lil)erally replenished the j Platte, the Arkansas, and other rivers flow through earth, and constituted his system in a maimer suit- :this dreary waste, able to partake, almost indiscriminately, of what ever is agreeable to his palate ; and the injurious Catnip poultice, good for obstinate ulcers. — The effects of" many articles of diet are to be attributed • "•''y '° ">ake a poultice of it, is to put it on in vin- not so much their pecidiar nature, as to- the refine- ments in cookery. Although the roast heefoi Eng- ' egar, and boil it until it becomes soft, then thicken it with bran, spread a little butter, that has no salt laud has beootne the magnum bpnum of a good i 'n «> o^"«='' i*) '« prevent its sticking. TO OWNERS OP APPLE ORCHARDS. Save your tar for your carriage wheels ; an.; apply round your trees a hair cord, in the follow ing manner, which will prevent the depredation ol the Canker-JVorin. "Take cow or horse hair — let it be spun into cords of about two inches circumference, then take a ])air of sharp shears or scissors, and clip off the ends of the hair upwards, and tie the cords round the tree." Horticulture. Rot in Sheep. — Dried Juniper Berries are a good antidote against this destructive epidemic. — As soon as the slightest symptoms of it appear in a flock, a handful of these berries should be given for every two sheep per day, and to be continued until all apprehension is removed. Vol. VII.— No. 1. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. NETTLES. Every body knows that the leaves of stinging nettles are thick set with sharp prickles that pen- etrate the skin when touched, and occasion jiain, heat, and swelUng, which symptoms were imagin- , ed formerly to ensue from the prickles being left in tlie wounds they made. ' But the microscope discovers something much more wonderful in this common vegetable, and shows that its prickles are formed and act in the same manner as the stings of living animals. Every one of them is found to be a rigid hollow body, terminating in the most acute point possible, with an opening near its end. At the bottom of this cavity lies a minute vessel ,or bag, containing a limpid liquor, which, upon , the least touching of the prickle, is squirted thro' ; the little outlet, and, if it enters the skin, produces the mischief bef ire mentioned by the pungency of its sails. Hence it comes to pass, that when tlie leaves of nettles are considerably dried by the heat of the sun, they sting but very little ; as such as are green and juicy produce pain and inflammation. where- violent A3IERICAN VINE. The expedition to the Rocky Mountains found on the borders of the Arkansas, near the eastern side of the great desert, hundreds of acres of the same kind of vine (vitis vinifera) which produces the wines of Europe. These vines were growing in a wild state and were surrounded with hillocks of sand, rising to vi^ithin 12 or 18 inches of the end of the branches. They were loaded with the njost delicious grapes, and the clusters were so closely arranged as to conceal every part of tlie stem. Those hillocks of sand are produced by the agency of the vines, arresting the sand as it is borne along by the wind. ENGLISH COTTAGES. Travellers speak of the neatness, convenience and beauty of the cottages of the English farmers peeping out from among the green trees, and fes- tooned with the woodbine and honeysuckle. The pride of the husbandman beyond the waters, ex- hibits itself in gathering around his habitation those ornaments, which are at once useful and el- egant, attended with but shght expense and af- fording large revenues. Fruit trees and flowers, liedges and walks are described as blended to- gether in scenes on which the eye rests with pleasure. The ostentation of the farmer of New England usually contents itself with rearing CANCER. Mr. Thomas Tyrcll, of Missouri advertises that a cancer upon his nose, which has been treated wilhout success by Dr. Smith, of New Haven, and the ablest surgeons in the western country, has been cured in the following manner. It was re- commended '"to use a strong potash, made of the lye of the ashes of Red Oak bark, boiled down to the consistence of molasses, to cover the cancer with it, and in about an b.our afterwards cover this with a piaster of tar, which must be removed after a few days, and if any pntuberances remain in the wound, apply more potash to them, and the plaster again, until they all disappear; after which heal the wound with any common salve." Cau- tery and the knife had previously been used in vain. This treatment cflected a speedy and per- fect cure. , NEW ENGLAND FARBIER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JULY 25, 1828. OLIVE GATHERING IN PORTUGAL. Towards the month of November, the olive ar- rives to that degree of ripeness 'which renders them tit for the annurj operations. Like our wal- ^^^ ^ nuts, they are beaten from lie boughs by means of i,u|c"exterior^ whose construction exhausts his"re- j the niiddlc'of September, deposits i'ts eggs in the PRESERVE SHEEP FROM THE GAD-FLY. Tiiere exists, in some ])arts of the country, a species of fly, which naturalists call cestrus oris, of" the same genus with thit which deposits eggs in the hair of horses, and causes botts. This fly at- tacks sheep, from about the nsiddle of August to long rods, wlnle large cloths spread around the trunk, receive as many as fall within the sjiace they occupy. The rest are gatliered from the ground by wonen and children ; and so great is the produce, that the entire population of an olive district find anjple employment, in this work alone, for several weeks, although assisted by large groups who flo< k from a distance of nearly tv.'o hundred miles, to share the labor, and return with a little store of money thus earned, for their winter sub- sistence. Nothing can exceed the sprightliness of these olive gleaning parties ; from sunrise to the liour of vesjiers no sound is heard than that of sinning and merry converse, while every counte- nance reflects the gladness of the season, and the general happiness of the simple hearted peasantry. When the mills are set in motion, the farmer can securely reckon on a su])ply of ready money wherewith to cultivate his lands ; the pork-feeder and poulterer find the bruised kernel of the olive a plentiful and nutritious article for fattening their numerous pigs and turkeys ; while the poor labor- er, in addition to his present wages, anticipates to pay, and stores of preserved oUves which, vv ith a little bread, will long furnish the daily meal for , The sugar when himself and his household, almost free of cost. — An imperfect idea may be formed, even from this shght sketch, of the cheering effect produced when the national tree yields its accustomed tribute to sources, and leaves neither disposition or resources to complete the interior, so that the husbandman often lives in a great shell, of which one portion oidy is rendered habitable. The ornaments which with a little attention and care might form ])i!lars | stance and wreaths of verdure, richer than those which the chissel of the sculjitor has ever worked on temple or palace, are neglected, and the slovenly garden seems to call out shame on the listlessness whi(di neglects its beauties. — A^afional Egis. WALNUTS — an excellent Family Medicine. nostrils of the animals, and causes those worms, M hich so frequently destroys them. Tiie Mecha- nic's Gazette recommends as a preventive, "cov- ering the nostnls of sheep with a list of gauzy sub- through which the animal cafi breathe, and keeping it in its i^lace by some adhesive sub- stance." Wc doubt, however, the practicability of "keeping it in its idace." Another preventive which iJieep owners tell us is effectual, is to keep the noses of the sheep constantly smirched with tar, from about the middle of August to tlie latter end of September. If the sheep swallow some of ' s- Every body eats walnuts ; every body knows how ■ jbe tar so much the better, as it prevents or cur to make a pickle of walnuts ; few, however, know i t],g y„t, and confirms their health, the medicinal virtue of walnuts. Now the fact is, j If the fly has performed its uiiscliicvous func- walnuts when prepared, secundem ariem, are an ! ,jon ^nd tlie seeds of the disorder are already sown. excellent opening medicine and laxative, and this is the way to prepare them ; get the green wal- nuts fit for picklhig, put them in a stone jar, filled up with moist sugar, in the proportion of about half a pound of sugar to the score of walnuts ; place the jar in a saucepan of boiling water for a- bout three lio\n-s, taking care the water does not get in, and kee|) it simmering during the operation, issolved, should cover the wal- j you may make use of the 'following : Take half ■ a pound of good Scotch snuff, pour two quarts of boiUng vaster on it, stir it and let it stand till cold, inject about a tabic spoonfid of this liquid and se- diment up ea.-'h nostril of the sheep wish a.syringc. This must be repeated three or four times at pro- per intervals, from the middle of O.'-tober to tJie first of January ; the grubs are then small and are easier destroyed than afler"i"ards, and have not nuts, if it does not, add mire. Cover it close, and injured tlte sheep as they will, if deferred until in six months it will be fit for use ; the older it latter. Half an ounce of .ossallaetida, pounded in a little water, and added to tiic snufl^, v/ijl niake it the cjiildren of the soil, and imagination will not fail to picture, in a like degree, the deep gloom, despondency, and the disappointment that pervade all these classes when that supply is withheld, whetli- er by the innnediate visitation of Providence, in smiting the earth with a blight, or the remorseless cruelty of man. in wantonly afflicting Viis fellows. The crop of wheat and rye in Pennsylvania this season, is calculated to be double that of ordinary years. A great portion of the poorer sort of land is said to have produced nearly thrice the usual quantity. The rye straw, an article of considera- tion in the eyes of the farmer, has surpassed ex- pectation as much as the grain. — Bos. Statesman. gets the better it is. One walnut is a dose for a child six jears of age, as a purgative ; and it has this great advantage over drugs, that whilst it is an excellent medicine, it is at the same time very pleasant to the palate, and will be esteemed by the young folks a great treat. To take spots ovt of silk, linen, or woollen. — Take spirits of turpentine twelve drops, and the same quantity of spirits of wine — grind these v.ith an ounce of pipe-maker's clay, and rid) the spots therev/ith. You are to wet the composition when you do either siUc, linen, or woclien with it ; let it remain till dry, then rub it off, and the spots will disappear. True spirits of salts diluted with wa- ter, will remove iron moulds from linen — and sal ammoniac, with lime, will take out the stains of wine. — American Farmer. more eftectual. The owner of the sheep need not be alarmed when the operation is performed, to see the sheep very drunk ar.d apparently in the agonies of death, as they will in a few n)im;tes re- cover. I never knew anj' bad effects to follow. Dry snufF may be blown up the nose with a quill, and have a good effect ; but it is a tedious ditty job. I liave tried vinegar and blue die with bin little or no success. Instead of Scotch snuff, a decoction of tobacco will answer tlie purpose. A gentleman who owns a large flock of sheep, informs us that he had used it with perfect success. Spirits of turpentitie are injected into the nostrils of sheep, as a remedy for worins ; but that substance appears to possess one material disadvantage, which should preclude its c NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 23, 182S. use for that purpose, nuBiely, when thrown into the nostrils it kills the sheep as well as the worms. From an iiiadvertanee in our paper of the 11th instant, the notice of the aimiial meeting of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture was incomplete. After the vote of thanks to the Hon. Mr. Lowell, the following vote was passed, Mr. Prince having also declined a re-election : Voted, That the Society learn with great regret tl.'o determination of John Prince, Esq. to decline a re-election as a mcnihin- of the Board of Trus- tees ; and that the thanks of the Society he pre- sented to him for the well khown assiduity, zeal, and interest manifested hy hint in the cause of agriculture, v.liile a member of the Board. A true copy from the record. BEN.T. OnLD, .'hsisi. Rec. See'i/. Corrected list of the oflicers. Hon. Thomas L. Winthrop, President, Hon. Israel Thorndike, First Vice Presiiknt, Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, 'Zd do. do. Hon. John .Lowell, Corresponding Secretary, John Heard, Jr. Esq. Treasurer, Gorham Parsons, Esq. Recording Secretart/, Bcjijamin Guild, Esq. Assistant Recording Secreiarji. The Mowing Matcli at Canaudnigua, on the 4th excited much interest. The first premium, a Plough, was awarded to Samuel Remington, of that town, who inov/ed, in one minute, 100 feet in length, and a total of 892 square feet. The tax on foreign butter and cheese, itnfiortcd into England during the last year, amounted to 300,000 pounds sterling. Hon. Richard Sullivan, Hon. John Welles, Hon. P. C. Brooks, Wni. Prcscott, Esq. E. H. Derby, Esq. Jolii! C. Gray, Esq. 1 I J> Trustees. I I 05^ V»'e beg leave to call the attention of our readers to the advertisement of Mr Champion, in our paper of this day. The American improver has now a rare opportunity to become, possessed, at reasonable prices, of very fiue stock. . In addition to the great variety of fruits with which the Philadelphia market is supplied. Peach- es have been exposed lor sale of tolerable quality and in considerable quantities. Yoimg corn is a- t.undar.t. By arrivals at New York from Charles- i ^5^ *"_ '^^ . ''"'^'^ ''';''"'. ^'''''™" procession oii the ton and Norfolk, Watermelons. ST. SWITHIN-S DAY. Most of our "readers, perhaps arc acquainted with the prognostications connected with St. Swithin's Day, which has just passed, being the 15th of July. The old Scotch proverb resjiect- ing it is:— '■ St. Swithin's Day, 5;if ye do rnin, Fi)r ll'rty (inys it will reniciin, 8t- Svviihln's Day, nn ye be fair, For forty daj-s 't^^■iIl rain iia inoir." The unusual quantity of rain since Tuesday last, St. Swithin's Day, has gone far towards convert- ing lis to the brilief in this popular superstition, and had it not been for the late delightful change in the weather, we should have advised our fann- ing friends to prepare for a forty days' rain, and in the meantime have cudgelled our brains (or the invention of some method of makmg hay within doors, on the economical and labor saving princi- ple of the Paddy, who said, "if you \vant your po- tatoes dug, fetch 'cm along." While on the sub- ject ■^^ c v. ill refer to the circumstances from which the tradition abovementioned is said to have taken its rise, Vvfliieh cannot fail to interest and amuse the reader. In doing this we shall again draw upon the excellent article on Popular Superstitions, in the last American Quarterly Review. Swithin, or Swithum, Bishop of V/inehester, who died 868, desired that he might be buried in the open churcjj yard contrary to the usual custom with BishopsJ and his request was complied with ; but the monks, on being canonized, considering it dis- graceful for the Saint to he in a publick cemetery, resolved to remove his body into the choir, which TO HORTICrLTURISTS. There is a negligence amongst some who are profiting by the sale of fruit trees which should he corrected. It is extremely vexatious for a man to purchase a fruit tree, have it taken a thousand miles, nurse it a dozen years, and instead of real- izing his expectations, to find fruit of a most in- ferior quality. This has happened with a gentle^- man in Frankfort, Ken. in relation to the sccklc pear; and he has circulated around him the graft?-, so that the injury is extensive. I hope yon will put in your paper a short paragraph, that you will, upon request of any gentleman who may hereafter be imposed on, give i>ubhcity of the kind of decep- tion, and by whom practised, provided the dccep- tion was made by a vender of trees.* This will correct a carelessness wiiich must be its cause ; — for I cannot believe there is anj- man so lost to what is due to himself and to his fellow roan as to thus deceive him for the paltry simi of the price of a small tree ; the injury to the one, and to so- ciety, is incalculably greater than the benefit to the other. * [We shall have no hesitation in doing it if the person making the complaint will leave his name with the editor]. — American Farmer. we remark several cargoes of Thames Tunnel. — We are glad to find, that the Company for prosecuting this great and arduous enterprise, have passed resolutions for its prompt coinplction. The water has again been entirely ; tif" "'!> excluded from the shaft, anud- ; Rose S RoscitiaiA' Clion-y true ding Chervil Insects Rue Chive Jerusalem Artichok e Sage Colewort Landscape asd^ Salsifv Coriantier Picturesque ) ' Savory Cress, water Gardens * > Sea kale Cress, garden Lavender Silk Cucumber Layers Skirrel CurcuHo Leaves Spinach Currant Leek Squash Cuttings Lettuce Strawberrv DaiKieliou Locust tree Tansy Oihhle Love apple Tarragon Dill Madder Teaser Drains Mangel Wurtzei Thvme Ouck Marjoram Tomato to- planl Melon Turnip Vine. Kfder Mint In addition i» the above, the work contains a varietv of arti- cles on Domestic Wines from the Red and Black 'Currant, Gooseberries. Elder Berries, &c jellies from fruits, preserva lion of fruits, iStc. and many other articles on domestic economy, which will make the work desirable in families. It is hand- somely printed, and makes a volume of 312 pages. in? Any person who will obtain subscribers for, or enga"-e five copies, and forward ^6.00 as paymenl i.T full, shall have a fci.xtli copy gratis, for his trouble. Genesee — Indian Reservation Lands. On the Jd of September ne.\t, at Balavia, and un the lOth of September, at Balavia, will be sold at auction aliout forty thou- sand acres of land in the Tonncwanta, Cnnneadca, lluRalo and Cattarauf'us reservations. 'I'lie liileis indisputable, and inlbrmation respecting i! may be had and maps showing the lots to be sold may be seen, on ap- plication to 'I'homas & Ogden, in New York — J, Fellows, at Geneva — G. W. Long, at Batavia, and 11. ii. PoUer, at liulValo. Valuable English Stock. MrChampionof Blylhin !Nottinghamsli'i-e,who has sent se\'eral j two years olds- gs. each, Sft specimens of his Iinjiroved Short Horns, and high bred Leice terSheep, into the United States, and who has for the last twen- ty years had the honor to obtain a great number of premiums and sweepstakes for both his cattle and slieisp, at \'arious agri- cultural associations, now intends to give up his farm, and to sell by auction without reserve, the whole of his breeding siock, consisting of nearly one hundred head, Including Bulls. Cows, and Heifers, and the celebrated flliss Poynts. vvith a very su- perior bull calf bred from her, by lilyth Favorite. Also about I oO Rams, and 700 breeding Ewes." The sale will take place on die 4th and 5th of Septenilier next. IVlr C. has spared neith- er trouble in selecting, nor expense in obtaining the best ani- mals; and his sheep combine vvith constitution, the most valua j beating Lottery nnd two others, ble qualities of size, great ioelinatiou to fatten, with a superior | In 182(). at "Hanehcster. Handiciip stakes of 30 sovereign: staple of wool, both ior lenjdi and finene>.s. Mr Champion will i each. 10 ft. with 20 sovereigns added — G subscribers— Rarelont he glad to aflord every accommodation to purchasers, in send- i beating two others. Barefoot and Serab. Those two valuable animals, which have been sent to this country by Admiral Sir Laac Coffin, will, tor the present sea- son, stand at Brighton.— Tliey arc .young, and have been high- ly celebrated in England. The pedigree of Bare/uot, a clies- iiul horse, is as (ollow.-. FO.\LE» 1820. Barefoot, by Trump, dam Rosamond by Buviard, out of Roseberry, sister to Jliiley and Tartar, by Phenomenon, out of Miss West by Matchani— Kegulus— Crab— Clukler.-,— liastd. In V6ti, when at Pontcfract, sweepstakes oi'20 g>. each, for 11 subs.. Barefoot beating liarpnorcr. In 1823, Vork Springs St. Ledger, of 2i>gs. cncii (i subs.— Barefoot beating four others. — A, Ponlelract sweepstakes 1 1 30 guineas each ten feet, 10 subscribers. Barefoot beaiinc Palp- tine. " In 1823. the Doncaster great St. Ledgers, of 2S subscribers. Harefnol beating 11 others. In 1823, at New Market, Barefoot won a haiidicop plate val- ue jC.'jO, beating Tressilian and live olliers. In 1S24-, at Ascot Heath, Baicfool "alked over for the Swin- las stakes, of 25 sovereigns each 3 subs. In 1325, at Lancaster, the gold cup, .value 10 gs. added to a sweepstakes of 10 sovereigns, 17 subs, ol all ages. Barefoot the stock to Liverpool, from which place he is distant only jip'miles. Bl.yth, near liawie\. (Eng.) May 12, 1823. Patent Balance and Hay Scale Manufactory. The subscriber, agent for Thomas' Improved Patant Hay Scales, and patent Balances, nforms the public that he has on hand a good assortment of correct an^i well finished patent Bal- ances of all sizes — and wiil furnish at the shortest notice his improved Hay .Scales of any size or weight— ajjparatus of every descriplioii furnished separate lor old or new works. J. R. iMEWELL. Budding or fncculaling May be performed from I5di July, to the 15ih Se|itember, (there are many kinds of fniit that cannot be raised otherwise) such as peaches, apricots, ncetarines ; and it is the readiest way of obtaining the choicest kinds of roses on sweet briar or coni- mon rose stocks. Budding of ro^es is the must beneficial, and the best wa3' to increase that valuable flower. You can obtain 12 from one cutting. A man bred to the nursery business, and who has the best method known lor budding tne art for a small compens.ition ; and 9 out (it lu grow \t Laiicaslerj the gold cup. value 100 gy. added to a sweepstakes of 10 soveicigiis each, 9 subs.— I'arc- foot beating two others. Sekai!. (a beautilul boy Horse,) Foaled IN 1821. Got bv Phantom out of Jesse, by Toiteririge — her dam Crac- ker by Highflyer, out of Nutcrnck'cr. by .\iatesuni. In 1821-, won the New .Market slakes, 50 gs. each 21 subs. — Ser.ib beating four others. Ill 1825, at the New .Market Crar.c meeting, the stakes, 100 sov'ngs. 7 subs. .Serab beating tw<^ others. "The same year, Spring inceiing, Serab won Handicup sweejistakes, lUO suv'ns. G subs, beating three others. In ISffi. Serab won Kings Plate. 100 gs. heating 30 others. In 1827, Stoclon, .Serab uon the ,-^o!,i cup. j.I3 —^"^^"m^iM^nTMiii I imiilwwT^Mi-w-iillMBTTn-n'il iiir,FWtfiwfiK PSICES OF COUJ^THY PRODUCE. man will attend any who has 2 or 3 da\s' work. "at moderate wiigcs, and may be heard of at the New England Farmer Seed Store. July 25 Patent Gi-een House. The subscriber proposes to solicit a patent for a green house,' wliich will be built wiiiioutslone, brick, lime or sand ; also vviih- oul burning any kind of fuel, or using steam or dung, and only half ihe usual quantity of glass. The siniplicily of its construc- tion, the cheapness of building, and the saving ".i e.\pensp. make tins invenlion worthy of notice. .\iiy man of taste can have one for a tritiing sum. The subscriber would prefer a subscrip- tion from these interested, before takin? a |iateiit. Roxbiirv, July 23, APPLE:?, best, ASHES, pot, Hrst sort, ;.will make public ,5„,^^ Prarl, first sort, - of 10 grows. This' "^^^^■"■''"^■' - - - BLEt , luess, new, - <'argo, No. 1 , new, Cargo, Nn; a, nt*w, Bt;7;TEI{, inspected No. 1, GEORGE HE'.VSON. A Partner Wanted, Who can command a capital which ho would be willing to Invest in estabhshing a Horlicultura! and Eoiniiical Gardcu -at Baltimore. He may now have an opportunity of forming a con nection wilh a person capable of conducting such an eslablish- meiit, and who possesses manii advantages. For fiuiher infor- mation, inquire personally, or 'by letter, post paid, to G. F. Mil- ler, Baltimore. " Baltimore, June 18, 1328. For sale, an Improved Short Horned Durham Cow, and Bull i.all lliree weeks old, from the Coelebs slock, of remarkable good size and form; color red and white, haudsomelv ini.wd. ihe last years Call (a heifer) from the same < ow obtained a premiuin at the Brifjhton Cattle .Show in October last. lnq.:ire at the office of the New England Farmer Bull Calf for Sale. For .sale, a beautifol Bull Calf by Admiral, a very desirable animal for those who feel interested in tne imprnviir.cnl of cur breed of .Stock.-Appiy to Maj. Jaques of Charlcslown. where ne may be seen. 3t July l.s German Geese. for sale, two pairs of this superior breed of Geese, from ICast I'riezland, Germany— produced from a pair imported last year flirecl from Bremen, in ship Norlh America, Capl. Cliilrl : and which were selected by said Capl. himself, with the greatest care. I„psegeese possess many, importdut qualities peculiar ictiieir breed— among which is. their size, dieir usual weight wlien fat being from 25 to 3lj pounds each— also the large ouan- i"y of; feathers which they vield, the Germans pluck ihcm niree tunes a ^car, and the feathers are considered the best in hi 'f'"'."'^''' i-nghsh and Dutch markets— and their rcmarka- oiy docile, gentle and domestic dispositions. Apply to Capl S w D 'o ^S''",'^;'-,^'"";'^ the geese are to beseen-orio Wm. B Bradford, Jr. No. 2+ India street, head of Central wharl, Boston— or to the New England Farmer Seed Store July 18 3t i CHEESE, new milk, I Skimmed mil!:, j FLOUR, Biiltiiiiure, Howard-slrnei, - [ Genesee, - . - . lU'e, best, - - . - GRAIN, Corn, - - . . Rye, - - . . BJirlcy, - - - . Oils. .... HOGS LARD, first sort, new, LKiiE, - - . . PLAISTER PARIS ctailsal PORK, new, clear, - - . . Navy, mess, netv. Caigo. No. 1, new, SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - I Orchard Grass, I Fowl .Meadow, - I Ilye Grass, - . - 'i'fill Meadow (>,iis Grass - Red Top - - . . Lucerne, .... While Hiine^-suekle CloiTf, Red Clover, (noiihern) French Sugar Beet, - ■ .Mangel W\irtzel, WOOL. Merino, full blood. w.ishc,|. - Jicrino, lull blood. unwa?.4i-;d, Merino, three foiii ihs washed. Merino. Iia'f& quarter washed Native, washed, • - ' - * Pulled, Lamb's, (irst sort, - Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, Puihd, for spiijuing, first sort PRO Vlt^ION MARK/: T. BEEF, best pieces, - - - . PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL. - - - - - . illUTTON. POULTRY, BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lump, best, EGGS, ---... MEAL, Rye. retail, - . . . Indian, retail, POTATOS, new - . . . CIDER, [according lo (lualiiy.J FKo.lI barrel. tuti: 92 5lj bushel. 1 50 barrel. 10 5'J . " C 50 '< 7 nr, pouud 12 " li u rti banc!. 5 25 ',', 4 62 buaicl.l '' «0 u 30 pound. ctisk. I 00 ton. 2 50 wrcl. IS 00 " 13 50 " 13 00 jusl.cl. 2 CO 1 ll'OuncI.; 42 25 38 30 35 43 tt i 2y jioujid 1 u (t ti I) 5 dozen . bushel. scarce 12 lb I'l barrel. 2 OOJ TO 97 50 100 00 1 75 11 CO 0 75 7 50 14 10 3 5 37 5 00 2 87 53 m 'lO 32 9 1 50 2 75 19 00 14 00 13 sa 2 25 4 00 4 CO 4 00 5 CO ' 1 0(1 50. 60 12 1 50 1 5ft 45 30 40 35 S&- 4K 30 12 10 l> 8 10 14 20 18 70 66 2 60 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. July 25, 18-2S. MISCELLANIES. TO A CHILD. Thy nipmory as a spoil Of love, comes o'er my iniiid— A<; (lew upon the jairple bell — As perfume on llie wind — As music ou ihe se;t — As sunshine on tho river — So halli it alwavs been to me. So sball il be forever. 1 hear th^' voice in tlr^nms t^pon me sofUy co!i, Like echo on tha ntnuntain streams. In sportive waler-iatl. f see Ih}' form as when Thou wevr a hviii[r Ihing, .\nd hlossomerl in theeyes of me;:j Like any flower of spring. Thy soul to henven Iintb flcil, From earihly ih^-aUlom free 3 Yel 'tis not as liie .''eafi 'J'hat thou apprar'st to me. In slumber, I behol'! Thy form as when oit earth — Thy locks of waving gold — Thy sapphire eye ofmirth. anil a better cordial than an tetlier. Dr. Raid gives a similar opinion in the following ex])ressivo passage: "The habitnal horror which thus over- shadows the mind, darkens the little daylight of Ufe. An indulgence in this morbid excess of ap- prehension not only embitters a man's existence, but may often tend to shorten its duration. He hastens the advance of death, by the fear with which his frame is seized at its real or imaginary approach. His trembhng hand involuntary shakes the glass in which his hours are numbered." Contradictory as it may api)ear, there are well attested instances of persons who have been driv- en even to suicide by the dread of dissolution. It would seem as if they liad run into the arms of death in order to shelter themselves from the ter- ror of his countenance — Quar. Ri:v. set an example of this kind, was more than the most sanguuie friend of temperance could have expected. — Salem Gazette. Tlie toad. — An English fanner on the 20th May, 1826, inclosed a small toad in a garden pot, ren- ilercd air tight, and buried it in the ground ; and on the 14th May, 1828, in presence of a witness, he dug up the pot, and found the toad not only alive, but hearty, and apparently in a thriving con- dition, as it had grown considerably ; the lustre of its brilliant eyes a])pearing to be not a whit di- minished by its long incarceration. Dr. Macartney, the anatomical professor in Dub- lin, with about fifty other surgeons, have begun the patriotic work of surrendering up their own bodies for dissection, liy signing, with all due sol- Method, as Mrs. More says, is the very hinge of emnity,_aii order to their respective executors to business ; and there is no method without punctu- '"^' eftect. Allnon. [ hear in solitude. The prattle, kind and free, Thou ultei'cdst in joyful mood. While seated on my kitee. So strong each vision seenis, My spirit that doth fill, I tliink no; they are dreams, i^ Sut (hat ihou livest still. ality. Punctuality is important, because it sub- serves the peace and good temper of a famity ; the want of it not only infringes on necessary duty, but sometimes excludes this duty. Punctuality is important as it gains time ; it is like packing things in a box, a good packer Mill get in half us luuch more as a bad one. The calmness of mind v.'hich it ]iroduces, is another advantage of punctuality : In a Charleston paper now on our table, is an advertisment of a raffle — and the article to be gambled for is a folio Family Bible 1 — The adver- tisement is headed, "faint heart never won a fair lady." — Providence Patriot. Large coal. — Five dollars was refused last week for a single piece of coal, while passing through a disorderly man is always in a hi'.rry : he has no 1 Pottsville, from one of the mines of the North American Company, ton and a half. It weighed upwards of a time to speak with you, because he is going else- where : and when he gets there, he is too late for his business, or he must hurry away to another before he can finish it. — It was a wise maxim of the Duke of Newcastle — " I do one thing at a time." Punctualify ■'ive.^ weight to character. ' ^ habitual drunkard unless he was intoxicated half 'Such a man has "made an appointment : then I '^^ '"«« ? and in New York, unless drunk all the Cardinal If'olsey, one of the greatest ministers know he will keep it." /Uid this generates ptinc- j l^me.^ of state that ever was, poured iorth his soul in tu.ility in you : for like other virtues it propagates | '^Whal constitutes a state" of drunkenness 9 A court in Penn.svlvania have decii.eii tiiat a man was not these sad words : "Had i been as dihgent to serve ; itself : servants and children must be punctual] my ",. , , ].i, A '.. *-ii .lusi ietei%eu cii uie new ci Gotl, as I have heen to please my king, he : where their lc;u!ers are so. Appomtments mdeetl, . ^0 j>jorih Market Street, LIosk Turnip Seed, &fc. Just received at tlie iSew Eu^ldiiil r'anner Seed ftStore, N«' would not have forsaken me in my gray hairs." i become debts; I owe you punctuality, if I have I made an appointment with jou, and have no right ,uii, an exuiisive assorlnient of Turnip St .'ds, some otwhicli are the ^lowih ol ine present easoii — il:e linesl ^'orls either for family use or stock. 'I lie most improved sorts lor the tormer are ifie While tStone, White Dutch, Yellow 8tone. Yellow Malta. 'J'he Ytiioiv Stone iu one of uncommon e.xeellence and keeps well. Of tlie sorts for field culture, the White Norfolk. While Globe, and Yeliow Ab- erdeen or Bullock Hie prel'erahle. 'I'lie Veilovv Aberdeen is most approved among the faimers of England and Scotland, as il grows 10 a laige size, is very sweet and nulnKous, jjnd keeps -•,,,. '11",'^ ' * " \ £• „ * i.^„ .^ . v,..+ „T«-, c,,» till June. Also, Yellow Kuta fJaga, or Russian 'I'uuiip, oi the feels that he is mortal: but alter forty a man's , same parcel for seven years at least ; but was sm- |,esi deseripiio,,: The above seeds Were saved in Euroue e.t- tlioughts are tnuch occupied by tli!~ inevitable pros- i prised to iind, as I thought, mv ground much im- pressly lo'- us, and the utmost dependence may t.e placed upon pcct, and most of us have our little corps of con- ! poverished, though yearly matmred ; for, at the .he..__genu,„e_^,ua,i,y.^^ A var,e.y otl.r^g --:;[-"M;^f-*t: solation to protect us from the fear of it. Those j last, though my seeds vegetated, which 1 thought p^n spjuach, Long Pnckly and Early Cluster Cucumber ; also of autiiors come out in their v,'orks. One of the ti sufficient proof of their goodness, yet at last the genuine Girkm Cucumber, or West ImUa pickling one of - --- 'he finest pickles. Likewise :200 lbs. fresh common white flat Euglish Turnip Dread of death. — It is a common symptom in to throw away your time if I do my own. nci-vous disease, and is here considered with its regard to its influence on honUh. In these cases j Agriculture. — I one year raised a large supply it seems rather to spoil life than destroy it. Not of carrot seed, so that I had much left after sow- only the child, but the young man till thirty never \ ing the next year, and continued to sow from the mo.-5t remarkable, is a httlc Essay on Death, by they did not grow well for two or three years, till Lord Bacon ; not that in liis Ess.iys, but towards ' they were httle larger than pipe-stems, and were Seed, a part of it tiie growth of 1b28:— to dealers at-.d purchas"^ the end of his works, netir his will. The curate | not worth pulling. But as my seeds vegetated, I enby^the quantity, i. will be put a. ajow rate. of a London parish, who has great experience ofj was wholly unconscious of the cause ; hcfwever, I death-bed scenes, was asked how people general- j finally threw away my seeds and got new ones; ly met their end ? And tlie answer was, "either and the next planting in the same ground succeed- they wish for it as a relief from sntfcring, or they 1 ed well ; my seeds vegetated fpiicker, grew thrif are not conscious of it." Even Dr. Johnson, who dreaded death so much at a distance, seems to have feared it as little on his arrival as other peo- ple ; and we believe that to many persons with right views, who have had a liberal allowance of sickness and sorrow, death becomes an object not so much of apprehension as of curiosity and inter- est. This state of mind is not only necessary for our comfort during healtii, but for our safety dur- ing sickness. One of the ablest physicians alive, once said that in a dangerous illness, cateris pari- bus, a christian would have a better chance of re- covery than an unbeliever — that religious resigna- tion was a better soothing medicine than a poppy. ty, and produced abundance ; and I am within bounds in saying of ten times the size of those produced from the old seed. Now, what is the value of a carrot seed to a carrot ? a beet seed tq a beet ? a cabbage to a cabbage ? Oat Meal, Oat Flour, Grotts, Ifc. Just received at the New Englaml Farmer Seed Store, a further supply oi the above articles, viz. 3tJ bariels of fresh Oat Meal, fine bolted Oat Flour, Hulled Oats or Vermont Rice, Scotch Barley, &c. for sale iu any quaniitit s. wholesale or re- tail. Also a few caiinisters of fine OiU Flour, neatly packed, at 50 CIS. per cannister— "^ 't^nes Seeds for fhe'Wesi Indies. Merchants, masters ol vessels, and others trading to the West Indies, can be furnished with boxes ol tweeds, assorted, suitable for that market, at from gi to $b per box —Each bos contains upviards of sixty different kinds of seeds, vegetable and orna- Temperance. — It is worthy of record, that no ; mental, in quantities sufficient for a common kitchen garden.— , , . ., 1 1 .1 . .1 • I Likewise the greatest variety of seeils to be found in i\ew if.ng- ardent spirits were used by the seamen, at their , 1^^^,^ ^^, ,|,g ^„,|„j ^^ bushel, all warranted pure, aud of Uie dinner on the Neck, on Friday the 4th inst. This | growth of 1827 is really one of the most encouraging signs of the times — that a class of people, whose profession has always been held to give them a peculiar license in all the points of minor morals, and whoso hardships have often no other alleviation than is furnished by a recourse to the can of grog, should Brtintn Gitse. For sale, 10 pair fine Bjenien Geese. England Farmer Sead Store. Apply at the New July 4. PuhdAed erirrj Friday, at $3 per nnnum, payable at the mil tf the tjem — iirt Ihcsi who fay within sixty ilays frvm the timf ef^ut.'!C. 52 -J^orth Market Street, (mer the Agricullaral, Warehouse).— Tiiovxs G. Fessenpem, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGU? i'l^l, 1828. No. 2. THE ARTS. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. KELP, OR CRUDE SODA. Mr. Fessenden,— Consiiienng the vast increase of tlie niuimfaoturing establishments in our country it lii-i-y be tliought extraordinary tliat the manu- facture of kelp or crude i^oda has not received the attention of our industrious and enterprizing citi- zens ; tiiose especially, who are particularly inter- ested in tlie bleaching, soap, and glass estabhsh- ments. The plants from which kelp may be ob- tained are to be found in inexhaustible abundance on our shores without the trouble of culture ; es- pecially at Cape Ann and Marblehead, and arc frequently employed as a manure. The manufac- ture is so simple as to require no scientific know- ledge ; a few days' experience on a small scale would enable any person to prosecute the business exten.sively, and no doubt to great pecuniary ad- vantage. In conversing with a gentleman inter- ested and experienced in the great bleaching es- tablishment at Dover, N. H. he manifested a dis- position to introduce and encourage the use of Ameri'-an kelp if he could be furnished with a sample for experimental trial, and it should be found to answer the desired purpose. The Ame- rican article may, it is presumed, be afforded at a lower price than the imported. Fuci is the botanical or generic term for tho various si)ecies of marine plants commonly known" by the names of sea-weed, sea-wreck, and sea- ware. They are found on flats at lov/ water, or attached to rocks near the shore and in coves, it has been ascertained that Piici grows with aston- ishing rapidjty from floating seeds lodged on roclcs and stones. Pud vesiculosus. In this species, the frond is a leaf-like .substance resembling leather or parch- ment, midribbed, the stem forked or parting in pairs one after another. The vesicles or air blad- ders are globular and innate in the membrane of the frond. It is readily distinguished from Fuci nodosus by the air bladders very generally occur- ring in parallel pairs, while in nodosus they ari^ single -, and from F. serratus by the edges of the frond being entire or wanting the serratures which mark that species. It is generally from one t*. three feet in length. One pound of the ashes gives three ounces of kelp. This species is most highly prized for the manufacture of kelp. Fuci nodosus. The frond is leathery, compress- ed, veinless, branched, and feathery, the recepta- cles are divided and hav« a small stem, roundish, mostly solitary. Fronds from two to six feet in length and at short distances swell into large air blubbers. Fuci serratus. Frond, leathery, flat, midribbed, divided ; serrated at the margins. Receptacles solitary, flat at the ends of the stem, serrated, sharpish. It grows in deep water, and is oidy uncovered at the ebb of the tide. This is inferior . for kelp. Fuci lorcus. This is the small kind, growing abundantly on rocks, and is called rock-weed.— This yields well in excellent kelp. It consists of ' a shnple frond v/ithout branches, and is sometimes called catgut. It affords considerable quantities of kelp. _ ;. Fuel pahnaius, is the kind known by the name of dulse. It is divided deeply and spreatiing so as to^esemble the hand with the fingers spread. This also yields good kelp. The public are indebted to Dr. John Revere, now of New York, for the following valuable com- munication, relative to the crude sodas of com- merce. It has been published in Professor Silli- man's excellent journal, for December la^t, and merits a repubUcation in the New England Farm- er, for the benefit of our citizens who reside on our sea coast. J- T. Plymouth, July 17, 1828. Some Remarks on the Crude Sodas of Commerce ; by John Revere, M. D. Lecturer on Chemistry, ap- plied to the Arts, at the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Arts and Manufactures. New York.Oclob.r 15. IS27. Sir — In a course of lectures on chemistry, ap- plied to the arts, I had occasion to collect the facts contained in the following paper. To those who are familiar with the science of chemistry, there will be httle that is new. I have b_'en induced to ofi'cr these remarks to your Journal; rather from its title I'lan the general scope of its contents ich I observe are almost purely scientific— The importance of tliis substance in the useful arts, the ignorance observed among manufactur- ers and dealers respecting its nature, and th ■ shameful impositions sometimes practised, consti- tute its chief claim to your nttention. The facth stated may be relied upon, as they have been es- tablished by repeated experiments. JOHN REVERE, M. D. Crude soda, in whatc er manner procured, is generally known in this country, among maiuifac- turers and merchants, by the name of barilla. — But as the value of '.tie article depends very much upon the former circ imstance, it will be proper to observe, that it is rlitained as an article of mer- chandize, chiefly in four dififerent modes, viz. 1. in a saline form, on the surface of the earth, and from the water rf certain lakes ; 2, from the in- cineration of certain land plants ; 3, from the com- bustion of marine plants ; and 4, from the decom- position of sea salt by chemical processes. The crude soda, formerly known by the name of natron, is found in considerable quantities in Egypt, the if.terior'of Africa, and in South Amer- ica. It exists in lakes, and in particular districts, and form* an efflorescence upon the surface of the earth rhiring the dry season. I am not aware that in tl s form, it is known as an article of com- merce, in the United States. The most vahiable of the crude sodas known in this country, are obtained by the incineration of several kinds of plants which grow in the vicinity of the s. a. The best is brought from Alicant. Malaga, and Carthagena, in Spain ; it is obtained from an annual plant, the sclsola sativa, which is cultivated and securd like hay, and afterwards burnt in hf)les dug in the earth. From the great quantity of soda it contains, it melts into thick paste, which on cooling, becomes condensed into a stonelike mass ; the popular name of this plant in Spaui, is barilla. So highly is this jjlant es- teemed in Spain, that, according to Mr Parkes, the exportation of the seed is prohibited, under penalty of death. Tliere are several varieties ot the salsola cuhivated on the shores of the Medi- terranean, especially in the island of Sicily, and also in the Canary- Ish^s, which yield an abun- dance of soili>r' ror convenience, all the crude sodas obtained by the combustion of land plants, may be called baiilla. The barilla most common in our market is brought from Spain, Sicily, Ten- erifle. Although many parts of the United States are favorably situated, I have known but one at- temjjt to cultivate them. It was made on the eastern shore of Maryland, from seed |)rocured for the purpose in Sicdy. Tiie attempt failed, owing evideiiUy to the imperfection of the seed. Tlie incredeed demand for soda for the arts, throughout the civilized vvorhl, has led men to seek other sources from which this useful sub- stance niay be procured. Modern science and in- dustry have succeeded in extracting a large sup- ply fiom marine plants, which were accounted so entirely worthless among the ancients, that alga projectd. vilior w;is a connnon proverb at Rome. — The substance procured by the eonibustion of thet.e picviits is called by the French varech, and by the Knglislj kelp. The inhabitants of the coast of Europe hare been in the habit, from time im- memorial, of collecting the sea weed, wrack or sea ware, as it is indiscriminately called in Great Britain, und ^nni/ufacturing it into a coarse alkali, for domestic i)uri)oges. It is only, however, v\ith- in a century that any attempt has been mode in Great Britain to prei)are the kelp in a large way. it was in the year 1723 that this substance war first brought into the market as an article of mer- chandize. But the great consumption of the al- kalies in the modern arts, especially by the bleach er, soap and glass mamifacturer, and other manu- facturing chemists, has attracted more and more attention to the subject, until the manufacture of kelp in Gn at Britain has become a very impor- tant department of industry. I am under the im- pression that kelp has never been brought into our market, or attempted to be manufactured in the United States, but as it appears to me that this manufacture may be introduced advantageousU among us, I i)ropose to give some accoimt of the most approved method at present practised, in the hope that it may direct the attention of those per- sons to the subject, who are conveniently situated for making the attemirt. From the increase of our manufactures, and as all the crude sndns at present consumed are imported, it is liigidy prob- able that there would be a full demand for the ar- ticle. The material may, for the trouble of col- lecting it, be had in immense quantities, along our extensive sea coast, nor can anything be cheaper -r more simple than its manufacture. Some idea ,nay be formed of the advantages that may be de- rived from this manufacture, from the great and obviously increasing importance that is attached to the subject in Great Britain. There are fre- quent communications on the subject in then- best journals, an first planted at the royal estate of Santa Cruz, for- merly belonging to the Jesuits and now convert- ed into a perfect paradise ; and eventually it was spread to several of the Provinces. In that of St. Paul, where the soil and chmate have been found peculiarly congenial ; the plantations are on an extensive scale, and the Brazilians are said already ' to grow suflicient for their own consumption. In five years, it is expected, they wiU be able to ex- port a considerable quantity, which certainly will be considered a phenomenon. A Brazihan young gentleman, who has for some years been piu-suing his literary and useful researches amongst us, has furnished several scientific persons in London with samples of Brazilian tea ; and, on infusion, it is found stronger than that of Chuia, usually drank, which may, perhaps, be owing to its being of last year's growth, whilst the tea consiuned in Eng- land is generally three or four years old. Should this new article be imported here, it is a quere un- der what denomination it can be placed, unless the custom-house allows it to rank with medicinal herbs. — London paper. To remove an attack of the sick headache, e correspondent in one of the monthly joiu'nals re- commends the patient to take a table spoonful of ginger, mixed with a lump of sugar, in a tum- bler three parts full of water, with the cliill off; to sit, for a quarter of an hour, with his feet in water agreeably warm ; and to apply a napkin, wrung out of cold water, to his temples or fore- head, whichever part appears most affected. 12 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, BEET SUGAR. It may be witliin the recollection of some of our readers, that when attempts were first made to extract sugar from the beet, the project was treat- ed with great ridicule. The first experiments on a large scale were made under the patronage of Na- poleon, wlien at the heiglit of his power he at- tempted to enforce his famous continental system, against England, and she, in return, seized upon the colonies, and destroyed the commerce of France. The English, of course, amused them- selves very much at the Emperor's expense, and we recollect a caricature tliat bad a great run at the time representing the imperial family employed in making this sugar ; Napoleon himself standing at a tub, with his arms dyed to the elbows in a liquid whose crimson color might have a double meaning, and the little king of Rome sitting on the floor, and sucking a beet root for liis supper. But in spite of snniggling and ridicule, and, worst of all, of (leace, which brought back the West In- dia article, the manufacture of beet-sugar contin- ued to flourish, and seems to have thriven all the better for being deprived of imperial patronage. — In fact, it has gradually extended itself until, at the present time, it seems tliere are more than sixty manufactories of this article in the various parts of France. On ; of our latest Havre papers we see mentions that two new establishments for maliing tliis sugar were about to be set on foot near V^alenciennes, and another on a large scale near Paris. And in proportion as the manufiic- lure has increased, it has been unproved by the .science and art of the practical chymist, particu- larly in the boiling and chrystallizaUon, till it is thought that the manufacturers will soon be able to afford their sugar made in this way, as clieap as that whicii is imported from the East or West Indies — jV. Y. Jour-, of Commerce. hemp which has prevented its use ; but this pre judice arose fiom the improper manner of prepar- ing it. It has been found tliat the fibre of Amer- ican hemp is better and stronger than the Rus,- sian, when prepared like it. This has been prov- ed by the experiments of the navy commissioners, who were directed by Congress to institute a course of experiments on the subject.— Farmers' Journal. August 1, 1828. HEMP. Tlie high duty on hemp, canvass and duck, will, for a time, be a matter of some inconvenience and the only way to obviate it, is to set about the business of cultivating hemp, and manufacturing the articles from it that are needed. This may i)e made a ]irofitable business. We are not aware that any considerable quantity- was c\er raised in this State ; but there could not be a better region for it. It is a hardy plant, and will grow in al- most all climates. It is grov/n in India, in Italv, and Russia. It may be cultivated throughout tlie whole extent of the Utlfind States. Our thrifty housewives will tell you, that it will flourish luxu- riant here, for it is their custom to scatter a hand- ful of seeds by the side of their bee-house, where it springs up and grows without care or attention, and continues to blossom and yield food for boes until they retire into winter quarters. One sow- ing, for this fiurpose, is suflicient. It will spring up year after year like the common weeds, from the seed which sows itself. There couid not be n ^ptter or more suitable and profitable crop for - V,- lands. It yields from six hundred to a Ihou- .vinters are ii.ost mild, and best adapted to the rearing of this nut. We hope, also, that some of our neighbors mav try the experiment of budding the improved varieties of the shagbark walnut, ujion tlwse of a poorer quality, and also upon tlie pignut tree. In confirmation of our former remarks, we find in the New England Farmer, a letter from a cor- respondent, who says he has four thousand scions growing, which were set this spring ; among , which are pears in locust and forest hazel stocks, CULTIVATION OF THE GRAPE. The cultivation of the Grape has become an in- teresting object of attention. The experiments which have been made, go far to show that the varieties suited to our climate may be made to flourish and be iMoductive of delicious fruits for the table, uniting the luscious coolness of the mel- on with the rich flavor of the peach and ])ear, at an expense not exceeding that of rearing the In- dian corn. On a small scale, the vine may be trained over fences or buildings, to cover their sides whh the deep verdure of its leaves, and wreath tlietr summits with its gracefiU festoon.s. Judging from personal knowledge and the state- inent of writers of approved judgement, we are in- duced to believe that inoculating grape vines is liable to some objections : among others to the following. 1. The operation would be diflicidt for those not very skillful in the use of the budding Icnife. 2. The vine from which the bud was cut would be destroyed by bleeding. 3. The stock into which the bud was inserted would be killed from a similar cause. ' 4. The operation, if practicable witli safety would be comparatively useless : for the shoot sent out from the bud, if it should live, could not ripen so far as to bear the frost when the vine was left uncovered, or to resist decay, if sheltered during the winter. I 5. It is decidedly the most difficult, dangerous I and ineffectual method ef all devised for the pro- i pagation of the vine. The vine is commonly propagated from seeds layers, cuttings, or grafts ; by seeds for the pur-' pose of obtaining new varieties of delicious fruit : by layers to fiirnish strong and large plants the' fir-t yeai- ; by cuttings for vigorous and healthy vii'cs and for the facility of the operation ; and by grafting, in the early spring, into the root, below the urfacc, for the purpose of changing the char- acter of the fruit. The danger of making incisions in the vine at any other jieriod, than when the frost has clieck- ed the circulation, is familiarly known to those who have had occasion to practise the mystery of pruning. The horizontal branches may be re- Vol. VII.— No. 2. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 13 moved when the main shoots aie in vigorous .■jroM'tli ; but cutting tlic part from wliieh buds h'hould be selected would sever the arteries of vegetable life, and soon relieve the gardener from further care of his plant. A reason as strong against the practice may be found in the fact, that if the buds are allowed to remain on the parent sialic until the wood is ripened, they may, at the season of pinning, be safely separated, and by covering with earth, converted into new vines witli vigorous tops and sound roots. The method of proiJagation, which is called that by cuttings is that reconunended by the most ex- perienced cultivators and judicious writers. Its .idvantages are, great economy of labor, increase of t!ie number of plants, certainty of obtaining the .«ame fruit with the original stock, convenience of cultivation, and the sure growth of healthy raies. | In the uutunm when ])ruiiing takes place, the \ shoots taken from the mature wood are cut off and separated in pieces. Some cultivators leave thorn eighteen inches long ; others form them with only one eye on wood of one year old and a few inches of that of the preceding year : by a third method the cuttings have only a single bud. The cuttings thus prepared are preserved through the winter, by covering them with earth. In .-spring they are inserted so as to leave one or two buds above tiie ground, and freely send out shoots and fibres. This we believe is the easiest and best method known for propagating the vine. THE VINE. A number of gentlemen held a meeting in Bal- timore, in June last, to form a society to promote the culture of the vine. Such is our opinion of !he nature of their object, that we tliink there is scarcely any thing calculated to prove so useful to ' the country, as this undertaking, if successful. — They propose to hold fairs for tlie exhibition of wine.s, about the time of vintage. Dr Monkur ilc- [ Uvercd an address at the meeting, v/hich contain- ed some interesting facts about the culture of vines in the different climates of Europe, with a statement of the comparative degrees of latitude in the United States. — A**. Y. Statesman. that to have flowers, fruits, and vegetables in ])er- fection, they must be well attended ; the ground kept clean from weeds by the hoe and rake, for nature is always the same, she will reward the in- dustrious, but gives si)aringly and almost refuses every thing to the negligent. Paler ipse colendi Hauc) faciiem esse viam voluit. — Virgil. From the Massachusetts Spy. CANADA THISTLES. Having seen several articles in your paper relat- ing to the Canada thistle, and having had the sat- isfaction of destroying several hunches of them in a manner different from what I have seen describ- ed, I feel disposed to communicate it to the pub- lic. In 1822, I discovered the Canada thistle in a ])asture where I kept about t\venty sheej) ; I mowed them twice or three times in wet weather, hut they appeared to grow the faster for it, and had, by the next spnng, spread over three times as nnich ground as they occupied before, and were in a flourishing state. I caused them to be cut once more. I then took about two quarts of salt, and spread over the thistles, and the sheep being hungry for it, they very soon eat what they could, and continued upon the spot till they had stamp- ed much of the grass and thistles into the dirt. I continued to throw on salt once or twice a week, for several months, and frequently put in other cattle, when they needed salt, so that the ground in a short time was almost bare, and what i'cw t'lisiles were to be seen were covered with rust. The next season I ploughed the ground, and have sinrc ]>lantcd and sowed it, and I believe there is noiv, not a sinale thistle on the piece. I discov- ered another bunch of them in another piece the next year, which I treated in the same manner, and have now on the ground a piece of corn, but have the satisfaction to say, there are no thistles in the field. A FARMER. nerves, are distributed, and therefore the lungs do not ]>erforin their functions ; in which cases, tho' bleeding is absolutely required, the quantity of blood may be taken away without affording com- plete relief, and if there are no symptoms of para- lysis, and it is probable that the stomach contains indigested food, it is advisable to give an emetic Edinburgh Journal. It has been estimated that the steam boats be- longing to and trading from New York, consume during a running season of eight months, about 180,000 cords of pine wood, to which may be ad- ded 20,000 cords for other modes of consumption, making in all 200,000 cords. At Philadelphia, we have 12 boats besides ferries in constant use. which probably, with works and manufactories in the neighborhood and iu New Jersey, use 150,000 cords per season, maldng an aggregate of the con- sumption of the two ports, 350,000 cords per an- num. This vast destruction must, we apprehend, exhaust the lands within reach of uavigable wat- ers in the course of a few years, when a substitute luust be resorted to, or the cost will be heavily in- creased. It is fair therefore to calculate, that the day is not far distant, when a demand for 175,000- to 200,000 tons of ccal annually, for the use of steam boats, will be added to the coal rr,arket. — Penn. Gazette HORTICULTURE. A proper attention to the science of horticulture has ever been considered among the blessings of civilized life ; and it may be observed, that the more any country has advanced in the knowledge ' of agriculture and gardening, the further that ] country has progressed in civilization. It is very | evident, that in this country, where liberty seems ; to have made her abode, and the rights of man are protected, that great progress has been made within a few years in the science of agriculture. Societies have been formed under the auspices of some of our most enlightened citizens through- out the comitry-^considerable progress has been made, and by universal opinion, an excitement to much greater improvement is anticipated. Tiiis spirit has also extended to horticulture ; — and almost every man possessed of a small piece of gromid, may display his elegant garden enriched with flowers and fruit, judiciously selected, so as to have a constant succession of nature's bountiful i gifts ; for a small garden well cultivated will pro- duce much, and while it promotes health in the cultivation, must also aflbrd pleasure from the lime the blossoms first appear until the fruit ar- rives at maturity. But it must also be remarked LIGHTNING RODS. Professor Fansher, of Yale College, says, — " In a dry atmosphere its influence extends to from 30 to 40 feet. In a damp do. from 20 to 2-5 feet. When it rains profusely, from 15 to 20 feet. From this Etatenietif it will be obvious that con- ductors should always be ei-ected witli reference to the most watery state of the atmosphere. The Stale of Pennsylvania is going on with grgat power and rajiidity witli the canal. About 8 miles of her caijal, tliat is from Pittsburgh to the northern turnpike, v.il! be in successful op- eration, it is believed, in about three months ; the residue, about 30 miles to the western base of the Allegany moiintains, will be put under contract on tho Isl of Sspl ember; and the rail road over the mountain, about 35 miles, will be under con- tract this fa!!, to be completed tho next season The average number of hand.s employed this seas- on has been above 4000, and the monthly dis- bursements of money, ciglity or a hundred tlious- and dollars.. The Pcnnsyivar.iaiis havii reason to be proud ol' this great work, wliich tltey carry on in tlic only way in v/Iiich important public jmr prwements ever can be effected.— .M.?. Intel. THE BIG WALNUT TREE. This mammoth product of the American forest, which was exhibited in New York and Philadel- phia, has been transported to London and sold for two hundred pounds sterling. It was found near Lake Erie, and measures 36 feel in circum- ference ; its interior presents a splendid drawing- room. APOPLEXY. In gi\ing the history of four classes of apoplexy, in which emetics appeared to have been exhibit- ed with advantage, contrary to the general opin- ion of this jiractice being dangerous, Jlr Swan takes occasion to remark, that apoidexy depends more frequently on the di^icult transmis.sion of blood through the limgs, or from its not being properiy organized, than is imagined. A stomach overloaded by wholesome food, or containing a small quantity of indigestible food, deranges all the parts to which the par vagum, or eight pair of From the number of milk -men I obsened pa.s- sing the Brooklyn Ferry, I was led to cnquu-c tlie quantity of milk carried to the city each day from Brooklyn. I find it is 975 gallons, or 3900 quarts, which at Cd. is $2.34 00 per day ; $1638 00 per week, and .'583,170 CO per jear ; and at a season when j.cihaps the least is used. I could not guess the extent of pasture it would require to supplj- such a vialactra, though A Yankee. E. Britton, Esq. of Little Fails, N. Y. has now, says the People's Friend, more than 300 swarms ofiee*. 209 of them young swarms, and doing well. This is making a baiinass of hoJicy-maJcing.. A paper i,rh!ted in the Stale of Alabama speaks of a most deplorable and alarming scarcity of young ladies. Every respectable female, native or stranger, found there, is, as soon as possible, hur- ried to tlie hymeneal altar. The young men are as 100 to one of the young ladies !i ! The steam boat, tliat runs between Aberdeen and London, is of 1000 tons, and 160 horse pow- er. Steam boat exclusions from Loudon to ses^ take place weekly. ^P^ t4 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August 1, 1828. jVEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 1, 1828. TAKING HONEY. A ^vriter for the American Farmer, vol. v. ]i. 72, ■gives the following description of a mode of taldng honey adopted by a gentlemen of his acquaintance. " lie has no need of cap, mask, or gloves — so far from shielding himself, he rolls his sleeves up above his elbows, and goes at it when the sun is at itsme- ridian, knowing that the bees are all at that time from home. The brighter the sun the better, and the month of August is his honey harvest. When he goes, at mid-day, he takes oft' the lop of tlie hive, and takes out as much honey as he thinks proper — nails on the top, and goes on to another, and another, until he is done. The honey is as nice and wiiite as it can be — the bees immediate- ly fill up the vacant place, and the next year you have nice new honey again." William Prince, Esq. Proprietor of the Linnoean Botanic Garden, near New York, and his sons Mr WilUam Robert Prince and Alfred Stratton Prince, have each been elected members of the Paris Hor- ticultural Society, which is now progressing in its operations witli the greatest success, and has al- ready published nine immbers of its Transactions. Triplicate copies of these works have been trans- mitted to the gentlemen above named by the Che- valier Soulange Bodin, who has been appointed Secretary of the Society ; and one copy has been presented by the Mess. Princes to the Hon. John Lowell of Roxbury. TO PRESERVE HAM, &c. A writer in a Southern paper states that he has for more than twenty years past kept meat hang- ing up in his smoke house, through the siunnier season, and no fly, worm or bug has injured it. " To prevent such injury about this time of year I take a strong ley made of wood ashes. I com- monly boil it lo make it stronger than it generally runs oft'; then I take my bacon and smoked beef liaving two or three gallons of the ley in a large iron bottle, and take each piece of meat and dip it into the ley, so that it is completely wetted with it, then I let it dry — then I hang the meat in its for- mer place. By this process I have invariably found that it kept the meat free from hugs and worms, and no taste of ley is ever perceived, even on the outside." FINE FRUIT. Scotch Gooseberries measm-ing^itr and a half inches in circumference, picked a few weeks since from the bushes, can be seen at the New England Farmer Seed store, preserved. They are of the same kind of those advertised and sold at this No specific time can, in this country, where, on account of the variety of its soil and climate, veg- etation is more or less rapid, in different parts, and also in different seasons, be fixed upon for the gathering, or iiicking of hojjs : — good judgement, and experience, therefore, are the surest guides to be followed. Their ripeness is to be ascertained, by their strong scent, their hardness, and the brownish colour of their seed. When they arrive at this state of maturity, no time should be lost in having them expeditiously picked, as in the event of a heavy rain falling, they would be bruised and discolored, and thus rendered less valuable in the market, than such as are picked, bright and clear. Special care ought to be observed, also, to pick the ho))s when they are dry, and the weather fair. The drying of the hops is the next part of the process to be attended to. After having been picked, they ought to be immediately carried to the oast or kiln. This building is similar in its place last spring. Likewise white and red Dutch j construction to a brick-lay'd kiln, for the drying of oats ; oidy, that the ffoor is overlaid with a cov- Currants one inch in circumference, bushes of which will be for sale at this place the ensuing autumn and spring. CLOVER— Q«e»T/. It has been suggested by a German farmer that in Holland, in an unfavorable season for making hay, ering of hair cloth. The oast, i>re\-ious to the hops being laid upon it, ought to be moderately heated by a fire of charcoal, and the heat not suf- fered to be diminished, during the course of dry- ing, but rather increased. The hops are to be laid on, a foot, or a little more, thick, and allowed it is customary to put down clover, green salted, ,p remain, without being turned, for the space of in vats. It is eaten with avidity by cattle, during I the winter. A correspondent in Salem wishes to know if any thing similar has ever been adopted i , in this country ? DR. COOPER'S AXIOMS IN FARMING. 1. Two crops of grain should not succeed each other ; they should be separated by potatoes, clo- ver, grass, turnips, beets, or carrots for fall feed- ing. 2. Good agriculture requires no naked fallows : fallow crops [any hoed crops] that compel you to keep the ground clean while thev are growing, answer the purpose. -3. Manure once in four years. THE BEE MILLER. The following method of destroying a very per- nicious insect has been recommended, and is at least worth the trial. To a pint of sw( etened wa- ter (sweetened with sugar or honey) at'd half a gill of vinegar ; set this in an open vessel on the top of the hive, and at night, when the n:Uler comes to his work of destruction, he will prefer this com- position, and, diving into it, inuiiediately drown. BRAKES. A friend in Andover informs us that common brakes can be destroyed effectually, by pulhng them up by the roots, in the month of Jime, when their roots are short, and they start very easily. — It may be necessary, m some cases, to go through the process the second year, though they seldom requue this trouble. LUXURIANT GROWTH. Mr. J. W. Warren, of Weston, has left several spires of 'I'imothy or Herds-grass, at the office of the New England Farmer, measuring^«c_/ee< three inches in length ; the heads of which measure be- tween nine and ten inches. Exrai'l from a letter lo ilie Editor of the New Eugland Farmer, daied Brownsville, N. Y. July 20, 18&. THE SEASON. This has been the wettest season remembered in this part of the country. Our wheat for many miles around is badly ru!^ted, so that we shall not get half a crop. The price of wheat for several years, has been with us from fitiy to seventy-five cents per bushel ; it is already a dollar, and in- stead of sending a large supply to the New York market, we shall not raise enough for our own consiunption. Our hay crop is very good, but we have difficulty in harvesting it without damage from rain. GARLIC K. A writer in a Philadelphia paper states that when the fall fever raged violently in the neighbor- hood of a canal, then in a state of progress, num- bers of the workmen engaged on it cat plentifully ofgarlick, and whoJly escaped, while those who abstained froin the use of this article were severe- ^ftafflicted by the disorder. / CULTURE OF HOPS. The New Brunswick Courier, in reconmiending the culture of Hops m that province, as an article of export, gives the following information respect- ing the best mode of gathering, drying and bag- ging, which we copy for the benefit of our agri- cultural readers. As the culture of the hop plant concerns the individual who follows it, as a means of hving, more than those who could, from convenience, and other local circumstances, render it an item of profitable domestic produce, our obser\'ations at this time, are confined to preparing it for a mar- ket, under the diflfereiit heads of gathermg, dry- ing, and bagging. nuie hoius, and in two or three hours afterwards, they will be fit for bagging. This nuiy be ascer- tained by the brittleuess of the stalks, and the easy falling oft' of the hop leaves. The turning of the liops at all, is considered to be injurious rath- er than otherwise ; to prevent this, therefore, oasts ought, where hop-curing is carried on upon an extensive scale, to be furnished with a moveable tin cover, let down to within a foot of the surface of the hops, — this will render the oast close, and the heat will be reflected upon the hops, in nearly an equal degree, on the top as at the bottom. The mode of bagging is simple, and can be managed to suit convenience, and particular cir- cumstances. It ought to be attended to, immedi- ately on the hops being removed from the oast, and put into strong coarse linen bags ; the bags must be placed in such a situation, as to admit of persons stepping into them, in order to tread the hops down, as they are gradually put in. Thus put up, they will keep for several years, provided they be lodged in a dry place, and defended from the ravages of vermin. IMPROVEMENT IN VEGETABLES. There is scarely a vegetable wliich we at pres- ent employ that can be found growing naturally, Buff'on states that our wheat is a factitious produc- tion, raised to its present condition by the art ol" Agriculture. Rice, rye, barley, or even oats, are not to be found wild, that is to say, growing natu- rally in any part of the earth, but have been alter- ed by the industry of manliind, from plants not now resembling them even in such a degree as to enable us to recognise the relations. The acid and disagreeable apium graveolens has been thus transformed into delicious celery ; and the colewort a plant of scanty leaves, not weighing altogether half an ounce, has been improved into cabbage, whose leaves alone weigh many pounds, or into a cauUflower of considerable duiiensions, being only the embryo of a few buds, wltich, in the natural state, would not have weighed many grains. The potato, again, whose introduction has added ma- Vol. VII.— No. 2. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. IS iiy millions to our population, derives its origin irom a small bitter root, which grows wild at Chi- li and at IMonteTideo. If any of my readers should be sceptical upon the subject of such metamorphos- ses, let tliem visit the fairy bowers of liorticulture, and they will there perceive that her magic wand has not oidy converted the tough, cariacacioiis covering of the almond into the soft and melting flesh of the peach, but that, by her spells, the sour sloe has ripened into the delicious plum, and the austere crab of our woods into the golden pippin ; that this, again, has been made to sport in almost endless variety, emulating in beauty of form and color, in exuberance of fertility, and in richness of flavor, the rarer production of warmer regions and more propitious climates. — Dr. Paris on diet. COOKING POTATOS. Of all the good things which nature produces, through the patient industry of the fanners, there is nothing wiiich is so agreeable to the palate as tlie potato, nor any one vegetable so universally es- teemed, yet this is so frequently rendered unpala- table by the manner of cooking it, that but com- paratively few are acquainted with the real flavor of this esculent root. Lovers of mealy potatos will do well to attend to the following method, communicated to us by a lady of this town, whereby potatos a year old may be rendered as dehcious as new ones boiled in the common man- ner. Peal them, [lut them into cold water, and let thein remain two or three hours ; then boil them in water which has been salted, observing that it boils when they are put in ; pour ofl" the ^vater when they are done, shake them well for a short time, put them on the fire again, and at the expiration of ten or fifteen minutes, they will be ready for the table. — Lancaster Gazette. We continue to be visited with frequent and severe thunder storms. The storm wliich passed us on Satmday morning was severely felt to the north, at New Ipswicli, Ashby, Fitzwilliam, &c. — We are informed tliat three horses in one stable were killed by lightning in Fitzwilliam, and that a man in tlie act of cleaning one of the horses was ■ struck down and somewhat injured at the same time. Two hogs were also killed in Ashby. — The storm of Sunday night, which was severe but of very short duration here, was felt with extreme I severity in the towns abovementioned. — Ibid. SILK. According to the latest accounts from the south- ern countries of Europe, where silk is a princij)al object of trade, all the silk-worms are in a thriving condition, and promise an abundant crop. In Smyrna, Broussa, and other ports of Asia Minor, no fears are entertained for this year's supply. The Coffee Crop in Hayti is said to have fallen short. This is a great calamity, as the Govern- ment and People depend almost entirely upon it. Farm Wanted. Warned to purchase, or hire, on a long lease, from 150 lo 300 p.cros of ihe hest land, located wiiliin tliirly miles of Boston— for which a fair price will be given. Address " P. D," Boston ihrougli the |)osl-office. fit Au» 1 ' fVanted. A voung man is wanted, lo attend lo the sales ol a Milk Esia- Wishment, who can produce the most undoubted reconimenda- iions — none other need apply. Liberal wages will he given Apply at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. .Kly'oith Market-strcet. German Geese. Tor sale, two pairs of this superior breed of Geese, from East Frie?,land, Germany — produced from a pair imported last year direct from Bremen, in ship North America, Capt. t'hild; and which were selected by said Capt. himself, with the greatest carp. These geese possess many important qualities peculiar ic their breed — among which is, their size, their usual weight wiien fat being from 25 to 30 pounds each — also the large quan- tity of feathers which they yield, the Gennnns pluck them three limes a year, and the leathers are considered the best in the German, Jinglish and Dutch markets — and their remarka- bly ftocile. gentle and domestic dispositions. Apply to Capt. S. P. Child, Warren R. 1. where the geese are to be seen — or to \Vm. B. Bradford, Jr. No. 2i India street, head of Central wharf, Boston — or to the New England Farmer Seed Store. July 18 3t THE NEW AMERICAN GARDENER. A work with this title, compiled b}" the Editor of the New England Farmer, with the assistance of a number of scientific and Practical Horticulturalists in the vicinity of Boston and New York, is just published by J. B. Russell, Proprietor of the New England Farmer. The articles aio arrangefl alpha- betically, and comprise the most useful Vegetables and Fkuits which can be conveniently and economically cultivated in Ihe climate of New England and the Middle States; as well as a Treatise on Flowers, and on Landscape or I*JC«'UREsquE Gaiiheivs, on the general management of the Silk Wokji. and the manufacture of Silk, and a Treatise on the culture of Grapb Vines and the Strawberry. The article on Fruit Trees contains an enumeration apd description of all the Apples- Pears, Peaches, Cherries, Plums, Nectarines, Apricots. &.c. &c. that can be raised to the most advantage, and their relative Ibr- wardness in bearing, which will be found to be of incalculable benefit to gentlemen in laying out orchards. Each of theabo Barefoot and Serab. These two valuable animals, which have been sent to this country by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, will, for the present sea- son, stand at Brighton.— They are young, and have been high- ly celebrated in Lngland. The pedigree of Barefoot, a chcs- iiut horse, i.s as follow^. FOALED 1820. Barefoot, by Trump, dam Rosamond by Buzzard, out of Rosoberry, sister to Huley and Tartar, by Phenomenon, out ol Miss West by JIalcham— Uegulus — Crab — Childers — Bastd. In 132;;, when at Pontefract, sweepstakes of 20 gs. each, fci two years olds — II subs.. BtiiTfoot beating Harpooner. In 1823, York Springs St. Ledger, of 25 gs. e.ich, 6 subs.— B.arefoot beating four others. — A, Pontefract sweepstakes of 30 guineas each ten feet, 10 subscribers. Barefoot beating Pala- tine. In 1823, the Doncaster great St. Ledgers, of 25 gs. cacli, 80 subscribers. Barefoot beating 11 others. In 1823, at New Market, Barefoot won a handicap plate val- ue £.50. beating Tressilian and five others. In 182-1, at Ascot Heath, Barefoot walked over for the Sw.n- las stakes, of 25 sovereigns each 3 subs. In 1825, at Lancaster, the gold cup, value 10 gs. added to r. sweepstakes of 10 sovereigns, 17 subs, of all ages. Barefoot beating Lottery and two others. in 182G, at Manchester. Handiciip slakes of 30 sovereigns each, 10ft. with 20 soxereigiis nddeil — G subscribers — BaielooT beating two others. .At Lancaster, the gold cup, value 100 gs. added lo a .sweepstakes of 10 sovereigns each, 9 subs. — Bare- foot beating two others. Skrab, (a beautiful bay Horse.) Foaled is 1821. Got bv PImntom out of Jesse, by Totteridgc — her dam Crac- ker by fiighfiyer, out of Nutcracker, b}- iVlatcsunL 111 1821., won the New .^larkel stakes, 50 gs. each, 21 subs. — Ser.ab beating four others. In 1825, at the New Alarket Crane meeting, the stakes. 100 articles is furnished by gentlemen practically acquainted with i sov'ngs.'V subs. Serab tenting "f.vo others, "the the >;ithif.c K nn which lht>v i>nve w-rtl(en .-..'' ... ,.~ the subjects on which they have written The following is the General Index of the book, which is su- peradded to a Calendarial Index, giving directions for perform, ing the work of all the months in the year as they follow in succession. Elecampane Endive Espaliers Fennel Flowers, obna- .Apple Apple tree Apricot Artichoke- Asparagus Balm Barley Bean Beet Bene plant Borecole Borer Broccoli Brussels sprouts Buckthorn Cabbage Canker worm Caraway Cardoon Carrol Caterpillar Cauliflower Celery Chamomile Cherry Irce Chervil Chive Colewijrt Coriander Cress, watei' Cress, garden Cucumber Curculio Currant CuUinffs Dandelion Dibble Dill Drains Duck Egg plant Elder MENTAL Fruits Fruit Trees Garlick Gooseberry Gourd Grafting Green honse Hawthorn Heading down Hedges Hoeing Horse Radish Hot bed Hot house Hyssop Inarching Indian corn Inoculation, or bud- ding Insects Jerusalem Artichoke Sage Landscape andT Salsify Picturesque >• Savory Mulberry Mushroom Mustard Nectarine * Nursery ; Oak Okra Onion Oreharcf Parsley Parsnip Pea Peach tree Pear tree Pepper Plum tree Potato Pruning Pumpkin Quince Radish Rhubarb Roller Rose osemur^' same vear^ Spring meeting. Serab won Handicup sweepstakes, UJO sov'ns*- 6 subs, beating three others. In I82C. Sciab won Kings Plate, 100 gs. beating 30 olhcr.^-. Ill 1827, Stoclon, .Serab won the gold cup. j.I3 PRICES OF COmrTF.Y PRODUCE. ~ Ku Gardens 3 Sea kale Lavender Silk Layers Skirret Leaves Spinach l-eek Squash Lettuce STRAWBEnr.v Locust tree Tansy Love apple Tarragon Madder Teasel iHangel VVurtzel Thyme Marjoram Tomato iVlelon Turnip Mint Vine. In addition lo the above, the work contains a variety of arti- cles on Domestic Wines from the Red and Black "Currant, Gooseberries, Elder Berries, cfcc. jellies from fruits, preserva- tion of fruits. &c. and many other articles en domestic ecniiomv, which will make the work desirable in families. It is hancl- somely printed, and makes a volume of 312 pages. O' Any person who will obtain subscribers for, or engage five copies, and forward gG.OO as paj ment in full, shall have .1 sixth copy gratis, lor his trouble. Imported Cow for Sale. For sale, an Imported .Short Homed Durham Cow, and Bull C^alf, three weeks old, from the Coelebs slock, of remavkablo pood size and form ; color red and wjiite. handsomely mi.'.ed. The last year's Calf (a heifer) from the same Cow oblained a premium al the Brighton Cattle Show in October last. Inqnii'e at the office of the New England Farmer APPLES, best. . . - . A.SIIES. pot, first sort. Pearl, first sort, . . - BEANS, while, . - . . BEEF, mess, new, . - - - Cargo, No. 1, new. Cargo, No. 2, new, BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, - CHEESE, new milk, - - Skimmed milk, FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - Genesee, - - - . Rye, best, - - . . GRAIN, Corn, - - . . Rye, .... Barley, - . - - Oats,' ... - HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME, PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, new, clear, .... Navy, mess, new. Cargo. No. 1, new., SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, - .. . Rye Grass, . . - Tall Meado-vv Oals Grass, - Red Top :_ - - - Lucerne, - - White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) I^'oiK'h .Sugar Beet, - Mangel Wurtzel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - flleriiio, lull blood, unwa^iled, J\Ienno, three fourths washed, Blei ix.o, half &, quarter washed Native, washed, - . . Pulled, Lamb's, first sorl, Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. Pulled, fir spinning, first soi-t. bairel. ton. bushel, barrel. pound ban-el bushel pound cask. Ion. barrel bushel. pound. 32.50 1 50 10 50 8.50 7 25 12 8 2 5 26 -I 62 CO 30 1 00 2 50 18 00 13 50 13 00 2 CO PROVISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces, . PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, - - - - - MUTTON, .... POULTRY', - - . . BUTTER, keg and tiib, - Lump, besi, EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, . Indian, retail, POTATOS, new . ' '"^IDER, [accorriioff to ly.ialiV),] pound 42 25 38 30 25 iii 28 35 If dozen. I bushel. I 6 5 scarce 12 l!) U hjirrel.] 00 97 50- 100 00 1 75 11 00 8 75 7 50 U 10 3 5 37 5 oa 2 87 5? 50 70 3£. 9 1 50 2 1^ 19 OO 14 00 13 SO 2 25 4 00 4 00 4 00 5 00 1 00 50 60 12- 1 50 1 50 45- 30 40 35 30 48 30 II- 10 6 8 10 14 20 IS 75 60 75 Q r.r 16 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August I, 1828. MISCELLANIES. RECORDS OF WOMAN. BY MBS. HEMANS. The following is thf picture of Gertnide ron dei- Wart, u'/iosc devotedness to her husband tm the rack is well known. Hex liauils werf elasp'd. Iior dark eyes raised, The l»recze tliiow back lier hair ; Vp to die l^tirlul wht'el she g'azed — All mat she loved was there. The night was round her clear and cold, 'I'hi' holy heaven above. Its pale sl.irs watching to behold 'j"he might of eaithly love. • '-And bid me not depart," she cried. " My Hudol|ih, »rty not so ! This IS no time to quit thy side ; Peace, peace, 1 cannot go. Haih the world ou^ht lor me to fear VViiei! death is on thy brow '! The world ! wliat means it 1 — mine is here — I will not leavt: thee now. I have been wiih thee m thine hour Oi glory and ot bliss j DouDi not m.mory's living power To stiengtiien me thiough this! And thou, mine honor'd love and true. Bear on, bear .lobly on ! We have the blessed hcven in view, Whose rest shall soon be won." .\nd were not these high words to flow From woman's breaking heart .' Thro' all ih,it night ol biiierest wo tshe bore her lolly pait ; But oh ! with such a glazing eye, With such a curdieil cheek — I,ove, love ! of mortal agony, Tliou, only thou shouid'st speak ! The wind rose high— but with it resc Her voice, that he might hear ; Perchance that dark hour brought repose To happy bosoms near, Vv'hile she sat slrivirtg wiih despair Beside his tortured form, And pouring her deep soul in prayer Forth on the rushing siorni. Slic wiped the death-damps from his brow. With her pale hands and soft Whose touch upon the lute chords low Had still'd his heart so oh. She S])rcad her mantle o'er his breast, She balh'd his lips with dew, And on his cheek such kisses press'd As hope and joy ne'er knew. Oh ! lovely are ye, love and I'aiili, Enduring to the last ! She had In-r meed — one smile in death — And his worn spirit pass'd. While ev'n as o'er a martyr's gra^e S'cie kn;-li on that sad spot, And, weeping, bless'd the God who gave Strength to forsake il not !'' I will describe it to you — you know what a statue is — well, a statue by itself is uothiiig more than a sinUi, but wlieu there is more than one statue, as, for instance in the case of Gog and IMagog at Guildhall, or the men at St. Dunstan's, why then that is statue and co. — that is the latin statu quo.'"' From the Zion's Herald. plicity, has not reason to blush for tlie littleness, the insincerity, the worldliness, the degeneracy, of his own. ANCIENT BURYING GROUND. While at Pittsburg, Penn. in May, the Rev. Mr. Gwinn, an aged and rcsjicctable niPinber of the general conference, related to me some circum- stances respecting ancient burying grounds, in the sectioii of the country in which he resides, which appeared to me of an interesting character. Hav- ing a desire to retain the facts, he very kindly gave them to me in writing ; with permission to make any use of them I pleased. My informant said that he had examined those grave-yards him- self, and could attest to what he had written — the substance of which I forward for yonr insertion in [the Herald, if you think it worthy a place. I jYtw Bedford, June 26, 1828. J. SANBORN. " In the county of White, State of Tennessee, near the town of Sparta, there have been discov- ered three burying grounds, where a very small people are deposited in tombs (cotSns) of stone. — The greatest length of the skeletons is nineteen in- ches. Some of these people appear to liave lived to a great age — their teeth being worn smooth and short, while others are full and long. Many of the tombs (graves) have been opened, and the skeletons examined. The graves arc about two feet deep ; the coffins arc of stone, made by lay- \ ing a flat stone at the bottom, one at each side, one at each end, and one over the corpse. The dead are all buried with their heads to the et;st and in order, laid on their backs and tlieir hands on their breasts. In the bend of the left arm is found a cruise or mug, that would hold nearly a pint, made of ground stone, or shell of a gray col- or, in which is foimd one, two, or three shells, siij!- posed to be sea shells. One of these skeletons had about the neck 94 pearl beads. There arc many of these burying grounds. Near the one which I examined is the appearance of an ancient town. The bones found in these graves are strong and well set, and the whole frame appears to he •ivell formed. These grave-yards are in extent from half an acre to an acre and an half. In the same neighborhood is a burying ground where the dead are buried in the same manner as above described, and where the skeletons are from seven to nine feet long." Genius and Feeling. — Nobody possessed of com- mon sense or common sensibihly would otl'er eair- soiation to one who had just lost a beloved wife. Siimpathy is the only thing that the case will ad- mit of. The subjoined letter is not excelled, per- haps is net eipialled, by any siuiiiur etiusion. — The very peculiar circumstances under wltich it was written might have deterred a trieud less anxious, or a writer less contideut lu the expres- sion of what he felt than Mr Gray. — Charleston Courier. MI! GRAY TO MR MjlSON. " I break in upon you at a moment when we least of all are permitted to disturb our triends. only to say tliat von are daily and hourly present to my thoughts. If the worst be not yet, you will neglect and pardon me ; but if the last struggle be over, — if the object of your long anxieties be no longer sensible to your own sutierings, allow me, at least in idea, (for what could I do, were 1 pres- ent, more than this ?) to sit by you in silence, and pity frotii my heart, not her who is at rest, but. yuu who lose her. '• May he who made and he who afflicts us, the 1 Master of our pleasures and of our puiiis. support you! — Adieu. "I have long understood how little you had t(> liope." It need scarcely be added that the amiable woman whose extreme illness prompted Mr. Gray's anxious inquiry, was she whom her hus- band has inunortalized (so long at least, as Eng- lish ])oetry shall endure) in the e.xcpiisite inscrip- tion on her monument hi the Cathedral of Bristol. " Take, holy earlh, all that my soul held dear,'' &.C. Childhood. — There is in childhood a holy igno- I ranee — a beautiful credulity — a sort of sanctity, j that one camiot contemplate without something 'of the reverential feelings with which one should j approach beings of celestial nature. The impress I of the divine nature is, as it were, fresh on the iii- The Einperor of China has prohibited " the j lant spirit— fresh and unsuUied by contact with fdth used for smoking," from being imported into | this vyithering -^vorld. One trembles, lest an ini the celestial empire. A worthy knight and citizen was asked, a few j days ago, to exjilain the term statu quo, which he j did in ihe following manner : "Why, statu quo — 1 jitatu quo belongs to the fine arts — you all know | what CO is — co is latiii for company, as we see it i marked, you know Barclay & Co. ]\Ieux^& Co. — I whenever it is more than one, it is aI^^•ays co. But Turnip Seed, S,-::. Just received at the Xew England Fanner Seed ."^torc, No. 5-I\oitli .Market Street, Uosiou, an extensive assortment of ^ Turnip Si. *ds, some of which are the giowih ot li.e present season— the Oiiesl sorts eilher lor liiniil} use or stock. J he most improved sorts lor the loriner are the While Stone, \\ hilc Dutch, Vellow Stone, Yellow Malta. 'J^ie ieltoiv Stone iy one ol uncommon excellence and keeps well. Ol the sorts for field culture, the White Norfolk, White Globe, and ieitoiv Ah- erde^n or Bullock me preferable. 'VU& Veilow .Aberdeen i- most approved among the farmers of England and Scotland, a: it grows to a laige size, is very sweet ami nutritious, and kee;>s till June. Also, Yellow Ruta Baga, or Russian i tiiuip, of the best description. The above seeds were saved in Europe ex- pressly fo»- us. and the utmost dependence may be placed upon theii genuine quality. A variety of Long and Turnip Radish- es, suitable for growing the three ensuing months. Prickly or Fall Spinach. Long Prickly and Early Cluster Cucumber ; also the genuine Girkin Cucumber, or VVest India pickling one of he finest pickles. Likewise 200 lbs. fresh common while flat English Turnip Seed, a part of it the growth of 1k28 :— to ilealers and purchas- ers by the quanlity. it will be put at a low rale. Oat Meal, Oat Flour, Grotts, ^c. —^ Just received at the New England F.irmei Seed Store, a further supply ol Ihe above articles, via. 30 barrels ot fresh Oat- Meal, fine boiled Oat Flour, Hulled Oais or Vermont Rice. Scotch Barley, &c. lor sale in any quantilie«, wholesale or ir lail. Also a few eannisters of fine Oat Flour, neatly packci' al 50 CIS. per cannister. . Seeds for the West Indies. Merchants, in....... . ' vessels and others trading to Ihe Wesl Indies, can be tuinisii. with boxes ol Seeds, assorted, suiiabic ! for that market, at fron ^-1 lo go per box.— Each box coiilains ■ upwar.ls of sixty difiV i. in kinds of seeds, vegetable and orna- ' mental, in quantities si fl cienl for a common kitchen garden.— '. Likewise the greatest variety of seeds to be lound in New Eng- land, by the pound or bushel, all warranted pure, and of the wihol 1?"7 I line brei'th shoidd dim the clearness of its brislit iiirror. And liow perpetually must those w!i ,re in the habit of contemplating childhood — i '.udying the characters of little children, feel mi, epeat to their own hearts — " Of such is the kinj ;om of heaven !" — Aye, which of us, of the wisest mons us, may not stoop to receive instruction—-—^ ,, , ,, o,.- ,.„,. ,„„„„, r.=vai,ip ai ihn , ^, , ' ■' , , ' i. ,. , , -11 ^ ' Published every Friday, at go per .iiinum. payauie at iiic nd reuiUie from the character ot a little child f — ' ^^^ o,-,hg year— but those who pay wi.hin sixty days hom Ihe \Vhich of iir., by comparison with its divine sim- time of sii'bcribing, 'ore entitled u grow a deduction of ftliv cents. MEW ENCJL.AJVB FAKMEK. PuUishtd by John B. Russbli., at JVo. 62 Morlh Market Street, (over the'l^gH^^Ol^l Warehouse).- T^,i^i>;i7GrFEssEivDEN, Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 8, 1828. No. 3. AGRICULTURE. tOR THE .-(EW ESGLANI) PARMER. FARMERS' WINTER EVENINGS. No class of tlie comiiiuiiity have more leisure during the evenings of winter, than practical fann- ers ; and it way, perhaps, be a ([uestion worthy ilieir consideration, whether those hving in the .•*ame neigliborliood, can enter into any arrange- ment, to appropriate a portion of this leisure time, to aiding each other, in the cultivation of their social, intellectual and moral faculties, or in th' sljll and success of their ini]>ortant and dignified employment. The instruction and pleasure received by my- .self, a winter or two since, at weekly meeting.- with a t{!W practical farmers, are fresh in my re collection be raised and lowered for the purpose of putting in and taking out hay, and vvdl effectually secure the top of the stack from wind and rain. Ilt>RCHESTER. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMKB. DESTROY THISTLES. Mr. Fessende^, -I was pleased to observe in your last, the subject of the Canada thistle again i)rought to view. I allude to the piece signed "a farmer," from the Massachusetts Spy. [page 13 of the current volume.] I have no doubt of the effi- cacy of salt, or strong brine, in destroying this worst of all pestiferous weeds. I destroyed the most of what few I found on my farm U»st year, with some refuse beef brnie, without the trouble f cropping them down ; though I think it best to and two volumes of notes taken from ! "^'^^ *'''''"' *'^'"" "'"^'^'' g""""nd- Imleed the crop. I>ing or cutting down, should be attended to before this time of the year, if nothing more is done ; in order to prevent their spreading. Its downy seeds are now in this vicinity wafted about in the air by every wind — they just begin to be let loose, anil will propagate far and wide. It is matter of as- tonishment, that so httle attention is paid to the subject. Farmers were informed several years ago, of the efficacy of the above method of des- troying the thistle, or one quite similar, in vol. ii. p. 411 of the New England Farmer, and yet they still neglect to make use of it.* I understand gome |)roposals have been made in our State Logislatur. jTi the subject ; perhaps that body mav think it r subject worthy their attention. But much might be done by individuals, if all would be awakened to a sense of its importance. Salt, that has been used for salting imported hides, and for salting the bottoms of vessels maj sometimes be purchased for a trifle ; ar-l farmers may be assured that if applied, it will destroy thistles, as well as any other tree or plant. Lynn, Jlug. 4, 1828. A FARMER. statements of the observation and experience of the various members of the association, still re- main, as satisfactory proof, that social, intellectUJil and moral iiuprovement, was not the only advan- tage derived from the meetings, but that much practical instruction was received by all who at- tended them. If I understand the object of a few articles of association, entitled " American Lyceiun," pub- lished hi your last number, it is to furnish farmers and others, with an opportunity to aid each other by reading, communications, and discussions upon subjects relating to their professions. Indeed it is well know'.i thdt those branches of the Lyceum, already in operation, have had many practical and interesting discussions and communications, both upon agriculture and the mechanical arts, as well as the other various relations of hunian society. It is hoped that farmers in every town in New England at least, will give the subject an early and serious consideration ; and that many will be induced to make arrangements, to devote a few eyenuigs of the approaching autumn and winter, to the benevolent and dignified object of aiding each other in the improvement of their minds, their hearts, and their farms?. On a future occasion I may ask a place in your paper for a few practical questions upon agricul furc, as proper for discussion at social meetinas. FRANKLIN FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. STACKING HAY. Mr Fessenden — Perhaps it may prove benefi- cial to communicate to the public a mode of stack- ing which has been put in practice in this town. A foundation being laid adjoining the side of a bam, proceed to mow up the hay in a square or oblong body, quite to the eaves on the barn, on the inner side of the mow or stack ; and on the outer side to such height as to give a proper de- scent. Drive into the plate three or more hooks, directly under the gutter. Lay on the outer side of the stack a joist to support the rafters, which should be of sufficient length to reach from the hooks (with wliich they are connected by plate hinges riveted on the imder side) to the outer ed^e of the stack ; the rafters to be covered ^vith boards, laid on clapboard fashion. This roof may * The following is an extract from the pas- sage alluded to : "Cut off each thistle about half an uich below the surface of the ground, and then put on it a gill of coarse sah. Fish brine may be used instead of salt, and will answer the same pur- pose. If in a bed of these thistles, a few should escape the first year, the above operation should be carefully performed on them the year foUoAv- ing. The summer season, when the thistles are in full growth, is the proper time for doing this business." AUGUST. From the middle of August to the middle of Sep- tember is said to be the best time for sowing win- ter rye. By sowing early you provide green food for sheep late in the tiill and early in the spring, and by early sowing, and feeding in the fall the roots of the grain take such firm and extensive hold of the soil that they are less Uable to be thrown out of the ground by frost, or winter-killed. When sowed so early three pecks of seed will be sufficient. Preserve your sheep from the gad-fly, which causes worms in the bead, by keeping their noses continually smirched with tar from the mid- dle of August to the latter part of September. If you ini.x a little fine salt with tar, and place it un- der cover where your sheep can have access to it no doubt they would keep their noses sufficiently smutted with tar to prevent the troublesome assi- duities of the buzzing belhgerent, who so often plants the seeds of death in the nostrils of one of the most useful and inoffensive of the four-footed friends of the farmer. — JVew England Par.itcr's Almanac. THE SEASON. E.xtract of a letter (o the Ediior of the New England Farmer dated Floridd, N. Y. July 29, 1828. We have had a very favorable season, our crops of all kind are good. Barley (our staple produce) is remarkably fine, and is now going rapidly into our barns. Our meadows were never better, and our fields of Indian corn are luxuriant — while our gardens please the eye, and contribute an abun- dant supply for the kitchen. Preventive against moths — Calamue, or sweet flag root cut in thin sHces and scattered among woollens of any kind, will effectually repel the as- sault of this destructive insect. HORN SHAVINGS. Horn chips and shavings can be procured in con- siderable quantities wherever the manufactiu-e oi" combs IS extensively caiiied on. Tiiey are admi- rably prepared for the purposes of manure, eithci- lor land uiiiler tillage or as a top dressing for grass grounds, and when judiciously applied in either case, thty have seldom if ever failed to make a rich rcrM.n. As a manure for potatos and corn they are lound valuable ; when apphed to * either at the time of hilhng, coverhig them with the soil, tiie good eftijcts are ijiiniediately percep- tible'. The apphcation ol filty bushels to the acre at the time of seeding a field of rye, ui the au- tumn, would much improve the crop, and much more improA e the land, if to be laid down to "rass. it has been thought, that laying in a dry sandy soil, under grass, in a dry season, was injurious ; it is probable, under such circumstances, the crop was not benefitted, but if there was enough grass to cover tlie shavings from the scorching sun, the succeeding crop would be materially increased by the apphcation. But a situation in which there is no doubt of their efficacy, is, strong moist land under grass, the improvement of the crop from the first is very visible, and it continues for years. It is a warm, stimulatuig, permanent manure, and were it within reach of the generahty of farmers, more might be said to encourage them to use it. Let any one who has the opportunity make the trial of it, and he will hardly tail to cUscover its value. The usual price is about ten cents bushel. — J\/'otes to Davy's Agric. Ckem. per TURNIPS. In Kent's Hints, page 128, is the followLno- on turnips. — In crops they answer three great ])ur- jioses ; to clean the ground ; support live stock, a vast deal ; and prepare for other crops ; particularly for barley and clover, or grass-seeds. The turnip crop is the Norfolkman's sheet anchor ; and he spares it no pains. The stubble of wheat, barley, or oats, is preferred for bringing on turnips. They plough very shallow ; so as to skim oft' the rough sur 18 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August S, 1Sb8. face only, some time before Christmas. In tlic following March it is well harrowed (their soil is a j sanily loam) and then is cross ploughed to its full depth. In May, it is ploughed again, the same j depth , and if dry weather and the soil stiff", imine diately harrow after this i)loughing. By the firs of /«n6, it ought to be perfectly clean. Now, 10 reg KITCHEN GARDEN— AUGUST. Several crops are to be sowed this month for winter and the next spring and early summer crops ; as cabbages, cauUtlowers, onions, carrots, spinach, and some principal crops planted for late the first ' autumn and winter supplies. In this month, dig- ging vacant ground is required for sowing and planting several fall crops. All new planted arti- ffood cart loads otmanure are laid on an acre, .^-5- , ,--- n — - • ,.,. „,tpntinn n-nlH Lrly spread, and ploughed in quite/re.., half the cles --t be watered,^ and^^d.hge^nt^a^^^^^^^^^^ deptii of the other ploughing— It thus is left till about the 21st. of June ; and then is well harrowed, to blend the soil and earth together.— It is then ploughed to nsfull depth, and harrowed, once only, the way it is i)loughed. The seed is then imme- diately sown, on tUe fresh earth ;* not even ivailing for the ploughing a second ridge. A quart of seed an acre is sown. The seed is harroioed in twice, the same way the ground was ploughed. The harrow is short tined, and the lighter the better. The nicest part of the turnip husbandry now remains to be observed : It is hoeing ; without which all the former labor is thrown away. — When the plants cover three inches in diameter, hoe them with a 10 inch hoe ; and set them at 15 inches apart ; without regard to the ajiparent ! sum health in the choice of those left. About 10 or at most 14 days after the first hoing, the ground is hoed a second time, so as to stir the mould eftectu- ally between the plants, and to check weeds. — About 14 or 20 days afler the 29th. September, she turnips are fit for consum])tion, and so to April, ' unless frost injures theiti.— Where the land is rvet the wliole are drawn, and fed in cribs. On light dry laiiil, every other ridge is drawn. He adds, 20 acres of a good crop of turnips fatten 15 or 16 bullocks, and support 10 followers or store cattle for 25 weeks ; or of sheep, as 8 to 1 bullock. But tlie greatest advantage is in clean- ' ing, meliorating and preparing the soil for other crops. To save turnips m the field, they sink some beds in the ground where they grew, about two feet deep, of a considerable width, and lay 5 or 6 lay- ers of turnips in them, one upon another, with a Uttle/res/i earth between two layers, and cover the over with straw, to keep out the frost. Or to the destruction of the weeds before they grow large, or come to seed. Asparagus, which will be now all run to seed, nmst be kept clean from weeds, which is all the culture they will require till October or Novem- ber, then to have their winter dressing. Sow cauliflower seed about the latter end of the month, to stand the winter, in frames, hand- glasses and warm borders, for the early and gen- eral summer crop, next year ; and for which re- mark the above time, for if the seed is sown earli- er, they will button or run in.winter ; ami if later, they v.ill not attain due strength before that seas- on. If the weatlier is dry, occasionally w;ater them, and let them be shaded from the mid-day Earth up the former planted crops ot celery, re- peating it every week according as the plants ad- vance in growth. Do it moderately on botli sides the rows, but be c^ireful not to clog up the hearts. Cucumbers in frames, &c. may now be iblly ex- posed by removing the glasses. Pickler.s, or these in the open ground, will now be in full perfection. Gather those for pickUng" while young two or three times a week. While the weather contin- ues hot, daily Vyfatcr the plants. In dry weather hoe various crops in rows, to kill weeds, loosening the earth about, and draw- ^ mg some of the stems of the plants, to crc^uragc their growth. Sow cos, cabbage, and Silesia and brown Dutch lettuces, in the beginning and middle of the in that season, but principally for spring su]>ply ; and some of the common onions also to stand for early bulbing in siunmer. The common onion is mildest to eat, but more liable to be cut off by the frost than the Strasburg onion. This never bulbs and is of a stronger hot taste than the other, but so hardy as to stand the severest frost. The White Portugal Onion is the finest sort for fall sowing. Potatos may now be dug up for use in larger supplies than last month, but principaliy only hf, wanted, for they will not yet keep good long, from their not having attained their full growth. Sow an autunni crop of Radishes, both of the common short top and salmon kind. Likewise- turnip radish, both of the small white, and the red, for autunm, and the principal crop of black Span- ish for winter ; and hoe the last sown to six inches distance. Sow the prickly-seeded, or triangular-leaved spi- nach, for the main winter crop, and for next spring that sort being the hardiest to stand tlie v,-hiter.— Sow some in the beginning and some towards the latter end of the month, each in dry-lying rich ground exposed to the winter sun. Hoe the last sowed turnips eight inches distant in the garden crop ; but large sorts, ui fields or ex- tensive grounds, must be thimied ten or twelve inches or more. Be particularly attentive to gather all seed that are rijie before they disseminate. Many sorts will now be in perfection ; you must therefore cut or pull up tfie stalks, bearing the seed, and lay them in the sun to dry, &c. as directed in July. top pile them up in small stacks, with the greens out yrard, and a little clean straw between every two layers ; and lastly cover or skreen them \\ ith wat- tles lined with straw.f * Jli Maryland, Imnip seed is usually sown a full mnnlli larcr than this. t At Wye, with intention 10 try a new mode, my turnips were gOH'n in broad-cast, thick. A plough having a narrow nn with- out its mould board, was run through the young plants, careful- ly, for leaving tlicm on a narrow slip ol earth. Handhoes fol- lowed, working across the rows, and cutting near a f»ot widtli of the plants quite up; the hoers stopping occasionally to thin the clusters of turnips left by the hoes. A double mould board ■plongh afterwards run through the intervals, heaves up the earib on each side and leaves the plants on clean ridges. Advanta- geous as this proved, I could not procure it to be repeated more ihanonce more, a few years afterwards. Overseers are as fi.\- ed to old habits as the negroes under them ; and I was much a- feroad on other business. I have indeed always found the nc- ■^ro^s bcKter disposed to execute ray designs, than the o\erseers, who invariably are attentive and ingenious in taking short cuis ibr slurring over all work, to soon get vid of it and go a frolick- ing. I usually sowed near the end of July though I felt disposed to, break through the practice ; and sow .1 tinle later, for saving tltfim before they were old in growth when they incline to be open and spongy, and therefore do not keep so well as younger turnips, close and in full vigor. In that country turnips are but ttHte-hoed and that ;Iovenly - an* to thin the plants the country j month ; and towards the latter end for succession- al crops the same autumn, and ibr winter supply and to stand the winter for early spring and sum mer use. Plant and thin lettuces of former sow- | ings a foot distant. Onions being now full bulbed, and come to their mature growth, should be pulled up in dry weath- er, and spread in the full sun to dry and harden, for a week or a fortnight, frequently turning them to ripen and harden equally for keeping. Then clear them from the gross part of the stalks and leaves, bottom fibres, any loose outer sldns, earth &c. and then house them on a dry day. Sow winter onions both of the common bidbing and Strasburg kind, for the main crops to stand the winter to draw yotiug and green, some Cor tisc MODE OF PRESERVING POTATOES. Tlie following process for preserving potatoes has been recommended by an English writer, which he states "will preserve al! tiie nutritious parts of this valuable root for years." " Let the potatoes be ^arficitate of the Province in these respects, and con- | crop is subject to greater injury than diat ot tur- trastiug it with its condition fifty years ago, the ' nips. We see not why this tobacco dust will not imagination of every inhabitant, whether native or : have the same effect to save them : jicrhaps the emif'rant, must be dehghted in anticipating what price may be an objection ; it now conmuinds one may yet be expected,from an industrious cultivation dollar })er bu.shel, but formerly could be obtained of the soil. I5y manly resolution the early settlers of the tobacconists for twelve and a half cents. have been able to surmount the difiiculties and ; jY. Y. Farmer. jjrivations, necessarily connected with their firsi location, and which are known only to those who GREEN CROPS AS A MANURE. have encountered them. Under the operation of The expediency and profit of any particular their axes and ploughshares, the wilderness has method to improve aud enrich a soil depend on literally been made to " blossom as the rose." circumstances. We should suppose this seasori Let the praiseworthy example of our sister to be a very favorable one for jiloiighing in green IVovince be imitated by us, — the toil of a few crops. Old and worn out lands, that UKiirilly pro- years would be richly rewarded, — to our inhabit- duce but Uttle grass, are now richly covered. Let ants we woidd say, " Go and do likewise." — 5^<. this be ploughed in, and it will abundantly reward John (jV. B.) Courier. j tiie farmer another season, when it will bo more ■ wanted. — lb. CROPS IN WORCESTER AND MIDDLE- I SEX. During an excursion, a few days since, thro' the heart of the Commonwealth, to the neighbour- hood of the Wachusett, we could not iielp re- niarkuig the healthy and vigorous appearance of the products of the earth. It is allowed on all hands that bay was never more abundant, but badly cured — Indian com looks remarkably fip.e and luxuriant, and nothing is wanting but the 'wt :iun of August to bring forth an uncommon crop . PRESERVATION OF GRAPES. In a cask or barrel, having its crevices well closed, to prevent access of the external air, place a layer of bran, which has been well dried in an oven ; upon this place a layer of bunches of grapes, well cleaned, and gathereil in the afternoon of a dry day, before ihey are jierfectly ripe ; proceed then with alternate layers of bran and grapes till the barrel is full, taking care that the grapes do not touch each other, and to let the last layer be of bran ; then close the barrel so that the air maj not be able to penetrate. Grapes thus packed will keep for a tweheinonth. To restore their freshness, cut tlie end of each bunch, and put that of white grajies into white wine, and that of black grapes into red wine, as flowers are put in- to water to keep them fresh. Observations. It is cusiomary in France to pack grapes, for the Loi.don markets, in saw-dust. If the precaution of drying the saw-dust by a gentle heat, before use, be had recourse to, this expe- dient may answer very well ; but if this is not done, and if the wood has been cut fresh, the tar- licntinc, and other odours of the wood, cannot fail to injure the fruit. Oak saAV-dust will answcc best. COCKROACHES. A respectable professional gentleman iiiforined' us yesterday that he has recently disco\ ered that the sj>irits of turpentine is an eftectual remedy a- gainst the depredations of Cockroaches. He rec- ommended to put a little cf it upon the shelves or sides of your book eases, bureaus, aiinoir or other furniture, hi which llicy take shelter, which may readily be done with a feather, and these trouble- some insects will lioon ipiit, not only the furniture j but the room. The remcd}' is siniple ami easily 1 obtaitied by ev^-y person who A\islies it. It is not j unpleasant to the smell — soon evajiorates, and does no injury to furiiitin-e or clothing. This is a j valuable discovery, if it prove.', in all cases, as ef- j fectual as our infonsiant assured us it did in his 1 house. — Louisiana Jld. Metheglin.—r-'take a hundred poimds of honey for a barrel of j)ure water, or in that proportion, and boil them an hour. When the liquor is cool, barrel it ; adding some ginger, cloves, and mace ; though it will answer tolerably well without these. Some yeast must be put in the cask to ferment it. Let it have a httle vent while fermenting ; but close the vent as soon as most of »he fermenta- tion is over. It will improve by being bottled, after five or si-Y months. McUiod of cleaning SiHis, tFoolhni, and Cottons, without damage to their texture and colour. Grate raw potatoes to a fine pnlp in clean wa- ter, and pass the hcjuid mutter, through a coarse sieve, into another vessel of water ; let the mix- ture stand still till the fine white particles of the potatoes are precipitated ; then [lonr the muciing- inous liquor from the fecula, and pre.-crvc the li- quor for use. The article to be cleaned should then be laid upon a linen cloth on a table, and having provided a clean s[)onge, di;) it into the po- tato hquor and ajiply it to the article to be clean- ed, till the dirt is perfectly scjiaratcd ; then wash it in clean w.ater several times. Two middle sized potatoes will be bufficieiit tor a pint of iAiii,cr, Observations. The coarse Jiulp, which does not pass through the sieve, is of great use in clean- ing worsted curtains, tajiestry, caqiets, and other coarse goods. The mucilaginous liquor will clean all sorts of silk, cotton, or woollen goods, without hurting or spoiling the colour; it may be also used in cleaning oil pnintings, or furniture that is soiled, Dirtied painted wainscots may be cleaned by wetting a sponge in the hquor ; then dipping it in a little fine clean sand, acd afterwards nib- bine the wainscot with it, 22 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August 8, 1828. From Ihe American Farmer. PLUMS. I have thought that some remarks, additional to those which I made in your j)aper of last week, on this line fruit, might have tlie elibct of induc- ing those gentlemen practically acquainted with the subject, to give the jmbhc the details of their successful practice. My information is, for the most part, theoretical, though founeaking, do not require protection in the winter ; and hardly any fruit that does, is worth cultivating on a large barley. In tlie poultry-yard is a small biiildin". like a pigeon-house, in which the hens lay, with a frame with nets to slide in before each hole : the building is kept dry, light, and well ventilated : and once a week the floor is strewed with fresh ashes. When she wishes to procure chickens, she sets many hens together, confining each to her respective nest, by drawing tlie sliding net before the hole; and they are daily let out for air, exer- scalc. There is much danger to be apprehended j cise, and food, even to the hardiest plants, from late frosts in the ! As soon as the chickens are hatched they arc spring, when they are in blossom, or their fruit is taken away, and the hens have a second lot ol' tender, or their buds are just expanding ; antl a eggs allowed them to sit again, by which means person who has not witnessed it, would be sur- they produce as numerous a brood as before. — prised to see how slight a protection will effectual- IMrs D. puts the chickens in long wicker cages, ly secure them. A mat, thrown loo.sely over the placed against a hot wall at the back of the kitch- top of the trellis, and hanging to the ground ; or en fire, and within them has artificial mothers, un- even leafed branches set up against the tree, will der which the chickens run. These mothers arc generally suffice. If you have water at a proper made of boards, about ten inches wide and fifteen elevation, it is also very easy to irrigate trees or i inches long, supported by two legs in the front, vines planted in this way. : four inches in height, and by a board at the back For the culture and training of fruit trees on j two inches high. The roof and back are fined trellises, ample directions arc given by Forsyth ; with lamb-skins, dressed with the wool upon and M'Mahon, each of whose treatises every man j them, and the roof is thickly perforated with should possess who wishes to have good fruit. ] holes ; they have no bottom, but have a flannel In selecting a site for an espalier orchard, a sit- ; curtain in front and at the ends for the chickens I I nation would be the best, (I think) in which the trees should be exposed to the sun only until about three o'clock in the afternoon ; for I am persuad- ed that many of the disasters that occur to our tree.s, are occasioned by the intensity of our sum- mer suns. This protection might be afforded by planting the trehis within the afternoon shade of a wood or a line of buidlings ; and, in some de- gree also, by giving it a proper front to run under ; which they apparently do by in- stinct. The cage is kept dry and clean, either with sand or with moss, and is of a proper size for fifty or sixty newly hatched chickens. AVhen a week old, they are carried together with their artificial mother to a grass-plat, in fine weather ; and the mother is kept warm by plac- ing a long narrow tin vessel at the back, filled with hot water, which will retain its heat for much gratified. An Amateur. If these observations should be u.seful to any ; three or four hours at a time ; and, towards eve- person who is anxious to be informed, I shall be '. ning, they are removed back again to the hot wall. I When three weeks old, they are put into a small room appropriated to that purpose, which is fitted [ up with frames similar to the artificial mother, j placed round the floor, and with perches conven- I iently arranged for them to roost upon. When Mrs D'Oyley first attempted to rear poul- try in this way she lost several, owing to the root' sufficiently ventilated ; NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 8, 1828. ALMANACK FOR 1829 The public arc informed that the .New England of the mother not bein Farmers'' Almanack for the year of our Lord 1829, and experienced many losses fi-om improper food. By Thomas Green Fessendeiv, Editor of the untU she thought of getting coarse barley-meal, New England Parmer, is in jiress, and will speedi- and steaming it until it became soft ; with which, ly be published. The favourable reception and and with minced potatos, they are fed alternately, extensive circulation of this Calendar for the cur- and are frequently excited to eat by pellets of rent year have induced the Author and Proprie- dough that are thrown to them, tor to commence the requisite preparation for an Upon this food the young chickens are stated to enlarged and improved impression, calculated for grow surprisingly, and soon become fit for the la- the year 1829. Communications of useful and in- jble or market ;' and Mrs D. conceives that her teresting articles for this jiopular and widely cir- culating Diary, are respectfully solicited and will be gratefully acknowledged. They may be sent by ))rivate conveyance, or post paid, directed to the Editor of the New England Farmer, or Bowles & Dearborn, Washington street, Boston. POULTRY. The following easy and economical method of rearing poultry has been communicated to the London Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. by Mrs D'Oyley, of Sion-hill, near Northaller- ton, who received the Society's silver medal for the same. Where poultry are reared expressly for the market, this method is certainly deserving of attention. Mrs D'Oyley keeps a large stock of poultry, which are regularly fed every moriung upon steamed potatos, chopped sniafl, and at noon upon method might be pursued near populous towns with immense profit. A young person, it is stat- ed, of twelve or fourteen years old, might bring up some thousands in a season ; for hens may be get four times in the year, and be made to rear two broods at each setting. The [iroper heat of the wall is 80 degrees of Fahrenheit's thermome- ter ; and the troughs for the food are placed with- out side the cages, from which to the artificial mother, a small quantity .should be filtered, in or- der to point to the trough. Agricultural Memoranda. — In Saxony, the shep- herds have no fixed wages, but are allowed a pro- fit on the produce of the flocks. From the adop- tion of this arrangement, the sheep owners derive great advantage, as the shepherds have no induce- ment to deceive them ; but on the contrary are interested in taking care of the flock. How far Tol. VII.— No. 3. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 28 ■shis practice is feasible in our country, it would be rash to assert ; it is, however, worthy of inves- tigation and perliaps of trial. The juice of carrots, added to cream, in winter, will give tlie butter made therefrom, the flavor and appearance of thai made in summer. [Feed- ing tlie cows with carrots is better]. A table spoonful of unslacked lime, given to horses, regularly with their water or food, for three or four days, {night and morning) will completely expel the bols. Water, in which potatos have been boiled, will protect cabbages, turnips, and ^ines, from the ra- vages of flies and bugs. It is a safe maxim, tliat grain should never be sown but when the ground is laid down to grass, or ploughed from it. It is remarked by Sir .John Sinclair, that neither wheat or rye straw should be given to mules, as it disagrees with them, and will render them un- fit for labor. To iiisiu-e a good supply of manure for the en- .siiing year, profit of every favorable opportunity to draw bog and swamp earth into the barn yard. INOCULATION OF FRUIT TREES. The best season for inoculating or budding fruit trees extends from the middle of July to the end of August, and includes all those days when the bark can be separated from the tree without inju- ry to the buds. The praises often bestowed on this opeiiftion as a means of changmg the kinds and introducing new varieties of fruits into the orchard, are often too general to be correct. — Grafting has been found much preferable on the pear, apple, and all stocks which will bear the ap- plication of the saw and knife. The scion once set, and any man can insert a graft with success, it grows rajjidly and vigorously ; requires no otlicr care than pruning the shoots which might drink too deeply of the juices perhaps once during the •season,— and having passed tlie first year rises into a fair and hcaltliy top, firm enough to resist the pelting of the storm and the tossing of winds. The bud demands constant care, to loosen the ■ bandages, to tlun and lop away the branches above its insertion, and after much pains bestow- ed is liable to numerous accidents, — a careless finger may touch it too rudely — an insect may gnaw av/ay its head,— a blast of wind may sepa- rate its connection, and if it escape all these per- ils, it will be less firm than the graft. For llje peach, plum and other trees from which gum ex- udes on being wounded, and for bushes and plants too slender to admit of the insertion of grafts, bud- ding may be applied with advantage, and indeed is the only method which can be used to obtain the desired varieties of fruits. The Rose, well deserving the rank assigned to it in poetry, as the empress of flowers, having in its almost countless varieties a whole republic of queens, may easily be changed by this process, so that the same bush may be covered witli blossoms of all possible tints and every form of beauty, and a single garden pot exhibit all the colors of the rainbow, and all the combination of leaves which wide shrubberies can exhibit. The wild briars which spring spontane- ously by the way sides form hardy and vigorous stocks for the insertion of the more delicate of the cultivated species of roses, and the experiments for ornamenting their stems with chaplets of fair blossoms may furnish the reader "with amusement if it lead to no more useful result. — JVai. .f,'£-fs. Plums, Peaches, S,-c. how ke}>t fresh through the year. —Beat well up together equal quantities of honey and spring water ; pour the mixture into an earthen vessel ; put in the fruits all freshly gathered, and cover them quite close. When any of the fruit is taken out, wash it in cold water, and it is fit for immediate use. The fumes of brimstone are useful in removing spots or stains in linen, &c. : thus, if a red rose be held in the fumes of a brimstone match, tlie colour will soon begiu ito change, and, at length, the flower will become white. By the same pro- cess, fruit stains or iron moulds may be removed from linen or cotton cloths, if the spots be pre- viouslj' moistened with water. Negotiations have been once more commenced between His Majesty's Ministers and the Govern- ment of the United States, for reopening the com- merce between the British West India Islands and the ports of the Union. Montreal Courant. The editor of the Milledgevillc Recorder states, " that the district of country round Milledgevillc, including a territory of forty miles square, is in- debted to the banks to the amount of two millions of dollars." Farmer Wanted. An intelligent, capable man is wrnicd to take charge of a Farm a few miles from (he city. He must be able lo produee uu- dotibled references, as lo his knowledge of ihe business, habits of industry, &c. With one having the requisite qualifieations an arrangomant might be made f«r taking the farm on shares. FOR SALr-. An excellent Jlare with her Coll. Ijy the celebrated Horse Bell- ftjunder. Also, a Bull, two years old, by Denton — perfectly kind and good tempered. Likewise, one full blood Merino Ram, one Ewe, and one Lamb. Apply al the office of the N. E. Farmer. 31 aiig. 8 J'l.^STKICT OF MASS.4,Ci:usETT.>3, to xuU. Bistiicl Clerk's Office. Be it remembered, That on the eighleenili day of .luly, A. D. lS-28, in llje fifi^-third year of the Independence of the United Stales of America, J. 6. Rus,sell, of the said district, has depos- ited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof lie claims as proprietor, in the \\ords following, to wit : "The New American Gardener; containing praeiieal Direc- tions on 'he Cuhure of Fruits and Vugetablcs ; including Lnnd- •scape and Ornamental Gardeniiiff, (ir.Tpe Vines, Silk, Straw- herries, &c. &c. By Thomas G. Fesscnden, Editor of the .\ew England Farmer. " God Almighty first planted a Garden ; and indeed it is the pnre.st of_ human plasurcs: it is the greatest refreshnienl to the spirits of man; without which buildings and palaces arc but gross handy-woiks. — Bacon's Es5:3ys." hi conformity lo the act of Congress of the United Stales, en- titled, '-An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, ami book, to the authors aiid proprie- tors ol such copies during the times therein miMitioned ;" and also lo an act, entitled, "An Act snppleinenlary lo an act, enti- tled, An Act for the encouragement of learnmg. by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors ,nnd proprietors of sucii copies during the limes therein mentioned; and extend- ing Ihe benefits thereof to the arls of designing, engraving, and etch nghistoncal and other prints. JNO. VV. DAViS. Clerk of the District of MiJssacIw?:Ms. Seeds for Fall Soiling. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, a fresh sup- ply of varirus Grass Seeds — also a great variety of vegetable seeds for fall sowing, vi?.. White Portugal Onion, Strasl)urg do. Silver skin do. IViekly •Spinach and Diucli Cole for early greens — various kinds of letlncc, carrot, cucumber, cabbages, &c. — black .Spanish or winter radish, &.c. all warranted fresh. Farm iVanted. Wanted to purchase, or hire, on a long lease, from 150 lo 360 acres of the besl land, located within thirty miles of Boston — for which a fair price will be given. Address " V. D," Boston, ilrough the posl-offlce. 6t Au". 1 Barefoot and Serab. These two valuable nniinals. which have been sent to this coimlry by Admiral Sir Isaa<- Cofhti, will, for the present sea-, son, sland* at Brighton. — They are jnung, and have been l:ig!i ■ ly celebrated in England. '1 he pedigree of Barefoot, a chca- nut horse, is as follow: . 1-0.\I.ED 1820. Barefoot, by 'i'rump, dam Rosamond by Buzzard, out of Roseberry, sister to Huley and I'artar. by Phenomenon, out of Miss West by Matcham— Reguli].s — Crab— Childers — Basld. In 182i. w'hen at Honlefracl, sweepstakes ol 20 gs. each, for two years otds — 11 sul^s.. Biuvfooi beEiiing Harpooncr, In 1823, York Springs St. Ledger, of 2o gs. each, G subs.r- Barefoui beaiing four oihers. — A, Pontelract s«'eepstakes of 30 guineas each len feet, 10 subscribers. Barefoot beaiing Pala- tine. In 132,t, the Honcaster great St. Ledgers, of 23 gs. each, 80 subscribers, ''arefoot beaiing 11 others. In 1823. at New Market. Barefoot won a handicup plate val- ue £.tO, beaiing Tressihan and five others. In 1824. al Ascot Heath, Barefoot \'alked over for the Swiii- las stakes, of 25 sovereigns each 3 subs. In 1826. al Laueasicr, die gold cup, value 10 gs. added to ;■. sweepstakes "f 10 .sovereigns, 17 subs, of all ages. Barefoo.! beating Ltittery and two oihers, 111 1826, ai iMdiichesier. Handieup stakes of 30 sovereigns each, 10 ft. with 20 sovereigns add<-il — (j subscribers — Barclbol beaiing l«(i oihers. A I Lancaster, the gold cup, value KiO gs. added to a sweepstakes ol 10 sovqrcigiis each, 9 suhr. — Bare- fool beating two others. Si.;n.^u. (a beautiful bay Horse,) Foai.ed ix 1321. Got bv Hhantom iiul of Jesse, by Tolleridge— i.er dam Crac- ker by Highflyer, out of Nulcraek'er, by Malcsum. Ill 1824, won the New Market stakes, 50 gs. each, 21 subs.— Serab beating four oihers. In 132{), at the New Markel Crane meeting, the slakes, 100 sov'ngs. 7 subs. Serab beaiing Uvo others. The saine year, Spring meeiiiig, Seral> won Handicup sweepstakes, UjO sov'ns. 6 subs, beaiing three oihers. In I82e. Serab won Kings Plate, 100 gs. beaiing 30 others. In 1827. Sloeton Serab v.on die gold cup. j.l3 If anted. A young man is wanted, to aUend to the sales of a Milk Esla- blishmenl, who can produce the most undoubted recommenda- tions— none other need apply. Liberal wages will be given. Apply at the New England Fairniir Seed Store, No. .02 North Market-street. PRICES OF COU.\Tr.Y PRODI CE. FROM TO APPLES, best, . . - - barrel. ASHES, not, first sort, - Pearl, first sort. - ton. 32 it '.n 50 n 100 (l) BEANS. wh:tc, .... bushel. 1 CO 1 50 BEEF, mess. nev.. . . - - barrel. 10 £0 11 (« ■ f'arg-o. No. I, new, " 8 oO 3 75 ^ar.£o,-jilo. 2. t»*w. " 7 .23 7 50 BUTTEK, inspaetej No. 1, new, - pound. 12 14. CHEESE, new mitli. i 10 Skimmed milk, " 2 3 FLOUR. Btdtimore.nnward-strcci, - barrel 5 50 5 62 Gene.see, . - - - " ■I C2 5 00 Rye, boat, - - - - " 2 87 GRAIN, Corn, ... - bushel. *53, Rye, - - . - '* .50 liarli-v. - - . . " fiC 70 Onls, . . - - " 32 40 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new. pound. 9 LIME. cask. 1 UC J SO PLAISTER PARIS retails at ton. 2 oC 2 75 PORK, new, dear, . - - - barrel. IS 00 19 no Navy, moss, now. 13 60 HCO Caigo, No, 1, new, " 13 00 13 50 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - bushel. SCO 2 25 Orch.ird Grsss, •■ 4 (0 Fowl Meadow, - ■' 4 00 Rve Grass, 4 00 Tall iVIcndow Oais Grass, - 5 00 Red Top . - . . 1 00 Lucerii", - - . - i'Uinid, 50 V/hito Honeysuckle Clover. 50 Red Clover, (nortlierii) " 11 12 Froncl.' .Sugar Beet, - Mangel \\'urtzel, 1 50 1 60 WOOL, Merino, full bleed, washed, - ''■ r,ti 60 Meiino, full blood, unwasiied. <•■ 25 30 Merino, three fourths waalicd. <•■ 38 - 40 Merino, half ,5; quarter washed 33 35 Native, washed, ■ ... " 2S 28 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, - li 45 50 Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. a 28 ■•30 Pulled, liir spinning, first sort. 37 40 PRO VIS!IOi\ MARKE T. BEEF, best pieces, - . - . [KjLlnd. iC l; PORK, fresh, best piece.*. " 10 whole hogs, " a VEAL, '■ c 10 MUTTON, «■ 5 10 POULTRY, " scarce BUTTER, keg and tub, - ■■ 12 14 Lump, besl, « la 22 EGGS, dozen. 12 14 MEAL, Eye, retail, - . . . lusl.el.l 70 • Indian, retail, .... " G5 POTATOS, new - . . . « 40 CIDER, [cccordiDg lo quality,] •jtrrcV. 2 00, 260 24 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August 8, 182S. MISCELLANIES. THE SWEKI' BRIER.— I!y Bpainerd. Our swcel autumnal tteaiern-st-entod wind Robs ot ils odors none so sweei a fio\\''r, in all liio blooming waslo it lell behinJ, As that tlie sweet brier yields it ; a.id ilic shower AVels not a rose that butis in beauty's bower One half so lovely — yet it grows along The poor girl's path-way — by the (jjor man's door. Sueh are the simple folks it dwells among j And humble as the bud, so humble bo die song. I love it, fur it takes ils untoucli'd staud Not in the vase thai sculptors decorate — Its sweetness all is of my native land, And e'en its li-agrant leaf has not its mate Among tile perfumes which the rich and great Buy froin the odors of the spicy East. You love ijoi'r (lowers and plants — and will you bale The liltle lour leav'd rose that 1 love best. That freshest will awake, and sweetest go to rest ? LINES From the Saco Palladium. Give vie a mug liltle Jurm, with sufficient learning to imilerstand my bihli'—a little wife that cm milk the cow, and rock tlie cra- dle—that can sleep at night, and icark all day— that can dis. course music on the cheerful spinning icheel, and hang your Greek arid Latin. The pnsent times are too unnatural and luxurious. Our ancestors liv'd on bread and broth, And woo'd their healthy wives in home-spun cloth ; Our mothers nurlur'd to the nodding reel, Gave all Iheir daughters lessons on the wheel. Though spinning did not much reduce the waist. It made the food much sweeter to the taste j They plied with honest zeal the mop and broom, And drove tlie sliutllo thio' the noisy loom. They never once coniplain'd as wg do now. We have no girl to cook, or milk Iho cow. Each mother taught her red cheek'd son and daughter ' To bake, and brew, ami draw a pail ot water. No damsel shunn'd the wash-tub, bloom, or paii, To keep unsullied a long grown finger nail. They sought no gaudy dress, no wasp-like form, Ihit ate to live, and work'd to keep them warm. iSo idle youth, no tight-lac'd mincing fair, Became a living corpse for want o( air. Ino fi'lgeis, fainlings, fits, or frightful blues — No painful corns from wearing Chinese shqes. March ofinfelhct. — A gentleman on %'i.siting tlie school of Mr. Wood, in Edinbiifgh, lia J a book put into 'lis hand for the purpose of examinhi,^ a class. The word '•inheritance" occuring iu the verse, the ■querist interrogated tiie youngster as follows : .tb<-, buttle it, and in each bottle put a large spoonful of brandy lb. COFFEE. It was owing in some measure to a distinguish- ed French botanist, that we are .so abundantly fur- nished with the coftee berry. Two plants were, under his care, taken to the West Indies, from the botanic gardens at Paris, but on the voyage the' supply of water became nearly exhausted ; this person was so anxious to preserve the plants that he deprived himself of his allowance in order to water the coffee-plants. From these two, all the coffee grown in the West Indies has sprung. Fbrnierly, coffee could only be got at a great ex- pense from Mocha in Arabia. Cure for the fever and ague — Take a gill of very strong coffee, mixed with an equal quantity of lime juice — the dose to be taken just before the fit of ague is expected. Dr. Ponqueville's "Travels in the Moiea," contains the following : I have often seen intermitting fevers subdued entirely by a mix- ture of coffee and lemon juice, which is the gene- ral remedy for them, all over the country. The proportions are three quarters of an ounce of cof- fee, ground very fine — two ounces of lemon juice, and three of water. The mi.xture to be drank warm, and fasting. — Charleston Mer. Lowell. — Above 125,000 yards of cotton cloth, and about 3000 yards of cassunere, are manufac- tured weekly, in Lowell. It is stated, that Mrs Hemans, so long distin- guished as the first poetess of the age, is about to make Edinburgh her place of residence. Turnip Seed, S,-c. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed .Store, No. 52 North .'Vlarket Street, Boston, an extensive assortment of Turnip Se.^ds, some of which are the growth of the present season— the finest sorts eiUier fer family use or stock. 'J'be most improved sorts for the former are the White Stone, White Dutch, Yellow Stone, Yellow Malta. The Yelloin Stcme is one of uncommon excellence and keeps well. Of the sorts for field culture, the White Norfolk, White Globe, and VeUow Ab- erdeen or Bullock are preferable. The Yellow Aberdeen is most approved among the farmers of England and Scotland, as it grows to a large size, is very sweet and nutritious, and keeps till June. Also, Yellow Ruta Baga, or Russian Turnip, of the best description. The above seeds were saved in Europe e.v- pressly fo*- us, and the utmost dependence may be placed upon theii genuine quality. A variety of Long and Turnip Radish- es, suitable for growing the three ensuing months. Prickly or Fall Spinach, Long Prickly and Early Cluster Cucumber ; also the genuine Girkin Cucumber, or West India pickling one of 'he finest pickles. Likewise SOO lbs. fresh common white flat English Turnip Seed, a part of it the growth of 132S : — to dealers and purchas- ers by the quantity, it will be put at a low rate. Pubhshed every Friday, at ^3 per annum, payable at tlie end of the year — but tliosc who nay within si.xly days from the lime of subcribing. are eniitloa ro a deduction of fifty cents. NEW ENCJI-AND FARMER. Published by John B. Russell, at JVo. 52 JVorth. Market Street, (over the Agricultural fVarchouae). — Thomas G. Fessenden Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 15, 1828. ISo. ■'*-. AGRICULTURE. TARRING FRUIT TREES. Mr. Fessenden, — Our town has for several years been infested with the Canker Worm ; the orchards, in some sections, having been complete- ly ruined by them. Every expedient has been resorted to for the preservation of the trees, bu; none have been successful except tarring ; an this, when properly applied and attended to, has proved entirely efficacious. — I have about 250 apple-trees, from twenty to tliirty years old, and the last season I made use of between one and two barrelsi of tar, and a man would, after be- coming a little more used to the business, apply a sufScient quantity to every tree in less than two hours, including the time taken in heating the tar, which sliould be rather more than blood warm. Tliis, to be sure, is attended with some expense, but after all it is trilling, when compared with the lo.ss of your fruit ; or even the desolate ap- pearance of your orchards, and the annoyance of the creeping millions, when the trees will no lon- ger afford them sustenance, covering your fences and buildings, and, like the flies of Egypt, " cor- ruptins^ the whole land." Tlie method adopted by me is as follows :'. — I took the common sheathing paper and cut it into strips about four or six inches in width ; these strips I dijiped into tar which had boiled long enough to be pretty stiff when cold, and as soon as tbey Could be conveniently handled, placeiV them round the trees, by tacking them with pump nails where necessary, and at a proper distance from the ground for the easy application of the fu- ture dressing;^. After having prepared the trees as above, you may rest perfectly easy until there is a frost sufficient to chill the surface of the ground. I know not what particular agcncj' the frost has in the business, but such I believe is the fact, that none of the insects move from their fra- gile habitations, until they are awakened to a sense of their situation by a sHght touch of the icy finger of Winter. But after a frost, as above mentioned, a single night must not be suffered to pass, until your trees have been secured by a dressing of tar on the paper, and where the pa- per does not adhere from the unevenness of thf tree, grass may be put in to fill up the space, and a little tar upon it will stop any from going through it. The tarring must be continued every after- noon, (the later the better, as the insects do not move much till about sunset,) until sometime in the following May, unless the ground should be entirely closed with frost, or covered with snow. Particular care should be taken in this respect ; for the insects will continue to go up all winter, whenever the top of the ground is sufficiently thawed to admit of it. Nothing need be fearec! from the miller, or other winged insect, this being the male — the females having no wings to as.sist them in their ascent, the tar will be sure to arrest them, if properly and daily applied. The trees do not suffer by the above process, the tar being confined to the paper, which may be taken off the 1st of June, leaving the bark per- fectly bright and free from stain. In this way orchards have been preserved from the Canker Worm in the midst of their ravages, iflbrding here and there a green spot for the eye to rest upon, when all around wore the appcar- jnce of worse than wintry desolation ; in other instances, orchards have been reclaimed, after hav- ing been for several years stripped of their foliage and laid entirely waste ; but in the latter <:ise, much moic time and care is required than if taken on their first appearance. W. Lynn, Aug. 5, 1828. - EMPLOYMEMNT OF TIME. Mr. Fessenden,— Your repeated favors induce repeated demands upoii your goodness. I should like to add to your hints, inserted in your last upon the improvement of tiie winter evenings of farm- ers. If farmers benefit themselves by weekly, socia meetings, they may confer a still greater benefit upon their sons and their daughters. If a subject upon agriculture or domestic economy, say the raising, use, and preservation of fruit — the management of a garden, or some particular veg- etable, of a dairy, of poultry, or of fuel, should be prepared at one meeting for consideration at the next, it would naturally, and almost necesssarily, become the topic of conversation at the table and fireside ; both before and after the regular discus- sion. Conversation upon a particular and impor- tant subject would create a desire for reading, and this desire would lead to the possession of books, and periodical and weekly journals, which treated upon it. The natural consequence would be, that conversation and social intercourse, the channels of almost all the information and habits, both good and bad, which exist in the world would be purified and elevated. Topics of conversation woidd be immediately changed. Substantial im- provements upon farms, domestic economy and convenience, the principles of science which ought to direct, in the construction and uses of farming utensils, the laws of heat, upon which the econo- my and success of the management of fuel de- pend ; and consequently natural philosophy, che- mistry, general science upon matter, intellects and morals, would, in conversation, take the place of a fashionable dress, or novels, the shape of a leghorn, the color, form or position of a bow most fashionable upon headdresses, and what is still lower, of petty scandal. And consequently good would be done and evil prevented. FRANKLIN. NURSERIES AND GARDENS ON LONG ISLAND. If Mr. Fessenden thinks the following memo- randa, made on a late tour to the city of New York, worth the space they will occupy in a cor- ner of the New England Farmer, he will obUge a subscriber by inserting them. I conceive it a just tribute to the Long Island nurserymen ; though we shall soon show them something of the kind woth seeing in the vicinity of Boston. Yours, &c. VIATOR. J^ewton, Aug. 12, 1828. At Flushing we visited the Linnoean Botanic Garden, the estabhshment of William Prince, Esq. This is probably the most extensive collec- tion of exotic and indigenous productions in the state (if N.Y.and co.ors an extent, (buildings, &c. iicluded,)of about 30 acres. Much taste and refii- larity is discoverable in the arrangement, and the intelligent proprietor has spared neither pains or c.vpense in collecting from every quarter of the globe every tree, fruit, and plant, which niig^ht subs-jrvc for the us- ; of man, or for ornament. At the time I was there, his collection of roses were in bloom ; these cover the extent of an acre, and coubist of inore than 600 different kinds. Opposite to Mr. Prince's is the establishment o1 Mr. Mills. This consists of 8 acre.«, closely fill- ed, and contains an extensive collection of fruit trees and ornamental productions. In the immediate vicinity of these nurseries is the cstablishiiient of Messrs. Bloodgood & Co. of deservedly high reputation. Here, too, may be seen a very extensive collection of fine fruit and ornamental ti-ees, shrubs, &c. At Brooklyn we called at the celebrated Ilnrtl- cultural Ganien of Mr. Andre PAP.MrrsTiEK. This is a recent establishment begun in '■ 325. It L-ontains 20 acres, and is surroCmded by a wall of masonry, after the manner which we are told is jiractised on the old continent ; a parMnly of this i.s, as yet, brought into a state of culti-ation ; it al- ready contains, however, a valuable collection of fruit and ornamental trees, greeu-'iouse plants, &c. and especially of grape vines which he has uicreased by extensive importations. This gar- den, so far as completed, has been laid out by the very inteliigput propiietor in the most modern style md with great taste ; for in the branch of orna- iiental and pictiuesque igardening, Mr. Parmen- ;ier, it is believed, greatly excels. Ou an eini- lence, in a corner of the garden, he has con- u-ucted a small, cheap edifice denominated a Rustic," from the top of which you have a com- .lauding view of the surrounding country. VINES. Kxtract of a ieUer lo the Editor ol the New En^^land Farmei- da!cd Bridgeport, C'..n.' August 5, lS2y. I had it in contemplation to give you a state- ment of some vines, of different varieties, which were planted in the fall of 1826, but have thought better to omit a more full account until I have given them a fair trial. To give you some idea, however, of their vigorous growth, I will mention the length to which some of the shoots of the ))resent season have attained ; I measured thetn on Saturday, 3d of August, and found the longest branch of the early white grape to be 15 feel;, .shortest 10 feet — 6 branches in all, average 12 feet each, making the whole length of all to be 72 feet. While Chasselas, ^ , . , „ , tainbleau, J *• ^o. do. do. 9 do. Golden Chasselas, 4 do. do. do. 9 do. Black Sweetwater, 4 do. do. do. 8 do. Isabella, 15 blanches, two largest 17 feel each, shortest 'J feet; average length of each 13 feet,— making whole leoaih of all 195 feel. The aboi ementioned vines are all in fruit, con- taining from two to fourteen bunches each, and the Isabella, fifty bunches. It will be observed 26 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August 13. 1828. that this is tlie second season of growth since I re- ceived them ; the iiiiit a!i looks well, and I think promises good success. I have seen it recommended to graiY some tine varieties of the grape on our native stock of vigo- toiis groivth, but have never seen an account of its ever having been tried. I inserted a coupie of grafts of the Isabella grape the last spring, which succeeded very well ; the longest having already attained the length of 9 feet, and the shortest, 5 ; they now grow to the length of a foot, or little more, a week. J. B. Our correspondent will accept our thanks for his statement ; as the culture of grapes as a fruit for the table is now exciting much attention in New England, articles on this subject are perused with nnich pleasure. The Messrs Wi>ships, of Brighton, had on the first year's growth of wood, of an Isabella vine, one hundred and twenty bunches. This year on the first and second years' growth there are three hundred and sixtj'-four bunches ; two horizontal and one upright branch, each extendin'' twelve feet from the trunk. These motives led to the attempt to found a ! tliere remained property on interest to the amoi t botanical garden. That it was so successful in I of 13,000 dollars, besides a note of seven thousand the then existing circumstances of the town of i I'ollars taken for a township of land granted by Boston, and of the state is r.s surprising as it is I the Legislature, which owing to the misfortunes honorable to the contributors. Boston did not at I of the promiser became of no vulue, and tltf Board that time contain a population exceeding a5,000 ! of visiters were glad to receive back the contract soids. Yet a subscription was readily made of j for the land, and to cancel tlic notes. 35,000 dollars. The .subscribers, instead of seek- 1 The fund thus diminisi.e.i produced oidy 800 ing an act of incorporation, or of gi-anting the ] dollars per aimum, wiiile tlie Board of visiters funds raised, directly to the College, chose to vest i were obliged by law, and by every sentiment of the visitorial power, and the entire management ; honor anil justice to pay to Professor Peck his of the funds in the Trustees of the Massachusetts moderate salary of 1200 dolkirs. No man, i( is Society for Promoting Agricidture, w^ith whom ; presumed, will complain, that the Board of visit- they associated the President of the American 'eis dechned to withheld its support from the first Acailemy of Arts and Sciences, and the President ! naturalist of New England, because in their ser- of the Massachusetts Medical Society for the time ' vice by the act of God he became unable to per- heiiig. The motives, which led to this arrange- • form his duties. This ubhgation reduced the nient will be readily perceived. The duties of i funds still lower. The Garden would long since the Corjioration of Harvard College were very 1 have followed the fate of the Charleston Public- great, and principally devoted to the care and dis- ' Garden, and the New York Garden, founded by cipline of the University. They niigiit bo, and in j D'" Hosack, and purchased by the state, at the all probability woidd be, men, not conversant with l>i"ii^<^' of 35,000 dollars. It would have, like them. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAIIMER. THE MASSACHUSETTS PROFESSORSHIP OF NATURAL HISTORY, AND THE BOTANICAL GARDEN AT CAMBRIDGE. The Visiters of this Professorship, and public garden, feel it to be their duty to lay before the public, its actual .situation, and its imi>erioi:s wants. While its critical circumstances impose this obli- gation ou the persons intrusted with its care, and management, they are sensible, that it is their duty to lay before the public, the histdfy of their ad- ministration of its funds, in order that those who have contrihnled to it, and those who may be so- licited to aftbrd their aid to prevent its decline, and possibly ruin, may be enabled to judge how far the trust committed to the Board of Visiters has been faithfidly executed. T le subscri|>tion was commenced in 1801, and coi!ipletcd in the spring of 1804. There was a gen|>lied for, and obtained the aid of the Le- gislature— of a very enlightened Legislature, who, not mistaking false maxims of economy ibr true ones, saw in the destruction of a grcKt public work, great public loss, deeming that the riches and pros])erity of a statt> are as much jjromoted, to say nothing of its reputation, by wise and gen^ erous establishments for the promotion of knowl- edge, as by any financial measures. The amount received from the Legislature could not in any one year exceed by the resolve itself 600 dollars. The laying out and planting the grounds including draius, banks, fish pond and walks, were cheaply executed for $19,400 6,000 $25,400 There was some accumulation of income during the erection of the buildings and laying out the grounds, so that when the accounts were closed, um has not been received during the last three jfears ow ing to the state of the Treasury. Tiic Botanic Garden founded by private mnificciice, and one of the most honorable Institutions of the State must fall, unless a small portion of the pub- lic spirit exhibited b)' our predecessors still re- mains to be called forth in its sujiport. Of this the Visiters can entertain no doubts ; doubts, which w oidd be a reproach to our present state of society — to a much more extended, and a much wealthier population. It is now more than 25 years since the last appeal was made on this ac- count to public munificence. Blany persons have accumulated fortunes since that time, and others, who then subscribed have increased their means of doing gooil. It only remains now to state the wants of the Institution, and the means proposed of relieving them. The fences require an entire renewal They have lasted 20 years, which is all that can be expected from wooden materials. They can be replaced for 1000 dollars. The Garden stands in great need of a stove or hot house for tropical plants. The present house is a green house only, and when it is made sufficiently warm for tropical plants, the plants of cooler countries sufii;r. This, too, prevents our raising so many ))lants for sale, as v/e could wish to do, for the true pohcy of the estabhshment is to make it eventually support it. self. At present it produces about 400 dollars a year, and on the proposed plan it is confidently hoped it will yield a thousand. The next and a very pressing w ant is an ade- quate support, and at least something approaching to a suitable reward to the Curator. No Botanic Garden in the whole world can be found without one man of science at its head. In the impover- ished state of our finances, we could oflfer to Mr NoTT.\j.L only 500 dollars a year. But he had en- Vol. VIl.— No. 4. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 27 couiageiueiit to hope for a better state of things ; Subscribers to the amount of 50 dollar to Iw.u, ,hat promised time, ihoiigli patiently ex- ! also have tickets of admission for Ufe for their fara- pecttM for beven years, has not yet arrived. iVIr ; dies oiilv. NuTTAi^L iias been for many years under the eye ; Subscribers to the amount of 100 dollars shall of the Board of Visiters. To the nation he was have tickets of admission, gratis, duriuir life, and before well known. His conduct and his acquire- shall be entitled to receive plants to the'amou'nt of inenls liave appeared to the Board of Visiters, all 3 dollars a year that ih-y coiiid wish or expect from a man, who i Subscribers to the amount of 200 dollars and has devoted his best days to illustrate the naturar upwards, shall have tickets of admission, "ratis, histor.', of these States. He has traver:;ed all the during lifo, and shall have a right to receive plants most iu:lieaithy climates of the United States, and to the value of 9 dollars per annum. The prices of plants shall be fixed by the Cura- froin lliem all collected additions to our catalogue of pla; ts. As a writer on subjects of natural his- tory^ iVlr NuTTALL takes a high rank. All Ids works exhibit a clearness, and a thoroughness of knowledge accompanied with simplicity, which render tliein highly valuable in the infant state of this scieixe in our country. His last work, in- tended a tor, and shall be ]ilaced as low to subscribers as they are sold Ar cash. It is, however, distinctly to be understood, that there are many plants which from their rareness or high value cannot be sold, but the classes of plants which are ever sold, the subscribers sha an Introduction to Botany, for the use have an equal right with other purchasers to re- of students, is one of the best in our language. ceive. Can ihere be a wish to restrict the compensation of this deserving and unassuming man to a miser- able [>ittance of 500 dollars a year? We cannot expect that our Institution will flourish under so parsimonious s system. Some additional labours will be requirefl in the Garden to make it what we wish it should be, an honor to Massachusetts ; one of its sources of praise from foreigners, and of pride to ourselves. For these various objects we ask only a sub- scription amounting to half wliat our fathers did for it, and for us. From 17 to 20,000 dollars wdl place the Garden in a state, which will require no furtl.er public aid. The Board of Visiters may take some share of praise for having made the Garden what it is, without calling for further sub- scriptions. The Garden at Cambridge would be deemed a respectable one in Europe. It is not much inferior to that at Edinburgh, or Leyden, and it is superior to an on'dent one at Rouen, and many in Italy. In this address to the public we shall not be able to enter into details, but we shall publish in a separate sheet, the past and present state of our collections. . Our proposed mode of placing this garden on a footing with the one at Liverpool, (which is the mark at which we would aim) is. First, by soliciting subscriptions in aid of the permanent fund. These subscriptions are not ex- pected to be great from each individual, though we hope that the opulent, though often pressed into the pubHc service, may set an example of liberality. In soliciting these subscriptions we shall appoint those as solicitors (who we believe feel the impor- tance of this school for a neglected science) to aid our own efforts. Our second proposition is suggested by the ex- perience of the Garden at Liverpool. That fine I establishment is supjiortcd chiefly by the publick , taste. The love and admiration of the beauties of nature is taxed, and not taxed in vain. Annual subscriptions are made for the privilege of visjtint' the Garden, and we should hojie that this resource will not be found unavailing here. It is proposed to have two prices for annual sub- scriptions,—one of three dollars a year, for which the subscriber shall have a ticket to admit his own family gratis for the year in winter and summer ; the second to be five doUars, for which the person subscribing shall receive a ticket of admission on the same terms as those above stated, and shall moreover be entitled to receive plants, or cut flow- ers for ornament to the amount of tAvo dollars. It may be proper to observe, that there arc shall the ablest men — The historian of Cyrus, puts amongst the number of his titles to glory, hie hav- ing planted all Asia Minor with trees. — Sully, who had so many valuable economic views, planted trees in almost every province of France. I have seen many of them, to which public veneration attached his name, and they reminded me of Ad- dison's observation, whenever he saw a plantation of trees, when he exclaimed " a useful man has been here." " Man has only to plant trees once, and nature does all the rest — they become an ornament and enrich the proprietor, and they also add to the salubrity of the air — for the leaves absorb carbon- ic acid gass, which, when too abundant, is de- structive of health, vvliilst they give out oxygen, which is that part of air the most proper for res- piration." Mr. Say also observes, that trees cause rain, and also benefit the soil by sheltering it from dry- ing winds. Mr. Say undoubtedly alludes only many hardy plants fit for privt.te gardens which to the ahsoi-ption of bad air, but trees may be are always for sale, and persons wishing to pro- cure such plants are earnestly requested to give to the Public Garden the preference. A taste for botany, and for flowers, as necessa- ry as agreeable ornaments, is inseparable from a state of polished society. It would not be credit- ed, if we were to state the amount paid for flow- ers in London, Paris, Liverpool, Amsterdam, and all the other great cities of Europe. Our country cannot form an exception. New York and Phil- adelphia now support great establishments for the cultivation of flowers. It is not to be believed that a similar taste will not prevail among our la- dies. We have one ao.sed of European Sjianiards, Creoles or Ameri- cans descended from Spaniards, Indians, negroes, mulattoes, mestizoes, &c. The whites are divid- ed into two ])arties— one aristocratic and supersti- tious ; the other republican, but of the French revolutionary school. The mulattoes and other mixed races form the physical force of the nation. With some exceptions, all are ignorant, coriiipt and licentious. Guatemala, is, pcrhai)s, the only country on earth where females carry daggers in the garters of their stockings for the purpose of stabbing their fellow creatures. Intoxicating linuors are the great source of t!ie wrelchedne.-is and degradation of the people in Guatemala, as well as in some other countries.— Habits of intoxicEtion prevail among the lower classes ; the multitude of spirit shops offer power- ful temptations, and the liquor is sold so cheap that the poorest Indian can become beastly drunk when he |)!cases. " Thes ■ wretched creatures," says Mr Dunn, " may be seen rolling about the streets and suburbs, in a state sometimes »p- jiroaching to madness, and sometimes to insensi- bility under its overpowering influence." — Havip. Gaiette. " vInEGAR FROM HONEY. If a pound of honey be dissolved iu three or four quarts of water, and exposed to a temperature be- tween the 70th and 80th degrees of Fahrenheit's ihermometer, it will in a short time become a very agreeable acid licpior, which possesses an aromat- ; land, however, is stiff, and deep ploughing is ne- ic flavor, and strength superior to that of the best ' cessary, the operations ought not to be too much wiuc vinegai- njade of white wine.— Domes. Ency. hurried. — Code of AgricvUurc. THE SOUTH WEST WIND. | j>/orfe o/;)r£Sfr!;ing tuHcr.— The following is tak- Th^ following beautiful passage is from one of\.|, fVoin the joiunal of a Turkish traveller: "The the laiblished .-iern.ons of the Rev. Dr. Freeman, of ijutter which is mostly used iu Constantinople, this city : The south-west is the pleasantest wind comes from Crim and "the Kuban. They do not which blows iu New England. In the month of ^ait ij^ i„,t mejt it in large cofiper jiaiis over a very October, in particular, after the frosts, which com- gio^y fire, and scum off what rises ; it will then Plou'^hmen. — To train ploughmen to habits of activity and dihgence is of great importance. In some districts they are proverbial for the slowness of their step, which they teach their horses, where- as those animals if accustomed to it, would move with as much ease to themselves in a quick, as in a slow pace. Hence their ploughs seldom go a- 1 bove two miles in an hour, and sometiines even less ; whereas, where the soil is light and sandy, they might go at the rate of three miles and an half. Farmers are greater sufferers than they imagine, by the habitual indolence of their work- men, which extends from the plough to all their other employments, for it makes a very important difference in the expense of labour. Where the inoiily take jjlace at the end of September, it fre- quently produces two or three weeks of fair weath- er, in which the air is perfectly transparent, and •he clouds which float in the sky of the purest azure, are adorned with brilhant colors. If at preserve sweet a long time if the butter was fresh when it was melted. We preserve luitter mostly by salt. I have had butter, which when fresh was melted and scummed in the Tartar manner, and then salted in our manner, which kept two this season a man of an affectionate heart and years good and fine tasted. Washing does not so ardent imagination should visit the tombs of iiis eflectualiy free butter from the curd and butter- friends, the south-western breezes, as they breathe mjik^ which it is necessary to do,, in order to pre- through the glowing trees, woi'ld seem to him al- jgerve it, as boihng or melting ; when the salt is most articulate. Though he might not be so i addej ,o prevent the butyraoious part from grow- wrapt in enthusiasm, as to fancy that the spirits of ^i„^ rancid, we certainly have the best process for his ancestors were whispering in his ear; yet he Ijjreserving butter. The melting or boihng, if done would at least imagine that he heard the still, small voice of God. This charming season is called the Indian summer, a name which it deriv- ed from the natives, who beheve that it is caused by a wind, which comes immediately f;'om the with care, does net discolor or injure the taste." At a late meeting of the Koyal Institution, a piece of cambric was exhibited, said to be made floni the bark of the })ine-apple tree in China.. SEA WEED FOR MANURE. Ore weed, sea weed, sea ware, or sea wreck.— These names are applied to all the vegetables which grow plentifully in the sea, and on the mud- dy and rocky parts of the shore below high water mark. The sorts are chiafly three ; the kaU, or rock- weed, which strongly adheres to rocks, and which is allowed to be of the greatest value for manure. The alga, called eel grass, or grass wreck, is of the next rank as to its richness. But there is a- nother sort, consisting of a broad leaf with a long shank or stem, of an inch diameter, by some igno- rantly called kelp ; this is said by Sir A. Purves to be of the least value of any of the sea weeds. However, none of them are unimportant for fertil- izing the earth. All vegetables when putrefied are a good pabu- lum for plants ; for they consist wholly of it. But ' the vahie of marine vegetables is greater than that of any other ; for, besides the virtues of the other, they contain a large quantity of salt, v/hich is a great fertihzer. Mr. Dixon thinks those weeds which grov/ in the deepest water lae the best. — Perhaps they contain a greater proportion of salt than those which grow uear the s!;ore, as they are seldom or never wetted with fi^^^h v.ater. I A great advantage that these plants have above i any other, is their speedy fernieiitation and putre- j f-action. The farmer has no need to wait long af- ter he has got them, before he applies them to the I soil. The rock weed may he ploughed into the j soil, as soon as it is taken from the sea. This is I practised in those parts of Scotland which he near- I est to the shore ; by which they obtain excellent j cro(is of b.arley, without impoverishing the soil j Neither have they any occasion for fallowing to i recruit it. In hilis of potates, it answers nearly as } well as barn dung. I have known some spread it I upon young flax newly come up, who say it in- 1 creases their crops surprisingly. The flax may ; grow so fast, and get above this manure and shade; I it, so soon, as to prevent evaporation by the sun ' and wind ; so that but a small part of it is lost ;— and flax is so hardy a plaut that it does not suffer bv the violence of thR salt, like many orher young ; plants. j But I rather think it is best to putrefy sea weeds j before they are apphed to the soil. Tiiis may ! speedily be accomplished by laying them in heap?- But the heaps should not he naked. Let them be covered with loose eartli or turf; or else mixed with it, changing to a salt cWy slime, very proper to fertihze light soils, and not improper for almcsf any other. ^ As to the eel grass, &c. the best v/ny is to cart it in autumn into barn yards, filling the -ivliole are- as with if, two or three feet deep. It may be ei- ther alone, or have a layer of straw under, and another above it. When it has been trampled to pieces by the cattle, aud mixed with their stale and dung, it will be the fittest to be ujjplied to the. soil. It being a ViifUt and bibulou.i suljstance, it will absorb the urine, which is totally ioit hy soak- ing into the earth, unless some such trash be laid under cattle to take it up, and retain it. Farmers who are situated near to the sea shore have a great advantage for mauuriug their lands. If they were once persuaded to n:ake a spirited improvement, they might enrich their farms to al-, most any degree that they, please. They should, visit the shores aff er spring tides and violent storms , and with pitchibrki; talie up the weeds, and lay NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August 15, 1828. tlieni in heaps a little liiglier up ujion the slioie ; which will at once prevent their growing weaker, and secure them from being carricfi away by the i next spring tide. Many are so situated that they can drive their carts on a sandy, liard beach, at low ^Vater, to the rocks ; and Jill thoiii \vith weeds. Cau they be so ^ stupid as to neglect doing it ? It is even worth xvhile to go miles alter this manure with boats, when it cannot be dene more easily. It has often been observed that mannring with sea weeds is an excellent antidote to insects. It is so, not only in the ground, but also upou trees. I have an or- chard which has been for many years much an- noyed by caterpillars. Last spring, about the last of May, I put a handful of rock weed into each tree, just wlirre the limbs part from the trunk ; af- ter which 1 think there was not another nest form- ed in the w'jole orchard. April is a better time to furnish the trees with this antidote to insects. And the mouth of Marcli is perhaps better still. Putrefied sea weeds sho\i!il, I tliink, be used for crops of cabbages, and turnips, and for any other crops which are much exposed to be injured liy insects. One disadvantage attending the business of farming in this country, is, that our cold winters put an entire stop to the fermentation, and putre- faction of manures. This may be in some meas- ure obviated by the use of rock weed, which is so full of salt that it is not easily frozen : Or if froz- en, it is soon tiiawed. I have been informed that ,sorae have laid it under tlieir dimghills by the sides of barns ; hi which situation it has not frozen ; but by its fermentation has dissolved itself, and much of the dung that lay upon it. There is undoubt- edly a great advantage in such a jnactice. Another advantage of this kind of manure, which mus; not be foi-gottcn, is, that it does not encourage the growth of weeds so much as barn dung. It is certain it has none of the .seeds of weeds to propagate, as barn dung almost always has. Cut some su|)pose that its salt is destructive to many cf the seeds of the most tender kinds of plants ; if it be so, it is only wlicn it is applied fresh from the sea, at the time of sowing. But even this is doubtlni. This manure is represented in the Complete Farmer to be twice as valuable as dung, if cut fi-om the rocks at low water mark ; tliat a dres- sing of it will last three years ; and that fruit trees which iiave been barren are rendered fruitful by laying this manure about their roots. — Deane's M E. Fanner. not usually show ; not one of the hurdles upon which he raised his worms appeared infected with the jaundice. It was at first supposed that the cocoons of silk were injured by this process ; this however is not the case, and his method of prac- tice is now adopted generally in the department of Vaucluse. DISEASE OF SILK WORMS, AND ITS CURE. In the southern provinces of France, where silk Worms are bi'cd, it is very common to find them attacked by a disease called the jaundice, in con- sequence of the color acquired by them : and very careful examination is continually made for the discovei'y of such worms as are attacked by it, that they may be removed, lc.it the disease, being contagious, sliould .spread to ethers. The Abbe (Ryseeric, of Carpentras, had recour.se to a remedy in these cases, which though apparently danger- ous, has been warra!ited by the success of twenty fears. He used to powder liis worms over with quick lime, by means of a silk sieve ; he then gave them mulberry leaves moistened with a few drops of wine, and the insects instantly set about devor- iHg the Icarr? with nn eagerness which they did THE CROPS. We have again had rain every day last week, similar weather is certainly not in the recollection of the oldest inhabitants. The grain crop in this District, nevertheless, if the weather settles, of which there is no certain indication, may prove an average. On low lands, and those not in good heart, it can now only ripen late, and it must be exposed to the frosts whicli are always more fre(|uent in rainy seasons than in dry. It has generally shot into ear. Where the soil has not been too wet, the straw is abundant, and will assi.st in making up the deficiency of hay which it is now certain must be much below the av- erage. If the present weather continue it will be found very difficult to secure the greater part of the crops ; and already the little that has been mowed remains exposed, or has been secured in an indifferent condition. The potato crop is back- ward, and whatever may be the quantity, the qual- ity must be indifferent. The turni]is have escap- ed the ravages of the fiy, Avliich has in this neigh- borhood at least, done very little injury, although in the lower parts of the District, in some places, it has almost totally destroyed the wheat. The gardens have prettj- generally been productive ; the crop of fruit will be an average one, I)ut the period of maturity will be later than usual. — Que- bec Gazette, of July 2S. NE^V ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 15, 1828. EGG PLANT. Mr P. B. Hovey, of Cambridge, has left at the New England Farmer office, some of the fruit of the Purple Egg Plant, which measures sixteen inches in circumfei-ence ; raised from seed sold at this place. ON cows GOING DRY TOO SOON. If at any time a good milch cow should go dry belbie her milk is gone, get a young calf, and put it to her, in order to preserve her milk against an- other year ; for it is well known, if a cow goes dry one year, nature will lose its power of acting in future. — Bath Papers, vol. 2, p. 294. We invite the attention of the pubhc to the able and interesting document, relating to the state of the Botanic Garden at Cambridge, given in this day's paper ; which will, it is confidently antici- l>ated, not only elicit the attention of the public at large, but call into action that liberality for whicli the citizens of Boston, and those who inhabit its vicinity, have ever been so honorably distinguish- ed. Contributions to such an object will be emin- ently beneficial to the contributors ; and be the most direct method of enabling our countrymen to avail themselves of those vegetable treasures, with which Nature has enriched, and Art may embellish the '■^happy land we live in." TO PREVENT cows FROM CONTRACTING BAD HABITS WHEN YOUNG. Cows should always be treated with great gen- tleness, and soothed by mild usage, especially when young and ticklish, or when the paps are tender, in which case the udder ought to he fo- mented with warm water before milking, and touched with the greatest gentleness, otherwise the cow will be in danger of contracting bad hab- its, becoming stubborn and unruly, and retaining her milk ever after. A cow never gives down I I her milk pleasantly to the person she dreads or ! dislikes. The udder and i-ips should always be I washed with clean water before milking ; but care J should be taken that none of that water be adinit- |ted into the milking pail. MILCH cows SHOULD BE WELL KEPT. The keeping of cows in such manner as to make them give the greatest quantity of milk, and with the greatest clear profit, is an essential point of economy. Give a cow half a bushel of turnips, carrots, or other good roots per day, during the six winter months, besides her hay ; and if her summer feed be such as it shoukl be, she will give nearly double the quantity of milk .she would af- ford if only kept during winter in the usual man- ner, and the milk will be richer and of better quality. The carrots, or other roots, at nineteen cents per bushel, amount to about eighteen dollars. The addition of milk, allowing it to be only three quarts a day for three hundred days, at three cents per quart, amounts to twenty-seven dollars. It should be remembered, too, that when cows arc thus fed with roots, they consume less hay, and are less liable to several diseases, which are usu- ally the effects of poor keeping. — Farm(r''s ,4s- sistaht. Thomaston. — This is the greatest mart for lime ill the United States. The rook from which the lime is made, appears to be dJfTused over this town and Camden, the town adjoinuig. It is sup- posed 150,000 barrels are made in these two pla- ces in a year, but it is now so low in price, that it is scarcely worth the trouble of making and trans- porting it. Bees. — E. Britton, Esq. of Little Falls, has now- more than three hundred swarms of bees ; two hundred of them young swarms, and all doing well. It is doubtful whether there are many in- dividuals who can produce the like number. The Greeks ascribe the invention of hours to Anaximander, who jirobably received it from the Chaldeans. It has recently been ascertained that the division of the day into hours was known to and adopted by the Hindoos from their earliest ages. The Morning Herald, in its report of the first day's meeting at Ascot, states that, when the rain fell during the day, seven acres of umbrellas spread their protecting influence over the mass of spectators. 4,081,017 yards of domestic cotton goods were cleared from United States ports for ports in the Pacific, to the southard of California, in twenty- eight vessels, in nine months ending in Jan, last. We regret to learn that in some parts of the country the wheat is coming into ear very iinfa- vourablv. Vol. VII.— No. 4. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 31 William Lee, Esq. who has recently arrived in Leeds from France, has brought a small quantity of the seed of the cow-cabbage, which he had dis- tributed anionget his acquaintance, in order to have a fair trial made as to its ailaptation to this climate. The introduction of this tree cabbage may be of essential service to the community. In PiyiiKiuth it has been seen growing in the garden of Adniual Brooking to the height of eight feet, and in La Vendee it attains to 16 or even more feet. It should be planted in a warm and sheltered situation ; sixty plants are said to afford sufficient provender for one cow for a year, and as the side shoots are only to be used, it lasts four years without fresh planting London paper. ; and Ruzet, departmenls ot' Gironde and Lot and Garonne, in 11 altitude of from 12 t^™"<"e, (-45" N.Lai.) proposes lo the numeruus friends lo die fullivation of the grape vme in die United .States, a subscrip- tion Will be opened on the first ot' .August, 1828. Mr A. L. will engage to iuniish suljscribers with the Grape Vine Roots, before the lirst of March next, and forward Iheni iioe of expense, lo the difTerenl cities where suliscription hsts shall have been tipsned. The ro >ts will be three years old. and uill produce considerable fruit the second year from the time of tiieir being planted. 'I'liey will be carefully classed i>».d parked 111 boxes, with some of the original soil in which they have been „ . , '...,. raised, which will greatly facilitate the Ihriviner of the roots, some years since, a letter written in Arabic, when transplanted. Was sent by the Emperor of Morocco to the Kin" Orders will be punctually attended to: the subscribers desig- ^r fc^..™i ., 1 . 1,..* „„„ III c !• T^ -^ nating the quantities and species of the grape vine roots thcv of England ; but no person could be f lund m Brit- . >v,sh To have. They will engage to pay for 1000 roots or more^ ain lo translate it. The same thing happened in at the rate of 12 1-2 cents foi each mot ; loi less than 1000, at the United States with respect to a letter from the ' 'ii" ''''"' f '^ ''™"^5 ai"l 23 cents per root foi- less than 50.— „ c Ai ■ 1 r> • I TIT .. ni Koois only two veais old, shall he paid tor at the rate of 9 cents 1 iiey ot Algiers to the President Madison. Ihe each, for 1000 or more; 12 l-"2ceiitsforlessthan one 1000; and ' French maintain a body of young men in Africa . '" ''''"'^ ''"■ '"'^ '''^" ^ roots.— Payment to be ii..ide on deliv- ',»rl A^io t« I ^.,.... ♦t,-^ 1^ ....1 I . I -x'^i ; erv of the roots. — Letters not received unless post paid. and. Asia to learn the local languages, who if they Suhscription lists are open at New York, wnh Alphonj SUBSCRIPTION. Seeds/or the H'est Indies. For importing Grape Vine Roots from France, at a I i^'crchants, masteisol v. ssels and others trading to the West moderate price, and encouraging the introduction I J"'''P', ''■'" !""''"'""'«"'■'' " ''I' '''■■''es of Seeds as>.f,ried, suitable ^,, , ,, • , ., rr -, J cS , ""'""" I for that market, at from J^4 to, ija per box.— Each box contains oj that culture into the United States. \ upwards of sixty difi'ereiit kind, of seeds, vegetable snid orna- Mr .\lphonse Loubat, having considerably enlarged his Vine- 1 menial, in quantities sufficient for a common kitdien garden. yard, on Long Island, where he now has, in Cull culiivaiion, '-ikcwise the grealest variety of seeds lo be (ouiid in New Eng- Ihirty.five acres of ground, containing 72,000 Grape Vine land, by the pound or bushel, all warranted pure, and of tlit; Roots; having also the peculiar advantage of being enabled to J growth of 1C27. procure the best specimens of roots from liis father's extensive ( ~~~ '^ j.r , ' ' vineyards aiid nurseries, in the districts of IJordelais, Clerac, 1 Farmer ff anted. prove good, are eventually made Consuls. With similar views President Adams attached yoting Mr. Ilodgston, of Virginia, to Mr. Shaler's m.ission to Algiers. He has become a proiicient in .Arabic, and is Charge d'Affaires at Algiers. Air. H. has discovered tliat the Berber language in Africa, is the Nuinidian ; that of Byphax, Juba issn. Iphonse T.ou bat, 85 Wall street— Hosion, E. Copelaud, Jr.— .\lbaiiy. R. .M'.Miehael — Philadelphia, Van Amririge— Baltimme, U dUird Khoads — Washington City, Win. Pairo. — Richmmid, Daven- port, Allen & Co. — Savannah. Hall, Sliap'.ei tie 'I'.ipper — New Orleans. Foster & Huiton — Charleston, IS. C.) J. &. J. Street (fe Co. Mr A. Loubat "s book An intelligent, capable man is w^inied lo lake dinrgeof a Farm a few miles from the ciiy. He niusi be able to produce un- doubted referenc'es. as lo his knowledge of the b.:siness, habils of" industry, &c. With one havijig tiic requisite qualifications an arrangemant might lie intide lor taking ihe farm on shares. tOK S41.!;, An excellent Mare with her Coll. by the celebrated Horse liell- founder. Also, a Bull, two years old, by Denton- )>erlcclly kind and good tcnipereti. Likewise, one full blood Aleriii'o Ram. one Ewe, and one Lamb. Apply at the oftice of the N, E, Fanner. ' 3l aug. 8 Farm Wanted. Wanted to purchase, or hire, on a long lease, from 150 to 300 acres of the best land, located wiihm thirty injles of Boston — lor which a fair price will be given. Address " P. D," P.nsttm hrotigh the post-office. 6t Aug. I Oat Meal, Oat Flour, Grotts, &,-c. •lust receivpfl at the New I'ligland Farmer Seed Store, a - further supfily of the above aruclcs, viz. 30 barrels of fresh Oat .Ileal, fine bolted Oat Flour, Hulled Oats or Vermont Rice, Scotch Rarley, &.c. for sale in .iny quantities, wholesale or re- tail. Also a few eannisters of tine Oat i-Vow/-, neatly packed, at .30 ets. per cannister. A Good Compositor n the Culture ol the Grape Vine, Is wniitnd at the New England Farmer office, and on the iVIakingof Wine, may be found at the principal book- sellers of the United Stales; and bis agents will furnish them and Masin- i S'-aii-^'osubscnbcrs^ THE NEW AMERICAN GARDEPi JiK. A work with this title, compiled by the Editor of the Nev\ A singular phenomenon has lately presented it-! England Farmer, with the assistance of a mimher of scientific self in the lior.se-bean. The maggot, which jj ' ajid Practical H irticultiiralists in_tlie vicinity ol^Uciston and New- "woulii appear, must have been very numerous last PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. season, having secreted itself in the giain, chang- ed into the aurelia of a small black fly, and is at this period eating its way out. We have v/itnes- Yor«, IS just published by .1. P*. Ri'SSeli., Propiirtur of the New England Farmer. The articles arc arranged alpba- hfcttrally, and comprise the most useful V^egkt.aules and Fkcms which can be conveniently and economically cultivated in the climate ofNew England and the 'liddl,- Stales; as well as a Treatise on Fi.owEiis, and on LANDsriPK or Pic riiRESQi'L sed several proofs of this circumstance in one sam- ' IJ'^Bni-Ns. o" 'te general managenn ut of the Silk Wor.'.i , 1 , J ., V, 1 1 .c 1 1 CI 11 : and the manufacture of Sii.K. and a 'I'leaiisc on the culture o }jle, and it may be doub.ful how far they are whole- ' Gkam: Vines and the STttAWEERRV. The article on Fruit some for horses until the bean is broken, when Trees contains an enumeration aid description of all the Apples- the fly becomes animated, and instantly commen- ces its escape. — Essex Herald. Substitute for ringing swine. — To prevent swine from digging in the soil, the best method is to cut the two tendons of their snouts v/ith a siiarp knife, about an inch and a half from the nose. This they must be replaced as often as they give way, and iliat hatipens so frequently, that rings afford but little security against the nuisance.-^ Zioudo/i. APPLES, best. ASHES, pot, first sort. Pearl, first sort, - BE.-SNS, white, ... BEEF, tiiess. new. _ - - Cat'eOj'No. 1, new, t'argo. No. 2, new, PTJTTEfJ, in.spected No. 1. new, CHEESE, new milk, ._ Skimmed milk, uisc on the culture of j FLOUR. P.altiniore. Howard-stree,t, ■ Genesee, - - - . Rye, best, - - - , GRAIN, Corn, - . . , Rye. . - . . Parlev, - . - . — Six copies for g6.00. I. Tucker. R. Tonhev, W, j J. V,'. Watkins, Benjamin j Orchard Crass, Fowl Meiulow, - K\e Gra.ss, Tall Meadow Oats Grtiss, Red Top - Liirt.'rn.% . - - White Honeysuckle Clove Red Clover, |iioitl,e;-ii) French Sugar Beet, - "dangel Wiinzel, W OOL, Merino, full blood, washed. ■d. Seeds for Fall Soiling. ; For sale at the New England Farmsr Seed Store, a fresh slip- ' ply of varieus Grass Seeds — also a great variely of vegetable ) seeds for fall sowing, viz. White Portugal Onion, Sirasburg do. ,' _ Silver skill do. Priclily Spinach and Ouich Cole for early greens m • ij .■ I. 1 ¥7« • 1 I — various kinds of lettuce, carrot, cu'-umber. cabbages, &.c. — Theensumg Horticultural Fete is contracted black Spanish or wimer radish, &c. an warranted fresh. for at a guinea per head ; last year the appetites Merino, full blood, iinwa^^i IMerino, three fourths washed, ftierino. half A: quar'er ivashed Native, vvaslied, • Polled, Li'ini!>'s, ilisl soil. Pulled, LainlA, second sort. Pulled, for spinning, lirst sort. pound. j cask. [ ton. I ba rrel . .bushel. I'.cund. 1 00 2 50 18 00 13 50| 1.3 DO 2 00 56 of the company were measured at nine shillings. [ Orchard Grass Seed-^growth o/182S. Jiist received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, Ko. , .. . ^, • r>- • . , . 52 North Market Street, Invention.— A gentleman m Birmingham has in" I 20 bushels of prime OrelianI Grass Seed, raised, this seas-rn, vented a music desk, to which is attached machi- 1 with die greatest care, by John Prince Esq. — warranted 10 lie uery turning over the leaves of the music book, T'' a^' '" P"'"'7 'o ^nv ever offered for sale m New England. ..: .? , .e J. " c i""»iL uuoK, I A supply of pure Gilman Wheat, raised bv Pavson Williams Without taking the fingers from the instrument. | and Mr WinchestEr, is daily expected. Pit n VISION iJARJiE T. BEEF, best pieces, - - - PORK, fresh, best pieces, \\'\\Ki\c hogs, VEAL. BUTTON. .... POULTRY, - - . . STJTTER, kegandtob,- . Lump, best, EGGS, - - - iMEAL, Rye, retail, - Indian, retail, POTATOS. new - I''1DER, [accordinjt to quality,] a 38 '•■ S3 (' 25 (( 45 "■ 37 pound. 10 I do/.L'il J bushel,! t G 5 scarce 12 ^ MISCELLANIES. From the New Ensrland Farmer's Almanack for 1829 ; now in the press of J. B. Russi:i.l, propri- etor of the New England Farmer and Horticultu- ral Jonnial. For the Calendar pages for the month of Au- gust, are the following lines ; by T. G. Fessen- DEN. HARVEST -INTE!HPERA\CE The arnl'te licIJs and gay inea. which you v.'ill find not inferior to the best Gen- esee Flour. Our wheat harvest has been favor- able this season, and the weather fine for harvest- ing it : and, above all, we have been blessed \\^itli a remarkably healthy season." GATHERING WHEAT. Mr Fessendf..\ — I saw in a late New England Fanner, the niethpd the English sometimes adopt to out their wheat. I believe (for I have not the jtaper before me) the New Encyclopedia is credit- ed tlierefor, as it respects the description. Ut.v- ing for several years past either cradled or mowed tiiy wheat, the method abovementioned appeared to iiie so reasonable, at the same time so simple, that with one horn's work I was enabled to briiiit it into o]ier:ilion, much to my proijt and satisfac- tion. I found on trial that one of the bows coiilil be dispensed with, by adding a preventer brace, or regulator, thus : -V«2, The EnglLsh, il would seem, ha\e the standing grain on their left. On trial I found it had better stand on the right, the same as grass, with a boy to follow to place the grain which the scythe leaves, at an angle of 15 degrees to the direction of the mower. The bow luay stand at a right angle with the scythe and regidated by the brace according as the grain stands, or leans ; its length, according to the length of straw to be cut ; luiiie is about 20 inches Irom the heel of the scythe.- Three small holes the size to receive a rake boiv, is all that is needed in the snead made use of for grass, as the bow and brace can be taken out in a moment. The acre of wheat cut by me the present seas- • oa was strawed sutiicicntly large, for 40 bushels, bad not our abundant rains beat down half t!ie field -v\here the straw was most abundant and at a season when the kernel had but half filled.— The crop is a good oue, howe\»i-, as the sample accompanying tlds^^ll rffK-lmc. This wheat is known by the name of the Oilman Wheat, its great prodtict having drawn the premium six years iti eiii^hl. I was a little more than seven hours in cutting the acre. Four irien with sickles wt.iiid probaltly have been a longer tiine, with a further loss of twice the heads or ears wliero the grain was lodged.. As the scythe was laid clo.se to the ground (the field having been rolled in the sjjriiig, after pickiiig off the larger stones) the rakes fol- lowed tlic binding, thereby saving all. To have cradled it would have been impossible. As an apology for troubling you with this, the writer will merely mention his conviction for years, that the agriculture of New England iiiu.st rise, or her hardy sons must /oW. Yours, &c. Fitchburg, Aug. 15, 1S28. P. WILLIAMS. lOR THi: KEW ENGLAND lARMEU. INSECTS. Mr Fessesde>,— I take the liberty to send you a limb of an apple tree, with nn animal, with eight or ten letrs, two and a half inches long, which stuck so fast to the litnb, that the person who cut it off, tliought the limb was affected with the can- ker, and in cutting it off, the aiiimal to his great 'tirprise moved. As no one in this neighborhood ever saw an anitiial of this kind before, I thought it might be a public benefit, to have some agricul tural gentleman examine it, and if any thing new, to have a description of it made public. A SUBSCRIBER. JVewhuryport, Aug. 5, 1828. On the receipt of the above, we forwarded the insect together with the litnb of the apjtle tree, to wliich it was attached to Dr. T. W. Harris, of Milton, Mass. wdiose investigations as a naturalist, and entomologist, have been highly honorable to himself, and essentially serviceable to the interests of agriculture. Dr. Harris, in reply, sent the following communication, which will be read with an interest, proportioned to the science and the utility of the suggestions it developes : THOMAS G. FESSENDEN, Esq. Dear Sir, — Your note tflf the 6th inst. w,is re- ceived on Saturday evening. The box with its contents, sent you from Newburyport, arrived safe- ly. The insect, which was a caterpillar, belong- ing to the nocturnal LepidojJtera, had formed its cocoon beneath the cover of the box, and was al- ready changed to a chiTsalis, in which state ii will probably remain until next spring. Should it however, become a perfect insect before that time, (as is .sometimes the case) you shall be in- formed of it, and of the genus to which it belongs, which cannot till then be determined. The cocoon, or rather demi-cocoon, resembles brown paper in color and texture, and has inter- mingled, in its construction, a few hairs evidently derived from the body of the caterpillar. In fbriii it is oblong, oval, and flattened ; and is complete only on one side, the corresponding side being re- |ilaced by the cover of the box. By making a hole through the box above, I was enabled to see the chrysalis, which is of the common shape, and a- bout one inch long. It was alive and moved its tail Aery briskly when disturbed. The caterpillar undoubtedly fed on the leaves of the tree on which it was discovered. It ap- peared to have ceased feeding, having fixed itself firmly by its feet to the bark of the tree, prepara- tory to co\oring itself with its cocoon. It will be well to apprize your readers that the second lirood of slug worms uill shortly appear, some of them as soon as the 15tii. of the presen; ntonth. The first brood was numerous, and ac- cording to former experience, the second will greatly exceed it in numbers. Those who have young and valuable trees had best immediatelj (irnvide themselves with the simple apparatus for sifting ashes, &c. on the leaves, as recomineuded by Mr Lowell. You may have observed that the squash and other cucurbitaceous vines frequently die, during this month, down to the root. On e.^amining the stalk, near the root, you may discover a smai! wliitish grub, which lives in the centre, and is the cause of this preiriuture decay. The grub, ivhei; it has atti1i.^ed its full size, is about one inch long :' it then enters the ground, Ibrms a cocoon of coarse silky substance covered with grams of earth, and becotnes a chrysalis. This survives the winter, and about the last of June or first of July the jterVert insect is disclosed. It is nearly related to the Peach-tree insect, and belongs to the same genus. It iloes not appear to have been, described by Linnteus nor Fabricius. Still, as I have not access to many of the works containing descripiltii.H if .American insects, I cannot confi- dently pronounce it to be a nShdcscript, and there- fore give it a sjiecific name provisionally, only til! it shall prove to be entitled to an older one. JEgcria Cucurbita:. — Body tuv/iiy, vv^ith four or five black dorsal spots ; anterior wings olivaceou.s brown ; posterior wings, except the margin and nervnres, hyaline ; tibiie and tarsi of the hind legs densely (ringed with fulvous and black hairs. Length of the body three-tenths of an inch. '"The wings ex])and one inch and one quarter. The above brief description will serve to iden- tify the female, and the specific name will indicate the genus of plants on which the larva feeds. On the lOth of July I observed one of these in- sects in the act of depositing her eggs. She con- tinued flying and frequently alighting near the roots of the vines, and each time she alighted bent the tail downwards to drop an egg. So intent was she in this business, that she suflered me to approach very near and remain watching her a long tinre without being alarmed. As the eggs are deposited and the larvas make their first attacks near the root, it may be sug- gested to your agricultural tWends, that, possibly smearing the vines round their roots with blubber oil may repel tbe invader. The experiment, to be successful, should be made early in July. The antunmal caterpillar, or, as it is ccmmonly called, wcb-worin, has made its ajipearance hi o-reat numbers. Not only our forest and ornamental trees, but our fruit trees are now disfigured ^^itll their webs. The eggs are deposited in a clustei- on a leaf near the extremity of a branch. The young larva, when hatched (which happens from the last of June till the middle of August, some broods beirg early, others late,) cover the upper :31 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Aogtist 22, 1828. surface of the leaf witli a web, beiieatli which they feed in company, devouring only t!i^; upper cuticle anil parcachyma of tiie leaf, leavin;; tlie lower cuticle and uervures untouched. As the}' increase in size, tiiey progressively extend their web downwards, till, eventually, it covers a larfje portion of the branch. The full grown caterpil- lar is about one inch and one eighth long, and is of a yellowish colour, the back covered with con- tiguous black spots and a double series of small black tubercles, and the sides with several rust coloured tubercles. From the tubercles proceed (hin bunches of diverging, slender, whitish, beard- ed hairs, intermingled with a few black ones. — The head and feet are black. When it lias ceas- ed feeding, the caterpillar leaves the tree, and, in Kome secure place, forms a thin cocoon, in which '.t becomes a pupa, and remains duri::g the wai- ter. In the following June it makes its esca and is then a smrdl v.hito iiiiller or moth, fre- qu;ntly seen round houses in the evening. It c- iongs to the genus Arctia, and the spcciee has not, to my knowledge, been described. It may, therefore, for the present, be denominated, from its well known habit, the iceaver, or Arctia texlor. Body and wings white, immaculate ; anterior i highs tawny; feet blackish above. Length of I wedge the body rather over half an inch, expansion of tamed the wings one inch and two-fifths. Such being the habits and metainorphoses of ihi? insect, it is apparent that, at no time, can they 30 well be attacked, with the view of arresting them in their destructive career, as when the lar- vse are small, and the webs just begin to appear. The leaf or leaves which then support them should be stripped off, and their inhabitEuls be immedi- ately crushed or burnt, without being suflered to disperse. The description of oiu' supposed nondescript de- structive insects might be greatly extended, but this paper is already sufficiently jirolix, if not tire- some both to yourself and your readers. You mil please, whenever you wish, command ihe services of voiir humble servant, T.WM. HARRIS. J^lon,J}ug. 11,1828. wishes of some respectable friends, by communi- cating to you the result of numerous experi- ments, made under my own observation, in en- grafting various kinds of delicate foreign grapes and superior varieties of our domestic grapes on the more vigorous stocks of cultivated vines, or on the native vines of our fields, or transplanted na- I am respeclliilly live vines, removed from our hedge rows into our dient servant, gardens at the moment of engrafting. The pro- cess is extremely simple, and as far as I can learn from inspection of the most apiiroved English and French writers, and from inquiry of intelligent Ho foreigners, is not practi-ed in Europe. It is per- ' formed by inserting a scion, of the usual size for planting, iti the root or stock, under the surface native of France, possessing large estates in that country and in the United States, assured mc, af- ter careful inspection of njy vines, that it was per- fectly new to him, and would encourage him to introduce it in his extensive plans of imiirovenieiit, to which he is devoting much of his amjile means, nd truly, your friend and obe- WM. COXE. Burlington^uly 22, 1828. MS— GR.APES. to make sure nj'intiing Plums — Hints for pre- serving Grapes. Columbia, Pa. .Inly 21, 1828. If your correspondent H. B. of Dayton, Ohio, of the earth, coveting it with the earth, raised will plant all his plum trees in a lot by themselve.sr. round the stock high enough to protect the scion, and either constantly keep hogs in the lot s.tii- which is about six hichcs long, with two eyes on- cient to eat all the fallen fruit, or keep the ground ly, the upper one to be even With the top" of the perfectly free from grass and weeds, tramping the little hillock raised around the plant. No clay or ground hard, and frequently sprinkling it with sah composition is necessary. The stock must be at water or brine, sweeping the fallen Iruit together, least one inch in diaineter, at one or two inches burning and burying it four or live feet deep, or above the crown of tlie iilai.t, when bared to the destroying it in any way so as to prevent the first roots, it must be sawed off at that point.— worms from entering the ground, and to have no The stock is to be carefully split, after the loose other fruit trees growling within 300 yards from bark is scraped off, and if necessary opened by a the lot containing the plums, I will venture to the scion, when firmly fixed, will be re- n its ])!ace by the pressure of the stock, after the wedge has been withdrawn or cut off. The time for engrafting is the same as for the apple about ti-.e 1st to the 10th of jVpril in this State. In two or three weeks the buds will sprout. One only must be permitted to grow ; it must be train- ed to a stake, and kept pruned of lateral shoots. In a good soil it will grow ten to twelve feet the first 3'ear ; after this it may be cut down to two or three eyes, or trained at greater length to a I trellis, according to its strength. They invariably bear fruit the second year, and frequently will jiro- I duce one or more bunches the first year. This, I however, should not be permitted, except from a wish to ascertain the the quality of the fruit. It is now about six years since the first attem))t of an intelligent neighbor in this mode of engrafting was exhibited to me, after repeated failures of the ordinary mode of engrafting above the surface. FOE THB HI."' ENGLAND I'AEWKR. predict that in 4 or 6 years his plum trees will bear more uniformly than apple trees : he ought not, however, to make the experimenl with two or three trees, as it will undoubtedly fail on a small scale. The curculios from the neighboring trees will be sufficient to destroy the fruit on a few trees ; turkeys, ducks, and fowls in general, will assist in destroying insects, as also birds, toads frogs, &c. and ought never be debarred the libci- ty of ranging in an orchard. As the mildew is the most destructive enemy to our choice variety of foreign grapes, and as the time is at hand wli£n it usually makes its appear- ance, (beinc in the not moist weather of August,) I will mention a remark communicated to me, by Mr Wm. Prince, of Flushing, Long Island, New York ; he states that by the use of powdered sul- phur blown on the leaves and fruit they have be- come complete masters of mildew at Boston, and by the experiments of a skilful man here, he 1 states his conviction that vines which are trained GRAPE VINES. 1 Mr. FESSEriCEN,— I perceive by your paper of die 15th inst. that one of your correspondents un- iler the siffuature of "J. B." says that he lias suc- ceeded verv well by engrafiing the grape the last spriuff. Your corrcspoiidcnt, (or any other horti- culturist) would confer a favor on the cultivators of the vine, if ho would, tbrciigh the medium of your paper, communicate the particulars of the course pursued. ^ AVere the scions of the first or second years ■■•rowth ?— At what lime w ere the scions cut ?— Was cleft or whip grafting resorted to ?— Was the scion inserted near the rool of the stock, or in lio iipper branches ? -''- "• Dodl-ey, Mass. Aug. 20, 1828. From ihf Aniericati Fann.'r. I'aluahle practical information niid hints on the cul- ture of the Vine. [Yr-'m the nulhor of-' Coxe on Fruil Trees.''] S,n,_Thc cultivation of the vine has become M important to the health, morals, and prosperity .if our country, that I cheerfully comply with the with tlie aid of clay and composition. I liad ex perienced similar failures in mr ow n experiments, \ lower than ten feet, although subject to the mil- owing to the greater flow of "sap in our climate, i dew, will not be subject to it if trained to a great- I have now growths of at least ten feet from the ; er height, on that part which rises above ten feet, grafts of this spring, exhibiting a luxuriant growth j Respectfully yours, J. B. G. of a single bunch of grajies. When the stock is sufficiently large, two scions may be inserted, and if succcssiiil, may be reduced to a single stock, or one of them may be laid down by training, about six inches under the surface, to form another vine which the second year will be nearly equal in , ,, , strength and productiveness to the parent vine. Turkey, was wholly lost to the world. From the facility with which this operation may MALLE.ABLE CAST IRON. A remarkable instance occurred to my knowl- edge of an individual fact, which might have been of the utmost use to society, but which, ow- ing to the state of knowledge and government in An Ara- bian, at Constantinople, had discovered the secret be performed, and the short interruption it creates of casting iron, which, when it came out of the n the bearing, it will be easy to change any num her of vines from unproductive and inferior kinds,! to such as may be adapted to the soil, chniate, and object of the cultivator. Foreign and tender kinds may be speedily acclimated, and an early diffusion of the finer kinds through our extensive country may be accomplished, wherever native stocks are to be found. I believe this mode of engrafting will be new to the greater portion of your readers ; it certainly is not noticed by the Abbe Rozier, by La Nouvelle Quintinye, by Miller and Forsyth, all of whom I have consulted— and a highly intelligent friend, a _ i mould, was as malleable as hammeren iron; some of his fabrication was accidentally shown to Mr de Gaffron, the Prussian charge d'affaires, and Mr Franzaroli (men of mineralogical science) who were struck with the fact, and immediately iiistituteil an enquiry for its author. This man, whose art in Christendom would have insured lini a splendid fortune, had died poor and un- linowTi, and his secret had perished with him ! — His utensils were found, and several pieces of his casting, all perfectly malleable. Mr Franzarolt analyzed them, and found that there was no ad- mixture of any other metal. Mr de Gaffron has Vol. VII.— No. 5. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 35 since been made suji »• nteiulent of the iron man- ufactory at Spandan, wiiere he has in vuin at- empted to discover tlie process cf tlie Arabian. From ihc Millon Gazelle. \ WONDERFUL DISCOVERY RECENTLY MADE IN AN OLD HORSE'S AGE. " 'Ti< to llw pen aiul iiics-; we mortals owe, Ail vve believe, an>l alr.insi all we know. ' Since the age of that uobla aiiiiual, the horse, after a certain period of life, (that is to say) after the nnirks in his incisors and cijspit^are entire- ly obliterated, to be able to ascertainliis ase,with any tolerable degree of certainty, appears to the eenerality of "horse age' judges," to be a subject of very much uncertainty. I now take the liberty of laying before the public through the medium of your paper, an inlallible method, (subject to very few exceptions.) of ascertaining it in such a manner after a horse loses his marks, or after he arrives to the age of 9 years or over, so that any person concerned in horses, even of the meanest capacity, may not be imposed upon in a horse's age, from 9 years of age and over, more than 3 years at farthest, until the animal arrives at the "age of twenty years and upwards, by just feeling the subma.xiliary bone, or the bone of the lower jaw. This method I discovered, by making many an- atomical observations on the skulls of dead hors- es and repeated dissections. In order, therefore, to elucidate the above, I must in the first place beg leave to remark— that the submaxillary bene, or the lower jaw bone of all young horses, about 4 or 5 years of age, innnediately above the bifur- cation, is invariably thick and very round at the bottom ; the cavity of said bone being very small, contains a good deal of marrow, and generally continues in this state until the animal arrives at 3. Allowances must always be made between heavy, large we.stern or wagon horses, or carriage horses, aud line blooded ones. By practising and strictly attending to the above rules, upon all des- cription of horses, the performer in a little time, will become very accurate in the accomjdishment of his desires, more especially if he attentively ob- serves the lower jaw bone of dead horses. BOSCAIVANE. TEA. V/e are not without fears that we may fail of withdrawing from the consideration and discus- sion of the all important and very interesting sub- ject of politics, a suflicient number of persons to give ear to matters and things which wo conceive deserve at least to share public attention. It will we apprehend, be necessary after the election, to eat and drink and provide for onr families, equal- ly as heretofore. We cannot, therefore, see the SOMETHING NEW. Fly-blows are peculiar in chaiacter and re- markably fatal this season. The slightest scratch on any animal, or even a tick bite, is sutTicient to imUice the fly to deposits her eggs, which turn to maggots in the sjiace of an hoiu-, of the most har- dy kind we ever heard of. Wherever these flies attack, death to the animal is the conseiiueuce, unless the greatest pains is taken. Much stock has been destroyed by them, and one negro wom- an. A negro man was saved with the utmost dif- ficulty. He was subject to a bleeding ofthe nose, and falling asleep with a speck of blood on hi.-; upper lip, the tly made her deposite whi. h crept into his head. No matter where the worm is laid it will instantly penetrate the skin, with two strong prongs or pincers that it pos,sesse.s, and make a sore for itself. It works to a great depth, passing through a very small hole for about an inch, when it enlarges it into a kind of cell, and does not stop, we believe, until it reaches the cn- We heard The propriety of abandoning the various modes by which these objects are to be accomplished, to [ trails, unless obstructed by the bone, take care of themselves; especially, when it is j of one of these cells that held half a pint, known that neither the character nor interests of! usual remedies to destroy it, such as calomel, spir- parties and leading partizans will lo.se any thing \ its of turpentine, &c. are very seldom successlid. by a httle less observation. Whether we obtain A gentleman has requested us to state, that he an audienre or not, we shall continue to discharge has succeeded by cutting open the holes and pour- our duty by calling attention to subjects which ! ing in a solution of hartshorn, or aqua ammonia, we believe deserve attention. ' and then keeping the place covered. We had a At this time we beg to recommend to the con- [ dog afflicted with these worms, which we destroy- sideration of all parties concerned, the projiriety ; ed in the following manner. We cut open the of taking measures for briuging before Congress j place to the depth of an inch, (but then did not at an early peiiod, the subject of a reduction of the duty upon tea. This article has become a necessary of life. Its use is found to be sakitarj', and ought, it is believed, to be encouraged. The duty at jiresent is high — by many deemed too nuich so, and such as may be feared, will lead to „ , , ,, thus extensively injure onr commerce. The Sec that period which is generally termed un " aged ' i- ., _ r^ _ _ r ■• , . horse,'' or until the animal acipiires his fiill size in his hti ht or thickness ; or according to sporfhig language, is completely furnished, with very little variation. Cut after this period, the cavity as aforesaid becomes larger, and more marrow is contained therein. Hence the submaxillary bone becomes thinner end siiarper a little above the bi- furcation. This indelible mark may always be observed in a small degree in horses about 8 years of age ; but at 9 years old it is still more perceptible. It continues growing a little thinner and sharper at the bottom, until 12 years of age. From thence until 15, it is still thinner, and about as sharp as the back of a case knife near the handle. From this period until the ages of 18, 19, 20 and up- wards, it is exceedingly so ; and is as sharp in many subjects as the dull edge of that instrument. Rules. — 1. Put your 3 fingers about half an inch or an inch innnediately above the bifiuca- tion, and grasp the submaxillary bone, or the low- er jaw bone. If it is thick at the sides and very round indeed at the bottom, the animal is most certainly under 9 years of age. 2. If the bone is not very thick, and it is per- ceivably not very round at the bottom, he is from 9 to 12 years of age, and so on. From 12 to 15 the bone is sharper at bottom and thinner at the .sides, the bottom is generally as sharp as the back of a case knife ; from 15 to 18, 19, 20 and upwards, without many exceptions, the bone, when divested of its ititeguments, is as sharp as the dull edge of that instrument. retary of the Treasury in his last annual re]iort, makes the following judicious observations upon the subject : — Tlie use of tea, has become so general through- out the United States, as to rank almost as a ne- cessai-y of life, when to this we add that there is no rival production at home to be fostered by les- sening the amoimt of its importation, the duty upon it may saiisly be regarded as too high. Up- on gome ofthe varieties ofthe article, it consider- j ' ably exceeds one hundred per cent., and is believ- 1 ed to be generally above the level which a true ' policy points out. A moderate reduction of the duty would lead to au increased consumption of the article, to an extent that in all probability, would in the end, benefit rather than injure the reach them) and, after scraping out all the honey- comb-looking substance, poured the hole full of a very strong decoction from elder leaves 5nd tobac- co, boiled together. In about an hour they en- deavored to crawl out but died in the attempt. — The dog appeared to be entirely insensible to the eration. — Southern paper. Glue. — The jewellers among the Turks who an- mostly Armenians, have a curious method of orn- amenting watch cases, and similar things, with diamonds and other stones, by simply glueing them on. The 'Stone is set in silver or gold, and the lower part of the metal made flat, or to cor- respond with the part to which it is to be fixed : it is then warmed gently, and the glue applied, which is so very strong that the jiarts never sep- erate. This glue, which ntay be tqiplied to masiy purposes, as it will strongly join bits of glass or polished steel, is made thus : Dissolve five or six bits of mastic, as large as peas, in as much spirit of wine as will sufiice to render it liquid — in aiio- other vessel dissolve as much isinglass (which hat. been previously soaked in water till it is swollen revenue. Its tendency would be to enlarge our t and soft) in French brandy or rum, as will make trafle in expoits to China, a trade of [)rogressive value, as our cottons and other articles of home production (aside from specie) are more and more entering into it. It would cause more ofthe trade in teas to centre in our own ports, the present rate of duty driving our tea ships not unfrequently to seek their markets in Europe ; not in the form of re-exportations, but in the direct voyage from China. It would also serve to diminish the risk of the Uuited States ultimately, losing any por- tion of a trade so valuable, through the policy aud regulations of other nations. — Perm. Gazette. The Editor of the Picton (N. S.) paper, thinks that Hemp will become a staple article of export from Nova Scotia. two ounces, by measure, of strong glue, and add two small bits of gum galbanum or ummoniacum, which must be rubbed or ground till they are dis- solved ; then mix the whole with a suifioient heat. Keep it in a phial, stopped, and when it islo be used set it in hot water. The Dengue has been introduced at Wiscasset, by the brig Olive, from Havana. Some case have occun-ed. It is compared to the Rheumatic Gout. In a country where every mouth may be em- ployed to blow a spark into a consuming flame, all possible carc^ should be taken to furnish no spark. 86 EXTRACTS rrom an ■• Annual Atldress tlolivcred bcliirc llio Rhoiln JiUnd Society for ilic cncourngcmcnl of Domestic Indiistrv." By WlLI.IAM E. KlCHMOXI). " Tlic moat obvious and the !no?t nattiral r!i\ is- ion of liiiiiian lalioiir is tliiee-lolii — llie. Inlioiir ot' Productin.i ; the lahotir of .Manufacture, and thfi labour of DislrihUion. In tlie fust aio compre- hended Agrifuhuie, Fisheries, Mining', rnd all ofiier laboiirs by which crude materials arc cre- ated, or reduced to the possession and use of man. lu tlie second division is included every process by which the crude productions of nature and of art are prepared for consmnption. The. third division compreliends tlie labours bestowed in !he transportation of crude and nianui'actured articles, as well from the producer to the man- ufacturer, as from the latter to the cotisumer. This simple view of the labours of tlio com- ;nuniiy, mtitually dependant and depending as hey are, should inculcate on our muids the unity !ind indivisibility of their interests. United and harmonious it' their moven^ents, they support and issist each other, while they jiromote the common ;velfarc : Divided and discordant in their views and operations, their jealousies are destructive to 'heniselves and to the commonwealLli. Let it, ;hcn, be our first object, with all our powers, to promote so desirable a union of sentiment and feeling. Without the Farsisr, society could not exist: Without the Manufacturkr, it could not exist in comfort : Without the Merchant it couW not enjoy the conveniences and UixurieH svhich it desiies. In praise of »3r,"nc!(/Ji(re, that parent and nurse • >f civilization and the arts, and in recotntnending iicr to the patronage of an enlightened pccple, too much cannot be said. It was observed by the most eloquent of that school of philosophers which laid tlie train for tlie grand moral explo- sion, which distitiguished the close of tfie last 'ontury : — That he who first enclesed a field, and planted it, and called it bis own, laid the corner stone of the sacial structure, and is ac- countable for all the evils of society. There is more of spleen and misanthiopy in this sen- iment, however redeemed by the splendid style ^u which it is dressed, than of .sound argument. Xi supposes as true the very tiling which was to ■)C demonstrated ; nameh', that society is a curse, •listead of a blessing to mankind. I fpiote the sentiment, however, for the pmi'osc of proving that the appropriation, enclcstu-o and cultivation of Inmts are the bases cf human society and civ- ilization. Rousseau, himself, admits, that he who opposes them is a savage, antl, that hs who would abrogate them wishes to become a savage. It is by permanent residence and exclusive proprietor- .ship, only, that men are encouraged to till the earth — that a surphis of food is produced for the supjjort of handicraft trades — thr.t population is condensed and v/eahh accumulutcd — that the ':: h,"'.- arts and sciences are cultivated — that >ocit:;y is protected and embellished.. No friend i>f our race wmdd wish to restore that miscalled golden age, when man, .is ferocious as the tyger, tay in ambush for the weaker animals, or, in his 'urn, fell a prey to the more powerful ones, by which he was surrounded. ^The labours of Husbandry are among the most healthy and invigorating employments of •nan. " God made the country," says the prov- erb. Rural piusuits, more than any other, pre- NEW_ENGLAND FARMER, serve the simplicity of manners and innocence of life wliich constitute the charm and promote the happiness of society. It is impossible to conceive a more attractive picture of life than that pre- sented by a well-settled rural neighbourhood, 1 where the laiuls arc fertile and well cultivated ; the buildings, fences and reads in good repair ; the men industrious and temperate ; the women good house-wives, faithfid coinpanions and tender mothers ; the cliildren well schooled, obedient and mannerly ; tliO clergyman a teacher by exaini'le, as well as by precept ; the physician and lawyer, skilled in their professions, snp])orted by their farms, and, emphatically, the guardians of the health and property of their neighboms ; the school-master learned, faithfid, and beloved by his pupils. In the unruffled bosom of such a retreat the votary of p.nlitics or pleasure might calndy bid adieu to the storms and frivolities of the world, " nor cast one longing, lingering look behind." How many such httle communities may be foimd in this our country, where exist the elements of that power which constitutes, at once, its safety, and renown! Farmers, your lot is tridy enviable. You cannot be unmindful of , its advantages. On you, as the most numerotis I and virtuous, as well as the most permanent and I independent class of this great nation, depend its present welfnre and its future hopes. 1 will n( t I presume to instruct you in any branch of your I own profession ; but permit me to impress upon I yoii its dignity and importance — to incite you, to prefer it to all others, tor the settlement of your sons in life ; and to qualify them, by a proper education, to till it, with success and respecta- bility. It is an crroncoiis opinion, that none but proftssioncl hien, so called, shoidd be liberally cdncated. Every henest calling is more or less proiitablc, and, consequently, respectable, in pro- portion to the intelligence, generally possessed by i those who follow it. An acquaintance with belles Icttres and the tnoral sciences enables the farmer to particijiate, with honour and usefulness, in the politics of his country. An acquaintance with the physical sciences explains to him the principles of his profession, and qualities him to assist the operations of nature with the sugges- tions of an enlightened philosophy. Educate your children, then. If you cannot spare your sons to go to college, encourage well-educated collegians to settle among you, as teachers. — Mingling the instructions of such men with their ordinary employments, your sons will grov/ up in the daily ap)dication of theory to practice. They will unite to a thorough and scientific knowledge of their profession, those acquisitions in general science, which qualify men to act their parts, as members of the body politic — as legislators and as statesmen." Augusi 2-2, lS2h' VARIOUS KINDS OF INTEMPERANCE. Doctor D. M, Reese, a rcs]>ectable physician of New- York, in a work recently pubhshed, consid- ers intemperance as the proiiHc mother of human miseries, and is of opinion that if mankind were universally temperate in all respects, casualty and (dd age would be the chief ]iassports to the grave. He notices several species of Iiitcnqierance : — In- temperance in Drinking, Intemperate Eating, In- tenq)erate Sleeping, Iiitenqierance in Clothing, IntetTi[)erate Labour, Depraved Appetites, &c. Intemperanee in Clothing. -^Vir. R. points cut the ill effects on health of tight lacing, and remarks that almost every professional man has witi^essed the fatal results of this abomination. He dissect- ed the bodies of two young females who had died of disease caused by tight lacing, and found " the adhesion of parts and the derangement of structure truly frightful." He adds, "the ingenu- ity of the ladies, perhaps, coukl not be better ex- erted than in contriving some method of prevent- ing such havoc as is usually occasioned among them i'rom tight lacing and thin dressing." Ealing opium and snuff-— T)t. R. states as a fact well known to the faculty, that hunch-eds of fe- nrales in our large cities are in the dady use of taking opium. " This is neither more nor less than a fashionable way of getting drunk, and ought to be frovtTicd upon by every husband and father." Dr. R. saj's he has known two instances of death from eating snvff, " a habit which is per- haps increasing among the ladies of our country with a rapidity onlj- equalled bj' tlie ravages of ardent spirits, and which is no less ruinous to health and destructive to life." "This practice has its origin in using the Scotch snuff as a tooth powder, — a fondness is soon acquired tor it, and hundreds among us, espccinlly among our females, get drunk upon it every day of their lives." The effects are paleness of countenance, torpor of body, stupor of mind, diseases of the stomach, lungs, &c. Drinking malt lii^uors to excess. — In Great Brit- ain, diseases arc increased in number and 'jitality by the large quantity of malt liquor drank in their community. Sudden deaths are frequent among those who drink habitually and excessively of these liquors. Cold water Dr. R. says " that death seldom occurs from drinking water, except in constitu- tions previously impaired by some of tho other species of inteinpejance." Drinking ardent spirits. — This is the worst kind of intemperance, and in criminality, and the mag- nificence of its evils, outweighs all the rest. — Hampshire Gazette. Folding sheep. — Cotting,.cr folding of sheep, is a practice more or less extensively followed with particular breed.s and in particular districts, but now generally on the decline. It was formerly thought to be indispensibly necessary to the suc- cess of the farmer in different districts; but of late a different opinion has prevailed, except in parti- cular cases, and it is considered as merely enrich- ing one field at the expense of another. The ob- ject is to enrich the arable land ; but as this is done at the expense of the pasture, it is truly, as Bake- well expresscrs it, "robbing Peter to pay Paul." A gentleman in the Strand, London, has just a- dopted a mode of generating gas over a common kitchen fire, and of purifying it so well by a new process, which is yet a secret, that it may not on- ly be introduced with safety into houses, but with- out causing any bad smell. The novelty of the invention consists principally in the adaptation of a retort to a common kitchen fire. Chesnut ii-ees. — It is stated iu Philips' History of Fruits, that the great chesnut tree near Mount Etna, is perhaps one of the most extraordinary trees in the old world. It is called "the chesnut tree of a hundred horses," from the following tra- ditionary talc : Jean of Arragon, when sho visit- AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 37 ed Mount Etna, was attended by her principal no- j bility, when a heavy shower obliged them to tafe , relMge under this tree ; the immense branches d'| which sheltered the whole party. According t) j the account given of it by Mr. Howel, thi.s chesnvt tree is one hundred and sixty feet in circumfer- , ence— and although quite hollow WMthin, the vei- ', dure of tlie branches is not atiected ; for this spt- I'ies of tree, (like the willow and some others,) df- Ijend.s upon its bark for subsistence. The cavity of this enormous tree is so extensive, that a hou» has been built in it ; and the inhabitants have an oven ther-nn, wiicre they dry nuts, chesnuts, a- tnonds, &;c. of vvhicli they make conserves ; but as these thoughtless people often get fuel from the trco that shelters them, it is feared that this natu"- al curiosity will be destroyed by those whom it protects. FATTENING SWINE. " According to the opinion of the Rev. Mr El- iot, the best time in the year to shut up hogs to liuten them, is the month of AugUist. I rather prefer the month of September, when it may be de])cniieil on, that they will not suffer at all by the heat in their confinement ; and there will he time enough to make them fat, before tlie weath- .'V becomes to be extremely cold. He that attempts to fatten his hogs in winter will he a loser ; for it has been foimd by long ex- perience, that they do not gain in their flesh near so fast in a frosty, as in a temperate season. I therefore take care to get them fit for the knife bv the beginning or middle of December, and I shoidd choose to kill them still earlier, were it not for the advantage of keeping the lean part of the pork for some time without salting ; as it most commonly may be done by exposing it to frost, in the coolest part of a house. i But a very important question is, what food and '■ msnagement is best in fattening swine ? Peas answer well, wMen the price of them is low. But i I am constrained to give the preference to Indian corn. Let them be fed in September with green ears from the field. There is nothing they will devour more greedily than this corn, and even the cob;! witli it. In Indian harvest, the unripe ears should be yiicked out, and given to the hogs that are fatting, without delay ; or as fast as they can eat them ; for it will do them four times as much gooil in this state, as it will after il is dried, it being diflicult to dry it without its turning mouldy or rotten ; so that they will scarcely eat any of it in this state, unless they be kept shorter of food than fatting hogs should be. After the unripe corn is used, that which is ri- pened must be given them. If it lie thought most convenient to feed them with corn of the preceding year, it should not bs given them without soaking, or boihiig, or grind- ing it into meal. For they will not perfectly di- gest umch of the hard kernels ; it being often too hard for their teeth. It has been thought by good judges, that the corn will be at least a sixth part more advantage to the swine for soaking it in water. But there is if I mistake not, still more advantage in gruiding it. What new corn is giv- en them, may be in ears, es it is not hardened enough for grinding. I know of nothing that will fatten hogs faster than a dough of meal and wa- ter. But as this is expensive food, the dough may be mixed with boiled potatos, or boiled carrots. — They eat these mixtures as well as dough by it- self; and it appears to make no material differ- ence in their fattening. In this mixture, barley meal will answer instead of Indian ; which should be attended to in our more northern jjarts, where two husheLs of barley may be as easily raised, as one of Indian corn. Both kinds of meal I have found to be a good mixture with boiled (jotatos ; but it should by all means be n little salted to give it a good relish. VVhile hogs are fatting, little or none of the wasii from the kitchen should be given them. — Their drink shouhl be fair water, which they rel- isli better than any other drink, and of which they will drink a good deal, when they are fed only on corn, or stiff dough. To prevent measles and other disorders in hogs, while they are fatting, and to increase their health and appetite, a dose or two of brimstone, or anti- mony, given them in their dough, is useful, and should not be neglected. SiHiie change of food may be advisable, in ev- | ery stage of their existence, as it always seems to [ increase their appetite. But while they are fatting, laxative food in general should be avoided, as these animals are seldom known to suffer by cos- tiveness, especially when they are full fed, but often from the contrary disorder. If they chance to be costive, a little rye will help them. In feeding, steady care should be taken that not one meal should be missed, nor mistimed, and their water should never be forgotten. They should always have as much food as they will eat up clean ; but never more than that quantity, lest they defile it and it be wasted. A httle at a time ami often, is a good rule. If their skins be scurfy, or inclining to mangi- gess, a little oil poured upon their backs, will cause it to come off. And some say a small mess of rye now and then, as a change in their food, is good against these and other disorders. If the issues in the fore legs should chance to get stopped, every attempt to fatten them wilj hi in vain. These, therefore, should be watched ; and if found to be stopped, they should be rubbed open with a corn cob. Rubhhig and currying their hides very frequent- ly, is of advantage to keep up perspiration. It is grateful to the animals, as well as conducive to their health and growth. A proper scrubbing post in the middle of their pen will not be amiss. And during the whole time of their fatting, they should have plenty of litter. Tlicy will He the more dry and warm, and it will be more than paid for, by the increase of good maaurc. When hogs are killed, a single one should not be left to live alone in a pen. Ho will be apt to pine too much at\er his former companions. Antl in colrl weather he will suffer for want of lodging so warm as he has been accustomed to do. The fat of pork should he plentifully salted wth the best and strongest clean salt. It will take three pecks for a barrel. The pork shotdd be kept continually under pickle ; for if it be exposed ever so httle to the air, it will become rusty and unpal- atable. Boded or steamed clover hay will serve to keep hogs during winter, but the addition of potatos or carrots, boiled or steamed with the hay will be an improvement. Mr. Young directs soiling swine in a yard in preference to feeding them on clover in the field during summer. But Judge Peters, cd" Pennsyl- vania, saysj "In summer my hogs chiefly run on clover. Swine feeding on clover in the fields will thrive wonderfully ; when those (confined or not) fed on cut clover will fall away." The same gen- tleman asserts that hogs, while fatting, should eon- stanth' have some dry rotten wood, kept in the pen, which they will eat occasionally, and it proves very beneficial to them. It is also declared, as well by that gentleman as other writers, that food when soured by a jiroper degree of fermentation if) much the best for fattening swine, and that one gallon of sour wash will go as far as two of sweet for that purpose. Mr. Yoimg says, that the best method of feeding all kinds of grain to hogs is to grind it to meal, and mix it with water in cisterns for that purpose, at the rate of five bushels of meal to a hundred gallons of water. — Deane. BATHING. It is a common notion that bathing is of impor- tance to the health only in sununer. But this is a oreat mistake. It may, indeed be of more impor- tance for the single purpose of cleaidiness, for dust aitd perspiration, to require more fi-eiptent ablu- tions, in hot weather than in cold. But this is far from being the most important use of bathing. — To clear the pores of the skin, to soften the con- tractions produced by cold, to op«;n the small ves- sel and tulics that arc designed to carry the cir- culation to the very surface, are the great and sal- utary effects of bathing. In producing these ef- fects, we perceive at once how bathing promotes health, especially at the season of the year, when we are exposed lo autumnal fevers, and how il [irepares the body for the rigours of winter. It is, al;^o, obvious that the bath shordd he hot ; not merely tepid cr lukc-warm, but considerably warmer than the body. Heat is a very subtle flu- id and like all other fluids seeks a level, or an c- qnilibrium. If you go into .1 bath soinewhat cold- er than your body, youi- body loses heat ; it hn- parts its warmth to the water till both are at the same temperature. The chill which is felt on coming from sncii a bath is evidence of this fact, and shows that the system has been injured rath- er than benefitted. But if the bath be warmer than the body, the balance of heat is produced by the water's imparting heal to the body, and the operation of it is to give a grateful impulse to the action of the system, and send the blood briskly to tho surface and the extremities, opening the channels, clearing away ohstniclions, and diffus- ing a glow over the body, and a quiet joy over the mind, which are the unimpeachable witnesses of health, and the perception of which is luxury Ti-ot; (M Y.) Regisler. Acorns. — These are sometimes given to poultry and would be found an advantageous food for fowls, were they dried and ground into meal. — Acorns can be preserved in a state fit for vegeta- tion for a whole year by enveloping them in beeg wax. Oflter seeds may be conveyed from dis- tant countries by the same means. Miller advis- es to plant acorns as soon as they are ripe in Oc- tober, which will come up iii the following April ; because, if they are attempted to be kept, they will sprout, though spread thin. Mr. Benjamin Peacock, of Bristol, killed a calf on the 22d of July, of five weeks and four days old, which weighed 162 lbs. — and yielded 17^ lbs. of rough tallow. 38 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August 22, 182«r, CANADIAN AGRICULTURAL REPORT, FOR JULY. Haymaking, vvliich is generally the most plcas- ,nnt of all rural affairs, has, during the past month, been the most unpropitious ever remcmhered by the oldest farmer in all the country. Hay making began -as early as the 5th of the month, at which time the weather broke, so that we had hardly two dry days together at a time, and there is scarcely a tenth part of the hay housed, but what is more or less damaged. Owing to the exces- sively deluged state of the lands, many fields of potatos are greatly injiu-ed, as the rain fell in sucli abundance, that the ditches could not carry it off as fast as it fell ; the consequence is, that grain of all kinds, osi fat lands, stood up to tlie middle in water for several hours together. Wheat is much rusted where strong, so that the quality will not be so good as expected at the middle of last month. Oats and Barley are ripening, but are ! knocked down in a shocking state ; many fields are lying as flat as if they hacj been passed over by a roller. Stock all in good condition, but the produce of dairies is very low. Fruit has suffer- ed much from the heavy rains, as well as from the high winds, and will not be so abundant as vvas expected. In fact, we have seldom known a time in which farmers liave suffered more, or in which their minds have been kept in such a state of anxiety as during the past month. Method of roasting eels. — Having skinned and washed some of the finest large eels, cut them in three, four, or five pieces, according to their lengths. Make a seasoning of grated imtmeg, pepper, and salt, with a little thyme, sage, aim lemon peel, all well beaten and mixed plentifully with crundjs of bread. Strew this well on the eels, stick tlicm across on skewers, tie the skewers to the s])it, baste them continually, and let theui roast till they begin to crack and appear white at the bone. When taken up, send them to the ta- ble with melted butter and lemon juice, which will make the best sauce for them. They may be fried or boiled thus seasoned, with very good effect. JVEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 22, 1828. LONDON IN OLDEN TIMES. Sir William Davenaiit thus describes London, as it was before the great fire. " Sure your ancestors contrived your nan-ow streets in the days of wheelbarrows, before those greater engines carts, were invented. O, the good- Jy landscape of Old fish-street ! which had it not had the ill-luck to be crooked, vvas narrow enough to have been your founders' perspective ; and ■Vfhere the garrets (|)erhaps not for want of archi- tecture, but through abimdance of ainity) are so made, that opposite neighbors may shake hands without stirring from home. Then for uniformi- ty of building — yours looks as if they were raised in a general insurrection. Here stands one that aims to a palace, and next to it another that pro- fesses to be a hovel. Here a giant, there a dwarf, here slender, there broad ; and all most admirably different in their faces, as well as in their height and bulk. As for your ceilings, they are so low, that I presutne your ancestors were very manner- ly, and stood bare to their wives, for I cannot dis- cern how they could wt ai- their high-crowned hats. " I now leave your houses, and am passing tlu-ough your streets ; but not in a coach, for they are uneasily hung, and so narrow, that I took them for a sedan upon wheels ; nor is it safer for a stranger to use them till the quarrel be decided, whether six of your nobles, sitting together, shall stop and give |)lace to as many bottles of beer Your city is the only metropolis of Europe, where there is a wonderful dignity belonging to carts." TO RENDER CUOUIMBERS WHOLESOME. Slice cucumbers into a basin of cold .spring water, and it will not only make them eat by far more cris|> and fine, hut will also render them much more wholesome, and cflijctually prevent tjieir ri.sing in the stomach. The water will com- pletely extract and take away the pernicious juice of the cucumber, whioh is the (irincipal cause of rhoir so often disagreeing willi the stomach. EXTIRPATING CHICCORY, or SUCCORY. A correspondent wishes us to "publish the best mode of exterminating succory which prevails a great deal this season." j Chiccory has been highly recommended by agricultural writers, both in Europe and America, I as a valuable plant for cultivation. But every j plant which gro^vs where it is not wanted, is, in a j relative sense of the word, a weed. Weeds may be divided into annuals, biennials, and i)er8nnials, or weeds which will endure one, two, or more j'ears without being renewed from the seed. All annuals and biennials are effectual- ly destroyed by cutting or mowing the plant, ai any point below that from which the seed leaves originated, in proper season to prevent the seeds from becoming so far matured that they will grow when lodged in the soil. With regard to perennial weeds, such as couch-grass, charlock, colts-foot, white-weed, and we believe chiccory, their destruction can only be effected by repeated ploughing, harrowing, and extracting the r ots from the soil, aiid either binning, or exposing them in such a manner as to ensure their destruc- tion. Wo have, however, but little personal ac- quaintance with this chiccory. either in its capac- i ity of an useful plant or a pernicious weed ; but should be much obliged to any friend or corres- pondent for information on the subject. calves, and that one cow will do as much work a- nn ox of equal size. He however, allows that the :liniinution of milk and labor may be one fourth. but still eight working cows would perform the labor of six o.ifen, and at the same time give as much milk as six cows that did not work — which would, in a year, amount to a considerable saving to the poor farmer. An elaborate article on this, lubjeet will be found in the New England Farm- «r, vol. ili. page 326. FRENCH MODE OF T.\KING HONEY. The following easy method of taking houey, without destroying the bees, is the method gener- illy adopted throughout France. In the dusk of tlie evening, when the bees are quietly lodged, approach the hive and turn it very gently over ; having steadily placed it in a small pit, previously dug to receive it, with its bottom uppermost, cov- er it with a clean new hive, which has been pre- viously prepared, with two small sticks stuck across its middle, and rubbed with some aromatic hsrbs. Having carefully adjusted the mouth of each hive with the other, so that no aperture re- nains between them, take a small stick, and beat aeutly round the sides of the lower hive for ten I'linutes or a quarter of an hour, in whicli time tiic bees will leave their cells in the lower hive, ascend and adhere to the upper one. Then gent- ly lift the new hive with its tenants, and place it on the stand from whence the other hive was tak- en. This should be some time in the week pre- ceding midsumnu:r day, that the bees may have time before the summer flowers are faded, to la), in a new stock of honey, Avhich they will not fail to do, for their subsistence through the winter. — As many as have the humanity and good sense tn adopt this practice, will find their revvfard in an increase of their stock and their valuable property. TRANSFUSION. Some successful experiments are now maldng. by a gentleman in Herefordshire, with the \iew of preserving fruit trees from decay, by planting young trees in the vicinity, and transfusing the sap of the young plants through the bark of the decaying tree, and thus uniting the circulation of both. SILK. Eslracl of a Idler lo the Editor of ihe New England Farmer, dated Rochester, N. Y. Aug. 12, 1828. Last year I commenced on a small .scale Ihe rearing of the silk worm, and have produced some beautiful specimens of silk ; they do well in this country. I have now a nursery of about 2000 white mulberry trees. From all the information I can obtain, either by observation or otherwise. I believe that this section of country will provi fidly equal to any other, (either Italy or France) for the raising of silk worms. The pamphlet ' i this subject, published by our government las- winter, should be in the hands of every farnipi and friend to the country, it is plain and practical. The grape vine also flourishes here and promises well — we have a soil jieculiarly adapted to it. The Editor of the Wilmington (N. C.) Reporter, states that he has seen a water melon, a present to a gentleman of that town, which weighed 41v!, lbs. measuring in circumference one way 3 feet ! inches, and the other 3 feet 7 inches. COW TEAM. An intelligent gentleman at Geneva, Switzer- land, proposes to substitute the labor of cows for that of oxen and horses ; and he maintains that it would increasB both the quantity of milk and the GARDENING. The nianageineiit of a garden, summarily .speaking, consists in attention and application ; the first should be of that useful and provident kind, as not only to do well in the present, but tor the future ; and the latter should be of that diligent nature as willingly " never to defer that rill tomorrow which may be done today." Pro- '■rastination is of serious consequence to garden- ing ; and neglect of times and seasons will be fruitful of disappointment and complaint. It will ften happen, indeed, that a gardener cannot do what he wouLn.; but if he does not do what he CAI4, he will be most justly blamed, and perhaps censured by none more than by himself. Weeding in time is a material tiling in culture, and stirring the ground al out plants, as also earthing uji where necessary, must be attended to..' Breaking the surface will keep the soil in Vol. VII.— No. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 39 liealth ; for when i; lies in a lianl or liound state, omiching showers run off, and tlie sahitary an- cannot enter. Weeds cxliaust the strength ot tlie ground, and if they are suffered to seed and sow themselves, may he truly railed garden sins. The hand and hoe are instruaients for the i)nr- ])Ose. Digging where tlic spa le can go, between the rows of plants, is a good in'-thod of destroy- ing weeds : and as it cuts off the straggling fihres of the roots, they strike afresh in numerous new shoots, and are thus strengthened. Deep hoeing is a good practice, as it gives a degree of fertihty 1.) tl'.e earth. MANURE. Manure is the great sinew of agriculture, as- money is of war : and the making the best of ev- ery advantage or opportunity for increasing the quantity of it, is one of the most prominent traits iu the character of a good farmer. Soundness of tlie lungs. — Dr.Lyons,of Edinburgh proposes an ingenious and practical test for trying the soundness of the lungs. The patient is direct- ed to draw in a full breath, and then begin to coiuit as far as he can, slowly and audibly, with- out again drawing his breath. The number of seconds he can continue counting is then to be carefully noted. In confirmed consumption, the time does not exceed eight, and is often less than six seconds. In pleurisy and pneumonia it ranges from ni}ie to fourteen seconds. But when the lungs are sound, the time will range as high as fron) twenty to ihirty-five seconds. It is delightful to see savages becoming civiliz- ed ; but it is deeply disgraceful and afflicting to see civilized persons becoming savage. Amongst tlie stock of jioultry, in the farm-yard ,jf Robinson, Esq. of Benningholme Grange, near Swine, is a hen of a most aspiiing character. Last year, iireparatory to incubation, she was ac- customed to ascend a lofty tree, and, having laid a number of eggs in an old crow's nest, succeed- ed in producing a young brood in that elevated station. The chickens were got down by means of a ladder, and reared in safety. In the i)rcsent summer the same hen cliraed up another tree, 'and laid her eggs (also in a crow's nest) in a situ- ation wholly inaccessible. She hatched her off- spring ; but, as it was impossible to rear a ladder to the height, the chickens, on attempting to quit the nest, t<;ll to the ground and were all killed. — /lull Packet. 11. Rush, Esq. Secretary of the Treasuiy, has advertised that the Revolutionary Claimants will be paid their halt-yearly pensions, agreeably to the Jate act of Congress, on and after the .3d of Sep- , -tember next. Prodigious.— We understand that the steam- boat North America left New York on Saturday lor this city, with 500 passengers ; and after all uiterniediate stoppages and changes, actually land- ed 380 on her arrival at this place. — Hbany Chr. Two signs were once opposite each other, at Philadelphia — thus inscribed — "James iSAo«"and " Jonathan FeH." The work shops in the State Prison were late- ly burnt. The fire was discovered about the time the convicts were returning to their cells and is supposed to have been communicated by some of them. pire, A small wooden box filled with saw dust in an office near Harper's Ferry, where no spark []3^ Sevfal Commurncatjo/is are on hand. Seeds for Fall Sowing. For sale at ihe New Eiigland Farmer Seed Store, a fresh sup- ply of various Grass Seeds— also a great variety of vegetable seeds for fall sowing, viz. Wline Portugal Onion, Slrasburg do. Silver skin do. Prickly Spinach and Dutch f 'ole for early greens —various kinds of leltnce, eairol. cucumber, cabbages, &c.— black Spanish or winter radish, &.c. all warranted fresh. Orchard Grass Seed — growth of 1828. .lust received at the New Englaiid Fanner Seed Store, No. i2 North Market Streol, '20 bushels of prime Orchard Grass Seed, raised, this seas .n, with the greatest care, by John Prince Esq.— warranted to be o.^ual in purilv to anv ever ofl'ered for sale ui New England. A supply of pure G'llman Wheat, raised by Payson Williams and i»Ir Winchester, is daily expected. H'tld Geese. For sale, five pairs of Wild Geese, two pairs three yea rs old Inquire of the subscriber. BENJ. J. PHILLIPS. Lynn. August J6, 1823^ For Sale, A Pull Calf live weeks old of the Short Horn breed, from the best Jnipoited Stock, both Sire and Dam, well known and high- Iv approved. Apply at this Office for price and particulars of pedigree. 41. August iO, 1 0:i8. Farmer TVanted. An inti-lligenl, capable man is wanted to take charge of a Farm a few nitlt's from the city. He must be able to produce un- doubted lelerences. as to his knowledge of the bosinc^s, habits of induslrv. \c. With one having the requisite qualifications an arrangemant might be made for taking the farm on shares. FOR S\I,E, An excellent Mare w itli her Colt, by the celebrated Horse Bell- found<'r. Also, a F?idl. two years old, by Denton— jierfectly kind and good tempered. Likewise, one full blood ftlerino Ram. one Ewe, and one Lamb. Apply at the office of the N. E. Fanner. 3t aug. 8 THE NEW AMERICAN GARDEA i R. A work with this title, compiled by the Editor of the New England Farmer, with the assistanceof a number ol scientific and Practical H..rticulluralisls in the vicinity of Boston nud New YorK, IS just published by J. H. Russei.l, Proprietor of the New England Farmer. The articles are arranged alpha- betically, and comprise the most useful \'egetabi.ks and Frcits which can be conveniently and economically cultivated in the climate of New England and the A:iddle States; as well as a Treatise on Flowers, and on Lvndscape or Picturesque Gardens, on the general management of the .Silh Worm, and the manufacture of Silk, rmd a Treatise on the culture of Grape Vines and the Str\wb.i:rrv. The ariiclf on Fruit Trees contains asi enumeranon ai d description of all the Ajiples- Pears. Pea'-hes, Cherries Pliinis, Nectarines, Aprict is, &c. &c. that can be raised to the most ativantage, and their relative lor- vvardness in bearing, which will be fi und to be of incalculable benefit to gentlemen in laying out orchards. Each of the above articles is furnished by geattenien practically acquainted witli the subjects on which tliey have written, A list of the contents of the work will be found in the New England Fanner lijr August 1. Hesides a faithful investigstiim of all the standard works on Gardening and Horticulture, recently putilished in England, and the '1 ransactions of the I^Oiidon Horticultural Society, the IMew American Garileiier is enriched by arliclesor extracts from the writings of the tlitlowing -\merican gentlemen : J. Armstrong, Jesse Buel. I,. P.artleti, L \V. ISriggs, Joseph Cooper, Wm ("oxe. J. G. I'oliin, T. Coulter. S. Deane, E. H. Derby, H. A. S. Dearborn. Doel. Drown, Jared Elliot. J, Ellis, O Fiske, Docl. Green. J. M. Gonrgas, R. Howard. T. W. Har- ris, T. Hubbard, L. .M'Kcan.J. Kenrick, John Lowell. H. Lit- tle. A. Landrnm, J. Mease, B M'Mahon. F. A. Michoux Wm. Moody. E. Preble, .f H. Powel, L Peterson, S. W. Ponierov, W. I). Peck. T. Pickering. B. Perley. A. Parmeutier. J. W. Proctor, S. G. Perivins, Prolessor Sav.Docl. J. SpotTord. Josiah Uuiiicv. James Thaehcr. fT. Treat,!. Tuck-r. R. Toohev, W. Wilsoi"!, N. Webster, J. F. Wmgate, J. \V. V/atkins, benjamin Wheeler. Price ,?L2o— Six copies for Sn.OO. Seeds for the West Indies. Merchants, masters of vessels, and others trading to the West Indies, can be furnished with boxes of Seeds, assorted, suitable for that mai ket, at from g4. to $5 per box. — Each box contains upwards of sixty different kinds of seeds, vegetable and orna- menial. in quantities sufficient for a common kitchen garden. — Likewise the greatest variety of seeds to be found in New Eng- land, bv Ihe pound or bushel, all warranted pure, and of the growth of 1827 , Farm IVanted. Wanted to purchase, or hire, on a long lease, from 150 to 300 acres of the nest land. lo< ated within thirty miles of Boston — for b-id b-en used for many days, was found to have 'which a fair price kM be given. Address '• P. D," Boston taken fire near- the bottom," the saw dust in the hrond. the post-office upper part was untouched. Blackstoiu: Canal.— The weather during a few 6t Aug Oat Meal, Oat Flour, Grafts, S,-c. Just received at the New England Farmer .Seed Store, a ! further supply of the above ardeles. viz. .SO barrels of fresh Gal weeks past has been favorable for the work of llie ni^gl (i^g bolted Oat Flour. Hulled Oats or Vermont Rice, Canal It is confidentlv expected that the whole Scotch Barley, &c. for sale in any quantities, wholesale or re- • „ t 1 J • Ki I. ,1 „ ^o„ fi.^<»-t «,,. ilail. Also a few cannisters of fine 0(J( F/OTir, neatly packed, will be rendered navigable by the day fixed foi | ^« '^ ^^^ ^^^_. ^■,„„i,ter. the Annual Agricultural Festival. - I Gunpowder, Ifc. Cure for the Dysentery. — It is probably not so Du Pom's Gun Powder, at 23 to SO cts. per pound— Shot— BaKs generally known as it should be, that boUed milk, "^'.^ -l':!--^^ SaTpetre-Blue Vitriol. .lished Ed- itor) is every day treated with less and less re- spect. It is attacked in the pulpit— lashed by the press — stouted liy wags — hated by farmers — exe- crated by the mechanics, and treated with rude- ness even by the soldiers themselves. In short, it ■finds little quarter e.vcejjt with idle boys, ronipiiisj girls, and members of the Legislature. Not long ago the follow ing conversation took place between Colonel Cantecuzena, a member of the Legislature anil Corporal Calabash — both officers of the Mas- sailiusetts militia. Col. — Well, friend Calabash, you've got a ris- ing.', post. Corp. — Why, yes sir — rather on the rise ; and as the militia system is falling, I may soon get to the to|i. Col Get to the to]) ! — what do you mean you tmgraceless reprobate ? You don't calculate, to mount over the heads of colonels, and majors, and the like, and get to the top without passing thro' the regular gradations of office. Corp. — I had no idea of mounting at all ; I was only tliiuking of waiting till the system come doum to me. Cul. — Eh ? — Then you will wait one while, by gorry — and you may as well hang up your whis- tle as to think of rising like a Ponux, on the ashes of our glorious and unparalysed militia system. Corp. — it is not altogether unparalysed, colonel ; on the contrary, it has met «'ith some pretty smart shocks, that have benumbed and crippled it most •severely. It is with great difficulty it can make a shift to stand, by the help of the Legislature. Col. — Harkee, corporal Calabash, I belong to that honorable body, and I advise you not to cast none of your slurs and back-handed illusions upon the coiToborated wisdom of the Slate, or |)ossibly you may be brought up for attemi)t of court. Corp. — I have been brought up by an attempt mising young officer like you, a corporal, enlisted against the militia system. Corp. — I am a promising fellow, it is true ; and as a proof of it, I ])romisc you on the word of a corporal, that I have very little ambition for the honor and glorv of a militia officer. So far from nermost portion of the brain, is compressed or in- jured, that life and intellect are affiicled. Except thou desire to hasten thine end, fake this for a general rule, that thou never add anj artificial heat to thy body by wine or spice, tmtii wishing to mount over your head, as you just now I thou fiiul that time hath decayed thy natural heat, mentioned, that I pray heaven your epaulettes may | and the sooner thou begimiest to help Nature, tlu cling to your shoulders, and your sword to you side, as long as the State continues in petticoats, and is pleased with mere military play-things. Col Though I sp.nke about sticking to the sys- tem, I had no idear of holding on to my commis- sion (brevor. No, I calculate soon to resign -my ejxiulcltcs and other bags of distinction, having al- ready spent a good thousand dollars in supporting them honorably. i Corp. — Indeed ! It is vastly tein])ting for a cor- ; poral to ])crsevere in the path of (iromotion ! — to i get honor enough to come to a thousand dollars ! But I take it mihtia honors will be less exjiensive belbre many years. The peojjie are wide awake, and fully resolved to get rid of so useless a burden. Col. — How do they calculate to get red of it, Mr. Corporal ? Corp. — By getting the law repealed. Col. — Exactly so. But harkee, Calabash, that is not so' easy a matter as some people imagine. I belong to the Legislater, and while I have a seat there, I'll do my best to keep iij) the old militia sjstem. Corp. — l'n«qual and burdensome as it is ! Col 1 don't care a snap for that ; I've spent a thousand dollars in its support, and Corp. — Never benefitted the country a thousand mills — I beg ]iardon for interrupting- you, colonel. Col. — Whether I've benefitted the country or not, I leave to my coustickuents to judge. But one thing I know, I've spent my money, and I'm determined others shall spend tlicir'n in the same way. Corp. — A noble principle that ! — and worthy of a Legislator ! ! Col. — Worthy, or unworthy, sir, it is the princi- sooner she will forsake thee, and leave thee alto- gether to Art. — Sir. W. Ralegh. Vegelahle Resuscitation. — A very old niulberrv tree was shattered in pieces by a storm of wind in 1790 ; afterwards, an elder tree, which grew, without doubt, from berries that luid fallen into the heart of the old mulberry trunk, usurped its place ; this elder tree died in 182G, and then — 36 years after the destruction of their parent stem — about a dozen of mulberry shoots started forth to the light of day. Many people say ripe fruit is always wholesome. But it is injurious to eat to excess even of good : beside, proportions of diflerent kinds of food are required. Fruit has very different properties, what- ever those projierties are, good or bad, they are most powerful when the fruit is ripe. Numerous Swiss emigrants remained at Ha\rf when the Olympian sailed, waiting a passage to the United States. AH the American vessels there could have a full compliment. We are informed some months since, that from eight to ten thous- and were arranging to emigrate, principally from the Canton of Bern. of court too often, and comiielled to march half a P^e "f a majority <,f the Legislater— of that honor- ilav witii a gun on my shoulder, a mere spectacle 1 able body, who are two thu-ds of them past and for boys— and all to gratify your Leeislative wis- I present mibfm ojicers, such as generals, colonels, dom, which is more lame than justice herself, and I majors, &c. all of whom have spent a great deal comes hmpmg along a mile behind the sense of >*' nioney in brushing up their regimentals, and the a^e. ' pohshing their weepons, and wetting their com- Col— The age has no sense— the people are I "ussions, and wish to strut about like so many start mad— as mad as a March mare. Wo should i I'uftbons, for idle boys to stare at, and never will have fine thnes, indeed, if our laws did'nt compel \ consent that others shall come off with a lighter ihe poor jieoplc to protect the propertij of the rich. But | burden than they. 1 cannot believe the people are "in airnest about ] Corp.— WeW, if the Legislature is composed of overthrowing our glorious and matchless mditia such men, it is time they had leave to stay at home, ■system. and the noncommissioned officers and privates will Corp.— Never boast of its being inatchkss, colo- !be apt to reserve the right of command, and say uel, for public opinion is preparing a match for it to them, at the ballot boxes— "to the right about that will be apt to blow it sky high, sir. Col. — Is it so near its end then, Calabash ? Corp. — It is even so. It has been trembling for some years, and now only survives to excite ridi- cule and reproach. Col.— Well, if it must go, I'll light for it till all Bitter Jilmonds. — Tlipse were considered bv th- ancients as of use to alleviate the evils of drunkei; ness. Plutarch relates iiat Drusus' pliysician (v/ho was a great drinker) took at every cup Hw bitter almonds, to allay the heat and fumes of the wine. Bitter almonds are held aperient, detersive and diuretic ; they are therefore recommended in obstructions of the liver, spleen, &c. Pliny states, that a decoction of the roots of the bitter almond- tree supples the skin, prevents wrinkles, and give:< a fresh, cheerful color to the countenance ; and that bitter almonds cause sleep, and create appe- tite. They were considered as a cure for chil- blains, as well as the bite of a mad doc. face ! March ! You're dismissed ! Loss of brains The present Duke of Manches- ter met with an accident, by which a piece of his skull was kicked away by a horse, with a por- tion of the brain also ; and yet his Grace has made is blue. Ay, sir, I'll stick to it to'tho'ust, as Lon- \ a very excellent Governor of a colony notwith- idas did with his three hundred Spaniards at the standing. It is now well known, that the outer, Straits of Trcmoppily ;_I'1I i:,-vcr, never give up "i", as it is called, the coHtcal part of the brain, is the ship by gorry. entirely devoid of feeling when in a natural ynd Corp.— Bravo"! colonel. ■ see a man ofliealthy state ; and that any portion of it may be vour ni' tile. lost by accident, (as in this instance) or by disease, Col.—A\, sir— I hope I am ,„> v.anting in the without any inteference with the intellect of the real military sperji, I ain asteiijshcd to find a pre- individrral. It . is only when the medullary, cr in- DISTKICT OF M.\S.SACHl/SETT.S, to wit: District Clerk's Offire. Be it remembered, Thai on the eiEhlepiiih Hay of July, A D. 1828, in ihe firty-lhird yt»nr of the liidcpeiKlen'ce of Ihe'Uniled Slales of America, J. A. Russell, o! the said dislricl, has dcpos- iicd in Uiis office the liile of a f-ook, the right whereol he claims as proprietor, in tho words follow iiig, to wit ; " The New American Gardener ; containing practical Direc- tions on he Culiure ol Fruiis and Vufetahles; lucludiiig Ladn scape and Orriiimenta! Gardeninff. (Jrape Vines, Silk, Straw- berries. &.C. &.C. By Thomas U. Fes.»ienden. Editor of the New England Farmer. " God Almighty first planteil a Garden ; and indeed it is the purest of human pleasures : it is the greatest refreshment to the spirits of man ; without which buildings and palaces are but gross handy-works — Bncon's Essays." In conformity to the act ol C'lmgress of the United States, en- titled, "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the coniesof maps, charts, and book, to the authors and proprie- tors o! such ci'pies during the limes therein nienlioned j" and also to an act. entitled. "An Act stippleinentar)' to an act, enti- tled. An Act for the eiicouragemeul ol learning, by securing the copies of maps, clirirts. and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies duiiiis: the times therein mentioned ; and extend- ing the benefits thereof to the arts of desiffniiig, engraving, and etch ng historical and other prints. JNO. W. DAVIS. Clerk of the District of Massac/iuseti£. Published every Friday, at ^3 per annum, payable at ilie end of the yc'\ ing spring. This I have witnessed in several instances — J. Yonell. 42 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August 29, 1828. quently selected as suitable for planting in burial HAY AND FODDKR. grounds, or to mark the existence of insulated ' Great losses are annually sustained in some tombs; and a tree of this species now droops its parts of llie United States in making hay, and in branches over the remains of that arbiter of em- others in curing corn blades, commonly culled fod- pires, Napoleon. From respect to the memory of der. Mine, in the course of many years, have, I Napoleon, branches have been plucked from this think, amounted to a moiety of the crops ; and tree, and planted in our American gardens, sever- most of the expedients 1 have resorted to, for a- al of which are now flourishing at Newport and voiding these losses, have been but partially beiie- at Providence, as well as at the establishment of ficial. Grass loses much b(/th in quantity and sub- , „ , ., rr,, ui- the author. A distinct species of Willow has, stance by an exposure to the sun in curjiig it, and number ot ornamental trees ? The public squares however, been dedicated to him b> botanists, un- fodder more, being thus exposed in .small bundles, and private enclo,suies of the city have been der the title of Safe M the branches of which are so slender and citable.. It has al«n. in latter vears, been fre- Here follows a letter from Mr. Knight, to Mr. Lowell, published in our last \o\. p. 323 Ed. ORCHARD GRASS. The following is the substance of a letter, writ- ten by a gentleman of Richmond, Va. to a distin- guished agriculturist of South Carohna, and pub- lished in the last number of the American Farm- Vol. VII.— No. 6. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 43 er. Tlie obsprvatioiis, thougli intciiilod for the Southern States, will, we believe, apply with little [ cultivated it lor nearly forty years, thinks it decid variation, in New England. The experience ot 1 ediy superior to timothy, and ^ives it the prefer- John Prince, Esq. of Roxhury, and of other New cnee to all others. Notwithstanding the we' whom you no doubt know by character, who Jias| tions from Judge Peters and others, published in ' ' .... . the early volumes of the American Farmer. England agriculturists, is favourable to orchard grass, and seems to sanction the encomiums, which it has received in the southern section of the Union : — Richmond, Va. August, 1828. Dear Sir — Yours of the 8th. ull. has been re- cnce to all others. Notwithstandin known prejudice of agriculturalists against all in- novations upon long estabUslied practice, and iheir almost uuconipierable repugnance to every thing like improvement, we find that the reputa- tion of tii is grass audits cultivation, wherever it has lieen introduced into a neighborhood, is most ceived, and I take pleasure in complying with your ; rapidly extending ; indeed, so great has been iiie request in giving you my " views in relation to the request for the seed, that for several years past most valuable grasses cultivated in this neighbor- ' the supply has been inadequate to meet the de- hood, witli my opinion as to those best adapted to mand. your soil and climate, and t!ic probability of your success in an attempt to grow them. As to the probability of its succeeding in your section of country, the soil of which you describe, For the last eight or ten years both my.self and as consisting " principally of a fine black mould or my neighbors, many of whom are amongst the loam, with a large proportion of sand to the depth most scientific, practical and observant farmers in of five or six inches," I can only state, that 1 have our state, have bestowed much attention and been never tried the orchard grass on such a soil, nor is at some exj)ense in the selection and cultivation there any of so light a descrijuiou in my neighbor- of those grasses generally esteemed the most val- hood ; but it is now cultivated on the eastern uable, and after a full and fair experiment of all shore of this state, the soil of which I should sup- such within our reach, we have been led to the pose very much to resemble 3ours ; it is also cul- couclusioii that the orchard grass (Dadylis glom- | tivated by a friend of mine on James Iliver, V a. trala) combines more valuable properties and pos- j whose soil and sub-soil answers precisely to the sesess superior advantages to any other. It is a- 1 description given of yoiu's ; he finds it to thrive bout ten years since the orchard grass was intro- ! well and thmks it a most valuable grass. From a duced into my neighborhood, and the experience fact of its resisting the parching droughts of our In conclusion, I would barely remark that if your state should (as from certain indications she now seems disposed) turn her attention to grazing stock and rearing sheep, I am convinced that in the orchard grass she would find that she had ac- quired a most important desideratum, and tliat it richly merits the reputation it possesses wherever it has been tried. It is hardly necessary for me to aild that if you should at any time hereafter wish any further information upon the subject, that it will give ine pleasure to furnish any which I may possess. I am with respect. Your obed't serv't, Hon. South Carolina. of every year increases our opinion of its value. For your information I will now state some of the valuable properties which induce us to give it the preference to the other. The orchard grass TO SAVE ORCHARD GRASS SEED. When the head has a whitish cast, and when shook, the seed drops, cut it with the sickle or cradle, lifting the grips out of the cradle ; handle grips or swarlhs as little as pos,sible ; therefore, neither bind them or shock them, but let them be gently gathered and carried into the barn floor in a sheet, by hand, (u- in a cart on sljeets spread in the bottom of the cart ; beat it out by grips, by striking the grips against any instrument ; for in- stance, a narrow plank, fastened either perpendic- ularly or horizontally, or by any other contriv- ance ; four strokes, generally, will take out all the seed without the chaff; riddle it ; the seed will suiumers, which for the last 6 or 8 years have almost invariably destroyed our clover and other grasses, 1 can hardly have a doubt of its proving a most important acquisition to your southern go through, the stalks, &.c. will remain in the rid- grows rapidly and upon soils too much exhausted 'country ; and the circumstance of its bearing .so file to be thrown away; lay down the beaten to bring clover, it resists the hoof and the tooth well the severity of our winters induces ine to be- firips in a pile till you clean up the floor, with the and bears the frosts of our winters and drought of our summers better than any other ; from this circumstance it affords the earhest and latest pas- turage : it is amongst the most nutritious food for fattening cattle and for milch cows ; for sheep pasture it is unequalled, as even in our climate it affords an abundant bite throughout the winter ; indeed I have for several years past supported my flock of sheep upon it exclusively, never givinjr lieve that in your climate it would remain in full butts even ; bind them in sheaves, to be cut and verdure throughout the year. I have cut from it mixed with chop, bran, shorts, &c. for feed to two^^rops of hay in the same season, and with ' stock. By this process, the hay is not lost, which you it will certainly bear more. would be the case by threshing, insteud of hoat- The usual tLiiie of sowing the orchard grass, ^"ig out the seed. Two men will clean 50 bush- here, is in the sj^tef^wlth oats, or on tlie wiieat els a day. or rye sown the preceding fall, or in autumn, at the time of sowing wheat or rye. We generally prefer sowing in the fall, i.ud with you it would them a moiithfid of any other food, except when unquestionably be best — as it would enable the a fall of snow rendered it inaccessible to them, grass to take such root, and get such a growth, and I have in the months of February and March that it would not be endangered by the hot sun killed as fine fat mutton off my orchard grass fields of the succeeding summer; if not convenient, it as you could desire to see ; this grass possesses might be sown alone without the coverhig cro)) Ji good teamster. — Mr. William Bradford has for three years and three months past, with a six horse team, freighted to Boston, for one Company in this village, (various kinds of country produce,) eighteen to7is, fifteen hundred, two quarters and nint pounds — has freighted merchandize from Boston, one hundred and Jiftif-eight tons, eighteen hundred, the remarkable peculiarity, that it does not, like of wheat or rye. In your soil and climate, I " "'' ""f'^f'" /""""'^ '' fp[ "''"^h he has been paid the second growth of every other grass, cause that should suppose that it would answer well to sow excessive flow of saliva which is so debilitating to it at anytime during the month of September, horses and other stocks; for land intended for' Octoi.er, or November, although I think the ear- permanent pasture, I should prefer it to any other, as I have never had occasion to renew a field which had been once sown with it ; while clover, timothy, and I believe every other grass require to be renewed every few years ; indeed from the fol- lowing fact, I should conclude that it would never (as farmers say) run out. Nearly thirty years a- go a lot near Ellicott's mills was sown with or- chard grass, and for several years fine crops of bay were cut from it ; however, from neglect, the fencing got out of repair, and the lot was turned out into the common exposed to the whole stock of t'le village for a number of years ; the proprie- tor again took the management of the propertv, a few years aio, and without sowins a grain of seed, has annually cut fine and hea\'}' crops of bay from it. For hay it is thought to be at least equal to timothy which has generally been esteemed our best grass. Judge Peter^ of Philadelphia (the president of fte^il^ladelphia Agricultural Society) lier ihe better. The crop of grass will be light the first season after it is sown, but you will find it to thicken very much afterwards. Since the general tailure of our clover crops, we consider die orchard grass as more fertilizing and improv- ing to the soil, than any other, from its thick cov- tiring aflording such complete protection from the (i-osts and sun. The quantity usually sown is li-om one to two bushels per acre. I should pre- fer the latter quantity, as the seed is light and chaffy. The period of cutting it here is about the middle of- June, but of course would be earher with you ; the proper time being when the seed is formed and is matured. I have thus (although imperfectly I fear) given vou my views in answer to the queries propound- ed in your letter, but for a more full and particu- lar sccount of the valuable properties of the or- ihard grass, than the compass of a letter would [>ermit, I would rf fer you to several communica- in cashybitr thousand eight hundred and twenty dot' tars. He has with the same team and during the same time, freighted to and from Boston, for the Strafford Copperas Company and others, 07ie hun- dred and eight tons, seven hundred, two quarters, and two pounds ; making an aggregate of three hundred and forty-nine tons, one hundred and tioo pounds. This has all been done with six horses without changing, with the exception of two horses for the last three months, averaging seventeen trips per year. His time of arrival and departure has been as regular as the United States mail stage. What is very remarkable, during all this time he has not drank a drop of spirits, wine, cider, or strong beer ; nor has he at any time moved his team on the Sabbath.— Montpelier, Ft. paper. use — It is said that geese maybe sidvanta- geously fed on turnips, cut in small pieces, similar to dice, but not not so large, and put into a trough of water. Learning is an ornament in prosperity, a refuge in adversity, .".ud the best provision in old age. 44 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, AufiU:,!, ^9, IS-iS- Directions for ihc Rearing of Silk Worms, and ihe Culiurt- j mid tixed to upright posts — they may be multi- of llie While Mullicrry Tree. Published by ihc PcunsyHan | pljed ^g re a regular heat day and night. The third day increase the heat to 66°, the fourth to 68°, the fifth to 71°, the sixth to 73°, the seventh to 75", the eighth to 77°, the ninth to 80°, the tenth, eleventh and twelfth to 82°. It is impos [To be eontinned.' From Fesscndeu's New American Gardener. boxes in a dry plape. But the flesh of the apple does not change hs nature in the drying ; and, therefore, the finest, and not the coarsest apples should have all this trouble bestowed upon them." The following valuable observations, contained in a letter from Noah Webster, E.sq. have been PRESERVATION OF APPLES Apples keep best in a low tem]>erature, and ' pyijjjgiigd in the Massachusetts Agricultural Re- may be well preserved in an ice-house. An Eng- \pository : sibie to expect regularity in hatching, if reliance | lish journal recommends the n.se of dry pit satid ! " It is the practice with some persons to pick be placed npou our variable weather ; and it is | for preserving pears and apples. Glazed earthen j.,|,p]eg in October, and first spread them on the the reffularitv of the worms coming forth, which jars are to be provided, and the sand to be thor- floor of an upper room. This practice is said to save much trou- oiighly dried. A layer of sand an inch thick is j^guje^ apples ,„ore durable by drying them. But , 1 can affirm this to be a mistake. Apples, after ' remaining on the trees as long as safety from the frost will admit, should be taken directly from the will insure their uniform growtn ble m feeding and attending those of various ages, and cause the whole or the greater jiart, to form their cocoons at the same thne, pro\ ided proper care be given during their progress. When the eggs assume a whitish hue, t!ie worm is formed : cover the eggs with white pa- per, (never uso a newspaper,) pierced full of hoU'S the size of a large knitting needle ; the worms above this a layer of trees to close casks, and kept dry and cool as pos- sible. If suffered to lie on a floor for weeks, lliey wither and lose their flavour, without acquir- ing any additional durability. The best mode of nreserving ajjples for sprhig use, I have found to tiieii placed in the bottom of the jar a layer of fruit, to be covered with sanil an inch thick ; then lay a second stratum of fruit, covering again with an inch of sand. An inch and a half of sand may be placed over the uppermost row of fruit. The jar is now to he closed, and placed in a dry situation, as cool as possible, but entirely free from frost. Some ;is- when hatched, will creep through them ; turn up sen that apples may be kept hi casks through the , :,e^ the putting them in dry sand as soon as pick- the edges of the iiaper to prevent their crawling w inter, in a chamber or garret, by being merely I ed. For this purpose, I dry sand in the heat of off. Lay t\vigs of the nmlberry, having two or covered with linen cloths. Apjjies, which are in- summer, and late in October put down the apples three dry and young leaves, on the paper, to col- tended for winter's use, should be suffered to i,, layers, with a covering of sand upon each lay- leet the worms, and more as they continue to ; hang on tlie tree as long as they are safe from ^ p,.. "The singular advantages of this mode ci" mount. For want of mulberry leaves, feed for a i b'ost. | treatment are these :— 1st. The sand keeps the short time upon lettuce leaves, perfectly tlry ; if ' Cobbett says, '-To preserve apples in their apples from the air, which is essential to their large, they should be cut in strips, and the mid-rib ' whole state, observe this, that /ros( does not much preservation. 2d. The sand checks the evapora- thrown a\vay : or still better, feed with the twigs ; injure them, provided they be kept in total dark- jjon or perspiration of the apples, thus preserving of the white mulberry tree, cut up fine. The !«««■' 'hiring the frost, and until they be used ; and in them their full flavour; at the same time, any worms fir.st hatched are the strongest : ncverthe- ' P'ovided they be perfectly drj/ when put away.— moisture yielded by the apples (and some- there less, if only a few come out on the first day, give 1 If l>"t together in large parcels, and kept from „iii be) is absorbed by the sand : so that the ap- them away, to save trouble, and depend upon I '-'"^ f'Oi^N tliey Afo', and then they ro« ; and those pies are kept dry, and all mustiness is prevented. those which appear on the second and third days. I ot them that happen not to rot, lose their tlavour^ jHy pippins in May and June are as fresh as when Give away also the produce of the fourth day, become vapid, and are, indeed, good for little, first picked ; even the entts of the stems look as and then tiie whole stock will go on regularly. If This is the case with the Newtown pippins that if just separated from the twig." it be wished to rear all that are hatched, endeav- ' are sent to England, which are half lost by rot, i Apples, it is said, may be well preserved by while the remainder are poor, tasteless stuft', very > packing in any kind of grain : also in paper cut- httle better than the English, the far greater part tings of the book-binder; or in shallow pits, be- of which are cither sour or mawkish. The apples tween layers of turf, the grassy side inwards. with a sufiicient covering of straw and turf to our to keep the produce of each day separate, by numbering the boxes and shelves. When the leaves on the twigs are loaded with worms, they are to be gently placed on clean stout white pa- per, laid on frames with crossed rattans, giving them a plenty of room. The shelves over which these frames should slide, may be lour feet square, * It is not necessary to scrape off ilie eggs from llie paper or j aloni upon the iiavements ;" they are put into the clolhonwhahtliey have been dcpostled. ! ' > j i thus sent have every possible disadvantage. They are gathered carelessly, tossed into baskets, and tumbled into barrels at once, and without any packing stuff between them : the barrels are flung into and out of wagons ; they are rolled protect them from frost ; likewise in dry gax-secd chaft', or pulverized plaster of, Paris. A letter from Ebenejew Preble, Esq. published in the Massachusetts Agricidlural Tlfpository, Vol. iv. No. i. p. 24, contains tba fgioVing uscild di- Vol. VII.— No. 6. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 45 rections on this subject :— •' The general method of gathering apples for cider, is, shaking the tree, and thrasliiug tlie branches with poles. The for- mer will answer when the fruit is at maturity ; they will then drop without injury to tlie buds. — Poles should never he used but with a hook at the end, covered with cloth or malts to prevent wounding the bark ; they then serve to shake the small hnihs. Particular attention is re(iuired in gathering winter fruit. They should be taken in the hand, the tiugers placed at the foot stalk, and, by bending it upwards, the fruit is gathered with case, and without injury ; they should be moved from the gathering baskets with great care," &c. 1 The same writer says, " The injudicious method . practised in gathering fruit, is more destructive in { its consequences, than is generally understood : ; the blossom buds of the succeeding year are plac- ed at the side of the foot stalk of the fruit, and if the spurs are broken, no fruit on that part will be produced." — See further, Fruit. Use. — For pies, tarts, sauces, and the dessert, the use of the apple is too well known to require description. In France, bread is made consisting of one third of boiled apple pulp, baked with two thirds flour, jjroperly fermented with yeast for twelve hours. This bread is said to be very fine, i'uU of eyes, and extremely palatable and light. — Apples, by furnishing cider, a grateful and salu- bnous liquor, liave a tendency to diminish the cousumptiou of ardent spirits. Besi!eb fortify a weak stomach. " Scopoli," says Loudon, " i-ecovered from a weakness of the stomach and indigestion from using them ; and they are equ.'d- )y efficacious, in putrid and malignant fevers, with the juice of lemons or currants." " In diseases of the breast," says Dr. Willich, (Dom. Enci/.) "such as catarrhs, coughs, consumptions, &c. tliey are of considerable service. For these ben- eficial imrposes, however, they ought not to be eaten raw, but either roasted, stewed, or boded. They may also be usefully employed in decoc- tions, which, if drank plentifully, tend .to abate febrile heat, as well as to relieve painful strictures in pectoral complaints." Apples have also been recommended as food for horses and farm stock, for which purpose .sweet apples are of the greatest value. — See JV. E. Farmer, vol. v. p. 82. Sweet apples are said, likewise, to afford a saccharine matter, which is a good substitute for molasses. For this purjiosc the apples are ground and pressed in a cider mill, and the juice boiled immediately, the scum being taken off till it is reduced to a proper consistence. The following process lor making apple jolly has been recommended : — Pare and quarter t!ic apples, and remove the core conipletely. Then put them into a pot, and place it in a heated oven, or over a slow fire. When well stewed, squeeze oiu the juice through a cloth, to which add a little of the white of an egg. Itoil it to a proper con- sistence, skimming just before it begins to boil. BENE PLANT, (Sesamvm Orienlale.) Mr Editor — The mucilage obtained from the leaves of this plant has proved very benelicii;! in some of the middle States, in the summer com- plaints of children, and was administered success- fidly last season to upwards of two hundred per- sons at the Pavilio.n. The seeds of the Bene or Sesamum are a great article of food in Egypt and the East, and furnish an oil said to be superior to that of the olive The magic power of the word Sesame, will always be remembered by those who have read the Arabian Tales. Doctor James Smith, of the Vaccine Institu- tion, Baltimore, says, " one leaf of this plant im- mersed in a tumbler of sjiriiig water, changes it immediately into a fine mucilage, that is ])erfectly clear, tasteless and inodorous, and very useful in the summer complaints of children, the dysentery, &c. Sick children take it as they would ])ure water, and as it is perfectly imiocent, they may be allowed to take as much of it as they like." The leaves of this rare and v aluable plant may be obtained gratis at the PAVILION. THE SHELTON OAK. This stately tree stands on the road-side, where the Pool road diverges from that which leads to Oswestry, about a mile and'a iialf from Shrcws- biu-y ; whose spires form a pleasing object in the distance ; whilst above them, the famous moun- tain called the Wrekin, lifts its head, and inspires a thousand social recollections, as the well known toast that includes all friends around its ample base is brought to mind by the sight of its lofty summit. The appearance of the Shelton oak, hollow throughout its trunk, and with a cavity towards the bottom, capable of containing half a score of persons, sufficiently denotes its antiquity. Tradition informs us that just before the famous battle of Shrewsbury, June 12, 1403, headed on one side by Henry Percy, surnanied Hotsi)ur,Ovven Glcndowcr, the i)owerf^ul Welch chieftain, and the firm adherent of the English insurgents, ascended this tree, and from its lofty branches, then most probably in the full pride of their vi,';ur, reconnoi- tercd the state of the field ; when finding the king was in great force, and that the Eirl of Northunr- hcrland had not joined his son Henry, he descend- ed from his leafy observatory with the i)rudeiit resolution of dechning the combat, and retreated with his followers to Oswestry. The great age of the Shelton oak, thus jiointed out by the tradition which connects it vvitli the name of Glendower, is likewise attested by legal documents belonging to Richard 11. Waring, Esq. whose ancestors jiosses.sed lands in Shelton and the neighborhood, in the reign of Henry III., jiro- bably deriving them from Waring, son of Athlet, a Saxon, who had land in the market place of Shrewsbui-y before the use of dates was known. Among this gentleman's title-deeds is the follow- ing paper, subscribed, "per me Adam, Waring," and entitled, "how the great oak at Shelton stan- deth on mye grounde." [Here follows the tran- script]. This extract will suffice to prove that the Shelton oak was esteemed a grea< one within one hundred and forty years of the battle of Shiov.'s- bury, and an object of remark to old j)eople long before that period. The circumference of this tree at one foot and a hall' from the ground, is Ihirty-sevcn feet ; and at five feet fi-om the ground, it is ttvenly-six feet. From lliC American I-'anntr. TO PREVENT THE DESTRUCTION OF BEES, BY THE BEE-MILLER. Devun's Fernj, Balk Co. N. C. July 8, 1828. Mk SKiNNEii. — Understanding that you are th« publisher of a jiapcr exclusively devoted to domes- tic industry and intelligence, and through which every subject uiion domestic economy can be, and- is readily connuunicatcd to the jpublic ; I tcke the liberty, through the advice of a friend, of making known to you, for [lublication, (should you think proper to publish the same,) my method of p)-e- venting the destruction of that useful insect, the Bee, by what is usually called iho Bce-miUer, or Bee-worm. I have, sir, for many yeais, been the raiser of bees, and was at one time nuich troubled with the bee-worm ; but, upon examination, I found they always bred between the bench u[ion which the hive sat and the bottom edges of the hive. I first adopted the method of having the bottom edges of the hive brought to so small a point or edge as to afford them no shelter; but now, during the warm season, I raise the hive by placing small sticks aroimd under the hive, so as to raise it, say about half an inch from the bencli, which I take out during Avinler or the co'd months. And I can say, sir, that for many years I have seen nothhig of I he bee- worn), uiid that my stock of bees have increased as fast as I can or could wish. Yoms, &c. MILEY HAMILTON. B.\RM, OR YEAST. Dr Townson, in his " Travels in Hungary," gives the following recipe for making a ferment, which may be used as a substitute for yeast in the composition of bread. " The ferment is thus nvdCc : Two gccJ hand- fids of ho];3 are boiled in four quarts of water • this is poured upon as tnuch whealen bran as can be well moistened by it ; to tills are added four Oi- five pounds of leaven ; when this is only warm, the mass is well worked togetlier to mLv t.he dif- ferent parts. This mass is then put into a warm place for twenty-four hours, and after that it is di- vided into two small pieces about the size of a hen's egg or a small orange, \,iiich are dried by being placed i.pon a board and exposed to a dry air, but not to the sun : when dry they are laid by for use, and may be kept half a year. This is the ferment, and it is to be used in the following manner ; for a baking of six large loaves, six good- handfuls of these balls are taken and dissolved in seven or eight quarts of warm water. This is poured through a sieve into one end of the bread trough, and three quarts more of w arm ^vater are |)oincd through the sieve after it, and what re- mains in the sieve is well pressed out : this liquor is mixed uj) with so much flour as to form a mass of the size of a large loaf: this is strewed over with flour, the sieve wiih its contents is put upon it, and then the whole is covered up warm, and left till it has risen enougli, and its surface has begun to crack ; this forms the leaven. Then fif- teen quarts of warm water, in which six handfuls of sah have been dissolved are poured throueh 46 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, August 29, 1828. the sieve upon it, and the necessary quantity of flour is artdeJ, and mixed and kneaded with the leaven ; this is covered up warm, and left for about an hour. It is tlien formed into loaves, which are kept in a Vvarni room half an liour ; and after that they are put into the oven, where they remain two or three hours according to the size. The great a(ivaiitap;c of this ferment is, tliat it may be made in great (juantities at a time, and kept tor use." nf:w en"glard farmer. BOSTON, TRIDAY, AUGUST 29, 1828. Extrat-i oi a leuer lo ihe Editor of the New England Farmer from a gcmlciiinn, who has been advantageously f, nown io llip jVniencan public by several useful works on scienliiic subjects. TREATISE ON BEES. Dear Sir, — Since I had the pleasure of seeing you last, I have made considerable progress in the investigation of the subject of bees. By the help of reading, corresjiondence, and my own observa- tion, I shall (I think) be able in a few months to produce a small work entitled "..3 Practical Trea- tise on the Management of Bees, and the Establish- ment of Apiaries, Sfc." Such a work in a cheap form is very much wanted in our country, and I am surprised that it has been so long neglected. We fully coincide with the \yriter of the above, that a treatise of the kind he proposes is much wanted : and wi; know of no person from whom a better work could be anticipated than what this gentleman lias means and talents to enable him to produce. — Editor. declare the premiums which had been awarded by the Society for excellence in the several arti- cles enumerated below. The address we hope soon to present to our readers. — Patriot. Yellow Locust. — The culture of this valuable tree has been recently prosecuted with great suc- cess in various parts of New Eng-land. A gen- tleman in Brunswick, Me. writes us as follows : — "The four ounces of Yellow Locust seed purchas- ed at tlie New England Farmer office last au- tumn, has done finely, as well as all the other seeds pur. hosed of you. I have now over 1000 collie of your readers. Locust Trees from this seed, some four feet high, doing well on the sandy plains of Brunswick." We are hajipy to learn that the Hon. Judge PiT'.iAN has accepted the invitation to deUver an Address lo the Riiode Island Agricultural Society at their next anniversary. — Tiiis Society has been distinguished for the excellence of its Addresses. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. GRAFTING. Mr Fessende:* — I have seen some remarks in your papers as to grafting, which [jropose a wide course of experiment on this subject. There are some singular instances of the su]>iiort of vegeta- ble life, by this process, which seem opposed to those general laws which have been supposed to govern the vegetable kingdom. If we reason from analogy, as relates to the animal kingdom, it is wisely so ordered, by immutable, eternal laws, that the succession of beings of the same species is preserved separate and unmixed. Nothing un- natural can be continued ; or, in other words, " monsters do not propagate." As to many proposed experiments, as well as to some that are at present ]>romising, it would be well to withhold too strong an expectation. On the (|umce the pear is engrafted. This pro- duces what is called the Dwarf. But of several hundred, I believe I may say, that I have import- ed, I have scarcely one that promises anything, if alive. The Borer is fond of, and fatal to them, so much so, that almost all that have been imported, or propagated, have nearly disajjpeared before this voracious devourer. So also as to the Thorn, I must think it a mis- take that the pear thri"-=s on this stock, 1 have in so many instances found the contrary effect to take place. In all cases, though, the pear grafts thrive for one, and at most two years, it is then too scan- j tily supplied, and the grafts perish, apparently for { want of nutriment. I do not wish, however, to discourage a zeal, : which if it fail in its main object, must yet in its progress do much probably to enlarge or fix the boundaries of knowledge. I atn bound, too, to state one experiment, acquired in the very path- way of your correspondent, which will be new to About thirty jears ago, I FOR THE NEW ENGLAMU FAKIHER. THE BORER. Mr Fessenden — For several years I have been in the practice of destroying the borers in my ap- ple, quince, and mountain ash trees, as recom- mended by a Committee of the Mass. Ag. Society, and published in Thacher's Orchardist, by the free use of the Chisel, though it has given me pain to think no method had been devised to destroy the worm without greatly injuring the tree by the operation. I have at last discovered a way to ex- tract the borer, which is so natural, simple, and expeditious, that I am astonished it has not been thought of before. It is tliis, — Open the bottom of tiie hole (which is easily discovered by the ap- pearance of powdered wimd) with a knife, and in- sert a wire, sharpened, and bent into a small hook, and you will soon draw out this destroyer of trees, even if he has jjenelrated a foot or more into the wood. Remarks by the Editor. — The notice of our res- pected correspondent, relative to his mode of destroying the Borer, will, no doubt, prove useful, and he will please to accept of our thanks for his coiinnunication. The use of a wire for the e.xtir- pation of insects of this description, has been be- fore recommended by John Prisce, Esq. of Rox- bury, see N. E. Farmer, vol. ii. page 342 ; also Deaiie's I E. Farmer, page 363. In the New England Farmer, vol. iv. page 382, is the follow- ing Editorial article : " LOCUST TREE BORER. A horticulturist tells us that he has preserved his Locust Trees against the borer which has al- most annihilated that fine tree in this part of the country, by first probing the holes made in the tree by the insects with a small flexible wu-e, a little hooked or curved at the end introduced into the tree. With this he destroys or extracts as many of the worms as possible. He then with a small syringe, injects into their holes strong soap suds, which puts a finishing hand to their destruc- tion." The Annual Cattle Show, Exhibition of Manu- factures, and Ploughing Match, of the Worcester Agricultural Society, will be held in the town of Worcester, on \VednesJay, the 8tli of October. EXIHBITION OF THE NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY. On Tuesday last, notwithstanding the great heat of the weather, the Halls over the New Fan- euil Hall Market were thronged with visiters to witness the exhibition of manufactures under the ausjiices of the PJew England Society. Between! engrafted a number of apple trees with pear grafts. In most cases the graft projected on one side, and they did not generally unite so as to re- commend the practice. It was otherwise with one, however, which united well, and for fifteen or twenty years produceil an abundance of fine St. Michael jiears as could be had. I have often surprised my friends when they praised the pears, by telling them they grew on an apple tree. There are cases where stocks may be benefi- cially selected for grafting or budding in the way alluded to — say of the almond for the peach. So also some have taken for like use the plum stock. The almond is very hardy, and no insect at present meddles with them. It is otherwise with the ]iluin of late. Of the ahnond, I raise several bushels, and will give you what you may wish, if needed, for distribution hereafter. I have little knowledge of Horticulture, my at- Remedy for ffhooping Cough. — The follow- ing has been recommended for this conqilaint, which is now connnon : — Take equal portions of new milk and the lye strained from the ashes of hickory [white walnut] bark, of which one table spoonful may be given ever)' hour through the day to a child seven years old. nine and ten o'cbck, Gov. Lincoln, who is Presi- [ tention being devoted as far as time will admit, to dent of the Society, entered the centre hall, at- my farm. But there are some of your correspon- tended by the members and several distinguished 1 dents whose practice has been thorough ; and if strangers, among whom were Gov. Coles of Illi- nois, Mr Stlvemson of Yirginia, Speaker of the U. S. House of Representatives, and Gen. Mor- ton, of New York. After a very interesting ad- dress to the Society, the Governor proceeded to not so, there are some, I perceive, who do not mean any thing should be lo.st for want of zeal and application. I am, sir, yours, Dorchester, Aug. 26, 1828. J. WELLES. ,See .^V«■ England Fanner, vol. vi. paye 4IM. POWER OF HABIT. In regard to food, it is very certain that habit can raise us above the standard of ordinary men. " Meat and drink to which we are accustomed" says Hippocrates, " agree with us, though natural- ly pernicious ; but not those aliments to which we are unaccustomed, though naturally whole- some :" and henceforth he concludes, that it is more beneficial to adheie to the same sorts of food than to change them abruptly, even though wc substitute better in their stead. Alexander the Great, when in India, found it necessary to forbid his army the use of wholesome food because it carried off the men, owing to their not being ac- customed to it. So true is the (observation of Cel- sus, that " whatever is contrary to their habits, whether it be hard or soft, is prediidicial to halth." Liban informs us that the Ethiopians eat scor- pions, and Mercurialis states that the West Indi- ans eat toads ; neither of these facts is without a Vol. VII.— No. 6. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 47 parellel in Europe. At Padua and Rome there were two children who ate scorpions, and a girl took pleasure in eating frogs, lizards, serpents, mice, and all sorts of insects. Another nte live lizards and caterpillars witli pe|)pt'r and vinegar. Of spider eaters, who grew fat upon those disgust- ing insects, we could collect half a dozen instan- ces from (liferent writers. Galen relates of an old woman, that she had gradually habituated her- self to make a meal of hendock ; and Sextus Em- piricus assures us, that there liave been persons who have taken tliirty drams of that poison with- out iujur^-. A student at Halle accustomed him- self ou purpose to arsenic, which he took with his food, from a boy ; and though it at first occasioned vomiting, yet in time he could bear a considera- ble quaniity. Hence it is evident, how one who habituates himself needlessly to physic, breaks down the bridges which, in case of emergency, might carry hmi in safety over the abysses of dis- ease.— jVew Monthly Mag. Remedy for Cholera Morbus. — A friend assures i us that the Ibllovvmg simple prescription for Uys- | entery or Cholera iMorbus, lias been frequently tried, and, when made use of in season, with uni- form success : —To half a tumbler of vinegar add as much fine salt as tiie vinegar will dissolve, and take it fasting. It will operate as a cathartic, and, if the stomach be (juite foul, as an emetic likewise. The Vulture's power of Sight. — Professor Licli- enstein remarked when travelling in South Africa, that if an animal chanced to die in the very midst of the most desert wilderness, in less than half an hour there was seen high in the zenith, a number ot minute objects descending in spiral wheels, ami increasing in visible magnitude at every revolu- tion. These are soon discovered to be a flight of vultures, which must have observed from a height, viewless to the human eye, the dropping of the animal immediately marked out for prey. Derivation of pony.— One of the literati was puz- zling Ins brains about the derivation of pony, when a by-stander quaintly observed, "Sir, I am aston- ished you don't know what a pony is derived from." — "Why," said the man of learning. "Be- cause," said the other, "every body knows that a pony is derived from a little horse and a little mare." At Springfield, a young man has been fined $10, and the costs were $12 — total 22 — lor taking some apples from a farmer's orchard. Not being able to pay, the young man was committed to prison. The Nova Scotian of last week, contains a long article on the subject of Geology, in reference to a paper which has been published by Messrs. Jackson & Alger, two scientific American gentle- men, who have recently visited this Province, for the purpose of examining its geological and min- eralogical productions. We rcjieat the hojje, that some effort will now be made, to form a Geological Society. Tliis Province abounds in minerals and other valuable substances, to which the altention of such an In- stitution might be profitably directed ; and the in- dividual amusement and instruction that could thus be aii'orded, would be ample and unfailing. Halifax paper. INTEMPERANCE. I will make a suggestion to a portion of the community who sutler more, perhaps, from the evil, than all others. I mean wives and mothers. Would you know how to mitigate the evil ? First, then, never offer a dro]) of ardent spirit to a child, as you value your future comfort. The deplorable habit of intemperance is, I liave no doubt, contiacted in thousands of instances in the years of infancy and youth, merely fiom bavins the dregs of flip and toddy, which the father anil perhaps the mother have been comfortably enjoy- ing; and perhaps as many more have been seduc- ' " '■'''ai'S'e "" l'"i-"wERs,a[Kion Landscape or l'icruBi.siiut liyAn article on the culture of the Rasplm-ry is deferred till next Thacher's Orchardist. Just rercivecf ai ilie New England Farmer Seed Slore, No. 0-2 North Market Street, a furlhe- supply of The Atnerican Orchardist; or a practical treatise on the cul- ture and manag:emeiit of apple and otlier fruit trees, with oh- servalions on the diseases lo which they arc liable, and their remetiies. To whtrh is added the inost improved inelbod of manufacluring and preserving cide-, anil also wine from apple juice and currants. Adapted to the use of ."Vmerican farmers, and all lovers and cultivators ol fine fruit. By James Thachor, M. D Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences j Honorary Member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and oi the New York Jloriiculiiiral Society, &c. Second edition, much improved. I'rice gl.OO. Seeds for Fall Sowing. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, a fresh sup- ply of various Grass Seeds — also a great variety of vegeiaMe seeds for fall sowing, viz. While I'ortugal Oiiioii, Straslmrj do. SiKer skin do. Prickly Spinach and Dutch f?ole for early gl"eeiis — various kind^> of lettuce, carrot, cucumber, cabba-:r^s,^Vc. black Spanish or winter radish, &c. all warranted fres-li. Orchard Grass Seed— growth o/182S. Just received at the New England Farmer Ssed Store No 52 North Market Street, 20 bushels of prime Orchard Grass Seed, raised, this seas m, with the greatest care, by John Prince Esq.— warranted to be' equal in purity to any ever offered for sale in .New England. A supply of pure Gilman Wheat, raised by P,ayson VVillianis and Mr Wii.ehester, is da'dy expected. For Sale, A Bnll Calf five weeks old of the Siiori Horn breed, from ihe best Imported Slock, both Sire and Dam, well known and high- ly approved. Apply at ihis Oflice (or price and pariicuiaifof pedigree. 4t. August 20, IBIS. Farm Wanted. Wanted to purchase, ov hire, on a long lease, from 150 lo 300 acres of the best land, located within thirty niilos of iiosloii— for which a fair price will be given. Address •'■ P. D." Bosuni through the posl-office. 6t Au". 1 JVild Geese. For sale, five pairs of Wild Geese, two pairs three years old inquire of the subscriber. BElNJ. J. PHlLLll'S Lynn, August 16, 182S. THE NEW AMERICAN GARDENKR. A work with this title, compiled by the Editor of the New England Farmer, with the assistance o( a iiiimber of scientific anu Practical H.prticulturalists in the vicinity ol Boston and .New York, IS just published by J. B. Russell, Proprietor of the New England Farmer. 'I'hc articles are arranged alpiia- beiically, and comprise the most uselul Vecetaelks aii.i Fruits which can be conveuienily and economically culiivaied ■n the climate of New England and the .Hiddle States"; a; HulVs Trusses for Hernia or Rupture. Dr Amos G. Hull, feels a coufnli nee in furilier illustrHting the novelty and e.\celleiice ol his invention. Having devoted many years to the science and pi aclice of surgery, it affords bim a pleasure in having brougf.l into successful operation, a new and improvea instrument for so painftd and dangerous a disease as Hernia. Vaiious kinos of Trusses haveol late been constructed, embracing tlie principles which belong exclusively to l>r Hull's inxention ; among these are the " Spiral Spring Tru.sses," of P.eiar Farr and .ies>e R. iluvey. These trusses are in imitation of Dr Hull's, though much less uerfeci instru- ments, as has been abundantly euiiced by tlii* experience and opinion ol llie most eminent surgeons m the country. Dr Hiiil takes tins opportunil) to caution all persons against an infringei:ieiitof his patent, (he validity ot wh-ch has been fully established by judicial decisions and particularly m his suit against Rogers, tried at the In.st term of the Circuit Courl of the United States. In that case. Judge 'I"l,ompson ch-trgerl the jury, '■ that the exceptionstaken to die plaiiiiifl''s patent, were without (oundation ; that the speeiticatioii wa?* in a:l resjiecls sufficient and legal; that the ini'cntioii of the plaimlfl'was one of g eat utility; tlie useluluess and noveliy of which had been established by Physicians and Surgeons of die highest respecta- bility. That it appeared very hilly m evidence, That iliis inslru- mcnt was of the greatest value in surgery ; had been ihe means of effecting cures, in cases wher*- the art had fa;! d before ; had enabled peisons afflicled with the "Isease of riipiure lo pursue their business and labours w.thout uicon^ e .lence ; and in fact,. ils invention had formed a new era in the treatment of the dis- ease ; that the instrument sold by the defendant, ihc one known as Mr. Fan's, and the other as .*(r. Hovey's trusses, were in- fringements of Dr. Hull's patent v' and the jury, in that ease, lirouglil in a verdict for the plaintifT, and the damages were tre- bled by the court, with costs. A large supiily of the above Trusse.J are received, and for sale, by EBENEZER WIGHT, Druggisl— Jlilk st. opposite Fedcral-st. — Agent for Hoslon. tt Aug 29 PRICES OF COLWTRY PRODUCE. Corrected every Thursday. ed into the habit by the misguided prescription of a dose of ruin and molasses, to reheve a triflina pain. If you wish your husband to abandon the use of it, never use any yourself; and never let a day pass without having plenty of beer, or some other beverage in yC'ir cellar, which he can have as a substitute. He ; -t be fixed in his habits indeed, if he did not tah '^it instead of having re- course to the rum bottl. ^ Gardens, on the general inanagetiieiit of the Silk WoTui, and the manufacture of Silk, and a Treatise on the culture oi tjRAPE ViNKs and the Strawbkkrv. The article on Fruil Trees contains an enumeration aed description of all ibe .\pples- Pears, Peaches, Cherries. Plums, Ni^clariiies, Apriii-ts. i.-.c. &,c. Ihat can be raised lo the most advantage, and their relative lor wardness in bearing, which will be fii.lid lo be of incalculable benefit to gentlemen in laying out orchards. Each of the above articles^ is furnished by gentlemen practically acER, [accordiiis toom in the gardens. The early fruits have disai)])ear- ed, and plants are now in season. Vegetables of all descriptions are abundant: but what surprises Husbandmen, ■manufacturers, and tradesmen. — He me is, with the finest soil and extensive pasture, who expects to find the husbandman flourishing, t^o little care is taken of it that butter now sells while the manufucttirers arc out of employ ; or for 25 and 31 cents a ])ound : and the greatest the tradesman, on the other liand, in prosperity, ' portion of supply is brought from the state of while the former is in distre.ss, "let him," as Fuller New York, aixl 31 cents per pound paid for it.— says, "try whether one side of his fticc can smile, I was told that forty covis would produce twenty while the other is perished ." : foiu- pounds of biUter a week ! There must be — — gross mismanagement some where. 1 observe German musicians.— The itinerant nausician.s in ,],g planters daily hauling corn out of their plan- Germany, who go about the country in small bands ,.,jio„g to feed their hands and stock ; this comes like wandering troubadours, arc a class so clever i c.g,,, „p ^^g ,.iver a considerable distance. Tliey, and eminent in their way, as to deserve notice, j believe, pay attention to nothing but cotton, aiid For a few florins these poor fellows will amuse j p^^pj^j^gp every thing else, instead of raising it. — you with such an exhibition of tone and skill, as jj strikes me as poor economy, when it is ohserv- " " ' ■'■•'•■ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^j^^ ^^.^jj ^g employed to haul a load of corn, wbicli four ought easily to carry ; and when too they travel at a snail's gait, to suit the particidar cotivenience of the driver, and indulge him in his lazy disposition. HO YEN OK SWOLN CATTLE. The iriornate •dgrano ^'oscuno, communicates a remedy against the ilangcrous etlecls to which cattle are liable trom too tree liieding un clover, and some other vegetables f sinular qualities. — It consists in a solution ot ammonia, to be given in a quantity of water sutlicieiit lo enable the ani- mal to swallow it with ease. One glass is gene- rally found etteclual. Should it be louiid other- wise, a second is to be given at the e.\piratioii of halt an hour. Ample testuiiony is adduced to siiow the value ol the presciiptiou. iL/= It has beep asserted itiat a solution of pot- asii, pearl-ash or a strong ley made by leaching- aslies will answer the purpose of the above pres cripdon. — EurroB iM. E. Farmer. FiriH Xi^&ii Ari A MAiNIjKE. All the parts of tisU shell lisn and all other — are excehent mauures. They may be used, eith er salteU or fresh ; salted fish are generally con- siUered the best. The ottals of tish, and fish th;i! are spoilt for eating, may he converteil to this uso . but they are most useful when used as an ing-redi- eiit in compost. They are so sti'oiig a manure, tiiat it has been said one single alewite will ans- wer as a shovel-luli of the best dung, in produc- ing inuiaii corn. But tiiey cause land to exert it sell so much, that it will be apt to grow poor, un less care he taken to prevent it. Onions for Sale. Six hundred bushels of prime Unions, (White Portngai.iand Straw t "oioured) raised by a gentleman in Ihis vicinity . arc of- fered (or sale, to traders and others, by the bushel or barrel, on very advaniageous terms. Enquire at the iNew England Far- mer Seed Store. Aug 2a would set up an English artist of the first water. They are a set of poor, Init merry companions — with as little discord in their social intercour.se as disturbs the harmony of their instrutuents. Hap- py, in spite of thread-bare coats, and sun-burnt faces but witii a gentility of mind, much super- im- to people of their class. It is no wonder that when we are prodigal of nolliino- else, when we are over-thrifty of many things whicli we may well spare, we are very prodigal of our time, which is the only precious jewel of which we cannot be too thrifty, because we look upon it as nothing v/ortli, and that makes us not care how we spend h. The laboring man ■ilid the artificer knows what every hour of his time is worth, what it v.ii! yield him, and parts not with it, but for the fail vahie : they are on- ly noblmieii and gpndniicu.. who should know The Potato Onion, lately introduced into this country, will be a most valuable acquisition to ^Ljardeners, as it is known to produce in equal a- bundance to the potato, from which it derives its name ; never fails, as the severe frost has no ef- fect on it. — Dublin Correspondent. Miss Betsey Smith, a young lady who is em- ployed in a cotton mill at Hooksett, N. H. wove, on the 8th inst. one hundred and seventy-eight yards of good shirting in thirteen hours on five looms ; the yarn No 16, the cloth 7-Sths yard wide. DISriUCT OF MAS.SACHUSETTS, ;o u-it : Disii-icl Clerk's Office. Be it remembered. That on die eighleenih ard full of good manure. I will also recommend In the first place, every laudliolder who tills the ground sliould be very curefid to jirovide and make nianuro by all possible means in his pow- er; and thi-i he may do to a considerable ex- tent. He should provide himself v,lth as much fodder as will winter more cattle than he can summer ; and this is done' in the following manner : Cut yoAir oats when the straw is green in part ; let them lay and cure in the swath until they are sufficiently dry not to mould : bind them in sheaves, and stack them. When they are threshed, the farmer will find that his oats will thresh to greater advantage attention (laid to the hog-pen, and as much litter, wi-eds and refuse from the garden and yards, as can be procured, and by a careful mixture of some good black earth, the quantity of manure may be swelled to a large amount. As almost all land- holders have on their farms ponds or swamps, that are niirey, I will recommend that they draw out, in the month of August, when most sv/amps are dry, a large quantity, and put it in a heap, and there let it lay until the next spring, when it will he fit to put on corn in the hill, and will have a very great effect. If, after the operating of the fljglfrost on the heap, the compost sliould crumble. light oats sticking to the straw, makes it good fodder, and I consider it of as much value as will pay the expense of raising the oats. Second-ly, give up the old method of cutting your top •talks; and when your corn is suffi- ciently hard, or when you cannot find an ear soft enough to boil and eat, then proceed to cut and stout yositr corn in the field, in the follow- ing manner : Bring the tops of two hills togeth- er, without catting ; bind ,hem Vv'ith a few sjiears of straw : theii cut and set up about enough to mal Societies of females, for literary or benevolent purposes, might improve the same opportunities, to give interest to their meetings, and greater ef- ficiency and usefulness to their exercises. Besides exercises fitted to the pursuits or the wants of particular classes of society, others of a more general or popular character may be intro- duced, such as popular lectures on the sciences, or any other subject of useful knowledge and common interest ; and these either by a citizen or citizens, or by some one employed from abroad for the plirpose. SILK. First Age — that is, until the worjis have PASSED TUEIR FIRST MOULTING, OR CHANGED THEIR FIRST SKIN. (Continued from our last.) The aiiartment must be light, but the sun must not shine on the worms in any stage. Feed the worms with the most tender leaves, four times a day, allowing six hours between each meal ; give the smallest quantity for the first feed- ing, and gradually increase it at each meal be- tween the moultings. In about an hour and a half, the silk worms de- vour their portion of leaves, and then remain more To strengthen and faeihtate the operations of ^^ ]„gg quiet. Whenever food is given, widen the the several branch Lyceums, all in a county are | gpacgg for them ; scattered food may be swept in- to be united by a Board of Delegates, who are to , ,q [(g place. meet semi-annually, to adopt regulations, and for- 1 Experiments may be made as to the compara- ward measures for the general and mutual bene- j ,jyg advantages of using chopped, or whole young " " ' " leaves. If chopped, a sharp knife must be used, to prevent the leaves from being bruised, and fit of the whole. A County Lyceum is intended also to adopt measures for the benefit of scliools in their district — to collect facts respecting their state and their wants, suggest improvements, and perhaps act as a Board of Examiners of school teachers La the county, and of course to take the place of town committees for that object. Each County Lyceum m a Stale is to appoint one or more representatives, to meet perhaps dur- ing the session of their Legislature, to organize and adopt measures to advance the interests of education. A State Lyceum may act as a Board thereby causing the exudation of water from them, v/hicli would prove injurious. On the fourtii day the skin becomes of a hazic color and looks shin- ing, their heads enlarge and assume a silvei-y ! brio'ht a|)pearance ; these are marits of their ap- ' proaching first change. Their fond on this day, therefore, may be diminished, or when these ap- pearances take place, but not before. Enlarge the spaces as the worms increase in size. The leaves ought to be gathered a few hours before of Education ; and by appointhig committees for j they are used, that they may lose their sharp specific object.", viz. one to examine and reconi- aiend school books ; another to determiue upon rlie most es;ential branches in a system of popular If between the moultings any worms should ap- pear sick, and cease to eat, they must be removed to another room, where the air is pure and a little warmer than that they have left, put on clean paper, and some fresh leaves, chopped fine, given to them ; they will soon recover, and then may be added to the others. On the third day, the appetite of many worms will be visibly diminished ; and m the course of it, many will become torpid — tlie next day all an torpid ; on the fifth day they will all have chang- ed their skins ojid will be roused. The color of the worms in the second age be- comes a light grey, the muzzle is white, and the liair hardly to be seen. It must never be forgotten, that during the time the worms are occupied in moulting, the food should be greatly diminished, and no more given, than will satisfy those which have not yet become torpid on tlie first day — or those which have changed their .skins before the others. THIRD AGE. During this age the thermometet must range ■ between 71° and 73". The revived worms are easily known by their new aspect. The latest worms should be placed apart, as their next moult- ing will be a day later also, or may be ])ut in the hottest part of the room to hasten their growth. This rule must be observed in the next moulting : increase the spaces. The second day, the two first meals are to ba the least copious, the two last the greatest, be- cause towards the close of the daj', the worms vcrv hungry. The third day will require ness ; they keep very well in a cool cellar three ■lav.s; the leaves ought to be gathered ovei' night, grow ,. , - ■ revent the danger of about the same quantity as the preceding last The for the mormng-s meal, to pre. _ .,- -. ^ , ,. , i .i .-. /• education : the ,uoportionate lime and attention | collecting them in rainy weather. The leaves ; !«eais ; but on the fourth day, as the appetites of proper to devote to each; the order in which must ba pulled carefully, and not bruised. Onthejtlic worms sensibly dimmish, not more than half Vol. VII.— No. 7. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 51 The foriiier feed vviil be requireJ. The first meal is to be the lai-geer-t— feed those that will eat at auy lime of the day. The filth day still less will suffice, as the greatest part are moulting ; the sixth day tliey begin to rouse. Remove the litter, or even before they have moulted, if the worms are numerous. FOURTH AGE. The thermometer should range between GS'^ and 71°. If^the weather be warm, and the glass rise several degrees higlier, open the ventilators, exclude the sun, and make a slight blaze in the chinniey, to cause a circulation of the air. Wid- en the spaces for the vvfirius. The leaves must MOW be regularly chopped in a straw-cutting box, or with a chopping kuife. The food is to be greatly increased on the second, third, and fourth days. On the fifth, less will be required, as in the coiirse of this day many become torpid ; the iirst meal on this day should therefore be the largest. On the sixth, they will want still less, as nearly the whole will be occupied in effecting ; their last change of skin. Renew the air in the apartment by burning straw or shavings in the chimney, and o[ien the ventilators. If the even- j ings be cool, after a hot day, admit the external ' air for an hour. None but full grown leaves ; should be hereafter given to the worms, and they j must be all chopped ; avoid the fruit, as they i Tvould ijrove injurious, and add greatly to the lit- : ter. On the seventh day, all the worms will have roused, and thus finish their fourth age. The lit- ter must be again removed. FIFTH AGE, OR UNTIL THE "iVORMS PREPARE TO MOUNT. Tlie thermometer should be about 68°. The constitution of the worms being now formed, they begin to elaborate the silk-vessels, and fill thein with the silky material, which they decompose, and form from the mulberry leaves. Give abun- dance of room — do not let the worms lie so close . as to touch one another, for their respiration will be thereby impeded ; continue to feed regularly and fully, as the appetite of the worms now be- comes voracious ; give food rather five times a day than four ; even six meals will not be too many. The last meal should be late at night, and the first the next day in the morning, at an early hour. The worms are not again to be moved, and the huddles or feeding frames must be clean- ed. On the seventh day of the fifth age, they have attained their largest size, viz. three inches long, and begin to grow shining and yellow. The appetites of some diminish, but that of others con- tinues, and must be supplied, to hasten their ma- turity. Tlie litter must he removed everj' two days, dnring the fifth age, but not when the worms are moulting, unless it can be done without dis- turbing them. The preservation of the proper temperature of the apartment at this stage, cannot be too serious- ly impressed upon the cultivator. If sudden and great heat in the weather should take place, (as often happens at this time) serious loss may be suffered, without proper precautions. The in- creased heat to which the worms are ex-posed, causes them to cease eating, to leave their feeding shelves, and to wander about the room, in order to find corners and places, to form their cocoons in before the silk fluid has been fully elaborated, or matured ; thus defeating in a great measure all the care previously bestowed upon them. In the sunnner of the year 1825, vast numbers of worms were killed by hot weather, in Mansfield, Connecticut. To guard against sudden heat in the weather, close the window shutters while the sun is beating on them, and keep the ventilators in the ceiling or otli.'r parts of the room open, and if possible, tubs of ice should be brought into the apartment, until the thermometer shows a dimin- ution of temperature to the proper degree. The windows must also be kept open every evening and until sunrise next morning, and water sprink- led on the floor, to promote evaporation, and con- sequently a freshness in the air.* IIORTI 'ULTURAL FETE. The Tenth Anniversary of the Horticultural So- rietv nf this city was celebrated on Monday at Mr. Niblo's Garden. The exercises commenced at 3 o'clock, bv an addresss from the President, Dr. ITnsack. His discotn-se had more particular refe- rence to the condition and prospects of the institu- tion. He was followed by the Rev. Mr. Schroe- , der, who ])ronounced a finished oration, which was both pertinent and classical. Both the ad- dresses were listened to with attention and inter- est hv a numerous assemldage of ladies and gen- tlemen. At 4 o'clock the Society and their guests in numher about 200, sat down to dinner at tables in Mr. Niblo's little Theatre, the Sans Souci — the i pit of which had been floored over for the occa- ! •sion. The st^ige was ornamented with the scene- | ry of the estabhshment, the auditory with flags, green branches, anas fined <,a,i)ered in the course of his reading, or in a prac- border, to cut ofl' the springs which come from ten dollars— being five dollars for the offence, and , ^j^^^j ,„aiiagement of his farm— Sinclair. the upland, and to receive the water that runs five dollars fiir committing it in the night. And j " down from the hills upon the surface, in great j then there was the expense cf getting proof, &c. rains. These ditches should be larger or smaller, \ amounting to twelve dollars and some cents — say ] rtion to the size of the swamp, the ; twenty two dollars and a half, in all ! ! !- m some proport INHUMAN TRANSACTION. A valuable fat ox, the property of A. F. Saw- -the wa- '• ycr, of Mount Vernon, was, on Monday last, bar- ... ,..ol ! ! — a waruing to all who are disposed to go out up- on " hooking sprees.'" The way to keep out of such trouble is, to keep out of such orchards. Springfeld Journal. shape and .size of the hills which surround it, and ! ges of four months and an half. The unfortunate Other circumstances, which might tend to greater ' issue of the afl'air frightened the young friends of or less quantities of water being occasion.illy or the transgressor, and he was left in gaol generally led to the ditches. If the swamp he large, it may be necessary that some smaller cross drains should be cut in several of the lowest parts. The bottom of the main ditches, when the soil is llot of an extraordinary depth, must be lower than the bottom of the loose soil ; otherwise the Mi\ ^vill never become suftlciently dry and firm."* It is said by Sir John Sinclair, (Code of Agri- culture, page 182,) that " in all drains, it is a rule to begin at the lowest jslace, and to work upwards, by which the water Mill ahvaj s jiass from the workmen, and "point out the level. This enables the laborers prevents th EARTHQUAKES. The philosophers of the present day concur in attributing earthquakes to a volcanic origin. In volcanoes we know there is an abundance of mat- 1 for his guilt. ter in a constant state of ignition, we know also i that water thrown into a heated furnace will .scat- ter the melted metal about in all directions : we barously stabbed, by some malicious person, ap- parently with a pitchfork; the tines ofwhicli per- forated his body in four places on each side, thro' the hide into the intestines. The wounds being adjudged such as must necessarily destroy the life of the ox, it was immediately slaughtered. Sufii- cient evidence being adduced on the spot to fix the suspicion on a person in the vicinity, he was arrested by Mr S. on an action of damage — aild he will also doubtless be arraigned in behalf ol" the State, to substantiate his innocence, or answer Amherst Cabinet. also to work in coarse weather, and have every reason therefore to conclude that if a ir being interrupted by wet, sc early quantity of water should be tlirown upon the ig- in the season as otherwise might happen." •Sen Urane's New Eiifflaiid Former, .\r!. "Ouains. LONDON MANURE. Several vessels have arrived at Perth this spring from London v.ith cargoes of manure. It is laid down at the quay, free of all charges, at from six shillings and six pence, to eight shillings per ton , this may be about one shilhng, or one shilling and lilted matter in the bottom of a volcano, it would — produce a mighty explosion, sufficient to shake the I . ,■ , ., ,i,„ „ „.;...„„„ v,„ „^ ' , ,"■',. I, ,1 I sixpence hishcr tlian the same nnantitv can be on whole earth to a great distance, bartnqunkes are ! ^^ ^ VII. —No. ' AND HORTICULTlJllAL JOUillNAL. t:;iiioa in the neighbourhood, hut the tanners say this difference is more than counterbalanced by the superior quahty of the London article. There is BO-netiines difficulty in freishting a vessel, for this purpose, as the cargo is not only unpleasant but dangerous, as it keeps its level amidst the shiflings of the vessel ; but the present state of the coa.sling trade obliges ship-owners to take strange rarsoes. goes; this I lay on the one side of the trench, and shovel out the sub-soil on the other side to the depth of 9 or 10 inches : this being doublet a care- ful hand go uito the trench, and place the plants against each side of it at the distance of 8 or 9 WKW EHTGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, SKPT. o, 1828. THE RASl'RERKY—Rubus Idaus. • ' In comphunce with the request of a respected inches, forming a doiihle row 1 2 inches apart, and ' fj.jpnd and correspondent, we give .some noticss of 8 or 9 distant in the rows ./%:*»% having a smart ,i,j^ shrub, and its cultivation. JMr Liovveli in tiic " M:io .f)mer!can Gcirdener,'^ thirds of a , the bead -when going to bed and cover it with a cap or handkerchief. By apjilying the above from one to three nights, will save parents much time and trouble. — Kenne huvl; Gazette. boy to shovel in first the good earth, and tiii-n what came from below ; care must he taken to fix |,.,„g jgg^ ggy,^ « ij,.^,.,, ^.g o„\y two sorts of rasp- the plants at the proper distance, and tramp the i,errics of any great value, the white Autwerp, and earth firmly about the roots. Before planting, I ,],p j.gj Antwerp. Tlie cane, or smooth stalked, cut oft' all the straggling roots, and afterwards I jg ^igg pj-aised by some persons, but wc have had .--.nd it ; cut the tops within an inch of the surtacc ; after ,^(, success with it ; it seems to ns-to bo our na- mt'esin two the first year, I again cut ofl^" about three inches t;,,,, i.aj,pj,p,...y_.> Loudon eiunnerates niches, and so on every year, letting them liso SAFE AND CERTAIN. To destroy uitts and lice on Children's heads. Take a table spoonful! of black pepper, pou fine, steep it moderately, for ten minutes in ., , _. , , , . i Jill of N. E. Rum, rub the mixture on from the ground ; after the sec.Mid, about twelve tiie following varieties, early small white ; large white ; large red ; most gradually, according to their rigor, till they come large red Antwerp ; large yellow Antwerp ; cauc to a 'proper height ; by these means I thicken my j g,. smooth stalked ; twice bearing white ; twice hedge at the bottom, otherwise it would be no bearing red ; smooth cane twice bearing." Botany. — Recent microscojiic tbrd some reason to suspect tliat the conferva of Linnasus, an aquatic production, the green col our of which has hitherto led to its being consid rred a plant, is endowed with animal life. From the Ainprlcau Farracr. Ma. fence, especially against the swinish iiitdtitude, that are always on the look out and ready for mis- observations af- chief. As to planting, I consider it immaterial, : zonata ' whether tis done in fall, winter or spring, if the ground be in good order ; hut if you have mucli to do, and defer it to the spring, there is a chance of the buds putting out before planting, which I would avoid if possible. Probable Cost. I estimate that the potato crop will pay for ma- nuring and preparing the ground. I suppose a good spadesman, assisted by a boy, HEDGES. -In the loth number of the cur vent volume of the American Farmer, |^ A corres-^, ^^ .,, ^^^- -^ ^^ perehesin a day-wages and victu pondcnt wishes to know which is th thorns for hedges," &c. I have had some experi- ence in that branch of improvement, and am wil- ing to communicate it. I have planted three dif- ferent kinds, namely : the Virginian thorn, raised in abundaiics, and sold by Mr. Joshua Pierce, at his nursery, Limueau Hill, near AVashington, from 4 to .':'-5 per thousand, according to the quantity purchased. The English white thorn, which I imported from Liverpool, cost with charges from •T to 06 per thousand, a native thorn found in my own ncighborhood,!vnd w hicli I have seen in abuii Abercronibis gives the following for the culture of this shrub : Propagation. The varieties can be perpetuat- c'l bv young sucker-shoots rising plenteousiy from ihe root in spring and summer ; when these have completed one season's growth, they arc proper to detach with roots for planting, either in th^ autumn of the same year or the ne.xt spring, in February or March, hut not later tharTthc middle of April. These new plants v/i!l bear some fruit the first year, and furnish a succession of strong bottom shoots for full bearing the second season. New varieties are easily raised from seed— and tli-y come into bearing the second year. Soil end site. — '• .'Ml the varieties will succeed require 50 plants to the perch — and | in any ccmtiinii mould, trenched about two feet hie the plants at $4 per thousand, ; deep, and suiiicicntiy manured : but the soil in which the raspberry-hush most i-rcsjicrs and bears the fmest fiinv,isa light rich loam. Allot the main crop a free e.^rjiosure to the sun, tiiat the berries may ripen in perfection. Be caretVd to fa- rt?. 25 (ior perch. : vor the twicc-hearer.s witli a dry soil, and a shej- Pi-otection from cattle and sheep will he neces- 1 tereci sunny situation, to give the second crop ev- U"!ien raspberries' a Is I value at -SI. Suppose you plant at 8 inches distance in the row, it will suiipose you v:i the cost per perch will be as follows, viz : 50 pianta at $4 jier thousand. 20 cU. Expense of labor, -5 ,,. . , ., r.T„„, f-., ,v ,i„i,.., . r,,- cessity ot this species ol luiprovemem, inai i am part lold It IS the same us uie New CaMi.^ t,.oin , (or • .^^ ^^^. ^^ ,5^^,^^ ^j^^^^.^j ^,„, i {^^^ ^^. ^-^p,^^^^ p^„. ,,;^,^._^^,^_ c^,.,g^t g„rts are fre-: iho mork* of raisiiiff the D kiiits, see iUr. iUa ion s . , , , t t .... n . i »• ,* , "° T '5,. "',,,:„,' ,, r ,i,;nl- ,n"l PS ^m Still more astonished, that I never saw oy any quenlly trained against walls, stakes, or espaliers. Uardenius. ihe iiist mentioned, 1 tumli in.ikes . , , • , 1 . •■ » 1 , _ „„ agricultural society, the least notice taken or eii- fhc handsomest hedge ; I prefer it for a garden or la'.vn ; the second sends out a great many lat- eral branches, and makes a close compact fence ; tlic third is of a most exuberant growth, and shoots out in all directions, perhajis the grcatesr objection will be the expense of keeping it in prop- er bounds ; I have had shoots of one year's growth upwards of 6 feet long. I am of ojiinion t^t with proper management, a suflicicnt fence ■ ,cau be made of any of the three kinds in 4 or 5 years. I have also a hedge of the wild crab ap- ple, that I think will answer the purpose aiul am now preparing to plant the honey locust, that I (hink may excel tliein all, but as yet cannot posi- tively decide. My mode of planting is, after ma- nuring the ground well, and planting potatos on it, (which enriches and cleans it from weeds) E -tretch two lines in tlie intended direction at a ■■|Ot aparti, and mark it oft' with a spade as deep as (lossihle ; then dig it out as deep as the good soil from the most runny to the most shaay aspect, for ci'i'Iy and late iluit of iuijiroved growth and fla- vor.'' Ncill says, "The rasphony-bush grows- freely in any good gareV gsrden M Usnrlem, the raspberry is planted outside along the north and south sides of a pit ; the shoots of the preceding year are introduced under a glass and trained to a trellis, and forced while the suckers are left to grow upright in the open air. ADVANTAGES TO BE DERIVED FROM AGRICULTURE. The celebrated Watson, Bishop of Landaff, in a communication to the British Board of Agricul- ture, has the following passage. " The agricultural improvements which have hitherto taken i)lace amongst us, have been by the expenditure of ])rivate wealth ; but the country cannot be brought to that proportion of cultivation, of which it is capable, unless individual efforts are aided and accelerated, by public jvisdoin and mu- nificence. I boast not of any particular ])atriotism, but I would willingly pay my share of twenty or thirty millions of public money, to be appropriated by the Legislature, to the agricultural improve- ment of Great Britain and Ireland. This appears to me to be an object of far greater concern to our independence as a nation, than any extension of commerce or any acijuisition of distant territory ever can be. If the time should fully come when an unproductive acre of land could not be found in either of these, our fortunate islands, we shall then have food within ourselves, for the annual sustenance of at least thirty millions of people, and with a population of thirly millions, what power in Europe, or what combination of powers will dare to attempt our subjugation." SELECT SEED CORN. It is highly important that your seed corn should be selected from the best samples which cau be obtained, as the offspring whether vegetable or animal will in a great degree partake of the good or bad quahties of the parent. The following di- rections on this subject arc from a srienfific and practical agriculturist : " When the first ears are ripe enough for seed, gather a sufficient quantity for early corn or re- planting ; and at the time you would wish your corn to be ripe, generally, gather a sufficient quantity for planting the next year, having partic- ular care to take it from stalks that are large at bottom, of a regular taper, not over tall, the ears set low, and containing the greatest number of good sizeable ears of the best quality ; let it dry sjieedily ; and from the corn gathered as last des- cribed, plant your main crop, and if any hills should be missing, replant from that first gather- ed, which will cause the crop to ripen more regu- larly than is connnon, which is a great benefit. — The above mentioned I have practised many years, and am satisfied it has increased the quan- tity, and improved the quality of my crops beyond what any per.son would imagine, who has not tried the experiment." Dr Deane observed that " some recommend gathering seed corn before the time of harvest, being the ears that first ripen. But 1 think it would be better to mark them and let them re- main on the stalks, till they become sapless. — Whenever they are taken in, they should be hung up by the husks, in a dry place, secure from early frost ; and they will be .so hardened as to be in no danger of injury from the frost in winter." The donations and subscriptions for the Thames Tunnel, up to our last dates, amounted to u]i- wards uf $42,000. GOOD FOOD FOR MILCH COWS. Beat up in a mortar dry corn cobs, pour boihng water over them, or boil them in a pot, stir them frequently when boihng, and when cold give it X'< your cows. TO CAUSE NEW BARK TO GROW ON OLD TREES. Scrape off the loose bark, and apjily a mixture of cow dung and urine niaour boiling vinegar on them. In a few days, as the vinegar soaks up, fill the pots with very sharp boiliiig vinegar. In this way I have kept thcni in the finest order till they were all used, a few days since. Yours trulj', J. G. J. While on this subject, we would remark that the Girkin cucumber being a tropical plant, (from St Domingo) requires that its seeds should be forced in hot beds to make them vegetate and' start vigorously, or not planted in the open air till July, when the earth has acquired a sufiicient de- gree of heat. They bear abundantly ; and should be gathered when young, when about the size of w alnuts. Bleaching Salts. Just received al tlie New Enc^land Farmer Seed Stnro, No. 52 Norili JIaikcl .Slreel, a furllier siinply of Bleaching Salts, or ciiloride of Lime, an account of which may be seen by referring to page 401 o( die sixth vol. of llie New England Farmer. .A'eiv England Farmer. Tho subscriber wants to purchase a complete set of the New England Farmer. E. STEDMAN. Newburvport, Sept. 3. I SUBSCRIPTION. J For importing Grape Viit& Hoots front France, at a moderate j price, and encouraginc;; th^ inircdiiction of that aiUure. into the I fhiitcd S'ates. I Mr Alphonse Loitbal, having considerably eiflRi'i^ed his Vine- j yard, on Loiifi;" IslRnd, wlmre he now Ims, in lidf cultivation. ! ihirty-five acres of f^ronnd, conlainiiig 72,000 Grape Vine Roots; having- also (Iiu poculiur advantage ot beins; enabled to 1 procure the best specimens of roots Iniin his fntlier s extensive vinnyards and nurseries, iiu llia districts of liordolais, Clerac, and Ruzet. dc|)artmenls of Gironde and Lot and Garonne, in France, (43° N. Lat.) proposes to the numerous friends lo (he cuttivntion of lije i;rai>c \ino in the Umiod Siatcu';, a subscrip- ( lion will be opened on llic iirst of August. 132S. 1 Mr A. L. will engage to furnish subscribers ivith the Grapfr ' Vine Roots, beJcire the linU of Marcli next, and forward them free of expense, lo the dit^'erent cities where subscription lists ' shall have been op-jned. The rools %vili I>h three 3*e?.r?> old. and , will produce considerable (ruit the second year from the lime oj" I their bt^Ino; planted. 7'hcy will be carefully classed and packed , in boxes, with some of the original soil In which thoy have been , raised, which will greatly Jacilitale the thriving; of the rools, '. when trnnsplantcd. j Orders will he punctnaily attended to : the subscribers desig-- ; noting the qnanlilies and species of the ffrape vine roots they wish lo have. They will eng^age to pay lor 1000 roots or more, ' at the rate of 12 1-2 cents for each roo'l ; for less than 1000, at the rale of 15 cents; and J."i cents per root for less than .'jO. — Rools only two years old. shall be paid for at the rate of 9 cents 1 each, for 10 or more ; 12 1-2 centsfor less thanone 1 ; and IS cents lor loss than 50 roots. — Payment to be made on deliv- ery of the roots. — Leitei^ not received unless post paid. Subscription lists are open at New Vork, with Alphonse IjOU* bal, 85 Wall street— Boston, E. Copcland, Jr.— Albany. R. M'lMichacl— Philadelphia. Van Aniringe— BaltiiTjore, Willard Khoads — Wasliin^lon Ci'y, Wm. Pairo. — Richmond, Daven- port. Allen Sc Co.— Savannah, Hall, Sliapler &. Tnppi r — \ew Orleans, Foster & Huiton — Charleston. (S. C) J. &. J. »Sircet (fe Co. jMr A. Loubai's I.ook on the Culture of ih^ Grape Vine- and on the Makin^^ of Wine, may befound at the principal bonkj Feliersof the Uniied i!? tales _; and his gratis to .subscribers. lis aj^ents v;i!l luruish them PRICES OF COUJK'TKY PRODUCE. Seeds for FaU Soivi7i^\ For sale at the New Euj^and Farmer Seed iSlorc, a fresh ?rup- ply of vartrus Grass Seed^— also a fpr-at vorlcty of vegetable seeds for fall sowing, viz. White Porlng^a! Onion, Sirasbnrg do. Silver skin do. Prickly Spinach and Dutch Cole for early greens — various kinds of lettuce, carrot, ciicumt>er, cabbages, &c. — black Spanish or winter radish, "fee. all warranted fresh. Orchard Grass Seed — p'ouih of 1828; Just recpived at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 5'2 North Market Strct. 20 but:hels of prime Orehnrl Grass Seed, raised, this se^s•^n, with the greatest care, by John Prince Esq. — warranted to be equal in purity lo anv ever oftered for sale in New England. A supply of pure Gilman Wh«!at, raised by Payson Williams and Mr Winchester, is daily expected. For Sale, A RmII Calffive weeks old of the Short Horn breed, from the best Imported Slock, both Sire and Dam, wel] known and li'gh- \y approved pedigree Apply at I'nis O'ncc for price and particulars of 4t. August 20, 1828. At a meeting in London, at which the Duke of Wellington presiHed, it was .Tgreed to open a sub- scription to complete the Thames Tunnel. 27.000 dollars were subscribed the same evening. The Duke Kaid the sub-marine road woidd be cotnplet- ed if funds could be raised. Fnrm Wanted. » Wanted to purchase, or hire, on a long iease, from 150 tb 300 acres of tlie best land, located within thirty miles of Hoston — for which a fair price will he given. Address " P, D/' Boston, tiircngh the jiost-ofiirc. Gt Aug. 1 Seeds for the H'est Indies. Mcrdianls. masters of vessels and otliers trading to the West Tntiies, can he furnished with boxes of Seeds, assorted, suitable for that market, at from ^^ :o ^.'5 per Ito.x. — Each box contains upwards of sixty diiTerent kinds of seeds, vegetable and orna- mental, in quantities suHieienl for a conimoii kitchen garden. — Likewise the greatest variety of seeds to be [ound in Now Eng- land, bv the pound or bushel, all warranted pure, and of tlie growth of IS27. Onions/or Sale. Six hundred bushels of prime Onions, (While Porlngai. and Straw Coloured) raised by a gentleman in this vicinitv. are of fered for sale, to traders and others, by the bushel or barrel, on very advantageous terms. Enquire o; the New England Far- mer .Seed Store. Aug 29 APPLES, best, - . . - ASHES, pot, Iirst sort, ,- Pearl, Iirst sort. - BEANS, white. .... 13EEF. mejs..new. . - - - Cargo, No. 1 , - , - Cargo, No. 2, - - BUTTEK. inspected, No. 1, new. - CHEESE, new milk, Skimmed milk. FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-slreel, - Genesee, - . - . Rve, best, - - . . GRAIN, Corn, - . . - Rye, .... Barley, - - - . 0:its,' - - . . HOG"5 LARD, first sort, ucw, LLME. - - . . . PLAtSTER PARIS retails at PORK, new, clear, - - ,- - Navy, mess, Cargo, No. 1, - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orciiard Grass, Fowl Meadow, - Rye Grass, - - - Tall Meadow Oats Gr.iss. - Red Top - - . . Lucerne, - - - . White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Beet, - Mangel Wiirlzel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - Merino, full blood, unwastietl, Merino, three fourths washed. Merino, half & quarter \- ashed Native, washed, - Pulled, Lamb's, first-sort, - Pulled, Lamb's, second .sort. Pulled, lor spinning, first sort; KRdiM 1 barrel. 2 (JU ton. li 1C2 50 bushel. 1 00 barrel. 10 50 li 8 50 '' 7 00 pound. 12 a 6 11 2 barrol. ' 5 87 it 5 00 tt bushel. 50 ti 45 " (iO i( 32 pouted. o,; casK. I ton. Ibarrcl >ushel. pound 85; 2 62 18 00 13 00 13 OC 2 00 45 26 35 .33 PROVISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces, - FORK, fresh, best pieces, whde hogs, VEAL, MUTTON, .... POt:LTRY. - - . . BUTTER, keg and tub, . Lump, best, EGGS, ME.\L, Rye, retail, - Indian, retail, POTATOS, new - ( 'inER . [aceoTditig lo qu.Tli^'.J 'pound. dozei>.i ihushcl.l soarce I 12 22 l2i TO 3 00 102 00 105 CO 1 .50 II 00 ■A 75 7 1^ . 14 S 3 6 CO 5 75 2 6a; 52 52 70 48 !l 90 2 75 19 00 13 50 13 0« 2 25 ■ 4 OO 4 00 4 00 5 OO 1 09' 50 50 12 1 5I» 1 59 69- 3»- 40- 35- 30 50 33 4« 12 10 6 10 |lraiTel.! 2 an r4 26. H., 70 65 40 ;.50 MISCELLANIES. KOH THE PTEW KKGLAND FARMER. The rriteria of a boautitul cow, according;' to Wilkinson, may be thus expressed. She's lon^ in hr.r faco she's fine in her horn, She'il quickly g'el fat. withor.l cake or mm, She's clcai- in iier jaws, and full in Ikt cli nc, Shf's huavj in liauk. and wide in her loin. She's bruatl in hor iili?. and Inii": in her rump^ A strait and flni bark, with never a liuinp ; She's wide in her h'ps. ond cahn in her eves, She's fine in her shoulders, and thin in her thighs. She's li.s^ht in her jwck and small in her tail, She's wide in herbrea^l.aml good at ilic pad. She's fnif^ in hiM-bone. and silky of skin. She's a Grazior'.s wiihimt. and a Butcher's within. TROUT FISHING. The foilowino^ apostrophe taken from a poem ascribed to Dr. WoLcoTT, proves him to have been no friend to piscaloiy a- iTiu«e meats. Why flicst ihon away widi fear ? Trust me, there's notisht ol danger near ; I have no wicked hook, /v!l coveied with a slarinor bai'-, Al s ! to tempi thee lotliy fate, And drag Ihec horn the brook. «^ Oh ! harmless tenant o( the flood, 1 do nni wish to spill thy blood— For nature unto thee, Perhaps, hath giv'n a lender wife. And children dear, to sweeten life. As it hnih done to me. Enjoy th}' strecni, then, harmless fisli 3 And, when an angler, for his dish, Through ^hmcuy — vile sin ! Atlemitts, a wretch ! to pull thee out. Heaven give the strength, O, gentle tixjut. To PULL THr RASCAL IN I NEW ENGLAND FARMER, courtship, to ascertain her sentiments. For this purpose ho said to her one day — Avith that kind of air and manner whicli means cither jest or earnestness, as you choose to take it — " If I were to ask you whether you arc under matrimonial engagements to any one, v/liich part of your name (No-yesj might I take for an answer ?" " The first!" sr^id she in the same tone. " And if I were to ask if you were inclined to form such an engagement, should a person offer who loved you, and was not indifferent to your- self; what part of your name might I then take as an answer ?" " The lasf." ".\nd if I tell you that I love you, and ask you to form such an engagement with me ; tlien what part of your name may I take ?" " Oil then," replied the blushing girl, " take the whole name, as in such a case I would cheerfully resign it for yours." — [Alb. Chron.] .Sept. 5, ISiS. mit a flagrant breach of the law of love, and ex pose ourselves to the indignation of Heaven. This parleying with tem]»tation is a dangerou? thing. The man who would approach as nearly as possible to the bounds of positive dishonesty, will do well to take heed lest he din iu the State Prison or on the Gallows JV. Y. Observer. Hoiiiculiure in an enlarged viciv. — At the annual treat of the Horticultural Society at C'heswick, England, there was a fine display and hearty con- sumption of veal, hams, chickens, jellies, coffee, tea, hock, claret, campajgne, sherry, port — pines, peaches, cherries, grapes, melons, and strawber- ries. The horticultural part was vei-y fmall. The best pines were from the garden of Lord Ellen- borough. It seemed to be generally agreed that much of the fruit had been cultivated away from its rich natural flavor. At a horticultural treat there shoidd be nothing but garden fruits, unless you choose to consider every thing as coming from the earth, as the food for the animals, and the grapes for the wine, &c. But then the ice must be excepted. Spontaneous comuustion. The Virginia Erti; Press relates an instance of spontaneous combus- i tion in a spit-box which had been filled with saw | dust. The room in which it was jilaeed was i found full of smoke, and the bottom of the box was burnt through. It was satisfactorily ascer- tained that not a spark of fire had been in the room. This incident may account for the burn- ing of saw-mills and carpenter's shops, where moist saw-dust has been swept into a hea]). The canvass cover of a cart at Mount Pleasant, Virginia, which had been newly painted, after- wards wet by a sliower and rolled U]), took fire recently and was alnmst entirely consumed, mak- ing a hole likewise through the bottom of the cart. Cracking a Pun. — Two Bucks, who were sit- ting over a pint of wine, made up for the deficien- ■cy of port by the liveliness of their wit. After Jiiany jukes had passed, oise of them took up a «iut, and holding it to his friend, "If this nut could f;peak what would it say ?" " Why," rejoined the other, " it would say, give me none of your jaw." The indulgent parent, wlio takes pleasure iu giving a child, after the age of eighteen months, all he craves, " should be rcpresi;ntcd," says a cel- ohratcd physician, " as a directing post in a cross- road, with three indexes, one pointing to an igno- minious death, one to a lunatic asylum, and the other to poverty and distress." Massa's Foot. — The following circumstance is a. striking illustration, of the utter recklessness of feehng in relation to all that is endearing to hu- man nature, Vi'hich a state of slavery produces in the bosom of its victim : A negro in Kontiicky, not long since, had ac- cidentally inflicted a wound on his foot, which was likely to ]irove fatal, through want of care.— A person asking the ucgro why he did not bind it ■lup, was answered : — " He be no my foot ; he be '"Massa's foot, — If rMassa want him wrl!. ';e "^r>y cure liini hcself." Courtship. — A gentleman feelmg a strong par- •iiulity for a young lady whose name was JVoyes, was (?Psrrou:i., without the (■cjvrnony of a formal To whom it may concern. — It is surprising how lightly the obligations of strict honesty seem to set upon many persons who would fain be considered very good men. If thc}' wish to sell an article, thev ajipear to suppose that an erroneous state- ment concerning it, or at least a concealment of its defects, is perfectly admissible ; and when the bargain is completed and the writings signed, if the purchaser remonstrates, tliey will laugh at him to his face. If they have incurred an honest debt, which by some quirk of the law it is possible to e- vade, they will postpone it and postpone it, and probably never pay it at all. If a mistake has cc- curred in their favor, they will never rectify it. — Nay, there are men who (irofess better things, wliom if you entrust with the collection of monies or other confidential business, it is extremely doubtful whether the proper returns v/ill ever be made, unless you pursue them continually with the glaiicc of your eye. In short, we believe there are some pious men, who have formed such habits of carelessness and negligence, that the less you have to do with them the better. We mention these things, not because we h.ave suffered more from dishonesty than many others ; but because we view its opposite as a part of Christian morality. A di.''lwnest Christian is a con- tradiction in terms. Am] we are anxious to iin- press it upon our readers, aiul also upon ourselves, ti'.at iii all pecuniary transactions, if we practice fraud, under whatever guise, and however intan- gible by the law, it is done at the peri! of our sunls. If we are entrusted with anotlier man's business, and, because it is auptiier's, leave it to suffer through procrastination or carelessness, we coki- The Kurbut, or Great Flower of Sumatra, dis- covered by Dr Arnold, in 1818, is one of the most extraordinary of vegetable productions. It is a parasite, growing out of another plant, in the man- ner of the mistletoe, and is found in woods, on the roots and stems of tliosc immense climbers which are attached, like cables, to the largest trees in the forest. The flower constitutes the v.iiolc of the plant, there being neither leaves, roots, nor a stem. The breadth of a full grown flower exceeds three feet ; the petals, which are subrotund, measure twelve inches from the base to the ape.x ; what is considered the nectariuin would hold twelve j)ints ; the pistils, which are abortive, are as large as cows' horns ; and the weight of the whole is about fifteen pounds. The I flower fully blown, was discovered in a jungle, growing close to the ground, under the bushes, with a swarm of flies hovering over the nectary and apparently laying their eggs in its substance. The color of the five petals is a brick red, covered with protuberances of a yellowish white. The smell is that of tainted beef — Magazine of JVatu- ral History. Some of the Glovers in England have present- ed a petition against the importation of Gloves. THE NEW AMERICAiX GARDENER. A wurk will] this til!p, compiled by the Editor of the New England Farmer, with the assistance of a luimher of scientific anil Practical Hi.rlictilliiralisls m the vicinity of Boston and New VoiK, IS iiist puWished by J. n. Riisseli.. Proprietor of the New England Farmer. "The articles are arranged alpha- heiually, and comprise the most usejul \f;fif tables and Friits which can he conveniently and economicall.v cultivated in the climate of New England and the ^■lddl■■ Slates; as well as a'l'reatise on Floweks. and im Landscape or Pictitresqci; Gardens, on the general management of the Silk Worji. and the mamilactnre of Silk, and a Treaiise on the culture ol Grape Vises and ibe Strawberry. 'I'he article on Fruit Trees coniains a:i cuumeiaiion ard description of all the Appli Pears, Peaches, Cherries Plums, Ncclarincs. Apricots, &.r. iv that ran he raised lo the most advantage, and their relative 1' i wardiiess iu hearing, which will he f. und lo be of incakulab;., benefit to gentlemen in laving out orchards. Each ot the abo\ . articles is furnished by gentlemen practically acquainted wii! the suhjecis on which they have written, A list of Ihe conlciils of the work will be found m the .^| ■ England Farmer far August 1. Prife g 1.25— Six copies for 36.00. Published every Friday, at S3 ppr annum, pa.vablc at the end of the year— Iml those who pay vothm si.My days from th, lime of siuirribing, me ciiliilcd to a (loduution of UHy cents. FARMEM. Puhlinhed by John B. Rossell, at JVn. 52 JVorlh Market Street, A»»er the JlgricuUural Warehouse) Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBEP^ 12, 1828. No. 8. AG-RICULTU24E. Flemish h'usbandri). — Tlie F'lemings, or inhabit- ants of Fiatidei's, in the Ijiiigdoin of the Netlier- lauds, arc cuicbratud for frugality and ecorionij' in farming, and for judicious modes of cidture. A late traveller says : " The country is a positive garden, and presents a most luxuriant appe r- an -e ; the fields are streaked with all the colors ol the rainbov/. You will see, belonging to the same proprietor, fine green pastures, new mown hay, bright yellow coleseed, [-.inh; and white clover, light blue fia.x, rye, wheat, barley, oats, and large jflots of crimson poppies." Coleseed (or ra))eseed) is extensively cultivated in Flanders, France, England, &c. for the produc- tion of oil, and some agriculturists consider it one of the most profitable crops in husbandry. Tlie produce on good land, in favorable seasons, is from 40 to 50 bushels per acre. The seed is sold for crushing, or is crushed by the farmer himself; an oil mill being a common appendage to a farm- ery in some districts. Four gallons of seed yield one gallon of oil. The straw is eaten by cattle. We believe that much of the oil iminrted into the United States from Emope, and soM here aj liti- seeii oil, is the produce of the rape or coleseed. The popp:/ is cultivated on the continent of Eu- rope as an oil plant, and the oil is esteemed m do- mestic economy next to that of the olive, being used lor salad oil. The seed is sown at the rate of one gallon to the acre, and the average pro- duce on rich soil is about 30 bushels per acre Five gallons of seed yield one gallon of oil. The popj)y is harvested by shaking out the seed upon sheets laid along the rows. — Hamp. Gazette. TO AGRICULTURISTS. It has been stated to us, that, some eighteen months ago, a gentloman of this state, feefing de- sirous to ascertain whether certain productions of France vi'ould thrive in New-England, sent to that country for a variety of fruit trees. Choice \ari- eties, consisting of apricots, quinces, nectarines, peaches, apples, pears, cherries and plums, were accordingly removed, in January, 1827, and ship- ped to New- York, where they were landed in March following. In the month of April, the gen- tleman planted these trees upon his farm in the neighbouring town of Nortlilbrd ; and in October of the same year, many of them produced perfect fruit. We are gratified to learn that at the pres- ent season these thrifty trans-Atlantics appear healthful and promising. — JVeic-Haven Journal. IRON. Since the enactment of the tarilFbill last winter it has become a desideratum to ascertain tie prob- able quantity of iron manufactured in the United States, and particularly in Pennsylvania. As there is nmch diversity of opinion on the subject, we have contributed our mite to ascertahi the quanti- ty of iron manufactured hi Schuylkill coiinty.— The statistics of the United States, in this most essential branch of manufacture, is of importance, because we verily believe, the supply of the coun- try is aV)undant!y sufiicient for its consinnption. The iron works in Schuylkill county are Green- wood Furnace and Forge r'the^Schuylkili, Bruns- wick, and Pinegrove Forges, besides two nev/ forges wliicli are now being built, one at Mahan- oy, and the other at Swaiara. Five hundred tons of bar iron may be made by these four furnaces now in operation annually. Greenwood works are owneil by Messrs. John and Benjanfm Pott, who carry them on extensively and we believe j)rofitab!y. They are the only persons engaged in the business of these works. The ore for then' furnace is obtained from the neighborhood of Pottsgrove and Reading, and is transported to the furnace on the canal. The price of bar iron is $40 per ton at their forgi . The price of pig is •^23 per ton at the furnace, of which iNv-enty tons a week can be melted. — Miner's Journal. Peach piesi — The season of peaches having ar- riverl, we again publish the recipe for the best fruit pie that can be made. Place your paste in a deep plate, as for other pies — then, having wip- ed your peaches with a cloth, put them in whole, anreail upon them sugar sufiicient to sweeten them well, then cover close with paste and bake till the frint is sufficiently cooked. The stones of the peaches are suiScient without any other sea- soning, and are better than any other. If the fruit is good, there will be so much of the juice on opening, that it v/ill be necessary to serve with a spoon. From llie New American Gardener. LOCUST-TREE.— Bofrima pseudo-acacia. ' '' This tree is a native of the United States. Method of cultivation. — " It is capable of being raised from the .seed, cuttings, layers and suckers; but the seed method is said to afford the best plants. The seeds should be sown about the end of March, or beginning of the following month, on a bed of light mould, being covered to the depth of about half an inch. The plants usually appear in the course of six or eight weeks. They should be well weeded and watered, and, when sufficiently strong, should be set out in the spring or autumn, in nursery rows, for two or three vears, in order to remain to have a proper growth for final planting."— ^cts' Cyclopedia. Dr. Drown, of Rhode-Island, says, that " The easiest method of raising the locust is as follows ; Plant fifteen or twenty tree . .•,-.. ■ , ., ,. .. ^^1 I ■ • c.i " , A ,. 1 cure m general efiected within five or SIX days, tlie estimation of tlie physicians of the present day. » ■' Accident by bees. — As Mr. Martin Lazarus, of ficieut to authorize the neglect of their cultivation It certainly is of the higliest importance to the farmers of Esse.x, to imjuiru hovytiiey can improve ibeir pastures ; or, ratlier, how they can save them from ruiii ; for it must be ol)viou.s to all, that, as at present managed, tliey.arc constantly growing worse, and many of them have already become of very little value. If, by planting them svith trees, by ploughing, by applying plaster, as has been done, with gaod mccess, on the farm of Mr, Bartlett, or in any other way, they can be rc- olainied, it surely is worthy of the experiment." f V(w« Sind:(ir's Treatise on Grasses. ORCHARD GRASS. This grass appears to have a greater variety cf merits than almost any other grass. It soon ar- rives at maturity ; it bears croppiTig well, is very productive, and its nutritive powers are' considera- ble. It is much less impoverishing to the soil than rye-grass, and when ploughe.i in affords a greater quantity of nutritive matter to the soiK It has been objected to Orchard Grass, that it rises in tufts, and is apt ro become coarse. But the ob- jections will apply to every grass that is not sown sufficietitly thick to occupy with plants every spot ofthc 5'roimd, and that is not siifficientb, stocked j.-i keep the surface in a succession of young leaves. It is the practice of thin sowing, and t!ie strong reproductive jiowers of the plant, that occasion it fo appear a h.-issocky grass. If one species only is ?liereibre thought [ireferable to several in the Al- ternate Husbandry, there is scarcely a species to be preferred to the Orchard Grass. 15nt with res- pect to an early ami certain supply cf the most nu- tritious herbage throughout the season, it will be dance in warm countries or irarm seasons, being absolutely u.^eful to man. Hence it happeus that a kind of instinct excites the human species to seek them in preference to other aliments in these countries and in these seasons, as well as in cases where the humoral system tends strongly to be- come bilious." It would rather become editors to caution their rea.lers against the abuse of fruit than the use of it. They would thus cease to create tuuiccessary scruples in those who use fruit to the adv.aiitage of tlueir health, and no longer interfere witli the interests of the poor, wiio make a livelihood by vending it Hunterdon, jV. J. Gazette. APOPLEXY. General blood letting should always be prefer- red in the fir.- 1 instance to local, ftiid it should be continued until decided effects are perceptible on tin; system. BLEEDING FROM THE KOSE. In a very interesting case of this affection, cotn- municated by the late Dr James Kent Piatt, to his friend. Professor J. B. Beck, of this city, and which threatened to terminate fatally, the aiTiision of cold water, by pailsful over the head and shoul- ders, [uovud almost immediately successful. Salisbury Township, (Lehigh count) ) was employ- ed in hauling munure, in a three horse wagon, a bee hap])eiied to light on the leader horse, whilst passing the garden fence and stung him. This started not only the leader, but also frightened the the other two horses, and in endeavoring to stop them, the wagon came in contact with the gar- den fence, tore it away, and upset a whole row of hives. The enraged bees all fell uj)on tlie horses and men and stung two of the horses to death, and very much injured the other, as well as Mr. Lazarus, his son, and servant. The son, in par- ticular, was seriously injured, having been throv, n between the wagon and the fence post ; he is con- siuered out of danger, however. Paper 7naking. — It is stated in a late London paper, that a great improvement in the art of pa- per making has been invented, and is about being adopted in most of the large manufactories of Great Britain, liis a powerful drung steam-ma- chine, containing ibur large cylinders, through which a web, in the tidiest sense ol the term, pass- es, and obtains by the pressure a surface smooth ami even in every part, aud is cut to any size. ECRXS. In cases of extensive injury from this cause, one of the most successful applications, hitherto resorted to, has been the oil of turpentine the action which occurred in 1815, between the U. S. friffate Guerriere and an Alg*rine frigate, nearly fifty men belonging to the former were se- verely burnt by the explosion of one of the large lUDS. Some of these men were in a most jiitia- ble condition, and suffered the most exquisite tor- ments. They were taken down to the cockpit, found a vain labor to look for it in one species of j and spirits of turpentine freely poured over their arass, but where Nature has provided it, in a com- I naked wounds. Tiiey all did well. — ,4m. Farmer. Temperance. — Tiie frame of a new Presbyteri- an Meeting House, was erected in Gorham, in thJN county, on Tliursilay the ilst inst. without the a li iofaroent s|iirits. The concourse of people wa- ui:usually great, and yet such a degree ofconteir meiit, sobriety, and activity, was exhibited, as i be highly honorahie to our citizens. Otner buildings have been recentiy erected in j„ I this vicinity, aud crops secured during the nio.-i pres.siug seasons ol business, vvithoul the u^ e oi intoxicating liquors ; and although no society has yet been formed liere tor the suppression of inteiii- lerance, our intelligent farmers of th^ir own ac- cord, seem to be makuig powerful eflbrts to banish the monster from their borders. — Ontario Mepos. Jin important fact. — A proprietor in one of the forwarding hnes on the canal, has just assured us that their line has not brought more than one fifth Vol. Vll.—Syo. S. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 59 of the quantity of ardent spirits the i)resent, as in l)re\ ions seasons, in proi'ortioii to tlie quantity of oilier aiiicles of iiieicliandize. What has produc- ed this diniiniition ill the quantity of tliis article ? Have cold water societies ? " He that runs may read." The spirit of reform is abroad — its effects aie seen. — Rochester Obs. THE WORCESTER COAL MINE. Tiio o|)eration.s in the Worcester Coal Mine, formerly v/orked by Mr Elliot, have been com- menced on a scale so extensive, and prosecuted with an industry so busy, under the direction of Col. Binney, as will rcTider the locality one of the most intcresiiiig scenes in the Commonwealth. — A deep cuttiiig commenced at the foot of the hill, is worked onward through earth and rock, and will become a j^rand canal for ihe transportation of the mineral from the interior to the surface, on the waters drained from the mine. About twen- ty feet below the surface, on the declivity of the hill, at the point near where the former excava- tion was carried deepest, an opening like a door way adiiiits the visiters into a gallery or shaft, about seven feet in width and height, and now nearly twenty-five in length, descending with the slope of tiie strata. The workmen are employed in pierciusT tiie rock and opening this passage into the hill. The substances excavated are conveyed to the entrance by little cars moving on miniature railways up the inclined plane. The mineral ob- tained resembles very nmch the coal from Nevv- •jJort and is said to improve in quality as the shaft descends. Roads are constructing which will render the the approach easy, and canals are pro- jected to ccn;!nunicate with the neighboring lake. J\i"aiionul .^gis. Answers an excellent purpose for preparing wheat | Curing blindness.— The story in the A])ocrypha, for seed. A gentleman states, that he pni four or } of Tobit's blindness being cured by the gall of a five pounds of quick lime into a suflicient quanti- j fish, has been much ridiculed. Prideaux thought tv of water to soak a bushel of wheat ; tlien ail- ; it not reconcilcable to a rational credibilit' F.ui ded the wheat, and i)ermittcd it to remain about ; the Richmonlication in the course of my prac- q\iire ; and the morning before sowing the wheat, tice. But it .sliould be used when the disorder is tap the barrel and draw off the liquor." ; recent. In preparing wheat for grinding it is often made too dry, especially after it has been washed to free it from smut and other impurities. When the wheat is dried too much, the outside of th.e kernel, which should be separated from the floiu" by the boult. is ground so fine tli."t it passes thro' the boult with the floiu'. An experienced miller advises to moisten wheat which is in this situation, by sprinkling it with a litrle water about ten or twelve hours before grinding. But if this U neg- ( Calvin Benton, Esq. of Lebanon, has purchas- ed within the last few v/eeks, 112,893 lbs. of Me- rino and half blood wool for the Boston market — all the produce of farms, principally in this state, within twenty miles of and including Lebanon. — For this he has paid ,$46,996. The average price be has paid was about 40 cents the pound. The sum of money paid for the products of one sum- mer in one article — and it is not to be presumed lecfcd.a slight sprinkhug of the wheat in ,he ^^'^J »"•'''' "'•'"'^ ^^»^ "''"'"''""-'^ '""'"^ ~'- hopper during the time of grinding it will be of i *;1"«,'',''' '.''"" ^'« '.'«^f ever known by any smgle in service ; taking care not to wet it too nuich, and SMTIT IN WHEAT. [Ry the Editor] The following miscellaneous particulars re- specting smut, and ihe means of preventing it, merit attention : — 1. The same water should nev- er be used but once in washing wheat ; even when brine is eniployed, it is safest to have fresh liquor to each parcel. 2. Lime is not only of ser- vice to dry the seed, but by its caustic and anti- septic qualities, it tends to destroy putridity, and animalculae of every descriinion. 3. If smutty grain is not threshed till the June or July suc- ceeding the year it was reaped, the dust, it is said, will become too volatile to attach itself to the grain when threshed, particularly by a mill ; nor is old seed wheat so liable to occasion smut, which by a;.,e loses the power of reproduction. — 4. Notwithstanding the violence of threshing mills, they do not bruise the smut balls so much as the flail. 5. Great care must be taken, not to thresh wh.-at on a floor where smutty wheat has been threshed, nor to convoy the seed in a sack in ' which smutty wheat has been formerly pin. i On the subject of steeping, it may be projier to add, that it Would be well to extend that operation to other grains besides wheat. Every sort of seed should be steeped enough to promote a quick vegetation, and to secure a more uniform growth, which would greatly improve both the quantity and quality of the grain ; and if the seed of bar- ley and oats, as well as of wheat, were clothed with saline and caustic particles, it would either preserve it entirely from the attacks of vermin, or destroy such as may venture to eat of it. We have been informed that unslacked lime by stirring the grain, to distribute the moisture as equally as possible among the whole mass. ORIGIN OF RIVERS. A question has long existed among philnsophcrs, and has never been settled by universal consent, whether the rivers depend solely for their supply upon the water which descends from the atnios dividual, in a single article, the produce of our farms. — .V. H. Patriot. Care for H'ens. — The following extraordinary fact has lately come to our knowledge : — A plant- er in the vicinity of Raleigh, N. C. had \efore the worms nro feady to mount, bundles of twigs of chesnut, hickory, oak, or of the birch of which stable brooms are made, must be procured, prepared, j aH the cocoons that want a certain consistency,;,,,,.^ ^^ ^.,^^ ^,,i,.,, ,^^^ ^^,^,„,^^| ^„ ^^,^^ ,,,^ ,„^, designate a treasure of silk, appended on the jia- rent tree, under the keeping of the Seres or Chi- nese, the original proprietors, and protected by the Dragon, the ancient and everlasting Flag of that nation ! However hidden, then, and long after the art of raising silk remained to the Greeks, we find that they manufactured it in the Island of Cos, wheth- er with their own or with foreign materials. As for tiie Romans, their ambition ever was turned to conquest and dominion — in fact they became possessed of all the treasures of the world, among which silk is mentioned, even as the most extravagant article of luxury. One of their emperors thought it was too expensive as the material of a garment of his empress, while matrons and courtezans ol' that most corrupt cap- ital exhibited themselves ornamented with it. — Poets and satiric writers reprobated it, until an imperial decree forbade it to the male citizens as an etretninate and unmanly bodily decoration. — But the more sober people of the Greek empire, who during several long periods cultivated the ij.ay be done. Begin on the lower tier of hurdles, and take the cabins down gently, giving them to those who are to gather the cocoons ; place a basket be- tween two of the gatherers, to receive the co- coons ; another person should receive tlie stripped j ;y;;^,, ^,.,^^ ,^,^,.g ^,^^„ ,^„^,„ ,,^, „^^,.„i cUnsUnu bus: es, which may be kid by for another year.- ; „issio„a,ies how to foster and" ,,.on,ote the cuU and aiTanged in bunches, so that the worms may easily climb up them, to work llieir cocoons. As soon as it is observed that the worms want to rise, the bundles of twigs must be arranged on the feeding trays, leaving fifteen inches be- tween them. The top branches should touch the lower part of the tray above that on which they are placed, so as to form an arch — and be placed a little aslant, that the worms when climb- ing may not fall off. The branches should be spread out Uke fans, that the air may penetrate and feel soft, should be laid asulc, that they may „,.j^„j g,,j ^^,.,5,^ ,„^„^^ „j. ,5,^ Bo.,p,,ori,s : since not be mixed with the better. Empty the basiiets ^^^j^.,, p^,.,,^ -^ j,^^ j.^^, ^^^^ ^^j,,, „,p infl^encg^ upon hurdles or trays placed in rows, and spreaa ascendency and dominion of powerful trovern- the cocoons about four fingers deep, or nearly to ,,,g„,^ ^|,g Caliphs of Mahomet, even after the top of the feeding frame. W hen the cocoons ^ j,,^^ j,^^ extende.l their conquests on the coasts I of the Jlediterranean Sea, planted the mulberiy in the Morea, in Spain and in Sicilj'. From the last, Charles the IXth of France, are detached, the down or fioss in which the silk' worms have formed the cocoon, should be taken off. If the cocoons are for sale, weigh them, and send them to the purchaser. The baskets, the floor, and all things used, should be cleaned. When guthcring the cocoons,' make four assort- ments : — 1st. Tliose designed for breed. ad. The dupions, or double ones. 3d. The firnic? t of 5th. Those of a tlirongh all parts, and the worms work with ease. When the worms are too near one another, they do not work so well, and form double cocoons, ! ^[,^^6 wbich are to be reeled. which are only worth half a single round cocoon. iof,i,ci. texture. Leave openings at the tops of the curves, for i the worms to form their eocoons in. , RriviAivKS of dr tascalis, ax the late iViKETi.VG As soon as the worms are prepared to rise,! o*' TtiE new tork iiorticulturai society. the feeding frames should be cleaned thoroughly,! Mr. President — Happy, thrice happy, the re- and the apartment well ventilated. Put the turn of an anniversary festival, which exhibits a- worms which are ready to rise near the hedg- ' gain an abundant crop of splendid llowers and having conquered Naples, at the head of his knights, enobled his triumphant return home with the mulberry and siik-vvcrm seeds. In fine, the acquisition became completely ap- propriated to the most favorable districts of his kingdom, under Henry the IVth, one of the best of kings, with tiie help of his truly honest minis- ter, Sully. Every peasant and country farmer could boast of a well tenanted barn-yr.rd, of a fig tree shading his door, and a mulberry in his ave- nue. Excuse, Mr. President, this historical digression. VII.—No. 8. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 61 if, in continuation of it, your name and that of this Horticultural Society be iulUed to it, by fostenng and encouraging the culture of the mulberry, so necessary to the introduction of tlie domestic sta- ple of siik. To eflect it, it must be general, and not be left to private speculation or monopoK.— The growth of silk is not involved in any secret or iiij-stery. Aged women and children can be adequate to all its cares and tasks, under the dic- raies of domestic economy. Thus it has been flourishing and e:"t'ty of milk, add gradually the oil, stir- potatos or turnips, for winter use. The produce ""» '''^ mixture with a wooden spatula; then .js nearly the same as that of Syfedish turnips, and l^our in the remainder of the milk, and dilute the the siiil that suits the one is equally good for the ''panish brown with a part of the milk, ftlilk other. It may either be sown in drills, or raised skimmed in summer is often cunllcd, but this is of in beds, and transplanieii like cabbages; in this "o consequence lor the present purpose, case, the beds require to be made and sown the The milk must not be sour, becau.se m that case preceding autumn. Two pounds of the seed will " would form with the lime an earthy salt, siis- produce a siilficiency of jilants for one acre of cepiible of attracting the humidity of the atmos- ground. The stem is sw.iln like a bulb, and when ' I'liere. The lime is slacked by immersing it in divested of the leaves may easily be mistaken for \ vi'ater, from which it is taken that it may be suf- oiie. Hares are so fond of it, that on farms where ; fered to effloresce in the air. The Spanish brown these animals abound, the culture of this jilant is \ '* pounded, and carefully strewed over the surface found to be impracticable. Sir Thomas Tyrwhitt i "*' *he liquid : it gradually becomes impregnated first introduced kohl rabi into England from Ger- witii it, and IlIIs to the bottom ; consequently the many. Messrs. Gibbs and Co., seedsmen to the mixture must be frequently stirred. Jioard of Agriculture, raised in one year, one ton : This proccoa is applicable to any kind of paints ami a quarter of the seed, and continue to supply made with chalk, or white argillaceous earths, the demands of the public for it, and lor all other The above quantity will be sufficient for twenty agricultural seeds of the' best quality. 64 dr. of fi^«' yards oi tlie first coating. Resinous painting the bulb cfkoh! rabi afl'ord 10-5 grains of nutritive '" ""'k, for painting out door objects, add to the matter. foregoing composition for painting in milk : Slacked Limo, Oil IVliitc Titi-pentine, Put the turpentine into the oil, which is to be added to the liijuid milk and lime ; in cold weath- er the milk and lime must be warmed. Any col- Each two ounces. SPOFFORD'S GAZETTEER. We have taken a cursory view of a work re- cently from the press of Charles Whipple, of New- buryport, entitled Jl Gazetteer of Massachusetts ; containing a Gcntrai yiew of the Slate, loith an Hislurical Sketch of the Principal Events from its o'' can be given by substituting whitening or any Setiltment to Ove present time, and JVoticcs of the sev- '!'">' <"olors, chalk, ochres, &c. &c. for the Spanish eral Towns, ulphabcficaUy arranged. Hy Jeremi- brown and Venetian red. AH Spofford, Co-ansellor of the Massachusetts Med- ical Society. With a Map of the Stait. It ajipears WEEVIL IN WHEAT. to be the result of much labour and research, and 1 *''* Ffssksden— The season for sowing wheal is near, and if rated by the scale of utilit}-, will be tound not ''"*' *'"'''<"' "•" *e country. Ij ing on the east shore of Lake oiilv in the library of every man of letters, but on i *^''"'""''''''"' ''^^ ''*^™ """-■'' "^"l 'led ""'i ilie insect called the the book shelf of every farmer and mechanic in ! l^'"'"'' " '"'"" """"■" '"""''' "''"'' ^"'^ '""' """ '"''■'"'' ■ -"'' M a .,..l...of r, . Tl.o .■■.tl,,... 1, ... 11 1, J ■ ! "^' partially, aiKl in some cases wholly deslimrd pieces of ftl.,s-a. husetts^ The autho. has v., 11 observed m ,,heal. As we have no. been iroubled w,.h din before dm Ins preface, bxccptmg the lew wno have met m ' reason, please, Sir, inform through .he medium of vour paper, the Legislature, the ml.el.itants of^ Berkshire and Uhether wc shall be subject lo them .he nnxi season in conse- BarnstaWe, or of Hampshire and Esyex have been iquenceof having had themlhis; or w heiher seed wheal which less known to each other than the Inhabitants of j has some ol Ihem in it vvould be more liable to them than old FAirope and America ; and it would be easier in I seed, which was laised before ihey came about, and any other the eastern parts of the State to find persons, and I inlurmaiion which you may know oi them, which m.iy be use- especially youth, who could describe with geo- '"''" '''"'^ ""'"■'l''*'""^'' "'''' 'lie '"see, and oblige grai.bical accuracy, the Nile or the Ganges, than '''"""' "*"'' '""'''' ""^V^'^^ tliose who would give a tolerable account of the ^alhlmy , (Vt) Aug. 26, 1828. ■tloosic or Ilonsatonic." This ignorance of the ' «ori)ograph>- oi" our own State and neighbwliood, j fiemarks l,y the Edilor.~We are happy to com HARVEY DEJn.\G Sept. 12, IS-JS. niuiiicate all the information we can at present command on this subject ; and hope it will attract the attention of those of oiir friends and corres- pondents who may be able to jirescribe some rem. edy against the ravages of the insect. The Weevil or Cornchafer, Curculio granarius is " a species of insects bearing a resemblance to oblong, soft worms. They are proviiled anterior- ly with six scaly legs, and their head is likewise covered with scales. Some species of these larvce i are dreaded for the niLschief they do in granaries ; as they find means to introduce themselves, while small, into grains of wheat, and there fix their abode. It is very difiicult to discover them, for they lie concealed within the grain, grow slowly, and < niarge their habitatioa, in proportion to then- size, .it the expense of the i.iterior meal, on which they teed. " Corn-lofts are frequently laid waste by these numerous insects, which devour immense quanti- ties of grain. When the cornchafer, after having consuiiicd all the meal, has attained its full size, it rema n? within the grain, hiiles itself under the empty husk, and .subsists alone ; there it under- goes its transformation, and becomes a cbi-ysalis ; nor does it leave the grain, till a perfect insect, when it makes its way through tlie husk. "The Society of Meaux in France has invited all tliose who may think proper to make use of the following very simple method of preserVin" grain from Weevils, and other insects, to commu- nicate the result of those trials. " Soak cloths, made of~ flax, in water, wring thein and cover your heaps of grain with them ; in two hours time you will find all the weevils u[>on the cloth, which must be carefully gathered lip, that noi.'e of the insects may escape, and then j immersed in water to destroy them. — Domestic 'Encyclopedia. I M Duhaniel has observed that a considerable heat is necessary for hatching the eggs of the weevil, and that this insect cannot breed in gran- aries that are well ventilated. To prevent this he made repeated experiments, the results of which made it evident that this insect cannot multiply iu grain that retains a proper degree of coolness j which it may be made to do by frequent veniilat- ; ing. When grain is agitated in a sieve fine ' enough to retain it, the weevils contract their Ic.s and are, in that position, so nuicli smaller than the grain, that they drop through the sieve. j The Fanner's As. istaiit observes that the wee- j vil is " a little black hug, very destru. five to wheat cither in barns or granaries. On thrusting your band into a bin of wheat infested witli them, con- siderable warmih will be felt ; but as they are u.^ually collected together, every jart of the heap, or bin should be examined. " There are various ways of keeping wheat clear of this insect, after it has been threshed out and put in bins. Mr L. Hommedieu found that a sprinkling of lime with wheat infe.--:ted with them in his bin soon drove them away. The lime can be afterwards winnowed out. " Sulphur or snuff jiut up in little papers or b.igs, and properly distributed among the wheat in the bin, will keej) them out, or drive thein out when they have got possession. I " A plant of henbane has the same effect ; and so have the leaves and wood of the Lonibardy poplar. A bin made of the boards of this wood will never have a weevil in it. " Take wet linen cloths, and lay them over a Vol. VII.— No. 8. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. m heap or bin of wheat, with weevils i>) it, and they j Fresh — Our River is higher than it has been will soon come out of the wheat and get upon the for several years, and is full of timber and hunber, cloths ; when by d![)|)in<; these in water again, fencing stutt', |n!ni[>kins, &c. The crops of Corn, the insects are readily-destroyed. I'otatoes, &c. r.re entirely lost. Wiieu our paper 1 " Tliev may also be .•sifted out of ^^heM, bv a ^v«"t '« P'-«ss, the water was still lising at the rate j sieve which will let them throuirh and retain ilie "f three inches per hour Many of the stores m j , . ■ Co.'nmerce street have tiie water on then- first ! W , ([(Hii-.— Cort. Mirror, 8th iiist. ' " It would seem that the readiest waylo keep I tliein oni of mows of wheat, befiire threshing, would hi- to mix little pieces of Lombardy poplar every where through the mow in laying the sheaves away. Perliaps common salt is as offen- sive to this insect as to most others ; and if so, to sprinkle some among t'le sheaves, when laying Oat Meal, Oat Flour, Gratis, Ifc. .Tusl rnc^-ive'l at ihc New p'rijiland Former Seed Store, Q further supitlif ol tlie al-ove artitles, viz. .'JO Uarreis <>( fiesli Oat Meal, fine holleil Onl Flour. Hiillerl Osls or Verniout Rice, •Scotch Itjriey, &c. lor sale in .iiiv C[iiantilic»i, wholesale or re- tail. Als.) a ?ew caiiiiislers of fine Oat Flour, neatly packed, at .'jO cts. [■■Qv cEiiiiistcr. Fallen Fnit.—Be very careful to gather all [ pinictured or decaying fruits, wliether on your ' trees or ou the ground, and give them to your j hogs. If you do not, tlie worms v.-hich they con- j tain, and which have been the cause of their pre- mature decay, will make their escape into the wheat down, miffht answer the double purpose of j,,.^,j„(j_ ^uj yo^| ,^-,11 fi„j (he evils, which await keeping out the weevil and improving the straw for fodder. An article on the subject of the weevil, by N. & N. Nixoti first published in an Ohio pa[)cr, and ' republished in the New England Farmer, vol. iv. page 228, contains the following observations. " The in(|uirv of almost every farmer is, ' How shall we |ire?erve our wheat from the weevil.' — We answer, thresh it immeiliately, clean it from ihe chaff, spread it in a barn or open room, an.l if it acquires the least warmth stir it daily. Wn have now several thousand bushels of wheat on tlieir visitations will increase upon you another ! season. PEACHES. We are glad to perceive that our citizens are paying increased atteiitioti to the cultivation of( fruit, especially the peach. No spot can be more I favorable for this object, and no land is better a- 1 dapted to the growth of fruit trees of any kind [ than that which abounds here. The cultivation j of fruit has hitherto been too much neglected. | Mr. Ezra Sawyer has presented us with some | , , . , ., 1, 1 c .u I I 1 peaches, from his farm, rare-ripes of excellent hand, which was threshed from the shock and ' ' , ' 1 ■ , ;„,.i, ' flavor and very large. One measured nine inch- Irom the stai k before the weevil commenced its ravages. It has been lying in garners near sixly days, and has been kept cool by frequent stirring ; the weevil has not touched it, and we have no hesitation in saying, let their ravages be what they may in the slack, wheat thus cleaned and kept cool, will, in all ca.ses be free from tlio flying weevil. "We believe they are ]>rodti'ed frnni an egg, which after being laid in the grain, requires a cer- es and a half in circumference. — Lancaster Gaz. DUTCH DAIRIES. For the sake of cleanliness the tails of the cows are tied to the roof of the cow house while mint- ing, and the cow houses are kept remarkably clean and warm. SAV/ YOUR WOOD. " A Farmer" .says " a very considerable saving tain degree of heat to pro.luce animation. That '"'^.^ ^"^ realized by using the .saw instead of the portion, which is j.roduced by the straw in the ' a'"= >" !«q>a'-'ng wood tor the fire, although very Giinpoiuder, &fc. Do Pom's Gun Powder, at 23 to ,50 cts. per pound— Shot— Palls — Flints and rerriissi Entrh/ni Farmer. The sub.icriber wants to purchase a complete set of the New England Farmer. E. STEUMAN. New!)uiyp(:rt, Sept. 3. Seeds for Fall Soicing. For sale at the New England Fanner Seed Slore. a fresh sun. ply of varif us Grass Seeds— also a great variety of vegetable- seeds for fall sowing, viz. V/hiie Portugal Onion, Sirasburg do. Sliver skin do. Pi-iekly Spinach and Dnich Cole liir early greens various kinds of lettuce, cairot, cucumber, cabbages, &.C.— . black Spanish or winter radish, &.c. all warranted fresh. PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. Corrected every Tiiursday., stack, during the summer ami fall, ajipeai's to be nature's choice. It is against that portion of heat we would have the farmers to gi!!>.rd, when we advise tliem to thresh and keep their whent cool. Whether the egg is deposited in the field or ki the stack, we pretend not to say, but we have rather conchtiled in tiig latter; but we can with snfetv few of our eom.mon country people are aware of the fact, having never tried the experinwnt. A saw suitable for this business costs no more than an axe, is as easily kept in order, and with care- ful usage will last many years. A man can saw as much and probably more woofl in the same time than he can cut with an axe. Scarcely any say that the wheat now en hand, which never ''"<'" """^"e, the wood may be all cut of an ex- ; went throngh the sweat, or which never attnincd \ "'"^ Ifngfli, "'I'l o" tl>« whole the annual saving to that heat to which ncailv all wheat in the st:tck is; e^e^V ''""s<'-l'"''ier, by using the saw instead of | subj.jct, whether it contains the esg or not, has a" '»"«, woul.i, in t!ie course of several years, prodiicodno weevil; and that which we have re- "mo""t^^ to something of considerable conse- cently received from the i^tack, ceases to hatch, or Quence. ^ in any wise produce them as soon as we can get Preserving Water Melons. — Water melons, green it perfectly cool. P^rn &c. may be preserved so as to have them "We advise those who would preserve their fi-esh in winter or spring by placing them till used presetrt crops to thresh and clean them immedi- under hay stacks, or in a hay mow. ately ; and those who would hereafler effectually ...,..ii»in— — lh im ^»,-.~^^.»« i.en=.n»cc=.n»«»i guard against the flying weevil, we advise to ' Tulips. thresh from the shock, or before the wheat takes .lust received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. the sweat " 52 North .Morkel Street, ,'."',. „, . , .„.,,. A tine colleclioii of Dutch Tulips of bright red. yellow, while, It IS stated in an Ohio paper, that if in shocking ^^^ splen.lid variegated colojr.s;-l2 l-"icts. e:.rh, ;gi,00 per wiieat, elder leaves aie strewed over eatdi layer dozen^assoned. of sheaves that.it will entirely secure the wlieat [p' The Hull calf, of ihi^ Short Horned breed, lately adver- against the ravages of the weevil ; it is fiirther lised in the New England Farmer, is sold. st.ited, that jf the wheat is threshed and cleaned and put into casks, and the surface of the wheat covered with elder leaves, it will likewise preserve it. The writer asserts that he has not only saved his own grain by these means, but that all his neighiiors who have pursued the sanv.' course have been equally successful. APPLES, best, - - - - ASHE.>, pot, first soil. Pearl, first sort, - - - BEANS, while, .... BEt.F. mrss, new. - - - - f 'aii.o. No. 1 , - - , Cargo, No, 2, BUTTF.Ii, inspected No. 1, new, - CHEESc^, new milk, Skimmed milk. FLOUR, Pallimore, Howard-slrecl, - ; Genesee, - Ivye, best, - - . - GRAIN, Corn, - - . . Rye, .... Barley, - - - - Onts.' - - • - HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME, . - . . . PLAISTER PARIS jelails at PORK, new, clear, - - - - Navy, mess. Cargo, No. I, SEEDS, ri'i-d's Grass, - -' - Oreh.ird Gra'^s, Fowl MeadoAv, - Rye Grass, - . - Tall Meadow Oats Grass. - Red Top - - - - Lucerne, - - - - While Honey,suckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Peel, - Mange! Wuiizel, WOOL, Merino, full blood. w,7shed, - Merino, lull blood, unwasiied. Merino, three tourth,s washed. Alerino, half & quarter wa..!;. n N.Tt've. washt'd, - Polled, Lamb's, first sort. Pulled Lamb's, second son. Pulled, linr spinning, first so- ! , 1-ROM .arrel. 2 00 toil. '• 1C2 50 'Ushel. 1 (10 ■.an-el. 10 .50 '* 3 ao pound. 12 G ban-el. 5 87 (( 5 62 "' 2 62 bushel. 63 •' ■m ** 60 '• 32 pound. cask. 83 ton. 2 2j barrel. 18 00 " 13 00 13 i'O btislTel, ■■ 2 00 pound. Hemp Seed. .Tusl received at ibe New England Fanner Seed Store, No, .52 North [Market Street, A cons-gnment from Troy, N Y. of 50 bushels of Hemp .Seed, growth of 1S27; by die tierce or bushel, Spring Wheat. .Tusl received a few bushels of prime Gilnien Spring Wheat, gro\vih of 1828, raised in Soulhborough, Ms. PRnViaiON MARKET. BEEP, best pieces, - - •> PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs. VEAL. MUTTON. ... - POULTRY, . - - . BU'J'TEK.kegand mil, - Lump, best, EGGS, - - - ME.V,L. Rye. retail, - Indian, retail, POTATOS. new - Cl'DER, [accordiuff to (jiialily,] - pound. II 10 6 i'caree I 12 dozen. I bushel. 14 barrel,' 2 00 TO 3 00 103 00 105 00 1 50 10 76 8 75 7 00 14 S 3 6 m ,5 i5 3 iiu 5-1 52' 70 40 9 90 2 £0 19 00 13 50 13 00 2 2,5 I no ■1 110 4 00 6 (0 1 I'O 50 60 12 1 SO 1 .50 GO 30 40 35 30 .50- 33 40 12 I 10 6 10 8 M 2a 17 70 65 40 2 50 61 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Sept. 12, 1898. MISCELLANIES. MILITIA. Hamil toil's opinion of the Militia System forty years ago. In 1787, when our militia M'ei'c few in luinibcr coni])aied vvitb t!ie ])i-esent time, Aloxamler Ham- ilton observed, " The project of (.li.^fiplining al! the | teriioon. The usual formalities of stretching and An accident of an extraordinary nature took I smiiik." " No, you will all go out directly." "The place a short time ago in the Calton. The wife class in the spelling book stand up to read. Ze- of a shoe-maker had been for a considerable tmie | kiel begin." "B-a-k-r." " The next." "S-u-g-a-r." lying ill of a fever, but was gradually recovering, j " What does that spell .=" " I'deuo sir." " What Shejjowevcr, suddenly relapsed, and as her lius- 1 does your mother put in your tea ?" " Lasses-er." band and friends supposed, she died on the second " The next." " Marster, niaint I gwout ter gel day after her relapse, about two o'clock in the af- sniice, to put in my trowsis, to keep my nose from bleeding ?" " Yes, but come right in." " S-t-a-i-r-s." " What does that spell ?" " I'deno sir." " What do you go up to your chamber on militia of the United States is as futile as it would j laving, out were gone about— her husband pro be injurious if it were cajiable of being carried in- 1 j.,„.pj ujoncy from bis employer, and ordered to execution. A tolerable expertness in military j mourning for the family. Next day about twelve ' when you are at home ?" " Larder." " No, you movements is a business that requires time and o'clo"') distressmg complauu, a decoction of common Little more can reasonabiv be aimed at, ^-ith re- 1 Ground Ivy, is a certain and almost unmediate DANDits to make a greater show. Wear coat> stuck out will) pads and puffing, And this is surely apropos, For what's a Goose without he sljiffing. THE AKW ABIERICAN GARDENER. A wurU with this title, com(iileil by the Eiiltor of the New Englaiiil Farmer, v/ith the ass]stanee ol a niinjljcr of scientific .spect to the people at large, than to have them ; '"^'edy. On Tuesday morning, a little child "^ ; a»dP.act.calH.,n,cum,ral«^^ ' ' ° , tn'r, i-o.>i.c r.\A WQ« T'inlpntlv c:ei7Pil bv tlii^ com- VorK. IS Hist published by J. t». Ittisstl-l, fiopnelor oi inc properly armed and equipped; and in iTder to 1"'° J eats old was \ lolently stizeu m ""=• co""" ^"^^'''pj.g^d' Pa^mer. The amcles a.e arranged alpha- plaint— Its mother gave it ground ivy tea (taken , |,^.„raiiv,°and coi-.iprise the most useiul Vegetables and cool) pientifullv throughout the day; and next : FRiiri which can be conveniently and economically cultivated , r 1 -1 1 n 1 1 /■ 1 in the climate of New Kng-laiid and the 1 iddle btaies; as well as day we saw the child as well and as playful as '^n^!;^,^;™='^;°P,^^„^„^=^,,j„„ LANDscAPEorP.crtREsQUE see that this be not neglected, it will be necessary •to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year." ever. — ./V. Y. Courier. Drowning. - We perceive by a London paper, that the Stomach Pump is recomniendod to aid the recovery of drowned persons. Tliis valuable in axiid. a month Gardens, on the general management of the Silk Wokm.^ aud the manulacture ot Silk, r.nd a Treatise on the culture of Grapk ViNKSand the Strawberry. The article on Fruit Vol.— If you have children, keep tliciu for ^.''.^rcoutains an enumeration aid description of all the Apple 1 or two on bread and milk. 'V on should Pears, "' "' " . ■ , Peaches, CheiTies Plums, Nectarines, Apricots. iS:c. 6:c. «.nti,.n-having been successftilly used in ejecting always keep them so_but especially at this timo. ^Ja. -n he_,.,sed_^d,e most^^ rela.ive^o. poison from the stomach, we see no reason why Milk is a sworn euciay to the physicians, winle he„ef,i ,„ gemiemen in laying out orchards. Each ot the above it should not be used to draw from the stomach meat and coflce, and green corn, and withered articles is furnished by gentlemen practically acquainted with the botiy of water which is the cause of sufFoca- 1 peaches (of which we have an abundance this '''YhsfoTihe conttttTo]^ the « "rk'wl'li be found in the Ne»- tion in drowning. We hope that humane institii- 1 year,) are their disciples.— Conn. .Mirror. tions will add the stomach pump to tiieir appara- tus, and learn persons how to use it. We are sanguine of success in cases of drov\'ned persons. Soutkaii paper. El'.glaud Fanner for August I. ' Price S 1 .2o— Si.v copies for 56.00. Farm Wanted. COUNTRY SCHOOL KEEPING. Mr. Prixter- Did you ever teach a school? ^,.g„|pj ,^ purchase, or hue, on a long lease, from 150 to 300 If VOU ever have, I guess as hew VOU had a little aeres of the best land, located within thirty miles of Boston— for - . . . * ... , . ...I.- L .. (■_;_ ;., Ill K^ „...«,, A^lrlr..;a " P I» " Rn<£l/in rati.er set types, for it is a solemn fact, that the which a fair price will be •"^„ ' .„ . ^, ^ . through the posl-onice. Address " V. l>," Boston. Gt •'iug. 1 A challenge.- \ little fop, conceiving himself in- schoolmaster of a country village is the most mis- o ^ ^ ,.: t,^ , r j- suited bv a%entleman, who ventured to give him : erable being on earth. Though I i^cver bad the Seeds for the ff est Indies "IlTwiio^^ne advi;e, strutted up to bim with : mistortune to be engaged in that prolessio.i, I not ..SJ^jJ-^-SlX^ ::^:t:^:'^:::^^^::^Z:^^l an air of importance, and said, " sir, you are no long since \-i.sited the school of a friend of mine for , hat market, at from J(4 to Jji per box —Each bo.x contains TPnttpm-ini liere is mv card— consider yourself: in the country, and if there ever was anything upwards of sixty different kind-, of see ■ gentieraan . ueie is inj cum >.mui..ci j ; , . , ,, -^ , , •.■„<• t}„,ii,„ •♦ mental, m quantities sufficiem lor a cor Should I be from home when you which could approach a description of Bedlam, it Likewise the greakst varietyof .seeds i nf seeds, vegetable and orna- 1 common kitchen garden. — challenged. Should I be from home when you wnicn couia approacu a aescripiion oi oeuiani, ii Liiiewise the greaust varietyof.seeds to be louud in New Eng- honor me with a call, I shall leave word with a j was this school. I had just got fairly seated, Avhcii land, by thejKiund or bushel, all warranted pure, and of the friend to settle the pi'elimiuaries to your satisfac- ! up jumps a young Bedlamite, with " Marster, Jo tion." To which the other replied—" sir, you aii a fool — I ed ! and growth" of 1827. ' Hou.se keeps cr pinchin ma." " Jo, did you pinch i Onions for Sale. here is mv card— consider your nose pull- 1 him ?" " No, I sav I did'nt, so now come, 'twas [ sis hundred bushels of prime Onions, (White Portugal, and d should I n;t be at home when you call Bill Grimes, for I seed him when he did it."- | f^;::^^!:^^^ l^:^,:iS:^:'^Z'':::C:^T^Z,'^ you will find I have lefl orders with my " Bill, what did you pinch him for f " Koz ho j ^.^.^.^ ajvamageous terms. Enquire at the New England^ Far- , ;„ i,:„i, „„„ ;„.„ tlif. strcf^!." keens er crowdin." Then follows a severe flagel- ; mcf Seed Store. Aug 29 on me, servant to kick vou into the street. keeps er crovv'din." Then follows a severe flagel- ] mcf Seed Store. lation. Soon a class of little ones is called up to ' Orchard Grass Seed—gi-outh of 1828. The Roman Matron showed her Chii,dren as read, and by the w^ay, be it understood, my friend i ju^, |.p(.eivi;d at the New England Fanner Seed Store, No. her most precious Jewei.s. How an.xious must 1 the master was in the habit of squinting. " What ,52 North Market Street, ^ i ■ She have been to have ha.l them grow up with j ;, that ?" " Thath, A-er." " Vej-y well, vvhat is | „^'S::f^:i^:ZXMl^?:Z::^E:^^ augmented lustre and value ! And liow much agony must she luive felt, if she perceived that thsy began to tarnish and decay, in contempt of all her efforts and solicitude ; and that those occa- sionally entrusted with their care, instead of striv- ing to preserve them pure, contvibtitcd fo fis an incurable canker ou ihem. raised, this season, arranted to be the next?" "I'deno thir." "That is B, yotl cquafin "jurily lo any ever i.ffered for sale in New England. blockhead." " B-er." " What is that ?" " I'deno j J -^^^^^^^^^^^^[^r' "• '"''"" ^'"""^ thir." " What do I do when I look at you .' '— j =""" . . r keeps. " Thquint-er." " Master, Tom Bogues maki!) me laugh, he-he-he." " Tom come her —did you make him laugh ?" " No sir." « W aaJiff your scat." " Master, maint I gwou-to get , Publishe.1 every Ffiday, at gS per annum, payable at the end of ikc yoar- bu'. those who pay within sixty days from (fte lime' at .subcribing, are entitle* to a dedection of fifty cent?. NEW EM©1^AMI> FARM EU. Pablhhed % John B. Russell, at Ab. 52 Mrlh Market Street, (over the Jip-icnlhiral /rftre/loMsej.-THOMXs G. Fessenden, jGrfi- Ihc E.lilDr.) IMPLEMBNTS OF AGRICULTURE. Every gi>0(j iiusbandman will lay it down as a rule, to have an inveutory of all his agricultural iral)Ielllellt^;, and other articles, necessary for the cultivation of his farm ; and frequently inspect them, that lie may be sure that the requisite re- pairs are made in due time. An implement, like- wise, that if not longer wanted during the season, ought not o:dy lo he carefully housed, hut before it is put aside, it should be well cleaned, rendered perfectly dry, (Wed, or, if :nade of iron, painted, and kept so as ro be ready when wanted. Sir John Sinclair observes that no circum- stance marls more the character of an attentive luisbandma.i than great attention to his farming implements. Upon every farm, also, there ought to be one or more places, properly constructed, for holding the larger implements ; and some se- cure place allotted, for containing the smaller tools. Where machines are necessarily exposed iu the field a great part of the season, they re- quire to be new |)ainted at least every second year. This defends them, not only from drought but also from rain and rust. The introduction of new implements into a district is often a matter of great difficulty, ow'ng to t!ie ignorance, the prejudices, and the obstina- cy of farm servants and labourers. Many fann- ers, therefore, veiy absurdly retain their old un- plements, though convinced of rather than sour the temper of their labourers 1)\ | attempting to introduce new ones. In several cases, however, by attention, perseverance, and by rewarding those servants who have been in- duced to give the new machines a fair trial, they liave succeeded in the attempt. The importance of pro|)er imijlements is such that the melioration of those in use would be an essential advantage to agriculture ; and great as are the mechanical improvements which have been already made, many of them are capable of being brought to still greater perfection. Persons of gemus and experience, therefore, ought to be encouraged to devote their rime and attention to this important object ; and to exert themselves, either to improve the various sorts of implements now in use, on scientific principles, or in the in- vention of superior ones, as circumstances may require. The discovery of an useful implement, by which the labours of agriculture can be abridg- ed, or brought to a still higher degree of perfec- tion, and the expense of cultivation at the same time diminished, cannot be too much encoura-rerl. as likely to prove of essential service, both to the tarmer, and to the public. It is calculated indeed, that an nnmense advantage would accrue, from even the general adoption of the improved imple- ments now m use in panicular districts. Mr Cm-- wen is of opinion, that the fanners in the soufli- ern counties of England, lose at the rate of 2.5 per cent, by the heavy carts and wagons they employ; and there can be no doubt, that the introduction of two-horse ploughs and threshing machines, wl-rv,. these implements are unknown, would les- sen the more. expense of labor at least 10 per cent. GENERAL RULES FOR THE CONSTRUC- TION OF FARM BUILDINGS. In constructing farm buildings the following riiles should be attended to. Though a circle contains most space within tlie smallest possible inclosure, yet with few ex- Cfptions, it is the least adapted for subdivision, and the most extensive in execution ; while the sfuare, and parallelogram, will be found the least costly, and the most commodious. In low buildings, where the roof and joistin" aie the most expensive articles, the oblong form wll be preferable, particularly when such a form is. in other respects, best adapted to the purposes required. The cheapest buildings are those whose plan is ontained within fnur straight lines. All projec- tions add considerably to the expense, by the ex- tra corners, breaks in the roof, &c. WATER IN FARM YARDS. The author of Husbandry in Scotland, is of opinion that when cattle are fed iu winter on dry fiod, as hay or straw, no expense should be spar- ed in supplying them with a sufficient quartity of water. It has been ascertained, that a !;uIlock feeding upon straw, having water at cmumand, will drink of it eight times a day : hence 't i.s evi- dent that he cannot get enough, if only driven their inferiorhv. j '"'''"<' " '^^V '" =>" adjoming stream or pond. It is therefore, advisable, wiere it can be done, to brim; water into a cistern in the fold-yard, to which the cattle may go whenever thev are in want of it. The cistern may be made of rough masonry, and consequently would not be exjieu- sive. There can be no doubt that cattle would improve much more rapidly, more espei-ially on coarse fare, when thus supplied with water, than if they were only occasionally driven to it. es, may have suffered its loss. The constant ap- plication of salt lia.s been found to give strength and luxuriance to hair which was falling off, and causing rapid baldness. Thiols a simple and cheaj) remedy worth trying Domestic Enriir. KOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mu. Ff.ssekden — I have lately been in the county of York, Me. where a number of your sub- scribers— who are not half so numerous as they ouglit to b<^, for their own advantage — are desir- ous of obtaining information on the following sub- jects : — The best mode of niakiug a syrup and a wine of the elder berry juice : Tlie best season and mode of transplanting our native forest trees and shrubs for ornamenting the grounds about house.s, roads, &:c. Any information you may find it convenient to communicate on these topics, will be gratefully received, I doubt not, in the county of York, and certainly by a subscriber in Massachusetts. GRATER CIDER MILL. Of the nndritude of new inventions which the ingenuity of our countrymen annually brings forth, it is unquestionably true that a considerable proportion are of but little practical utihty, while others entirely supersede the modes by which the .same effect was bef ire produced. Among the latter, we have no doubt, the new " Grater Cider Mill" is destined to be ranked. We examined it last fall, and saw its operation, and are satisfied that the saving made by it, both in the power re- quired for propelling it, and in the rapidity of ex- ecution, is very great. The apples are ground, or rather grated, very fine, so that all the juice may more readily be pressed out, while the seeds are left whole, so that they do not communicate their bitterness to the liquor. We therefore do not hesitate to recommend it to the public, and this we do entirely from our conviction of its util- ity, and without the solicitation of any person whatever. — Mass. Sjy. Hair Restorative. — It has been ascertained that the daily application of salt will restore hair to the heads of those w ho, from fever or other caus- By the Editor. — We are happy to comply with the request of our respected correspondent to the extent of our information, and would be obliged to friends and well wishers to the objects of our e-stablishment fjr any notices relating to the topics of his inquiry. The following recipe is transcribed from the JS'ew .American Gardener. It was originally taken tVoui an En;glisli publication. We have never made trial of it, and cannot vouch for it, though we have no raasoii to doubt its correctness. To miaa iSnir-herrj nine One bushel, when picked from the stalks, jiroduces three gallons, or upwards, of berries ; put these to seven galls, of soft water ; after standing forty-eight hours, put them into the copper, let them boil one hour, then press the juice through a coarse cloth ; then put the liquor into your copper again, with twenty pounds of raw sugar, half a pound of Jamaica ginger, bruised, one ounce of cloves, and one ounce of allspice. Boil the whole together one hnur, then put it into a tub, and, when cold enough, add some good yest spread on a toast, and in two days |)ut it ail into a cask, and lay the bung light'y on for two months ; then add one quart of brandy ; this wine will keep for several years. With regard to making a syrup of the juice of the elder-berry, we have seen no prescription, but presume hat the process is very simple. Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia says, " The berries [of the elder] are poisonous to poultry ; but their juice being bi>i!cd down to an extract, and sweetened with sugar, (this composition being termed roh,) is a gentle aperient, and promotes perspiration." With regard to forest trees, we shall give some directions from authors of established reputation. M. Blahon says, " Evergreen trees and shrubs may be planted with good success any time in March, in most of the Southern States ; but in the Middle States it should not be attempted be- fore the last week therein, nor in the Eastern States before the beginning" or middle of April : these kinds are always most successfully planted when done immediately before thoir respective veg- 66 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, vere, in a tub, and have but little room to extend their roots. '■ The next thing to be ob.served, is, to place die trees in the hole in such a manner that the roots may be about the same dcjitb in the ground as before they were taken up : Then break the oarth fine with a spaile, and scatter it into the iioV", so that it may fall between every root, that there may be no hollowness in the earth. Then, having filled up the hole, gently tread down the earth with your feet, but do not make it too hard, which is a great fault, especially if the ground bo strong and wet. " Having thus planted the trees, they should be fastened to stakes driven into the gruund, to pre- vent their being displaced by the wind, and some n ulch laid on the surface of the ground about the roots."' lOK THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. GRAFTING VINES AT THE ROOT. 3Ir. Fessende.v — I was much gratified by your repuiilicaiion of the letter of Mr. Coxk, of New Jersey, on the propagation of the Grape by graft- ing on the roots. Few men in our country arc entitled to higher respect from horticulturists, than Mr. CoxE, and every thing which comes from his pen is worthy of notice. He is right in saying that none of the European cultivators enumerated by him, none of the standard works on horticul- ture, have given even an intimation of the per- fectly safe and sure mode of grafting vines on the roots of other vines. But, at the same tiuje, it is true, that Mr. Knight, President of the Horticul- tural Society of London, has suggested it as a se- cure mode, and some months before Mr. Coxe's publication, having received some grape scions from him, I inserted them into the roots of other grajjes. Tlie process I adopted was exactly the same as that of Mr. Coxe. I inserted them by cleft grafting, using no clay, but drawing up the natural soil about three inches above the insertion — out of five scions, four grew. It is a valuable discovery for our horticultural friends in the inte- rior. They can always procure scions of the best grapes, and insert them in the roots of our native grapes, of which the country is full. The Isabel- ! la would make an admirable stock for the foreign grapes, and there is reason to hope that the more ; delicate grapes would flourish better on our native : vines, and probably be more hardy, than on their ! own roots. This, however, is only speculation — experience will decide. A correspondent of yours inquires as to the mode of grafting grapes on the stalk or stem. This, from my experience, is not a vei-y easy or successful process ; but the late Mr. Pre- ble was often successful in it. I have repeatedly itricdit, and failed. During the present year, I form throughout its length — one eje only should be inserted. As soon as the pegs whicij keep the spht open are withdrawn, the woni Boston Harbor to Chelmsford. 2. Worcester, Mass. to Providence, R. L 3. North- aiii))ton, Mass. to New-Haven, C't. 4. Albany to Bnfftlo. 5. Albany to Whitehall. 6. Salina to Ossvejo, connecting the Hiid5on and Erie Canal with Lake Ontario. 7. Connects Seneca and Cayuga Lakes with the Hudson and Erie Canal. 8. From Delaware River, in Orange county, to the Hudson, near Kingston. 9. Easton to New- ,irk, N. J. 10. Delaware River to Chesapeake Bay. 11. From Fort Deposit, on the Stisqtiehan- na, to the Jlaryland line. 12. Georgetown, D. e. to near Pitfsbtirgh, Pa. 13. Cleaveland. y~u Lake Eric, to the Ohio, at the mouth of the Seio- ta. 14. Cincinnati to the Maiiniee, near the head of Lake Erie. 15. Stoddartsville, on the Lehigh, to Easton, on the Delaware, (whole dis- tance 48 miles, but the canal as above.) 10. Mouth of Little Schuylkill River to coal mines. — 17. Lancaster to mouth of C. Creek, (slack water navigation.) 18. Philadelphia to Momit Carbon, (canal and slack water.j 19. Reading to Middle- town. 20. Middletown to Pittsburgh. (The three last form a continuous line from Philadel- phia to the Ohio at Pittsburgh. No. 20 has been commenced at both extremities. It is tliought ' that a rail road will be substituted for crossing the mountains.) 21. Pittsburgh to Erie, on Eake E. 22. Philadelphia, to meet Delaware and Hudson Canal. 23. Richmond to the Kenhawa. 24. Near the mouth of James River to Albetnarle Sound. 25. Near Louisville, Ky. to pass the rapids. 26. Canals and slack water on Cape Fear River. 27. From Columbia, by means of the Broad and Saluda Rivers, to Cambridge ; and from the Santee, by Cooper's, to Charleston. 23. Savannah to the Altamaha. 29, 30 To connect the Atlantic Ocean with the Gulf of Mexico. 31. Betwee side The principal merit of the 8|i])araais at Or- ange, is the great facility of heating the water, the convenient fixture of the vessels couiaiiiing the same, and the complete exclusion of every particle of the smoke of the fire. The skimmed milk, consisting of curd and whey, without any of the btittery parts, ha.s a pe- culiar sweetnes.'-, is extremely pleasant to the taste, and is deemed a very wiiolesotiie bevera-'e. With this apj)arattis, butter can be made in summer as in winter. NEW ENGLAND FARMER, BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPT. 19, 1828. FARM BUILDINGS. The first object wiien a new set of ftirm build- ings is to be erected, is to fix on a proper situa- tion, which ought to be as near as possible to the centre of the farm, more especially if it be arable. Nothing can be more preposterous, than to con- tinue the old sjstem of having the farm-hou.-;as nLak^sErie'and Ontario, on the Canaifa i V'-^'"'^ i» villages, totally detached from the farm ; a plan which originated, irom the want oi domes- From the .American Farmer. ''Completed. tiD proo^ress. SWEET BUTTER. The comnonent parts of milk are oil, curd and whey. TliP oily parts constitute the cream, and the curd mnkes the cheese. The oily parts, being specifically lighter than the other parts of the sub- stance, ascend to the surface in the form of cream. In winter, four or five days, according to the comtnon practice, are necessary to produce all the cream of a pan of milk. Such cream from this tedious process imt unfrpquertly acquires a bitter taste, which is cnint'iunicated to the butter. And the chtirning of butter from such cream is more- over an operatj'in of four or five hours, and some- times longer, unless hot water be poured into the cream, which invariably injures th rendering it white and insipid. To shorten the time, and to diminish the labor of making butter, and at the s;;me time to improve its qiialitj', there ha^ been recently established in the dairy house of Mr. Ro. Smith's farm, called Orange, an apparatus upon the simplest princi- ples imaginable. During the coldest weather in winter, in the course of less than twenty-four hours after the milk has been taken from the cows, sweet cream is produced, greater in quanti- ty and richer in quality than can be obtained in the ordinary management in five days. So rich, , indeed, is the cream, that it is churned with as j much facility as is the rich creatri of the Alderncy i cows, in the summer .season. The operation of churning never exceeds twenty-five minutes. The butter from such cream has never failed to be of a fine flavor and of a fine color : and in the na- ttire of things it never can fail to be .^o. unless the dairy woman should be utterlv ignorant of the art of making .sweet butter. The process is not a new invention. According to the principles of the system pursued at Orange, is made the swcot butter which, in England, is the most admired. — The part of the course of proceeding not in com- mon use is tliis : — The pans, with the milk just tak-en from the cows, remain until a thin skin of cream is produced. They are then placed in hot water, and in about thirty minutes thereafter all the crcaiTi contained in the milk is formed on the surface. The cream thus obtained is managed as other rich cream is in all well conducted dairies. tic security in feudal times, or the di"ead of foreign invasion. If the farm buildings are placed at the corner of a large farm, a part of ttu; land will probably be neglected — less Uianure will be sent to it — the e.xpense of cultivation v.iil be materially increased — the strcnj^tii of tlic i.'orses or c.\en will be uselessly wasted in going backward.s and for- wards ; and the remote part,; of llie far-ii, will be left in a state of miserabie pasturage ; or when occasionally broken up, She crops will iiecesaJ at Kirkaldy, at a reasonable rate the crops of the wall than is usual ; because, if wet, they will in that case, sooner become dry. The house should be at a moderate distance from the, other farm buildings, not oidy for the sake of purer air, but that the risk of setting the buildings on fire, by sparks from the chimnies of the house nia\ be avoided. This is another argument in favor of plachig the garden between the house and the farm buildings. Manv an industrious farmer has obtaim^d the onions were remarkable for their pioduce." YOUNG FRUIT TREEi*. Sinclair says, it cannot be too strongly inculcat- ed, that to permit young fruit-trees to be.ar fruit, for some years, is eventually to de essential injury to their future fruitfulness and duration. LOCUST TREE INSECTS. A gentleman has sent us (preserved in spirits) an insect, found in the locust tree. I r is the well known destroyer, for whose extirpa'.ioi. the Mass. Agri. Society have offered a prcniiiuu 'pf til'ty dol- lars. It is described at length in the Mass. Agri. Repos. vol. v. page 67, and drawings of the insect, showing its a])pearance in the several stages of its existence are there given. By the writer of the article referred to the insect is denoujinated Cos- sus robinia ; and the following is a part of his de- scription : "The general color of the larva is red, approaching that of the cherry, paler towards the sides, deeper towards the middle of tiie back, and in each segment there are several tubercles of a reddish chesnut color, from each of which arises a small bristle. The under side of the body is pal- er, and of a dull white, very shghtly tinged with red. The head is chesnut colored, the teeth very dark, and almost black. It has sixteen feet, or eight pairs. Three pairs of these are placed in the three first segments of the body ; these are character of being a bad husbandman, from hav- [ tioned by Sir John Sinclair, who says in sub- ing been unguardedly led to exhaust his capital stance that there are not less than 8000 acres in CULTIVATING A GARDEN WITH A PLOUGH. Field gardens cultivated by the plough are men- 1 terminated by a single claw, as in all caterpillars, 60 much on buildings, as to disable him from ap- plying an adcfjuate proportion of it to the purchase of proper stock or to the cultivation of the soil. And it may be laid down as a maxim, that though a farmer is well entitled to accommodations, in proportion to the size and produce of his farm, yet to erect these on a larger scale than circum- stances require is wasteful prodigality. Above all, increasing the expense by making ornamental erections cannot be too cautiously avoided. PROFITS OF GARDENING. ■ It is .stated in Berk's Report, that near Devizes, and ■ other towns in Wiltshire, (Eng.) many fami- lies .subsist by occupying from two to five acres as garden ground. The soil is sandy, and apphed to the produce of esculent vegetables for the con- sunii)tion of the neighboring towns and villages. So ])roductivc are gardens, when well managed, that tliree brothers, who followed the art of gar- dening, supported as many families, very decently, and gradually acipiired some wealth, by the culti- vation of about five acres of land. all, cultivated in the neighborhood of London, principally by the plough instead of the spade. — A garden cidtivated in that manner m y contain an acre with advantage. By substiiuting the plough for the spade, the work will require less attention ; the necessity of having a professed gardener accustomed to digging will be prevent- ed, and a considerable expense saved. BANKING UP HOUSES. The best mode of banking up houses, so as to keep frost from cellars, and render the lower rooms warmer than they vvouUI be otherwise, is to set single boards on edge, parallel with, and about a foot and a half or two feet from the sills or Four other pairs are placed in the 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9tli segments and the 8th pair in the last di- vision of the body," &c. The writer of the article from which the above is extracted suggests no remedy for the ravages of the insect. But the New England Farmer, vol, iii. page 382, has the following remarks on the locust tree borer : "A horticulturist tells us that he has preserved his locust trees against the bor- er, which has almost annihilated that fine tree in this part of the country, by first j)robing the holes made in the tree by the insects with a small fiexi- ble.vvire, a little hooked or curved at the end, in- troduced into the tree. With this he destroys or extracts as many worms as possible. He then with a small syringe, injects into their holes strong SOAPER'S WASTE. Sir John Sinclair asserts that soajjer's waste used in moderation by itself, or in a compost with earth, is an excellent manure for garden soils. — This substance not only destroys insects and their larvie, but consisting princij>ally of calcareous mat- ter, every spe<-ies of vegetables is greatly im- |)roved in quality, where it is ajtplied. sleepers of the house-and fasten them i„ that /^o^P-s'^'-^^^hich i.uss a finishing hand to their position by pins or stakes, driven into the ground, j execution. j Fill in a layer of dirt between the boards and sills, j The following extract from a report by a Com- and over that place a layer of straw or other fitter. ; mittee of the Essex .ligricuttural Soeiety, will show Then place boards flat-wise, or nearly horizontal- j that this insect, though injiuious is not always ly, descending a little from the house so as to shed j fatal to this valuable tree : rain, and carry it over the boards placed eilgewise as stated above. The straw or litter will ettectu- "An objection to the cultivation of the locust tree is o(\en brought from the fact that th'ey,^are ally prevent the frost from penetrating your cellar | s„,„etines destroyed by worms. This is true- to spoil your vegetables. Next to a smoky house, I bui the ravagesof this insect are found to be and a scolding wife, a freezing cellar is earnestly to be deprecated, and if possible, avoided. SUMMER-MADE MANURE. Many cultivators waste nearly all the manure, wlfich their cattle make in the summer time by mismanagement. Their cow-yard is large, and the droj)pings of their cattle are spread in thin layers over a large surface. Of course they are FARMER'S GARDENS. A garden, under a proper svstein, is a most val uable ac(iuisition to a farmer, "with a view both to «ist dried through and through by the sun, and comfort and economy. Many culinary articles { secondly, washed away by the rains. ^^ Cattle may be obtained from a well cultivated and sliel tered garden, which cannot i)e raised in the field. cr will not grow in exposed situations, with equal luxuriance and perfection. Attention, likewise, should be paid to the sowing of different articles at various seasons, by which an earlier and a more equal, as well as more regular supply for the table, may be obtained. It is also of use to emiiloy a piece of ground in a garden, for raising cabbages, Swedish turnips, and other plants to be afterwards transplanted into the fields. The ref- «!Se of the garden may be given with advantage to pigs, and milch cows. At the same time, vvork- lould be yarded in summer in a small spare Their manure, once or twice a week, at least, should either be ]ilouglied in or mixed with soil, for compost — placed under cover — shovelled into heaps and covered with earth, or in some way secured agamst the robbery of the elements. A farmer would be thought crazy, who should ex- pose his cattle-fodder to the weather itir month.s, before he made use of it ; and he cannot be in his right mind, if he suffers his manure, (which is the hearts-blood of agriculture) to be sucked up by the sun — drizzled away by the rain, or tossed about by the lour winds of heaven. greatest >vherc the trees are few and scattered. — In the grove on this farm, [that of Dr. Nichols of Daiivers] which extends over a number of acres, and in the other groves in this vicinity, but vci few of the trees are at all injured by worms. Tl' objection is by no means sufficient to authorize tir neglect of their cuUivation." See N. E. Farnn vol. iii. page 147. " ^'' Economt/ in Money Matters.— "Yht suliscriliers 'o ihe New Eiigliuid Farmer, whu wnuld willingly oblige us by prompt payment, and save fifty cents into the bargain, are respecifuilv reminded dial b}- paying in advance, they will obtain die current volume nl Ihe New England Farmer at g2.a0, instead of $3.00, which, according to tin terms of the paper, « ill beolherwij,: the invariable price. The advance pajmeuls are now due. — \ word to the n-isc, is wcrlll a whole vocabulary- 1') the otha-wiu. nU'We wish the friends to iliis journal to bear in mind that by obtaining five subscribors, and I'orwaniing the payment lor llie same, they will have a copy sent loihem. gratis, as long as ihe payment i.s annually forvvardcd. They may thus secure lo ihcmselves a copy of the work, and malcriaHy forward the iu- lercstsof the publication.— New subscribers* can be supplied w iih Ihe preceding numbers of the cunenl volume. Vo!. VIL— No. 9. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 71 AGRU'ULTURAL SEMINARY. An individual has offered to appropriate ten Ithousand dollars to the estabhshinent of u practical Seminary for the cidtivation of the various branch- es of agricultural and mechanical science ; to be located in the central part of Massachusetts, and placed under the supervision of the American Ly- ceum. It is expected that this institution, which is to embrace extensive workshops, irardens, &c. on the most approved models, will go into opera- tion early in the ensuing spring. - Bulletin. ' PREVENTIVE AGAINST CANKER- WORMS. Some notices of an invention for preserving fruit Itrees from canker worms were meant for this week's N. E. Farmer ; but, in consequence of the mislay- ing of papers, they are unavoidably deferred. We hope to publish something on the subject in our uext. — An answer to the query of our "Westmin- .-ter subscriber," as soon as possible, probably next week. TO PlJRIFy RANCID BUTTEK. Melt it with a .slow fire, in a well glazed earthen vos.sel, to which put soft water, working them well togetlier, and when it is cold, take away the turd and the whey at the bottom ; do it a second and a third time in rose water, always working liiem well toijetlier. The butter thus clarified ".ill be of the sweetest delicious taste. The following recipe (taken, we believe, origin- ally from an English paper,) is of some' conse- quence if correct. Try and let us know how it .succeeds. WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW. We have every reason to expect a more mag- nificent display at the approaching Cattle Show, than has graced the former festivals of our county. Strangers will be doubtless attracted, as well to witness the Exhibition of Agricultural riches, as from curiosity, to be spectators of the commence- ment of internal navigation. Our County is so fil- led with beautiful animals, the fields are so pro- fusely spread with the wealth of cultivation, the looms of its manufacturers are so busy in the pro- duction of cunning works, that we confidently an- ticipate an exhibition of the tenants of the stall, the products of the earth, the fabrics of industry, and Ihe combinations of ingenuity, which may sus- tain the character so justly acquired by the Coun- ty of Worcester, for the fertility of its soil, and the public spirit of its inhabitants. — Worcester Egis. Old Dr Hunt used to say wdien he could not discover the cause of a man's sickness ; We'll try this— and we'll try that. We'll shoot into the iree, and if any thing fails, well and good." Aye, (replied a wag) I fear that is too commonly the case, «jul in your shooting into the tree, the first thing that generally falls is the patient." BLACKSTONE CANAL. AVe learn that the Canal is now rendered navi- gable to Uxbridge in this County, and that it is ex- pected, unless delayed by unfavorable weather, that the whole work will be so far completed by the first week of October next, that boats may pass. Arrangements have been made to raise the sup- plies of money necessary for its completion beyond the amount of original subscriptions, by loans ob- tained on the joint credit of the corporation and some of its most responsible Stockholders, so that no iiecunirry delay will impede the com])letion of the work. A passage boat is to be constucted in this town, which, with those already navigating the waters of Rhode Island, will probably furnish ample ac- commodation for the journey of those strangers who may visit us nt the approaching Cattle Show. Worcester JEgis. SUBSCRIPTION. For importing Grape Vine Roots frmn France, at u moderate •price, and encouraging the introduction of that culture into thf Unilcd S'ates. Mr Alplionse Loubal, liaviiif^coiisitJcrobly enlarged ins Vine- yard, on Long Island, where he- unw has, in fuir culiivalion. thirty-five acres of ground, containing 7-,000 Grape Vine Hoots ; having also the peculiar advaiitjtje vt beii:g enabled to procure the best speeitnens of roots from his father s extensive vineyards and uurseries, in llie districts of Hordelais, Cleiac, and Huzel, deparinients ol' Gironde and Lot and Gaionne, in France. (45*^ N. Lat.) jiroposes to the nunicrous friends to the cuUivation of the grape \'itie iii the United States, a subscrip- tion vvdi be opened on ilie lirst of August, 1828. JMr A. 1^. will engage to furnish subscribers with the Grape Vine Roots, betbre the first of March nc.\t. and forward them free of e.\pense, to tlie difl'erent cifies where subscription bsts shall have been op-ined. 'I'lie roots will be three years old, and will produce considerable fruit the second year from the time of their being planted. I'hey will be carehdiy classed and packed m boxes, with some of the original soil in which they have been raised, which will greatly facilitate the thriving of the roots, when transplanted. Orders will be punctually attended to : the subscribers desig- nating the quantities and species of the graj>e vine i-oots ihcy wish to have. 'I'iiey will engage to pay lor 1000 roots or more, at the rale of 12 1-2 cents for each root ; for less than 100(1, at the rale of 15 cents; and 25 cents per root for less than 50. — • Roots only two years old, shall be paid for at the i ale of i) cenis each, for 10 or more ; 12 1-2 cents for less Ih.in one 1 3 and 18 cents for less than 50 roots. — Payment In be made on deliv- ery of the roots. — Letters nut received unless post [laiii. Subscription lists are open at New York, with Alplionse Lou ■ bat, 85 Wall street— Boston, E. Copeland, Jr.— .■\lbany. R. M'Michael— Philadelphia, Van Amringc— Baltimore, Willard Rhoads — Washington City, Wni. I'airo. — Riclimmid, Daven- port, Allen & Co.— Savannah, H;ill. Sliapter !c Tupper— New Orleans. Foster & Hulton— Charleston. (S. C.) .1. & J. Street & Co. Mr A. Loubat's book on the Culture ol the Grape Vnic-- and on the .flaking of Wine, may be found althe principal bocd;, sellers of the United Slates; and his agents will lurnish ihcm gratis to subscribers. lPRiCES~OF COU.VTRY PR Of) UGE. London-porter. — The scale on which brewing is ;onducted in England, may be conceived from the annual statement of the porter, ale, &c. given in London. The highest on the list is Barclay, Per- kins & Co. whose returns of jiorter for the year ending the .5tli July, amounted to 30.5,937 barrels, or about a 1000 barrels a day, exclusive of holi- days. Last year their report was 341,330. The total amount of 10 houses was 1,341,060 barrels, .somewhat less than the preceding year. JVfji) mode of making Jelly. — Press the juice from the fruit ; add the proper portion of sugar, and stir the juice and sugar until the sugar is completely melted ; and in twenty-four hours it will become of a proper consistence. By this means the trouble of boiling is avoided, and the jellv retains more completely the flavor of the fruit. Care should be taken to stir the mixture until the siijar is completely melted, and fine su- gar .should be used. Mosclietoes If money has been scarce the present season, moschetoes have been plenty. We speak fcclinghj on this subject, having been kept awake, in torture most acute, by these musical in- truders on nocturnal repose. They are terribly annoying, particularly to those not fond of music. A night or two since, we woke up in agony, ivrithing under the sting of these horrible musi- cians, that make such " concordant discord," and imagined a full band of musicians in our room, chanting some infernal dirge. If they would sting and he off, we would willingly spare a few of them a dro[) or two of blood, but then their melody, we had rather hear " a brazen candle- stick squeak," or hold sweet " converse with the wheel of a knife grinder." But we have found a remedy, — the mo.scheto net, commonly called a pavilion, effectually protects against the sting of these tormentors. — Manvf. and Farmers'' Journal. Treasure trove. — A solid mass of gold w.ns lately found in Anson county, (South Carolina) which weighed about thirteen pounds, Troy weight. It was sold for ,?!-2,.500. Tulips. .lust received at Ihe New Fngland Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North iMarket Street, \ fine collection of Onlch Tulips of bright red. yellow, while, and splendid variegated colojrs; — 12 1-2 els. each, ^!,00 per dozen, assorted. Hemp Seed. .Tost received at the New England Farmer Seed Slot c. No. .■)2 North Market .'^ireei. j A consi 87 5 62 2 62 63 45 i;o ■o'i I R5 i 2 25 18 00 13 00 13 00 2 00 1 j . n 45 25 1 35 i .33 28 1 45 28 37 10 6 4 scarce •'.12 22 14 2 on TO 3 CO 115 0(1 105 00 1 50 10 75 3 75 7 00 14 8 3 6 00 5 75 3 00 54 52 70 40 il 90 2 60 19 00 13 SO 13 00 2 25 4 00 4 00 4 00 5 00 1 00 50 SO 12 1 50 1 60 60 30 40 35 30 50 33 40' 12 10 6 10 14 25 17 70 05 40 2 50 n NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Sept. 19, 18-ig. MISCELLANIES. {Front Baiteifs Lays of a Minstrel.) THE BRIDEMAID. The hridal is over, llie giiesis are all gone, The tir'ule's only sister sits veepiiig alone ; jriie wreath ul vvhiie ros'es is torn froiii her brow, ■Vnd the heart of the brideniaid is desolate now. "With smiles and caresses she deok'd the fair bride, And then led her ibrth with atTcetionate pride ; She knev\' tfial together no moie the}' should dwell, Yet she smiled when she kissed her and whispcr'd farewell. She would not embitter a festival day, !Nor send her sweet sister in sadiieas away; She liears the bells nnging, she sees her depart, She cannot veil longer the grief of her heart. ' She thinks oJ each pleasure, each pain that endears. The geiille companion of happier years ; The wreath of white roses is torn from her brow, And the heart of the brideniaid is desolate now. GRAVE CORRESPONDENCE. Dr. Schmidt, of the catliedral of Berlin, wrote to Frederick II. in the following terms : " Sire — I acquaint your Majesty, first, that there are wanting books of Psahns for the Royal Family. I acquaint your Majesty, second, that there wants wood to warm the Royal, seats. I acquaint your Majesty, third, that the balustrade, next the river, behind the churcli, is become ruin- ous. Schmidt, Hacrist of the Cathedral." The King, much amused with the epistle, sent the following answer : " I acquaint you, Mr. Sacrist Schmidt, first, that those who want to sing may buy books. Sec- ond, I acquaint Mr. Sacrist Sclunidt, that those who want to be warm, may buy wood. Third, I acquaint Mr. Sacrist Schmidt, that I shall no long- er trust to the balustrade next tlie river. And I acquaint Mr. Saciist Schmidt, fourth, that I will not have any more correspondence with him. Frederick." Sentiments of the famous Mr. Perm ivith regard to Marriage. — Never marry but for love, but see tliat thou lovest what is lovely. If love be not thy ci liefest motive, thou wjlt soon grow weary of a married state, and stray from thy promise, to search out thy pleasmes in forbidden places. Let not enjoyment lessen, but augment affec- tion ; it being the basest of passions to like, when we have not, wliat we sliglit when vvc possess. It is the difference betwixt love and lust, that this is fi,\ed, that volatile ; love grows, lust wastes by enjoyment. And the reason is, that one springs from an union of souls, and the other from an un- ion of sense. Tiiey have divers originals, and so have difier- etit families ; tluit inward and deep, this superfi- cial ; that tran.-ient, this permanent. Tiiey that marry for money cannot have the triK' satisfaction of marriage, the requisite means being wanting. Men are generally more careful of the breed of their horses and their dogs, than of their children. Tiiose must be of the best sort, for shape, strength, courage, and good conditions ; but as for these, their own posterity, money shall answer all things. With such, it makes the crooked strait, sets squint eyes fight, cures madness, covers folly, changes ill conditions, mends the skin, gives a sweet breath, rejiairs honors, makes young, Avorks wonders. O how sordid i.s man grown ! Man, the noblest creature in tlie world i As n Cod on earth, and the image of Iljin that made it : thus to mistake earth for heaven, and worship gold for God. Anecdote. — A venerable Friend and a dashing buck, driving their re.spective vehicles, met in a narrow road, where neither could pass without the consent of the other. After some dispute, as to which should first turn out, the biick drew a newspaper from his pocket, and set about perusing it very diligently ; upon which the Friend, with characteristic composure, asked, " Friend, has thee another paper in thy pocket .'" " No !" — "Then when thee has done reading the one in thy hand, I would thank tliee to loan it me !" SuM.icH has become an article of traffic in Virginia, where it grows spontaneously. It is gathered in large quantities, and sold from one to two dollars the hundred weight, to be used in (hy- ing morocco leather. Thousands of dollars have been paid for it the past summer. — Microcosm. The Agricultural Society o! South Carolina reconiniend a public mart for the disposal of beef, cattle, li^e stok, &c. to prevent impositions at home a!id abroad. Empiricism reproved — When the revolutionary government of France, at the suggestion of the National Institute, attempted to introduce a new meteorology, by dividing the quadrant uf the me- ridian into one hundred, instead of ninety degrees, a French navigator, finding himself much per- plexed in the practical application of this new- theory, sarcastically recommended to the Assem- bly a decree ti at the earth should perform four hundred revolutions in a year ! — Adams' Report on Weiixhts and Measures. Montgomery has beautlfulL described Colum- bus, while meditating on lii= ireat exjiedition, as gazing with eager anticipation, towards the new jvorld which he hoped to discover — " Lights of Heaven ! he cried, Lead on ! 1 go to win a glorious bride, By nature nursed beyond the jealous sea. Denied to ages, but betrothed to ine." This bride our pilgrim fathers found on these unvisited shores. On her shady bowers no rude spoiler had intruded. None of the corruptions of the old world had foinid their way into her bosom. She was worthy to be the bride of our forcfatners, and to become the mother of a I'ace of freotnen. — KnnirJes' .'ld,lrcss. EPIGRA3I. ''■ On Tuesday next," says Tom to Ned, '• I'll dine with llicc, and lake a bed." "You may believe him,"' William cries, " For where he dines he always lies." Gov. S. P. Maitland is about to prohibit the dis- tillation of grain into ardent spirits, on account of the scarcity of bread stuffs in Lower Canada, af- ter the sliort harvest of the present season. We cannot but hope that this measure may lead to something of iinpirtance to the interests of iciu- perancc in that couiury and our own. — jV. }'. D. Advertiser. Cure for the Dysentery As this is the season most common for the prevalence of this distress- ing complaint, an experienced man, though not a physician, highly recommends the use of the high Mallows. Take of the upper leaves and seed to- gether, and boil them in milk. Let the sutfcring patient take of it, for victuals and drink. It is said to give, relief invariably, and safely to stop the progress of the disorder. Probably the low has the same heahng virtue. — Keene Stnlind. Best preparation of black lead for cleaning stoves, — Mix powder of black lead with a little cominon gin or the dregs of red Port wine, and lay it on the stove with a piece of linen rag ; then with a clean, dry and close, but not littrd brush, dipped in dried black lead powder, rub it to a beautiful brightness. This will be found to produce a much finer and richer black varnish on the cast iron than either boiling the black lead with small beer and soap, or mixing it with white of egg, &c. wbiph are the methods commoiilv practised. Domestic Encyclopedia. Remedy for Burns and Scalds. — Linseed oil and hme water, of each equal parts. The bottle .-hould be shaken previous to the application, as the ingredients will separate. Apply lint or a piece of linen to the burn, and keep it constantly wet witli the aliove prC|iaration. THE NKW AMERICAiN GARDEIVIR. A work with this title, compiled by the Editor of the New England Farmer, with the assistance of a number of scientific .inii Fraciical H .riiculiuralists in llie vicinity oi I^oslon and New YorK, IS just puWished by J. B. KcssEi.i., Proprietor of the New England Farmer. The articles are arranged alpha- hetually, and comprise the most uselul Vegetables and Fiti'iTs which can lie convenienily and economically culti%ated In the climate of New England and the .uiddle Stales; as well as a 'i'reatise on Fi.owers, and on LANDSC-\rK or Piccuresqux Gardens, on the general management of the Sit k Worm, and the manufacture of Silk, and a Treatise on the culiureof Grape Vines and the Stkaweebry. The article on Fruit Trees contains an enumeraiion ard description of all the Apples- Pears, Peaches, Cherries Plums, Nectarines, Apricots. &c. ifcc. thai can be raised lo the most advaniage. anil ilieir relative lor* wardness in bearing, which will be feund to be of incaltulalilc benefit to gentlemen in laying oui orchards. Each ol the above articles is furnished '>y gentlemen practically acquaiuteletely exclude the air, and buried in the ground, or suspended in cisterns, wells, or cellars, out of the reach of frost. In February or March they rnav be used, and. if the above precautions have been taken, will be found excellent. The vessels should be small-.sized ; as the fruit remains good but a very short time after being opened. T. A. Meyer. Clapton JVursery, Jan. 3. 4. To keep Pears. — In the north of Germany thcv keen winter pears packed in wooden boxes or casks, interlayered with clean .sweet straw, closely shut down, and placed in a room out of the reach of frost. The fruit require examination every month, that those beginning to speck may be used or taken out. — Id. .5. Management of the Fig. — In the autumn, be- fore the leaves drop from the tree, pull off all the ereen fruit, because few of them will survive the winter. This, however, should be done before the leaves fall, otherwise the wounds do not heal. Tt is attended with this advantage, that where one fruit is pulled off, two generally burst from the place in the following spring. If the trees (in pots) are placed in an airy, yet sheltered s'ltuation, and carefully defended from frost during winter, thev, under ordinary management, yield plentiful crop.s the ensuing summer. — Id. 6. Protecting Fines from Spring Frost. — In the we.st of Germany, where the vine is extensively cultivated, especially near the Rhme and Moselle, the vounff shoots of the vine are often killed by niffht-frost. which at once destroys the crop of the pre.sent year, and injures the trees for several years to come. To avoid this misfortune, the hus- bandmen, on evenings when they expect a frost, light a fire on the west side of the vineyard, and keep it up all night. For this purpose, they col- lect green boucrhs of trees, wet straw, rubbish, hav, weeds, or any other litter which will burn slowlv, and emit much smoke. This remedy is effectual, and. if neglected, the vineyard sufters ; the early check prevents the ripening of the wood, and. without this takes place, no great erop can be expected in the following year Id. " It has been recommended to sow the seeds of cherries, i)eaches, and some other fruits which are of perishable nature as soon after the fruit is ripe as possible. If the seads are kept till the next spring they become dried through, and the vegetative principle is destroyed. It is a good I)lan to keep small and rare seeds in their pods till the season for sowing them. rOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAKMEB. . Mr. Fessende.v — In your paper of the 15th inst. you mention as an important circumstance, that the Bread-fruit Tree is about to be introduc- ed into tlie gardens of the London Horticultural Society at Chiswick. To show that our Ameri- can establishments are not behind those of Eu- rope, I have to state that three species of the Bread-fruit have been cultivated at Mr. Prince's Linnreun Botanic Garden at New-York for a number of years, viz. the Artocarpus incisa, or O- taheite bread-fruit, Artocarpus sinensis, or Chi- nese, and Artocarpus nucifera, or Nut-bearing, of each of which species he has from six to twelve plants ill a most flourishing state. The ,price of the first named species at London in the spring of 1827, was seven to ten guineas each plant ; in Mr. Prince's catalogue they ai'e priced at $10 each. SOWING FRUIT WITH THE SEEDS, &c. Darwin savs when the fruit which surrounds any kind of seeds can be sowed along with them, it may answer some useful purpose. Thus the fruits of crabs, quinces, and some hard pears, will be all the winter uninjured covered only with their autumnal leaves, and will contribute much to nourish their germinating seeds in the spring. DOUBLE CARTS. Mr Fes:?ende>j — In Loudon's Encyclopedia of Agriculture, page 402, is a description of a wag- on, which is so contrived that it may be changed into two Cults by separating the forward from the hind wheels, without any other alteration. I wish to inquire of you, or through the medium of your useful paper, whether there are any such wagons used in or near Boston ? If so, do they answer a goofl purpo.se ? What are the best dimensions for one ? And what would probably be the cost of one.-' By communicating any information rel- ative to the subject, vou wdl foiifer a favor on A SUBSCRIBER. fVestminster, Ft. Sept. 18, 1828. Rcinarks by the Editor. — The wagon alluded to by our correspondent, is thus described by Mr Loudon : " Rood's Patent Wagon is a contrivance where- by the same carriage may, in a few minutes, be changed into two complete tiji-carts of the com- mon dimensions, and applicable to all the uses of carts in general, or into one wagon, so complete, that a naiTovv' inspection is necessary to distin- guish it from a common wagon. The carts have a contrivance to render them more safe and easy to the horse in going down a hill, and have mov- able side laildcrs, which will be found of great use in carrying corn, bark, &c. It may be con- structed with perfect facility by the wheel-wrights of any county ; its shape and particular dimen- sions can be suited to the wishes of the owner, or to the particular fashion of his neighborhood The result of considerable experience and en- quiries enables its inventor to state, that it may in any county, be completed for about five pounds, (S22,20) n. no than the cost of two cominnn carts It must, however, be admitted to be f-onr 74 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Sept. 2G, 1828, more clumsy than a common wagon." The cut which in Mr Loudon's work, accom- jianies this verbal liescriptiou, rcndeijs it httle if any more intelhgible ; as the mode of connecting tlie two carts into one wagon is not shown pre- cisely, tliough the shafts of the hind cart ap|)ear to he conducted under the body of that wliicli j)recedes it, where they are doubtless fastened with pins, or some other means. The " contriv- ance to render them more safe and easy to the liorse in going down a hill," appears to be a mode of giving play to the shafts up and down, while the bodies of each cart retain their horizontal po- sition and do not bear on the horse attached to the shaft. The side ladders resemble those com- monly attached, in thie country, to hay carts. Any wheel-wright of tolerable ingenuity could make one of these wagons, from the above des- cription, ^yhich if not precisely like that above al- luded to, would answer all its purposes. We as moisture is very unfriendly to the preservation really attacked with the grubs I know "" remedy of ice, an ice house should be constructed with a | window at each end, which should be opened in dry, but closed in damp weather. A large shelter or covering of rough plank or boards, raised about two feet above the top of the ice house, is the next and the greatest improve- ment in the construction of ice houses, which modern enterprise has been able to efiect. By attending to the above suggestions, a supply of tills airreeable article in domestic economy may be olitaincd with a greater certainty of success th n by any method now practised. [A correspondent wishes to know how ice houses may be constructed above ground, in low, damp situations, where water lies too near the surface to admit of making them below it, in the usual way. To this we can only say, what ap- pears obvious, that a pen of logs must be raised have, however, never seen nor heard of any thing I above ground, surrounded by some means, no of the ku)d in this country ; and from tlic circuni stance of its being " more ciuinsy than a common wagon," as well as more expensive, we do not be- lieve any thing of the sort will soon be adopted in the United States. From the North Carolina Keffisler. ICE HOUSE6. We are indebted to an intelligent friend for the following remarks on the best method of collect- ing and preserving ice : The great diflicully in obtaining a full sujjply of this article in the cJimate of North Carolina, arises from the short continuance of the ice in its mild and changeable winters. It often happens that ice docs not form thick enough to be worth collecting more than once during the season, and remains only two or tliree days before a change in the weather caj-ries it suddenly off; within this short period, it is scarce- ly possible to obtain a full supply, especially wliere it is to be hauled a mile or two to the house in which it is to be preserved.. To remove this difficulty, it has been ])roposed to build a temporary ice-house near the pond from which the ice is to be taken, into which the ice may be thrown, to be carted ai'terwards to the ice house as may be convenient. The following plan was tried the last winter by a gentleman in a neighboring with comiilete success : A pen of logs, about 18 feet square, was put up on the margin of a pond, and this was raised about 5 feet high. It was then covered with planks, so as entirely to exclude the rain and sun- shine. Into this pen the ice was thrown without further preparation, except that a small ditch was dug around the pen, to prevent the water from rain running under the ice. The ice was after- wards carted to the ice-house in all the month of .January, selecting for that purpose clear, dry weather, without regard to sunshine. Ten hands filled this pen in less than two days, and this quan- tity afforded an anijile supply for a Va.'ge family during the succeeding summer. An ice»;l»buse is incomplete, if it be witluout a drain to carry off the dissolved ice. Where this cannot be conveniently obtained, a well six or matter what, v.ith earth, in such manner as to ex- clude the effect of the heat of the sun. Suppose a double house, with the intervening space so wide as to be filled in with earth or tan-bark to exclude the heat ? This would, perhaps, be easi- er than to build up a mound of earth from a con- siderable distance from the base of the house to the top it. Both would be expensive ; but no doubt the thing may be done, and the object is worthy of much labor to accomplish it. The ice which was brought here from the north last winter, is found to be much clearer, harder and more durable than that which is usually col- lected in this immediate vicinity. — Ed. Am. Far.] so elficacious or sovereign in the cure as/s/i brim, which consists of the strongest kind of alum salt. I have frequently tried it, and never knew it to fail. I would therefore say to all who have hors- es, preserve your Jlsh brine. It is prepared by beating fine tiie sah in the fish brine ; take a dou- ble handful, put it in a quart of warm water to dissolve it quick, and drench the horse from a quart bottle. If relief is not obtained in a half hour or three quarters, drench again with the same quantity. — If fish brine is not at hand, fresh aluin salt pre- pared in the same way, but using more, will an- swer the same good effects. The brine is suppos- ed to act upon the pores of the body of the grub, and to strike into them, by which they are made to contract or draw up their bodies, and thereby let go their hold upon the coats of the stomach, or maw of the horse. Your " Inquirer" is refer- red to the first numbers of a series of essays- written by me, and published in the Farmer, for the best mode of rearing colts, and treating of marcs ; also to Mr. Brodnaxe's remarks, jirefaced by me, and pubhshed in the Farmer a few months ago. Author of " Annals of the Turf." From llie American Farmer. CURE FOR THE GRUBS, OR BOTTS, IN HORSES. In ansiver to " Inquiries about Diseases of Horses. Mr. Skinner — An inquirer in your paper of August l-5tli. No. 22, is desirous to find out a reuiedy for the grubs in horses. He shall have the result of my experience, with great pleasure, regardins that truly dreadful disease of the noble and useful animal, the horse. I consider the free use of salt as a sovereign remedy for the grubs, EDWARDS' PATENT ROTART MACHINE. Mr. Fox's merchant flour tnill, situated on a high bank, east end of Fifth-street, Cincinnati, IS "three stories liigh, large, strong, and handsome- ly built, and the machinery in complete operation for merchant work. It has an overshot water wheel thirty feet in diameter, and two run of burrs four feet in diameter. The water that propels the water wheel is produced by two rotary pumps or suction machines, on a new principle, invented by John Edwards, of this city, who has a patent for the same. The water is raised by a small steam engine, which throws a sufiiciency to run the two run of burrs, with all the gearing and machinery of the mill. It is allowed by good judges, that this mill makes as good flour as is made in the western country. It is considered a great acqui- sition to this city, and this new patent bids feir to be of great utility to the United States, as it will answer for all sorts of machinery, as well as for a milk The water, after acting on the water wheel. I learned this from that industrious and useful i returns continually, without any., loss except tbr state, and attended | salting their horse; never lost a horse class of citizens, the Dutch, or Germans. I had long known that they were in the habit of freely their and the result was, that they ith grubs ; the use of salt not only kept them free from disease, but essentially contributed to keep them in fine oiBiidition, sleek and fat, as is well known to a evaporation, which is but small, and can be kepi up by a small spring or well. This mill has been principally sujjported by the rain from the spouts round the mill, which is conducted to the forebay or cisterns. It is aUowed by judges, that the en- gine now in use throws water eno«gh, besides the who have observ-jtwo pair of burrs now in use, to rfin another pair; cd th" valu'ibio"work horses used by that class of; and that there is power suflicient still left to run our citizens \ another pump'of the same size. As many pumps- I hive for many yeai-s been constantly in the ; as she can rim will be so many jiair of burrs. It. habit of salting my blood stock of horses with my lis now open to view, and the <^«mmunity^can visit own hands, three and four times a week, and fre- day. To ef.^ ct this the more con- - Cincinnati the mill and judge for themselves.- Republican. JI bailed soup.—F\jt a pound of any kind of quentlv every vcniently, I alw.ays keep a small bag of s.ilt con- veriicnt to them; and whenever I see them, ^j^p'^j "pmi„ gUces— two onions, two carrots, eacU- which is rarely less than once a day, I throw a ^^^ .'^ slices— two ounces of rice, a pint of split- handful of salt to each head. The result ot 'Ijis ' ^^^^^ ^^. ^i^^ie ones previously soaked— i>epppr, attention, in the free use of salt, has been very . ^"^^^ '^_^j^^ .^^^^ ^^ earthern jug or pan, and poiu- gralilMui; ; for my stock of blood horses, mares, i ^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ vvater. Cover it very close, and, and Jolts, hos always been remarkably ''^allhy, ^^^^^^^^^ ^^,.j,^ j,^^ ^^.^^^^ dispo5^:d to thrive kindly, and I have never lost , _- to receive the water which, drains from the ice ; but the first plan is much to be preferred. And Two medicine pedlars went to Nantucket with eight feet deep mav be dug on one si.le oft.tlie pit o^.e by disease of any kind. ^ _ „„,V,i„„ ,!,» ' - " ■• ', ' ^ gij^ ^],^ valuable use of salt does not stop m ^ j^j ^f boluses. They could sell nothing— me When a^^horse is ■ people were so healthy. the prevention of the grubs. Vol.VII.-No.lO. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 75 THE FLOOD. Since ihe waters receded from the meadows, some of t!,e farmers have been enga^'ed in strip- ping down the husks of the Indian corn, leaving the'ears to drv and ripen on the stalks ; others in .rathpriiiff their corn ami hulking it. Some ol it is but little injured, and some is materially damas;eiiiied and dam- aged, and the mouth of the Farmington feeder greatly injured. ■ The papers from the north and south are filled with accounts of the disasters oceasiuied by the late rains. — Hampshire Gazelle. INSTINCT OF A SHEEP. A gentleman of Inverness, on a recent journey Hi the Highlands, while passing through a lonely and unfrequented district, observed a sheep hur- rying towards the road before him, as if to inter- cept his progress, and at the same time bleating most piteously. On approaching nearer, the ani- mal redoubled its cries, and looking significantly in tlie face of the traveller, seemed to implore some favor or assistance at his hands. Touched with a sight so unusual, the gentleman alighted, and leaving his gig, followed the sheep, to a field in a direction whence it came. There, in a soli- tary cairn, at a considerable distance from the road, the sheep halted, and our traveller found a lamb coin|iletely wedged in between two largf stones of the cairn, and struggling feebly with its legs uppermost. The gentleman instantly extri- cated the little sufferer, and placed it safely on tlio neighboring greensward, while its overjoyed mother poured forth her thanks hi a long contin- ued and grateful, if not a musical strain. — Iiivcr ixcss Courier. Johnny, or hoe-cake. — Scald one quart of mill;, and ]Hit it to three )>ints of Indian meal, and hah a pint of fine tlour — .salt and sweeten it and bake it before the inc. Method of dissipatins; Storms. — It is not uncom- mon at sea, when danger is threatened from a water spout, to fire a broadside al the mass. In the M H-nnnais. in France, they sometimes make ' use of a similar ('xpedient to dissipate destructive storm- of hail or rain, bv explosions of siinpow- der. This experiment was first tried at Varenard, bv the Marriuis de Cheviers, a retired naval offi- cer, who had got the hint at sea by obseri ing the effect which discharges of ordnance produced up- on the atmosphere. It was found so beneficial, that lor several years an annual approiniation of 1600 His. of gunpowder was made for the pur- pose. A farmer who lives in the immediate ueiehbor- hood of Bedford, and reenlarly attends the mar- ket there, was returning home in the eveniM gave way. Three individuals, who witnessed this extraordinary proceedimr, then came up. and assistel him in mounting his charser, "iittin? the one coat tail into the pocket of the other, and so he safelv reached his home. This horse is de- servedly a favorite of Ids master, and has. we un- derstand, occasionally been encased in gambols with him like a dog — T^/ne Mercury. JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY. Mr LoiiDON. the indefatigable compiler of the well known Encyclopedias of Agricilture and Gardening, and the Editor of the Gardener's Magazine, a periodir-al work in London, conduct- ed with distinguished ability, has lately undertak- en another journal, called The Magazine ofNntu- ral History, and Journal of Zoclocfv. Botany, Min- eralogy, Geology and Meteorologv. In 8vo. (to be continued every two months, alternately with the Gardener's Magazine) price 3s. 6d. The dif- ferent departments edited by gentlemen eminent in each. The drawings of Botany and Concholo- gv, by Sowerby ; — of Animals, by Harvey ; — of Trees, by Strutt ; — and the Engravings on Wood by Branston. The objects of this work are — To record every new fact belonging to the subject ; to render every part of the subject interesting to the amateur and general reader ; to lead on the reader by degrees from the more elementary details to higher views and discussions ; and to translate the technical terms, and Latin or Greek words used in Natural History, as they occur, and to give the derivation and accentuation of all systematic names. The arrangement will be as follows : — I. Zoology— 1. Original Communications. 2. Reviews. 3. Collectanea, i. e. short Notices col- lected from various sources ; Abstracts or Abridg- ments of the most interesting papers in Foreign Jonrnplfi, &c. II. Botany. The same. HI. .Mineralo^n. The same. IV. Geology. The same. •V. Meteorology. The same. VI. Tlie General Suhject. 1. Original papers of a Miscellaneous Description, or embracing two or more Dnpartments, or a topic common to the whole of Natural History. 2. Analytical Reviews of Books on Natural History in general ; such aa Elementary Works, Systems, Transactions of So- cieties, Travels. &c. 3. Miscellaneous Domestic Intelligence relative to the general subject, includ- ing Meetings of Natural History Societies, Notices respecting Museums, Sales of objects of Natural History, Names of Dealers, List cjf Prices, Visits to Collections, &c. 4. Miscellaneous Colonial and Foreign Intelligence. 5. A Comparative Calendar of Nature for different parts of the World, and particularly for different and distinctly situated parts of Britain. 6. Indicatorial Calen- dar, pointing out the Objects to which the Stu- dent ought to attend during the ensuing month. 7. Dpsieauti!t^^ vaii'l i' is an indispensable appendage in rejiresentiiig the truly picturesque scenery of our country. The coopers also prefer, for hoops*, liazels of upland j'rowth, as the wliip-maki.'rs do the h(/lly for handles, but for ditiei-ent reasons, as quikhes" of growth and thinness of branches are, with tlie coojier, principal accommodations. With regard to the hazel copses in this coimtry, I have met with very few under what I conceive proper management. In many of them prema- ' hi livlaml, hazel poles, from four lo eisjlii years' growth, are in great doniaud for hoops for butter fiikiijs. ture and irregular cutting takes place; iu others i feet or 9 feet length of row, 6 feet high; as I they are suffered to grow till beauty and utility Ujropose driving it 18 incites into the ground, that are sacrificed, aud the standard trees of the wootl much injured. When cut over, every shoot which springs up is suffered to remain on the stools till the next period of cutting, unless, in- deed, when near a market town, a few young shoots are cut and sold for basket roiis, &c — When beauty and cover for game form the sole object, with regard both to holly and liazel, the princi|)al matter to attend to is to keep the bushes of a moderate height, and to lop off any strag- gling branches which have a tendency to produce nakedness at bottom. When profit only is con- sidered, a different course is to be pursued. In young copses, the chief thing is to invigorate the roots, and to suffer no more shoots than are abso- lutely necessary, to remain in the stools till they have acquired sufficient strength. Alter cutting over, should the stools push strongly, the superflu- ous shoots ought to be occasionally displaced, leaving only what tiie stools can fully support ; at.d those intended to remain for hoops and poles may be much forwarded by rubbing off all unne- cessary buds as they appear. This work I have readily performed with children. When prolit and ornament are jointly considered, which is unifortnly the case in demesnes, &c. the copses in ilia interior of the wood or plantation, if of any tent, may be treated in the manner suggested It may be so nrndy fixed as not to be moved by the wind. If any trouble arises in making the sticks fast in the stake, it is very easily remedied by driving a small wedge in to secure thein. The sticks I used are elm, but hazel or any other which is spreading, with small twigs or spray, will do equally well. I have sent you a sketch of one of these jiea- sticks, which may iierhaps he a better guide to any of your readers who are inclined to try them, than my explanation alone. TV EW EIVGLAIVD FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPT. 26, 1828. GARDENER'S WORK FOR SEPTEMBER. Hoe and thin your growing crops of spinach. Earth up celery as it advances in growth, but be careful to avoid covering the hearts of the plants. Tills work should be done in a dry day. See that you do aot bruise nor injure the stalks ; for if they are cruslicd or wounded they will be sub- ject to rot. Towards the latter end of the month you may transplant all kimls of hardy perennial, aromatic, and medicinal heibs, which will thus become rooted before winter. This work should if possible, be done in moist weather. Pull and ■r.v profit, and those along the margins, by the [ Pi'^'^erve your ripe onions, and sow more to stand sides of the roads, walks, &c. managed as hinted at for game covers and beauty. A'oh'rc nf a Mode of procuring Slicks for training KriigkVs Man-oiv Pea. — By Sufi-olciensis. Tlie tlifiiculty and expense in procuring sticks for Knight's Gigantic or Tall Marrow Pea, have prevented many persons from growing that ex- cellent vegetable. Having this year experienced some trouble in accomplishing this object, I turn- ed my attention to some plan by which the use of long sticks might be superseded, and have just tried one, which appears calculated to answer ev- ery purpose. Altiiough it will be attended with some little expense at first, I have no doubt it will eventually prove cheaper to ;\. regular grower than any other. over winter. Protect grajtes and other fruit against wasi's. This may be done by hanging up phials of honied or sugared water near the fiaiit you wish to defend. Thoroughly clean from weeds all the seed beds and nurseries of trees. I have provided an upright sttike or i^taiidard of oak, 3 ill. by 1^ in., tibniit 7i ft. long. Holes are liorcd through this with a liali-iiich auger, about 3 iiiches distant. Having procured sums good branching jiea-sticks, liom 3 feet to 5 feet long, I begin on one bide at bottom, and place them in the holes, in such a way as to make them touch and form a complete fan. I then fill the other side in the same manner. My oak standard, when compleLo, shows sufficient pea-sticks for 8 HORriES. Great numbers of liorses have died within- ft few weeks, in the neighboring parts of Long Isl- and, of the disease known by the name of " blind staggers." Opinions of practictil l^rriers so far as we have heard, are various with regard to the caur-e. Many horses, as we h' vc been informed, which had been sent from stables in the city,, for the benefit of tiie air ai;d pastures, have fallen victims to this ilisorder. The Old Colony Memorial, published at Plym- outh, Mass. ir.entions that the same disease is ver\' prevaien; in tli.it vicinity, and gives the following remedy, irom Tdason's Farriery. Bleed in the neck three times a week. Take j an ounce of assafoRtida, one tea spoonful of salt J pctre, mix them and give them as a drink three ; liiiics a week in the morning. Give an injection of meal, water, im^lasscs and lard. Rub him well and exerci.se him moderately. A mash may be sriven him of bran, sulphur, salt pctre, sassafras tea and assafanida ; but give no drink for six hours. If all this answers no purpose after a few .lays, then ttike twcuty-five grains of calomel, two drachms of o)iit!m, one drachm of powdered fen- nel seed, mixed with some syrup ijito a ball, and give it in the morning for three or four days. It is sail! that the following treatment, after re- peated tritils has proved effectual. Take juice of garlic six spoonsful, and pour it down the horse's throtit by means of a hoin or bottle or give it as a drench. If after two or three hours there is no relief, then repeat it. Thii juice of the leek or onion, gi\ en in a greater quan- tity, will ]iroducc nearly the same effect. It is iirettv well ascertained that horses coiifin- "8 NEW ENGLAND 1 AIJMER, Sept. 26, 182b. cd in stables, seldom, if ever, have the staggers. Therefore " it would be advisable for every per- son, vtlioso situation \\ill arttnit of it, to contine their liorsp.'j,)>articMjlarly at uif^iit, rhirins the spring and fall months." — jY. Y. Daily MvfHistr. on the whole, been good ; and crops there are re- der that they may taste and decide for themsclve?. KOR THE NEW ENCI.AKD lARlUIin. ELDERBERRY SYRUP. Mk. Fesse>ben — I was pleased to see an arti- ■le in your paper of the 19th inst. calling the at- pnrted to be abundant, more especially potatos. The state of the weather has not of late diftered in France from what it has been in tiiis country. Rains liave been abundant in ahiiosl all its Prov- inces. Neverlheles.s, the price of wheat had fal- len in .some markets, and that of bread underwent the character of its fruit.--ED. N. E. Farmer, An acceptable present. — We had the pleasirre of receiving this morning, (says the N. York States- man) from Mr. Parmentier's beautiful garden, near Brooklyn, clusters of grapes of four different kinds. it is stated that the harvest has not suffered the damage which had been appre ended from the bad weather ; the farmers, however, are repre- icution of your readcr.s to a more frequent use of rented as anxious for a suspension of the rain. Elder-berry. It is a little singular that the Syrup Some fears being entertained respecting the har- a decline in proi)ortion. From all parts of France namely :— the Imperial Tokay, of Hungary— the of Elder-borry has uot been used to a greater ex- tent, when a family can have so valuable, and at l!)e same time so innocent a medicine, always at liand, which might often save the call of a physi- cian. I have been in the habit •f making the syrup of elder-berries for the las', seven or eight years, and have never found-the least difficulty in , keeping it. Accompanying this, you have a sam pie of some made about three years since ; looks as well as when first made. vest in the neighborhood of Paris, the metropoli- tan Archbishop had ordered that prayers should be offered u)) in all his parishes for the cessation of the rain." Violet Muscat — the Black Murnier, and the Gold- en Chasselas. We are glad to find that Mr. Par- mentier has succeeded in producing, to perfection, these rare varieties. The flavor of the fruit is delicious. It is hoped public patronage will ade- quately reward the exertions of the proprietor of this garden, which has been made the repository and nursery of so many rare productions. CATTLE snows AND AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS. At Worcester on the 8th day of October. Ad- hich i dress by Wm. Hastings, Esq. of Mendon. The old Agricultural Society of Berkshire, will Plough- The following is the recipe for making syrup : ! exhibit on the 1st and 2nd days of Oct. Take of the juice of elder-ljeny one quart ; boil I ing-match, 1st day, Address 2nd day. to one i>int ; slvain, and add two jiounds double j The Essex Agricultural Society, (at Newbury,) refined sugar ; again place it over the fire ; so soon I yesterday. — We have not been able to obtain an as it shall have boiled, remove it from the fire ; j account of their proceedings for this day's paper ; and when co;d. bottle it for use, taking care to i but we learn that appearances give promise of a have it well orked. Shruld they neglect to put ffood exhibition in the above quantity of sugar, there will be dan- ger of its becoming mouldy. As a gentle purga- tive, this syrup is an excellent medicine, of very pleasant taste ; and is particularly serviceable for children who are difficult about taking medicine. The dose for an adult is a wine irlass full. The Mass Agricultural Society, at Brighton, on the 15th of October. The Hillsborough Agricultural Society, at Am- herst, N. H. yesterday. Address by Rev. WiL- 1,1AM Bradford. Middlesex Society of Husbandry and Manufac- tures, Stli of October, Address by Rev, Bernard FRUIT LADDER, Whit.iian, of Waltham, A list of all the Com- A gentleman, who is friendly to the objects of 1 mittees, and the Premiums may be seen at the our paper, has been so obligiug as to comnnmi- Farmer office. cate to us, verbally, the following description of a ^ ladder for gathering fruit, iiruning trees, &c- ! WINSHIP'S NURSERY, which he says is much used in some parts ol Maine It consists of two upright posts, from 7 to 10 feet long, (more or less, at the option of the con- Struirct has been to collect from every acc-essihie source such infonnalioD as we hope will be found to be of the greatest lU'hlj to ilic greatest number of those whoso use an agricultural Almanack is more particularly calcuhited. liul. although this 'ittle Tablet of Time is specially intended forlhi benefit ot those who arc actually and actively engaged in thr pursuits of Hus bandry, yet it may, perhaps, prove in some de both for medical and culinary purposes on Lucerne — on Slillct — on the Culture of Sweet Potalos iii port, Allen& Co --Savannah. Hall .Shaptei it TupptT — Mew Orleans. Foster & iluiton— Charleston. IS. C.) J. & .1. Sinet ife Co. iSIr .\. J^o'ibat's book on the Culture ol the Grape Vinc- anrl on the Making of Wine, may be found at the principal book. me U lilted -^uliscribeis. latt-s ; and Ins agents will lurnisli theni the hght of the moon has any direct influence on vegetation, it must follow from the well establish- ed principles which govern the circulation of beat, that during clear moonlight nights plants are more liable to be nipped by cold, and turned brown, (whence the name of tune roiisse, given by the Freiicli to tlic moon which, beginning in A- piil, becomes full either at the end of that month or in May,) than when the nights arc dark and cloudv. He refers to the iuvcstigations of our New England — on Orchard-grass, &.c. &c. [CT Country traders and others supplied on the most liheraj terms. PRICES OF COUJ^TRY PRODUCE. Splendid Bulbous Roots. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, direct from Van F.eden Si. I'o. Harlem, Holland, a large assortment of Bulbous Flower Roots, compris- ing the finest \arieiies of HYAt'INTHS— -(donble and single,) dark blue, porcelain blue, red and rosy coloured, pure while, white with yellow- eye, while with ro.sy eye. and j'ellow with various eyes ; Jrom 25 cts. own countryman, Dr. Wells, oil Z>e!c, for the proof '°.l?,',i ,,"i2,^ , i- 1 ., , u „ . i • , i lo •' ' , , ,. . , ' TULIP.S — splendid variegaied, red, vellnw, audnu.ted, 12 of the fact, that exposed bodies may frequently ju each, gt.OO per dozen. have their temperatures reduced si.v, seven, and CROWN IMlT.RL-iLS-assoricd of t.ic most splendid col- , I 1 *i » e .1 1- , ours, and show v tlowers, large roots, 3!l CIS. each. degrees below that of the surrounding joNaUILLES-sweet scented, finest roots, ly els. each. even ten atmosphere by the effect of radiation alone ; but , that when the heavens are obscured, radiation to such an extent does not take place. Ife then ob- serves, that, as the temperature in the months of Ajiril and May is ofYen not more than four, five or six degrees above the freezing point, it must fol- low that, when the moon shines bright, and radi- ation to its utmost possible extent takes place, the POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS— liag'-ant, white with yel- low cups, and yellow with double whit© cups, extra siztid roots, 38 cts. each. U JUliLL N.\RCL-*SUS— fragrant, of all colors, IScts- each SPRLNU CROCUS— of all colours, C cts. each 50 cts. per dozen. The above roots are from the same house, from weich we re- ceived our supply last si ason, and which gave -such universal satisfaction ; s6irre of die double Hyacinilis having produced bells I inch and S Uthsm diameter. Purchasers are requested lo notice that the above roots am temperature of plants may, by thi.s means, be of- I no' pwdiased at iwrtion. and are all rcniarUable lor iheir size. .,-,., l<-.,.,„l,. (• .._ R „.. :J 1 1 7 .u and for the beauty anil delicacy of tint ol their fl.iweis. T liusi: ten brought (our, five or six degrees ieiow the j „,[,, ^i ,„<.,;„„ ,,■; generally the mere refuse o the most mierior freezing point, whilst the circumambient air is | collections, good roots being worth at home leu times as much above it. Of course, there need be no ^yonder, i "•*l'''^.^?'^'"'l'^">' ''•''' ''°'' "'- ''"''''°''' "'^ "'" '''■'"^'' ''■'' ''"'''"™^ that even in the genial month of May, plants shouM sometimes exhibit all the withering influ- ence of icy December. JVew England Farmer's Jilmanaek,for 1829. In press at the New England Farmer office, and « ill be pub- lished Ui- morrow, the New Englavd Farmer's Almanack for J829. By Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor of the New En"land Fanner.- For sale, wholesale and retail, at the N. E. FiTrmer office. No. 02 North Market street, by Bowles & Dearborn, .50 Wa.shinglon street, and by the booksellers and traders generally Some copies interleaved wilh writing paper, which will be verv set viceable to farmers, will be kept lor retail at the Farmer office. TO THE PUBLIC. The flailering receplion, and extensive circulation with which -.lur first number has been honored, have induced the Edilor and I'roprielor of the New Enoland Farmer's Al.uanack to renovated exertfoas to render the present in some de"rce wor- 'hy of the approbation, which has crowned our diary of 1323. to diepriced catalogues of any respectable nuuse in Holland. A further supply of Lilies. Persian Fntellancs, Ins, Ixias, Pffionies, Amaryllis, Star of Bethlehem, &iC. is daily e.ipecled. All orders faithfully e?.eculed. Spring Wheat. Just received a few bushels of prime Gilman Spring \^'!ieat, growth of 1823, raised in Souihborengli. ftJs. Seeds fur the West Indies. Merchants, masters of vessels and others trading lo the West Indies, can be furnished w itii h.-ises oi Seeds, assorted, suitable for that market, at from ^4 lo ,^o per box. — Er.ch box cinilains upwards of sixty difTerenl kinds of seeds, vegetable and orna- mental, in quantities sufficient for a common kit<-hen garden. — Likewise the grentest variety of see'ls lo Ik- (ruiid in New Eh*'- land, by the pound or bushel, all ua.-raiiti'd p.uie,!iiid of the growth, of 1827. Bleaehing Salf'^. ' .fust received at the New Enghind F.irmer Seed Sioi-n, No. 52 North Mailict Street, a further supply of Rleachiiio .Sails, or chloride ol Lime, an account of which may be seen by refeniu" lo page 401 of the sixth vel. of the New England Farmer. ° .1PPLES,bcst, . . - - ASHES, pot, first sort. PenrI, first sort. - . - BEANS, white, ... - BEEF, mess, scarce - - - C'argo, No. 1 , - - Cargo, No. 2, - - BUTTER, insopcled No. 1. new, - CHEESE, new' milk, .Skimmed milk, FLOUR, L:nltiinoie,Iioward-strecl, - Genesee, . , - . Rye, best, - - . - GRAIN, c;.rn, - . . . Rvc, - - . . Barlev. - . . . Onls.' .... HOGS LARD, first sort, new, LIME, PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, clear, .... Navy, rne.=s. Cargo, No. I. . . SEEDS. H.-rd's Grass. - Orchard (^rass. Fowl Meadow, . . - K\'e Grass, Tall Meadow O.^ii Grasn, - Bed Top . - . - • I^u'erile, . - . - While Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (norihern) French Sugar Beet, - Mangel Wiirizel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, w.nsh'd. - Merino, full blood, uiiwawiierl, Merino, three fourihs » ashed. .Merino, half & quarter waslicv! Native, washed, - Pulled, Laiiib's,.first sort", Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. Pulled, for spinning, first sort. PRO VISION STARK ET. P.EEr, best pieces, - PORK, fiesh, best pieces, whole ho"^ VEAL. . - - MUTTON. - . - " - P'.M'LTRV BUTTER, l:e i..uii ERGS. iViF.AL, Rye, retail, . Indian, retail, POTATOS, new . CIDER, [according lo quality ,1 ^ and tub, lip, bcsl. FKllM TO barrel 2 Ijt 3 00 ton. 105 09 " 102 51 105 00 bushel. 1 (1 I 50 bairel. 10 50 10 76 <. 8 50 S 75 7 00 pound. 12 14 • ' G 1 s '' 2 3 barrel. 6 75 7 00 (( G 50 6 :s " 2 62 3 00 busliel. 5; 54 4.5 6?. '* 6a 70 " 32 40 puund. 9 cask. 83 90 ton. 2 2/ 2 SO barrol. 13 m 19 00 " 1.3 Of 13 50 13 Of 13 00 ibu-^hcl. 2 OC 2 25 -1 00 -1 00 ^ a great variety of vegetable scttds for fall sowing, viz. While Portugal Onion.. Slrasburg do. .Silver skin do. Prickly Spinach and Dinch Cole for t arly greens — various kinds of lettuce, carrot, encumber. eabl>agps, &.c. — black Spanish or winter radish. iS:c. all warranted fresh Published eveiy Friday, at ^3 per rinnum, payable at liie end of the year — but those who pay within si.i*y days from the time of subci bi :g. are entitled lo a deduction of fitly cents. NEW ENCJIiANB FARMEji. 83 Pabliglad by John B. Russeli,, at JV'o. 52 jVortli .Market Street, (over the Agricultural Warehouse) — Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 3, 1828. No. 11. AGRICULTURE. roR THE NtW ENGLAND FAUMKR. PEACHES. Mb. Fe33E-Vden, — Tlic following plan has been adojjterl by nn ajjiiciilturist wlio bus for several years sent the best peuclies U> New York, wbich have been raiseil in tbat vicinity. Wlieii the trees begin to lilossom, larje piles of combustibles are placed ill liifterenl parts of his orchard. They are composed of tiiose materials vvhicb burn slowly, «U(1 produced a dense smoke. When there is any reason to expect a frost the piles on the windward side of Ihf^ orchard are i<;nited towards evening, and kept in a state of combustion through the uight. He thus keeps the orchard filled with smoke, ajid the temperature of the air so far above that of the surrounding grounds, as to exclude the frost from his trees ; and in Jhis manner has suc- ceeded in securiiig his fruit, while tbat of tiees exposed to the effect of the weather has been en- tirely cut otr. BEE.S. An intelligeii! mechauic in the neighborhood of Hartford, who had, previous to his removal to that vicinity, attended much to the management of bees, informed me tbat be bad secured his hives from the attack of the insect, by laying od the floor of the hives, eiirly in the spring, a quan- tity of salt. This he sometimes renewed in the course of the season, though usually one applica- tion was sufficient. The bses appeared to be fond of the salt, and esca|)ed entirely the injury which others, not thus protected, suffered from the worm. Sept. 28, 1828. J. S. R. rOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. YELLOW LOCUST. Mr. Fesse.nden, — 1 am apprehensive it is not so generally known as it ought to be, that there is an essential difference in the qualities of the locust tree of our groves and forests. .And should it be conceived that some kinds are more valuable than others, too indefinite and vague are the ideas which generally prevail on the subject. The merchant, the manufacturer, and the farm- er have frequent occasions to use this sort of tim- ber, and from its general reputation, do not hesi- tate to give a high price for it, without any regard . to the kind or quality of the wood, they purchase, hence a sad disappointment is frequently the con- sequence. Michaux, m his North American Syl- va, as quoted by you, says, " those trees are re- puted best whose hearts are red. The next in esteem are those with a greenish yellow heart — and the least valuable are those with a white heart. From the variety in the color of the wood, which probably arises from the difference of the soil are derived the names, red, green, and white locust." He here .icknovvledges a difference in the value of the various colored species, but I think he is mistaken in assigning as the cai'se of this, t!ie siiil on which they severally grow, as the different kinds in this region .it le;t.st, grow prom- iscously : often yon will see (he yellnw and the wiiiiB or grey the only two varieties found auionc lis, growing side by side. It is possible that one kind of soil may be more congenial to the growth of one variety than it may be to the other, and here in one tract of country large quantities of the yellow may be found, and the reverse of this in another region. The fact of the heart of the locust being red, green, white, or even yellow, does not stamp a par- ticidar value on the timber, as that kind with a different colored heart from the wood is found to be least valuable, often if not always denoting a state of premature decay. This is almost always the case with the white locust, on cutting which, though quite yoimg and apparently thrifty, the heart in diffin'.-nt degrees will be discolored and if the tree be old the same part will be found rot- ten or boUov. i" " reverse of this is the case of the yeliiiw :• ; .;•,'. , the wood of which when re- cently cut dxiiib;!- ;i tisie yellow apiiearanci'! but gradually changcu lo . i',eenish yellow after hav- ing been worked a short time, the heart being of the same cohir, remidns sound althougii tht; i/ee may be ilead through age or some >-f: .r ■ .-.use ; it shews no appearance of a tci • Two venerable old yellow loci.- ■ .d' winch were burnt to cii > house to which they tVo.'.! ' the British when they fir -■ • olutionary war, are now st.i : by their want of bark ou the nij' leiice they then suffered, yet :' i o i .1 mt trunk is sound. Though the r. ■ s 'luewhat (Iry indeed, still they put fori:; i-.iv s and new branches annuidly and appear to be in a flourish- ing state. Now the fact of there being "a perm- anent specific difference" in these two different varieties as it respects their durability at least has been tested, times without number. The white, or as it is often called grey locust, when used for posts or sills of buildings, will in the course often or twelve years, be found in a complete state of decay, whereas the yellow locust may bt^said to be almost imperishable when used exactly in the >ame circumstances. A corner post to one of our streets of tliis latter kind of wood, which was set out before the war of the revolution, at least fifty-five years ago, was a few years since taken up in a perfectly sound state, and now supports one of the sills of a dwell- ing house in a cellar in this village. Innumera- ble facts of this kind may be produced if necessa- ry, to substantiate the superiority of the yellow over the white, which last is only hi, neither is it used* in this vicinity for any other pur|>ose but tor woqd, for wbich it is in as high repute as walnut or hickory. To a person unacquainted, it might be somevvhut difficult at sight to distinguish the two different kinds, but one or two blows of the axe will decide the point ; the chips are of a dif- * During ihe laic war, one of our old and respectable ship own- ers and furiuerly ship master was on a vi'.il to the navy yard in Charlestown, and being in company with the superiiitcad.Mtl. he observed a rarpenler hewing a slick of while locust. He said to the officer, ■' you do not put such wood into your phips." •• Why not?*' was the answer, "it is locust.'' "Truly — but •.hat k'nd of locust we consider no more valuable or tiller lor ship ImiMinj th in any inferior timber j" and I'urther he e.tplam- ed the ditTcrence of the two species of locusts, &c. iwe. iSuGice .1 U)sav that, th,' old i^entlcman received any thiii^ bat polite treatment for ins piesuuiiiig lo differ from the pi.-sidirj^ g^eiiius •"■'-• Tilace. fereut color ; the white or grey is more soft and sappy in a green state ; the bark in general is thinner and smoother, and peals off more readily. It .seems to be a fact that the locust tree does not blossom every year and when they do put forth the seeds are not apt to come to maturity. Jluch care ought to be taken by those who wish to pro- pagate the locust, to select the genuine yellow kind, and then the seeds ought to be swelled in hot, or some have used boiling water, before planting to ensure their speedily coming up. LEMUEL VV. BlUGGS. Bristol, R. I. Sept. 26, 1828. MACHINE FOR TRANSPLANTING TREES. The June number of the Gardener's Magazine contains a review of Steuart's Planter's Guide, by Mr. James .Main ; and gives the Ibllowiug cut and description of a machine used in England in trans- planting large trees : The reviewer states in sub- stance, tbat with full command of men, horses, and machines, many trees of \arious heights, from fifteen to forty feet were 'i transplanted by the means of a common timber truck. Or for the largest trees, with much earth attached to their roots, "we had a low oaken sledge, five feet by four, running on low block wheels before, and resting on smooth iron slides behind. On this, after the tree was piilUd down, the root was , rolled like a wheel, by involv- ing chains fixed as low as pos- sible on the opposite side, by a horse or two, ilriven steadily. When such weighty trees were drawn to the bole where they were intendeil to stand, and rolled ofi" the sledge into one side of it, the tree was raised by two horses with the utmost ease, by means of two poles twenty feet long, crossed, and made fast together about two feet below their up- per ends. Over this crossing the rope by which the tree was pulled down, (being still attached) was passed ; the poles were then elevated across the line of draught, (which was directly from the butt of the tree); the horses were hooked to the end of the rope, and gently moveil forward ; and thus, from the elevated direction of the rope fi-am the tree to the crossing of the resisting poles, brought the tree upright. In raising a tree in this easy way, a little judgment is necessary in preparing the ))oles two or three yards apart at the bottom, that they may lean rather towards'" the tree till they receive the full strain in the draught, and that they may be at such a distance behind the horse as not to ilrop on l.im in their fall when the tree is up." THE CURCULIO, OR WORM IN FRUIT. The follo'.ving was written in answer to an in- quiry lespecting the Curculio or worm, which it has been supposed injures the tiuit grov.ii New so NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 3, ISaS. M I S € 1^ ■-=— — ^=-— ^~Tr>)C less than one third part of its value. Tha inquiiy was received from a respected scien- tific conesporulent, and tlie answer belnw was from a gentleman, who has often benefitted the public, and obliored us by his communications, and the results of his researches in Entomology. f To the Editor of thf New Englmd Farmer.) ■" The worm found in plums and other stone- fruits is the larva of a weevil, and apparently the same as that described by Piof Peck, in the Ms. Agr. Journal, for Jan. 1819. Prof Peck, calls his insect Rynchsncs cerast, and says that he ob- tained it from excrescences on the limbs of the cherry trees, and that it proved to be the same which was known to occasion the fall nf peaches apricots and plums. From the latter fruit I ob- tained the perfect insect, difl'ering in no respect from that described by Prof. Peck. It is about the size of the pea-bug, varieffated with brown and white, the thighs with two teeth beneath, and the wing-shells covered with 10 or ]"2 tM!)ercles, 4 of which, in the middle, are n" ''^^ succeeded in raising the horse chesnut, summer of bavins some of them s-nt to the New : "ud that his method waste plant the seeds in England Farmer office, for exhibition,where Her- 1 mauure, or rich compost in autumn. Nature gen- ticulturists cnuhl liave an opportunitv of judging "^I'^'Hy so"'^ 'he seeds of trees in autumn ; and, if for themselves This fine and handsome fruit is the produce of a native tree, in the garden of the Hon. Christo- pher Gore. The tree is now twelve years old ; and first bore fruit in the year 1824, since which it has luiiformly borne a good crop, the present season to excess art would more frequently imitate nature in her processes, they would be attended with fewer failures. — Editor. Mr Fessenden — Observing a notice in your last paj)er, of a large calf raised by Mr Little, It resembles in ajipearanee and of Castine, I would observe that a neighbor of mine has one of the Durham Short Horn breed, but 6 weeks old, which measures 4 feet 9 inches in length, and 4 feet girth. It is thought the size richness of flavor the St. Michaels, though much larger ; of a beautiful yellow or straw colour, ting- tree ; it probably is also the same tliat defoniis ! ^(^ with red on that side facing the sun, intermix- the limbs of the plum-tree. i^*^ whh clusters of small black spots. The fruit i of the calf might easily have been enlarged, as it According to several memoranda the perfect in- I '^^ h'S^'lv flavored, and justly claims its place discovers a great propensity to fatten .sect is found during most of the spring and sum- 1 '"""""^* the frst pears in the country, viz. the Yours, &c. mer months, but it first appears in May, when it ' Seckle, Bnrlhtt. S,r. I have named this pear after commences puncturing the small fruit with its jiro- I ^^^ ^"0^1 old gardener, who raised it from seed, boscis, and deposits, iu the puncture thus made, an egg, which in process nf time becomes a mag- Since this tree came into bearing it has not suf- fered by the diseases incident to many pears. — got or worm, that causes the premature fall of the The fruit this year is smaller than it has been fruit. The worm then easily escapes into the earth, becomes a pupa, and returns to the surface P™duafed. in its perfect state in about three weeks. Now heretufine, owing to the immense quantity it has iirod. Sir, I am yours, &c. DORCHESTER. LOCUST WOOD. Mr Fesse.vde:* — With this you will receive sev- eral pieces of Locusts, as samples, marked as fol- lows : A — Is a small piece of the sill of a building ,e- rectcd about 120 years ago, by Col. M'lutosh, on the Mount Hope Farm in tliis town, and was at R. TOOHEY. this metamorphosis may take place at various j (E?' The above mentioned pears have been re- 1 first used as an Episcopal Church. A few years times during the last of summer or beginning of ceiv^''' at ''i'' office of the New England Farmer, ' since this building was taken down, and the sills autumn, when the perfect insect, findins no voung ' tlnough the hands of the Messrs. Winsuits, and , and other timbers of locust in the like good state fruit, is compelled to oviposit or lay its offgs in the pronounced by good judges to be of a very superi- of preservation, were re-framed into another build- small branches. The larva; live in the l.r»..nl. ! or quality. — Editor. dm-in FOR THE NEW ENGLAKD FARMi larvfe tive in me urancii i winter, and are not perfected till near the . last of the ensuing June. Should, however, the i fall of the fruit occur late in autumn the develop. | ment of the perfect insect is retarded till tlie next i sprmg, whence arises the brood which oviposits ui fruit. It is a singular circumstance, and one which hitherto has not been sufficiently explained, in the history of this insect, that some broods should at- tack the hmbs, and others the fruit. In this is rnanifest the wisdom of the Author of nature in j am sure, more than twenty-five years ago. providing for a continuation of the species in va rioiis continaencies. By this wonderful conjpen sating contrivance in its economy, rliis little emit; is secure of an appropriate nidus for its fiituri progeny in sterile regions and nnfruitful seasons FINE FRUIT. Mr. Fesse.nden, — The cause in which ymi are enlisted, is my inducement and apology for send- ing the accompanying box containing a dozen of pears, produced by an engrafted sucker, from the roots of a tree said to have been introduced by Phillippee UEnglois, about one hundred and sev- enty vears since ; the original tree disappeared If YOU consider the subject worthy inquiry, I shall be ready to answer ail in my ]io\ver. Your obedient servant, ]]. II. Sulcm. Sept. 2-5, 1S2S. Such, in brief, are the habits of this insect ; and ff?' The writer of the above will accept our these being known, the way for successful cxperi- thanks for the pears which arrived in good order; B — No. 1 — Is a small sample from the butt of a yellow locust tree cut two months since, and from its concentric circles would appear to be thirty or forty years old. No. 2 — Is another piece from the same tree of No. 1, taken twenty feet from the ground. No. 3 are blocks and chips from the same tree. C — Is a block of White or Grey Locust, takcr» from a tree cut the past winter and sold for posts. This piece was taken about 20 feet from the butt of the tree which was liollow a consider.', ble dis- tance up. You will perceive that its heart is in a state of decay. One more characteristic of the white locust '!Ylii"!i I cughi to hpve mentioned is that the white locust is a very sonr and sapp>i wood, and thou^jh cut young and showing no signs of decay from that cause, it soon passes ir.to that slate. Yours, LEMUEL W. BRIGGS. Vol.VlI.— Ko.il. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 83 WHITLOW— Aou> to treat it. This disease is otlen a severe affliction to hard working men, surli as farmers. It orig-inates from bruises or punctures wliich inflame the muscles, tendons, or nKiul^ranes Vieneath the slsin ; tliese swellings, whilst the liard tough skin of the fingers remains uuj'ieliiinw, cause the greatest pain, and extension of it up tlie arm. Tlie thick skin of the fiiiijers also prevents any exudation or escape of the purulent m.Ttter, and thus the bone becomes di.seased, and a joint is often lost. Persons with «of't lingers are seldom attacked. An artificial and similar disease may be formed at any time by winding a string round an inflamed finger, or by sewing it up in a piece of unyielding leather. In this case the most stupid person would think only «f cimin? the string or lipping the leather, and yet it is rarely that yon see a physician go to work in this lational m.i'iner. He must first salve it with ointment, which is just as likely to make a cure as the treariing on it, that is practiced by ignorant people before it becomes intolerable — by such practices and such neglect, the disease of it runs on till nature makes a gap, and the phj'sician modestly charges for what another has done. The proper remedy is simple and easy — lav open the thick skin, tlie whole length of the swelling, and dress the finger for one or two days with a soft poultice of bread and milk, and then lay lint on the wound -, a little red precipitate ointment may be necessary, where the proud flesh does not sup- purate freely. The writer of this has relieved a great many jiersons without the loss of a joint, and has followed no other plan for twenty years. MEDICUS. charge the foam ; this done, bottle it for use ; let the person afi'ected, take a large spoonful of the vinegar in about a gill of boiling water, or as hot as he can drink it, until he finds rehef. It will effectually remove the cause, (says the recipe) al- though the patient may be so far relaxed and ex- hausted as to die with weakness. The same re- meily is said to to be excellent in the common cholic. THE FORMATION OP ANTHRACITE COAL. It has long been a desideratum with the scien- tific, to obtain further data on which to form opin- ions concerning the formation of coal in mines. — If we mistake not some light is thrown on the subject, at least so fai- as relates to the anthracite beds and mountains in thi.s country, by a discove- ry accidentally made in this city, among some coal from the Peach Orchard mine, on the Schuyl- kill river. Mr. Reeve, who keeps his coal fnr sale at his office in Canal street, and at the comer of Murray and Washington streets, has found, with- in three or fom- days, two masses which r< ntaiu lumps of a sidistance resembling charcoal in all its exterior qualities, and which we have no doubt is charcoal. We have seen specimens in which tbe anthracite appears to pa.ss almost impercepti- bly into charcoal, and others where the division line is clearly drawn — in some the charcoal is dis- seminated in spots, in others traversed by veins of hard, shining anthracite, while what seems the i upper surface, presents an unbroken shell of an- thracite. In one case, we were assured, the beaii- tifvl play of colors, for which the coal from that mine is so remarkable, extended into the charcoal. In specimens which we have seen, the fibre of the wood is perceptible — sometimes coarse, like that of chesnut : sometimes separating at an smrle, as at' the sprouting of a branch , and sometimes fine and undulating, like the grain of an old maple ■M Y. Daily Mv. Rail-roads are increasing in England. — "We Jiave before us animating accounts of the open- ing of the Lancashire,( England,) Bolton and Leigh Rail-road." A large concourse of persons attend- ed and partook of a prepared repast. We must reserve tlie details for another day, having at jJies- ctit room only for a short extract or two which follow. Opening of the Bolton and Leigh Rail Road. — Yesterday, this great and useful undertaking being nearly completed, the road was opened in form, by the passage over it of a chained row of coal carriages, some of which were tastefully fitted up for the reception of a select company of the friends of the proprietors, drawn by a locomotive steam engine. We venture to announce this as one of the most important and decisive triumphs of modern sci- ence. Attached to this locomotive engine were seven wagons, elegantly embroidered inside, strongly and heavily built, each co-itiiiiiug a steward and a dozen to eighteen per.sons, male and females. — Linked to the last of t;;ese»wagons was a ponder- ous vehicle, a coach Sicioiigiiig to the Liverpool and Manchester Company, built on the French diligence system. It is intended to carry sixteen iusides and four outsides ; but on this occasion there were at least a do^eii on the roof. Imme- iliately after came six more wagons, also filled with company ; the last one containing the mem- bers of the B(dton old band, who played various national airs and marches at intervals. A belief was entertained and expressed, that Rail-Roads with locomotive engines would super- sede the use of Canals in England. — Penn. Gaz. Dying cotton blue. — Take one pound of good in- digo, boil it ill middling strong ley for two hours, pour oft' the ley, and rince the indigo with a little water, then grind the indigo in a clean pot with a cannon ball, or something similar, till its begins to turn to mud. Pour in a little water, and wash out all that is mud into a clean bowl and so con- tinue till all the indigo is converted to mud. Take three pounds of shell lime, slack it in about two ouarts of milk-warin water, in a clean bowl by itself. Take one pound of good green copperas, melt it with milk-warm water, also in a bowl by itself. Have a stand similar to a churn, prepared with ten gallons of clean water in it, into which pour your three different bowls of ingredients at once. Commence churning, with a common churn staff, immediately ; churn about half an hour, or till the water turns a yellow green color. Just before you finish churning, throw into your stand a full tea-spoonful of powdered yellow arsenic — let it stand twenty-four hours and it is fit for use. When you have dyed about half a pound of thread,* you must churn a little, and let it stand two hciurs before it is fit for use again. Boil the thread in clean water before you dye it, to cleanse it, and let it be dampened with warm water before you dip it. Make use of rain or soft water in all your process. * Which is tlone hy passing the lianks of thread over your hands, letting: it hang in the dyej which maybe repeated al small intervals after the thread is nearly dried. Tortoise shell. — Few of the tender .sex, it is to I be presumed, are aware of the barbarous method j by which this highly priced article is obtained. When tlie tortoise is caught by the Eastern Islan- ders, it is suspended over a fire kindled immediat- ly after its capture, until such time as the effect of the heat loosens the shell to such a degree, that it can be removed with ease. The animal now stripped and defenceless, is set at liberty, to re- ! enter its native element. If caught the ensuing I season, or at any subseipient period, the unhappy i animal is subjected to a second ordeal of fire, but I rewards its captors this time with a very thin ! shell. The Belchertown paper mentions that apples are so plenty in that town, that the price of cider will hardly pay for the labor of making it. In this vicinity there is far from being such an abund- ance, and cider bears a high price. We must have a railway. If there was one at this mo- ment, running through or near Worcester and Belchertown, the farmers of the latter place would not be obliged to see their apples rotting under the trees. They would easily find a market, and a profitable one. — Worcester Yeoman. trunk.- Ciire for the hilinus rhoHr, rind the dnienteri/. By Dr. Vffhrr, of Connerlirnf. — Di^^olve in keen vine- par as much common table salt, as will, when put into an open bottle, ferment and wiik itself clear. The bottle should be nearly full, that it may dis- To convey fish.— A crumb of bread is to be soak- ed in brandy ; and W'hen swelled, the fish's mouth is filled therewith, into which a half glass more of the spirit is then to be poured. The fish remains motionless, and as if deprived of hfe, in which state it is to be wrapped in fresh straw, and after- wards in cloth. In this condition they may be kept, or conveyed to any distance for eight or ten days. When arrived at the place of destination, they must be unpacked, and thrown into a cistern of water, where they remain a quarter of an hour, or .sometimes an hour without shewing any sign if life ; but at the end of that time they disgorge very abundantly, and recover their life and ordin- ary motions — Archives of Useful Knoichdgc. An experienced farmer of Shawangunk, (says the Ulster Sentinel) recommends what is called the hurley weed, as an effectual cure for the slab- bering of horses — they will Cat it readilj^, (he says) and a handful or two will put a stop at once to the disagreeable and debihtating malady. How to pickle walnuts. — Scald slightly, and rub off the first skin, of a hundred large walnuts be- fore they have a large shell ; this may easily be ascertained by trying them with a pin. Put them in a strong, cold brine — put new brine the third and si.xth days, and take them out and dry them on the ninth. Take an ounce each of long pep- per, black pepper, ginger, and alspice : a quarter of an ounce of cloves, some blades of mace, and a table spoonful of mustard seed — bruise the whole together — put into a jar a layer of walnuts — strew them well over with the mixture, and proceed in the same manner til) all are covered. Then boil three quarts of white wine vinegar witli sliced horse radish and ginger, pour it hot over the wal- nuts and cover clo.se. Repeat the boiling of the vinegar and pour it hot over, three or four days, always keeping the pickle closely covered ; add at the last boiling a few cloves or garlic, or shalots. In five months thev v ill be fit for use. 84 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 3, 18'2S, PARMENTIER'S HORTICULTURAL GARDEN, >EAa BROOKLVS— (Containing 24 ncres.) (^ 10 squares A. Dwelling house B f^aborer s dwelling? C Tool and work liou^r DBarn E Green houses F Hot beds "<: G Place for plants in svinmier H Herbaceous plant garden I Rustic arbor ffv French saloon L Nectarine and peach tree ali'y M Pear tree alle>' IN Apple do. O Plum do P rherry do- 1 Vines 2 Rose trees r> Ornamental trees ■I Peach trees 5 Apple " C Plum '• 7 Pear " 8 Cherry •• 9 Imported fruit trees 10 Voung vines 1 1 Quince stock 12 Monthly strawberries O Place for inanur,- and weeds. 2o0 CI S3 71 OTHER KINDS OF FRUIT TREtS. Nectarines, Apricot.-;, Walnuts, Chestnuts, Filberts, . Ilazlciiiit^, 15 kinds. 18 " I V '2tf '■ Quinfps Raspiierrii'S, Goosclicrrics, (tin ant.'-, HiffiM'tieif ci, 5 kiiifU .) " •20 •• T 17 •' i From the New York Farmer and Horticultural Re pobitory. One of tlic liest planned and Ijcst exe- cuted models of a garden wliicli we have visited, is tlie cstablislmient of Mr A. Par- MENTiER, about two iniles from Brooklyn. The preceding map will serve to convey some idea of the general disposition of the whole, but we are confident that no plan nor description can furnish an ade- quate image of this delightful spot. We look upon it as an era in the history of our Horticulture. We do not mean to as- »ert by this that the various branches of thrs science were not understood and practised by iiio.st of our gardeners before the ariival of Mr P. Tiic villas and couutry residences of many of our citi- zens, and our markets and fruit shops are abundant evidence that both the onia- \ mental and useful branches of the art were successfully pursiKMl .imoiig us in the tasteful cnibellislimeiit of landscape scenery, .-nd in the abtindant jiroduction of the "finest fruits which any climate can boast of. But we do not know of an in- stance v.here the several departments of the gardener's labors are combined so ex- tensively and with such scientific skill : nearly twenty-five acres of ground arc enclosed, and the inhabitants of the vicin- ity, and those who recollect the original scite of the garden, now view with aston- ishment, in the short space of three years, one of the most stony, rugged, sterile pieces of ground on the whole Island, which seemed to bid defiance to the la- bours of man, now stored with the most luxuriant fruit and blooming with the most beautiful flowers. The ground plan of the garden, though nearly level, has considerable diversity of surface ; the most elevated pait facing the .south and south-west, is appropriated for the purpose of a vineyard, and the Imost valuable varieties of the grajK' 'ir- ! eign as well as indigenous, are here ( ■ ili- ivated. The beds of the flowering or or- namental part compose broad belts laid out in a serpentine or waving direction, and edged with thrift, (statice armeriaj.— We have never seen this jtlant applied to this purpose so extensively, and if it could retain the beautiful appearance throiigli out the season, which it exhibits in the first stmimer month, with its delicate pink I blossoms, it wouUl aflTord the finest possi- ! ble material for a border, which could be j employed ; but it does not long remain in I flower, and its verdure is inferior to the i box, which is commoidy used for that t purpose. I Nothing can exceed the effect of the 'contrast in color and form in the ^arioue 1 flowers and shrubs of these sections, and i tbe d.li' ate fcliage and rid- t !o=s^iins of many of our native plants are not amv . the icp.sf atlvartivp in this as.^fniMage, i ra; ged at freriiiri't intervals. The sev al spp.-i"s "f Ttohimn, the Philadclph- ^andiforus. Cue JMesia,the Pleha, i>"^ ! many others conspicuous for their bcaUtVr V Voi.vii.— No.n. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 85 interspersed and contrasted with the dehcate Ta- ■marii, of Europe, the Paper mulberry now bearing its curious fruit, and tlie several species of shrub- by tciUows, and poplars ; tlie sjilenilid Anchiisa ca- pensis with its azure blossoms, and the no less lux- , . . , , , ... . • , uriant Balsamine, and thousands of others which d-awn from tins bark appears blue at the ou sr e we .ni-ht n.ention, are all disposed in the most "'Ix- •ngo ; but it gives on paper the fuiest black bark is to that of Campeachy logwood exactly as 1,857 to 1. Leather prepared with this substance is more firm and solid, and yet more supple. This bark is the best substance for making ink ; mixed with iron, it becomes a bluish black. The liquor artful manner to heighten tlie eft'ect, and at the same time to conceal the appearance of art. In the Northern parts of the garden are contain ed the nurseries ; samples of each kind of tree which are kept in the nurseries are distributed in the beds. To the left of the garden an avenue leads to a Rustic Arbor curiously constructed of the crooked limbs of trees, in their rough state, covered with bark and moss ; from the top of this arbor a view of the whole garden, and the sur- rounding scenery is rxhibited,extcnd!ng to Staten Island, the bay. Governor's Island, and the city ; at some distance from the rustic arbor is the French saloon, a beautiful oval, skirted with pri- vet, Ligusirum, kept dwarfed to the height of n foot a;id enclosing a s-olid mass of China monthly loses. The various kinds of fruit trees are care- In dyeing it has a greater affinity for wool lluui sumach, and gall-nuts. The color obtained from this substance is unchangeable by air and light. YEAST. The following methods of making yeast have been recommended. 1st. Bod one pound of good flour, a quarter of a pound of brown sugar, and a little •salt, in \\\o gallons of water for one hour ; when milk warm, bottle it and cork it close ; it will be fit for use in twenty-four hours. One pint of this will make 18 pounds of bread. 2d. To a ))ound of mashed potatos, (mealy ones are best) add two ounces of brown sugar, and two spoonfuls of common yeast ; the potatos first to be ))ulped through a cullender, and mixed , , , 1 ,• . 1 with v/arm water to a proper consistence. Ihus ful v arranged, and the lanes leading to them are •,, , i c i , ■ , • , , !■£;■ • • 1 • . , a pound of potatos will make a pound of good skirted with the diftrrcnt species ni a bearing state, ' ,,'.., , i ■!„ c... ° . . ' , ..... I r • I .1 veast. Keep u moderately warm while lernient- for bctlcr cxhibilion, and to furnish the necessary ; ;' — .'.-.. ■'. ., ,^ ., grafts for the estahli.-liinent. The green-house deiiartment, although not so ,, ,, . i", i i i „ ij;. „ .^ . ' ... .^ Well. No susar IS used by bakers v.her. adding extensive as some in our vicinity, contains many ' • •' beautiful plants exhibited with the same tasteful arrangement which characterizes the. whole of Mr Parmcntier's establishment ; even tlie method in disi>osing the pots according to some principle of grou[)ing or contrasting the color and size of the flowers, entertains the eye. and shows the variety of ways in which a skillful gardener may dis- tribute his materials to produce pictunsque effect. The manner of protecting the plants from the violence of the weather, or the heat of tlie sun, is quite novel ; canvass covers being so managed as to be rolled or unrolled with the greatest case and despatch by means of ropes and piillies ; the necessity of some such screen is quite obvious, when plants and particularly tender exotics are exposed to our excessive sun, and yet it is too generally neglected among our gardeners. We are gratifie i in recommending this cstab- iishment as one cf the few examples in our neigh ing. This recipe is in sub.stance, from Dr. Ilun- I ter, who observes that veast so made will keep 1 well. the pulp of iiotatos to their rising. From Eliol's Field Husbandry IJIPROVEMENT OF MEADOW LAND. The drained land hath succeeded so well these two years past, that the same land which might he bought five or six years past, for six pounds per acre, will now sell for an hundred |)ounds per acre ; nay, even although it be not cleared of the wood and brush, provided the growth be kill- ed with previous flowing. I?y the way, I would observe, that if n svrai.ip be full of small brush, and but few great tree?, the cheapest and best way is to flow it, and kill it with the water ; but if there be but little small brush, and the land be very thick with trees, it is best to clear it Viy hand ; for when it is killed Avith drowning the land, tlie trees are extremely hard to cut, so dolh but delay the time and increase borhood, of the art of laying out a garden so as j the charge. 10 combine the priucijdes of the landscape with j I am told by a credible person that tried il, that the conveniences of the nursery or orchard ; and the best way is to draw off the water at the be- cvery proprietor who may have a piece of land ginning of the dog days ; the mud will be so heat- which he wishes to arrange and embellish in this cd with the sun, that in this method tSie swam|) manner may find it to bis advantage to consult will be more killed in one year, than it will be in Mr Parmentier. two years when the water is kept up all the time : and it stands with reason it should do go ; for it is the heat and scalding of the water or mud which French mode ofmnkin^ brandy peaches. — Preser- ved fruit is generally clogging and oftentimes un- j ^^^,1, ,|,g business. wholesome, in consequence of its unmixed sweet- j |,a,,g observed, that where the water stands ness. The following is the French mode of pre- ] ^1^,^^ j^„,j consequently keeps cool, the bushes serving peaches, said to be preferable to any oth- | j^^^j „,j,^j. ^^c the longer before thev die. or : Scald your peaches in hot water, then dip . ij,|t^ however, as this is not backed with much them into strong lye, rub them with a cloth and | p^.pp,.ip„j.p,,^pry one must act his own judgment, throw them into cold water— make a syrup of j gj^^g ,hg drained lands ere so valuable, wc three-fourths of a i)ound of sugar to one pound of j j,i,p„,j extend that improvement as far as we can. fniit— and when cold put an equal quanliiy of, , |,.,,.p nb^■el•ved in m fields there are .small braiiily. |sw:impsor frog-ponds, which have a good deep ■il, and arc very ric'i, end would be prntitaMc could thev be drained, but they lie low, and are Chesnul hark. — The bark of the chesnni tree ii.ntains twice as mticb tanning matter as oak huik, and nearly twice as niiica cobu'lng matter as logwood. The coloring substance of chcsnut so com)-a 'Scl on all sides with high land,that it is impossible to drain them in the ordinary way. — These swamp or frog ponds, contain a quarter of an acre, some half an acre, and some two or three acres. Let them be great or small, they are worth bringing too, if jiossible, at a reasonable expense. If they can be drained, and recovered at all, it may be done in a way that is easy and cheap. 1. In the first place, clear off all the bushes and let the sun fall upon it ; and this alone will do more than most men believe, especially if it be not fed with s|)riiigs. If the sun did not draw off abundance of water why do not the Mediterranean and Caspian Seas drown all the country rouiiil, when there are so many great rivers continually discharging them- selves into those Seas, where there is no outlet ? 2. Look round on all sides, and if on some side of the swamp there be not some river or low ground which is lower than the bottom of a frog pond, which you desire to drain. On that side near the edge of the pond, dig a hole so deep till you come to a stratum or layer of gravel, or coarse sand, then stoj), and by a ditch let the water out of the pond or swamp into the hole ; and observe if in the space of three djys the water begins to soak away, you may expect by this means to drain your land ; this snbterraiieons passage in time will draw away the water. But in order to succeed, you will find in a few days there will he a fine sediment, thin like a cob- web in the b.jltom of the hole, whicii will entirely stop the passage of the water : but this film is ea.sily broken by stirring up the bottom v.ith a hoe. When you have drawn off the water so that you can ]dongh the ground, that will effectually break up a jian bottom, so that the water will soak away, and the land bo useful and profitable for the lime to come. As the busltes that grow in these frog ponds are button-wood, for the most l>art, it is difficult to subdue them any other way but ploughing. This way of subterraneous draining is more un- certain than when you have a visible outlet drain, yet the trial may be with a little cliarge. I have known sundry r^iicb pieces cf land drain- ed the common way, thai have been so good, that in a short time they have jiaid all the charge ex- pended uiion them, and would look as though jthey never had been what they really once were. I It is a common thing in swanij>s to find the I moss two or three feet decj) : at first I was a i great deal concerned about it, how 1 should get 'rid of it ; ;^s also whether the land would be of : any worth if the moss was removed ; as is said, I can the ru.sh grow up without mire ? can tlie flag grow without water ? .so I found w hen the water was drawn off by ditches, the moss grew so dry, [that in a hot dry season in the summer, it would jburn quite down to the ground ; but to burn that, or any other trash that you would consume, set fire to it when the weather is clear, the sun hot, i and 0 strong southerly wind, whicli malies fire ■rage more fiercely, and do much more execution than a northerly or westerly wind : in a norther- ly wind the air is thin and light, so that the fire is not strongly compressed ; the moist, heavy south wind prevents the dissipation of the fire and ren- ders it more compact. We sec a smith will swub and wet bis coals, by which means the heat is greatly increased. Now whether the reasoning be just or not, the fact is certain, which is the chief couccrn of the farmer. 86 NEW ENGLAND PARMER, Oct. 3. 1828. NEW EIVGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCT. 3, 1828. FINE ISABELLA GRAPES. We have received a very accej)table jjresent of fine large dusters of the I.sabi^lla grape, raised by Zebeuee Cook, Jn. Esij. of Dorchester, an excel- lent Amateur liorliculfiirist, who evinces ranch sldll and judgment as a cultivator. The finest of the specimens referred to, were (we understand) increased to their extraordinary size, by ringing, or decorticating tiie branches on which they grew, as lias been occasionally recommended in the N. E. Farmer. The Editor of Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, [London] acknowledges the rcceijit of an article from Jesse Buel, Esq. of Albany, containing a description of all the principal nurseries of Amer- ca, which is to appear in the next number of that magazine. Bees. — The October number of the North Ame- rican Review contains a valuable article on the management ofbees;*he substance of which we shall give in the N. E. Farmer. Wm. Fukness, Esq. has left at the N. E. Farm- er office, two Baldwin Ajjples, weighing 25 oun- ces— the largest measuring 12 inches in circum- ference, the produce of a very small tree on his place at Medford. A PROFITABLE TREE. Mr Samuel R. Johnson, of Charlestown, in- forms us that he has this year received the sum of .*49,29 for the ]>roduce of a single Plum tree, of the White Gage species. The tree is but six years old. j ESSEX CATTLE SHOW. ' The Annual Cattle Show, and Exhibition of! Manufactures, of the Essex A<>:ncullural Society, was holden at West Newbury, on the 24th ult. — The number of animals was less liian in some former years, but the exhibitions of Blanufactures are highly commended. The Ploughing Match was the best ever witnessed in the county. Among the manufactures were shell combs, in iiiiitaiion of the Canton combs, exhibited by Messrs Bailey & Williams, of West Newbury ; a specimen of American Silk, by Mr Boynton, of West Newbury ; a Lace Veil and Handkerchief, by Miss Coffin, of Newhuryport ; a specimen of Mustard from American seed, by Mr John P. Webber, of Beverly. Mr Otis Little exhibited j 760 Long Red Potatos, measuring 4 bush«ls, and weighing 246 pounds, produced from a single po- tato. The Ploughing Match was very well and ably contested. Thei'e were iii'teen teams engaged in it. A quarter of an acre was ploughed by each, and nci one exceeded 75 minutes in perfoi-ming .the work. The premiums were gained by Perlcy Tapley, of Danvers, for 1st double and 1st single teams ; Jesse Putnam, 2d. Abel Chase, Jr. 3d. and Daniel Moulton, 4th, double teams. Jesse Put- n;;m and Daniel Putnam divided equally the 2d. fitui 3d premiums fur single teams, and Abraham Dow of W^est Newbury, tlie 4th do. William J. Greive, of West Newbury, received a gratuity for ploughing with horses. We learn that the reports of tl.e several Com- JDJItees « ill b" published in a pamj.hlet together with an able and interesting address from Col. Pickering, President of the Society. THE MOST HEALTHY FUEL. The following remarks on the comparative sal- ubrity of different species of fuel, are from an ano- nymous Englisli writer. They ai>pear to us to be valuable : As a comparison of the salubrity resulting from the use of different species of fuel, or rather that of the degree in which they respectively vitiate the air for respiration, the statement may he tak- 1 en as a near approximation thus: — coke or coal,! which contains much sidphur and little bitumen (as the Kilkenny and Welch coal or culm) is most ■ highly noxious to animal Hfe ; owing to the want of sufiicient hydrogen to carry off the sulphur and carbon by means of the chiinney flue. The sul- phureous and carbonic acid gases from their con- siderable gravity, descending into the lower part of a room will very seriously deprave the atmos- ' phere for the purposes of animal respiration. : Coal of the ordinary kinds follows next in vitiat- I ing the air of a room. Those varieties beins most noxious, which give out the greatest quantity of! sulphur, and but little carburetted hydrosen. A blazing or "free burinng coal," as it is usually cal- led, being more salubrious, especially fi^r private or close apartments, than the more durable varie- ties ; on account of the hydrogen or gas flame producing a better current up the chimney, than would result from a mass of ignited fuel without flame. Peat or turf though forming but a small iiro- portion of the fuel used in England, constitutes the major part of the fuel used in Ireland and part of Scotland, This class of fuel, (which niay be termed coal in its incipient stage of condensation) is found in difii^rcnt districts in such various stages of compression or solidity, as to render any gener- al statement with regard to its density verv im- perfect. Peat or turf cut from the mountain or upland bogs in Ireland, possesesa degree of solidity nearly approaching to that of coal ; and a specific gravity a little exceeding that of water. Other specimens of more recent fi)rmation, and especial- ly that cut from those ^'ast tracts of bog land cal- led "live bog," (which produces a deposite or stra- tum of turf annually, by the growth and subse- quent decay of a spongeous mass of vegetable fibre) is of so porous and light a texture as to be scarcely worth the expense of cuttins. The best kinds of turf yield a brilliant white flame ; and in ' point of durability it may be said to be interme- diate between coal and wood, when used as fuel, The>e is however a peculiar acrid vapor from the very best specimens of turf (probably from the [ anuuonia and sulphur), which renders this fuel highly disagreeable to many persons unaccustom- ed to iis u.se. And wherever good coal can be i obtained at a moderate price, the lalter is not only ; more durable and convenient fuel than turf, but it is probalily less noxious to animal life than the i vapor juoduced by the combustion of even the very best kind of tmf, | Charcoal employed as fuel in open fire-places, ! is highly deleterious to respiration. For although it is tree from the nuisance occasioned by visible j smoke, and therefore convenient as a detached fire on some occasions, (such as the drying of rooms after undergoing repair) yet it should never be emjilnyed for domestic fires, unless a strong current of air can be allowed to sweep t>jj'6 the chmi- ney shaft, if charcoal be used in an ordinary sit- ting room, where a current of air cannot be per- initted. In certain processes in the arts, charcoal fires are almost indispensable; but they ought nev- er to be emjiloyed without the means of readily carrying off the carbonic acid by ventilation. Wood, when emjjloyed as fuel, is less injurious to the atmosphere than either of the preceding substances. The best varieties of Engli'^li wood for pjoducing a brilliant and quick fire are ash, hazel, hornbeam, &c.; but oak and beech are the most durable. The quantity of light carburetted hydrogen given out during combustion, not only contributes to that ciieerful flame or blaze pecu- har to wood fires, but as we before stated, its lev- ity causes it to ascend the chimney-flue with rap- idity, at the same time producing a current of heate\ Welts &. Lilly, contains articles on the following , subjerts ; Stale Trials ; Poor Laws j Uoman<'eof History ; Jour- ! nev from InHin ; Lite of Lon! Colhnguoo.' ; Greek Tragedy ; | INIervou> .System ; Denman's Inaup'tral Address before the Loii- i don Literary ani-I Scientific .Association; Janiiesons Scottish, Dictionary; Quarterly List of New Publications. \ Island, has the pleasure of intormiiig the publick, that his Nui-Si-ry now contains 172 varieties ot the Ap|)l.-, 2i'x;.lo. o( the pear. 7b do, of Cherries, 13'Jdo of Plums, ?5 do. of Apricots, 84 do. of Peaches, 29 do. of Nectarines, 10 do. of Almonds, 14 do. of .Mulberries. G do. of Qi.mces, IG do. of Fig's, It) do. of Ciirraiils. ho do. of Rasp^'err:os. 47 do. of Gooseberries, 2(f'0 olStrawlxTries, 257 do. ol Grapes, 600 do. of Ornainenta! Trees. ^t.\ Above 6ve hundred ot the above kinds of Fruits are not'to be lound in any other collection in A- merioa. The different varieties cannot be otherwise than ffenu- ine, as the greatest al'eniion is ^laid, and nearly all the kinds are inoculated from bearing trees. The Cherry. Pc.'ich, and other Trees, are generally ot a large size. Calalf.gucs may be obtained of J.R. Newell." at the Agricnhural Warehouse,No. Uniled S'^lfis. Mr AI;ihouse Loubal, having considerably enlarged his Vine- yard, on Long Island, where he now has, in full cultivation, thirty.five acies of gronnil, conlaining 72,0U0 Grape Vine Roots; having also the peculiar advantage ol bemg enabled to procure the best specimens of ri.iois Irom his lalhei-'s extensive vineyards and nurseries, in the districts of Bordelais, Clerac, and I'.uzct, (Icpnrtnicnis of Gironde and Lot and Garonne, in France, (15° N. {,iil.) proposes to the numerous friends to the cultivation of th© rfrape vine ui the United States, a subscrip- tion will b.' opened on the first of August. 1828. Mr A. L. will .engage to furnish suoscribersvvith the Grape Vine Roots, betore the first of March ne.\t. and forward them free of expense^ to lite diOercnt cities where subscription lists bZ North Market-street, grans; and orders left there, or sent by ; s|,ai| j,ave been upi^ned. The roots will he three vears old, and mad, will meet prompt attention. "-• '' .... Oct. 3 Rail Road. The subscriber respectfully requests those gentlemen who have received from him blank forms lor returns of the business, oflice. No. 7 1-2 Congress .Street. or at the Garden, to Patrick Kenned). Boston, Oct. 3, 182a. ZEfiEDEE COOK. Jr. fVilson's Nurser;/, Dcrry, AT. H. The proprietors iii:orm the public thai their nursery offers pe- culiar facility tor tiie acquirement of useful fruit; mo'ie than fit- ly thousand trees now culiivriied liy them consising of a orcal vai-iety of Apples. Peaches, Plums, ("hemes. Quinces. iSic" em- bracing most of the celebrated and esteemed kinds in this conn- Iry. The utmost care has been observed by the orifinal pro- prietor li.r mure than thirty years, in making the selection .ii.d ihe whole is now offered as coniaiiimg none but the most wonhv of cultivation. Persons not acquainted with the different kinds hy name, who wish lo procure choice kinds, by slating Ihe lime "-- w,sh them to ripen, may confidently trust lo the propie'ors BURJV^ J^Tew England Farmer's Jilmanack,for 1839. In press at the .New England Farmer office, and will b,. pub- lished to morrow, the .V"ie Fmirland Farmer's A/imm,e vine roots they wish lo have. They will engage to pay for lOftO roots or more, at the rate of 12 1-2 eenls for each root ; for less than 1000, at I the rate of lo cents; and 2j cents per root for le.ss than 30. — 1 Roots only two yeais old, shallbe paid lor al the laie of 9 eents ! each, for 10 or more ; 12 1-2 cents for less than one 1 ; and 18 cents (or less than 50 roots. — Payment lo he n.ade on deliv- ery of the roots. — Letters not recciveil unless post paid. Subscription lists are open al New ^'ork, wnh Aljihonse Lou- bat, 85 Wall street— BosLon, E. Copeland, Jr. — .Vliiany, R. BI'Michael — Philadelphia, Van Amringe— Baltimore. W'illard Rhoads — WashinuUni City, Wm. Pairo, — Uichmolid, Daven- port, Allen &. ("o. — .siavannali, Halt, Shopier & 'i'ii].)ier — New Orleans, Foster & liuiton — Charleston, (S. C.) J, .S,- J. S'reet it Co. Mr .\. Loubai's book on the Culture ol th-" Grape Vine- and on Ihe .^lak-ng ol Wine, may be found al the principal bo«k, sellers of the I'uited Slater ; and his agents will lurnish Ihcin gratis to subscribers. PmCBSOF COUJYl'liY PRODVCE^^*^ Muscatel [Muscatel ; ma" beings are consumers of the pro-Iticts of cullivaiion, and GRAIN, Corii, APPLES, best, ASHE.S, pot. first sort, Pearl, first sort. - PF.ANS. white, - ■ - BEEF, mess, scarce Cargo, No. 1 , Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, inspected iVo. l.new, fJiiiEESE, new milk. Skimmed milk. FLOUR, RaltiiiH. re. Howard-street. <»eiiesee, - - - Rye, best, - . . . the wiihotn fear of disappointme'nt. All aiders will be prom'ptlv .u tended to, and trees .furnished at their nursery, this fall or'niM spring, at il.e f..llow;Mg prices, Apples. |>er hundred, . Peaches do Plums do Cherries ng I7o acres ol good land— 120 a<-res improved, the leii.a.n.l.r wood hind-haviiig a convenieni dwelling house, barn, and out imilihngs-a young nrchard-nearly .300 rods of stone wall laie- IJ erected, and a never (ailing supply of water. A good title will he giv^n. The price only ^IS-.O. Inquire al ih.'office „r of Messrs Rogers & Wilcox, Orlbrd. ' New England — on Orchard-grass. &c. Ac. inr Country traders and others supplied on the most liberal terms. , r Sredsfor thf ircst ]?..i.ie.i. Merclianls. masters of ves-sils i-nd oiheis trading in ihe West Il)dies, can be fiiriii-lied n illi box-s of .Seeds. ,lss(.ricd. -ullabie for that irtarket, al from ,'j4 10.5.5 per bo.-i, — Each box i-i liiniiis ■jpwar Isof sixty different kiudT, of seeds, vegetable ai.ri orna- ineuial. in quaii'titJessufiicieni (in- a c-mimon kitchen garden.— Likewise the grcalest variety of seeds lo be found in New Eng- land, bv tiie pound or bushel, ail warranted pure, aii3 o( the growth ol !827. % PRO VIl^ION MA RKE T. BEEF, bes! pieces, - I PORK, fresh, best pieces, i whole hors, I VEAL. . - - - - jATli'fTOS, .... ;roT-f.'C!^v. .... jlilJ'JTER, kegandieb, - I (..limp, best. Ef GS. IVIE.AL. Rye, retail, - Ini'ian, retail, rOTATOS. new - C1T)F,R. (according to (jualdy,] 'pound. 10 doztin. bushel. ,-carce I2| 14 - fhan-cl.,' 2 05 13 10 ft 10 U 20 17 70 65 40 I 50 88 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 3, 1826. MISCELLANIES. 11 .rraaually increasing, if the cause is contin- I and money, to which a portion of citizens least. From the New t.nshnd Fai-mer's Atmamck for 1829. By Thomas G. Fessesdbn. UCTOKEI?. The summer floucrs arc failed, The fate of heaiily bharing. And nalure, snmcuhal jaded, Scemi overdone wiili bearing. Bm fruit those flmvers suceeediii^-, The orcharilisl requiting, .\butulant as in Kden, I.s scarcely less inviting. A second crop ol grass i J Kow toy ing with ll-.e zepli^ rs, Cy ^^llic!l the hind amasses Sweet tiind for cows and heifers. The lie'ds of com arc studded. With ears of golden glevving, .Vnd all the lanu is liooded With bountiss ove; flowing. O then the tribute render To the Almighty Giver, Of all the heart can tender, And all the tongue deliver. ueil, till the family becomes extinct. Only think of a arunken bridegroom !— a beast that swills dtning the honey-moon !— snoring in- sensible by the side of a sweet, delicate, loving, aye, even loving creature yet iti her teens ! An old, useless, barren bachelor may drink till he dies— little harm can he do to any body but him- self, though, to be sure he may sorely tiistress his old 'maiden sister and lioiise-keeper Shoozy— and I break the aft'ectionate and faithful creature's heart. I But a married man, a father of sons and daugli- Iters, all smiling, or willing to smile, round his board, to be a drunkard ! He deserves that death ! should come stealthily in, once a month, like an ' unseen tiger at midnight, and carry them all off, one by one, to his den, the grave. For Nature will not endure to see her holy gifts so profaned ; sooner or later, she will show herself revenger able to bear it are subjected, is immense — the ex- tent of injury inflicted on public morals alurniing. If, instead of the present biirdcn.some and une- qual system of trainings, all oti/ens liable to do military duty, were to be enrolled ami required to equip themselves, and once a year, on the same day throtigljout the State, were called out by com- panies for inspection, would our militia be less erticient than at present ? And if, in addition to tliis, provision were made for the instruction and discipliiK! of the officers, iloes any one doubt tlii^ restdt would be a great itiqirovement on the exist- ing system ? Why then shoidd this system, witli its train of evils, be retained ? The subject is worthy of serious consideration- it is worthy the attention of philanlhropijts— and in the great ef- forts making at the present day for the suppres- sion of vice, and the promotion of virtue and good ■ Loss of pumpkins.— \ery great losses have been sustained by the farmers on Connecticut river, in le article of pumpkins, which were swept away the late flood into Long Island Sound, and friTm thence out to sea. We un.lerstand they \^«r« not insured— and furthermore, that serious a(?])rehetisions are entertained lest there should *^^uo ihank.-giving for the want of pumpkin pics. We hope, however, it is not so bad. — Btrk.Jlm. The importance of woman.— She gives birth to the siK'cies, and adorns its creation by its fruits. The first s(?nsation of rapture experienced I'Y "'a". »s j °"/" *'^r',*/'" while inhaliiif; nourishment from the breast of wo man . to einbruce wojnaii and avenger ; and the drunkard will be forced to ! morals, we hope it will not be overlooked. Where feel like a very man at last, when his little Benja-;is there a more prolific .source of nnmorahty and mill the sole survivor of all the many, whose mo- ' vice than militia musters ? On what ot: er occa- ther died that he might be born, is buried with ' sion do we meet with more painfid and disgustmg the rest- and the broken-hearted wretch's town scenes of intoxication, profanity, and vidganty ? It house and country house, each with f ur stories is certainly a matter of congratulation that these above ground, besides two sunken ones, and com- musters are not permitted to take place ortener modious .rarrets, have emptietl them.-elves, dining t.han once in two years; an.! we cannot but hope room, drawing room, parlors, libraries, and bed ; that another legislature will see the expediency rooms, into the cliurcli-yard \— Blackwood's Mag. \ and importance of rendering them still le.ss fre- quent, if not entirely abolishing tliein. — Connecti- The military muster which was held in thi.s place .^^ Cournnt. last week, aft'orded our citizens a favorable op- portunity for witnessing some of the effects of the I Splendid Bidbous Roots. present militia system. With regard to the ap- i Jui;t received ai ihc> New F.ngland Farmer Seed Store, No. nearances of the troops, as we are no critics in 1 .52 INorth .Market Street, direct Irom Van Eeden&Co. Harlem, pcaranns oi loo iioup., a ji,,iia,id, a large assoitment ol ilulbous Flower Roots, compris- D"t 'I'" I :.,„ ii;e finest varieties of HV.AtTNTllS— (double anil single.) dark blue, porcelain such matters, we have nothing to say scenes of vice, intemperance and general licen- tiousness so prevale.it on the occasion, d<^rve a | |^ue,«d„nd^rosyc„J^nr^ brief notice. We do not recollect a more disgust- ,„ j., (xj ^.,,.1,. • ing exhibition at any time than was witnessed in | TULlP.S-s^()lendid^variegaed, red, yellow, audmued, 12 the day of the muster. On each ; "^'^^.l^*^^^^ ■,j,[igl^j'.yl^_3,,„rted, ol the most splendid co!- ide of the upiier part of Main-street, where the i ouis, and showy rtowen,, large roots :)8cis. each. The Hrstdestre of permanent happiness,.] troops were organized, and also adjoining the j ^SlSl^l^^^tut^:C:i^::^y.^^ ' ' Tlie first enjoyment of life is 1 field where they were reviewed, scores of tables ; |„^, ^^^^ a,„| j.^no^ „.ith double white cops, extra sized ruou, Tiie last sigh of expiring i a'"' h^'oths were to be seen, furnished with every 38cts.each. ouihcbreaM of woman. ^'■;; "^ 3" "' Y:'",'",;^;, kind of ardent spirits, to tentpt the appetites of virtue \h druwn vn the breast of looman. It is tnc '^'"" "'" ;' i , .' , ,,- , ■ , . i- vlitue,is, fU, i \s mi<'ht be expected, instances of intoxication, and for the beauty and delicacy ot imt of their floweis. Those n, that gives him tlie -'■" ■'"„'" I ' ,,,i,i a, auction are eenerally the mere refuse o; the most mlenor 'gross profanity, gambling, hghtmg, and disorder '^;l;lll.^^^"l"J^^^^^ as much - I •„;.„„ ,l,o.«,„KnC hiss rubers i were not unfretiuent. The whole scene was high- f,5,i,ej, „ene.'ally=ell for at auction, as will be seen by reference low that launches him into the tomb oi bis iatheis. . , ' ^, ^„j calculated to pain ^ to d,e priced cauiK-gues of any respeciab e house in Holland, -^ • j ly i.isp,rji Liui 1. wu. .., , , A further supply ol Lihes. Persian Fntellaries, Iris, I.\ias, Sinn-inir cocks —The Editor of the American ! and disgust every friend to good order and good p^.gQn|j, ,^,„arylhs. Star of Bethlehem, &c. is daily e.xpected. Farmer has received from Mr. Wright, (the acting : morals ; and this was i.vobably a fair specimen of I All orders faithfully e-xecuied. ^ consul at Rio Janeiro) two barn-door fowls, of the | the accompanying exhibitions of almost every reg- ' species called by the Portuguese "C'oiiiu £'a/.'a," or j internal muster. Now for what object, we would sin-in" cock. Its name is derived from one of its ■ ask, are the morals of the community periodica!- facuities. It spins out its crow, in a new style of singing, like tine ladies who drawl and lengthen out their chromatics, till ono begins to fear that ^he will spin out all the breath in her body, not leaving enough to recover upon. — Bos. Courier. influence of such ly exposed to the corrupting s"cenes ? Surely there ought to be some impor- tant lienefit to compensate for .so great and serious an ovil. We are aware the best institutions may 1)6 necessarily attended with evils, which, thotigh ', f'|rj^|'*'-|.';;'^PI'^^|^^/"^g^^^ Rice, I to be regretted, must bo endured on account of ' ^^.^iJi, Barley, «i.c. for sale in any quantities, wholesale or re- What degradation and sin for | the greater benefits by which they are overbalan- lad. Also a few cannisters uf fine Oo^ /"^-/r, neatly packed. If a Iced. But how stands the case with regard to Hemp Seed. ■ Just received at the New Englaud Farmer Seed Store, No. ."jS North Market .Street, .\ coiisignmeni from Troy, N-Y. ol 30 bushels of Hemp Seed, growth of°8".;7 i by the tierce or bushel. Oat Meal, Oat Flour, Grotta, SfC. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, a rther supply ol the above articles, viz. UO barrels of fresh Oat Drunkenne.'is. auy virtuous woman to many a drunkard ! "It a j ced. drunken man," quoth old Burton, in his Anatomy militia nmsters ? What in the opinion of men of (f Melancholy, "gets a child, it will never likely | niiliiary skill and e.xperieuce arc the advantages have a good brain." — "It is remarkahii ," says Darwin, "that all the diseases from drinkiug spir- ituous or fermented liquors, arc liable to become lesultmg from them ? Just none at all. The whole is a mere farce — a useless parade, uuattended with any important imjjrovement in •iicrcdirary, even to thc'^thitd ani;! fonrfh, gemeira- |iha dis^.i^-liae of the ttoops. The expense of time at 1)0 els, per cennister. Spring fHieat. Jusl received a fmv bushels of prune Oilman Spring Wheal, rowth ol 1328. raised in SoulhLoiough. Ms Published every Friday, at «!3 per annum, payable at die eiidofthevcar— bill those who pay wuhin sistj.ekivs fri^ro the tr-if of sifbciTjnns. ire oi.ti^lid u> it dc.Ufijtffl d! fifij <^OXi. NEW MNU FAKMEIf. Published bj John B. Russell, at jVo. 52 JVorlh Market Street, (over the ^Iffricultiiral Warehouse). — Tiiojias G. Fessende>, Editor. VOL. VII A G R I C U iM IJ R E . BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 10, 1828. No. 12. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMEU. Ojircrs of the Essex .Iscricultitrnt Society, elected S-pf. •25,'.'L 1). 1S28. FREOERrCK HOWES, E-f). Salrrii, President. Br.N.iAMiN P.VRKF.R. Ef^ij. of liriidfoivi "j rSoLOJiON Lo\v, Est;. ot'Boxfonl, ( Tice E!!E>-. MosELY, Esq. Newhiirypc.rt, (Presidents. Benjamin T. REEO.Ejsq. MiiiMehEail. j A.NDKF.w Nichols, Esq. of Dniivers, Treasurer. •John W. Proctor, Esq. of Daiivers, Correspond- ing and Recording Secretary. Trustees. .Toliii Adams, Al)ij:iU Cheever, Joiiatliaii Iiigallf", Steplion Barker, JaiiK's Gardener, Daniel Putnam, Daniel Adams, James H. Duncan. Asa T. Newliall, Jesse Putnam, .•^tepIuMi Al)l)ot, Moses Newell, Jesse Kimball David Gray, Richard Stewart, Jacob Towne, Jr. Azor Brown, Tli.'inas Payson, Jeremiali Colrnan. Wm. P. Endicott, Krasttis Ware, Paid U))ton, Jeremiah S|)oflorJ, ^^'illtl)rl•|) Low. Mest, J. W. PROCTOR, Sec'y. are absolutely irrecoiicilal)le, the latter must of conrse he rejected. QUERIES. Mn. Fessencen, — An answer to the i'dlnwing questions in the New Engfland Farmer would be gratefully received by at least one of your sub- scribers : When it becomes necessary to remove apple trees from the jrround nn vvliicli they stand, being thritty and in a bearing state, which are from three to eight inclies diameter, can they be transplanted with a prospect of success ? And if they can, what is the best method, and wliat is the best time in the year for transplanting .•' October 8ih, 1828. A. B. TWO SORTS OF PEARS NATURALLY PRODUCED ON TiJE SAME TREE. Mr Fesse.ndek — I send b}' the bearer, two pears taken from a seedling tree, planted here, about thirty years ago, and which has never been ■/rafted or inoeidatcd. TJi^ seed was taken fo',i. a St Germain pear, and was planted by the pres- ent proprietor in the garden where it grows. Yon will notice that the two pears are unlike in size, -"hape and ap|)earance, one being of a russet col- our, the other of a light green. The largest is now in eating, anrodnction:? of !ier own iiosses- sions." For the characters of the lainil es and genera, Samouelle's " Useful Compendium," — the article " Entomology" in Brewster's Encydopedia, or tlie 3d volume of Cuvier's " Regne Animal," may be consulted. Ordkk Coleoptera. Family C'icindelida, • Genus Cicindela. The insects of tius genus frequent dry and san- dy places, and some species are very common in our highways- They fiy swiftly, and fretpiently alight at a short di.stauce from their starting point. They are rapacious and devour such small insects as they can seize. There may often be observed small round holes in the ground fre()tieiUed by Ci- cindeke ; tliese are the habitations of the larva;. — By passing down a straw as a director, and care- fully removing the earth, we can obtain the larva. It has a soft, cylindrical, whitish body, with corne- ous, purple or green head, thorax and jaws. There are 6 legs near the head, an anal prolog, and a pair of tubercles surmounted with hooks on the eighth segment. When in ambush it remains near the surface, the head closes the hole, and thus con- ceals the pit and its sanguinary inhabitant from those incautious insects which may be passing over it. These are siezed in a moment and con- veyed to the bottom of the retreat, to be devour- ed at leisure. Tiie tubercles and hooks assist the insect in its frequent motions up and down, and the large concave surface of the head serves as a basket to hold the earth whicli it excavates in fab- ricating its burrow. The mouth of this is careful- ly closed with earth when the larva has attained its growth ; it then becomes a pupa, and alter some time emerges in its ]ierfect state. Tlie Kev. L. W. Leonard, of Dublin, N. H. kept one of these larva in a vessel of earth, and fed it daily with small insects, till it underwent its metamorphosis. There apjiear to be two broods in the year, one makes its apjicarance in August and September, and the other in the following Ajiril and May, having remaiued pupa diiring the winter. C. denficulata. Brilliant pyiished green ; man- dibles elongated, slender ; each elytron with 3 un- equal marginal spots and terminal btmch white. Length near half an inch. Head green, blueish and lungiiudimilly corru- gated and in the male with long white hairs be- tween the eyes; four basal joints of the antennae brassy green, remaining ones piccous ; labruni tri- dentrate, witii 6 marginal punctures, of the male white edged with blackish brown, of the ftjinale entirely greenisii black ; mandibles very long, slightly arcuated, slender, greenish black, above with a linear, basal, white spot ; paljii brassy green ill the male, greenish black in the female ; eyes brown. Elytra brilliant lerugirous green, in cer- tain positions blue or [lurplo, with very minute dis- tant punctures, a series of deep punctures with el- evated centres near the suture, an abbreviated series of similar punctures near the pumeral an- gle, and a few scattered ones around the scute! : external margin with three white spots, one of whicli near the middle of the margin is large and triangular, tlie apex of the triangle pointing to the suture ; one very small and rouniled between the ibrmer and base of the elytron ; ami the third or )>osterior one elongated longituilinalfy into an ob- long oval shape, not (piite attaining the inargin, and confluent behind the terntiual lunule. Pei'tus, postpectus, aiul thighs green, with white decumb- ent hairs. Variety a. Elytra purplisli blue. b. Anterior spot of the elytron wanting. c. Anterior spot wanting, triangular out Vol.VII.— No.ll!. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 91 rediR't'd to a transverse line, posterior one Kniiill, not reacliiiig tlic terminal inniilo. li. Two aiilciior spots obsolete, f. All the Sjjots wanting exce])t the ter- minal Iminle, which is merely an ab- breviated transverse line. f. Elylra innnaculate. This species is evidently distinct from llic very vominon C sex^uttata ; a single glance at them wlicn compared togetiier v.ill convince any one of their gpccitlc diflercnce. The long slender man- dibles of the dendrji.lata are remarkable, those of A FEW FACTS. During a late visit to New England, v/c were much delighted with what wo saw and heard in- dicative of a reformation on the subject of intenj- perauce. In riding 260 miles by stage, we did not see one driver, nor one- passenger, wlio seem- ed addicted .to this vice. The general call was, at tlie various stopping-places, for « a glass of lem- onade,"-' pinks, bachelor's buttons, and the like, are also grown for Covent Garden market, wheic they arc carried, either as entire jilants in flower, with balls for planting in town, ilower-|)ots or in pots, or the flowers arc sold and gathered for nosegay.s. Weld is grown in a few jilaccs. Let every farmer divide his pasture grounil a^ e,- " ^. '>^- "'' ^''^^'"■"".'^''f !•'-"'' g'"^« "f «at- \ ,,e pleases. Let the fence be.Ween his arable and nenrel ; T^ "'"": T ""''"^ """""'' ''''" P"^^""-" l«nd, be as strong as an external fence.- pea ed to be almost lorgotten. , j,,,,, if possible, let all bis arable ground, tbouah i, On one occasion, at dinner at a pubhc house, : be a hundred acres, be in one lot. Then his the.,-«..bei,,g.,e.i.slmrter.™orero..st, Zn^: rc--^ 7 ••'^^''"'' 7="^' '■-'""^"''<"'''P'^"-^«'- »''"''!«. and vegetables, -he cultivates. There are , o uho were bt^ught together by mere accident, not fences; in consequence no inconvenient and one asted of ardent sp.r.ts, ahhough provMed in I .worthless headland; no apology for thistles and abundance. On various other occasions, indeed : nettles. ~ i o.r \ve may say universally, there ^^as a very man- and more curved. The latter tpecies has no hairs between the eyes, nor beneath the pectus and post- pectus, the elytra appear rough from the deep con- fluent punctures with which its surface is impres- sed, and it is destitute of the remarkable humeral and subsateral series of deep punctures. The j ifest improvement in favour of temperance since shape and disposition of the wi;ite spots are differ- we last visited New England ; and this was evinc- cnt in the two species, the dentkvlata never hav- j ed, not only by a change of practice, but by an a- ing the svpernumcranj discal spot observable in a wakened feeling and prompt expression, whenev- variety of the sexgultata. er the subject was mentioned. This fine species was captured on the sands near Sweet Auburn in Cambridge, in company SINGULAR DISCOVERY. with Mr. Say's splendid c. fonnosa. It was sent, ^'i'- Horton, a gentleman who has been engag .v. Y. Observer. m company It was sent, >vith the next species, to Pro!'. Hentz, who has a- dopted the specific names here given in a paper read before, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. His descriptions have not yet met my eye. c. hamorrhoidalis. Brownish obscure ; elytra with a humeral end terminal lumole, an interine- ed in boring for water in Providence, has present- ed to the public some very remarkable results. In his second experiment in boring, he selected the extreme point of a wharf, many yards from the original land. He bored tlirougb the artificial soil, then fhrongh a stratum of mud, then through bog meadow, containing good peat, then through diate sigmoid band, and two dots behind the band I S3'"'> l''^'>i'lps', and quartz gravel. At this point white ; postpectus and thighs green, ventral seg- '■ "ater, impregnated with copperas and arscnick, broke fortli ; but, determining to proceed farther The scene is beautiful to the eye. The whole has the appearance of a garden ; and he gets in the farmer a sort of horticultural neatness. inents sanguineous. Length nearly haif an inch. Antemiffi green at base ; head cupreous, with two green abbreviated lines between the eyes ; — mandibles white at base, black at the points ; lips white, with a single tooth. Thorax cuperous, obscure, with the margiii and breast green. Ely- tra obscure, somewhat cupreous; a humeral lii- iiule apparently formed of two spots connected by a curved line, on the middle of the elytion a Mr. Horton next struck a vineyard and I'rew up vines, grapes, grape seeds, leaves, acorns, hazel- nuts, pine burs and the seed.s of unknown fruits, together with pure water. This was thirty-five feet below the be.l of the rivevl— Palladium. At the late show of Manufactures at West Newbury, there was an exhibition of pecuhar and very novel interest by 3Ir. Enoch Boynton, of Newburj-, who produced specimens of Silk of his own manufacture, together with the substance of the material in the various stages of its growtli and prepi-rution. Mr. Boynton, who has been indefatigable in his present undertaking, states that he is now rearing 1000 mulberry trees, which are just coming forward, and expresses the most entire confidence in the result of his experi- ment. GOLD MINES. In another column of this paper will be found a highly interesting and valuable communication, flexuous or s-shaped band, behind this a marginal <"• the subject of the Gold Mines of the United spot, and near the middle of the tip another larger States, which are much richer and more exten- spot almost touching the anterior jjortion of the ^'^^ "^'i^" ^^"^ 'lad supposed. Our scientific and terminal lunule. Pectus and postpectus green, iitelligent correspondent, who is a resident at the the latter with white decumbent hairs at the South, derives his minute knowledge of facts from ' '""^"t! ""'-■' •^■""'"''^tPd with and the consequence sides; ventral segments sanguineous. Thighs ' Afiw music. — A young lady of high accomplish- ments, and no pride, in the absence of the servant stepped to the door on the ringing of the bell, which announced a visit from one of her admir- ers. On entering, the heau, glancing on the liaip and piano, which stood in the apartment, exclaim- ed, "I thought I heard music— on which instru- ment were you performing. Miss .'" — "On the gridiron. Sir, with an accompaniment of the fry- ing pan;" replied she. "My mother is without help, and she says that I must learn to finger these instruments sooner or later, and I have this day commenced taking a course of !esson.s." Contentment. There are two sorts of content- green, feet obscure. This pretty species is found in dry paths in woods; but does not appear to be common. From what was observed under the preceding species It will be seen that these two must be called c. denticulata, and hcemoirhoidutis, Hentz. The other insects of this genus, found in this vicinity, are c. vtilgnris, Say ; c. purpurea,0\i\ier ; c. hirticoUis, Say ; c. formosa, Say ; c. sexgutlata, Fabricius; and c. punctubata, Fabricius. INSECTS. liersonal observation. i of industry, the other is the result of habits of in^ It is a matter of sincere congratulation, that in •'ol'^ncc ; the one is a virtue the other little better proportion as Natural Science extends, the re- ^'"^''' ^ ^''"^^- No man ought to be contented and sources of our country are found to be more a- *'' "°"'" H'^""^ under any evils which he can con- hundant. Its mineral treasures have as yet been T""'" ^3 his industry. It is easier to act than to but imperfectly explored. We fully concur in the suggestion of our correspondent, that the mines I of the southern states present stronger attractions I to our enterprising citizens, than do those of Mex ico and Soutli America.— A". Y. Statesman. suffer ; and by taking timejy care and pains, we avoid great cares and pait*: Cultivated products for the London market— Lou- den affirms that in the county of Surry, England, » 11151 »uiijnit;i, buys ine r 11 aaeiiiua \urora nasi • i i ' been remarkable, in various part f the cou'n o 'T' ' "'^""^ ^^°'""r ''' '■'^™°'""*'' "l""^'''^ for the immense number of 'insects pod^-^^-T''';' ""■""" "«- ^.tcham ; and more ex- First came the caterpillars, in immense s an,. I ''"'"''-I "''" '" '."^ ''^'' ^"""'J'- ^"' '"'"''•■-d devouring everv green thing within their ixacb -'if °\Vm^<'""M, elecampane, rhubarb, soap- These were followed by ants and musouitoes 7""' ^"'tsfoot vervain, angelica, rosemary, the which to the present time infest soine LTicts of I '^ '""''' '"^ '"^ ''"'''' ^^''""^^ horehound, marsh tlf ■ IS city to a most annoying extent. jnallow, pennyroyal, and several acres of daisies, , _ _ „.._ ^, \Vttll-flowers, sweet Williams, primroses, violets' I lights, wbi.h lead to ruiiK Poverty is a great enemy to human hajipiiiess. let philosophers say what they will upon the sub- ject. Therefore, endeavor, by all lawful means to place yourself at least in comfortable circum- stances ; and whatever may be your income, re- solve to prevent your expenses from exceeding it. Sorts of sense. There are several sorts of sense, such as common sense, fine sense, and exalted sense ; but common sense is of more value to its possessor than all the rest. Common sense is a true light which shows a man the path of recti- tuile, but t le other kinds of .s'ense are ofter fal^-r !)2 NEW ENGLAND FARMEK, Or\. 10, 1&2S. SILK. ConciQclfld from page 7G. Tli:' fdiniilr cocoons, as bc-forc noted, ai'c gene n'.llv l;ui.'or than the males, and not so nnieli |ioiiit<'(i as liiesc are, ancl arc without the ring or ileprc^^^ioii in the jiiiddic, which commonly dis- tinguishes the cocoon? containing tlic latter. I'Vi^ht or ten days after tlie deposition of tlie ogf^s, the jontjnii color peculiar to them will change to a reddish grey, and afterwards into a pale clay hue ; they arc of a lenticular form, and on both surfaces there is a slight depression. Prcserviillon of the Egfty. Collect the eggs which have fallen on the cloth covering the shelves of tlie tressel when quite dry, put them in a box, and, if numerou.s, in layers not more than half the breadth of the finqer. The cloths raised from llic tressel when quite dry, are to be folded and jdaced in a dry room, the teni- peratme of wliicli does not c.\ceed li.5'-', nor be- low the freezing point, 32''. To bake Cocoons. Cocoons reel more readily, and jield sdk of a superior quality, without killing the insect by cith- l er steam of hot water, or by baking them ; but ; those who have not the means of reeling off, their cocoons in two or three days al\er they are \ f. rmed, or of selling .them, must kill the insects' they contain, or they will eat through, and spoil: the cocoons by breaking the continuity of the thread. The easiest way to do this, is to bake them in an oven, which nnist be about as hot as when bread has been taken out of it. After pick- in-r out all the spotted cocoons, put the rest in flat baskets, filling them within an inch of the top ;— cover them with ]>a)it:; and a wrapper over if, put these baskets in the oven, and after an hour, draw t'lem out, and cover them with a woollen ruff, leaving the vvrajiper as it was. Let thera stand five or six hours, to keep in the heat and stifle the chrysalis. Then spread them in thin layers on shelves, and move tliem every day (to (ireveiit their becoming mouldy) until perfectly Durin£ the s'Jniimer, the cloths must be exam- i dry. It maybe proper to state, that the birth ned, every month, to remove insects ; an.! to pre- 1 of the moth may be prolonged a month by kecp- — ,„ »!,„ "^l,,ti,.j „t„ nvQ in n-osli nir_ if tlie oiiauti- 1 ing the cocoous in a very cold, dry cellar. If the serve the cloths always in fresh air, if the quanti tj^be Lirge, place them on a frame of cord attach- ed to the ceiling, or rafter.* There exists a notion that every two or three years the eggs should be changed. It requires little to be said on this egregious error. To sup- pose that the good cocoons of a cultivator, after a few years, are no longer fit to produce seed, and vet that these cocoons can give good seed for tl;e use of ani.tlier, would be to admit a superstitions contradiction, which reason, practice, and science, alike condemn. A change of seed can only be i necessary, when from great neglect, for a series . of years, of the worms, a diminutive race has been i jn-oduced. Worms properly treated, will never! descneratc. On t!ie subject of the degeneracy of; silk worms, in the United Slates, the most positive | information con be giv. .. ; Mr. Samuel .-Vlexandcr, of Piiiladelpbia, says, "1 IIJ^ 111'.' v_.v/v,.j-....-- .-. — -"'J 1 cocoons arc kept over summer, th<;y must be pro tccted from ants, mice, and cock-roaches. ^ From the American Farmer. LAFAYETTE. The fi>llowing extracts from a letter from the great and good Lafayette, to the Eilitor of the American Farmer, M'ritien in all the simplicity of a pure and honest heart, have so nuich connection with the various subjects discussed in this journal, ; and display the venerable farmer of La Crange in a liffht so "amiable, and so characteristic, tliat we ^ I venture to giv;- them, in the assurance that he ' will excuse us for what we know will amuse and gratify our readers, as every thing docs from the same pen : — Parii July lift, 1828. ., . ■ ■ -, ■ .% (/ci"- Sir— Your kind letter (May 28) has am convinced that silk v.orms,culti\atcd in "^'n"" ' been gratefully received. I thank yon for the in- sylvania, instead of degenerating, improve ; proolj ^^^^^gtion it contains, and for the care you have of which I possess, m comparing the co.-ooiia "l"|,j^i^gn ^f the ,eport relative to the Baltimo.-e and 1 four years since, vvit^hose of the last year. I j q^^j^ rail-road, in which it is needless to add that , can say with truth, tl^B^rms luUched from theL ^^^| ^^^^^^^ deeply interested. Be pleased to ox- eggs I brought fron^m^outh of '-'"'"»'"P'^' ''"^''J ..ress to Mr. Thomas, and the other members of produced annually hcttcv sUU." The testimony o! . ^j^^ company, my grateful acknowledgments and Mr. Sharrod McCall, of Galaden t'ou'i'.v, Florida, I ^.^..^.^^^^.^ ^^j,,,, ^;,;;iicg. 1 am daily looking for is still more decisive. news of the arrival of my friend Gov. Barbour, in A sample of bciiutiful sewhig silk, sent with his I • ,- . .• ...__..:,:.... communication to the Secrct;iry of the Treasury, was i)art of a parcel jiroduccd by wonns, th.e stock of wliicb he has had thirty years ; and they were obtained from a maternal ancestor, who had pos- sessed tlieni nniny years before. During all this long period, no degeneracy lias been observed. Let proper care be taken of silk worms, and no deterioration will lake place. The time has passed Avlieii tiie idle reveries of BnfTon, Robertson, DePauw, and others, respect- ing the tendency of nature "to belittle" and de- generate every thing foreign in the new world, wore received" as truths. Facts, proud facts, de- monstrate not only the absurdity of their positions, but the superiority of every American animal and vegetable, vi^eg compared with similar produc- tions in the'dffips-orld. England, and hope he may find time for a visit to La Grange. Here is a letter from our beloved Frederick. — He "ives you an account of his health, and his proga-ess, and I have only to add, that he is au excellent, very clever boy, and w ell calculated to make happy iVis parents and friends. Permit me to introduce very particularly to yon and to our friends at Baltimore, a young traveller, for whom I have much affection and esteem. It is the Duke of Montebello, son to the celebrated Marshal Lannes, who fell gloriously in the last svar. lie is going to visit the United States, and will sail tioni Liverpool. The enclosed letter ban been written by iny friend and colleague M. Girod de L'Ain,* a judge of the Paris F.oyal Court, and a member of the Association of Naz, who i)0ssess the finest flockjl * A barrel-liun,,, crossed will, .loiU pack-tl.n-o.l, will .nalT.ni | think, in Europe. Naz is situated in thedepart- eood frame \ small (itiaiiiiiy may be kepi in a tiii case. II a — — — ; ;: i~ fv ard l.oT he. used, the jolnl-s and edges of tl.e lop should be j 'A disiiuguished member of il.e Chamber of Uepuli«|s. ju« | pasled >vilh paper lo cvduJe aiiis. I oue .f the leaders of the liberal parly. meiit de I.-'Ain, near the frontier. It seems to me that the publication of M.Girod's letter in the Ame- rican I'armer, and a direct correspondence be- tween him and you, may be useful to .Vmericaii agricniture. I .send you samples of the ram and two ewes the Association have lieen pleased to choose for me out of their flock, and which arc the finest, I believe, to be seen ; also a samjile of a young ram born at La Grange. The length of the wool, since the new process, is no more an object with the mannfaclurers of France; qualify and fineness are wholly attended to. t)ur friend Mr. Townsend has sent three tur- kies, who have arrived in good health— one m.ile ; and two females— two males, one from General Cocke, the other from York, Pennsylvania, which you know have been preserved ; so that I have now on my farm none but wild males, and two females, that may keep the pure breed. You know the fine mocking bird, given by your son Frederick to his young friends at La Grange, is dead. Every tender care was taken of him— there must be something in the change of climate obnoxious to this matchless bird. The loss has been much lamented. I I have also lost the terrapins. My only way i to preserve and mnlti|>Iy them, is to receive a nuin- !ber of those who live in fresh water and on land ; j to let them loose in a pond intersected by small 'islands, and let them take care of thcmselves.J The tortoises* have not lived— yet they had a bet-T ter chance. The ])artridges could not bear conl finement— I have now let them loose, and thiuH they will multiply. The swan-geesef are in pei4 feet health, male and female, but hitherto hav| given no i)rogcny. They are fine birds and gieat curiosity. _ _ I have nuich admired the fine samjdes of w^ool sent by Mr. Dickinson, [of Ohio] to whom I beJ you to offer my best thanks, as well as to the gen" tlemen who have collected the curious diversity of Indian corn. I thank you for the particulars lyou are pleased to give in the American Farmer, land beg mv affectionate acknowledgments and i compliments to Mr. Niles for the lu-ecious contin- lualion of his Register. The steam boiler, pre- sented by Mr. .T. B. Morris, works admirably well on my farm, and enables me to feed my cattle, my ewes in the suckhng time, the fattening ani- mals, and a stock of hogs, either full blooded from your fine pigs, or crossed with the English, and Anglo-Chinese breed. Happy would I be to wel come you on my farm. As I am sending you samples, here i* a specimen of observations at the French Institute. I have received a young dog from the Pyrennean mountains, and if I preserve it in growing health, shall send it to you. My letterhas been interrupted by a visit from Frederick, who came to take leave on bis return to Fontenay. His health is perfectly restored. I have had tiie jdeasure to see Mr. Cochran. Time ;is approaching when our boys come to La Grange. < Adien, my dear sir, most truly I Ind artcctionatelv, your friend, , ■ LAFAYETTE. Paris, June I9th, 1828. J\Iy dear General and honored Co/e«gut— Under- standiuir that the citizens of the United t;°" ^"^^ ';'': Ihou.'ht that the Agrieuhural So-iety of Naz, of . tmues very piOductive which am a member, mi.ht open wit!, the Ame- s,,uare perches-and the pro.ent season twenty ricans a comnumication beneficial to both. I do , quarts were gatliered in a iiiornu-g, and stravv- notwirh however, to proceed in tlie subject, with- berries measuring three inciies and three-fonrths Hiking you, my dear colleague, whom so round, were frequently found. Tiie n.aniier Cure for the Ttller-wonn. — Take a lump of rock •'^ salt, size of a common hickory nut ; the same '" ■ luantity of alum and copperas— burn them scpa- from the friendslii,. with which yon honor me ;- decay. The strawberry vines will shoo througn and amons which there is one which I would this covering, and there will be no farther labor pronounce; but for the fear of appearing presump- necessary, but to keep the runmng vn.es cut ott mous, the finest ram in Europe. Permit me to prevent their taking root twelve inches square therefore, to ask vour advice on the subject of was the distance at wh.ch the pi nits of the above this design, and to" solicit, if you think it pracliea- described bed were planted —?^.'y-->iirni>t->> ^■iTiinlllCH- Illfll'I '. .. •._ which '•annot easily be erased : whereas, a build- ing painted (as usual) in the heat of summer will soon need a new eoat ; for the heat causes the oiV to penetrate into the wood, and leaves tlie other component p.-.rts dry, which will soon crum- ble off." Hop shoots.— 'Chf.av are seei) in spring through- out the month of April in the Belgian markets in great abundance on every vegetable-stall, being etdtivated as a regular garden product. From their whiteness, without any tinge of green, tliey should seem to be procured, as in the case of chi- cory, by removing the earth into which they shoot, and breaking them tliem off before they have ap- reil above ground ; and the same [dan is pro- usnal- pear and the well being of '"i>'l.v ^''•''l'»^'J "i"' ^'le asparagus, which is ' [leriec!' ' -■ - Mortar ly perfectly w'.Mc. —Gardemrs Jilag. -The use of lime in mortar, is to fill up It is mentioned in a Haverhill paper, that •^hc-Ljjg jjoHuw spaces or vacuities between the grains liffBartlett has attempted the cultivation of the . ^j- ^j^,,,;^ ^,^1 ,j, cement them together, thereby sweet potato, or yam. In a garden in this town, I j-pj.,.j^j|.i„ ^ |^j„j] ^f artificial stone. To add more Ave have seen this plant llourishiitg with as much : jj^^p jj;..|, j^. j;|,g^(.ip,,t to fill ui) these spaces seems ■ligor as if it spread beneath asniitherii sky. The ^^ 1^^ useless, and to add raucn more must weak- leaf resembles that of the common garden bean-— | g,j ^i^g ,„,,rtar; but if too little lime be used, there and the vine extends on the ground to the dis- tance of several feet from the root, sending out little fibres at short distances to confine and nour- ish. The prospect of a good crop is at present fair. The riches of our soil, the resources of our climate, and the power of vegetable accommoda- tion to both, have as yet been imperfectly exjilor- ed. The spirit of iinprovemeni might sjiread the pur]ile clusters of the grape over the hills, orna- ment our gardens with the graceful stalks of the cotton, and the magnificent foliage of the tobacco, and give to the table those fruits which have here- tofiire been the luxuries of southern climates. — fi'orcester .Effi's. will be cavities left between some of the grains of sand, and the mortar will conse to the Meeting-house, wliere the Premiums a- warded, will be ainiounced by the As!>istant Re- cording Secretary. A processicn will then be formed to the Mansion-house Hotel, vviiere a public dinner will be provided. 2. The Treasurer will attend at the Hall at 5 o'clock, to pay such premiums as may then be de- manded. And also on Thursday, the 16th from 9 o'clock, A. M. till 12. Persons most distant from home to be first paid. 3. Premiums not claimed within six months to be considered as generously given to aid the funds of the Society. 4. Mr. Jacob Kuhn will attend at the Hall to deliver certificates of membership to persons elect- ed members of tlie Society, at the meeting on the day of the Show, and to others who may never have received their certificates. The sura of five dollars to be paid on admission is in lieu of all assessments, and entides the new memijors dm*- ing hfc to a copy of any publications wliicli the Society may hertafter make. 5. No persons will lie admitted to the Hal! ex- cept such as have business there, on any day but the day of the Show. 0. The avenue bct%vecn the ranges of Pens is I Food for Silk Worms. intended exclusivelv for the Trustees, Committees, ' ..J!!?,''"!!!" lvIl;'"r,H'","',hp-Krrf' '" li"'"'"""' °"^% '"' , _ • ' ' iransplantinK. may be had al the KtNKICK INurseriPs in New- Members (/t the Society and invited persons. The : ion. m, very modirale lerms. N. B. Tlie irei's were produced Marshals will therefore be instructed to admit no i '™'-" ^'""^ ''""^'" =" ''"* °"''"« other persons FRESH SEEDS AND ROOTS. Jiistivceiveit alilie New England Farmer Seed Slore, No. •52 Norlli iMarkel tjireei, Roots of the Pie-Plant, or Tart Rhubarb. A iai-fie supply ol tlip rools of (he Rheum Vndidatum , ld iu this yicinity the past season i come niu<-h earlier than the common, are milder, and ! ^j, ^ji i^.^^^ ; more sure o( producing a crop. Price 6 cents each, 50 cts. per dozen. Indian Com. Several varieties of Field Corn, selected with great care, for its earliness and productive qn»'-iy — also Early Sweet and the Early Jelferson Corn, for (he table. Garden and Field Seeds. The Inrijest collerjtion and variety of Garden, Field, Tree and Herh Seeds lu be found in New Enijland, at \vhole^alealul ret.ail. Til;- .Seeds are all rai.sed in this vicinity, expicssly lor tliis Es- taM'shmeni. by careful and experienced growers, and are w ar- I ranted pure and fresh, f'ouniry traders supplied with boxes ol ■ " A SUBSCRIPTION. For imporliri'X Grape Vine I!ned. The ro ts will be three years old, and will produce considerable (ruit the second year from the time of Ilieir being planted. Thej will be careiuUy classed and pac ked in boxes, wiih some of the original soil in which they have been raised, which w,ll greatly laeiliiale the thriving of the roots, when tr.insj.Iaiited. Orders will be punctually attended fo : the subscribers desig- nating the qiianMies and species of the grape vine roots Ihey w ;sh to have. 'I'liey will engage to pay tor 1000 loots or more, at tile rale of 12 1 -2 cents for each root ; foi less than 1000, at the rate of 1.5 eenls ; and 26 cents per root for less than iO. — Roots oiily two yeais old, shall be paid for at iherate of 9 cents each, for 10 or tnore ; 12 1-2 cents for le.ss tlian one 1 ; and Iff e»-nts for less than .-50 roots. — Payment to be made on deliv- pri.iic seeds, for the retail trade, on liberal lerms. A pam).hlet . eiv'oi'iiie rootV.— LeUers not receiv;'.! unless post paid. lalogiiM l'2d edition) of our .■>eeds,_ rrecs, &c wdl be pulilish- 1 Subsi-rmtion lists are open at New York, with AI|)lioiise Loir ed in tlie course of a fortuighl, and forwarded gratis to any one bat, «5 Wall street— Doston, E. C who will send for it Oy" No booth, or tent, or place for the sale of lii|Uor3 of any kind, will be allowed within the grounds belonoing to the Society. Nor will any openings through their fences to adjoining lots be permitted. Tickets for the Society's dinner may be had of Mr. Kuhn at the Hall, and at Mansion-house Hot.O. ()[/^ Cultivators of fine fruit are requested to send sanjples for exhibition at the Society's diii- Jier. Vegetables remarkable for size or other quiili- lies, will have a i>lace assigned them for exhibi- tion at the Hall. Gentlemen who have fine animals tliiit do cre- dit to the couMlry, are requested to send them to the Pens for exhibition, if not for premium. Gentlemen iu want of Fruit or Ornamental Irces, Gia|ie Vines, &c. are respectfully invited to call and look alihis ex;eu sive establ'shmeiit, as an actual view elicits general ndiniralioii, and precludes all need of empt}- pufls. Splendid Bulbous Roofs. .lust received a! the ^ew England Fanner S^-ed Store, No. 52 North Ularket Street, direct from V^in Keden & Co. Harlem, Holland, a large assortment of llulbuus Flower Roots, compris iiig tl e finest varieties ef HVACINTUS— (doublf and single,) dark blue, porcelain blue, i-eii and ro.sy coloured, pure white, white with yellow eve wliite with ros) eye, and yellow with various eyes: from 2d cis' lugl IXIe.-ich. TllLII'.S— splendid variega'cd, red, yellow, and mixed, 12 cts. each, J){l.00 per dozen. CHOWN niPERIALS— assorted, of the most splendid col- ours, and showy flowers large roots. 38 els. eacii. JONUUII-LF.S— sweet scented, finest roots lO cts each POLYANIHUS NARCISSUS-lrag-aiit. white with yel- low cups, anil yellow with double while cups, extra S'zed roots 38 els. each. O iliHI.ENARClSSUS-fragraut nfallcolors,19els each SPRING CROCUS— of all colours. G cts. each .W cts. per dozen. .ope lai M'>licliael — Philadelphia, Van Aim Rlieads— Washingion City, VVm. Pairo.- porl, Allen &, Co. — Savannah, Hall, Shap Orleans Foster & Huttou — Chtirlesioii. ts il. Jr.— Albany, R. Baltimore. Willard -Richniond, Uaveii- T i& Tupper — New C.) .7. & J. Street A: t.'o. Air A. Loubat's book on the Culture of the Grape Vme- and on the .Making of Wine, uiay be found al the |)rincipalbook. ^eliersof the United States; and his agenUwiil furnish Iheni gratis to subscribeis. PRWES OF cbbWTlly PRODUCE. rpi „ iiT 1 1 /-. . I ,^ ; r^ iir-n- Tlie above roots are from the same houie, from which we le- 1 he MarsltaLs, Capt. Isaac Cook, Caiit. VVilham eciyed our supply last s. ason. and which g.ive such universal Prentice, Capt, Joseph Curtis, Jr. ami Zebedee satisfaciion ; some of die double Hyaciutlis having produced r»nnl^ T.. l," ... ..■;n i. . .,:,i^ t i... ♦u^ • -i »i ■* ' bells I inch and fj-lfths in diameter. Cook, J . Esq. vill be aided by the civil authority , p^ehase,^ are requested to notice that the above roots agreeably to the special law ot the Common- ' m purchased at auction, .mi are a» remaikable for iheii arc r s ze wealth, in keeping the peace, preserving order, "",'' '"^ ■"''"= .'"'""'■V an" 'iencacy of lim of their flowers. Those I .- • I- • , 1 I . sold al auction arc general y the mere refuse o. the most inffrinr i»n/l o,irm'/,iorT n />o;>ii,li,m/i£i »,ri,l. fli^ ...-.n... In*.. ..... .. . ^ . . -^ . ""- iiiosi iiiierior and enforcing a compliance with the regulations. JOHN LOWELL, j Committee JOHN HEARD, Jr. } of BENJ. GUILD. j Arrangements. fVilson's Murssry, Dcrry, J\/'. H. The proprietors inform the public thai their nui sery oflers pe- culiar facility for the acquirement of useful fruit; more than fif- ty thousand trees now cultivated by Ihem consist ng of a great variety of Apples, Peaches. Plums. Cherries, Quinces, &c, em- bracing most of ihe celebrated and esteemed kinds iu this coun try. The utmost care has been observed by the original pro- prietor for more than thirty years, in making the seleciion and Ihe whole is now offered as conlaining none but the most worthv of cuuivalion. Persons not acquainted with the different kinds by u.iine, who wish to procure choice k nds, by staling the time , they vvish them to ripen, may confidently trust Ui the prop-ielors i f)?' without fear of disappoinlineiit. All oiders will be promplb. at- j _ icn.lvd to, and tre.-s furnished at their nursery, Ibis fall orue.vi ' sjiring, at the following prices. { Apples, per Imiklred, eig Pt'aclips Ho _ 11* " 25 colleet'ons. c:nod roots being worth al home leu limes as much as they generally sell for at auction, as will bpseen by reference 10 the priced catalogues of any respectable house in Holland'. Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising iHartngon and Tiger (spoiled) Lilies— Low priced Tlyacnnhs and Tulips, 12 els. each— Common Tulips al ,^(3 per hundred roots, rais. d in' IhisviciniH. Their low p III makes them an object to those who wish to form a handsome Tulip Bed. — Large While Lilies 25 cts. per root. — Large Daffo-'ils 12 cts. each. ' A further supply of Lilies, Persian Friicllaries, Iris, Lvias, Pfepnies, Amaryllis. Star of P.eihlehem, &c. is daily expected.' All orders faithfully executed. Flower Seeds. A fine assortment of Flower Seeds, comprisino- all ihe most fashionable and splendid varlelies. raised this season at Pepper- ell, Ms. expressly fiir this Establishment, neatly put up in -mall papers, 6 cts. per paper, go per hundred, warranted ; a liberal ' scounl to traders. Peaches do Plums do Cherries do Quinces do Horse Chesnuts Ocl 3 6t §16 and 23 2o JOHN A. & .SAMUEL WILSON. .Veto England Farmer''s Almanack, for 1839. In press al the New England Fanner office, and uii; In. n,,),. lished tomorrow, the .Y'l/' Em-'and Fai-mer'i' Almnmick for 1829. By Thomas G. Fcssenden, Editor of the New England Farmer.— For sale, wliolesale and retail, at the N. E. Farmer o.fice. No. 52 North Market street, bv Bow les & Dearborn, .50 Washington street, and by the booksellers and traders generalli'. Some copies interleaved with writing paper, which wni be very - . serviceable to fanners, will be kept for retail al the Farmer office CI1>ER, [according to quality,] APPLES, best, - - - . ASHE.S. pot, fiivl sort, . . . Pi ari, first sort, - BEANS, white, - . . . BEEF, mess, scarce - - - Cargo, No. 1 - - Carffo, No, 2, BUTTEIt, inspected No. 1, new, - Ci-li;i;.SE, new-iiiilk. Skimmed milk, FLOUR, Baltimore. How aid-slreel, - Genesee, . - . - Kve, best, - - . . GRAIN, C'nn, .... Rve, . - - . Barley, .... Oats, - . . . HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, i.i^:e. - - . . . PLAISTF.K PARIS retails at PORK, clear, .... Navy, mess, Cargo, No. I, SEEDS, H.id's Grass, - OriliarH Grass, Fov^l Meadow, ... Rye Grass, ... Tall iMeailow Oats Grass, - Red Top - - . . Lucerne, .... V.'hiie Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) Ji'rench Sugar Beet, . ftfaiigel Wuiizel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washi-d, - Merino, lull blood, imwaslied. Merino, three fourths washed. Merino, half ifc quarter washed Native, washed, - Pulled, Lamb's, first sort. Pulled. Lamb's, .second sort. Pulled, for spinning, first sort, PRO VISION MARKET. BEEF, best pieces, .... PORtw, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, - - ^ . . MUTTON, I'Oril.TRV, - IIUTTER, kegand tub, . Lump, best, EGGS, . . . - MEAL, Rye, retail, . Indian, retail, POTATOS, new barrel. Ion. bushel b.irrel. pound barrel bushel. pound cask. ton. barrel. bushel pound FROM 2 fJO 102 50 1 00 10 50 8 oO 12 6 2 6 75 6 50 2 62 53 45 60 32 OS 2 25 18 00 13 00 13 m 2 00 pound.! 40 23 35 So 2 4 2H 35 10 dozen l>usliel barrel. 6 4. searce 12 14 eo TO 3 00 105 00 105 00 1 62 10 73 8 75 7 00 14 8 3 7 00 6 73 3 OO 54 52 70 40 90 2 51} 19 00 13 50 13 OO 2 25 4 00 4 0 4 no 5 00 I 00 50 50 12 1 50 I 50 65 28 40 35 30 47 33 38 12 10 6 10 8 14 20 17 70 65 40 ;oo 96 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 10, 182tf. MISCELLANIES, Tiie (ollowiug: beauliful ode, wriilen for a former Wm.ni. but also receive a careful annual pruning. All tlie branches too crowded, or crossing each other, are cut oW elost; to the stem, as well as several of the lateral twigs from each branch ; the whole head of the tree, both branches and spray, being ,kept thin tind balanced, and particular attention I being given to preserve one central leading shoot, I bv cutting otr that one least upright when the tree has parted into two. ^ Valuable recipc^Ih: Godman has recommend- jed the following certain lUid simple remedy for a i common and fatal disease among children. He I says, "whenever they are threatened with an at- In gen.-ral, mankind, since the improvement of ta"^^^k of croup, I direct a plaster covered with dry ookery, eat about twice as much as nature re- Scotch snutf, varying iu size according to the age 1 of the patient, to be applied directly across the top iieavy suppers of the thorax, and retained there till all the syinp- woudcr and a^Jtiiration, and thereiore novelties; _; studies that fill the n.iml with splei.did and illus- occasion,byl trious objects, as histories, fables, aud contempla- tions of nature. Celsus gives it as one of the great precepts of j health and lasting that a man do vary and inter- 1 change contraries ; but with an inclination to the j more benign cxtnmes ; use fasting and full eating, ! but rather full eating; watching and sleep, but i rather sleep ; sitting and. exercise, but rather ex- , ercise, and the like ; so that nature be cherished, \ and yet taught masteries. Exerei.se s'.iouU! pre -ede meals, not immediate- ly follow them ; the first promotes, the latter, un- less moderate, obstructs digestion. If, after exercise, we feed sparingly, the diges- tion will be easy and good, the body lightsome, the temper checrfiil, and all the animal functions per- formed agreeably. ' Indolence, with full feeding, occasions night- mares, and horrors inexpressible, tpures. Restless nights naturally follow after ftdl dinners. Some, however, rest v. e i three meals ; it costs them only a frighttul dream vv^yg eflectual wlien applied in the first and se- i and an apoplexy, after which they sleep till dooms- j ^^^^ stages of the malady." The plaster is made if you ivould preserve your health, see to it that ; ,1)3 snuff. — Mtr. Adv. 7 . , \ you have a constant su|)ply of fresh air in your A sharp retort — The following cut direct is from I j^^j chamber. A small sleeping room without a fire place, will soon debilitate the best coustitti- tion. Same physicians are so ideasing and comforta- ble to the humour of the patient, that tlicy press ' ^'''^'' toms disappear. The remedy is tbnnd to be al- I by greasing a piece of linen, and covering it with the lien of the celebi-ated Hheridan. Lord Ers- kine declared isi a large jiarty, iu which lady Ers- kino and Mr. Sheridan «erc jirescnt, that "a wife was onlv a tin cntuiistir lied to one^s tail;" upon which Sheridan presented lady Erskine with these ^^^^^ ^.^^ ^^.^^ ^.^.^.p ,,f (i,f. Jisease ; and others are so I regular in procet^ling according to the art of the disease, t!i-^y re;:rect not sufficiently the humour •■ of the patient. Take one of a middle temper, or, if it may not be Ibuud in one man, combine two, ' and forget not to call as wel'; the one best ac- :quaintetf with yotu- body, as the best reputed for his faculty. 1 The oiily rem.^dy for all diseases, is to be above I the fear of death. fines: — '■ Lord Erskine, at woman presuming to rail, <;alls a wife a 'tin caiinister tied to one's tail.' And fair lady Anne, while the subject he carries on, .Seems hurl at his lordship's degj:uling comparison, liut wherefore degrading ? Consider aright, A cannisler 'spn/ished, and useful, and linj;kt, And should dirt its original purity hide- That 's the fault of the jJ-ipy)!/ to whom it is tkJ." rciraperance is the soul of enjoyment, and where pleasure is the only obj.^ct of ptirsuit, pain is the ! This is the season for trammffs,(says the Hamp- onlv object obtait.ed. shire Gazette) .^ hen the yeomanry are cal ed Iron Time, said J)r. Franklin is monev. It may also their homes and their busmess to march round be said that Time is Life-he who idles away or meeting-houses-over stone wall.s, and \ irginia •le minute destroys a nortion of fences. We believe, with a Vermont editor, that misemploys a singl his existence, and, to a certain extent, is guilty of .suicide. RULES FOR PRESERVING HEALTH. (Chiefiy collected from Lord Bacon and Dr Franklin.) A man's own observtttion, what he finds good of, and what he finds hurt of, is the best physic to preserve health ; but it is safer to say " This agre- eth not well with me, therefore I will not contin uo it :" than this. these trainings and reviews are a v/orse than use less expenditure of the time and money of our fel- low citizens. At a regimental review at Bolton, Conn, last we,-k, one man was instantly killed, and another dangerously wounded, by the burst- ing of a cannon. Grape fines. 'J'he subscriber offers for sale Grape Vines of several varieties, the produce of his garden in Dorchester ; among them arc tne foUowing; . Isabella " li'tc Muscat Sweetwater l^lack Hamburg Black Cape fih'a Queen Bluscatel [IMuseale! F.arly Oval .Alexander's or Schuylkill They are principally ,of one year's growth, planted under his direction and snperintendance, are warranted genuine, and are in a healthful and vigorous state. The subscribe'r proposes to continue the cultivation of such va- rieties of the foreign and native vines as are suited to this climatr anil that will thrive in the open ground in town or country. Application may be made to the subscriber, at his office. No. I 7 1-2 Consress Street, or at the Garden, to Patrick Kennedy. ! Bosion, Oct. :i. IfflB. ZFJiEVl.E COOK.-b. Fruit Trees. WM PRINCE, the Proprietor of tlic Linn:eaii Botanic Garden and .N'urseri.s at Flushing, Long l^i^nd. has the pleasure ol inlbrniing the publick. thai his Nursery now contains 172 varleiies ol the Apple. aOi do. of the pear, 7"6 do, of Cherries, 139 do, of Plums, 25 do. of Apricots. Si do. of Peaches, 2!l do. of Nectarines, 10 do. of .\lmonds, 14 do. of Mulberries, li do. of Quinces, IG do. of Figs, 16 do. of Currants. 15 do. ol Uaspbcrrii-s. 47 do. o Gooseberries, 20 do. of Stiaviberries, 257 do. of Grapes, 60O do ; of Ornamental Trees. &c. Above five hundred of the .above kinds of Fruits are not to be found in any other collection in A- I nieriea. The different varieties cannot be oiln rwisc than genii- ! ine. as the greatest attention is paid, and nearly all the kinds i are inoculaled from bearing trees. The CheiTV, Peach, and ! other Trees, are generallv of a large size. Catalogues may I be obtained of J.R. iNewell.'ai tlie Agricultural Warehouse.iNo. 5'2 North Market-street, gratis; and orders left there, or sent by mail, will meet prompt attention. Oct.: Trees in public walks. — In planting public walks the Belgians do nO' as is often done in England, " I find no harm in this, tliere- [ and Ainerica, think n enough to squeeze the trees fore I may use it ;" for .strength of nature in youth pas.seth over many excuses which are owing a man till his age. , , , , To be free minded and clieeriuUy disposed at : winter, (1826-7) many workmen were employed nto holes barely lar;:.: enough to contain the roots, and cut out the hard and sterile soil and then leave them to their fate. During much of last hours of meal and sleep and of exercise, is one of llie liest precepts oi' long la.sti.ng. Avoid envy, anxious fears, anger, fretting in- ward.s, subtile and knotty questions, joys and ex- hilarations in excess, sadness not commuiiicateii. Entertain hopes, checrfolnesw rather than joy, variety of delights i-atlicr tJiaii stufeit of them ;— in digging out the sandy soil round scores of the trees on the Boulevards, Brussels, which, though fifteen or tv.-enty ilet liigh, and three or four in- ches in diameter, were not quite so luxuriant as the rest, ami reidaring it with rich, black surface mould, of wiiich as the holes were ten feet siuiare and aboTC two feet deep, each tree had subse- Hemp Seed. A consignment from Troy, NY. of 30 bushels of Hemp Seed, growth of" 827 ; by the tierce or bushel. Oat Meal, Oat Flour, Gratis, Sfc. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, a further supply el the aiwve articles, »iz. 30 barrels of fresh Oai Meal, fine kohed Oat Flour. Hulled Oats or Vennont Uice. Scotch Barley, A^c. for .sale iu any quantities, wholesale or re- tail. Also a few cannisleisof fine OiX f/mr, neatly packed, at 50 ets. per cannistcr. Spring Wheat. Justrac.ived a few biwhels of prime Oilman Spring Wheat. "nwih •f l''"2a, raised in Southboiuugh. Ms. "Publlshett'^eveT^Fridav, at S3 per .i.num, payable al ilm end of tlie vc«— hut tho.se who pay wiilnn si.vty days from-Uft- imc ul suWrifciBS, ure e.nuUe* to a siedwimu of h!ty ceiit?. ^^W EMGlrAIVB FABMEII. PuLHsked by Joh. B. Russex.., ai M. 52 mHl^MarkHJtreH, (over the ^^Vu^uraT^-a^e^^^^^^^l^^^^^ITG^f^^^^^l^ VOL vn. BG^TW^RID^VTocfo^^ 828. No. 13. AGRICULTURE. (Prepared by the Editor.) ILLS OF IGNOR4KCE IN ENTOMOLOGY. We are told that in Germany, tlie gardenere and country people, wi»h sreat iiidustrv ffather i .„„„ . • whole basket's full of the caterpillar of \lfeTs'TeI'V"'"'' T^ "^ '"^^-°-' '^'^ tractive cabbage u.oxh(XoHua Bras.ice, Fab.) a:J ^- been nnported. It was thns that the moth entomological knowledge is necessary, both to I prevent fatal mistakes, and to enable ns to check i with cflcct the rovages ofinsccts. But ignorance in this respect is not only unfit to remedy the evil; on the contrary it may often be regarded as its' pause. A large pro:.r>rtion of the most noxious liicn bury them, which as Roesel well observes, is ■.(Tinea Mdlovella) so destrii.-five in bee-hives, and just as if we should endeavor to kill a crab by .'''!,> "T"'"'®"^ ^l^.^i- (Lema A.paragi. F.) .vere covermg it with water ; for, many of them being full grown and ready to pass into their next state, which they do under ground, instead of destroy- ing them by this manoauvre, their appearance again the following year in greater numbers is ac- tually facilitated. Yet this plan applied to our common cabbage caterj)illar, which does not go under ground would succeed. So that some knowledge of the manners of an insect is often requisite to enable us to check its ravages effect- ually. With respect to noxious caterpillars in general, agriculturists and gardeners are not usu- ally aware that the best mode of preventing their attacks is to destroy the female fly before she ' laid her eggs, to do vthich the moth from each must be first ascertained research were carried sti them to distinguish the haunts, and it woul- made denizens of Sweden. The insect that has destroyed all the peach trees in St Helena was imported from the Cape ; and in England (not to mention bugs and cockropxhes) the great pest of our orchards; the apple .Vphis, there is good reas- on to believe, was introduced with some foreign apple trees. Now, extensive as is our commerce, :l is next to impossible, by any precautions, to pre- vent the injportation of these noxious agents. A cargo, or even a sample, of peas from North America, might present us with that ravager of |>ulse, the pea-beetle (Bruclms Pisis L); or the famed Hessian fly, which some years ago caused such trepidation in our cabinet, might have been conveyed here in a ship load of wheat. Leeu- wenhock's wolf ^r(ne« srranella, F.) might visit us in a similar conveyance, from Holland or France. But though introduced, were entomology a more general pursuit, their presence would soon be detected, and the evil at once nipt in the bud ; whereas in a country v,'here this science was not £:«.i)l) or little cultivated, they would most proba- bly have increased to such an extent before they attracted notice, that every effort to them would have proved ineffectual. We have seen some further specimens of paper made from straw and from blue f!;russ, according to McGiiw's patent. The invention is said to prove entirely successful. A manufactory has been established at Chambcrshurg, in this state, and machinery, &c. is jireparing t^'r the manufac- ture of 300 reams a day. TIk! paper is firm and strong, carries ink well, and is very suitable for wrapping, and it is believed, for hanging also, and for all other purposes where strong paper is re- quired, and can be fnrnisiied at a price so much below that made from any other material as to supercede every other of the kind. — Penn. Gcr.. extirjiate lias proceediuL'^ But if their 11 further, so as to enable pupa and discover its not be at all diflicult to de- tect that of the greatest pest of our gardens the cabbage butterfly, the work might be still more effectually accomplished. Some larvae are polyphagous, or feed upon a variety of plants ; among others that of the yel- low-tail moth (Bomhyi chrysot-hrea, F.); yet gar- deners think they have done enough if they des- troy the web-like nests which so often deform our fruit trees, without suspecting that new armies of assailants %vill wander from those on other plants] which they have suffered to remain. Thus will thousands be produced in the following season, which had they known how to distinguish them, might have been extirpated. Another instance occurred to a friend when walking with a gentleman in his estate at a village in Yorkshire. His attention was attracted by several circular patches of dead grass, each having a stick with rags suspended to it placed in the centre. He at once discerned that the larva of the cock-chafer had eaten the roots of the grass, which being pull- ed up by the rooks [crows] that devour thfs mis- chievous grub, these birds had been mistaken by the tenant for the cause of the evil, and the rags were placed to frighten away his best friends.— i Nor could he convince him by "11 that was said, A Maine paper, the Wiscasset Intclli-encer that the rooks were not the cause of the evil.- k\vs that the crops of hav in that state the present tyen philosophers sometimes fall into gross mis- ^'.ason, have been abmulant— the crop of -rain takes from this spec.es of ignorance. Dr Darwin | lolerably good— of Indian corn there is a good upply, we" A new species of the Bejuco de Guaco, so cel- ebrated in South America for its !)ower of curing wounds made by the most poisonous serpents, is now in full flower in the stove of A. B. Lambert, Esq. of Buyton House, Wilts, (one of the Vice Presidents of the Linnajan Society,) running from one end of the stove to the other, and filling the house with the perfume of its flowers. It was rai.sed from seed sent tiom Carthagena last year to a gentleman in this town, by Mr Watts, the British t'on.sul there. The Theopiirasta Ameri- cana, a most curious plant, with the appearance of a palm, raised from seed, brought from St Domin- go, by Dr Hamilton, ten years ago, has flowered in the same gentleman's stove this summer for the first limn. — English pa. DAIRIES. Nothing but milk and cream should be kept in liries ; nor anything that has a strong scent, al- though it may be sweet, should ever be placed in or near the milk room; but bad scents, particu- larly, greatly lessen the product of butter dairies, !iy preventing a complete separation of the cream from the milk — IvaisttlVs Designs fur Agricullu- ral Buildings. LOFTS OVER STABLES, Are bad places for both hay and corn ; as these articles \n that situation, must be more or less im- l)regnate"d with the noxious effluvia arising from the stale and dung, as well as from the breath of horses, thereby diminishing the nutritive qualities of the food, and occasioning disgust to the animals that eat it. — Ibid. ^Igricultvre. — The iHi.ntpelier (Vt.) Republican states that the p;. necLs of the farmer are bright- ening in that quarter. Wheat and flour have'la- ken a raiiid rise. The former was selling last week at $1.40 per bushel, and the latter at §7 per barrel, and very probably will rise. This itn- provement in the prices of agricultural products is very properly ascribed in part to a prospect of an increased demand in Europe, and partly to the influence of the tariff in creating a market at home. The fanner may often be at a loss, as to the most favorable moment for disposing of his surplus iiroduce. It would perhaps, be the safest policy, as a general ruje, to accept of fair prices, without indulging extravagant ex|)cctations. We can do no more than give, from time to time, all the information in our power, as to the state of the market, leaving our agricultural subscribers to , judge for themselves — //. Y. Statesman. has observed, that destroying the beautiful but in- jurious woodpeckers is the only alternative for preventing the injury they do to "our forest trees by boring into them ; not being aware that they bore only those trees which insects had previous- ly attacked, and that they diminish very consider- •tbly the number of such as are prejudicial to our forests. From these facts it is sufficiently evident that ri])ened, and already mostly harvest- ed— potatos not so abundant — the crop of grain tolerably good— of Indian corn there is a good supply well ripened, and already mostly harvest- ed—potatos not so abundant as in some former seasons, but a pretty fair crop. Hams afler being smoked, may be preserved through the year by packing them in oats. Fall of leaves. — An article on this subject, trans- lated from a paper by Prof Vaucher, in the JIc- moirs of the Natural History Society at Geneva, is given in Brewster's Journal for October, 182tj. which appears to us to account for the phenome- na of the fall of the leaf in a more satisfactory manner than any preceding theory. According to Prof Vaucher, every leaf consists of a distinct system of fibres, which liave only a temporary ! continuity and unity with the shoot, kept up by a kind of adhesive substance, which, when the purpose of the leaf in the parent plant is severed, is dried up or dissolved. "The adhesive sub- stance is iirobably formed by some portion of the parenchyma interpo.sed between the two system.? of fibres. While this parenchyma is under the influence of the vegetable action, the adhesion is maintained ; when this action ceases, the union is 98 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 17, 1828. dissolved, and Uic leaf falls." The reasonal.le- 1 animals they examined, and did honor to the stock ne..s and truth of this theory, as far as respects which he represented. dicotyU'donous plants, becomes more obvious by feflcctiug- on the diilerence between the decay of leaves and the decay of teudrils. The loaves of V)lants, grasses, bulbs and other Jlnnocotyledoiiea;, in a strict sense, cannot be said ever to drop from the plants. Dr. Brewster judiciously observes, that M. Vaucher is the first who directed botanists 10 the ors^anic structure at the base of the petiole ; and he adds, that a similar arraagenient probably prevails in the other parts of plants which succes- sively drop ofl; and the connection of whose ves- sels with those of the stem, though necessarily in- timate, is merely temporary. A new field is thus opened for botanical research. — Gard. Mug. REPORTS OF THE WORCESTER AGRI- CULTURAL SOCIETY. REPORT ON FAT CATTLE AND '.IILCH COVvS. The Committee on Fat Cattle and Milch Cows cannot express, in adequate terms, the gratifica- tion which they, in common with the multitude who have witnessed this day's Exhibition, receiv- ed from that part of it which came under their pe- culiar cognizance. Eighteen fat oxen were en- tered for exhibition or premium, and sixteen were found in the pens. Among these they must first notice those offered for exhibition only, by the lion. Joseph Estabrook of Royalston, who has long been favorably known throughout this am' Among the other cattle, there was exhibited by Capt. Harrington, of Princeton, a remarkably line cow with calf, which weighs 1,663 pounds, and has been kept oidy upon hay and grass. She is half Holderness, six years old and added much to the interest of the show of animals. Old Englaiid may boast of her roast beef— and Europeans^ mav say that nature degenerates in her pro.luctions in America, but while New Eng- land iirod.ices such animals for the slaughter as have this day exhibited, we never need to fear the want of good eating, or fear the imputation of degeneracy in man or beast. There vvere the uncommon number of eighteen milch cows entered for exhibition or jireraium, seventeen of which were in the pens. Tiiis was as it should be. It was doing justice to the coun- j tv which has long been distinguished for its dai- ries. But more credit is due to one part than an- other of the county, since ten of them were from the town of Princeton, and eight of these were exhibited by one gentleman, (John L. Boylston, Esq.) for whose public spirit and interest in its concerns, the Society owe their acknowledge- ments. Of the sixteen, eight were entered for ex- ibition onlv, and the time of the committee will not permit them to do that justice which they could wish to the animals or to the gentlemen 'who exhibited them. Stephen Salisbury, Esq. j exhibited a fine cow, seven years old, half Denton other counties as a distinguished farmer. He pre- j ij,.eed ; and Mr. Richard Mills, of VVorcester, ex- sented twelve fine oxen from his jiastures which by estimation would average from twelve to fil- teeii hundred weight each when slaughtered, and from thijir excellent poinis, their fatness and their hibited a native cov/ six years ol xo richly the charges of lier keeping, as a good milch cow. She is a treasure to a poor man, and a source of luxury to the poor and rich alike. — It is in this liglit that she is an extremely interest- in" object, for good eating conies home to us all. We have heard our hrother farmers talk of "liv- ing like poor folks," when they had more luxuries in their dairies than they could dream of, till de- jM-ived of them. "Sir," said an obsequious waiter lit a city hotel, to a good honest yeoman of a neighboring comity, as he handed him a pitcher of what city folks call cream, "do you like cream in your coffee ?"— "Yes," said he with a sigh, "a plaguey sight better than skim niiik." Most of our and well calculated for a fair trial of the skill of j t'ofl"C'^'l «'"= subject of the staggers in .swine, and the Ploughmen. At 15 minutes after 9 o'clock j "■^'H'c^ts that it may be further investigated by 17 teams commenced the match, and ihc work I "'o^" ^^''" P''"*''''^'' any knowledge of the disease, was performed with a neatness and skill in execu- ^ ''"^"^ '^«''=" conversant with the disorder, it hav- tion, which has seldom, if ever, been equal: ing repeatedly attacked ray swine. In vol. iv. ji. 8S of the same work, I gave some account of ii. The discipline of the teams was admirable. There was no noise or whipping, and the teams all com- 1 I 'hen added that the pig which survived, was pleted their work within 30 miimtes, without ex- ! '•'«"' ^'I'^^e weeks alter the attack, as healthy as hibiting any appearance of fatigue. The proces- j ''"'^ "'h^''«- ^ ^^"^ prohably led to this conclusion, sion of ofiicersand members formed, and proceed- i f™'" ^''^ greeduicss with which he devom-ed his ed lo the meeting-hou.^e, where pravers were of- ' ft"*'' ! l^^t I soon found cause to regret the suc- fered by Rev. James Howe of Pepperell, in a man- ' "ess of the surgical operations and medical treat- ner well adapted to the occa.^iou, an able, useful, '"*-'"t ^''<= l'""'" »""""' endured. The expense ol and learned Address was delivered bv the K v. best eatables derive their origin from our milch i Bernard Whitman of Waltham, and singing was cows. But the quality of the one dejjends upon [performed by a select choir in a skilful maimer. that of the other. It is in vain that the house- I After the exercises at the meeting-house, the wife sc(s the milk if it is not of a rich quality. She Committees proceeded to the discharge of their may select her pans with the skill of an Humph- i respective duties. The working Oxen jireseuted a roy Davy ; but it matters not whether of tin, or earthen, or what not, for if the cream is not in the milk, she cannot get it out. S' e may warm it, or cool it, skim it or cliurn it all together ; poor milk will make poor butter. All the patent churns that Connecticut ingenuity ever imente^l, or Dr. Thornton ever puzzled his brains over, could not make sky blue milk into yellow cream, or white frothy cream into hard sweet butter. Such milk and butter, some may think, may do for hired men and boarders, but when we think of one's chil- dren, (especially those of us who have none) this tiecomes a subject of grave consideration, since the raising and education of children have em- ployed all sorts of talents from those of the school dame among her A B C's, up to a Brougham in the hails of Parliament. As a committee on milch cows, we would modestly .suggest that theorists do net begin at the foundation of the matter. We aration of cider. believe a good deal in the blood and breed of aiii- nial.s, but do hot attach so much im])ortance to mere names as some have done. But when we come to cutivg, we would foreswear, for children, "'thin potnlions" as heartily as .lack Falstafl'in the ()lay. We could quote even sacrecn- horses. Should they swallow the blood, it hei-etolbre exhibited. The gradual ; '"'"ly P™^<' ''' sufficient cathartic. I have never searched for the " knob," believing no more of its perior to any lieietolore exhmited. J lie gr improvement in neat stock in ])urticular, so clear ly manifested by our annual exhibitions, must be existence as an indication of disease, than of the gratifying to the community. """''"^ '" '''^ tongue, winch many cut out to keep One of the greatest agricuhural curiosities of . ^ favorite dog /ro.-7» j-iuiniiig- marf. the season, was the two great water melons, of I 1 ours, with great regard, and nic-nacs were not the staff of life, and when j Mr Gale, of Waltham, weighing upwards of 50 Worcester, Oct. 9, 1828. O. FISKE, the rich bloom of health on the cheek of child- jibs, each, from one vine. -^Ve are glad to sec that the late improvement hood, like ihe brilliant hue of twilight on a sum- j The exliibition of manufactures was good — contrived by Mr. Grieve hus drawn forth the no- mer's day, i>layrd around the features even of old; There was great competition in flannels, carpets ti^g contained in the testhnonial below. We age, making it fresh and fair and vigorous. Bodi- 1 and diapers, and gave evidence of improvement jj^.j,.^ly j^,i„ ji, the concludii'" tribute to the in ly and mental vigor are too nearly allied, not to attach importance to what |)romotes either. And as friends of the rising generation, as the lovers of good order, and good eating — of good educa- tion and good bread and butter, your committee would earnestly reconuriend all who have viewed, with them, the animals this day exhibited, to sell Jheir poor cows and buy good ones. By order of the Committee, EMORY WASHBURN— CTtairmaTi. MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW. The Society of Middlesex Husbandmen and Manufacturers held their anniversary Cattle Show | As also several boxes of late made butter which in this branch of hou.^ehold mauufacture. .'V piece of Rob Roy plaid made by Messrs Sew- all, Standley & Co. of Dracut, attracted much no- tice.— Several hearth rugs and many specimens of lace work shewed that our fair friends have not beenidle in preparing for this exhibition. — There were several articles presented which were worthy of premiums, but the limits of the Commit- tee did not permit any further rewards. There were several inventions of great merit, and attracted particular attention. The butter [iresented for premium was fine, particularly that of Mrs Willington, of Asliby did great credit to the makers hut were not by the rules of the society entitled to premiums. Yeom FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. in Concord, on the 8th inst. The pleasantness of ■the day brought together an unusual number of citizens and members. Twenty teams were entered for the Ploughing Match; of which 17, viz. 9 single and 8 double, 6T\GGERS IN SWINE were found quahfied by the riiles of the Society to j^j^ Fessenden-Iu the first number of the contend for premuuns. The plat of ground set out \ ^^^^^^^ ^.^j ^^ ^^^ j^ j- ^^ ^ writer has in- in lots of l-8th of an acre each, was well swarded i telligence, activity, and enterprize which liave marked his exertions, and hope that prejudice will not thwart their proper influence. — Kew. Herald. "1 hreshing Machine. Mr. Thayer, — Having this day witnessed the operation of a machine for threshing and winnow- ing grain, invented by Mr. Wm. J. Grieve, at the Indian Hill farm, in West Newbury, we send you this notice, that an invention so vaKuible may be- come known. The machine was worked by four horses, and in seventeen minutes threshed and winnowed eighteen bushels of heavy oats, doing the \\'ork perfectly, threshing the straw clean, and separating completely the chaff, straw, and grain. To extensive grain-growing farms, this must ])rov<' a most valuable labor saving machine. Mr. f!. removed from Scotland to this country more than a year since, and by his skill in farming, and iir plements of husbandry, promises to confer import- - ant benefits on our agriculture. JOHN VARNUM, J. H. DUNCiN. NEW ENGLAND FARMER, 100 ENGLISH CATTLE MARKET. Bv llie autliority of thu British Parliament, an ex- imiiiiation lins bucn lUcnie into tlie state of die (-at- ile markets in the vicinity of London. Tlie evi- ilence given Ijefore the committee rci)iebents the most ilisgnsting and rriiel scenes; tlie streets of Smithfield were wet with the blood of slaughtered animals, and the offal was left in the gutters to the nporation of the sun, producing the most horrible stench. It appeared by the evidence, also, that niu<;h meat was sold, which was unlit for eatihg ; being "very old cows, skin and bones, and worn out bulls." The sheep were frequently driven into the market with one of their fore legs tied uji to prevent their ruiming away, and when thus dis- abled, the animals were goaded ou by the inhu- man drovers. The state of Leadenhall market is thus describ- ed by one of the witnesses, (a surgeon) and he stated that similar cruelties were practised at hun- dreds of other places within the precincts of the J roared with agony in a shocking manner, and got city : — I upon its knees, when they gave it the death blow, A great part of Leadenhall is excavated, and , and it was killed. I state this only to show the the slaughter-houses are uitderneath. You des- nianncr in which slaughtering is con. lucted. cend a flight of steps several feet, (perhaps twen- | Another instance came under the eye of the ty feet) and you go into a dismal dungeon which same witness, in which the animal received seven- is almost dark ; there is a little light only, from teen blows from an axe, inflicted by ignorant men, the place that you enter — and around the floor of before it dropped. This gentleman was a mem- this place, covered with blood aod filth and gar- | ber of the college of surgeons, and his opinion bage, are the poor sheep lying in different places upon this point may be worthy of some attention, till they are killed. The persons who are cm- He says, "the cutting the throat of the bullock ployed to slaughter in these underground cellars with a very large kifife, I consider to be the easi- appeared to me the most filthy, low, disgusting ' est possible death; but I very strongly object to Oct. 17,' 1828. ing at the stake they are in the habit of fastening one of the hind legs, to the wall, but in doing so, it fell on its side ; they wanted the animal to stand up on its legs, it was hampered with rojies, and hardly could, when one of the slaughtermen be- gan to twist and break the tail, joint alter joint; and then as if that was not suftJcient to effect the piirpose, he jumped upon it ; another of the slaughtentien took up a drover's stick and beat it about the head in the most cruel manner, and goaded it.in dillerent parts of the body, to make it get up ; but still the animal did not rise ; then they called for a bucket of water, and I saw them pour the water down the nostrils, which was done for the purpose of giving the stimulus of suftbcation, (for cattle breathe through their nos- trils, not through their mouths); immediately af- ter which, one of the slaughtermen took the iron axe and gave it six blows on the sides of the head (not on the vital part of the head) and it then lands are admirably adapted to the growth of mulberry frees. Will not the farmers of the east- ern shore find this a subject worthy of their at- tention ? — Baltimore Palriut. characters that can possibly be mentioned ; I have seen them slaughter the sheep, and prepare the carcase with a horrid filthy bucket, containing blood and whatever may have been in it, as filthy and dirty as can be ; I hare seen them take a their throwing the animal down, which is attend- ed with a great deal of trouble and cruelty." Driving cattle into the market was represented as a great nuisance. A bookseller testified that ladies were put to great inconvenience and terror cloth and wash and wipe the meat all over with by it, and that they would not go into the streets the water fiom the bucket, the most horrid, dis- | to purchase goods upon days when cattle were "usting scene that can possibly be imagined. The known to be there ; he was satisfied that he had place is so close that you cannot enter it without personally suffered a loss in his business in con- thinking of contagion. It is even worse than . sequence of it. Sheep were driven through Hat- VVhitechapel, inasmuch as these places are under ton Garden upon the evening of the Sabbath, to ground ; there is no ventilation, and there is not the great annoyance of worshippers. Sunday the least check whatever to any cruel or filthy i evening was the noisest of the whole week. It is practices that the slaughtermen may choose to j not stated in the papers whether any measures practice. I has been taken to put an end to these disgusting Merely sheep were slaughtered there, no cattle; scenes — Courier. they slide them down trap doors, and I have seen them frequently so crippled as not to be able tb stand when they !,ave reached the bottom, fre- quently v/ith their jaws or legs broken. The manner in which the cattle are slaughter ed in most of the slaughter-houses is inconcciva- ; bly dreadful and horrible. The cattle are sent to ] some of the large slaughter-houses to be slaugh- tered by slaughtermen einployod by the man who keeps the premises ; he takes in the cattle, and receives so much a head fur their being slaughter- ed ; he appoints a certain number of men, who are generally of the lowest possible description, to slaughter the cattle, and this business they per- I'orm without any observation or remonstrance or direction from the master butcher, or the man that owns the premises, or any one else, and they do it in any bungling cruel manner they choose to adopt. I saw an instance at the time I refer to, which was so dreadful it will never be effaced from my recollection, and I was not a solitary Cve-witness, but other gentlemen were present. At Whitechapel, one of the bullocks was drawn up to the stake to be slaughtered, and when stand- SILK. There is scarcely a day passes that does not bring us an account of some successful experiment in raising silk, in the Sou'h and West. The Ohio State Gazette notices a specimen of silk, uf ai cxoe" Clermont county, in tiiat State. — A day or two since, we received information of the succcs; an exiieriment made by Dr. M. W. Alexander, of Mecklenburg county. North Carolina. This gen- tleman raised two crops last summer, the last of which was superior to the first. — Another gentle- man in the same State was very successful in rais- ing silk, and contemplates entering into the busi- ness on an extensive scale. Indeed we have in- formation from several of the southern and west- ern Stales, of the extensive commencement of white mulberry planting with the same view. To obtain a mulberry orchard that will yield leaves enough for the most extensive establishment. Would not require more expense or trouble than every farmer bestows ujiou a common apple orch- ard ; and what is bettor ? Old fields, or worn out WHEAT PRODUCED IN FRANCE. At a recent meeting of the Academy of Scien ces in Paris, the Secretary read a paper on the " present and former produce of wheat in France,'' from which it apjiears that forty years ago the amount of wheat annually grown in France was sufficient (reckoning the population at that time at 25 millions, from which five millions are to bo deducted for children under ten years of age",) to give to each person 583 lbs. of wheat per annum, or one pound nine ounces of bread daily, after taking away the wheat necessary for seed for the ensuing year. The population since the period here referred to, has increased to thirty-five mill- ions, but there has been no increase in the wheat produce ; from which it is inferred that the land brought into cultivation since the Revolution, has been chiefly laid out for vineyards, leguminous plants, and potatos. IMPORTANT INVENTION. We this morning examined and saw in opera- tion a most ingenious and valuable machine for spinning flax and hem)), invented by Dr Bell and Mr Dyer, two intelligent and highly respectable gentlemen from New England. They entered upon the prosecuti(;n of their plans last winter, and have now brought them to a successful ter- mination. As the patent has not been secured, we are not permitted to give a full description o" the invention ; hut the following particulars will be interesting to our readers, especially to those who wish well to the cause of Ameiicau Manu- facilfres. This machine is constructed on an entirely new principle, having no analogy to the process for the cotton, woollen, v/orsted, or other manufacture.-— The quality of the yarns produced is pronounced by competent judges, to surpass other linen yarns in as great a proportion as cotton or woollen yarns spun by the present improved machinery, are superior to those wrought by hand. The size of the thread can be varied to any extent, from that of cambric to that of the rope-yarns used in the manufacture of cordage. In the de- gree of velocity, its operation is limited only by the quickness which the S[)indles and fliers are capable of supporting. The instrument now in operation produces about the same quantity of I thread per spindle, fineness being equal, as the The , , ,, ,. ■ 1 11 1 J throstle spmdks \\\ the cotton manufacture. ent quality, made by Mrs- l)amel I arker,^o^ j ^^^^^^ fJ,,uation of the thread from dressed flax ,! is completed at one operation. The material laid ' on the m.-ichine is wound upon the spools ready for the loom, without the intervention of any as- sistance ; the wliole being effected by the rotary motion communicated from drums. Indeed, all the motions of the instrument are of a circular kind. — J^. Y. State man. For fattening siinne. — Wash potatos clean, boil and mash while hot — mix in at the same time oats and pea meal. Put the mixture into a large tub, which must stand till it becomes sour but not pir.rid. Keep a quantity of this on hand, always fennenting and give it to your hogs as often as they will eat. It is said that pork may be fatten- ed in this way and make a saving of one third of the food and time eonsuiued in the usual mode. Vol.VII— No.l3. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. lOJ CHESHIRE CATTLE SHOW. The annual Cattle Show and Exhibition of the Cheshire Agricultural Society, was holden at Charlestown, on Wednesday the lirst day of Oc- tober insta.it ; and thougli the income of the Soci- ety for this year aftbrded but small premiums, it is believed, that the show of cattle and other .stock has not been on any former amiiversury more extensive and more gratilying to the fann- ers and spectators assembled on the occasion. At 1 o'clock, tne Society and citizens were escorted to the meeting house by an excellent band of mu- sic, where after prayer by Rev. Mr. Crosby, and a few appropriate remarks by Hon. H. Hubbard, the report of the awarding committees were read by Gen. William Carey of Lempster. The officers of the Society for the ensuing year ure the following. Aabo.n- Hodskins of WfJpole, President, Salma Hale of Keene, Vice President, Elijah Bingham of Alstead, Secretary and Librarian, Leonard Bisco of Walpole, Treasurer, David Parker of Charlestown, Daniel Robinson of Acworth, Elijah Belding of Swanzey, James Chandler of Alstead, Levi Chamberlain of Fitzwilliam, Alvah Stevens of Claremont, Samuel Tutherly of Unity, William Jennison of Walpole, Executive Committee. become cold, or in general, when about half an hour is elapsed, it is to be drawn oft'. It will be proper thoii to rinse the corn with cold water, in order to remove any portion of the water which had taken tip the must ; aflcr which, the corn be- ing coni|)letely drained, it is, without loss of time, to be thinly .sj)read on the tloor of a kiln, and thoroughly dried, care being taken to stir and turn it fieipicntly, during this part of the process." POTATOS. The crop of Potatos, in this vicinity, is below the average, and the quality generally, very iii- diti'creni. It is, therefore, ot some importance that care should be taken to have them well pre- served alter harvesting, sr they will become so poor before spring as to be of little value for cook- ing. The Lancaster Gazette says, " the best method should he resorted to oi' keeping them dry." This, we believe, is a mistake, and trust that no farmer will bo induced to adopt it. Potatos do best when they are kept about tue natural damp- ness of the earth, and excluded entirely from the air. The best mode of preserving them that we Lave ever seen adopted, was to pack them in light loam or sand, in bhis or casks, without Urj mg either the potatos or the earth in which they were packed. When so kept, they cook as well in the spring as when tirst dug. They should be picked as last as they are dug, as it is found that two or three hours' drying, only, essentially injures them. It is well known that potatos which grow in a strong and rather moist loam, are better than those which are raised on a light or dry soil Massa- chusetts Spy. To remove the musty Jlavor from wheat which has been damaged. — An English receipt book directs as follows : For evei^ bushel of wheat take two pounds of potash, dissolve it in water with about double the quantity of wheat. Let the wheat be thoroughly washed m the solution, rinsed with pure water, and dried quickly. Li a letter to the Right Honorable Sir Joseph Banks, it is observed, "if wheat be musty, it must be put into any convenient vessel, capable of con- taining at least three times the quantity, and the vessel must be subsequently filled with boiluig water ; the grain should then be occasionally stir- red, and the hollow and decayed grains, (which will float) may be reiuoved. When the water has Pearl barley as a substitute for rice. — It is cqua ly advantageous to the pubhc to learn the use of a known substance as the discovery of a new one. I am sure the application of barley to another branch of domestic cookery will not be disregard- ed by some of your readers. I can assure them that they will find it an excellent substitute for rice. It has been long used in this country in broth ; and when boiled with milk, sometimes called Scotch rice ; but by far the best way of using it is by pounding it in a mortar. In this form it fairly rivals niannacroop, tapioca or ground rice, and can be easily procured at one twelfth of the price of the first, and one third of the price of the last substance. It was resorted to as a change of food for my children's breakfast ; and the great similarity to niannacroop induced us to try it in a pudding for them, and I can assure you, I think it one of the best of the kind — same management as with either of the others, milk, eggs, &c. iScc. What we call pearl barley is the kind used ; but I dare say, any of the kinds would answer fV. M. Argyleshire. It gives us pain to record, that the wheat crops throughout this district, notwithstanding their flat- tciiug aiipearance some weeks ago, have proved a general failure ; — the only parcels which remain unhurt by the rust, are such as were early sown, and the winter generally. We observe also that in New Brunswick the winter wheat has yielded an excellent harvest, while the common wheat Hardening of Steel by a Current of compressed Air. — From the observation of travellers, that the manufacture of Damascus blades was carried on oidy during the time when tiorth winds occurred, fll. Anozotf made experiments on the hardening of steel instruments, by putting them, when heat- ed, into a powerful current of air, instead of quenching them in water. From the e.vperiments already made, he exjiects ultimate success. He liuds that, for very sharp edged instruiiieiits, this method is much better than the ordinary one ; that the colder the air and the more rapid its stream, the greater is the efi'eet. The efl'ect va- ries with the thickness of the mass to be harden- ed. The method succeeds well with case har- dened goods. Apoplexy from white lead — On the inquest in the case of a man who died at a white lead estab- lishment in London, a surgeon testified that with- in the last two years five of the hands employed by that company had been suddenly attacked, and tliree of them died. The verdict was apoplexy, and the cause was stated to be a neglect of clean- liness and keeping themselves free from the head- ore floating about in ])owder among the workmen. Protecting the stems of fruit trees. — A writer for the Gardener's Magazine says, "last April, just as the blossom was about to exjiand, 1 had the trunk and larger branches of an apple tree in my gar- den, (Wyker pippin) enveloped with buy bands, lea\ing two other trees of the pippin kind, within a few yards of the one on which the experiment was tried to take their chance without protection. The nights of the latter parts of April, and of the first ten days of Jlay were remarkably colil ; a self-registering tliermameter, indicating, on the night of April the 30th, a temperature IS'' below lieezing. This degree of cold proved fatal to the whole of the blossoms of one of the unprotected trees, and nearly so to the other — about a dozen apples being the total of its produce. But the has sufiered as with us. Farmers ought to [irofit protected tree seemed to be proof against the ef- by this information, and either sow their wheat earlier than in years past, or sow winter wheat in the Fall— Pictou, (JV. S.) Sept. 10. To prevent Horses from being teased with Fiics Take two or three small handfuls of walnut leaves, upon which pour two or three pints of soft and cold water — let it infuse one night, and let it boil lor a c|uarter of an hour — when cold it will be fit for use. No more is required than to moist- feet of the frost ; and I do not exaggerate when I say that the crop was beyond all tormer preced- ent, and was the admiration of all who saw it many of the branches being hterally loaded hke ropes of onions." WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW. The annual Cattle Show, Ploughing Match, and Exhibition of Manufactures, was held in this town 911 Wednesday last. The day was unusually en a sponge, and before the horse goes out of the | pleasant— Ahe concourse of people greater than ; stable, let those parts which are most irritable be j ever — the nuniher of animals much larger than smeared over witli the liiiuor, viz : between and upon the ears, the flank, &c. — Belvidere Apollo. ' Recovery of drowned persons. — M. L. De Etoile states in a letter to the French Academy of Medi- cine, that he has succeeded invariably in recover- ing drowned animals, by the following galvanic application : A short and fine needle is inserted into the sides of the body, between the eighth and ninth ribs, so as to come in contact with the at- tachment of the diaphragm, and then a current of heretofore — and the interest excited by the occa- sion, manifestly greater than that of any former year. Delegations were present from the Massa- chusetts Agricultural Society, fiom the Windham County (Conn.) Agricultural Society, and we be- lieve, from other Societies. At an early hour the gathering round the pens had commenced, and very soon a dense crowd covered the spacious common where they were located, which seemed not to be sensibly dimin- ished, during the day, by the departure of those electricity, from twenty-five or tJiirty pairs of inch who attended the services at the meeting-house plates is passed through them. The diaphragm or of those who dined with the Society, then immediately contracts, and an inspiration is The Ploughing Match was at nine o'clock. At effected. On breaking the communication and ton a procession was formed and proceeded to the again completing it, a second inspiration is occa- South Meeting-IIouse, where, after prayer by the sioned, and by continuing these means, a regular Rev. Mr. Searles, of Grafton, a very interesting respiration is ultimately eflacted. [ Address was dehvered by W. S. Hastiug^s Esq. of 102 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Me.do., to .cro..io^z;^i^:::^^r^n^^;^'^^- ^^-r^':^- ::'t^rii^::1i:^: of the Society, Gov. Lincoln, tlicti bii<'fly :itl dressed the niemheis for the jiurpose of fiiving the tisunl generiil statement of the condition of the Society. By this statement it ajipeared tliat tlje number of niembers is about 800, and tlie amount of the i)ermanent funds, S'SOOO. Large as the number of members appears to be, it is sujall com- pared with the population of the County, which is about 80.000 ; and the President very pertinently appealed to the members, and to the citizens gen erally to augment tlie funds and thus increase the , usefulness of the Society, by enlarging the uum- | ber of its members. The names of the various com- mittees were hen announced, by Gov. Lincoln — the Chairman being designated solely for the pur- pose of assisting the Committees in drafting then- Reports, having no voice in awarding the pienn- ums unless in case of an equal division of the members. — Worcester Yeoman. ()5==We have not room, this week, for further sketches of the proceedings, which apjiearcd to emanate from " The Heart" [of the Commonwealth] ^ ^ The annual growth is finished about the last of June when other trees are in their most vigorous prog- ress. In the three or four first years it rarely at- tains more than two or three feet in height. In the fifth season its stature is doubled. At this period it grows with the vigor and rajiidity of other trees. I have been more particular as your correspon- dent has not been fortunate enough to ac()uire These were the highly valued gifts of Sir Isaac Coffin. Swine of siijierior shajic, and perfect in all the points which indicate fine animals of that spe- cies were exhibited by S. Dudley of Sutton, J. Ma( kay, Boston, .Tos. Barrett, Concord. Live Slock.— The exhibition in this department was superior to what we have ever before wit- nessed at BiiL'liton. We observed in the pens about ;10 head of stock of excellent quality exhib- any poetical knowledge on "..^ul^ect F.m , i..;^ by ^^ - fo^.^, -.;-^-;'-— their incipient tardy growth It. ust he « ill "«,^'''<^ There were six pens filled with very more than any other ornamental tree." KespectfuUy your friend and serv't, florcesfer, Oct. 9, 1828. O. FISKE. Athol. An ox, owned by Mr B. Harrington, wei-hed 2500 lbs. One sent by Mr S. Towne, ot ChaHton, weighed 2237 lbs. An uncommonly larcre one from Mr N. Slade, of Somerset. Siev- ERROR CORRECTED. eral from J. W. Watson, of Princeton. J. Whit- Mr Fessenden— I observe in your paper of ing of Princeton. S. Hastings, Princeton, li. Sei.tember 19, No. 9, page 70, you tell the public Atwood, Barre. J. Robbins, ^^ atertown. I'me the Trustees of Mass. Society for the Promotion Heifers from A. D. Williams, of Roxbury. i^api. of A'-riculture, had oiTered r. premium of fifty dol- D. Chandler, Lexington. A superior one trom A. ot Agriculture, nao ouereo !. cn-iii...... v.. ...... . — i,. ,^ii.uiwi^., .^" .»—f, - . „ „... . L - I lars, for the best, and an effeclual method of des- Cook, .Tr. Esq. Dorchester. B. P. Wilhams, Rox and reach and exhilar.ite the hearts of tl'e large j ,jj^ ,^g Locust Borer. You will perceive by burv. A. Wyman, Roxbury. J. Goulding, ol ,he premium list published by Mr R.issell, that the Sherburne. L Farwell, Waltham J. W. Good- premium oflercd is One Hundked Dollars ; and Hch, Roxbury. E. Sparhawk, ot Brighton. »ev- as your paper is considered good authority, (and cral fine animals from the stock of the .ion J ou> deservedlv so) will thank vou to correct the error. , Welles, Dorchester, added much to the interest and respectable assemblage collected on this joy- ous and interesting occasion. — One of tlie Reports will be found in this week's paper. HORSE CHESNUT. Mr Fessenden— You will allow me to add an appendix to your note upon Mr Jenkins's inquiry respecting the best method of cultivation of the horse chcsnut. For some jears I took various means to obtain ihe vegetation of the nut, but without success. — The last parcel I planted without eflect, I emp- tied on the grass until I was ready to institute some other scientific process. In idanting them, I accidentally, and very fortunately left one. It was in leaf when I first discovered it. By a care- ful removal to a favorable soil it has become a fine bearing tree. All the rest perished as here- tofore. Since this discovery I have not timnd the least difliculty. I endeavor to imitate nature in her planting the seeds of the forest. Soon after the nuts are gathered, not allowing i them to become dry, I make a slight excavation by the side of some bank, in my garden and spread them in, levelling them nearly with the surface. Care should be taken to lay the side from whence the root issues next to the earth. — This i>osture gives the root a more speedy access to nourishment, and facilitates the exit of the slenL I then cover them with leaves or some light rubbish, and reiilace as much earth as is ne- cessary to keep the covering in place. By the time the ground is ready to receive them in the Respectfully your obedient serv.int, GORIIAM PARSONS. Brighton, October, 9, 1828. of the Show. „ . „ i a Sheep— A number of fine Merino Bucks and Ewes, from G M Barrett, Concord— Jas Barrett. _ , Concord- R Rogers, Newbury -W Wilhams, n-T= We are much obliged to Mr Parsons for Shrewsbury. poiming out the error specified above. It origin- ( MANUFACTURES.-These were less extensive ated in our mistaking the premium offered for the I ,han they have been at i.nmer periods. Ihe di^- he..t PlfuHation of Locust Trees, Sfc. which is //- ficiency, however, was not in the excellence, but hi dollars, fi.r that oflVrcd for a mode of exlirpatin/r \ i„ the number of the articles. Several beautiful ihe icorm that attacks the Locust Tree, which is' specimens of Silk, imported from Italy, (the same which have been left (or inspection at the tanner oftice) were exhibited and preseiiled to the Society by J. M. GouRGAS- Cotton and linen Diaper and li.ien Sheeting by Mrs Hannah Ranger and Mrs. Hunter of New Bramtrce— linen diaper by a lady of Greenfield — a fancy straw bonnet by Elizabeth Bryant, Worcester— 3 Tuikey down tippets by Cynthia Thayer- Beautifiil grass and straw bon- nets and hats fi.r ladies by L%dia T. Pone, Miltord N. C. Atwood, Digliton,aud Chastance Sanderson one hundred rfo/tors.— Editor. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCT. 17, 1828^_ BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW AND FAIR. The amuial exhibition of Cattle and Manufac- ^ tures, &c. was holden at Brighton on the 1'5'H J^'^'^J^ ^/^Js for l.-idies by L>dia T. Pone, .Milford inst. The day was cold beyond any recollected ; ^^ ^ Atwood, Diglitoii, and Chastance Sanderson precedent, at this season of the year. The •"- 1 g|jj,.|' _^pgrimens of hnen thread, shoe thread, clemency of the weather, however, did "<'*?'"<=- 1 a^j cotton baeging, by the N. E. Mamifactming vent a numerous concourse from assembling, and ^.p,, ,y,|j. j,, Grafton— 2 beautiful bonnets made of was not sulficient to chill the ardor for hnprove- , ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ milkweed— very fine woolen hose ment which animates our Cultivators, Manufac- Sophia Ai-ms,Greenfield— several elegant rugs turers. Connoisseurs and Amateurs of useful '""ts | ^^^^^^^11,.^^,^,,,.^^ ^ly John Doggett & Co. Boston— a and new inventions which promise to mmister to | ^^^^ ^^^ j^^^^ Adams of Dorchester, aged 70 yeais. i the necessities and add to the conveniences of i „ ^ ■ , 1 ..„,„ ..n.ic fr.,- wpnvpi-^. exhibited 1 mankind. We shall be able, at present, to give .nrins I find them sprouted without the loss of U,ut brief notices of the memorable things which one in a hundred. To disengage them from the earth, after removing the covering, I pass a stable fork under the mass, and gently pry them up, tak- ing t'.e out nuls^ singly and carefully, to prevent breaking the long tender root, and transplant them intrenches. In this process I make the holes with a trowel, deeper than the extent of the root. After iiartialiy filling them with light earth, I draw up the nut to within about an inch of the surface, leaving it just buried beneath it. I gen- erally take them up the second year, and cut ofl the tap root, that they may be removed with more ease and safety when large enough to be trans- planted from the nursery. This tree is peculiar in its process, taxing the were exhibited, but must refer our readers to the Reports of the several Committees of the Mass. Ac Soc. The pens were 80 in number, and all filled with animals which may well be estimated as inime specimens of excellence, and respectively entitled to a standing at or near the head of their species. The plooohing match was ably contested by nine double and ten single teams. One eighth of an acre was staked out for each plough, and each lot was finished within 50 minutes, the time allot- ted by the Committee. Horses. Three English horses were exhibit ed, Barefoot, Seiab, and the Cleaveland Bay.— 1^4. luy i»v .»c.i>v. .." - .. - _ 1 Bra s and steel patent reeds for weavers, exhibited by Messrs. Wilkinsons of Providence. In a pyramidal case were exhibited a great number of' beautiful fabrics, too numerous to si.e- cifv in this article. There were also some split sheep-skins by Uritih H. Boydcn of Cambridge. In another part of the Hall was a collection of black and blue Broadcloths and Cas^iineres from Watertown, Dudley, and Northampton, which ap- peared quite equal to any imported. There were likewise carpetings, flannels, rose blankets, &.c. PREMIUMS. Ploughing Mutch. The Committee on ploughs with two yoke of oxen, awarded the first premium of $1-5 to Silas Dudlev owner of the plough, him- self ploughman, $8, and W. B. Harrington, driver, VoLVII— No.l3. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 10:5 2d, Loring Smith, plough $10, B. Seaver, ploiighniiin, $5, and L. Smith, driver, $3. 3d, J. Dudley, plough $6, faimsell' ploughman, $3, Arnold Allen, driver, 2. The Committee on ploughs with one yoke re- ported tliat 10 ploughs started, and the work in general was very good. They awurdid the tirst premium to Geo. M. Barrett, Concord, $15, to the ploughman 8, and the driver 4. 2d, to Otis Merriam, Concord, a lad, SIO, him- self as ploughman, 5, and as driver, 3. 3d, to Prescott B.irrett, Coneord, $ti, himself as ploughman, 3, and as driver, 2. Fat cattle. First premium to B. Harrington, Princeton, fat ox, Holderness breed, weight 2500 pounds, $25. 2d premium for fat ox, S. T^wne, of Charlton, Holderness lireed, weight 2237 lbs. .«20. 3d premium, N. Sliide, Somerset, fat ox, weight 2315 pounds, $10. Bulls. First premium to Ichab. Stow, of Stow for a bull 2 years 6 months old, weight 1800 pounds, .!!30. 2(1, to L. Brigham, Cambridge, !b a bull 2 yrs. 5 months old, $20. 3d, to B. P. Williams, Roxburj', for a bidl 13 months old, $10. Bull calves. First premium to B. Harrington, tor calf of Holderness breed, 6 and a hall months, •$15. 2d, J.L. Boylston, Princeton, 5 months $15. 3d, N. D. Vose, Boston, $5. Milch cows. First premium to Win. Osborn, jr. of Salem, $30. 2d, to B. Harrington, Princetr)n, $20. 3d, to J. L. Boylston, Princeton, $15. Heifers, havins; had calves. First premium to I. Robbins, Watertown, $15. 2d, to John Goulding, Sheiburne, $10. Young heifers. First premium to .1. L. Bnyla- ton, $12. 2d, Henry Craft, Newton, $10. 3d, Daniel Chandler, Lexington, $8. 4th, Zcbedee Cook, jr. Dorchester $6. Sheep and Su)ine. The committee on Merino Sheep, and Swine, did not find any merino buck entitled to premium. They awarded the 2d to G. M. Barrett, Concord. $10. For Ewes, the 1st premium to Joseph Barrett, $20. For Swine, 1st premimn to John ALickay, for best Boar $12 ; and 2d to Silas Dudley 8. First premium for best sow, to John Mackay $12. 2d to G. M. Barrett, $8. Manufactures. First prpmimn on Broadclottis to S ater & Howard, Dudley, $20. 2 I, to James M. Robbins, Watertown, $15. For Flannels, 1st premium to Mrs. Jonathan Wilcox, New Braintree, $10. 2d, to Sally Ban- croft, Pejjperell, $7 Floor Carpenting, 1st premium to Zillah Davis, Holden, $15 2d, to Mary Barrett, Concord, $7 Stair Carpeting, 1st premimn to Eunice Jaques Newbury, $10. 2d, to Theresa H Thayer, Green- field, $7. Blankets, 1st premium, to Mrs. James G Bry- ant, Oakham, $6 2d, to Eunice Jaques, Newbury, .$4. Linen Sheeting, first premium, to Mrs J. Hun- ter, New Braintree, $8— 2d, to Mrs Job Ranger, New Braintree, $4 — Linen Diaper, 2nd premium, to Mrs Cynthia Thayer, Greenfield, $3. Several premiums were also awarded for rugs, lace, and needle work, and fancy articles. Useful inventions. The Committee awarded to J. Mears, of Dorchester, for an improved Sausage Filler, a premium of $5— and tor an improved mode of stacking Hay, another premium of .$5. — To George Coolidge of Watertown, a premiuni of $12, for a rail-road and canal earth-cart. — A gra- tuity of $12 was awarded to J. R. Newell, of Bos- ton, for an improved Cider Mill. The Cominittee on Working Cattle had not re- ported at tiie time the other jiremiums were de- chired. The sentunents given at the Society's Dinner, and other proceedings, requiring further notice, are unavoidably defer;-ed to our next. The noble animal of the Holderness breed pre- sented to the Massacluk-etrs Agricultural Society, by the liberal Sir Isaac Coflin, was sometime since sold at auction by direction of the trustees, and l)urchased by Hon. John Welles of Boston. INIr Welles has recently i)resented the " i^dmiral" to the Worcester Agricultural Society. Soon after his arrival he was reported by Dr Fiske to have contracted the gout, from the hardne.ss of the roads on his journey, and to be " sick a bed." By the great skill and care of the attending physician, he has become convalescent, and although not able to make his appearance at Cattle Show, is fast regaining health and weight. — Worces. JEgis. The Thames tunnel is said to be entirely at a stand, little more than one tenth of the necessary sum having been sul)scribed. SUBSCRfPTroN^ " For importing Grape Vim Roots from France, at a moderate. price, and encouraging tlie introduction of tlmt culture into Uk (hiited S'ates. .Ill- Alphonse Loirfiat, having; consiilprably enlarged lii^ Vine- yard, oil Liiiif; Island, wlipie he now has," in Cull culiivaiion, Ihiily Ave. acres of giounii, coniainins 72,000 Grape Vine RoDis; having also ihc peculiar advauugp of being- enabled to procure the best specimens of roots from his father s extensive vineyards and nurseries, in die districts ot liordelais, Clerac, and tluzcl. fleparimcnts of Gironde and Lot and Garonne, in France. (45* N. Lai.) proposes to the numerous Iriends to Ihe cultivation of the grape vitic in the L'lnted Stales, a subscrip- tion wih be openeu on the tirst of August. 1&~8. Mr A. L. will engage to furnish subscribers with the Grape Vine Reots, beUire the rir';i of March next, and forward theni. free of expense, to the LliflV-renl cities where subscription lists shall have been op'^ned. 'I'he ro. ts will be three years old, and w-ill pritduce considerable fruit the second year fiom the lime of their being planted. 'I'liey will be carefully (-lassetl and packed in boxes, with some of the original soil in which they have been raised, which will greatly facilitate the thriving of the roots, when transplanted. Orders will be punctually attended fo : the subscribers desig- nating the quantities and species of the grape vine roots they wish to have, 'i'hey will engage to pay for 1000 roots or more, at the rate of 12 1-2 cents foi each loot; foi less than ICOO, at iheralcof 15 cents j and 25 cents per root for less than 50. — • Roots only two yeais old, shall be paid lor at the rate of 9 cents eadi.foriO or more j 12 1-2 cents for less than one 1 j anarrel. 10 SO 10 75 Cargo, No. 1 , - - " 8 50 8 75 Carao, No. 2, - - " 7 00 BUTTER, inspected No. 1, new, - pound. 12 14 CHEESE, new milk, " b 8 Skimmed milk. " 2 3 FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 6 75 7 00 tioiiesee, - . - - " 6 50 6 75 Rye, best, - - - - " 2 62 3 00 GRAIN, Corn, ... - bushel. 63 54 Rvc. - - . . '• 45 52 Barley, . - - . " 60 79 Oats, .... " 32 40 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, pound. 9 LIME. cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS rciaibal ton. 2 25 2 50 PORK, clear, ... - barrel. 18 00 19 OO Navv, mess. It 13 00 13 50 Cargo, \'o. 1, - - It 13 00 13 00 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - bushel. 2 00 2 25 Orchard Grass, " 4 00 Fowl i\leadow, - - - 11 4 0 Rvc Grass, - . - tc 4 00 Tall Meadow Oats Grass, - 11 5 00 Red Top . - - . tt 1 00 Lucerne, . . - - pound. 50 White Honeysuckle Clover, " 50 Red Clover, (northern) " 11 !'. French Sugar Beet, - Mangel V\'urtzel, " U ' " li WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - " 40 oi Merino, full blood. unwas4ied. " 23 28 JMerino, three fourths washed. tt 35 40 Merino, half &. quarter washed " 33 35 Native, washed, - tt 28 30 Fulled, Lamb's, first sort, - tt 4? 47 Pulled. Lamb's, second sort, 28 33 Pulled, for spinning, first sort, 36 38 PR O VISION MARKE T. BEEF, best pieces, .... pound. 10 n PORK, fresh, best pieces, '* 10 whole hogs, . - - *' 6 VEAL, ------ 6 10 MUTTON, " 4 8 POULTRY, scarce BUTTER, keg and inb, - - " 12 14 20 EGGS, - dozen . 14 17 MEAL, Rye, retail, . - . - bushel. 70 Indian, retail. " 65 POTATOS. new .... " 40 euilFR faccordiBE to nuahlv.l barrel. 2 00 2 50 loi NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 17, 18-28. MISCELLANIES. Foot-rot. — This terrible disease lias made its ap- pearance in several parts of the State, and has London gas and the Thames fishermen. — In con- 1 ruined some of the finest flocks. Its origin has sequence of successive complaints of the fishrrmen I been traced in nearly all cases, to imported Saxony against the gas manufactories in London, it has i sheep. It is of the greatest importance to farm- been ascertained, that the trade of the former is crs interested in this branch of husbandry, to he completely ruined, by the destruction of the fish vigilant in checking the progress of this disease, from the drain of the noxious matter from the gas ' We advise those whose flocks are healthy, to be- -.vorks into the rivers. Before the pollution of the j ware of buying or mixing with their sheep, those water, there were taken daily 3000 salmon, 50,000 I tliat they are not certain are equally sound; as smelts, and other fish in proportion. This season , when it is once introduced into a flock, there is there has been only one solitary salmon caught in ' little hope of their escaping its ravages. It is said m the Thames, and that down at Woolwich. For- merly, four hundred fishermen found support for their families in these fisheries. There are heavy penalties for discharging the refuse of gas into the the diseased should be separated from the sound, the moment they are discovered to be infected Vermont paper. Damaged hay. — In the year 1789, which, like hich have in several cases been imj.osed. j j,,^ j^.^^g^j y^^^, was remarkable for the quantity But as there appears to be no easier way of getting rid of the oftensive matter, although the fish in the river will be entirely destroyed by it, it is sup- posed the gas companies will indemnify the fish- ermen, in some measure, for the loss of their busi- ness.— vV. y. Statesman. A paper from Georgetown, D. C. says, " since the passage of the Canal bill, and the subsequent commencement of the great work, our town has been gradually increasing. Property lias been greatly enhanced, and rents have advanced from lii'enty-five to fifty per cent." Remarkal>le fact. — A gentleman of this village, planted an apple tree last spring which has blos- somed four successive times, and produced tioo successive crops of fruit. The first blossoming was at the usual time, when the apple trees put forth in the spring but produced nothing. The second blossoming was about a month afler the first, which we last week saw upon the tree. The third blossoming was about a month after the se- cond, and also j)roduced fruit, which is new on the tree. The fourth blossoming was last week, and we saw fresh blossoms on the tree on Thurs- daj- last, which promise fruit, unless the buds be of rain which fell during the hay season, the far- mers suftercd great loss from the thousands of heads of cattle which perished from eating damp hay. Thiri fact ought to put farmers on the guard against any sunilar efiects at the present time The eflicacy of salt in curing hay is now almost universally known ; but the best advice, perhaps, which can be given, is to be be careful as to the quantity which is given. Floating lids are recommeded by a German eco- nomist, (M. Frauzins,) to be employed in the case of common beer barrels ; since, by sinking, as the liquor is drawn off, they will preserve the beer as effectually as if the cask were constantly full. Dishley tuins.— On the 20th of July, 1828' Mr. Lemuel Hay ward, of Pomfrct, Conn, killed a pair of three quarter Dishley twin lambs, which were yeaned February 10th, 1828 ; the carcase of one weighed fotiy-sij: pounds, and that of the Wilson's Mursery, Deiry, JV. H. The proprietors iiilorm ihe public that their nursery offers pc- oull.'ir facility (or (he acquirement of useful fruit; more than fif- ty lliousand trees now cultivated by them consist ng of a great variety of Apples. Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Quinces, &c. em- braciii;^ most of ihe celebrated and esteemed kinds in this coun- try, 'rtie utmost care lias been observed by the original pro- prietor for more than thirty years, in making the selection and the whole is now oflered as containing none but tlie most worthy of cultivation. Persons not acquainteil with the dilTerent kinds by name, who wish to procure choice kinds, by slating the time they wish diem to ripen, may confidently trust to the prop'ietors wilhifiu fear of disappoiiilment. All orders will be promptly at- tended to, aii'l trees furnished at their nursery, this fall or next spring, at the lollowine prices. Apples, per hundred, ,gl(i Peaches do ifl I*lnma do 25 Cherries do- !i5 Quinces do $16 and 2r> Horse .""hesnuts 23 Oct 3 Cl JOHN A. & SAMUEL WU.SOi\. FRESH SEEDS AND ROOTS. Ju=:t received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No North iMaikel Street, Roots of the Pie-Plant, or Taii Rhvharb. A larffp sii pply of the roots of the Rheiim Undulaium , or Tart Rhubarb, or Pie-Plant, an excellent article for summer use. — (See N. E. Farmrr, vol. vi. page !2i*0, nnd page 11 of this vol- ume, and Fessenden's New American Gardener, article /J/h^- tttr/;, for its culture and uses.) The roots are hi fine order Iiw transplanting this fall. Price 25 cts. per root. Potato and Tree Onions. Also, a supply of Potato and TreeOnions. The Potato Onion has proved a tine acqul.'^ilion to the list of vegetables raised in this country, and is getting into geiier.d use in the Middle Stales. They have produced l'2and even 20 fold in this vicinity the past seasonj come much earlier than the common, are milder, and more sure of producing a crop. Price 6 cents each; 50 cts. per dozen. Indian Corn. Several varieties of Field Corn, selected with ^eat care, for its earliness and productive quality — also Early Sweet and the Early Jefferson Coritj for the table. Garden and Field Seeds. The largest collection and variety of Garden, Field. Tree and ^1 /. , • » rr^i 1 1 „ J 4. -a 1 ' Herb Seeds lobe found in New England, at wholesaleand retail. other /or/.y-«ine pounds. They belonged to a flock , .?|,^ ^,^,,3 ^,^ 3,, ,^i,,.j ■„ ,^i, ^f^i^^.^^ expressly for this Es- which had received no extra keeping. He killed 1 tablishmcnt. bv careful and experienced growers, and are war- several pairs of twins, which weighed nearly as "?'<"'' P^'^ ".i"' ^l^"""- .*^o"n"-.v naders^ipplied with bo.ve much as the above. — Communicated. Couniry ti-aders supplied with bo.ve.? of prime seeds, for the retail trade, oil liberal terms. A pamphlet i calalo°ne {2d edition) of our .Seeds. Trees. &.c will be publish- ,™ , 1 ,. I ed in ihe course of a ibrtnight, and forwarded gratis to any one II an attempt be made to form ' .,^1,0 „,j|| ^^„,\ f^^ it. RaspbeiTy tvine. wine from raspb(;rries and sugar, a liquor w ill be; nipped by the frost. The aj.ples from the second V^'^'^^'^f ">"• but little ,f any of the flavor of the blossoms are about the size of a small wahmt and ^''"^ ' ''"' '^ ^'"a" quantity of juice of raspberries are not ripe. The third crop are smaller and »''''!'' f' ]}'''. '''^'^'■"•' "^ ">'= fermentation, or a ht- somewhat shrivelled. The tnmk of the tree is t'" <^''^'' ^""^ suspended m the cask at the same straight and small, bein? about an inch and a half P''""''' '^^•" ^"^ sufficient to comimmicatc an ex- through, a foot from the ground, and is about "'"<="' raspberry flavor. twelve feet high. It stands on the side of a bill, Traps for mice. — One of the best traps for mice with a southern exposure. The fruit and bios- is an empty flower-pot buried in the soil, with the soms come from a single stock, no scions or buds bottom level with the surface. — Gard. Mag. having been inserted in the tree. We have heard . ^ ■ a ^i. r-i r j • .i i . „ " . - , „ , , , A farmer m South Carolina, during the last 01 trees putting lortli two sets of blossoms, but , , „.. ... . i- . .u 1 . ' . , , ,. , , year, .sold Wme to the amount of two thousand never four successive ulossoniiugs, two of which ' V- 1 , i 1 n .1 1 c c , J ,. .. „, r'?,l_ ,.:..! _.-_ c... four hundred dollars, the produce Irom four acr e.s of land. A grocer in London, (Robinson) has obtained a patent for preparing barley in the manner of ground rice, and we beUeve it is very generally used in hospitals, and as food for children. Order is Heaven's first law. Do every thing ni produced fruit. Phenomena of this kind are fro- lics of nature, and to be accounted for, probably, on the siipiiosition of an irregular, or diseased ac- tion of the juices of the tree. — hyons (JV. Y.) Ad. To hill Moles and Mice. — Take one fourth of a pound of maize, one ounce verdigris, 3 ounces of quicklime, 12 cra>.vfi.sh, a quarter of a pound ofjjijg p,.ope,. time— keep every thing in its proper lavender ; pound and mix all well together into a I ,,ia(.c--use every thing for its proper purpose, and paste, to which add a little river water ; make up ^ .^g^.g^ think any part of your business too trifling pills about the size of a nut, and lay them in the j^ |,p „,p][ jgne. way of the moles and mice. ^77771 j /■ j- j •' The plough has been used Jor excavating a water- Mortar improved by a mixture of Potatos.—ll is j course, for the use of the Salt-works of Frieder- stated in the Btill. Univ. that M. Cadct-de-Vaux ichsliall, in Wurtemherg, drawn by eight horses. has found mortar, of lime and sand, and also that 1 1' ""^^ ston. York and New Jersey, all recommending this mill in very strong terms, some certified that seven bushels of apples usually produced a barrel of ci- der when grated in this mill, and that the quality of the cider was such as to bring, in the New York maiket, four shillings per barrel more, than eider from apples ground in the common mills. — To Mr Newell the Committee award a gratuity of twelve dollars. George CoonncE, of Watertown produced a rail road, and canal Earth Cart, invented by and now in use at Lowell ; it was also used la.^t summer in making a road in Kast Sudbury, one man with the Cart excavated and removed on an GORHAM PARSONS DANIEL TREAnWELL DAYID MOODY, Brighton, Oct. 15, 1828. •} Com- mittee. The Commitiee. on Fat cattle, Bulls, and bull Calves REPORT asfotlou'S, viz. To Benjamin Harrington, of Princeton, for his Ox, weight, 2,500 lbs. they award the first premium - - - - $2.5 00 lim i To Gen. Salem Towne, for his Ox, weight 2,237 pounds, from imported hull llold- erness, they award the second premium 20 00 o Nathan Slade, of Somerset, for his Ox, average, ten square or four liunilred thirty-two cu- j wi ight 2,315 pounds, they award the bic feet of earth per day. At Lowell the Carts | third premium. - - - - 10 00 arc moved by horse power ; and in digaing a ca- To Ichabod Stow, of Stow, for hisBull, two nal, one horse in eleven hours removed ten squares years and six months old, weight 1,800 of earth two hinidred and sixteen feet to the j ponnds, they award the first premium 30 00 square, carrying the earth one hundred rods — at , To Lincoln Brigham, of Cambridge, for his the same place three hor.ses in one day removed ' Bull, weight 1,176 lbs. they award the thirty squares measuring six thousand fbur hund- [ second premium - ' - - - 20 00, red and eighty feet — or three hundred and fifty To B. P. Williams, of Roxbury, for his Bull, BuUCalf five months old, dam from Den- ton, they award the second premium - 1,5 00 To Nath'l. B. Vose, of Boston, for his Bull Calf, five months old, they award the third premium - - - - - 5 00 Mr. Sam'l. Sweetser, of Athol, county of Wor- cester, entered a very fine Ox, fatted on hay and grass, with a few potatos in winter ; he was not large, but very fat — was considered a profitable ajiimal for slaughter, and fatted at a very moder- ate expense. He would have received a premium, but having been pm-chased by Mr. Winchester, (one of the Committee,) previous to the show, he insisted from motives of delicacy, that a premium should not be awarded Mr. Sweetser ; observing it was worth the premium to e.xhibit an ox so handsomely and economically fatted. The Committee coukl not but observe with pleasure, the six pens filled with fine cattle, by J. Estabrook, Esq. of Athol. Mr. Boylston's milch cows and fat cattle, and many others wjj^ch could not fail to show a great improvement in neat stock. The Committee are fully satisfied the pens were filled with as many, and certainly as good cattle as at any exhibition since the commence- ment of cattle shows at Brighton. GORHAM PARSONS, TIMOTHY WALKER, ). Committee EDMUND WINCHESTER, Brighton, Oct. I5th, 1828. J' tons ; for the same work, at the same place, it re- quired twenty-four yoke of oxen and twelve driv- ers. Mr Coolidge uses a temporary rail-way, as he terms it, made of pine or spruce plank 2 ii.ehcs thick, and in his written statement says one man with his cart can remove more earth in one day, than a man with a cart and four o:;cn can drive twenty rods and discharge in the same time. • The body of the cart examined by the Committee will hold ten or twelve cubic feet ; it is formed under the axle, and the l)ottom opens to discharge the thirteen months and ten days old, from an improved cow, by imported bull Ad- miral, weighed, on the 6th of Sept. 657 pounds — on the 11th October 845 — in thirty-eight days increased 188 pounds, they award the third premium - - 10 00 To Benjamin Harrington, of Princeton, for his Bull Calf, six and a half months old, of the Holderness breed, they award the first premium - - - - -15 00 To John L. Boylston, of Pripceton, for his The Comm,ittee on Agricultural Erperiments, to whom the inspection of Butter, Cheese, and Cider ex- hibited for premium, was also committed, report That fifteen parcels of butter were entered on the books of the Secretary of the Show, for pre- mium ; of these, eleven parcels containing from 3 to 400 ponnds each, were exhibited for the pre- mium of .filOO, which the Trustees of the Society were enabled, hy the subscriptions of a number of respectable citizens of Boston, and its vicinity, to offer to farmers residing within the New England States, in onler to encourage improvement in tb« quality of butter brought for sale to the Boston market. The most part of the butter exhibited, was well made, of a good flavor, and evidenced unusual attention, both in the manufacturing, and packing of it. The Coimnittee award said pre- mium of .$100 to Mr. Jeilm L. Boylston, of Prince- ton, in the county of Worcester. This butter is jjacked in 8nevv firkins, made of hard wood, con- taining about 50 lbs. each. In colour, taste, ab- sence of butteniiilk, and of all foreign aids, it may be pronounced to he equal to the best imported, and much famed Irish butter. The Committee award the Society's premium of $15 for the best 50 lbs. of butter in boxes to Mr Michael Crosby, of Bedford. For the next best, $\0 to Mr Luther Chamberlain, of Westliorough. This butter is of an excellent quality, and flavor, not being packed according to the views of the gentlemen offering the premium of $100, but in small jars, proper only for the retail market ; and lieing offered for that premium, and also for the Society's premium, which of itself required 50 lbs. The quantity exhibited was not sufficient to enti- tle Mr. Chamberlain. to the first premium, had all ither circumstances have been favorable. For he next best butter, the premium of $7 is award- id to Mr Jonathan Wait, of Whately, in the couii- y of Franklin. Six parcels of cheese, not less than one year •Id — and sixteen parcels of cheese, of the present VoJ.VII.— No.l4. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 107 vei-e exhibited for the Society's premiums, 'that the corn may be drawn up at once, and lodg- year, The Committee award the premium of $10 to iVIr Danforth K. Tiifts, for the best new cheese. For the next best, $5, to Mr. Samuel S. Woods. For the best old clieese, the iiremiuni of $10, to Mr. Elisha Mathews. For the next best, $5, to Mr. Daniel Hunter, all of New Braintree, in the coun- ty of Worcester. Three barrels of cider were exhibited for pre- mium ; the Connnittee are of opinion that neither of the casks is of a sufficiently good quality to be entitled to either of the premiums offered by tlie Society. That exhibited by Mr. John Perry, is the best, and the Committee recommended a gra- tuity of $10, to be paid to him. This cider was made in the year 1826. Mr. Ebenezer Withington, of Dorchester, and Mr. Simeon Greene, of Mansfielil, exhibited, each of them, a hive filled with excellent honey. Mr. William Kenrick, of Newton, and Mr. Samuel Wait, of Maiden, exhibited samples of currant wine ; no premiums were offered the present year by the Trustees, for either of these articles. Mr. John Webber, of Beverly, exhibited a quan- tity of his excellent nnistard, well packed in tin cases ; for which he found a most ready sale. To Mr. Jeremiah Crosby, of Billerica, the Com- mittee award the premium of f 50 for the best ap- ple orchard — this premium is awarded on the re- port and recommendation of a Committee of the Trustees ; of whicli the Hon. John Lowell was chairman, who visited Mr. Crosby's orchard a few days since. The Committee award to Mr. Samuel Cham- berlain, the premium of $20 for the greatest quan- tity of butter, and cheese, made on his farm, be- tween the 1st day of June, and the 1st day of i enable, since many patents fail in their intent, and October, being 4,1.50 pounds of new milk cheese, j the right to others is contested, independent of 1,700 pounds of skim milk cheese and 800 pounds, the charges incurred by bringing a machine to of butter. Mr. Chamberlain states, that for tw-o ! perfection, the addition of this profit, we say, weeks of the time abovementioned, he made 150 ; leaves Pope's machine as most remarkably cheap, pounds of butter per week from twenty cows; and | particularly when its excellence is considered that for several days he made from twenty-two cows, 64 pounds of new milk cheese each day. All which IS respectftillv submitted. THOMAS L. WINTHROP, BENJAMIN GUILD, JOHN C. GRAY, EDMUND T.HASTINGS. Bristol, Oct. 15, 1828. cd safe under the farmer's key. " Such mills as are here described, have been greatly multiplied ; but at present (1814.) it is ad- mitte(l by all the best judges, by those who have had the greatest experience that these small and cheap machines are deficient in strength and dura- tion : None should be worked by fewer than 4 or 6 horses or oxen. The regularity of the move- 1 ment of oxen has been found nuieh superior to that of horses ; and the strength of the machine in all its parts (should be) proportioned to that of the team. Upon this plan the expense cannot be less than $160. I have thrashed two crops by moveable machines, paying Is. 2d. per quarter for wheat, for the mere threshing ; but it answered merely in cleanness of work and in the prevention of pilfering. When the expense of the 4 horses, the labor, (for one man only comes with the ma- chine,) and the dressing were added, the work cost me as much as if done by hand." — Thus far this Extract from Mr. Young. In Mr. Young's catalogue of Farming Imple- ments, at the end of his Farmer's Calendar, we have the following prices given, on the plan of se- curing soliditij and durabililij. Ashley's threshing machine, fixed £105. — do. for 4 or 6 horses £300. — Perkin's improved threshing machine, [apparently a hand machine] £30. The immense superiority of Mr Pope's thresh- ing machine over the above , named, as to cheap- ness in the origmal price ; and its greater excel- lence in the mode of operating, certainly speak much in its favor. The addition of the patent profit, which all just men must admit to be reas The annual meeting of the Hartford County I Agricultural Society was held at Hartford on the I 15th inst. The Mirror observes that "so great a concourse of people, we believe, never thronged our streets on any former, similar occasion ; and j we are certain that no similar festival ever pro- jduced a more decided expression of interest and I approbation. Passages fivm various writers relative to the Scotch \ "The stock exhibition at the cattle show, af- Threshing Machine. 'forded an unusually rich treat to those who take — I an interest in the improvement of the breeds of Mr. Arthur Young of England has the follow- [domestic animals. But we must be permitted ing passages about Threshing Machines. j to say, that in our view, sufficient encouragement " The farmer may lose immensely, if his straw is not offered by the Society for improvement in be not threshed clean ; and as it is a work gene-: the breed of horses. rally performed by measure, the men are too aptj "The long team, as it is called, and for which to turn it over too quickly, and to thresh out only the Society is indebted to Mr. Aaron Goodman, that corn which comes the easiest from the ear. — laud others of West Hartford, increased materially In respect to pilfering, the work gives them great-i the interest of the day. But it was not its length er opportunities for it than any other!" | merely, which gave it attraction, the cattle were "The expense of a/rfrf mill is from 60tol00jvery beautiful, and well matched, and the fact guineas, for one that requires 2 or 3 horses. It: that they were taken promiscuously from the far- will thresh out about 15 quarters of wheat (about mer's yards, furnishes another and important tes 117 bushels) in 8 or 9 hours ; and from 15 to 20 of barley, oats, peas or beans. Barley is the graii) that thrashes worse with them, than any other ;— but I have seen several that thrash it as other grain ; Such as Mr. Ashley's. His price for a fix- ed one is 75 guineas ; and for a moveable one 120. The granary should always be over the fixed mill; timonial, to the utility of agricultural exhibitions. In short, to the friends of the Hartford Comity Agricultural Society, the character of their late celebration speaks a language not to be misunder- stood. It tells of a spirit of improvement (trace- able to their benevolent efforts) which will be im- measurably imjrortant in its residts. To the pre- sent patrons of the Society, it offers powerful in- centives to perseverance. To the slothful and in- different, to whom God has given the means of converting the barren wilderness into a fruitful field, it carries a lesson of striking admonition. "Among the strangers of distinction who hon ored the Society with their presence, was the gov- ernor, and lieut. governor, and adjutant general of the State. Gov. Tomlinson, (like his distinguish- ed cotcmporary of Massachusetts) is a distinguish- I ed agriculturist, and his prepossessions are in fa- I vol- of upright and intelligent farmers — men who : in their duty towards God, obey his command- ments, and in the discharge of their obligations (o , their country, 'make two blades of grass grow where but one grew before.' " j The report of the Conmiittee on domestic man- ufactures states that "the exhibition of woollen cloths was more extensive than last year" — that ; they "had the pleasure of inspecting an excellent assortment of carpeting from the Tariffviile manu- factory, equal in every respect to the best import- ed." Among the persons entitled to premiums were Cyrus Butler, of Hartford, for a handsome mahogany work-table, made during his leisure hours. He had worked at the trade only one year. Miss Bruce, of Hartford, for a mattrass filled with husks. Elizabeth Burrett, of Berlin, for a quanti- ty of sewing silk. O. B. Freeman, of Canton, fur Palmetto hats. _ Notice is also taken of a letter from cx-presi- dent Monroe, with a splendid ring sent by him to Miss Susan H. Hubbard, of Simsbury, in return for an excellent plaid cloak. A very ingenious patent self-sharpening jilough, by Nelson Pitkin, of Manchester. A plough and cultivator, from Philadelphia, by Solomon Porter, Esq. An ele- gant sofa with spring seats, by Watrous & Dick- inson. A superb coffee urn, from T. D. & S. Board- man. Three clusters of the white Madeira grape of large size and delicious flavor, pronounced by good judges, equal to those from any country,froin James B. Shultas, &c. &c. The Committee of Inspection reported, in sub- stance, that the collectioH of domestic animals ex- ceeded in number, and surpassed in excellence those produced at any former exhibition of the Society. The bidls otfered for premiums, have been all derived from foreign breeds, recently im- ported, and many of them very fine animals.. — They express regret that more attention has not been paid to the native breed of cattle, for which the county has been justly celebrated. They speak highly of the milch cows, working oxen, steers, and heifers exhibited; and say "for many years past, the breeding of hors;;s has been great- ly neglected by the farmers of this county. The number and generally good appearance of the breeding mares and colts exhibited this year jus- tifies the expectation that more attention will in future he paid to this object. The few sheep and swine that were exhibited were of the very best sjiecimens." They sjieak in terms of commenda- tion of the well known horse Highlander, his de- scendant, the Dey of Algiers, a fine horse exhibit- ed by Mr. Sacket, of Sandisfield, Mass. — and a two year old colt owned by Mr. Wilcox, of Canton. The bulls. Wye-comet, Holderness, and Holkham, the last of the Devonshire breed of cat- tle, are spoken of in terms of approbation. The report of the Committee tor viewing farms appears to be very long, and its publication, com- menced in the last Mirror, is not completed. We hope to give the substance if not the whole of this hereafter. iOS NEW ENGLAND FAFtMEll, Oct. 21, 1828, EXTRACTS I for tlie purpose of tillage seems but lately to have JVom ail "Adhress" deliverej before iho Rhode Island Socie- ^ bocoiiie uii object of iiiucli interest in this State, ty for the Eiicoiirngemcnt of Domestic LidLisliy. By Jusicpn 1,. Tii.LixcHusr. There is no truth more satisfactorily establish eil than that every scheme of tillage, to be sue cc.ssfui, nmst be calculateil for a co«-5e of years for Its rising consequence was announced by that clamorous, but faithful chronicler of the feelings and pursuits of tlie times, a law suit. Many of our most favorable situations for high ulturc might be improved by a provision to with- not tor a single year. Every farm, therefore, hold or impart moisture. The remark suggests which is not to be cultivated by the proprietor, j to my mind that delightful settlement in the viciu- should be let upon a long lease, with provisions ! ity of Greenwich, named from the French Pro- as to rents and renewals at stated (leriods, co- testants who fled from the face of Louis XIV. and iaciding with the increasing value. The adoirtion of such leases was the tirst step taken by the Eng- lish and Scotch proprietors in their signal march of improvement. Every farm let yearly, to sue- here planted another city of refuge, another me- morial of persecution. It is refreshing to the eye, and to tiie spirit, to look upon that valley in the verdure and loveliness of its summer countenance essive tenants, is abandoned to inevitable depre- especially when in a dry season, it seems a green ciation. No jilan is followed out, and each new | Oasis amidst a parched and burning region. But tenant, like the philosophers swarm of flies, comes j this dry season seems necessary for its greatest more hungry than the last, to exhaust the lieart : fertility. It suflers in the wet. Should each pro- of his victim. Ilirictor rim a trench across that portion of his It is also a truth that the first fruits of cap- | farm, which begins to ascend the highland, the ilal derived from culture should be re-absorbed i too abundant moisture would thus be retained m culture, and are more profitablv invested in the 'from the vvhrjle circumstanced basin below, and same than in additional acres. The ambition of might yet be imparted to it at pleasure. The adding farm to farm, and owning all the adjiiining j strata through which water, collected in the high- lands, has made many a poor and embarrassed er regions, passes down from the summits and large land-holder who might Iiave been the opu- 1 sides of hills, have been exeinphfied by thrusting lent light-hcartn.l lord of his first small territory. ; a blunt instrument upwards through several folds AVhile you have a new field unsubdued, an old |of payier, by which the undermost fold is made to one nnbrckcn, a bush pasture uncleaned, a we(iappear above the surrounding edges of the other meadow undrained, a water-course unappropriat- i broken folds, and becomes the summit. Between ed, waste that should be plantation or arable, ara- j each successive layer, thus formed, water will en- hle that should be orchard and fruit garden, sand ter and descend, and if received in a trough run- unconverted into loam, gravel that requires clay,' ning round the bottom, may be conducted whith- or a square foot of either on which you return er you will. l':ss iu luanurc than you take in crop ; while voiir i When the proprietor has not the command of sheep look for the turnio patches and cannot fi.nd i the sources of the water he must sink the drain tiieni ; your cattle smell for the clover, rye grass, in the low wet soil. j and sanfoin, and cannot find them — your work- j The subject of ilraining is a science by itself — men search for the imjiroved presses, ploughs and volumes have been written on the modes of form- liarrows, the scarifiers, rollers and drills, and can- ii!g these subterranenn conductors, as essential to j merce, in manufactures, and in other branches of not find them. So long as your liai-n-yard is too some soils as arteries and veins to the animal j labor, that ornamental gardening will neither re- wet or cohl, or your barn wants size and ventila- I'rame. The stone dram is the most durable, but , trogade nor remain stationary, rion — so long as your fences let in the unrulv when once obstructed the earth consolidates about Our nursery establishments are increasing in animal, and the more vexatious quarrel, be assui- the stones, aril their hardness and innnobility i number, respectabilit}, and patronage. Selections ed that you have claims ui)on your cauital and are then a disadvantage. Wood and brush, with ; of native fruits are made with better judgment ~co])e for its most useful employnie!it at home. , straw, make larger ca\ities and as the wood gra- i and more care than they formerly were. Most Good enclosures nuist jirecede tillaire ; perhaps dually perishes the ducts are enlarged or new j of the esteemed Europetn varieties have been ad- ihe b'est for us is the stone wall. The hnnuty, ! ones formed for fillraticn. The cheap mode prac- Ided to our catalogues. The cultivation of iudi- the fragrance, and the perfect fence of the thorn tised with the aid of the draining wheel, which genous forest trees and shrubs, esteemed for utility hedge, are purchased by twelve years of care and will eft'ectnally trench twelve acres in a day, is j or as ornaiuental, has been extending; and the expense upon tl.e growth, and continual diligence worth attention. That sinii)lest of all draining, .study of botany is becoming more general, as wc\l in clearing and catting. After enclosure, and ' the single deep furrow of the plough, with the sod ;for practical uses, as on account of the high Intel- fhtlter, the operations of tillage, seem to proceed ' pared iqion the inner .side and restored to its na- Jectual gratification which it affords to the mau of upon three simple principles. The soil is to he , tural situatiou, is in the power of every husband- 'leisure or of opulence. iuade dry, and kept clean, and rich. I^ands, by i man. I My personal ac(|uaintance with .American nur- nature too wet and seemingly comlemneil liv I ., , , 7^ , _ , .. ■_ _ „ ,.,,....,„,,„ iseries docs not enable me to describe theni eminent, and the habits of the people, have in a measure tended to retard improvement in these higher branches. Most men are ambitious of pop- ular lavor ; and here, where all are upon a poli- tical equality, whatever savors of singular osten-- talion or extravagance rather begets bad than good feelings. The Tartar conquerors conciliat- ed the Chinese, by conforming to the laws and customs of those whom they had conquered. But the greatest obstacle to improvement has been the want of prominent examples. There have been no royal gardens, no horticultural gardens, no botanical gardens (but in name), no public gar- dens, to stimulate and instruct those who might wish to cultivate taste, or acquire kno\\'ledge, in this branch of rural improvement. Respectable private gardens were occasionally found in the neighborhood of large towns ; but their number was too small, and the access to them too hmited, to produce much influence towards general im- provement. Four or five public nurseries are all that are recollected of any note, which existed in the States in 1810, and these were by no means profitable establishments. About the year 1815, a spirit of improvement iu horticulture, as well as agriculture, began to per- vade the country, and the sphere of its influence has been enlarging, and the force of example in- creasing, down to the present time. Th;s spirit has been fostered and greatly increased, by valit- able periodical publications devoted to these bran- ches of industry, by the munificence of State gov- ernments, by numerous associations of practical and scientific individuals, and by the example and publications of Great Britain ; and among the lat- ter. Sir, your Encyclojiedias and Magazine have been particularly beneficial. And we have au assurance, in the skill, perseverance, and vigor, with which our people are pushing in;provements in navigation, in the facilities of internal coin- From Loudon's Gardener's Maijyzinc. [ London 1 for.\ug. ISiSj jufti lecoived at ilie iSi. E. Fanner office. that circumstance to perpetual sterility, become the most fertile when properly dried by art ; the [ — operation of 'which must often be carried into the ', Or. the Horticulture of the United States of America By Jesse Bdel, Es(j. C.M.H.S. subsoil. If the supcrliuous moisture is but tempo- rary, it must yet be removed before ploughing, "'o said Columella, Palladius, and I'iiny. of old — mA c.Nperiencc justifies tlie preceiit. By renuer- uig tiie soil dry, it is made susccjitible of all the benefits which water, descending in the s'lowcr or turued on in the flowinK stream, can impart. Horticulture received but little attention in the i Ifnitcd States, until quite a recent period ; and with occasional exceptions, was limited to the cul ture of coinmon culiuarv vegetables and fruit. A partic- ularly. I shall, therefore, barely enumerate the most distinguished, with the view of aftbrding to your readers useful memoranda, in the event of their wishing to procure American trees, plants, or seeds. The hinacean Garden, at Flushing, is the oldest, and probably the most extensive, nursery estab- lishment in America. This nursery lias been al- , . ■ .1 r .,_;„ . 'eadv noticed in vour rilasazine, in the commui voung iieonle must earn the means of procuring ^ . J , , •' . '^ ,. • ■ ,, ■, , . ' ,1 . ri .■ u ,..„! ... 14,, . Water percolating the porous soil in summer is its j ,„put^be,-„,.B ,hey can enjoy them. The M'ants Irince. bread of life, spread over its nakcciiit-ss in winter, is its protecting raiment ; but incumbering it with a cold cliugiug embrace throughout the year, is deadly suffocation. The iu!|)ort^i;;ce of a control over water courses and necessities of a new country aj'e generally too imperious to leave much time, or to aftbrd ade- quate means, tor indulging extensively iu the orn- I'-opnetors are practica ...,ental and .scientific departments of gardening ; ^reputation tor great accuracy and th« fine con BlooJgood's JWirsery, at Flushing, is principally ifvoted to the propagation of fruit trees. Tin- men, and have acquired and perhaps the republican pnnciples of the gov- tition of their trees. Vol.VlI.— Nn.l4. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 109 Mills S,- Laurence have also a nursery at Flush- ing, in wliich I understand Mr. Prince has become a proprietor, and which is probably embraced in the account of the Linnean garden. Floy''3 JSi'itrsery, on the island of New York, is appropriated to the culture of both hardy and ten- j der trees and plants. The collection of green- j house ])lants is respectable, and comprises many | rare and beautiful varieties. j jyUsoii's JVarsery is in the neighbourhood of | Floy's and embraces a like culture and variety. Hogg's J^'ursery is also upon the island of New; York. It is principally devoted to green-house culture and hardy shrubs. I The i)roprietors of the three preceding estab- ' lishmonts stand high as horticultural botanists, j and as men of practical skill and industry. The liigh price of land has in a great measure circum- ' scribed their labors, and somewhat limited their .culture to those articles wliich promise the most pro!n[it and certain return. Tlie Mbany JVurseiy was established by myself, [ in coimection with Mr. Wilson, a practical gar- dener. In addition to the fruit and green-house ( departments, we are rearing many varieties of hardy forest trees, for utility and ornament ; and: our situation peculiarly qualifies us for furnishing seeds of native kinds in the best condition. We | have spared no trouble or expense to obtain all the choice varieties of fruits ; and have in pro- gress descrijHive catalogues, which I propose send- ing you when completed. Botanic Garden at Brooklvn. This has been recently established by M. Parmentier, a gentle- man of taste from the Netherlands. As M. Par- mentier has brothers in the Netherlands and in France, eminent for their pomological researches, his establishment will be eminently useful, by in- troducing among us the finer fruits of the Euro- pean continent. Landrcth's A'ursery, at Philadeli'.hia, is an old and respectable estahlisliment, and is devoted to the culture of native and foreign plants hardy and tender. It has profited much in rare American plants, from the labors of bntani-;ts who have ex- plored the interior, under the orders of govern- ment. The varieties of the magnolia arc numer- ous, and in fine condition. I saw in this nursery, in August last, the Osage apple (Madura ?) in fine bearing. The Burlington J^''>.trsery is in New Jersey, 20 miles above Pliiladelphia. It sustained a high re- putation under Mr. Coxe, and I believe, is likely to maintain its character under Mr. Smith, the {•resent proprietor. Ki-nrick's J^urstry is at Newton, in the vicinity of Boston, and is appropriated to the raising of fruit anil ornamental trees, &c. Sinclair ^- Moore ' ave conunchced a nursery at Baltimore, principally, I believe, for propagating fruit trees. Respcctfullv, J. BUEL. .Ilbany, A'. Y. Feb. 6th, 1823. Carafla, and a noble Venitian, one of the Barbar- 1 age, were confined to their palaces during the I rose season, for fear of their lives. Johannes e ' Querceto, a Parisian and, Secretary to Francis I. j king of France, was forced to stop his nostrils I with bread when there were any apples at table (' and so offensive was the smell to him, that if an apple had been held near him he would fall a bleeding. — Shenck. Obs. Med. ' "I saw a noble countess," says Horstine, "who tasted of some udder of beef, atid had her lips suddenly swelled thereby ; observing that I took notice of it, .she told me she had no dislike to that kind of dish, but as often as she did eat of it she was troubled in this manner, the cause of which she was utterly ignorant of. Bruverinus knew a girl, sixteen years of age, who, up to that time, bad lived entirely on milk, and could not bear the smell of bread, the smallest j)aiticle of which she woidd discover by the smell. An antipathy to pork is very common. Shenckins tells us of one who would immediately swoon as often as a pig was set befiire him, even though it be enclosed in paste ; he falls down as one that is dead, nor does he return to himself till the pig is taken away J from the table. Marshal Albert fainted away when he saw the head of a boar. Butter. — At the Fair of the Massachusetts Ag- ricultural Society at Brighton, on Wednesday, the premium of one hundred dollars, subscribed by a number of gcntU'ineii and placed at the disposal of the .Society, v/as awarded to Mr John L. Boyls- ton, of Pruiceton, for tlic best butter. There was a large (pianiity of Butter exhibited, and it is con- fidently expected that the object for v/hicli the premium was subscribed will be attained, viz. the production of the first quality butter in large quan- tities and a corresponding decrease of the inferior qualities with whicli our market has for many years past been filled. Mr Boylston's butter, we are informed, was sold for 20 cents per pound, cash. — Boston Patriot. Horticultural rarity. — One of the finest samples of the advantages derived from the increased at- tention to gardening and fruit trees in this cnun- tjy, was presented to us yesterday, in the form of a most i than ten inches in circumference, and weighinff ten oui'ces — and it grew on a tree but two years old. Such delight- ful fruit, at this late seasoji, when most others of the kind have entirely disappeared, and their yel- low leaves are .scattered by the piercing winds of autumn, is a rarity indeed, widl worth the cultiva- tion of the scientific votary of Pomona or t'le or- dinary practical gardenf r JV. 1'. Statesman. The adjourned meeting of persons in Salem and vicinity, interested in protecting Gardens and Orchards Iroin trespasser.s, was held in Salem, 12th inst. E. H. Derby, Esq. Chairman, and T. P. Bancroft, Esq. Secretary. Articles of association' were agreed to and a committee appointed to ob- tain subscribers to the same. The object of the association is iiraiseworthy, and we wish it suc^ cess. Many a cu'prit has begun with robbing a garden, and ended his career in a public prisou- The progress in crime in most cases is gradual. — Ibid. Extraordinary Growth. — We yesterday saw, at the store of Mr Jidin M. Ives, a crooked neck Squash, which weighed between forty and fnrtv- one pounds. It was raised in the Garden of Mr E. Jocehn, of this town.—^Salem Observer. . Princeton. — Tliis flourishing town in Worcestef County bids fair to be i\\e,prince of towns in gain- ing premiums for fine stock, &c. at Cattle Shows. At the Worcester Show, not less than twelre pre- miums were obtained by citizens of Princeton, and a very large number of premiums, together with the hundred dollars' premium for best butter,, were also at Bri"liton awarded to Princeton farm-- ers. It is a town but little known, but of itself is an object of considerable interest. Wachusset lies jiriucip.'dly v.-ithin its limits, which is the high- est lanil ill ftlassachusetts. Its inhabitants live principally by agriculture, and are remarkable for industry, sobriety and agricultural enterprise. It has for many years been distinguished for fine cat- tle-/6iU Cotton raised in Salem. — Two cotton Iinlls rais- ed this year in the garden of Capt. Joseph Ed- wards, of this town, have been left at our office. The seeds were [ilanted in May. The bolls are of a fair size and nearly ripe. We believe, that some successful exjieriracnts, in raising a few ripe bolls were tried in Worcester last year. — Ibid. The Cattle Shows and Fairs at Fredericksburg, (Va.) are to be revived. They have heretofore j been occasions of great interest. With a little of our yankee industry ami manufacturing enterprise, fthe " Ancient Dominion'' would soon resume its i ancient glory. Tiie " American System" vTill af- I ter all bo its salvation. IDIOSYNCRASIES. That curious, sympathetic, wonder working person, Sir Kenelem Digby, is perhaps, the great- est detailer of singular fancies relating to anlipa- thtes and sympathies. He narrates the dire effects of flowers upon certain people, even to fainting and dying. So obnoxious was a rose to the lady H^neage, that sli« had her cheeks blistered, says Sir Kenetem, by laying a rose upon her vvl.eii she was asleep. It is even stated that Cardinal Vegetable Curiosities. — We are informed, that in several instances, on this island, the Lilnc has put forth new leaves, and bloomed a second time. The flowers wore as full, as delicate in colour and tints, and as fine scented, as those which shed their fragrance in the spring. A second growth of peaches has been had in New Jersey : and in various jiarts of the country, where no second growth has occurred, the character of the peach has been singularly changed in colour, flavor, and time of maturity — the biancli that bore late fill peaches last year, jiroduciiig high flavored rare ripes this — a month earlier than their regular pe- riod .y. Y. Statesmaji. ] Preparations for the erection of the Capitol of Maine have been commenced at Augusta. The j new College in Charleston, S. C. is nearly com- pleted. It will be lighted with iJci/o/i glass, any /thing in tiie Tariff law to the contrary, notwith- standing.— Sfivannah paper. 1 Fioin Iho Rej;oi-ter. I " SHEEP. Feeling a lively interest in the prosperity of the I shcc]! business in this country, having a flock my- i self, I have thought jiroper to communicate the I following facts and observations to the public^ 1 with a view to excite inquiry and elicit informa- 1 tioii ill relation to that disease which has carried I off so many of these useful animals during the present season. Some time in February la^-t, I looked at a flock of _. 'arlitig lambs, (about 200 in number,) belong- 110 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 24, 1828. ing to J. R. which I had seen in the fall ; at that time they were in a thrivinf; condition. In Febrii- the Society, presided. „ ary, when I examined them, several had died and I His Excellency the Governor, Hon. T. Pickering, , &c. As on His Honor the Lieut. Governor, as President of Amonf; the guests were the remainder were very poor,and a general cough Senor Manuel Lorenzo Vidaurre, ._ prevailed among them, which increased with a i tl'e same occasion in years past, some of our hor- slirill sound, a dull and heavy apjiearance, and ex- ticulturists contributed from their stock of fine treme emaciation. Some time after, I dissected a fruits, to enrich the dessert ; and the table wasen- sheej) of this flock, which had fallen a victim to i livened by a great number of .sjiirited and appro- tlie disease. I commenced at the cardia, (pit of j priate toasts. We have selected the following from the stomach,) and cut obliquely backward, in the j among them : direction of the diaithragm on both sides, more a ■ i, r^ i i.» /• j ♦!.„., u ic 1 . .1 111 •flgnculUire, Commerce, and Manvfaciures — the than hall way between the some or backbone ; — I ,i . . ■ x- • > ■^ ' ; tliree great arteries ot our national prospenty,com- ■ ".- ~^...-,- „ ^j „. -. ^ — , thence to the pelvis on both sides, so that I could have a complete vievvof the contents of the abdo- men. I found no adipose matter. I continued my examination about the region of the colon ; — but found no inflammation, nor any other morbid aj)pearance, nntil I came to the duodenum ; it con- tained nothing but a little yellow, greenisLi slime, the duodenum somewhat inflamed, but the liver quite sound. I then passed the knife between the ribs and cartilages which connect the ribs with the sternum, which I removed. 1 dissected the posed of the same blood, and united by the same ties — a wound inflicted on either is felt through the whole system. The .IgricuUural Societies in the United States may their labors be viewed as joint stock, and a trial be annually made which shall contribute most. J^ative and Foreign, Long Horns, Short Horns, and JVo Horns — are all alike to the niggardly and negligent breeder. To the industrious Farmer — Large crops and I , , , . , , . , -"' '"' industrious Farmer Lar^e crons .nml pleura and exposed both lobes of the ungs. They „,.„„, „,.;,„, , ,, / " '""^ x-aoC crops and v,-nro ;.,^..,.o,„ 1 in ic u • -^ iS' eat prices — to the sluggard and the sloven, short IZl h f ,r "'^'';'"^'' fr°'" .the extremity, , oommons aud Canada thistles, more than half way to the bifurcation of the tra- i ^, ... . , , chea or windpipe. I opened the pericardium, but I ^ ,- distinguished Foreigners, Thomas An- saw no morbid ajiiicarance. I then laid the lungs ! '"'^''\ '^'"'"'"t ""d Francis Andrew Michaux, open, aud in the cellular subf.tance of the lungs I " ° ,. ''""'^ ''° "'"'='' *° "lerease and to bring and in the bronchial vessels there were ^ ,„„,,). I '°''gl't 'ne natural resources of our country,— tude of worms about as thick as a linen thread, I '*'''."' •'^'""P'es m support of the principle, that and from one to six incises in length, exceedingly ] ""^'"'""a'or political distinctions should be known " ' » -J m Agriculture. sharp pointed at one end, and that end of a chest nut brown color, the rest of it of a pale white col By His Excellency the Governor The Sword, the Press, and the Ploughshare, the or. In a day or two after, I disserted another - -■ — o sheep while it was yet warm, and found the ap- ; g'eat implements of labor and effect. May an ■ ' ■ , j I'liiependent yeomaniy bear in mind, that on their ' — ,.^ pearance precisely the same, only that the worms i -. . - .. , were ahve ; in the other they were dead. I di- I *°'' " '* '''e latter only, which can now be em- rected Scotch snuff to be given tff the sheep which ! P'^jed to improve by subverHng. seemed to be diseased, on their food morning and evening, and tnr and sulphur once a day. They appeared to improve in health immediately. The same application was used in a neighboring flock, and apparently with good effect. Whether it is a remedy for the disease I will not undertake to decide, as but one or two experiments have been made ; but it may be deserving a further trial. WOOL GROWER. Notes. Dijp'iragyn—The musclrs wliicli separate the chest from the abHomen. Adipose — Falty malicr. Cohn — One of the large ir.tcstines. PiioJeiiiim — One ofthesm.ill inieslines. *SV*?rn?mt— The breast hcue. Plettrn — The lining membrane of the chest. liremchml Tv.s\'^ present at the Festival of ihe 1' armer and Manufacturer. [By the Rev. Mr Col.man, introduced by some remarks.] John Lowell, "the Roxbury Farmer"— The high minded and disinterested patron of every public improvement. May the autumn of a hfe of action and eminent usefulness and patriotism, reap an ample hai-vest of honor, satisfaction and comfort John Folsom, President, 1 John Harvey, I'ice President, IcHABOD Bartlett, Corresponding Secreta>y. Samuel T. Oilman, Recording Secretary, Freese Dearborn, Treasurer. James Rundlett, Clement Storer, Joseph W March, Nathaniel Oilman 3d., Peter Patterson. Benning W. Sanborn, Jacob Cilley, Wm. Plumer! Jr., and Levi Lane, Directors. Joseph f owle. Marshal— Ohver W. Hilton, Dep. Marshal— Charhs W. Cutter, Orator, for the en- suing anniversary. CAROLINA SWEET POTATOS. Mr. Samuel Pond, of Cambridge, has left ar the New England Farmer office four Sweet, or Carolina potatos, weighing four pounds— raised from slips sold at this place. Mr. P. planted one quart of the slips, in eighteen hills, which yielded three and a half bushels of very fine sweet potatos. The hills were raised up on the soil hke large squa.sh hills— the slii>s placed in the top of the hill without any manure, and were not even start- ed in a hot bed. The only care required, is to , keep them free from weeds. The soil should be < somewhat sandy. A few planted in a rich loan- Vol.VII.— No.l4. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. in were very indifferent both as to quantity and qual- I Blackatone Canal — During the favorable weath- ity. The fact that this delicious vegetable can be er succeeding the cattle show, the work fur the full so easily raised in New England cannot be too] completion of the canal has been prosecuted with generally made known. DOUBLE APPLES. activity, and we understand, it will soon again be rfi-opened for permanent navigation, and during the remainder of the season may be used for We have received from Mr Nahum Mills, of; transportation until the waters shall be closed by Brandon, Vt. a few apples, all of which are either | the winter's frost. In this respect the railway has double, or triple. Mr M. informs us they are from ; sujjeriority over the canal, that communication is a tree about thirty years old, which bears full ev- not liable to be interrupted by cold, and during cry year ; the apples always possessing this pecu- the winter may he used with the same advantase Sausage Machine. Or;lers for the Sausage Filling M.nchi.ie, (prst-paid,) sent (o the Agnculliiral Esl.nhlishmem, No. 52 Norlli Market Street, Boslon. or to l!ir suhsi-riber, will receive prompt allention. Dor. hester On. 23. JOHN MEARS. [Hf^One (»f the machines is leil at the Agricultural Warehouse for exumiuatiuu. liarity. Cider is now selling at Warner, N. H. a.t fjly cents per barrel — apples, best engrafted kinds, seventeen cents per bushel ; common sorts, ten cents. In Boston, good cider sells at $2.67 per barrel — best winter apples $1.00 per bushel. — A rail road to Albany, with branches to the principal towns would equalize prices. as in the milder seasons of the year Worcester Mgis. Upwards of 4,000,000 dollars are invested in a manufecturing establishment in Lowell ; and a canal is making for water privileges for twelve more factories. THANKSGIVING. His E.vcellency Governor Lincoln, has appoint 'ul Thursday, the 27th day of November next a ' of the dis day of public Thanksgiving and Praise. The same day is a|ipointed a day of Thanks- giving, by Governor Tomlinson, in Connecticut. The Worcester county Agricultural Society has eight hundred members, and a permanent fund of $5000. In our attempts to improve on natme, we fre- ipiently defeat our own purposes. Farmers are extremely anxious to get rid of moles, whose hil- locks, it must be confessed, destroy the smooth level of grass and corn fields, when they are very abundant ; but it has been found, (in some farms) by experience, that when moles are extirpated, worms increase so prodigiou.sly that the moles have been wished for again, as the least evil of h"^fj"^l(y^'{^{;^^j|'jYj"j; the two. REMEDY FOR THE GAPES IN CHICKENS. Take as much kitchen soap as will cover the thumb nail, and having mixed it up with some meal dough, give it to your chickens, at any stage isease. This has been found effectual op the fir.st ai)plication, almo.st always ; a second is rarely necessary, and when it is so, it is next to impos.sible that it should fail. Splendid Bulbous Ronis, S^c. A furlher supply of Hyacinths. Tulips, Nnrcissus, GhiJiolus .«now Drops, Croru's. Sinr of Rethlehem. Jonquill.'S, Ranuncu- lus, Iris, Crown Imperials, Anemones, Crocus, &c from !2 In 62 cts. each. A very few of the finest Hvacinlhs, dark and pale hluc. pure white, red, yellow, and while with various eyes, at g\ per root. The collection of LIUKS is very splendid, comprislns: Scar- let Chalcedonian Lily 50 cents. Orange Pompone I.ily 37 cents Chinese Leopard 25 els. Orange Mnrlaijcn 37 els. Vellow jMar Ingon .37 cts. Double Violet Flamed 37 els. Purnle and White Si:nlled 37 CIS. Priffhl Scarlet Pompone .50 els. Douhle While 37 els. I.ar?e While Garden I.ily 12 cents. Dwarf Chinese Red Lilv {F.ili"mconrn!nr. new and very superb, one root onlv) 51.50 TULIPS— splendid varlegaiedi red, yellow, and iiii.\ed, 12 Oat Meal, Oat Flour, Groth, Sfc. Just received at the New Enplnn'l Farmer Seed Store, a further supply of the above articles, tiz. 30 barrels of fresh Oat I .Meal, fine belled Oat Flour, llulleil Oats or Vermont Rice, I Si'olch Barley, *c. for sale in any quantities, wholssale or re- itail. Also a few caiinisiers of fiue Out F/our, neatly packed, at 50 cts. per caunisler. Hemp Seed. A consignmcnl from Troy, N V. of 50 bushels of Hemp Seed, growth of 1827 ; bv the tierce or bushel. Sfedsfor the West Indies. Merchants, masters of vessels, and others trading to the West luifies, can be furnished with boxes of Seeds, assorted, suitable for that market, at from §4- lo g5 per box,— Kacli box contains upvi'ardsof sixty differei'.t kinds of .-.eeds, vegetable and orna- menial, in quantities sufficieiii for a common kitchen garden, — Likewise the greatest variety of seeils lo be found in New Eng- land, bv Ihe pound or bushel, all warranted pure, and of the growth of 1827. -Shot— Ball Gunpowder, &fc. Du Pout's .Gun Powder, at 23 to 50 cts, per pound- — Flints an^l Porcussiim Caps. AKo, Alum— Refined Salt I'elre — Blue Vitriol, &c. constant- ly for sale at tlie Vnpnnl PmiJer Store, No, 65 Broad street— Cy E. COPELAND, Jr. ID" The Du Pom sold as above, is warrante(f first quality — and is marked "E. Copelami, jr. Hoslori," on the liead of the cask If ^lar*-''' 14 PRICES OF COtWTRY PRODUCE. !.S — assorted, of the most splendid col ours, and showv flowers large roots, .3.*^ cts. each. JONQUILLE.S— sweet seemed, finest roots. 19 els. each, POLYANTHUS NA RCISSr;.S_frag.aiit, white with yel- low cups, and yellow with double white cups, extra sized roots, 38 els. each. DOUBLE NARCISSUS— fragrant, of all colors, I9els. each SPRING CROCUS— of all colours, 6 els. each. 50 cts. per dozen. The above roots are from the same house, from whli-h we re- ,, I , • I T ,• , I ceived our supplv last season, and which gave such universal the crook neck species, there lias been produced ! satisfaciion ; some of ihe double Hyacinilish; in a garden in this village (the present season) five ' *"""' ' '"'''' ^"'^ ''-inhsin diameter. Prolific pea — In a garden at Eppleby, a single pea produced this season the enormous number (jf 500 peas, measuring in their jiods, nearly half a peck. Great growth — From a single squash seed of produced squashes, weighing as follows: ,31 pounds— 26J, do.— 2.5.J, do — 24f, do.— 24, do. Total weiglf 131iJ. — Taunton Reporter. ITALIAN SPICE SEED. i\f R P.ussELL — I send you per the bearer a -^uiall quantity of the Italian sjuce seed. It was first introduced into this town about seve since, irotn Italy, via New York. The seed par- takes of the qualities of the Thyme, Sweet Mar- .jorain, Summer Savory, and Lemon ; and ans- wers all the purposes of those herbs combined for the stuffing of meats. The plant is about the -ize of the pepper plant, and requires about the .-^ame culture. The blossom imitates very nr.ich the Bachelor's Button, and the pod which con- tains the seed, that of the Columbine. The seed is submitted for your consideration. I csonfess I never have seen any before. I think it may prove an acquisition to the valuable as- sortment of seeds vended at your Establishment. Your obed't serv't, JOS. G. TORRE Y. Sam, Me. Oct. 8, 1828. Purchasers are requested to notice that Ihe above roots are no' pitrcliaspil at at/ction. 'find are all remarkable for their s'ze, and for the hcauly and delicacy of lint of their flowers. Those sold at auction are generallv the mere refiise ol the mosi inferior collections, ffo.^d roots being W'orlh at nome len limes as much as ihey generally .sell for ai auciion. as will be seen %y reference lolhe priced caialogues of any respectable house iu llulland. Also pots for blocming Ihe Crocus, in the shape of Hedn-eho^rs, Porcelain Dice-work Flower Baskets, fverybi^antiful) Beehives, n years ' F'owerPois Half melons, Cones. i.-c. — a new article. „,i I Two roots on'y of Wilmot's Superb Slrawberry. Just received at the JS'ew England Farmer Seed Store, ■ No. .52 North Market Street- Boston. Orchard Grass Seed. — Flint Jflieat, S,-c. A further supply of Orchard Grass Seed — growth' of 1 828, Two Ininilred oounds of Red Onion Seed. A feiv bushels While Flint Fall Wheat, commonlv called Ca- nal Wheal.— A Uo, Oilman Spring Wheat. Just received at the JVcjo England Farmer Seed Store, No, 52 North Market Street— Ho«lon, APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, first sort. Pearl, first sort, - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, scarce Cargo, No. 1, Cargo, No 2, P.UTTEU, inspected. No. 1, new, CHEESE, new milk, Skimmed milk, FLOUR, Baltimore. Howard-street, Geiies.ee, - - - Rye, best, - GRAIN, Corn, Rye, Biirlev, - - Oats.' I^OG'S LARD, first sort, new, LUIE, PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, clear, Na\ V, mess. Cargo, No, 1, SEEDS, Herd's (Jrass, - Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, - . . Ky<; Grass, . . - Tall Meadow Oats Grass, - Red Top . . . - Lucerne, - - - - V^'hile Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Beet, - Waiigel Wurlzel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - IMeiiiio, lull blood. unwa;,ove EslablishnienI, a constant supply of Printers' Ink, vvarranled in no respect infe- rior to Ihe best made in this countrv, Bo.ik, Roller, and News Ink in large or small quantilieB.— Also, ("onipnsilion Rollers and Tables, of the most apjiroved construction. — Term'; reasonable .rOHN HAKFR, Corner of Congress and Water Streets, Oct, 24. Gt Opposite the Post Office. PROVrftlON MARKET. BEEF, besi pieces, - PORK, fre>h. best pieces, whole liogs, VEAL, . . - . - R1UTTON, .... POULTRY, .... BU'i'TER, keg and tub, . Lump, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rve, retail, - Indian, retail, POTATOS, new - SIDF.R. [according to quality ,1 pound.! dozen bushel barrel.; 112 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 24, 1828. MISCELLANIES. Tlie Season A tree in Perth Ainboy, N. J. has produced tlie prcsem season two crops of peaches: the first of three bushels, the second of about a luindrcd peaches. Tlie hlao bushes in and about New York and Philailelpliia liave also, in several instance,*, produced two sets of flo\vei-s this season — strawberries of a good flavor, raised in the open air, have been lately gathered in a garden in Brooklyn, N. Y. Fivm the American Famer. The Pensaeola Gazette trusts that Florida will no longer be called " the Paradise for Rogues," since the Marshal of the District has received or- \ is found that the lead on the dome of St s Cathedral, London, has been fused by the Prince Leopold has succeeded in bringing to perfection that extraordinary exotic, the air plant. It is suspended from the ceihng, and derives its nourishntent entirely from the atmosphere. PLUMS. THE PREP.^R.ITION OF PRUNES. As some of your readers are anxious to learn the process of making prunes, I send you the fol- lowing description of it, extracted from the French books. It is, you will perceive, exceedingly sim- ple, and may be practised to any extent in this country, skill and industry might make it as pro- fitable a business hero as in Europe. Tlie plums must be gathered with the hand, when perfectly ripe. They cannot be too sound ; and such as fall or are punctured by insects should be rejected. Arrange them on plates or sheets of iron so as not to touch one another, and put them in an oven after the bread has been taken out. While there turn and move them occasionally. When become cool, pack them compactly in box- es and secure them from moisture. If they are not dry enough when withdrawn from the oven, place them in the sun ; for it would render them too dry and hai'd, to subject them to the heat of an oven a second time. In choosing prunes, pre- fer those that are new^, soft, and fleshy. They will keep upwards of two years. Prunes may be made of almost every sort of plum that is eaten. But those that are consider- ed the best for the purpose, are the Gros damasde Tours," the Imperialc violctte, and the Imperatrice violettc. There is another preparation of plums, in which they are called Brignoles. For them are used chiefly, and almost exclusively, the White pcrdri- gon, which is a very fine sweet fruit. At the vil- lage of Brignoles, in Province, in France, where this preparation was first made, the Perdrigon plum is steeped in hot water to loosen the skin, then peeled, and then split open to remove the stone. wine grape, no one can say ; but for the table it ccpials the best French grapes. The late Gen. Allen .Jones found a vine of tlif same kind in an adjacent island, about thirty years since, which he removed it to his garden, where it throve well and bore luxuriuntl)-, hut at his death, which happened a few years after, it was lost. — That from which 1 send you the seed has been known for some years to the Trappers on the riv- er ; who described it to me as being of the same kind with the one found by Gen. Jones. For three years 1 failed to get some of the fruit ; this season I got a few hunches, when its fine flavor and rar- ity determined me to propagate it both by seed and cuttings, and through you to offer them to those who wish to cultivate the finest vine of this, and I believe of any country. Yours, respectfully, A. J. DAVIE. P. S. General Jones called it the Perfume Grape. At the proper season I will send you cuttings ; it is but a single small vine. These seeds should be directly placed in rich alluvial soil — they will come up next spring. I should be glad to have some directions how to juit up the cuttings, and how to direct them. My grandfather, the late Gen. Jones, who was the first botanist of the southern states, and curi- ous both in shrubs and vines, considered this as the finest grape in his collection, and he had a great variety. D. fi'ilson's J^furseri/, Derry, .V. H. The proprietors inform tile public tliai tlieir nursery oflers pe- culiar facility tor the accjuiremeul of useful fruit j more tlian fif- ty thousand trees now cultivated by them consist'ng; of a great variety of Apples. Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Quinces, &c. em- bracing most of the celebrated and esteemed kinds in this coun- try. T'he utmost care has been observed by the oriicinal pro- prietor for more than thirty years, in inakino^ the selection and the whole is now otlered as containing none but the most worthy of cultivation. Persons not acquainted with the ditfcrent kind's' The rest of the process is the same as in by name, who wish to procure choice kinds, by stating the time the preparation of ordinary prunes ; that drying in an oven and in the sun, and th.c packing away in tight boxes. The only difference, is, that less heat must be applied to the Brignoles than Muster. — On Wednesday the 8th inst. the al- lied forces assembled on Salem common, and the spirit-stirring drum sat many a leg in motion, and fired the breast of many a man Avith ardor not its own. The light companies appeared with unus- j '° prunes. ual splendor, while, on the other hand, the heavy,] Besides the various preserves that is tlie companies of the line, were unusually ; tliat are composed of plums, the French peasantry gloomy. It is a tact no longer to be concealed, i '"ake a liquor of the wild plum, by crushing it in the ' *'"',^' ^^''^*' 'hem to ripen, may confidently trust to the proprietors wiihuut (ear of disappointment. All orders will be promptly at- tended to, and trees furnished at their nursery, this fall or next sprmg, at the following prices. Apples, per hundred, ^l(i Peaches do 16 and sweatmeats that the present organization of the militia is wretched!}' defective. We need no other argu- ment to convince us of tliis, than the thin and wandering raiilis of our miliiia. Companies in which, in "auW laiig syne," one hundred men were enrolled, on Wednesday marched on the tented field with only ten; "still beautiful in ruins." The Salcn; regiment was in fact but a handful, and the officers " were few and far be- tween." If our present system is continued much longer, musters will only contribute to show the nakedness of the land. In case of invasion, we verily believe it would be more effectual to sum- mon the firemen, and rally round the engines and send our enemies to a watery grave, than to turn out the militia. — Salein Conner. water and letting it ferment. Plums do Cherries do Quinces do Horse Chesnuts Oct 3 6t ^IG and JOHN A.' & SAMUEL ' 25 2,-. . 26 WILSON. Messrs Hiliiard & Brown, booksellers to the University at Cambridge, Massachusetts, have put TO press the complete works of Dugald Stewaii. The Boston gas light company have issued the terms and conditions on which they will supply gas and fixtures. They propose to commence operations at the close of the present raonth. AMERICAN GRAPES. ]Mr. Skinner. — I send jou enclosed some j grape seed ; the vine grows in a small island of ' Roanoke, a few miles above the Great FalLs. It is surely the only vine of the kind in the State, perhajis in the world. I have had all the islands carefully examined, and another cannot be found. Its colour is purple, about one third larger than the common grape of the wood, slightly elongated, a difference in shape that distinguishes it from all others ; in its flavor it is unrivalled, and when cat- en diffuses a most grateful perfume. I prefer it to the Scnppernong. How it may succeed as a * The Gros damas de Tours (large damask of Tours,) is not mentioned, at least under its French name, in Mr. Prince's cat- alogue. What its English name is, therefore, I do not know. It is thus described in the books already referred to ; the tree grows to a large size, and is apt, when a standard, to drop its flowers; the fruit is rather long, of a moderalesize; has a deep violet skin, floured, sour, and adhering to the flesh ; the tlesh is yellowish, almost white, fine grain and firm j the juice is suga- ry, and has the peculiar flavor of the damask plums. It is ad- ded, that if the skin, which will not separate from the flesh, , for its culture and uses,) The roots are in fine order for transplanting this fall. Price 2o cts. per root. Potato and Tree Onions. Also, a supply of Potato and Tree Onions. The Potato Onion has proved a fine acquisition to the list of vegetables raised in this country, and is gcttiug into gener.?! use in the Middle States. They have produced 12 and e\ en 20 fold in this vicinity the past season; come much earlier than the common, arc milder, and more sure of producing a ciop. Price tj cents each, 60 cts. pci dozen, Indian Corn. Several varieties of Field Corn, selected with CTeat care, for its earliness and proiluctive quality — also Early Sweet and the Early JelTerson Corn, for the table. Garden and Field Seeds. The largest collection andvariety of Garden, Field, Tree and Herb Seeds to be found in New England, at wholesale and retail. The Seeds are all raised in this vtcinily, expressly tor this Es- tablishment, by careful and experienced growers, and are war- ranted pure and fresh. Country traders supplied with boxes of prime seeds, for the retail trade, on liberal terms, A pamphlet catalogue (2d edition) of our Seeds, Trees, *fcc. will be publish- ed in tne course of a fortnight, and forwarded gratis to any on? who will send for it. NEW EIVGI^AlIf® PARMEM. Published by John B. Russell, ai JVo. 62 Mirth Market Street, (over the Agricultural fVarehouae). — Thojias G. Fkssende.n, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 31, 1828. No.1.5. A GRIC U LT URE. FOR THE NEW KNGLiND FARMER. HORTICULTURE. ."iIr EniTOR — Having recently received com- plete series of the Transactions of the London Ilor- ticulfural Societtj, of the Annals of the Hort. Society !\t I'aris, anil of Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, I shall (according to your request) from time to time furn;sli such extracts, from thenj, as may seem to ine to he useful to our country, and occasionally extend them to subjects, which are curious and amusing, though not directly appUcable to our gardens. I would here observe, that nearly sev- en-eighths of all the articles in tliese works, are of no use whatever to our horticulturists generally. — It is plain from these publications, that the horti- culture of England is at least 50 years in advance of that of France, and indeed the French writers all virtualh), and some of them explicitly admit it. But the distance between us, and France, or Hol- land, or Germany, or Russia, in horticulture, is im- mense. I beg Messrs Prince, Parmentier and port, to wit, that it strongly resembled a but moderate reputation. ear of. of good table aijples, compared to the many mill- lions raised, will be fouiid to be small. Even The report concludes with these remarks — [sonic of these may Jirove to have been iniported. " This able nurseryman, or cultivator, merits the | The Bahlwin so long and so confidetitly claimed more encouragement, since we find that he has i as a native fruit proiluccd at Wilmington, it is now not been lucky in this sort of lottery, since the sum total of his zeal and pains has only procured one single fruit worthy of notice, and to complete his ill luck, even this fruit is likely to be confound- ed with an old well known one, which is indeed a phenomenon more extraordinary, than the pro- durtion even of a new fruit. It is well known tliat our neighbors, t!ie Belgians, have been more successful in these attempts ; but this is nothing, as they say, in comparison icith the inhabitants of .Xorth America, who obtain numerous species from seed." It was for the sake of the parts italicized refer- rmg to our success, that I made the above extract, and it was done for the purpose of undeceiving the European cultivators on this subject. It is true, that we hear on every side of new varieties, but wiien examined, nine out of ten prove to have been imported. It is 33 years this season, since I otlicrs.to pardon this remark, for I excctit their . , .. .• . i .■ i. it ,, ^ , ,. , r , , ,- t turned my attention to horticulture, and 1 am not excellent establishments. I speak onlv of the , , i, . i ui . ui »i ' - able to recollect any valuable table pear, the evi- general state of horticulture — of the general neg lect of this art, compared with its high state of re- finement in Europe, of which these works afford unquestionable evidence. I shall cite some proofs of this general diffusion of horticultural taste and knowledge, with the hope that it may excite in us a spirit of ouuilation. The taste for horticulture furnishes as correct a standard of the refinement of a nation, as the taste for the fine arts — if it is not as intellectual, it is much more comprehen- sive, and is capable of affording gratification to greater numbers. It is also intimately connected with health, and I am not disposed to admit that a taste for botany and floriculture, is not as well adapted to jiurify and elevate the mind, as even the fine arts themselves. A ROXBURY FARMER. Roxhury, Oct. 26, 1828. Report of M. Du Petit Thouars on three PEARS submitted to HIS EXAMINATION. (An- nates d' Horticulture o' Paris, Feb. 1828, p. 86. The object, which I have in view in calling the attention of our cultivators to this report, is to show them the attention which is now bestowed in Europe, on the names of their fruits, and the caution with which they admit new ones. Of the three pears submitted to M. Du Petit Thouars as new varieties, he decided without hes- itation, that two of them were old and well known ones. As to the third offered by M. Alfroy, some doubts arose, but on the whole he thought it bore a strong resemblance to an old well known pear, the Tarquin. M. Alfroy, the owner of extensive nurseries, which had been in his family for many generations, attempted to follow the career of M. Van Mons, of Luxembourg, in producing new va- rieties fi-om seed. Out of 300 plants, which he selected as promising the best, judging from their tbliage, only one produced a pear, which he tho't >vorthy of presentation ; and this was the one on which M. Du Petit Thouars made the above re- deiice of whose origin in this country is to be deemed unquestionable, except the Seckle, and a pear raised by Mr Johonnot at Salem, not to be elevated to the first rank, though very desirable. A sTiall winter pear, probably native, and sajdto bi; >,'ood, on the estate of Mr Lewis, at RoxouJj'. A very pleasant summer pear, said to be the pro- duce of a Juneating, sent to me by Dr Alfred Bay- hes, of Taunton. And, a fine pear, raised on the estate of the late Hon. Mr Gore, which is probably a new fruit, and which seems to he between the Doyenne Blanc and the Doyenne Gris (in English, the white and brown St Michaels). These are all which have come to my knowledge. I am aware that Wm. Prince, Esq. of Flushing, claims to be the producer of some others, but not having seen the fruit, I am unable to speak of their merits. — My object in calling the attention of our cultiva- tors to this topick, is to elicit information, and I most earnestly solicit it from all parts of New England, of any esteemed varieties of pears, to- gether with the evidence that they are native pro- ductions. Our cultivators have adopted what I consider an erroneous rule, as to fruits which ap- pear to them to be new. They assume, that eve- ry pear, the origin of which they cannot trace, must be a native ; but the reverse of that rule is the most rational. Every fine pear should be pre- sumed to have been imported, unless its origin can be distinctly traced ; and I know no better proof of the reasonableness of this rule, than the experi- ments of Mr Alfroy, who obtained, in the favorite country of the pear, only one tolerable one out of 300. Even Dr Van Mons could obtain only 30 or 40 out of 800 ; and Mr Knight's success has also been limited, though both these gentlemen adopted the artificial mode of impregnation. As to apples, there is no doubt, that we have produced man)' new varieties of great merit, which is not at all a matter of surprise, since for 200 years, it was our practice, to raise our or- chards for cider, without grafting. Yet the hst affirmed, was iuii)ortcd. Tlie peach more readily produces good varie- ties from the stone, and yet 1 doubt whether ar>y nursery can produce any |)eachos, which to a jury of connoisseurs will be pronounced cipial to the Van guard. Noblesse, R oval Kensington, Red and White Magdalen, or the Swaalsh. AVc have pro- duced a nectarine larger and more beautiful than any European one, but I cannot think its flavor quite equal to the white fleshed varieties of Eu- rope. I hope this may lead to discussion, inquiry, and improvement, which is the great end of all hivestigation. Though we have not as yet produced many fine fruits, yet there is no country in Europe in which Eurojieaii fruits have as fine flavor, or are as abundant as in ours. ruU THt NEW ENGLAND FAKMER. SMl'T IN CORN. JIr Editor — Your correspondent E. on tlie subject of smut in corn, (see Wo 6 of your current vol.) has, in his outset, in my appreliension, point- ed out the true cause for the unusual quantity of " smut ears," nauiQly, that " the fields of corn never looked mo-'i prjyntising." The season, and the soil which ijrodlice the- greatest quantity of corn, will, according to my observation, occasion a correspondent average of smut. In my view, the cause is to be found in the exuberance of the fluid which forms the kernel. The vessels are surcharged and burst before the aliment can be duly concocted and disposed of. As far as hu- man agency can avail, it is in the power of every farmer to lessen the evil. But in doing this most effectually, he would find the remedy much worse than the disease. This remedy is already too conspicuous on our farms. This evil, however, may be essentially lessened consistently with rais- ing a great crop. Having had recent experience on this subject, I consider it my duty to respond to your call, although, of late, I have occupied an undue portion of your interesting and useful pa- per. Eight years ago I cultivated a field of corn, for which I obtained a premium. To a liberal supply of strong manure jiloughed in, I added the usual quantity of the same to the hill. The season was uncommonly favorable to vegetation. The gi-ow tli was rapid and vigorous. The stalk was large and prolific in suckers. As the car formed, the smut became conspicuous. I neglected to dis- lodge it until the fungus had burst through the husk in an unsightly mass. When consigned to my hog yard, it amounted to fifty wheelbarrow loads per acre. Notwithstanding this enormous drawback, my field produced the largest crop I have ever raised. I have cultivated the same field in corn the present season, with no variation except in the dressing. My coarse stable manure was spread and ploughed in as before. The hills were supplied from the compost made last year in 114 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 31, 1828. jny yard, and carted in autunin, and thrown iiiftt ciety there were»thirty competitors rejjiilarly en- large hcai).s, and covered from the weather. This season hsjs lieen aUke favoralile to tlie crop ; and T judge, when measured, the produce will be found to be nearly as great, without the fiftieth |)art of the loss by smut. Tho quantity has not been as- certained, as it was of so rare an occurrence as not to 1)0 wortji the trouble, though severed, of bringing from the field. The suckers also were so free as to cause no injury. It appears obvious that the diminution of smut was occasioned by the quality of the manure applied to the hill. The modern practice of ploughing in alt the ma- nure preparatory to the cultivation of corn, has, no doubt, a tendency to lessen the ipiantity of smut; but I doubt whether it affords as great a crop of corn. The old system of putting all the manure in the hill, is justly exjiloded by good farmers ; yet the modern practice of spreading it all, is, in my opinion, erroneous. I am aware that the best farmers defend it. I took occasion to enquire of one "who had received a premium for the best crop of corn, his process of cultivation. He informed me that he spread the manure and ploughed it in. \ asked him whether he did not reserve some fur the hill. On his answering in the negative, I fur- ther inquired, whether, if after he had sjuead what he sliould judge a sufficient quantity and had some left, he would not put that in the hill. His reply was, no — I ivovld spread that also. ]\Iy prac- tice, as before observed, is otherwise. My reasons for it are that at the time of planting, the ground, if not wet, is usually heavy, and necessarily of a low temperature. The furrow for planting, if it does not remove the best i)art of the mould, loaves little or none at bottom. Instead of being sup- ported on matter, warm and quickening, hasten- ing vegetation and uffurding a free exit and ex- pansion of the roots, the seed is consigned to a terca, each deserving much credit ; although it was put of the jjower of the Committee to award each a premium. The Committee proceeded to compare them in reference to age, size, docility, equality of match, activity and form ; and after a careful examina- tion, and trial of their power and training, they award as follows, viz. — To Henry Mellen, of Milford, his cattle four years old, first premium $25 To Hiram Copeland, of Easton, his cattle four years old, second preiniimi 20 To Asa Cummings, of Sutton, his cattle four years old, third premium 15 To Silas Dudley, of Sutton, his cattle five years old, fourth premium 12 To William B. Harrington, of Grafton, his cattle five years old, fifth premium 8 All which is respectfully submitted. For the Committee, LUKE FISKE, Chairman. Brighton, Oct. 15, 1828. The Committee appointed to award premiums on Sheep and Swirie Report — That they do not find any merino buck entitled to the first premium. They award to George M. Barrett, the sec- ond premium, for a merino buck To Joseph Barrett, the first premium for the best merino ewes To George M. Barrett, the second premi- um for the next best ewes To John Mackay, the first premium for the best hoar To Silas Dudley, the second premium for the next best boar To John Mackay, the first premium for the were four merino ewes and one Saxony buck of- fered by Gorliam Parsons, Esq. that were justly distinguished for their superior form, quantity and fineness of fleece ; and foiw excellent ewes from the Netherlands, that were presented to the So- ciety by the Hon. Thomas H. Perkin.'i, and also a buck and ewe of the Dartmoor or Devonshire Natts breed,* that were presented to the Society by Gen. John Coffin ; all of them attracted great attention, and were deservedly hold in high estimation. JOHN HEARD, Jr. SAM. JAQUES, Jr. THO'S WILLIAMS. $101 20 I I 10 : 12 hard and cold surface, is more exposed to perish, hest sov/ more feeble if it vegetates, and more tardy in its early progress. To obtain a prolific crop, with early maturity, it is essential not only that the seed should be good, but that it should have some extra stimulus to induce a hcaltliy and vignrous outset. Under a favorable comuiencement it is better enabled to overcome all the impediments in Us course. To those who have spread all their manure, I can recommend no better substitute than equal parts of inodi'ratcly leached ashes and plaster, well mixe\ack- ing, a considerable portion of which goes to en- courage foreigners. In confirmation of this as- seriion, it is stated on good authority, that there is annually imported into this country liom F.ngland, shoe blacking to the amount of §2,000,000, the duced, say a pint, with a pound of fine sugar, till | chief part of which is made by Day S,- .'\lartin, of ipiite stiff""; pour it on yom- tin ; it must be dried : London. This large sum might easily be kept in in a stove; when nearly dry, cut it what shape j this country, and even in the pockets of those who you please ; it does for ornament in the dessert. ' have heretofore been in the habit of paying their portion of it, by each family's making their own : v.'hich can be done with very little trouble, and at small expense. Day & Martin's blacking is pref- erable to any other, as it gives a high polisVi, and does not injure the leather. It is made in the fol- THE BASTILLE. A 2)amphlet has lately appeared at Paris, con- taining divers interesting particulars respecting the Bastille. Its foundation-stone had been laid on the 12th April, 1369, and, on the 14th July, ! '"^ving manner : 17S9, the last stone of this building disappeared. | To one pound of ivory black, m which has been Amouffst other things, this pamphlet contains a list ""xed half an ounce of oil of vitriol and an ounce of distinguished individuals that had been confin- } cf sweet oil, add one pound of pulverized loaf su- ed in tile Bastille, with ■ copies of the warrants gar; mix the whole with a gallon of vinegar, and in tne iJastiue, witn copies which M. de Sartine, Lieutenant of Police, had transmitted to the Governor. One of these runs as follows : — " I send you M. F — ; he is a good- for-nothing fellow. Take care of him for one week, and then get rid of him." At the bottom of this paper is the following note, in the Govern- or's handwriting : — " On the — June M. F arrived ; and after the expiration of the appointed time I sent to M. de Sartine to enquire under ichaf name I should have him buried." let it stand three days, when it is fit for use. It should be stirred often, and kept from the air to prevent evaporation. The cost of a gallon of this blacking is 75 cents ; and it is retailed at the stores for 4 dollars. — ffilliamstown Advocate. rub them through a again in your stewpan, TOiMATAS. The following recipes were taken from an emi- nent French cook : Tumata sauce for cold meat. — Boil tomatas when ripe, rub them through a tammy cloth ; to every quart of pulp add ^ ounce of garlick and 1 ounce of shallots ; boil half an hour ; strain out the gar- lick ; add to every quart half a ))int of common vinegar, and a wine-glass full of Chili vinegar; let ;t stand a day or two before corking. Poited Tomatas. — Reduce your tomatas over the fire till they are quite thick, siiiring all the time to keep them from burniii tammy cloth, put them with an equal quantity of glaze, and reduce again over a sharp fire till you think the whole will he quite firm when cold, (or like glaze ;) put Ihem in a white earthen pot ; when cold cover them with a v.riting paper dipped in brandy ; over some warni hog's lard, and covel' all over with a bladder tied quite tight. A small piece added to a little gravy, or ftelted butter, will make an excellent sauce for cutlets or chops. Tomaius quite plain. — Reduce as before, only be more careful in evaporating the water from them ; rub them through a tammy cloth, put them when cold into fruit bottles ; they must be corked very tight and tied down ; ]iut the bottles nearly up to the cork in cold water, over a gentle fire, till they boil ; then set them on one side till cold ; — take them out and dip the cork in .good cement, of lues' wax, rosin, &c. This may be used in making sauce for cold meat, or as above, by ad- ding strong gravy. It is intended of course, to save the glaze. Tomatas with gi-avy. — This is simply stewing your tomatas in a little good gravy till quite' tender, keeping them whole ; drain them on a sieve, dish them up, and pour a little half-glaze, and a tea- spoon full of vinegar mixed with it, quite hot, over them. MAPLE SUGAR. The New York Daily Advertiser of Saturday, observes, " a new article of commerce is noticed in our Review of the Market. Upwards of 300 barrels of Maple Sugar have been received by the Canal, which has been sold at five cents a jjoimd. Last season we understand, a parcel of about 70 barrels was received. It is supposed the manu- facture of this article will increase and that it will soon be one of considerable importance. The supplies of Sugars from New Orleans have al- ready increased to such an amount that they are rapidly taking the place of foreign sugar?;, and it is supposed by many intelligent persons, that in a very few years the supplies from ^few Orleans and elsewhere, will be suflicient for the consumption and that no foreign sugar will be required. U. S. Gazfilc. MILITARY MUSTERS. A brigade review of the 5th division of the jMas- sachusetts militia, was ordered at Berkley on the 7th inst. Nearly every comjiany, the residence of whoso members was more than fifteen miles from the place of parade, refused to obey the or- ders to muster. Massachusetts Industry. It is ascertained, that the value of codfish, salmon, shad, mackerel, her- ring, oil matter, &c. annually taken from the ocean by the fishermen of Massachusetts, exceeds four millions of dollars. MARYLAND CATTLE SHOW. The annual fair of the Maryland Agricultural Society was held at Carroll's Point, near Balti- more, on the 1 (5th. inst. The collection of cattle was numerous, and comprised a variety of the fin- est breeds. The exhibition of domestic inanuthc- tured articles was more hmited than on previous similar occasions. RAIL ROADS. } We have, on our first page, called the attention of our readers to an interesting letter from a gen- I tleman in England on the subject of Rail Roads.* i No man can read this and similar accounts of the successful operation of Rail Roads wherever they 1 have been constructed, without wishing to see I them adopted more generally in our own country and particularly in our own State. The public muid has been gradually preparing for such an en- terprize in Massachusetts, and the experience of their utility will, we trust, soon dissipate any doubts of the expediency of the measure. The Report of the Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company has recently been published, and flattering and encouraging accounts are given of the progress of that great work. So great i."* the confidence entertained of its ultimate success. that a capital of four millions has been subscribed ; and, of this, two millions have been taken up since the last annual Report — the State of Maryland having become a subcriber for five hundred thous- and dollars of the stock. The preliminary measures, in regard to our Rail Road, are nearly completed, and the people of the Commonwealth will soon have an opportu- nity of judging, more accurately than at present, of the necessity and expediency of doing some- thing to advance her jirosperity. AVe look for- ward with much interest to the Report of the Board of Directors of Internal Improvement, which will be early made to the Legislature, as we doid)t not the facts and arguments which they will If able to oflcr will remove the doubts of the mo:-, sceptical. We long to see Massachusetts awake- to her interests. Her wealth and population and resources are adequate to any enterprize that her interest suggests. It is not the richness of her sod that constitutes her greatest weahh ; but it is her industry, her mineral resources, her manufac- turing and mechanical capacity and power ; and these can be fully developed only by means of in- ternal improvements — by roads, canals, and Rail * The article aclvcrietl to by the Editor of the Yeoman, we shall soon preseut our readers. Vol.VII— Kfo.15. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 117 ways. If she would even keep her own trade, and command tlie resources already developed, fllassachusetts must do something, and that short- ly, to prevent the tendency to diversion which her natural situation presents. A Rail Road through the State would be a small kmrk for the State to accomplish. Look ut it, a nionient. Compare it with the works of im- provement which the people of villages, and which individuals, are constantly undertaking and easily accomplishing. Go into one of our thriving man- ufacturing villages, where a handsome Meeting house has sprung up, as if by enchantment. This wo||fe.easily as it has been accomplished, was a greater undertaking for its projectors than would be a Rail Road for the State. Look at the im- provements in the principal street in this village. The mere paving of a side walk is a greater work for the owners of the House lots by whom it has been done, than a State Rail Road from Boston to Berkshire. A direct tax upon the people, for the whole expense of .such a road, would not fall heav- ier on individuals than the tax which has been readily incurred in impi'oving half a mile of the highway through the centre of this town. But then there would be no need of such a tax. The credit of the State would accomplish it ; and all the effect which the people would feel, would be in the benefits derived from the expenditure of the money necessary for its construction, and from the use of the road when completed Worcester Ycomaji. PEACHES. A few days since Mr. Josiah Allen, Jr. of Attle- boro', exhibited in our market among the variety of other fruit, a (|iiantity of the Heath Peach, which Jie has cultivated in his orchard. Of thi.s delicious fruit the following description is given in Thacher's Orchardist : — •' Of all ])eaches — of all fruits, it is said there is none equal in flavor to the American Heath Peach, a clingstone. It is large, j weighing near a pound, in conmion. It is gene- rally the last sort that ripens." ]Mr. Allen, we are informed, has taken great pains to procure the most choice kinds of fruit, for wliieh he now realizes ample remuneration. Pawtucket Chronicle. SQUIRRELS. These animals are making great havoc among the crops in Illinois, Indiana, &c. One man kil- led 400 in his field in one day, and the next morn- ing they were as numerous as ever. They are constantly swimming across the Wabash, Ohio, & Mississippi rivers, and are killed by the boys in great immbers at their landings. They swim a- cross rivers from a mile to a mile and a half in width Hamp. Gazette. SILK WORMS. Mr. Abbott, of Leominster, Mass. after success- ful experiments in the raising of silk worms, and obtaining their silk, has this year set out several hundred white mulberry trees, in further pursuit of this enterprising and amusing employment. BUFFALOES. The only beasts used for draught by the Euro- pean Turks arc buffaloes, and cream colored oxen. The buffaloes are huge, clumsy animals, and the Turks never eat their flesh except on one occasion. Strings of blue beads are hung about their horns and neck to preserve them from the effects of the evii eye. COJXTRIBUTIONS TO ENTOMOLOGY. IIV THADDEUS WILLIAM HARRIS, M. U. No. II. Family Carabidrc. This extensive family contains numerous spe- cies which are arranged under various genera. The perfect insects usually conceal themselves during day under stones, and fly abroad at night. Like the Cicindelse they live by rapine, and devour such insects as they can conquer, not always spar- ing those of their own family. Some species ate to be found in the day-time searching for their l)rey in highways, or on plants. Some inhabit beneath the bark of trees, and a few appear to feed on the pollen of flowers. Most of them ex- hale an offensive odour, which remains on the fingers a long time after handling them. Others emit from the month br tail a caustic acid liquor, highly volatile, and initating to the skin. Having incautiously taken up Carabus sylvosus it assailed me with a sudden jet of this fluid, several drops of which reached my face, produced an acute scalding sensation, and left spots which remained inflamed for some hours. The species of tlie genus Brachinus have been long celebrated for their crepitating powers. Mr. Kirby calls thcin "the true counterparts of the skunk, exploding a most fetid vapor from the ordinary passage." This is the insect's mode of defence against its assail- ants, which it bombards with lepeated discharges of smoke and noise, gun-boat like, from behind. The American bombardiers are fully equal, in this respect, to foreign species. The CarabidtE were employed by ancient physicians as internal reme- dies in various diseases; their acrid qualities might render them useful as external irritants, or as sub- .stitutes for blistering flies. But few of the larvae are known. Their habits are predaceons ; they are serviceable in destroy- ing smaller insects and cater|)illars, and do not attack or injure vegetation. They dwell in the ground, but some of the larger kinds have been found on trees, inhabiting the nests of caterpillars, and conmiitting great havoc among them. The redoubtable enemy of the cut-worm appears to be one of the family. The general shape of the larva is long, linear, flattened above, with strong curved juws^ix legs near the head, a distinct thoracic shield, and an anal proleg. They are blackish in color, and ac- tive in motion. GENUS BRACHINUS. B. ''medius. Testaceous, elytra, dull reddisli jiur- ple, ohsoletely and broadly striated, autcmi.e fu- scous. Length five twentieths of an inch. Body pale ferruginous or testaceous, with very short, decumbent, pale, ochreous hairs. Head with rugose impressions near the aiitennai. Two first joints and base of the third joint of tlie an- tennae testaceous, remaining ones fusccous. An- terior angles of the thorax obtusely rounded, dise very convex, with deep medial and submarsjinai impressed hues. Elytra somewhat polished, red- dish purple, with six or .seven obsolete and shal- low stria\ Feet ferruginous, hody beneath darker. It is found beneath stones, and is sufficiently dis- tinct from others by the regularly curved anterior angles of the thorax. E. *7ninutiis. Thorax dark ferruginous, obiong- cordate, elytra blackish purple, antennae and ven- ti'al segments fuscous. Length one fifth of an inch. Head, thorax, and feet dark ferruginous, almosl castaneous. Antennie fuscous, except the two basal joints which are ferruginous. Head with two longitudinal indentations between the eyes. Thorax oblong-cordate, anterior angles subacute, i disc very convex, middle longitudinally impressed. I Elytra blackish purple, with a greenish tinge, ! ohsoletely striate the alternate interstitial lines ' more elevated than the intermediate ones. Body j beneath castancous-brown, ventral .segments fus- ccous. j Inhabits beneath stones, but is rare. The shape j of the thorax approaches to that of the crepitans. I Our most common species is ihe J'umans, F., which somewhat resembles the above in color.s, but i>^ over half an inch long. GENUS ZUPHIUM. z. *bicolor. Pubescent, reddish-bay ; coleoptra and abdomen castaneous, thorax canaliculate, ely 1 tra sulcate, antennae compressed. j Length over eleven twentieths of an inch ; — breadth of eoleo|)tra between three and four twen- tieths of an incli. I Body reddish bay, with short decumbent, fer- ruginous pul.'cscence. Head puuclured ; a lateral : longitudinal impression each side near the anten- na; ; neck distinct, impuncturcd ; second and third joints of the antennaj nearly e((ual in length, and with the first obconic ; terminal joint flattened, i oblong, ronndcfl at ti|) ; intermediate joints trans- , verse, gradual!}' broader to the penultimate one, ! and laterally compressed. Palpi with obconic joints, the terminal ones largest and truncate at tip. Thorax cordate, truncate before and behind, rather wider than long, autcrior angles rounded, posterior ones slightly excurved, subacute ; disc d"f ])ly and distmctly punctured, and longitudinal- ly canaliculate. Coleoptra parallclogramical, ba- sal and external apical angles rounded, disc ches- nut colored, paler at base, widely grooved, the grooves punctured, obsolete at tip ; external sub- margin with a few, remote, larger, ocellate jiunc- tures. Body bpiu;atli jiunctured, jjectus postpec- tus and feet redilish bay, ventral segments casta- neous. Tarsi with entire joints. This insect must be very rare. The specimen from which this description is taken was presented me by Charles Pickering, M. D., who found it in the vicinity of Salem. Some doubts existing re- specting the proprie'ty of placing it in the genus- zui'HiuM, the characters of the s|)ecies are de- tailed particularly with reference to elucidating the genus, no other sjiecies of which I have seen. GTNUS HARPALUS. II. '"striceus. Black, punctured, pube3cent a- ■i;.! bove ; antennas annulatcd with redilisn-brown and fuscous ; thoracic angles rounded ; tibise and tarsi reddish brov/n. Length of the male two-fifths of an inch, of the female rather more. Body depressed, brownish black, opaque, with distinct large punctures, and short, decumbent, ferruginous jiubescence above. Mandibles cas- taneous, |ialpi aiKl three basal joints of the anten- na reddi^-h bay, each of the remaining ones ot' the same color at the tip, and fuscous at base. Tho- rax distinctly margined, angles rounded, the pos- terior ones very obtusely ; disc not much elevated, dorsal and basal lines obsolete, and in the ])lace of the latter a broad, shallov,', confluently punc- tured depression, uniting with the dilated lateral 118 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Oct. 81, 1826. margin. Elytral slrise inipunctuied, submnrginal series of punctures indistinct ; apex of tiie elytra ] sinuate. Body beneath and thighs black, polisli- isheU; tibiiB and tarsi, reddish brown or bay. This insect is very connnon on grass during the warm days of summer. It somewhat resembles 11. hcrhwagus, and probably also h. fauntis, Say ; but is easily recognized by being entirely punc- tured, and sericeous above, by its more rounded thorax, its dark thighs, and annulated antennae. hrrata in the First Nuwher. — Pao;e 90, column 2, line 32, for reprovut rcuA reproach — line 34 for drscription, reati descriptiojis — column 3, line '10, foi /3//^a, recid pupa — line 4-3, for /'/v/Wi, read lujiule — line 68, alter bthinil, iusrrt with — pape 91 . column 1, line '20, for siibsaterat, read siihsiilural — line 41, for tips, read lip — line 62, (vr punctuliuta, read punctulata. Remarks. — It may happen that some may ob- ject to the technical language of descriptions. For brevit}', as well as to answer other purposes of science, this is unavoidable, and to those, (and we trust they are many) who make Entomology a study it can be no disadvantage. The terms are explained in Samouelle's " Compendium" before mentioned, in Kirby & Spence's " Outlines to En- tomology," and in the " Glossary to Say's Ento- mology." No popular names of species are given because none are known, and because a scientific name is more appropriate and as easily remembered. — The advantage of a vame is obvious, and has the authority of Linnaeus, who says that, without one, a knowledge of facts is lost. " Si noniina nescis perit et cognitio reruin." The supposed new in- ' sects have an asterisk prefixed. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCT. 31, 1828. GATHERING and PRESERVING POTATOS. With regard to the time in which potatos should be gathered, we find some diflTerence of opinion among practical farmers. It is, however, acknowl- edged by all, that w hen intended for consumption and not for seed, they should not be gathered till they are ripe. The ripeness of the potato may be perceived by the appearance of the tops, which will begin to decay as soon as the roots have at- tained to maturity. After that period, we are told by some cultivators it is important that the ]iotatos should be gathered and housed as soon as convenient, or immediately after the tops are decayed, either by ripeness or frost. Others say they will keep best in their native beds till the ground is frozen. But, at any rate, it is best not to defer digging till very late lest cold weather should destroy or lock them in the ground till spring. The old fashioned mode of harvesting potatos, was to dry them in the sun as you vvoidd grass for hay. Rees' Cyclopedia says, "as soon as potatos are gathered they should be allowed to remain some days to dry before they are stored." This we believe to be wrong, for in our climate, an exposure of two or three days to a cloudless sun, in September or October, would cause pota- tos to turn green, to taste strong and bitter and become in some degree poisonous. It is now said by practical farmers that the less the roots are exposed to sun or air, after being taken from the ground the better, and that it is advisable to permit some part of the soil in which they have grown to adhere to and mix with them, when they are deposited in their winter quarters. It may be best, however, not to dig and house pota- tos immediately after a "soaking" rain, but to let them remain a few days in the hills, to get rid of their superfluous moisture, which w ill in 0 i'ULlP.S— splendid variegated, red, yellow, and nii.xed, i;: cts. each, ,^1.00 per dozen. CROWN IMPERIALS— assorted, of the most splendid col- ours, and showy flowers, large roots. 3R cts. each. .IONQUlLtE.S— sweet scented, finest roots, 19 cts. each. POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS— frag-ant, while with yel- low cups, and yellow with double white cups, extra sized roots. 38 cts. each. DOUBLE NARCISSUS— fragrant, of all colors, 19 cts. each SPRING CROCUS— of all colours, 6 cts. each. 50 cts. per dozen. The above roots are from the same house, from which we re- ccivert our supply last season, and which gave such universal satisfaction •, some of the double Hyacinths having produced bells 1 inch and S-lCths in diameter. ■ Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots are no' purchased fl( of/r/To;(, and are all remarkable for their size, and tor the beauty and delicacy ot tint of their flowers. Those sold at auction are generally the mere refuse ol the most inferior collections, ^0:-^ roots being worth at home ten limes as much as they generally sell for al auction, as will be seen by refereace to the priced catalogues of any respectable house in Holland. Also pots for blooming the Crocus, in the shape of Hedgehogs, Porcelain Dice-work Flower Baskets, (very beautiful) Beehives Flower Pols, Half melons. Cones, &c. — a new article. Two roots only of Wilmot's Superb Strawberry. Just received at the N'cw England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street— Boston. painted them with green varnish color, the sale of which exceeded his expectation. In the spring of 1801 he observed a man selling plants, the first he had overseen for sale in the market. — Care- lessly passing the stand, he broke a small leaf, and it smelling agreeably, he enquired the name of the plant from which he broke it, and was told that it was the Rose geranium. Mr Thorburn says until that moment lie never knew there was such a plant in the world as a geranium. Taking another ob.servation he thought ihe plant would Through this you pass into the shop. This green house is built on the most approved plan, and con- tains now about 3000 plants. Between the green- house and the stj-eet is a bed about 80 ft. by 25ft. which, in the season, is filled with the handsome Dutch hyacinths, tulips, &c. The whole is en- closed with a neat iron railing and two gates, where passengers are invited to walk in and look around, and only required to shut the gate behind them. It is a fact, which I have heard the Messrs. Thorburn often mention, and which says much for the good conduct of the inhabitants, and the birik well in one ot his green ilower-pots, to siand 1 , , . , r .1 1 .-r 1 1 iuoiv wcu in one ui !'■= D , r -i I taste thev begin to have for these beautiful works ,111 tlip rniinter to draw attention not lor the pur- 1 ^ , ., 1 • 1. i i .1 on tiie counibi, lu UK. \ 1 of nature, that neither by night nor day have they liose of sale.) However, next day some one ian- riod the plant and pot, which were sold at a shil- ling advance. He next purchased two plants, and disposed of them also; soon after he had twenty or thirty, and, erecting a sintill stage in his shop, opposite the door, he carried on a regular trade of plant-selling. This being something novel in New York, it drew attention. Strangers, when going the rounds of curiosity, stepped in to see tho plants : some wished to buy, but could not Orchard Grass Seed. — Fli7it Wheat, fyc. ■ A fnrlher supply of Orchard Grass Seed — growih of 1828. Two hundred pounds of Rod Onion Seed. A few bushels While Flint Fall Wheal, commonly called Ca* nal Whe:it. — Also, Oilman Spring Wheat. Just received ^t the JVctc England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 Norih Market Street— Boston. by nignt nor day known any of the flowers or fruits on their prem- ises to be taken away or in any way injured, al- though the oranges and lemons hang within 4ft. of the railing fronting the streets, and may be eas- ily reached Avith a hook or scape-net. The rail- ing is only 4^ ft. high, and they keep neither man nor dog to watch by night. Their whole estab- lishment occupies 83 ft. by 90 ft. (Observe, it is iu the heart of the city,) The around behind the Grape Vines. The subscriber oflers for sale Grape Vines of several varieties the produce of his garden in Dorchester 5 among them are the . following ; Isabella White Muscat Sweetwater Black Hamburg Black Cape Elba Queen Muscatel [Muscale! Early Oval Alexander's or Schuylkill They are principally'of one j-ear's growth, planted under his direction and superintendance, are warranted genuine, and are in a healthful and vigorous state. The subscriber proposes to continue the cultivation of such va- rieties of die foreign and native vines as are suited to this climate and that will thrive in the open ground in town or country. Application mav be made to the subscriber, at his office, No. 7 1-2 Congress Street. or al the Garden. 10 Patrick Kennedy. Boston, Oct. 3, 1828. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Published every Friday, at g'i per annum, payable al the end of the year— but those who pay within sixty days from the time of subcribiog, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cenlsi NEW ENGLrAMB FAMMEH e "Published b,j John B. Russell, at .Vo. 52 JVurlh Market Street, (over the ^gricxiUurcd Jfarehouse).— Thomas G. Fessendek, Editor, VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 7, 1828. No. 16. HORTICULTURE. FOR THE NEW KNGLAND FARMER. lURIOUS FACTS AS TO THE PARIS AND LONDON FRUIT MARKETS. The facts as to the markets of Paris, are taken from an article on the fruit and vegetable markets of Paris, by M. Masson, Coiimiissary General ; published in the Annales d'llort. de Paris, April. 1828. " In order to form an idea of the [(reduction, with which horticulture enriches the Paris mar- ket, says M. Masson, it is necessary to begin with ihis market ut the end of March, and the first fif- teen days of April. At this period and whilst you still sec a parade in the fruiterer's shops, of fruits of great beauty, preserved at great expense, the mar- Icet is almost naked. A few baskets of apples little esteemed, are scattered thinly about, and seem to wear the sad livery of winter." Prices in March. 1823. Apples. Calville blanc per hundred, 40 francs or nearly eight cents each (much dearer than or- anges). Pears. St. Germain, 80 francs per hundred, or 16 cents a piece. Grapes. Chasselas de Fontainbleau, per lb 3 francs, or 57 cents. ,gpi-il, 1828. Apples. Calville blanc, per otie hundred, 110 francs, or 22 cents each. Pears. St. Germain, per hundred, 140 francs, or 26 cents each. Prices at Covtnt Garden, London, March 13, 182S. Apples. Nonpareil, 15 to 36 shillings a bush- el. Average, $5,50 a bushel. , Golden Pippin, average price $10 a bushel. Hot house Grapes (new crop) $10 a pound. [On Feb. 9, 1828, grapes (last year's crop) were sold from .33 cents to 06 per pound.] The January price of Onions in Covent Garden is 44 cents a bushel ! ! best quality of potatos for table average $15 a ton, which estimating the bushel at 75 lbs. (a great allowance) would give for the ton 26 bushels, and make the price per single bushel 57 cents. — Asparagus, in January, plentiful and cheap at from 22 cents, to 160 cents per hundred. — Savoy cabbages at from Is 6d to 3s jier dozen, or from 3 to 5 cents per head ! Apples, in February, from 3s 6d to 10s 6d per 10 quarts, and pears fiom 2s Gd to 10 per ditto, or about, on an average, 133 cents per 10 quarts, or $4 a bushel. These Enghsh prices are lower than the French ; and, than ours, by retail. Though asparagus may be had in London in .Tannary, at a price as low as it brings here in the first ten days of May, yet it does not appear in the Paris market till the middle of April, and then the price is about one dollar fifty cents per hundred, nr much dearer than the average Covent Garden price for the same article in January. London is 2j degrees to the north of Paris. But the most remarkable fact relates to the grape. In Paris the grape begins to appear to- wards the end of September, and becomes abun- dant in October. " It is (says M. Masson) to the superb Chasselas of Thomery that the preemin- ence is due, acquired by the care with which it is cultivated, and the intelligence by which that care is directed. [In this tribute he agrees with the authors of the Bon Jardinier.] "The culture of the Chasselas is A-ory produc- tive. It gives us pleasure to see, that it is extend- ing, particularly at Montreuil, where there will be a rivalship with Thomery, favorable to the con- simiers. The cultivator ought to be well reward- ed, but 57 cents for two pounds and an half of gra))cs, is exorbitant, and ought to produce com- petition." This price, it will be perceived, is given for the Chasselas in Se|)tember, and October in Paris. In London, new grapes are sold at $10 per pound, in January. By the first of May, they fall to $1,33 to $3 per pound. And from July to Sept. 4, they are quoted at from 4 to 7 shillings the dozen pounds, or from 8 to 13 cents a pound. Thus the London forced grapes appear 2 months before those of Paris, and are sold at half the price ! ! [I have no doubt that in 10 years from this day Boston will be supplied with forced grapes, in July, at 20 cents a pound, every year, and to the full demand.] FRUITS IN FRANCE. There is, however, a part of Mr. Masson's com- I niunication as to the Paris market, which is more i interesting to us — 'The peacli has disappeared, and also the beau- liful plums (says Masson) towards the end of Sep- tember. These are soon replaced by the Beurre, (pear) the Doyenne, ^5/. Mchael). The Mouille bouchc, (moulh water) the Roupelet, the Poire d' Angleterre — and some other pears of the season. One is astonished to see no longer but few melt- ing pears — we no longer find the Sucre vert, the Sucre musque, the Besi de la Motte — very few Chaiimontelles — very few Culotte de la Suisse — no Royale d' llyver — no Virgouleuse, and it is to he deplored, no Colraars. These three last species would fetch (in September observe) from ten sous to two francs (thirty-eight cents) a piece — and yet these fruits are neglected.'!" This is an entirely new view of the state of pears in France. It should be remembered that this is WTitten by a commissary of the markets of Paris, and inserted in the official work of the new Horticultural Society of Paris. Its facts must be authentic. Is it then to be wondered at, that these delicate pears fail with us, and that the French gardeners are seeking with avidity after the new varieties of Belgium and of England ? Do not these facts give great color to Mr. Knight's opinions, that the old varieties are wear- ing out ? Do they not enhance our obligation to that gentleman for his presents of the new varie- ties ? and can we be too vigilant and too assidu- ous in spreading them ? The pear is, after all, far the most valuable fruit for the table. Its almost infinite varieties — the great length of time which its several varieties en- dure (from August 10th, to May) — its wholesome- ness — the longevity of the trees, all conspire to render it the most valuable table fruit. I do not compare its usefulness with the apple which un- questionably is more useful on the whole. The pears, which we now have, were introduc- ed by the Hugonots, who on the revocation of the Edict of Nantz fled to this coui.try. The original trees are in some instances to be found in the gar- dens laid out by the FANCEiLs,the JoiioNNOTS,and others, and nearly all which we now have, may be traced to them. Within the last thirty years extensive im])ortations have been made from France ; but a large proportion grafted on quince stocks are dead or decaying. Of fifty pear trees imported from Vilmorin, eighteen years since, I have only eight or nine miserable sickly plants alive. The loss at Mr. Preble's garden has been still more severe. Our true policy is to raise Jicalthy pear stocks, and speedily engraft thein with all the now varieties. J. L. Ro.xbuni, JVov. 3, 1828. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FOOT ROT IN SHEEP. The following mode of treatment is recommend- ed for this most troublesome disease in sheep, by a very intelligent and highly distinguished gentle- man residing in Vermont, in a letter to his friend in this city. This gentleman was among the first who introduced the fine woolled sheep into this country, and is now the owner of a very large flock of the finest wooled sheep, many of v/hicli were imported direct from Saxony, and are of the purest blood. The opportunities this gentleman has had, both in Europe and in this country, for investigutiny t'K- causes and »-ffects of tliis disease, renders his advice invaluable ; ami evwy wool grower should preserve these directions as a rich legacy from one of his country's benefactors. " By great attention with dry, liilly, sound pas- tures, the constitution may be so improved that we may ultimately eradicate this vexatious and injurious disease. My remedy has been as fol- lows : When the sheep were only slightly aflect- ed, to put on one, two or three dressings of blue vitriol, powdered fine, either dry, or mixed with olive oil to the consistence of soft salve, and when the foetid smell has subsided, dress with white lead, thinly mixed with olive oil. When olive oil is not at hand, hogs lard will answer or even dry white lead. If the disease is bad and has taken deep hold between the horn and sensible part of the hough, there is no remedy short of paring away the liorii as far as it appears unsounosing and respectable. It is hoped and ed a spirit which extends itself to our native ani- expected, however, that gentlemen having animals ' mals, and convinces us of what we before seemed of improved races will continue to send them here- , ig-norant, tliat discrimination in kinds, and care in after for exhibition. It ])roduces enuilation, evin- j rearing and feeding, rarely fail of being amply re- ces a growing and commendable attention to a very ; warded. This feeling it is to be hoped will be important part of the duty of farmers, and serves ! ei,e,.is|ied in all suitable ways, throughout our greatly to set off this yearly test of improvement in highly favored country. Not only as regards neat things relating to agriculture. The Connnittee re- eattie, but all those animals which contribute to grettcd that, among so many specimens of fine ; jhe use and service of men. It is among the heifer 2 years old, One-fourtii Coelebs, one- .eightli Denton. To Zebedee Cook, Jr. Dorchester, the last prenii- uin $6, for his heifer 18 months old, one-half Admiral. By order of the Committee, in the absence of the Hon. John Welles, the able Chairman, P. C. BROOKS. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FiRMF.R. CONTRIBUTIONS TO ENTOiUOLOGA BY TH.VDDEUS WILLIAM H.ARRIS, M. D. No. III. GENUS FEBONI-4. Subgenus Omnsciis. The characters of this section of the the fero- stock, of almost equal merit, nine premiums only pleasing and obvious proofs of the growing wealth, m;e have not yet reached us; but comparisons could be distributed. There were thirty-seven an- | refinement and happiness of a nation, that its in- with scvcrnl European types enable us to indi- imals, to which the particular attention of the Com- habitants exceed, not only in the arts and sciences, cnte the following species. The first, only, ap- mittee was called, — seventeen cows and twenty but in everything relating to agriculture, that or. pears to be apterous ; the remaining ones are heifers, — and it may be truly said that nearly the eupation which necessarily gives cm])loymrnt to winged ; in this respect agreeing with the Euro- whole of them were highly deserving of notice. I far the greatest portion of every great indcjien- pean specimens. All of them (both native and Mr John Lane Boylston, of Princeton, sent one j dent commonwealth. foreign species) have the thorax somewhat heart- cow, half Denton, and six of native stock. These in awarding premiums the Committee were all shaped, truncate at apex and base, and not quite with his fat oxen and his cattle for exhibition, to- agreed in giving the first of $30, for the best milch so wide as the coleoptra ; the dorsal stria is dis- gether with his excellent butter, a large quantity, j cow, not less than three years old, finct, and dilated near the bass; disc, near the served very considerably to aid the Fair^and justly I To William Osborn, Jr. of Salem. Mr Osborn's basal angles, indented, punctured, and with two entitled him to the prizes he received. Other conV-s of native stock, beside those on which premiums were paid, were animals of uncommon merit. — Such were those owned by Messrs Richard Richanlson of Ashby, Ephraim Randall of Stow, I. W. Goodrich of Boston, whose eow was a descendant of the famous Oakes cow, tho' not her equal. cow, of native stock, of middle size, about 7 abreviated impressed lines. The third interstitial years old, having no remarkable points, and of line of each elytron has, generally, three large homely appearance, was proved to be an nncom- punctures; one, near the base, contiguous to the mon animal for the quantity and quality of her third stria, the others contiguous to the second milk, and for the shortness of the time of going stria, one on the middle and the third near the dry. The present and the former owners, having npex. In a few the basal puncture is wanting, both kept particular accounts of her milk, were The snbmarginal interstitial line is serrato-puncf- fuU in her praises. The milk was generally esti- late within, the punctures approximated near the mated by weight, and supposed te amount to I tip, and somewhat ocellated. V„j.VII.— Nn.l6. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 123 These species do not agree entirely with any of the descriptions by Mr. Say, tliough they approach to some of his feroni^ in the Philadelpliia Philo- sopliieal Transactions. These insects are foiuid under stones. O. *bisigillatus. Black ; posterior thoracic an- "les rounded, each with an annulated depression. Length eleven twentieths of an inch. Body glabrous, black. Antennse piceous toward the tip ; palpi pale redish brown. Thorax broad- est just before the middle, lateral margin forming a regular curve, posterior narrower than the an- postarior angles not excurved, but given by Latreillc and Leach, it may further be distinguished from the other fekoni-e by its pec- tinated nails, and from Lebia and Cvmindis, with which it agrees in this respect, by its broader sub- quadrate thorax. The feet are remarkably elong- ated, and the posterior pair are universally remote fiorn the intermediate ones. C. ^jnceous. Piceous ; thorax, at the side.s, and body beneath paler ; antenna and feet pale testa- ceous. Length two fifths of an inch. Body glabrous, jiolished, impunctured, above dark chesnut or piceous, beneath castaneous. Pal- tire, rounded. Sides of the body, beneath, some- what darker than in the middle. Feet pale tes- taceous are thoroughly mellow and fit for the mill, they ought to be ground in cool weather, and after- wards suffered to remain in the trough or unpres- sed for a week or ten days, if the weather be suf- ficiently cool to prevent its fermenting so much as to become acid ; stirring the mass daily till it is put into the press. When the liquor is expressed, it should be strained through a tow cloth strainer, into a perfectly clean cask into which has been put two gallons of new Rum for a barrel. I say new Rum, because it is far the cheapest, and even preferable to six quarts of the best Cognac Brandy; and because it is best adapted for more immediate use, and communicates much less of its peculiar flavor to the cider, than any other spirituous liquor. After the cider is put up into casks, it should be kept as cool as possible, and without vent. Care, however, is to be taken, lest it burst the casks ; to lerior margin , ,juo.n they ' and strawberries, will thrive to adpih-ation. — Id. 124 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 7, 1828. AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITIONS. The Committee of the Ilanipshirc, Hampden & Franklin Agricuhural Society on Animals, observ- ed, that witliout exaggeration, it may be said that at no former meeting of the Society have so fine specimens of animals been presented. The num- ber of animals having been, it is believed, twice as large as at any former period, and their appear- ance gave satisfactory proof that a great improve- ment is going on in these stocks within the limits of the Society. \Vith regard to sheep, they re- marked that some lots were exhibited which were very superfine, but that as good an e.xhibition of fine woolleJ sheep has been made on former oc- casions. Swine were uniformly good, and some extraordinary — far superior to former exhibitions. With regard to working cattle they say that many i more of these animals were deserving of premi- ums than could be given within their power, and ihc same remark may be extended with great propriety to cattle fitted for the stall. Miich cows were much superior to those presented on former occasions, and tlie Comnjittce express their grati- iication that " our farmers are taking great pains in the selection of this part of tlio stock with ref- j erence to the qua'itij of the milk produced, altho' j good keeping is found to be an important item in i this particular, as well as in the quantity furnish- 1 ed. It is believed that those known among us by ; the name of the Dcntoii and Cox breeds are to be I preferred for the dairy.'" They likewise com- 1 mend the young stock, and say, " It is a well i known fact that the best breeds in England h»ve I been produced entirely by selections of the best j animals from their native breeds." The improvtdl short honied breeds have been in great demand in i England; this is nothing but an improvement j upon the Hurham or Tees-water breed, formerly found in great numbers in the County of Durham."' The Baketcell and the Collinga breeds are nothing [ but an improvement u[)on the native stocks of England, by the great care and attention of tliC distinguished growers of stock who have given- names to these breeds, and it is ascertained be- ■ yond all controversy that " color, shape and quality \ can be given to stock by selections and crosses with almost as much certainty as the manufactur- er can give them to the products of the loom. — We liave in Massachusetts — we have in Old; Hampshire, us pure blood, as sound bone, and as efficient muscle in our animals, as can be produc- 1 ed on either continent, and may we not believe j that the period is not far distant, when, by the j careful culture of our stocks, a race of animals will be here produced which will rival the best | stocks in England ? We trust we may yet hear of stock named from our river or our county, or some distinguished breeder within our huiits, wliioh will be sought after with all the eager and persevering enterprise by the farmers of Durham and the cultivators of land upon the waters of the Tees, that theirs b.ave been sought for by the American farmer." This report is signed by Mark DooLtTTLE, per order. The Committee on Domestic Manufactures ob- served that " the collection of articles oflered for premiums, exhibited, perhaps, less variety than on some former occasions. But in all the most im- portant and substantial fabricks, and also in a cer- tain class of costly articles, designed rather for or- nament than utility, all of which have been too long sought from foreign sources it was rich and extensive. The exhibition, on the whole, shows that domestic industry is regarded by this commu- nity as the best source of personal independence and general comfort." Woollen cloths were su- ))crior to those of last year, but capable of im- provement. It is recommended to die them in the wool. Two fine specimens of Scotch Plaids received premiums, and others of less worth drew small gratuities. Fewer dressed and undressed llannels were offered than at former exhibitions. Specimens of Floor Carpeting were spoken of in terms of decided approbation. " In conferring the premiums the preference was given for such as were well made, from the coarser material. If made with cheap wool, it is the more durable, and leaves the better quahty of wool for its more ap- propriate uses. The piece of carpeting made by Mrs Cynthia Thayer of Greenfield, was made from wool of that description, costing only l"2i| cts. per pound, and received the first jiremium. " This lady is deserving of great credit for the superior fabrics she has often presented at the annual fairs of this Society, and at the shows at Brighton. It cannot be doubted, that by the premiums she ob- tains, and by the sales of her goods, she is amply remunerated for all her labors. But more than this she deserves the gratitude of the community for having contributed greatly to raise the style of household manufactures. The hke credit is due to Mrs Ann Meech of Worthington, whose fabrics have often graced the hall of the Society's exhibi- tions." The Conmiittee speak of Cotton Counter- panes of a superior quality, Woollen Counter- panes, Rose Blankets, Hosiery, Stockings, Half Hose, Linen Sheetings and Shirtings, Linen Dia- pers, &c. Likewise two specimens of Sewing Silk. "The one the most jjerfcct offered by Ma- son Shaw, Esq. of Belchertown, the other by IVIrs Starkweather of Northampton. They were both superior in thread and colouring to the imported article ; and procured gratuitous premiums." — Corn Brooms and Brushes, Toast Irons, Waffle Irons and Bucket Ears, are also mentioned. The Committee conclude their report with advice to every family within the limits of tlie Society, to " Lay every hand to the work of Domestic Manu- factme. Pursue it with steady and untiring i)er- severauce. Lot the sentiment and the word that govern in this good cause be onward." This report is signed by George Grennell, Jr. per order. farm, or helpers in the stables, and before they be- came pampered with better food than their par- ents' cabin afl'orded. The lads at first were live- ly and intelligent, and displayed a degree of shrewdness exceeding what is generally met with from youths of a more exalted walk of life in Eng- land. But he invariably found that in proportion as these boys were better fed, they relaxed in ac- tivity, became dull and stupid ; and he is confi- dent that the change in disposition sprung frons the effect of change of diet, and was not owing to corruption of mind from then- intercourse with the other servants. In fact they lost all that vivacity of manner .so inherent in the Irish boys, whether born in the vast bog of Allen, or in the dry and rocky counties of Mayo and Galway. He is therefore inclined to think that the character of the people does not depend so nmcb upon climate or soil as upon food, for no part of the globe can difler more than these parts of that kingdom. A potato diet is found greatly to improve tha quality of the blood. Ilencc " roasted potatoes'' have been successfully employed as a specific against the sea scurvy, wlien other remedies have failed. This discovery was made in France. It is singular that boiled potatos do not seem to have the same good efl"ects. — Sir John Sinclair. VEGETABLE DIET. There cannot be a doubt that tlie diet of the Irish is highly favorable to vivacity and talent. It is stated in the Code of Health, that " vegetable food" has a ha])py influence on the powers of tl.>e mind, and tends to preserve a delicacy of feeling, a liveliness of imagination, and an acuteness of judgment, seldom enjoyed by those who live prin- ci]Ki!ly upon animal food. The latter is better calcidated for those who labor wilh the body ; but the celebrated Franklin ascertained that a vegeta- ble diet, promoting clearness of ideas and quick- ness of perception was to be preferred by those who labored with the mind. In proof of the assertion that a vegetal)le diet promotes clearness of ideas and quickness of thought, and that a transition from vegetable to animal food produces itijurious effects, a friend states that he has more than once selected from his tenant's children a boy remarkable for that smartness of intelligence so common in the Irish youth, while in the capacity of errand boys on the IMPORTANT INVENTION. We this morning exannned and saw in opera- tion a most ingenious and valuable machine for spinning flax and hemp, invented by Dr. Bell and Mr. Dyer, two intelligent and highly respectable gentlemen from New-England. They entered upon the prosecution of their jilans last wintei', and have now brought them to a successful termina- tion.—As the jjatent has not been secured, we are not permitted to give a full description of the in vention ; but the following particulars will be in- teresting to our readers, especially to those who wish well to the cause of Ameriean manufactures. The machine is constructed on an entirely new principle, having no analogy to the process for the cotton, woolen, worsted, or other manufacture. The quality of the yarns produced is pronounced by competent judges, to surpass other linen yarns in as great proportion as cotton or woolen yarns spun by the present improved machinery, are su- perior to those v/rought by hand. The size of the thread can be varied to any e.xtent, from that of cambric to that of the ropeyarns used in the man- ufacture of cordage. In the degree of velocity, it.-. operation is limited only by the qnickne.ss which the spindles and fliers are capable of supporting. The instrument now in operation |)roduces about the same quantity of thread per spindle, fineness being equal, as the throstle spindles in the cotton manufactine. The whole formation of the thread from dressed flax is completed at one operation The material laid on the machine is wound upon the spools ready for the loom, without the inter- vention of any assistance; the whole effected by the rotary motion communicated from drums. — Indeed, all the motions of the instrument are of a circular kind. So far as our observations or knowledge ex- tends, this invention is entirely original, and noth- ing of the kind exists in the work-shops of the ; United States or Europe, where the fabrics from ', flax are entirely wrought by hand. The inanu- [ factures of Hnens will now be placed upon the same ground and enjoy the same facilities as cot- tons. It has been estimated, that upon moder- VoKVlI.— No.lti. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 125 ate calculations two millions of dollars may be sav- od annually to this country by the reduced expen- ses of linen fabrics eftocted by this invention. If two or three inches under the surface, with a small stick thrust into it, so that, in an instant, I can examine the spot. I feel most grateful to you it be not introduced abroad, and foreign prices j for the hint, as, no doubt, by a little attention, I thus diminished, the products of our own looms shall save my plants this season from certain des- will supply our markets and prevent importations from maintaining competition. Such is our im- pression of the importance of this machine. Those who are incredulous on the subject, may have their doubts removed by an examination of speci- mens of the thread at this office, or by inspection the machine at the corner of Pine and Water streets. — J^/ew York Jlmerican. From the Bellows Falls Intelligeucer. HEMP. Below will be found a letter from Amos Parker, ■ 4 Springfield, Vermont, to a gentleman of Charles- truction ; as well as in the end, most probably,ex- terminate the worm altogether. I am, my dear Sir, &c. — Cardener^s Magazine. we'll jump down together this instant." — "Any man couid jump down," said his friend, coolly, "we should not iinmortalii^e ourselves by that leap : but let us go down and try if we can jump up! The madman, struck with the idea of a From a work eniiited, •'Seventy-Jive Receipts: SWEET POTATO PUDDING. A qunrler of a pound of sweet potato; three eggs ; a quarter of m«re astonishing lea|), than that which he had himself proposed, yielded to this new impulse, and his friend rf\joiced to see him run down stairs, full of a new project for securing immortality. ■mi^— MmMgMHMUMjuuLiue^'^Mmjii"! ■■■■"■' ■^^m—BwawajBa NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOV. 7, 182S. METHOD OF DESTROYING THE MEALY E-CTG.- A writer for the Gardener's Magazine, Mi I AMES RoLLi.Ns, Liverpool, gives the following as Boil and Ian "effectual remedy for freeing the Amaryllis a pound of while sugar, powdered ; a quarter of a pound of fresh butter; a glass of mixed wine and brandy ; a hah- glass of rose water, and a lea-spoonful of mixed spice, (nutmeg mace, and cinnamon.) Pound the spice, allowing a smaller proportion ! of mace than of nutmeg and cinnamon town N."h. upon the culture of Hemp, which is ' P^ "1 some sweet potatos, and when they are cold, ! (lily) family of plants from the mealy bug whic becoming highly interesting to our farmers. The j weigh a quarter of a pound. Mash them fine, and j sometimes so much infests them. Diss.jlvc one experience which Mr. Parker has had in the bus- |i'ulj >t through a sieve. Stir the butter and sugar ^ drachm of mercurial ointment in one ounce of iness, who is a practical farmer of high reputation; to a cream. Beat the eggs very light, and stir j neat's foot oil; v/itli this mixture anoint the in- for integrity and sound judgment, will justify the I '''em into the butter and sugar, alternately with j fected plants with a small painter's brush, allow- public in placing a high degree of confidence in I the sweet potato. Add by degrees the Hquor, j ing some of it to pass to the bottom of the leaves, hisstatements, and at the same time correct a very; rose-water, and spice. Stir all very hard togeth- 1 and in among the scales of the bulb ; end this, trroneous hnprcssion, tofj prevalent among us, that hemp is what may be termed an exhausting crop. Springfield Vt. Oct. 10. 182S. Sir. — In answer to the questions you hare been pleased to ask in relation to the culture of hemp, &f. I can briefly remark, that during the years 1813, 14 and 1.5, I sowed upon my farm a- bout one acre of hemp : it was sowed upon what is termed meailow land, upon the Connecticut Riv- er, and was continued upon the same piece of land three years successively. There ar)pear(j:d to be no very essential difference in the several cro|)s, either as to quantity or quality. It may be prop- er to remark, that during this time no maiuire was put upon the land. The great labor then re- quired to water rrt it in the stem, rendered the growing of hemp both expensive and biirthensome and finally induced me to relinquish it altogether. From my own experience on the subject, I am ful- ly satisfied that a henij) crop is not wliat would he called an exhauslins: ci er. Spread puff-jiaste on a soup plate — put in tiie mixture, and bake it about half an hour in a mod- erate oven. Grate sugar over it. American Grapes. — About two years ago a gen- tleman of the name of Deininger, (then of this county) discovered on an island in the Susque- hanna river, near the month of Conestogo, some bunches of what he considered a very fine grapes. Some of these bunches he brought to this city, and .".fter examination, they were pronounced by all the gentlemen who had a knowledge of this kind of fruit, to be grapes of a very superior qual- ity to any heretofore discovered in our country. — This season Mr. Deininger brought several hunsh- es of these grai)es to this city, some of which weighed about two pounds. They are of a i)ur- ple color, grow very close together, the stone or kernel is very small, the skin thin, and the juice and profitably cultivated upon good land, with the same attention that we usually bestow upon our grain and other crops. Under this conviction, and the additional in- ducements of obtaining a market for hemp with- out the process of water rotting, which is super- ceded by a newly invented machine fur cUaning, I have engaged to plant a part of my land the en- suing season for the purpose of raising a crop of seed ; in order to be in preparation to raise the lint the following season. I am. Sir, Stc. AMOS PARKER Wire worm. — My dear Sir; According to thp idea suggested to me in your letter, I have tried slices of potato, turnip, parsnip, and carrot, as bait for the wire- worm ; and a thought ha\ ing struck me that beet-root, from its saccharine nature, might attract them, I cut some up, as well as slices of the stalks of broccoli and other cabb.ige, to which, and the beet, they certainly give a pref- erence. The destruction of the worm by this sim- ple process, is astonishing. I find frequently two. three, and four attached to the bait, which 1 place on each side of the plant I wish to protect, about when thoroughly done, will kill or banish the in- sects forever, without at all injuring the plant." DESCRIPTION OF A PORTABLE VINERY. The writer above quoted states that " In order to have a crop of well ripened grapes in the open garden, without the ex[)ense of buildiifg a house tor t!ie i)urpose, I would reconunend a glazed frame constructed of the ciieapest materials, which 1 would call a portable vinery. It may be made circular, or a polygon of any number of sides ; — about 3 f\. t> HI. iti diameti r, sides 4 ft. 6 in. high, and a roof finished off like tliat of a commoii' hand glass. Any vine wliich happens to be grow-- ing on a south wall, or even a suitable branch of such a tree, may be taken from the wall, and train- ed spirally round a conical trellis fixed to the ground, and of no greater diameter or height titan the glass case will conveniently contain. Ifa space of one foot be allowed between the trellis and the glass, it will be siiiTicient, and if the case were constructed in two [larts it wotdd be more convenient in |)Uttiiig up and taking down, and would also give more room and freedom in tin; management of the tree and fruit. " Strong young vines, or other dcr-irnble fruir;. wet here, and has continued so till Oct. rrops i planted on purpose for this mode of culture, would in general have been good, except wheat, which ; answer well ; and, as I have calculated the ex- has been much hurt with rust and will he scarce."] pensc of one at about 21. 10.?., a dozen of such Ryegate, Od. 31, 1828. j cases, for grapes or other fruit, would cost much less than a house, which would iierhaps not yield. Robert Whitlaw, Esq. of Ryegate, Vt. raised ! more than these portable frames. Strawberries nine hundred good ripe beans, from one bean, the 'on a conical stage would, no dcMibt, succeed well past season ; and one cabbage tliat weighed forty in this way ; and, indeed, I am so thoroughly con- of a most delicious taste, and are pronounced by ■0^, but may be successfully 'J'!''?'^.^ *° ''^ «^1"»'' '^ "O* superior to any foreign kind introduced into our country, and being indi- genous, have nothing to fear from our climate. Yorl; (Pa.) paper. The season. — "The sunnncr has been generally three pouiuls. ■ Presence of mind. — When Lee (the ])o:jt) was confined in Bedlam, a friend went to visit him, and finding that he could converse reasonably, imagin- ed lie was cured of his madness. The poet offer- ed to show him Bedlam. They went over this melancholy medical prison, Lee moralising- philo- sophically enough all the time to keep his com- panion perfectly at ease. At length they ascend- ed the top of tlie building, and as they were both looking down from the perilous height, Lee seized his friend by the arm. "Let us take this leap ; — vinced of the utility of such erections, that I would even advi?e a row of thetri to be henl-id by hot. water." A Mr. Main, of Bath, observes that near sixty years since it was discovered that a waxy set of a partly ripe potato is less liable to curl than a mealy one. That a knowledge of this fact induced farm- ers to obtain their sets or seed potatoes from black or moorland districts, where it is ne,-ossary to take up potatoes intended tor the next year's sets before they wera ripe, and to harden them by exposure to the sun and air to fit them to be stored safely. i'le NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 7, 1H-2S. RHODE ISLAND CATTLE SHOW. The Rliode Island Society for the Encourage- iiiem of Domestic Industry held their Show and Fair, at I'awtuxet, ou tlie 21st and '2"2d inst. The Society was niarshallcd by Allen O. Peck, Esq. and an Address delivered by Hon. John Pitman. This jiroduction says the Microcosm " was strik- ingly characteristic of its author ; plain, forcible, liractical and pungent, and yet the " garniture" of poetry was not wanting to its embellishment, nor liie refinement of a chaste and happy style in com- municating sound thoughts. The discourse was listened to with great satisfaction for an hour. A copy was requested by the Society for publication. The services at the meetinghouse were impress- ively introduced by the Rev. iMr Farley of Provi- dence. There was a fine show of animals in the pens, and the collection of neat stock was " superior to any seen there for a number of years. Several jiolile bulls of liigli blood, showed the great pains that have been taken by our farmers to introduce the best imported breeds into this State. Forty- i.ight neat cattle, forty-six swine, twenty-nine sheep, eighteen yoke of superior working cattle, and ton colts were entered for premiums. Twelve i bulls and six liull calves were exhibited, aiiioug ! the former the Durham, Ilolderness, Devonshire | and Alderney breeds, the latter a bull formerly be- | longing to the Mass. Agr. Society, pvirchased by | Mr J. C. Brown, and entered for exhibition. The j cows presented uotliing beyond the stock of any good farm, 'though fourteen were entered. A fall- inn- ofi" of household manufactures is complained of " though there were some pretty things to ad- mire, and some few substantial articles. Of the former a specimen of lace, with the manner of working its foundation and figure, a copy of a Flemish picture, a coimtry house, and buildings, &c. manufactured of paper, with great labor. — Several filagree baskets and some other articles attracted the principal notice. But five aiticles ' of mill manulacture were presented. They were excellent in their several qualities. j In the dai.y and agricultural products, the shop ir.anufactm-es, &c. there was a better exhibitiou j than usual ; the butter exceeded any ever exhibit- ed in the state. A specimen of screws manufac- , tured at Olneyville, is reconmiended. Mr Ham- lin's Solar 31icroscope was greatly admired. On I Tuesday there were nearly four thousand people assembled to witness the ploughing match. Ex- cept the delay in commencing the work, the whole was conducted in the best possible manner. The competitors have learned that the race is not to the swift, and they went to work as steadily as if they had the day before them. The ground, though unfavorable was ploughed in a manner superior to any former match. Eighteen yokes competed for prizes, but one of which was with- out a driver. Among the premiums was one to Samuel Low, of Warwick, for a lot of sewing silk, of various colours, manufactured in Warwick. "The Committee would remark that the rais- ing of silk is becoming a subject of great im- pm-tance, and promises soon to form an impor- tant and extensive branch of Domestic Industry. They take pleasure in saying that among the able and useful woHvS on this subject within a short period, is one by Mr William H. Vernon of this State, a cojiy of which has been presented to the Society. They would take the liberty of suggest- ing the propriety of hereafter offering standing premiums for silk jiroduced in this State." The Committee on sheep and swine " noticed with pleasure the evident improvement in the ex- hibition of swine, of which there was an unusu- ally large number entered, many of them good specimen.^ of choice breeds. A gratitjing evi- dence is thus afforded that through the influence of this Society in a great degree, the lank-sided, long-nosed, clamorous and ravenous race, that formerly exacted from the crib more than they yielded to the pork barrel, are fast disappearing, and giving place to breeds which, comparatively, have the faculty of almost fattening themselves, besides furnishing a delicacy in their flavor as much superior to the flesh of the long legged vag- abond hog, as the butter of New England is to the substitute used by the New Hollander. The ': pnrk barrel, is one of the most important items I ill the provision of a small or large family ; and | the economy of supplying it with the best luateri- a! and at the cheapest rate, probably involves the direct interest of a larger number of persons than the raising of any other description of domestic animals. It is surprising, therefore, that when a good breed of swine will consume so much less and yield so much more than an indifferent one, that the latter should have been suffered so long as it has been, to disturb the domestic quiet of the farm yard, by an incessant clamor for food which satisfieth not, and after all seems to be totally ab- sorbed in elongating the ears, legs and nose of the ungrateful animal. Your Committee, therefore, recommend to every parson, who owns a stye, to take especial care what occupants he suffers to take possession of it." The following certificate was produced relating to the Geese imported from Friesland. This may certify that in the fall of 1827, I im- ported from East Friesland to this country, a pair of geese, for James Sisson, Esq. being, I believe, a uifti^rent kind from any heretofore importeil from Germany, and a much sui>erior and improved breed. Another important thing (in my opinion) that adds to their value besides their size, is the great quantity of feathers they produce, which are an article of exportation from that country. These feathers in Germany, Holland and England, are considered the best of any that come to those markets, and command a better price. CHRISTOPHER CHILDS. Warren, June 28, 1828. Among the Agricultural Experiments were a | premium awarded to Abner Sprague, of Cranston, I for the best specimen of cider, $8. " Good judges j might have mistaken this for cider of the best Jer- j sey manufacture." A premium of $3 was award- | ed to N. Barllett, for a beautiful specimen of cele- 1 ry, from the garden of Philip W. Martin, Esq. of Providence. To Esbon Sherman, for several bushels of Sweet Potatoes, raised in Warwick, some of them weighing more than two pounds, a premium of $8. GATHERING AND PRESERVING ROOTS. A proper place to deposite roots in is among the pie-requisites for their preservation. Loudon says "the root-house is used for storing up or de- positing potatos, turnips, carrots, cabbages, or oth- er roots or tops for the winter food of cattle. It should always join the cattle sheds, and communi- CHlion with them by an inner door that opens into the feeder's walk along bv the heads of the cat- tle. The entrance door ought to be so large as to admit a loaded cart. These houses are essen- tially necessary, wherever there is a number of cows or other sorts of cattle, to be supported on roots of the carrot, parsnip, turnip, and potato, kinds, as well as for cabbages, as without them it would not only be inconvenient, but in many ca- ses, in severe weather impossible to provide them for the daily supply of such stock. Cabbages should not, however, ever be kept long in houses, as they are very apt to take on the putrid fermen- tation and become useless. The master should be careful that the yard-man constantly keeps such places perfectly clean and sweet, in order that the roots may contract no bad smell, as cat- tle are in many cases e.vtremely nice in their feed- ing, and when once disgusted with any sort of food, seldom take to it again in a proper manner." Mr. McMahon's mode of preserving roots is as fol- lows : "Previous to the commencement of severe frost, you should take up, with as httle injury as possible, the roots of your turnips, carrots, jiars- nips, beets, salsafy, scorzonera, Hamburgh or large rooted parsley, skirrets, Jerusalem artichokes, tur- nip-rooted celery, and a sufficiency of horse radish for the winter consumption; cut off their tops, and expose the roots for a few hours, till sufiSciently dry. On the surf\ice of a very dry spot of ground, in a well sheltered situation lay a stratum of sand two inches thick, and on this a layer of roots of either sort, covering them with another layer of saud, (the dryer the better) and so continue layer about of sand and roots till all are laid in, giving the whole on every side a roof-like slope ; then cover this heap or ridge all over with about two inches of sand, over which lay a good coat of dxaw^j straw, up and down as if thatching a house, in order to carry off wet, and prevent its entering to the roots ; then dig a wide trench round the heap, and cover the straw with the earth so dug up, to a depth sufficient to preserve the roots ef- fectually from frost. An opening may be made on the south side of this heap and completely cov- ered with bundles of straw, so as to have access to the roots at all times when wanted for sale or use. "Some people lay straw, or buy between the layers of roots, and immediately on the top of them ; this I do not approve ol', as the straw or hay will become damp and mouldy, and very often occasion the roots to rot, while the sand would preserve them sweet and sound. "All these roots may be preserved in like man- ner in a cellar, but in such a jilace they are sub- ject to vegetate, and become stringy earlier in spring. The only advantage is, that in the cellar they may be had when wanted, niore convenient- ly during winter, than out of the field or garden heaps. "jVbie. All the above roots will preserve bet- ter in sand than in common earth, but when the former cannot be had, the sandiest earth you can procure must be dispensed with." In gathering roots, of the mangel wurlzel, or other beet, it is recommended to cut oft' the leaves aJiout half an inch abovethe crown, as they will' not keep so well, if cut more closely. 3Iessrs. Tristram, and Henry Little, of Newbury, Mass, in an account of their premium i-rop, state that "isthe best mode of preserving them we have tried divers ways ;— by pitting them— by putting them into a barn, and" covering them with hay. and by putting them into the cellar ; the last Vol.VII— No.16. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 127 ly mode we think the best." Col. Powel observes, that "one of his crops was ])iled in a cellar, in rows, as wood, and covered with sand." A writ- pr in the English Farmer^s Journal, observes tliat lie has practised with success the following mode of preserving this root : "I pack it in long heaps, about seven feet wide at the bottom. I begin by forming the outside with the roots, not stripped of their tops ; tops outwards ; the internal parts to he filled with roots without leaves ; continue one la\'er over another, until the heap is about six feet high, and about two feet broad at top, which may be covered in the same way ; the leaves form an efficient covering against rain and frost." Arthur Young says that the best way of storing potatoes (and no doubt the method would answer for other roots,) is in what are called potato pies. " A trench one foot deep and six wide is dug, and the earth clean shovelled out, and laid on one side; this lias a bedding of straw, and the one-horse carts shoot down the potatos into the trench ; wo- men pile them up about three feet high, in the shape of a house roof; straw is then carefully laid on six or eight inches thick, and covered witli earth a foot thick, neatly smootlied by fiat strokes of the .spade. In this method he never lost any by the severest frosts, but in cases or freezing v.ith un- common severity, another coat over all gives ab- solute .security." In Rutlandshire, Marshall says, tlie method of laying up potatos was universally that of camping them ; a method somewhat similar to the above, but which requires to be described. Camps are shallow pits, filled and ridged up as a roof with potatos, which are covered up with the excavated mould of the pit. This is a happy mean, he thinks, between burying them in deep pits and laying them on the surface. — Camps are of various sizes, being too frequently in a long square form, and of a size proportioned to the quantity to be laid up. It has, however, been found by experience that when the quantity is large, they are liable to heat and spoil ; much damage having been sometimes sustained by this imprudence. Experienced campers hold that a camp should not be more than three feet v.ide : four feet is perhaps as wide as it can be made with propriety, proportioning the length to the quantity, or if this be very large, forming a range of short ones by the side of each other. The usual depth is a foot. The bottom of the trench being bedded i a small with dry straw, the potatos are deposited, rid<;in attached to the cob, and draw the husk through hetchel, or suital.ly divide it with n coarse comb. The article is now fit for i\>^e — to he put into an entire sack, as straw is, or to be formed into a matrass as prepared hair is. Any upholsterer can do the work. This material is s.veet, pleasant, and durable. They are used in the southern and middle States, and in Spain and Portugal. ASPARAGDS IMPROVED BY IRRIGATIOK. W. J. Foster, a correspondent for the Garden- er's Magazine asserts that although writers on the cultivation of asparagus generally recommend a dry sloping situation he has succeeded in circum- stances directly the reverse. That some beds of his, which were completely flooded from the 1st. of October to the middle of February to the depth of from 6 to 12 inches proved unusually produc- tive. He is of opinion that the cultivation of this vegetable may be improved by intentional flooding. Mr. Main observes on this that " Wa nve all a- ware of the cflsct of irrigation on meadow land ; the liquid covering which excludes the air and not the light stimulates the vegetation surprising- ly, it being only a denser medium, in which per- haps, the principal food of plants exists, and where no other quality necessary for them is wanting. — When motion to the water, also, can be given it is an additional advantage ; and now, since the dis- covery of forming fountain wells, by which small, never failing streams of water can be procured [we should be glad to hear something more of this discovery] and carried in any direction, we really think it within the bounds of practicability to force asparagus, and perhaps several other plants by means of water only. It has also struck us that Mr. Foster's experience accounts most sat- isfactorily for the superiority of the Gravesend, Deptford and Battersea crops of asparagus, the al- luvial banks of the Thames being so near an ap- proach to the circumstances mentioned by our correspondents. Jf^miled, On a ftrm in Ro^burv a 3'oung- man whn has a knnxvledffp of farminff and can brins recommendations for industry Ac. Ap- Kov. 7. Pressed Herbs. Sweet Marjoram and otiicr culinary and medicinal herlis, pressed, and packed by (he Canierbury 'Shakers, at iheir prices. Seed Potatos. A few buslicls La Plata or I,nn» Ked Polahis, raised by Mr fiourgas of Weslon ; selecied (or seed, ef a uniform size, ami much improved as lo their carliness, by ili? careful aiienlion of iVIr U. Also a few of ilie verj superior Irish Whites Potatos. Orchard Grass Seed. — Flhit Wheat, S,-c. A further supply of Orcharil Grass Heed— growth of 1828. Two hundred pounds ol Red Onion Seed. A few buslieis \\'hite Flint Fall Wheat, commonly- called Ca- nal Wheat. — Also, Oilman Spring Wheat. Garden and Field Seeds. The largest collection arid variety of Garden, Field, Tree anil Herb Seeds to be iijund m N(;w England, at wholesale and retail The Seeds are all raised in this vicinity, expressly for this Es- lablishment, by careful and experienced growers, and are war- ' rained pure aiVl fresh. Country traders supplied w ith boxes ot prime seeds, for the retail Irade, mi liberal terms. .\ pamphlet catalogiie (2d edition) of our Seeds, Trees, &c is published and will be Ibrwai'ded gratis to any one who will send lor it. Splendid Bulbous Hoots, &,■€. A further supply of Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Gladioles. S'no'v l>rops. I Vocus, Star of Bclhlchem, Joiiouilles, Kanuneii- lus, ills, <;rowu Imperials, Anemones, Crocus', &e. from 12 lo C2 cts.each, A very few of thefrursi Hyacinths, . r.i fiir several Attpntinn ir. tho f„_„ • , . ' , ' "'"'"'1""^ "f '"e ■^""'"'•(m TAor?;. which will be delivered here Attention to the foregoing remarks maybe the at X5 per thousand f-r seedlings :,(?« for plants iwo vears old, means of preventing the experienced cultivator P'^sonsm want ofihisvaluablelhonif^jr live hedges are desired from falling into either of those errors. FRESH SEEDS AND ROOTS. FSeld Peas. A consignmeni of 50 bushels of Field Peas, f-oin Vermnni, of the growth of 1827. in good order. They will be sold by ihe tierce at ^1.75 per bushfl. Grape Vines. Onhftnfl. well packed in moss for transporlalion. a n.ond col- I lection of Grape Vines, al the nursery prices. oOcis. to gLOUper root. Purchaseriv are requested to notice that tire above roots are 7to pf/fc/fn.Mj./ offices— at the courts, and wherever business and to a day — nay, an hour, was dishonor. ■ duty required them to be. One of ray rich neighbors, who keeps his coach, j I once took great pleasure in dining at a parti his horses, and hounds, and entertains company all the year round, never pays a debt except through the medium of the sheriff. I am happy to know two of his creditors— it will be sufficient to single out two. One his overseer — the other a female weaver. Tlicse poor people have worked for him for years without compensation, and with but little chance of any. And yet no one ven- tures to say lie is dishonest! I lately attended a vendue, where goods and _. ty for the acqu ty thousand trees now cultivaied by them consist'ng of a great variety of Apples. Peaches, Plums*', Cherries, Quinces, »S:c. em- bracing most of the celebrated and esteemed kinds in this couu- trv. Tiie utmost care has been observed by the original pro- ^ ^ prietor for more than thirtv years, in making the selection and „.,!„.. »o,.<„.., ..ur lins^t WT5 pnTJrplv to mv taste. 1 the vvhole is now oft'ered as containing none but the most worth- cular tavern— my hObt was entirely to '"> "^'^- |„f ^„|,i„aiio„ Persons noi acquainfed with the dilVcrent kinds The first dish was invariably placed on the table • ^^ „ame, who w ish to procure choice kmds, by stating the time bv his own hand while the clock was striking the { thry wish them to ripen, may conficiemlv trust to the proprietors , •' . -, ij .1 ■•„ 1 (Vv,.r'o.i without fear of disappointment. All orders will be promptly at- hour of two. He wouldniot have waucci lor oen. ^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^, ^^^^i^ |ur„islied at their nursery, this fall or nexl Washington himself, who, by the bye, would not spring, at the followii.^ prices, have expected him to do so ; for, he himself, was of this family — punctiliously punctual. But, while I recommend punctuality, I am far from advising running in debt in any way— it is a rock on which many young men are wrecked. "Borrowing dulls spring, at the foltowiisg Apples, per hundred, Peaches do Plums do Cherries do Quinces do Horse Chesnuls Oct 3 Cl . . . glG 16 25 -25 K16 and 25 . 25 JOHN A. &. SAMUEL Wn.SON. chattels were going off under execution. Every ! the edge of husbandry," and any one addicted to one was pitying the debtor, whose property was it, is a troublesome neighbor. Candor and fair thus under sacrifice, but not a man sympathized dealing are virtues of the same stamp. ^^Honesly ^ _ with the creditors, (some of whom had been al- {s ihe tesi poKci/," whatever the specidators and ; upwards of si.My different kind, of seeds, vegetable and orna- . „ \ r .1, . . „r tUo\f rU,ot! I • 1- ' ., «v,;.,l- tr. tV.o <.nnti-nvir f} w Far mental, in quantities sutScieni tor a common kitchen garden. — most starving for years) ior the want of then ones, horse jockies may think to the tontiaiy .— .^m.J '" . ; , ^^^^-'^^ ,^^ ^g„,^„ variety of seeds to be found in New Eng- Seeds for the West Indies. Merchants, masters ol vessels and others trading to the West Indies, can be furni.shed with boxes of Seeds, assorted, suitable forthat market, at from gi to go per box. — Each box contains withhold by this unjust and unfeeling man. i felt indignant, and only regretted that the law's had been so great. Why pity him ? He delay _ ^ . had put it off as long as possible. The law, though slow, had at length overtaken him, and was x land, by the pound or bushel, all warranted pure, and of ihe growth of 1827. Shopping.— An American in England went to hear the celebrated Rowland Hill preach, and heard him tell the following story in the pulpit : Speaking of patience, he said he would tell us a wrenching from his firm grasp property unjustly story. "I once went into a shop where t''e>-e was .^1 his possession, to give it to the right owners- a clerk, a very pious, godly young man ; and «hile and felt glad of itfal.hough it broke up a man I was there, he was obliged t., haul down goods r figure ' ° ,in ,,iies from the shelces, and spread them out, l7ne no kind of objection to coaches, hounds, I and then lay them away again and I'"" ''own and horses, where thej are supported by proper more ; and all, for nothing m the "orld, bt, to means ; but I have no patience with a man who ; gratify the curiosity and ''''V"'%'![^/'^^' f^ indulges in such luxuries while his creditor has to idle, gossipping customers, who did nt wan to walk (perhaps barefoot) and go supperless to bed, !buy any thing. But I must tell you, by he «aj merely becluse he, or his wife, has a taste for that this practice is very rtide and uncivil. Some rirem or that their neighbor, who can afford it, ! people don't care how much trouble they give. _ ^ _ _ _ L.J. c„pI> fI,in.Ts It is^lot hoMst They'll go into a shop, and have piece after piece g„d of the year-but those who pay wit Inn s,.My days B^ut " let tls refurn to our muUo" "-« The ptmc take'n do\-a and unrolled ; when they don't want time.of subcr.bing, are entitled to a deduction of .Oy Sausage Machine. Orders for the Sausage Filling Machi.ne, (post-paid,) sent to the Agricultural Establishment, No. 52 North Market Street, Boston, or to the subscriber, will receive prompt auenlion. Dorchester, Oct. 23. JOHN WEARS. Uj=One of Ihe machines is left al the Agricultural Warehouse for examination. Gunpowder, (fc. Du Pom's Gun Powder, at 23 to 30 cts. per pound— Shot— Balls — Flints and Percussion Caps. Also, Alum— Refined Salt Pelre- Blue Vitriol, &c. constant- ly for sale at the Piipont Pnwdcr Store, No. 65 Broad street — BvE. COPE LAND, Jr. 'iCr The Du Pont sold as above, is warranted first quaht.v— and is marked "£. Copehnd, jr. Boston," on the head of the cask tf Marfh 14 Published every Friday, al S3 per annum, payable at the ■ ' ' - ■■'• - -■ — irom ihe MEW 13MIJE.AW1> FAKMEM. Published by John B. Russell, at JVo. 52 A'«V/i Markd Street, (over the Agricvlliiral Warehouse). — Thomas G. Fessenue.'*, Editor. - VOL. VII BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 14, 1828. No. 17. AGRICULTURE, FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMKr.. ON THE IJIPROVED BREEDS OF CATTLE. Mr Fessenden — Many of us liave boon disap- jioiuted, aiid some of us, wlio have sent cows from a distance, greatly to our inconvenience and loss, by the decided impotence of the im- ported bull Bolivar, owned by Col. Powel, and kept by Mr Jaques of Charlcstown. I have no skill in judf^ing of stock of this kind ; and it would require none to see that this noble animal in his appearance and external properties has never been surpassed nor equalled among us. Several competent judges have pronounced liini the fmest animal ever brought into the country'. It is matter of great regret, therefore, that lie is incapable, at least in his present condition, of propagating his species. That the pro])rietor of iliis superior animal could have been aware or oven suspicious of this deficiency, no person, who is acquainted with this intelligent, public-spirited and most liberal patron of every agricultural im- ])rovement, can for a moment believe. It is im- possible : and my present object is to show that the result in this instance is not extraordinary in regard to such high bred animals ; and to leave it to others to account for, or discuss this fact, which seems to be well known among distinguished breoder.s. I will quote from some letters of the Rev. Hen- KY Berry, one of the most eminent agriculturists in Great Britain, on the subject of the Improved Breeds of Cattle, published in the British Farmer's iVIagazine. In the No. for May 1827, quoting from Mar- ■r of a fine animal, who has taken no pains in rearing her, and is under no obligations to raise her progeny, I do not well see. The owner of the cow, who ob- tained the first premium, came by an accidental purchase into possession of her less than a year ago. She was then of full age, and the previous owner selected her by chance from a drove of cat- tle, without any knowledge of her good qualities. There was nothing in her appearance to recom- mend her, as the Committee allow that she had no remarkable points whatever, and was a home- ly animal. She it seems has given an extraordi- nary quantity of milk, averaging ten quarts a day for more than ten months ; and of a superior qual- ity, though I could not learn from the report, by vvhat evidence this latter fact was established The Conuiiittee give no statement of any meas- urement of her cream or any amount of butter produced by her. The quantity of her inilk was certainly extraordinary among us ; — yet still I am at a loss to know why the accidental owner of such an animal, lot her be ever so distinguished, should be rewarded with a premium for the Im- provement of Live Stock. How is that end to be promoted, if nothing more is requisite than that he should present the animal at the Show. My opinimi is, that such a premium should nol be bestowed, excepting where the owner has shown either particular skill in the selection, or particular care in the raising of the animal : — and will give security to the Tru.stees that he v/ill (extraordinary accidents excepted) raise one or more of her progeny. Suppose for example, in case of obtaining the first premium of thirty dol- lars, fifteen or twenty dollars .should be paid at the time ; a bond should be taken that the owner rear the next calf; and the balance of the pre- mium should be paid to him, on his exhibiting such calf at least a year old, at the Brighton show. This, which I by no means suggest as the best mode, would certainly conduce much more to the objects of the premium than the course now pur- sued. In the present instance, the last calf, which this cow produced was sold, I understand, to the butcher ; and she has been .sent the present sea- son to an ordinary bull ; as the owner has no ob- ject but to make the most from the sale of her milk. I beg leave through your useful paper to sug- gest these considerations to the Tru.stees of the Society, to whose enlightened, disinterested, and patriotic services, no one bears a more grateful testimony than Your obedient servant, JVuv. 12, 1828. A. Z. REMEDY FOR CANKER WOR5IS. BIr Fessenoen — In reading some weeks since in the New England Farmer, a description of" an apparatus for i)rotecting trees from the ravages of the canker worm," I was reminded of a plan that I once formed, which is somewhat similar to the one invented by Mr Houghton. If in your opinion it promises to be of utility, you will please to publish it in your valuable pa- per. My plan is to place around the trunk of tiie tree a small quantity of earth, or what would be preferable, compost manure, upon which and around the tree is to be placed a square, wooden frame in which is cut a trough or channel, an inch in width to bo filled with lime-water. The spaces between the frame and tree are to be filled with clay mortar. Nothing further is necessary than to keep the trough full, or perhaps to remove the grubs that might fall therein. In my opinion the final expense would be less than that of tarrino-, as the frame can remain, if necessary, several 130 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 14, 1828. years, provided a sufficient allowancc'^is mado in tlirir dimensions, for the growth of the tree. The joints of the frames can ho filled with tar to ren- flcr them \v;iter tight. II. Wtsthoro' Abf. 6, 1828. instruction. Tlie Society dined at Capt. Emory's hall. A few clioice sentiments, together with a song written for the occasion hy a tnemhcr of tlie Society, and sung with spirit and eflcct, l)y Major John D. Ahhot, closed the repast. The plousrhing mntcli, which was well conduct- Having broken the spear of ^j^ occupied a part of Thursday, and the reading and attending to the reports of the various Com- mittees and an instructive dis.sertation from Dr. Ebenezer Lerncd, of Ilopkinton, closed the inter- esting exercises. — Abridged from j\\ H. Statesman. Mr FesseiVden my pump, about 4 feet from the brake, the upper box fell so that it rested on the bow of the lower ; consequently the top of the spear which is of | square iron, was 4 feet under water. Quere. — How could the box and rod be extracted by any process short of hoisting out the p\imp ? A SUBSCRIBEIl. N. SOLUTION. The mode adopted was as follows — I took a dry Spruce pole, secured the end by a ferrule, bored a bole of sufficient size to admit the end of the spear, put it down on the end of the spear, held fast the pole in my hand, driving it as in the act of insert- ing an axe or hammer handle to prevent the box from being injured by the bow of the lower box — let it remain in the water a few minutes to swell, then draw the whole gently forth. M. MERRIMACK AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. On the ISth and 16th of October, the 5th An- nual Cattle Show and Exhibition of Household and Domestic Manufactures, for Merrimack coun- ty, N. H. was held at Loudon village. The exhi- hibition was well attended, notwithstanding the roughness of the weather. The exhibition of do- mestic manufactures, though not so large as on some former occasions, was highly respectable; — and indicated an evident improvement in many branches of household industry. The specimens of carpeting were numerous and handsome. Some of the pieces would not suffer in comparison with the best imported Kidderminster. The specimens of various other articles of manufacture were of good fabric, and worthy of commendation. Ele- gant samples of needle work, handsome counter- panes, one in particular very superb ; two finely wrought bonnets, fabricated of the conmion spear grass, excelling in beauty many of the finest Leg- horns. Specimens of native silk, excellent garden vegetables, a Carolina or sweet potato, which with several others were raised by Gen. Isaac East- man, of Concord, a cotton plant by Mr. William Francis, of the same place, and fine samples of butter and cheese were among the products ex- llibitcd. The neat stock was very much commended. Among the animals presented for inspection but not for prcniiuui, was a large ox, owned by Col- onel Story and Mr. Stinson, of Dunbarton, of the same breed with the great Greenland ox lately exhibited at the south, and now in Boston for ex- hibition. This ox, or stag, is now five years old ; a well built and good proportioned animal — his iveigbt is not known, but his girth is more eight feet, and his length nearly twelve. The public exercises were, "a very appropriate The folloiL'inf; CentUmen were elected Officers of the Merrimack Jgricidtural Society for the year ensu- ing. William A. Kent, of Concord, President, .loshua Darling, Ilenniker, Vice-President. Tiiomas D. Merrill, Epsom, Treasurer. John West, Concord, Secretary. Richard II. Ayer, of Hooksett — Caleb Merrill, of Pittsfield — Joshua Fifield, of Salisbury — James Cochran, ofNorthfield — Levi Bartlett, of Warner — Isaac Gerrish of Boscawen — Directors. The following is the list of Premiums awarded : Enoch Gerrish, Boscawen, for the best farm, $12. Wm. Little, Ilopkinton, the next best do. 10 Benj Wheeler, Concord, the next best do. 8 Laban Morrill, Canterbury, the next best do. 6 Amos Cogswell, Canterbury, the next best, 4 Page Eaton, Henniker, the best Kitchen Gar- den, 3 John Proctor, Henniker, for his Crops, 4 Sam'l A. Kimball, Concord, for the best field corn 3 Sam'l French, Loudon, the best pair Working Oxen, 4 John Kimball, Canterbury, the next best do 1 vol. N. E. Farmer, OIney Thompson, Pittsfield, the best pair 3 year old Steers, 3 John Curry, Northfield, the next best do. 1 vol. N. E. Farmer. Simon Green, Pittsfield, the best bull, 4 Warren Story, Dumbarton, the next best do 3 Charles Glidden, Northfield, the next best do. N. E. Farmer, Laban Morrill, Canterbury, the best two year old Steers, 2 Enos Iloit, Northfield, the best bull Calf, 1 vol. N. E. Farmer. Robt. Ambrose, Concord, the best Jlilch Cuw, 4 David Morrill, Canterbury, the next best do, 3 Enos Hoit, Northfield, the next best do 1 vol. N. E. Farmer. David Morrill, Canterbury, the best three year old Heiler, 2 Joseph Baker, Loudon, the best Boar, 3 Isaac Virgin, Concord, the best sow, 1 vol. E. Farmer. Jeremiah Emery, Concord, the two best Sprini: Pigs, 2 Joab Patterson, Ilopkinton, the best piece Full- ed Cloth, 3 Amos Putney, Warner, the next best do 1 vol. N. E. Farmer. Joab Patterson, Ilopkinton, the next best do, 1 Joshua Darling, Ileniker, the best piece Cassi- mere, 3 William L. Woods, do. the next best do 1 Vol. N. E. Farmer. Joab Patterson, Ilopkinton, the best specimen dressed Fulled Cloth, 1 Vol. N. E. Farmer. Joab Patterson, do the next best do. 1 Mrs. Richard Bradley, Concord, the best piece Carpeting, 3 Miss Mehitable Tucker, Ilopkinton, the next best do. 2 Charles Stinson, Dumbarton, the best Cotton & Woolen Coverlet, 1 Abigail Davis Canterbury, the next best do. — 50 cts. Miss Comfort Moore, Loudon, the best Coun- terpane. 3 Benjamin F. Neil, Loudon, the next best do. 50 cts. Joab Patterson, Hopkinton, the best piece ot Flannel, 3 Bervjamin F. Neil, Loudon, the best pair of blankets, 1 Mrs. Abigail Davis, Canterbuiy, the next best pair of blankets, 1 Asenath Mason, Loudon, the next best do. 1 Mrs. Nancy Dudley, Pembroke, the best Grass or Straw bonret, 2 Miss Mary B. Martin, Loudon, the next best do. 1 Susan Chadwick, Boscawen, the best woolen hose, 2 pair, 1 Mrs. Page Eaton, Henniker, the next best do. 50 cts. Charles Stinson, Dumbarton, the best piece lin- en cloth, 2 John Townsend, Salisbury, the next best do. 1 Charles Stinson, Dumbarton, the best piece ta- ble linen, 2 Mehitable Foster,. Canterbury, the next best do. 1 Charles Glidden, Northfield, the best specimen of Cheese, 1 Vol. N. E. Farmer Enoch Gerrish, Boscawen, the next best do. 1 , Charles Glidden, Northfield, the best specinieii of butter, 1 Vol. N. E. Farmer. Cyrus Tucker, Loudon, the next best do. 1 Ruel Walker, Loudon, the best maiuifactured David MorrdI, Canterbury, the next best do 1 leather, 1 Vol. N. E. F.armer. vol. N. E. Farmer, than 1 Joshua Lane, Chichester, the best two years oVI i Heifer, 2 I Daniel K. Foster, do. the next best do, 1 prayer from the Rev. Mr. Arnold, an address by | Philip Cvrrigun, Esq. of Epsom." Of Colonel . Carrigaiu's address, it is perhaps sufficient to say that it is characterized by the exuberance of fan- cy, flow of humor, and elegance of diction which have so long distinguished its accomplished au- thor. But to do justice to it we shotdd say more than this — we should say that it embraced, among other good things, a good iiortion of valuable in- fori\iation, and conveyed much useful, practical Richard Greenoiigh, Canterbury, the 4 best yearlings, 1 vol. N. E. Farmer. Charles Moody, Loudon, the best Stud Horse 5 Stephen Cute, Loudon, the best Mare and Colt. 4 Stephen Perkins, Chichester, the next best do 1 vol. N. ?]. Farmer. Richard Greenough, Canterbury, the best Saxon or Merino Buck, 4 Richard Greenough, Canterbury, the 5 best Saxon or Merino Ewes, 3 Same, the best calfskins, 1 Isaac Eastman, Concord, the best bre&liing uj. plough, 1 Vol. N. E. Farmer. Same, the best seed plough, 1 Same, the best ox yoke, 1 Same, improvemeut in plough, 2 Same, the best specimen of Blacksmith work, 1 Vol. N. E. Farmer. Same, the next best do. 1 Dr. Ebenezer I-ernerd, Ilopkinton, the dissertar tion on making compost manure, 1 Vol. N.E.Fan^ Benj. F. Neil, London, the best hearth rug, U Miss Clarissa Brown, Epsom, Lace Veil, 1 \oi.\!i.— No. n AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 131 Miss Sarah Jane Stevens, Pembroke, Lace, oO cts. Mrs. Catliariiie 11. Stevens, ilo. Lace Handker- chief, 50 cts. Cena Tucker, Loiidoti, Lace Veil, 50 cts. Benj. F. Neil, do. Cape Lace, 50 cts. Miss Mary E. Little, Iloijkintoii, Lace Ilandkcr- ■•liief, 50 cts. Same, Lace Collar, 50 cts. Miss Sally M. Cady, Concord, Lace Cap, 50 cts. Jolin L. Hall, Northticld the hest i)loiighing, 4 Cljai'les Olidden, do. next best do. 3 Sliadrach Cate, Loudon, next best do. 1 Scalds and Burns. — A Doctor Ward, of Maii- rhester, corroborated by Mr Tathain, surgeon, of Kendal, has published cases in the Lancet of se- vere burns and scalds eficctually cured by dredg- ing the parts afli?cted with fine wheaten flour. — This process is to be repeated as often as appar- ently requisite, and the flour allowed to remain on I he patient, in the form of paste, till it gradually falls otTas the skin has been restored. The relief from pain is, in every instance, described as im- mediate. It is recommended generally to cover the flour with cloths, to exclude the air ; and, lest ignorant people should slight so simple a remedy, Mr Tatham advises that the profession should send this specific to the afllictcd " in a formal manner." Extraordinary crop of Onions. — The extraordi- nary quantity of 141 bushels of Onions was gath- ered off 190 square yards of ground in the garden «jf Newburg this present autumn, being at the rate of 1000 bushels ])er acre. Taking each bushel to w eigh four stones and an half, it will give nearly one stone to each square yard, and rate at the enormous quantity of twenty-nine tons and an half per acre. — i'ork Htrald (Eng.) Cheap and valuable Manure — Raise a platform of earth, eight feet wide, one foot high, and of any length according to the quantity wanted on the head-land of a field ; on the first stratum of earth spread a thin stratum of lime fresh from the kiln, dissolve or slake this with salt brine or sea-water from the nose of a watering-pot, add immediately another layer of earth, then lime and brine as be- fore, carrying it to any convenient height. In a week it should be turned over, carefully broken and mixed, so that the mass may be thoroughly incoqiorated. This compost has been used in Ire- laud, has doubled the crops of ijotatoes and oats, &c. &c. and is said to be far superior to stable dung. — Bucks Gaz. and as it readily produces seed, a few plants would be suflicient to stock a whole neighbour- hood.— JV. Y. Farmer. BETULA, the Birch free. The trees of this genus most commonly known, are the birch and the alder. All the hetula love a moist soil. The birch is applied to an infinity of uses. A wine is drawn (by tapping) from the trunk, by the natives of Canada ; and in Europe wine is made from the fruit of the alder. The birch, though the worst of timber, is manufactur- ed into vessels of various domestic uses. It makes cajiital charcoal. The inner silken bark, whicli peels off annually, was formerly used for writing on, before the invention of paper. In the north- ern climates the coarse bark is used instead of tiles or slates for the covering of houses. It is also used in certain proces.scs of dyeing, and for tanning leather. In Kamtschatka they form the bark into hats and drinking cups. One great ad- vantage in the birch, is, that it will grow where scarcely any thing else will thrive, and thus, al- most barren land m.ay be made to bring in a cer- tain income- of at least 20s. ])er acre. Broom makers are constant customers for the twigs, and hoop benders for the larger branches, and for the trunks, the turners and manufacturers of instru- ments of husbandry have a constant demand. .yew Zealand Spinach (Tttragonia eipansa). — This most delightful vegetable which has only within a few years been introduced among us, forms an important addition to our cuUnary herbs, and is remarkable for the luxuriance with which it grows in our climate. In the garden of Mr Wilson at Rose Hill, a single plant, the produce of one seed, covered, this summer, an area of 4 feet 4n extent, and abounded with large, tender, succu- lent leaves, aflording one of the most delicate greens for the table of any of the spinaceous plants. It has the further advantage over other spinage of maintaining its succulence and verdure the whole summer ; and crops may be frequently taken during the season from the same root. No kitchen garden ought to be without a supply of it ; Extracts from Prince cm Horticulture. Ilex Opaca, or Common American Holly. — This is the most hardy of the native species, and is found growing in abundance on the sandy beaches of Long-Island, on the borders of the ocean, and ex- posed to every storm. Its growth is slow, and in some instances it is said to attain to the height of 60 feet, or more ; but its general size is from 15 to 20 feet. During, however, the whole stage of its growth, it presents a fine appearance, the dark green foliage being finely contrasted by its bright red berries. Symphoria glomerata, or Indian Currant — This forms a shrub of about five feet in height ; the branches are numerous ; the leaves are small, oval, and very profuse ; the flowers are small and make no show, but are followed by red fruit at every joint and leaf, about the size of currants, which give it an interesting appearance, and re- main on until late in winter. Ail three of the foregoing are of easy culture ; they will thrive in almost any soil, and throw up numerous shoots. Clematis vitalba, or Traveller''s Joy. This, altho' a native of Europe, greatly resembles the Virgin- ian Virgin's bower. Its growth, however, is far more strong and vigorous — its branches are very nimierous, and will quickly overtop hedges, or any thing they can climb by. The leaves are pinnated, of a blueish green, and moderately large ; the flowers are white, and are produced in clusters all over the plant in July and August. These are succeeded by seeds, each with a hairy jdume, which remain on during winter, and it is from the appearance of these covering the tops of hedges, &c. in winter, and giving them an appearance calculated to amuse the traveller, that it has re- ceived the appellation of Traveller's Joy. Pinus microcarpa, or Common American Spruce. This is called by many Hackmatack, and grows naturally in low wet situations, where it forms a tree often of 40 feet in height ; it will succeed in an upland soil, and its pale green foliage, taken in connection with their peculiar arrangement, render it very beautiful and interesting. The appearance also of the small cones when young is worthy of notice, and adds much to its ornament at that pe- riod. In this particular there are three varieties, viz. those producing white cones, brown cones, and red cones. These variations, which are so striking during the growth of the cones, are not equally discernablo at their maturity, as they then become dry and lose their color. Striped Maple, or Acer striatum. — This is a tree of fine foliage, and medium stature; the bark of the young branches is most singularly striped with white. Spiraa. — This genus comprises many shrubs of delicate and beautiful appearance, which arc mostly natives of Siberia and North America, viz.. Spiraa hypeiicifolia, or Hypericum Leaved. — The leaves of this are very small, and the tlowers arc exceedingly delicate and beautiful : these arc white, and produced in the greatest profusion along the branches, forming in many instances long wreaths. It attains to the height of about five feet. Spiraea salicifolia, or Willow Leaved. — The flow- ers of this are also white, and are produced in panicles, more or less diffiise, and are much ad- inired. This forms rather a taller shrub than the preceding, and its leaves are also of larger size. Sorbus americana, or .American Mountain Ash. — This somewhat resembles the Scotch Roan tree, (which has long been considered as one of the greatest ornaments of Highland scenery,) but its leaves are much larger, and of a paler green ; tlie berries which compose its clusters are also small- er, added to which, it loses its foliage much soon- er, as autuum advances. The tree is also of less stature than the Scotch Roan, and in gardens, seldom rising above twelve or fourteen feet, and forming a far less regular top than the foregoing. Its large clusters of bright red fruit are neverthe- less beautiful, and although it is not equal to the European, it possesses claims to our attention. The Kalmia latifolia grows to the height of sev- en or eight feet, and sometimes higher. The wood is hard, compact, and is enqiloyed by turn- ers and joiners, in making work requiring such wood. It also furnishes handles for scythes. Purifying water. — I^is not so generally known as it ought to be, that powdered alum possessis the property of purifying water. A large table spoonful of )nilverized alum, si)riidfled into a hogs- head of water, (the water stirred briskly round at the time) will, after the lapse of a few hours, by precipitating to the bottom the impure particles, so purify it, that it will be found to possess nearly all the freshness and clearness of fine spring wa- ter. Four gallons may be purified by a single tea-spoonful. Distressing accident. — A child of about four years of age belonging to Mr. Rosebury, of Green- wich, was a few days since, burned to death at the house of its father in law. We ujiderstand that the child was left alone in the house, and getting near the fire, its clothes caught, and before assist- ance came it was so dreadfully burnt that it expir- ed the same night. Let parents and guardians be- ware ! 132 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov, 14, 1823. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND F.iRJlEK. ( OXTRIEUTIOWS TO EMTOMOLOGY. iJV TUADDEUS WILLIAM 1L\UI!!S, AI. D. No. IV. Subgenus .'Inchomenus. L'nited to CaUistus iiy Latreille, who infoniis us lliat it is distinguished from Jlgonum by having (he thorax heart-shaped and truncated at base and apex. Leach says that the characteristics of this genus of BonelU are, to liavc the tliird and fourtl> joints of the palpi equal, suh-acute ; the basal tho- racic angles acute ; and {.'n which it differs from Caltislus) in having the thora.x glabrous, the lab- rum transversely ijuadratc, entire, and the Ijody .■Soniewliat depresseil. Our species exhibits the above characters, on which I must depend for the propriety of arrang- ing it in the genus, no foreign types of which I have seen. Congeneric is fero.ma decora, Say, and probably also the species named by liim, f. finciicollis and dccmlis. The decora is about the size of the following, has a rufous thorax and dark cupreous elytra. They are fou.Td under stones in wet meadows. Jl. extensicoUis. Head and thorax green, elytra purple, margined witii green ; beneath piceous ; feet ochreous. Length seven tweuticths of an incl:. Head imjjunctured, and, with the thorax, terug- inous green ; li[) and mandibles piceous, j)alpi and .intennjE dark rcdish brov/n, basal joint of the lat- ter ochreous. Thorax at base and dilated lateral indentations slightly punctured, dorsal furrow dis- tinct. Scutel blackish purple. Elytra deep red- ish purple, external subtnargln green, with twelve or more ocellated punctures ; striae distinctly punc- tured at base interstitial lines very slightly convex, with exceedingly minute punctures, the third line with from five to seven large punctures, three of which nearest the base are contiguous to the third stricB, the fourth in the middle of the interstitial line, and the remaining ones contiguous to the second stria. Body bencatli glabrous, piceous ; feet ochreous. The punctures of the interstitial lines are so small as not tu be discovered except by a power- ful magnifier. It is probable that tliia insect is the FERONiA exlejiskcltis of Say, with whose des- cription it agrees in most respects, and therefore j j;is name i^ adopted, until a comiiarison with an undoubted specimen of his insect shows mine to be distinct, in which case it may receive the spe- cific appellation of proxhnus. Mr. Say describes the extensiotlis as having impunclured stri.e, con- vex interstitial lines, rufous antennro and italpi, and testaceous feet, in whicli it diflcis from our species. GE.XUS CIILjE-^IIUS. c. *puhescsr}s. Head and thorax green, elytra olivaceous, head iinpuncturetl, lubruni truncate, body beneath fuscous feet pafj ochreous. Length nearly nine twentieths of an inch. i5udy pubescent, the hairs decumbent, sericc- uus, ferruginous. Head bald, glabrous, impunc- lured. Palpi and three basal joints of the anten- nce ochre.cus yellow, ^nooth ; remaining joints fuscous, very hairy. Labruin and mandibles cas- taneous. Thorax above green, pcliilicd, punctur- ed, with longer, more elevated hairs than on the elytra ; broadest in the middle ; longitudinal and transverse diameters subequal ; lateral edges pur- ple, regularly curved, slightly excurvpd at base ; disc distinctly canaliculate, basal lines tinged with purple, elongated, and curving outwards towards the middle of the margin. Coleoptra olivaceous, disc purplish, submargin green, outer edge dark ferruginous ; surface slightly polished, deeply and distinctly [)unctured ; punctures of the strito ap- proximated, less distinct at tip ; interstitial lines a little convex. Pectus, jiostpectus and vent fusco- piceous, punctured, with remote hairs. Feet pale ochreou? yellow. Apparently approaches very near to c. Penn- ■ Hhaiucus, Melsheimer; but differs from Mr. Say's description of that species in being pubescent, in the paler color of the base of the antennte and feet, and in the diiiercntly colored elytra, and truncate labrum, the punctures of the striie, altho' less distuict, are by no means obsolete at tip. Found under stones in wet places. GENUS DIC^LCS. D. *Lconardii. Redish black, polished ; body, beneath, feet, and palpi piceous ; antennte fawn- colored. Length half an inch. Body glabrous, polished, impunciured, above deep piceous or rcdish black, beneath paler. Man- dibles and labrum black, palpi piceous at base paler at tip. Three basal joints of the aiuennaa piceotls glabrous, remaining ones covered with fawn-colored pubescence. Thorax quadrate, dia- meters equal, not contracted before ; anterior an- gles simply rounded ; somewhat contracted be- hind the middle, and rectangular at base, where it nearly equals the coleoptra in breadth ; lateral edge not reflected ; dorsal and lateral lines deep ; anterior part of the disc with a small foveolus, each side of the dorsal line, and having a fortui- tous appearance. Elytral striae impunctured ; in- terstitial lines very convex, submarginal one ser- rato-punctate within. Feet piceous, tarsi paler above, and almost fawn-colored beneath. The filiform antenna; will prevent this insect from being mistaken for aeax coracitius, Say, to which it appears to have some resemblance. The latter insect is known to me only by description. This fine dicclus was sent to me from Dublin, N. II. by the Rev. L. W. Leonard, whose kindness I aiP. happy to acknowledge by the name. Two other species of the genus are found in this vicin- ity, namely, d. dilalatus, Say, and n. elongatus, Bo- nclli. They are foimd under stones, but are rare. [Kiom Ihe New York Slalcsinan.] ON BLACK DYEING AS APPLIED TO WOOLEN CLOTH AND HATS. The dyeing of black has deterioated so much within the last forty years in England, and in this country as the copyist of England, that the colors would be considered as unwearable, were not the cloths as evanescent in their fabric as the colors arc fugitive. The faint miserable colors given to the blacks in the present day has been mainly the result of the prevailing passion for cheap goods. — To meet and indulge that ridiculous unprofitable ! passion, the manufacturer has been compelled 1 gradually to make his goods in the most finnsy manner, and the dyer to make his color at as low a rate as possible. So much has the dyeing of black been lowered in the west of England, that a piece of twenty yards of broad cloth whicli for- ty years since was charged thirty shillings, is now done for six shillings and eight pence, and the dy- er makes nearly the same profit now as he did then. Before the year 1790, all the black cloths dyed in England, excepting the coarser grades, were colored blue in the woad vat previous to their re- ceiving the black dye ; and a considerable portion of nutgalls was used with logwood, &.r. in finish- ing the color. All the black clotlis brought from England have a white and a blue rose near the end. The white rose was designed to show that the cloth was white previously to its being dyed blue ; for, as cloths dyed other colors, if found de- fective, were usually dyed black to cover their im- perfections, and as repeated colorings were found to injure the texture of the goods, the dealers would not give the same price for cloths without the white rose. The blue rose was designed to show that it had received the blue dye, and the color of the rose was considereil a criterion of the depth of the blue given. The white and blue ro- ses are still preserved ; but the blue is never put on, excepting by dipping a corner of the cloth in the blue vat, and by tying a rose on that part Nutgalls, which were found to give permanency to the colors, have also been exploded as too expeu: sive ; and the blacks now given to the pubhc, are dyed with only logwood, fustic, aud sumach. The latter being the only niaterial in the composition that has any tendency to impart the least degree of permanency to the color, and that is necessari- ly used in such small portions, to preserve the blue bloom of the now fashionable colors, as to have hut little elTeet in checking the fugitive dye of the logwood. The French and the Germans have always made much better black, and given to that color a far greater degree of permanency than the Engli.sh. I am aware that this opinion will be considered as- high treason by English agents, through whose in- fluence the most flimsy goods, and the most mis- erable colors, have become fashionable in this country, and the public taste in this particular, been materially vitiated. To prove the correct- ness of this opinion, I need only request any citi- zens, who have an opportunity of doing it, to com- pare an English black that has been worn three- months with a Frenli black that has been \vora the same time. The color put on hats is even more fugitive than that put on the cloth ; and it is liigh time that our dyers, both of woolen and hats, shouhl pursue some modi; of giving more i)ermanency to their colors. The primary object of this essay is, to show them how this can be effected, without any additional exjiense to the operator. I am aware that it would be worse than useless to attempt to bring our dyers back to the old expensive but high- ly permanent process of giving a woad-blue to their goods before coloring them black : for the public taste has-become so highly vitiated by the passion for cheap goods, that firmness of fabric, body, and permanency of color, and every other quality that give to thein an intrinsic value, are now never taken into consideration. As giving a blue ground is out of the question, and as the nut- galls, the next most permanent mode, nnist also he resigned as too expensive, I have to direct the attention of our dyers to a material growing abun- dantly in this country, which answers even a bet- ter purpose than nutgalls, and will cost no more than the process now pursued. 3Iost persons living in the interior of the conn- try know that the bark of the swamp maple will make good black ink, though tliey may not be a- ware that four pounds of this bark, dried and Vol. VII No. 17. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 133 round, are equal to one pound of the best galls. The black obtained from this bark is equally as jiennanent as that from galls, and as the bark gives a much smaller portion of extraneous pre- cipitate, it will clean better, and make a much brighter color. Those dyers who formerly used nutgalls will know what quantity of swamp maple to use to a given quantity of logwood ; but I should suggest to more modern dyers to leave out one pound of logwood for every pound of bark us- ed by them. Some few of our woolen dyers have, at my sug- gestion, used the maple bark for three or four years, and their colors are much esteemed botli by dealers and consumers. Should the colors prove too blue they may be altered to any hue by tlic use of sumach or alder bark. W. P. A VALUABLE DAIRY. We are informed that Blr Israel Cole, of this town, (North Adams) has made this season 16,000 pounds of Cheese from the milk of only 2S cows ; being on an average, 571 pounds to each cow. — We understand he increases the quantity of milk by giving his cows daily the whey mixed with ineal. Ilis clicese is of the best quality, anil fetches, with his established customers in New York, one or two cents per pound more than that of ordinary dairies. Such a dairy, when cheese was at the price of 12J cents per pound, Would make a man rich in a few years, and even at the present moderate prices, is no contemptible in- come. PICKLE FOR BEEP AND PORK. The follov/ing recipe for making pickle for beef or pork is strongly recommended for the adoption of those who pickle beef and jmrk for family use. Persons in the trade who will adopt it, will find a ready sale for their beef and pork. It has been used by many families in this city, and always aj)- proved. I do not hesitate to say that there is no pickle in use to be compared %vith it. It is famil- iarly known by the name of the Knickerbocker Pickle. Could this recipe be generally adopted, our pickled beef and pork would have certain preference in foreign markets. Recipe. — Six gallons water, 9 ibs. salt, coarse and fine mixed, 3 Ibs. brown sugar, 3 ounces salt petre, 1 ounce pearl ash, 1 gallon molasses to every 6 gallons of water. In making a larger or smaller quantity of pickle, the above proportions are to be observed. Boil and skim these ingredients well, and when cold put it over the beef and pork. — JV. Y. paper. A L.\UDABLE COMBINATION. We have been favored with a copy of a small pamphlet, entitled, "■Regulations of the Salem Assa^ ciationfor the Detection and Prosecution of Trespas- sers on Gardens, Fields, and Orchards, in the town of Salem and vicinity." The jjreamble to the res- olutions is as follows : — Whereas the ofl'ence of robbing fruit trees, tres- passing upon inclosed grounds, and wantonly in- juring trees, planted for shade and ornament, has become so prevalent in this neighborhood, as to form a serious obstacle to the cultivation of gar- dens ; and whereas, the laws of the Common- wealth, if duly enforced are sufficient to prevent and punish such oftences : "Therefore, be it resolved, hy the individuals present at this meeting, that we will form our- selves into a Society for the protection of this kind of property ; and to this end, we promise to each other mutual aid and facility towards detecting and bringing to punishment, all future offenders against the laws made for the protection of that species of property, belonging to the subscribers. In order more effectually to give efficacy to the objects of this association, we agree to adopt for our government, the following code of regula- tions." "By this code the Society is denomiii:,lcd "l^^^e Salem Association for the Detection xdii J^ros- .i- tion of Trespassers on Gardens, Fields, and Orch- ards in the town of Salem and its vicinity." The officers of the Society consist of a President, a I Vice-president, Secretary and Treasurer, and a | board of three Directors. It is made the duty of! the board of directors to "institute processes for all violations of the laws made in the premises, that shall come to their knowledge by information of members of the Society ; they shall have power to give suitable rewards for the detection of tres- passers, and to employ such agents as may be deemed by them proper for this purpose. They may at their discretion publish the names of all convicted offenders against the laws made for the protection of gardens and orchards, in some paper or papers, printed in the town of Salem." The law on which the association is founded is as follows : An Act in addition to an Act, entitled '■'■An Act for the more effectually preventing of trespassers in di- vers cases." Sec. 1. Be it enacted, by the Senate and House of Representatives, in General Court assembled and by the authority of the same, That, from and after the passing of this act, if any person shall enter upon any grass land, orchard, or garden, without permission of the owner thereof, with intent to cut, destroy, take, or convey away, any grr.ss, hay, fruit, or vegetables, with the intent to iijure or defraud such owner ; each person so offending, shall pay, for every such offence, a sum not less than two dollars, nor more than ten dollars, to tlie use of the Commonwealth, to be recovered on conqilaint before any justice of the peace of the county in which the offence shall he committed ; and the person so offending shall also be liable in damages to the party injured. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That, from and after the passing of this act, if any person, having entered upon any grass land, orchard, or garden, shall take therefrom, without porinission of the owner thereof, and with the intent to injure or de- fraud such owner, any grass, hay, fruit, vegetable, or shrub, cultivated thereon for ornament or use ; such person so offending, shall forfeit and pay for each offence, to the use of the Commonwealth, a sum not less than five, nor more than fifly dollars, to be recovered by indictment, or information be- fore the Circuit Court of Common Pleas, in the county where sucli offence shall be committed ; or the Municipal Court of the town of Boston, if such offence be committed in the county of Suf- folk ; and the person so offending shall be also liable to the party injured, in a sum equal to three times the value of such grass, hay, fruit, vegetable or shrub, to be recovered by action of the case in any court of competent jurisdiction. Sec 3. Be it further enacted. That, any person wlio, having. entered upon any grass land, field or orchard, shall, without permission of the owner thereof, and with the intent to injure him, break, bruise, cut, mutilate, injure or destroy, any fruit tree, tree for ornament or shade, or shrub, culti- vated thereon for ornament or use, and which shall be standing or growing thereon, such person so offending, shall forfeit and pay to the use of tiie Commonwealth, a sum not less than ten dol- lars, nor more than one hundred dollars, to be re- covered by indictment or information, in manner as is provided in the second section of this act. Sec. 4. Be it further enacted. That if any per- son shall commit any of the trespasses mentioned in this act, on the Lord's day, or the night time, that is to say, between the sun-setting and sun- rising, he shall be liable to double the penalties and forfeitures, the same to be prosecuted for and recovered, in manner as before provided ; and all prosecutions lor breaches of this act, shall be commenced within one year from the time the offences shall be conmiitud, or the penalties and forfeitures shall have accrued, and not afterwards. [Approved by the Governor, June 12, 1828.] [Prepared by the Editor.] BEES. rP.OJI THE KOKTH AMERICAN BEVILW. fCovtmutd from pa^e \15.J It is better to begin with a single hive, and so attain a knowledge of tlie habits and instincts of bees by degrees. We have known several per- sons, who have purchased a number of hives at once, and relinquished the pursuit from the per- plexity that ensued when the swarming season commenced. But there is no similar occupation so easily followed, and none that requires so little capital, as that of keeping bees. The profit is en- ormous. If a person, well trained to the employ- ment, should follow the plan adopted in some parts of Europe, of removing the bees from place to place, in a kind of ark on a river of some length, thus providing a plentiful supply of food, he might increase his stock to any extent. An apiary of twenty hives could maintain itself in an area of a mile, whore there is plenty of I blossoms. Every farmer should, however, pro- i vide pasture for his bees, as well as for his cows ; - and therefore when the spring and simimer flow- ers are gone he should have a field of buck wheat ready, which, although not so palatable as other flowers, will serve the bees for winter food. An ajiiary, or hee-s'ied, should be at the eaves, about four feet from tim ground, with a roof slop- ing both ways, and with any aspect that the own- er chooses. It should l)c ten feet wide, and the length of it should be iticreased as the hives mul- tiply. It is, however, difficult to describe one accurately. The most convenient one that we have seen is on a farm near New BriJaswick in Nev/ Jersey. It is fifty feet long, and contains sixteen hives on . each side. The swarms Avhich are successively j cast off, are jdaced under the same shed in the winter, and an eqiial number of the old hives are sold to make room for them. This apiary might be enlarged to any extent, were there pasture enough for the bees ; but the area of the bees' flight, as there are now many cultivators of bees in this district does not furnish food enough for a. great number. In this apiary the miller or night moth is suc- cessfully guarded against. A small wire door, made to slide behind two door posts, formed of m NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 14, 1828. needles is closed over tlie entrance of the hive, Bs soon as the bees liave retired for the night. This is done during the months of April, May and June ; after that if the weather sets in warm, and the .bees are oppressed by heat, the floor of tlie hive 's let down, which, as it is fastened to the liive be- ind witli hinges, and on the side with hooks and ^'aplcs can easily be accomphshed. Two rows "f scanthngs or joists four inches square, and rnn- iiing the whole length of the apiary, receive the liives between them, which are thus suspended at a distance of about tliree feet from the ground. Tlie hive is thirteen inches scjuare at the top, and is of the same size at the bottom of the front and back, but the bottom of the sidts is only seven inches wide. By this slope of the hive the combs wedge themselves as they are made, and there is no use for the ill-contrived crossed sticks, that are generally thrust in the old hives, to keep tlie combs from faUiiig down by liicir own weight. Tlie floor Is, as we observed, fastened by liinges and hooks. It is likewise an inclined plain, having a slope of at least four inches. Tlie advantage of this inclination will be in- stantly seen. The perspiration of the bees, which is copious, is, by the inclination of the sides and floor, conveyed off at once, without being absorb- ed by the boards. All extraneous matter can be carried away by the bees with very little trouble, and they can defend themselves from robbers or <'orsair bees with much greater ease than if the floor were flat. As the floor opens and sh.uts, the observer can inspect the interior of the hive at pleasure, not with the hope of getting at the minutire of the less' policy, but to see the forwardness of the combs, the number of the bees, and the general appearance, which a practised eye will soon un- derstand. When the floor of the hive is left down all night, and the bees hang very low from the combs in the morning, they will soon remove themselves up again, if the floor is raised very gently and slowly and fastened as usual. The cover of the hive is of course thirteen in- ches square. It is made of common [une, as is the hive, with two cletes on the iqjper part, as well to prevent tli- board from warping, as to pre- vent the box, or upper story, which is always ad- ded, from being moved from its place. The cov- er of the hive has three holes of an inch diameter, within a quarter of an inch of the other. These holes are to allow the bees to pass to the upper box, when the hive is full of lioney. It is ascertained satisfactorily, that the young brood and the bee-bread or pollen are deposited in the hive where the swarm is first put. The holes in the cover are thei'efore kept shut by plugs, un- til the hive be filled. The holes are then opened, the bees immediately pass up, and if the season he propitious, they fill the upper box with comb and honey, which, as there is neitlier brood nor bee-bread is of the finest and purest kind. We have often seen forty and fifty pounds ob- tained by this simple proceeding ; and the box is also used to feed a famished hive in the spring. A single comb, left in one of these boxes will sus- tain a swarm, that has eaten up all its honey, till vegetation commences. As the boxes and hives are of equal size, any box will fit a hive. When the combs in the liive are three years old, two of them can be taken out every winter, provided there remain honey enough in the rest for the use of the t^ees. Thirty weight of honey is the average quantity that suffices for a swarm of large size. The hives in question weigh, when empty about twelve pounds, a swarm of bees four pounds, the wax two pounds. The whole, there- fore, ought to weigh about fifty pounds in Novem- ber. All over this quantity can be taken out to advantage, as the wax becomes very dark after two or three yfears. The whole of the combs can be thus renewed in the course of four years, as the bees replace them early in the spring. We omitted to mention that the length of the back of the hive is twenty-two inches, and the floor pro- jects in front about three inches, thus forming an apron or ])latform, on which the bees alight be- fore they enter in at the little door. Models of this hive have been sent to several of the horticul- tural societies of Europe, and they are getting into use in this county. When a swarm is to be hived, the hive is put in a moveable frame which is easily carried to the tree where the swarm hangs, and this is proved to be the easiest method of hiving swarms ; as the screws are taken out of the cover antj the hive lifted up to the swarm in which they are shaken. The frame and hive are then placed on the ground, and the cover is gentli/ laid on or screwed f;ist to the hive. Little sticks are put against the apron and rest on the ground, serving for ladders for those bees that fell to the ground when the main' body was shaken into the hive. Bees from the moment of their leaving the hive (when swarm- ing) until they are fairly settled and at woik in a new habitation, seem stupid and confused. This arises, however, from the precarious situation of their queen. If she fall into the hive when the swarm is shaken in, all the remaining bees will soon find their way to the entrance ; for a pecul- iar sound is emitted by these insects when their queen is present. If, however, she remain on the limb, it will be necessary to shake it again over the hive, as the bees will leave it to fly up to the place where the queen is. When the bees are quiet in the hive (which is ascertained by the number that are seen hovering in the fiont of the entrance on the wing, and by others ventilating the hive with their wings), the top can be covered with a sheet, doubled several times, to keep off the heat of the sun. The hive must remain in the same spot until eight or nine o'clock in the evening, whon two persons can quietly convey it, frame and all, to the apiary, and jilace the hive, with great care between the joists where it is per- manently to remain. Hives should be made and painted a year be- fore they are us^d, as the smell of paint is disa- greeable to the bees. The smoother the boxes and hives are, inside and out side, the better both i for the health of the bees and for preventing the dejiosite of the eggs of the miller. We must ex- cept the roofs of the hive and of the box, as they should be rough ; for we have ascertained, that the propolis, or bee-glue does not adhere so close- ly to a smooth surface at all times. And here we would remark, that it has been the custom, from the earliest ages, to rub the in- side of the hive with a handful of salt and clover. any peculiar smell or mustiness will be acceptable to the bees ; and the more closely the hive is join- ed together, the less labor will the insects have, whose first care it is to stop every crevice, that light and air inay be excluded. We must not omit to reprehend as utterly useless, the vile prac- tice of milking an astounding noise, with tin pans and kettles, when the bees are swarming. It may have originated in some ancient superstition, or it may have been the signal to call aid from the fields to assist in the hiving. If harmless, it is untirccessary ; and every thing that tends to en- cumber the management of bees should be avoid- ed. (To be continued.) NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOV. 14, 1828. Samuel Breck, Esq. of Philadelphia, has deliver- ed an address in honor of Judge Peters, before the Agricultural Society of which Judge Peters was formerly president. An establishment is in operation in Kentucky for water rotting and breaking hemp. The vat is one hundred by seventy feet, and rots a ton and a half of hemp in about seven days. The ma- chine breaks 1200 a day. AMERICAN LYCEUM. rA respectable meeting was held at the Ex- change Coftee-house on the evening of the 7th inst. to take into consideration the subject of the American Lyceum. The meeting was organized, by choosing the Hon. Mr. Webster to the chair, and 31r. G. B. Emerson secretary. In answer to the call of Bfr. Russell, editor of the Journal of Education, ftlr. Holbrook gave an account of the establishment of branches of the Lyceum in seve- ral places, in this and some of the neighboring States ; of the mode in which they had been con- ducted, and of the good effects, which had al- ready been produced by them. The Hon. Mr. Everett expressed the interest which he felt in the success of the institution. He stated some facts in relation to the good which was promised, and which had been effected by sim- ilar institutions in this country and elsewhere ; and remarked particularly upon the facilities which would be afforded by the associations of the na- ture of the Lyceum, in procuring books and in- struments, which individuals would not be able to procure for themselves. The chairman made a few observations on the benefits resulting from these associations. Several resolutions highly ap- proving of their objects, were passed, and a com- mittee, consisting of Messrs. Russell, Holbrook and Emerson, was appointed to reiiort to the meetir>g at the adjournment, in what way the most effect- ual aid could be afforded to the interests of the Lyceum. The meeting adjourned, to meet agaui this evening at 7 o'clock, at the Exchange Coffee- house ; at which tune the committee will report. Good farming. — It is stated in the American ' Traveller, that J. L. Bovlston, Esq., of Princeton, or some other grass or sweet scented herb, pre- ;„ this State, has rai.sed 'this year, from three and viously to the swarm's being put in the hive. We ; ^ j,alf acres and twentv-eight rods of ground, two have seen no advantage in this ; on the contrary, hundred and twentv-six bushels of corn ; averag- it gives a great deal of unnecessary labor to the i,^g sixty-one and a half bushels of shelled com bees, as they will be compelled to remove every pg^ acre. And also on the same land, fiftv cart particle of foreign matter from the hive before [oads of pumpkins, and a hundred and twenty they begin to work. A clean cool hive, free from bushels of^ turnips. Vol.VII.— No.l7. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 135 Canal Revenue. — It is stated in tlie Albany Dai- ly Advertiser, that the amount of toll paid this yrar up to the first day of Nov. to tlie collector at Albany, is one Iiundred and forty-two thousand «Mght hundred and twenty-three dollars. Errata. — In the third number of Dr Harris's article on Entomology, page 122, column 3, for Omascus read Omaseus, Page 123, column I, line 43, after downy insert a oomma. Column 2, line 6, for universally read unusually. Line S, for *pi' cfous read *piceus. Line 20, for lip read tip. To Correspondents. — Heveral valuable commu- iiirations are on hand, which Will soon appear. — Among others one from a correspondent in this city on Cider — one from Connecticut on Forest Trees — and one from Penasylvania on a New Insect in Fruit Trees. Garden and Field Seeds, The largest collection and variety of Garden, Field, Tree and Herb Seeds to be found in New England, at wholesale and retail. The Seeds are alt raised in this vicinity, expressly (or this Es- tablishment, by careful and experienced growers, and are war- ranted pure and fresh. Country traders supplied with boxes of prime seeds, for the retail trade, <»n liberal terms. A pamphlet ciiialogue (^d edition) of our Seeds, Trees, &c. is publislted and will be forwarded gratis to aiiy one w ho will send for it. American Tree Seeds. For sale, a variety of Seeds of Forest Trees, Shrubs, A:c. mostly native American kinds, and suitable for sending lo Eu- rope, or for cultivation here. Price -'5cts a paper. They were gathered by a gentleman familiarly acquainted with the S'>rts, expressly for us. They will be sold by the single paper, or packed to order, in any quantity. A description of several of the trees will be found on page 131 of this week's New Eng- land Farmer. Among the assortment is the following : Acer saccharinum Sugar Maple Ilex opara American Holly Tonvailaria Solomon's Seal Svmphoni ^lomerata Indian Currant < 'ornus sericea Red Osier Tilift glabra Hass Wood Aralia nudicaul'S Wild Sarsaparilla JHelula excelsa Yellow Birch Acer spicatum Mountain Maple Kalmia latif^ilia Laurel Kalmia angusiifolia Sheep Laurel AInus Alder I'lematis viialba Traveller's Joy Sorbus americana Mountain Ash Taxus americana American Yew Spiraea salicifolia Meadow Sweet Fiaxinus a:nericana White \^h Acer striatum Striped Maple Panax quinquefolium Gmseng Azalea nudiflora Early Honeysuckle i*inus m.icrocarpa American Larch Aratia racemosa Spikenard Jjilium superbus Superb Lily Arum trjphyhum Wake Rol»in Piniis nigra Black Fir Also. Peach and Almond Stones, and many other valuable Fruit ;ind Forest Tree Seeds tor planting; this fall, a catalogue of which may be had gratis at this place. While Mulberry Seed, This day received, a few pounds of warranted genuine White Mulberry Seed, raised in Coventry, Con. this season, ami sav- ed with caru expressly for us — For sale by the lb. or ounce. Oat Meal, ^c. Fine Oat raeal and Oal Flour, HuHed Oats. Hulled Barley. Rarley Flour, &c. for sale by the barrel or less quanlily, direct f.uni Stevens' Wills, Vermont. Orchard Grass Seed. A few more bushels of this valuable Grass Seed, growth of I8ii!. Also, Lucerne, White Clover. Fowl Meadow, and every other kind of Grass cultivated in New Englaml. Shallots for fall planting, Tree and Potato Onions. Just received at the JVew England Farmer Seed Store, ^^- ^onh Market Street, Boston. Great sale of Wool. ON THURSDAY, DECEMBER 18. AT 10 O'CIOCK, At (ItP flill over the NcW Ultrkct- ^\^ bales Saxony WOOL, consisting of first and second Elec- toral—firn and second Prima. Secunda, and TiTti^. 'l\f> bigs Lrtonessa Sortanna Segoviana Spanish Wool. i;^ bags Portuguese Wool. 4S0 bags (about 7(1.000 pounds) American Fleece Wool, among which are some choice lots of selected Saxony and full blood Merino fleeces. Catalogues will be ready for delivery and the Wool may be examined three days before the sale. Coolidge. Poor & Head — A^rctionecra. Splendid Bulbous Roots, S{c. A further supply of Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Gladiolus, Snow Drops, Crocus, Star of Bethlehem, Jonquilles, Ranuncu- lus, Iris, Crown Imperials, Anemones, Crocus, &.c. from 12 to G2 cts. each. A veiy lew of the finest Hyacinths, dark and pale blue, pure while, red, yellow, and while with various eyes, at yi per root. 'I he colleclion of LILIES is very splendid, comprising Scar- let Chalcedoisian Lily 60 cents, Orange Pompone Lily 37 cents Chinese Leopard 25 cts. Orange Mariagon 37 cts. Ycl!«w Mar- tagon 37 cts. Double Violet Flamed 37 ct?-. Purple and White Spotted 37 cts. Bright Scarlet Pompone 50 cts. Double While 37 cts. Large White Garden Lily 12 cents, Dwarf Chinese Red Lily { Li Hum cone 0 lor, new and very superb, one root only} J^L50 HYACINTHS— (double and single,) dark blue, porcelain , blue, red aud rosy coloured, pure white, white with yidlow eye i white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes j troin ~j cts to gl 00 each. I TULIPS — splendid variegaicd, red, yellow, and mixed, 12 cts. each. ^1.00 per dozen. CROWN IMPERIALS— assorted, of the most splendid col- ours, and showy llowers, large roots, 33 cts. each. JONUUILLES— sweet scented, finest roots, 19 els. each. POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS frag-ant, white with yel- low cups, and yellow with double white cups, extra sized roots, 38 cts. each. DOUBLE NARCISSUS fragrant, of all colors, 10 cts each SPRING CROCUS of all colours, 6 cts. each. 50 cts. per dozen. The above roots are from the same house, from which we re- ceived our supply last season, and which gave, such universal satisfaction , some of the double Hyacinihs having produced bells 1 inch and 8-lClhsiu diameter. Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots are not purcfuised at auction, and are all remarkable for their size. and for the beauty and delicacy of tint of their flowers. Those sold at auction are generally the mere refuse of the mosi inferior collections, go^d roots being worth at home ten limes, as much as ihey generally sell for at auction, as will be seen by reference to ihe priced catalogues of any respeclabie house in Holland. Als© pots for blooming the Crocus, in the shape of Hedgehogs, Porcelain Dic*»-work Flower Baskeis, (very beautiful) Beehives, Flower Pols, Half melons, Cones, &c. — a new article. A few more roots of Wilmot's Superb SlrawbeiTy. Just received at the Aciy England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street— Boston. Subscription for Vine stock for the f nest table Grapes* \ A. Parmentier, at the Hortlctdiural Garden, Brooklyn, corner I of the Jamaica and FIatbub.ii road, two miles from New York, having been urged by several lovers of the vinfe to propose setts I of the best kind for sale by subscription, offers to the public sells ' of a dozen vines, with good roots of the most select and choice ]• grapes lor the table; many of which are quite new in this country, and all of wliich will ripen perfectly in any situation either in town or rouulry. 1 JVames of the twelve Sorts. ) 1. White Chasselas, with large fruit 2. Chasselas of Fontaiiibleau, near Paris LINNtEAN botanic GARDEN AND NUR- SERIES, near New \'ork, William Prince, Pro- prietor.—The new Catalogues of this establish- menl are now in the press, and may soon be bb- tained from T. & J. Swords^ New York, and of Agents. The colleclion of Fruit Trees has been nearly doubled since the last edition, and comprises all the choicest varieties of every country. The assortments of Orna- mental Trees, Flfiwering Shrubs a.id Plants, Greenhouse Plants, &c. have also been greatly extended, and in fact every drparimeiit has received the utmost attention both to their ex- tension and improvement. The grounds occupied by the es- tablishment have been extended to -W acres, and Ihe proprietor can now ju-stly slate Uiat orders for every description of Trees and Plants will be executed lu a manner superior to all former periods. The Cherries, Peaches and most other Trees are or large size — many of the Peaches, Apricots and Nectarines arc on Plum stocks. The collection of Grapes consists of above 20,0tJ0 ready for sale, comprising all (he choicest varieties, and will be shipped in quantities at reducod rates, and 100,000 more are expei-ied shortly from France and Germany. Without in- tendmg invidious comparisons, the proprietor appeals to tho.st: acquainted with his establishment as toils decided superiority in every department. The whole management and supervision is attended by himself and sons, and orders received fr-m any dis- tance receive the sanip pointed attention as if the persons 'were on the spol to make their selections. The trees are packed in the best possible manner lo ensure success, aad with the great- est despatch, and are shippeil (o any place designated. And lo I (hose iulercsted in Horucultural purs\iits, he has only to say, 1 that the same unremilied atiention will ije paid to the execution of Its business, which has hitherto characterised ihe establish- ment. N. B. Plants of Wilmot's Superb Strawberry, and the 1 celebrated Greville Rn>--e can be supplied. noy'i4 — 8 1 Roots of the Pie-Plant, or Tart Rhubarb. I A large supply of the roots of ihe Rheum Umliilaiam, or Tart ' Rhubarb, or Pie-Plaiit, an excellent article for summer use. '. (See N. E. Fanner, vol. vi. page 2^10, and page 11 of this vol- ! ume, and Fessendun's New American Gardener, article Rhu- barb, for its culture and uses.) The roots are in fine order for trauhplaiiting this fall. Price 25 cts per rout. PRICES OF COLWTRY PRODUCE. Wine and Table Grapss. A complete assortment of FRENCH VINE ROOTS in prime order, just received and for sale at a low price, by E. Copcland Jr. at (he Dupont Powder Store, G5 Broad Street. [Cr AMMUNITION as usual. 3t. 3. Yellow Chasselas of Thomcry, near Paris 4. Golden Chasselas, the real genuine 5. Musk Chasselas r». Chasselas, with very large black fruit 7. Rod Chasselas n. White Muscat, or black Constantia it. Red .Muscat 10. Black Mutcal, or blirk Constantia 11. Black Orleans, bears very well the (Vest 12. Black Gami't, yields a second crop of blossoms and fruit w hen the first are frozen. Nos. U ami 12 are as fine fiir vineyards n.i for the table, the fruit is not so excellent as that of the piece<'Ing kinils, bul Is equally valuable on account of the certainty of a largo crop an- nually. The subcription i c^-plpt will be a'^rompanled by directions on the l>es( mode of cultivation, planting and pruning the vine. The same sort of vines msy hi? had separately, price One Dollar, except No. ■!■, Golden Chasselas, the genuine, which Is Two Dollars. Commnnicailons for the above, nnd subcriptlons to his establishment post p.ilil punctually attended to. References. Dr. Dnvid Hosack. President of the Horl'cullii- ral Socidv, Dr.Pascalis, President ol the Limiaean Sr.ciely, Dr. ftJcNeven, Dr. Mitchell, Dr. Steveuson, and Hun. Jehn Lowell. Nov. U. fVanted, On a farm in Roxbury a young man who has a knowledge of farming ami can bring recoaimcndations for industry tfct. Ap- I ply at this oftrce. 3i. Nov. 7. APPLES, best, - . . - ASHES, not, first sort, Pearl, first s(»rl, - - - BEANS, white, - . . . BEEF, mess, . - - Cargo, No. I, Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, - CHEESE, npw milk, - Skimmed milk. FLOUR, Baltimure, Howard-street, - Genesee, . . - - Ti^y^, best, - - . - GRAIN, (^orn, - . . . Rye, - - - . Barley, - - - - Oats, .... HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME. PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, clear, ... - Navy, mess, ('at go. No. 1, - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orchard Gms'', I''owl IMeadow, . - - Rye Grass, . - - Tall Meadow Oats Gras=v, - Red Top .... L'.uerne. . - . - White Honeysuckle Clover. Red Clover, (noriliern) French Sugar Beet, - Mangel Wurlzel, WOOL, Meriuo, full blood, washed, - Merino, full blood, unwaatied, Merino, tl'.rre fburlha wash^-d. Merino, half'iSi qnar'er washed Native, washed, . - - Pulled, Lninb's, first «ort, Pniled, Lamb's, second sort. Pulled, " spinning, first sort, P ?? n VTSION MA RKE T. BEEF, best pieces. - POiUC, fresh, best, pieces, whole hogs, VEAL. MUITON. .... POULTRY, - - - - BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lump, best, EGGS, - - - - . MEAL, Rye, retail, - Indlaa-, retail, POTATOS, GIPEK, [accord'vo^to qualify J FROM barrel. -Z 00 ton. •' 102 50 bushel. 1 00 barrel. 10 .50 '• 8 23 " 7 00 pound. 12 " 7 " 2 barrel. 9 50 ** 8 50 Imshel. SG 5(i GO U. i'l pound. cask. 86 ton. 2 2,5 barrel. 16 00 " 13 00 " 13 00 bushel. 2 00 a pound. u 11 42 •^ 23 « 35 w 33 <• 28 *t 42 *i 28 ti 33 pounds 10 n. p " 12 dozen . :)iishe]. tiarrel. 2 Ofl TO 3 OO 105 on 105 00 1 25 10 75 8 50 7 25 H 9 10 00 9 00 62 70 40 9 90 2 50 17 OO 13 60 13 00 2 23 409 4 00 4 OO 5 OO 1 00 5(t 50 12 1 sa- 1 50 f9-. 23, 40 36, 30 47 S3 37 12 Si r, 6 10 11 16 20 20 70 40 50 2 75 136 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 14, 182S. MISCELLANIES. HARVEST HYMN. The following effusion was written for a recent agricultural exhibition at Hartford, Connecticut. — We are so much accustomed to associate tlie name of Mrs. Sigourney with the poetry of our sister state, that we almost involuntarily attribute these ihies to the fine fancy of that lady. To whomev- er they may belong, a certain warmth of feeling pervades them, which is one of the most apparent characteristics of Mrs. Sigourney's muse. ■God of Ihe year ! — Willi songs of praise And hearfs of love, ^ve come to bless Thy bounteous hand, for Ihou hast shed Thy niiinna o'er our wilderness; — In early spring-lhne ihou didsl fling O'er Earth its robe of blossoming — And its sweet treasures, day bj' day, Rose quickening in thy blessed ray. And now Ihey whiten liill and vale, And hang from every vine and tree. Whose penciled branches hanging low, Seem bowed in thankfulness to thee, — The earlh with .nil its purple isles. In answering lo thy genial smiles, And gales of perfume breathe along, And lift to thee their voiceless song. God of the Seasons ! — Thou liasi blest The land wiih sunlight and with showers, And plenty o'er its bosom smiles To crown the sweet Autumnal hours ; Praise, praise to ihec !— Our hearts expand To view- these blessings of thy hand, And, on the incense-brealh of Love, ■Go off to their bright home above. Cattle Fairs before Ihe Revolution. — iBefore tlie Revolution, regular Cattle Fairs were lield in the town of Hardwick, under the patronage of Timothy Rnggles, one of the most distinguished men in our county in former times. The poUtical commotioi.s which overspread the land swept away the cus- tom so beneficial to the agricultural community. — We notice that the enterprising inhabitants of Southbridge, propose to revive the ancient usage, and hold on Saturday, the 8th day of November, a Fair, for the exhibition, sale, and exchange of cattle, horses and specimens of the mechanic arts. The beneficial effects which have resulted from the encouragement given to industry by the Agri- cultural Societies, have been manifested in the an- nually increasing numbers of beautifid and valua- ble animals which crowd to their exhibitions, and in the spirit of improvement and of liberal compe- tition which has gone through the coiiimuuity The shows of these associations, while they present to observation and imitation the rarest specimens of the productions of the earth, of me- chanical skill, and of good breeding, h;ivc not been occasions where the farmer couhl part with his surplus property, or supply his v.ants by sale or exchange. The best premium on the productions of skill and industry, is in the price tliey bring to the proprietor. Periodical sales have been at- tempted by the New England Society, and it is said with a degree of success, although limited, not inconsiderable in application to manufactures. The experience of other countries, the best prac- tical guide in our own, demonstrates that such open markets are en)inently useful in their con- nexion with agriculture. Under judicious regula- tions and salutary provisions for the preservation of order, and securing fairness in the cciduct of business, they may doubtless be rendered advan- tageous to our citizens, allowing choice and com- petition m purchases, without the disturbance of those scenes of tumult and blood-.shed wliich dis- grace the riotous and debased population of other lands whenever assetnbled.— 7Va<. Xgis. Theme for Thanksgiving Sermons — Some clergy- men in this vicinity have suggested the propriety of delivering sermons on Thanksgiving day on the subject of general education — such as is contem- plated by the establishment of Lyceums. We could mention the names of some distinguished ministers who have promised to make this subject Ihe theme for their scrinons on that day of glad- ness ; we know^ of no subject more appropriate at this time, when efforts ,-irc making to elevate the standard of education in this country higher than it is in any other coimtry on the globe.— Pa//aA'um. to be pastured at any season of the year. But i*^ the land be in good condition it can be but little injury to pasture it in the fore part of autumn. It is necessary, however, to be particularly careful not to let cattle run on mowing land while it is wet, and so soft that they can make an impres- sion with their feet. Incredible barbarity Wood was formerly so scarce in Patagonia, and cattle so plentiful, that sheep were driven into the furnaces of lintekilns to answer the purpose of fuel. We should not have dared to repeat this fact, however undoubted, if a decree of the king of Spain, prohibiting the barbarous custom, were not still preserved in the archives of Buenos Ayres. — Mem. of Gen. Miller. The Minister of a country church having com- plained to one of his parishioners that he often saw his eyes shut during the sermon. " Aye, Measter Parson," said the bumpkin, " thee doesn't think I hear wi'my eyes, do'ee." Horticulture. — A correspondent observes that he has seen the nectarine this summer in great ver- dure, strong and flourishing, while the peach trees around it were decaying with the " yellows." He suggests as an experiment, the inoculation of the peach buds on the nectarine stock, leaving at the same time some of the nectarine shoots to grow with the peach. — JV. Y. Statesman. TO PREVENT yorNG FRUIT TREES FROil BEINO DESTROYED BY MICE.. When the earth has been deeply covered with snow for a few weeks, we frequently find manj- trees in our nurseries and young orchards injured, or perhaps destroyed by mice. To prevent their excursions and lessen their number, it has been recommended to tread the snow down very firmly about the roots and bodies of the trees, to the dis- tance of two or three teet from them. This will make the snow too solid a mass for them to pene- trate, and probably destroy many of them in their liests. As these animals require warm nests to sleep in, all the materials with which they cover themselves, such as grass, weeds and stubble, should be removed from nurseries and young fruit trees. Particidar attention is required for those trees, which are placed near to a wall, as it af- fords a secure and comfortable shelter for mice. No kind of manure which can harbor mice should be laid about your fruit trees. Gunpowder, 1,-c. Du Font's Gun Powder, at 2o to 50 cts. per pound Shot Balls Flints and Percussion Caps. Also, Alum Refined Salt Pelre Blue Vitriol, &e. constant- ly for sale at the Dupont Powder Store, No. 65 Broad street — By E. COPELAiNU, Jr. [SZT The Du Pont sold as above, is warranted first quality — and is marked "£. Copeland, jr. Boston " on the liead of Ihe cask tf March 14 ~ SUBSCRIPTION. For importing Grape Vine Roots from France, at a moderate price, and encourao-ing the introduction of that culture into the United S'ates. Mr Alphonse Loubat, having considerably enlarged his Vine- yard, on Long Island, \*'here he now has, in full cultivation, thirty-five acres of ground, containing 72,000 Grape Vine Roots ; having also the peculiar advantage of being enabled lo procure the best specimens of roots from his fa therms extensive Fine pork Mr. Smick, of this place, slau ■'liter- ^''"f .var* and nurseries, in the districts of Bordelais, Clerac. „j j;. I , • , • 1 J , , ^n, ,1 ' '"° Buzet, departments of Gironde and Lot and Garonne, in ed hve hogs, which weighed together 1,501 lbs. France, (45° N. Lai.) proposes to the numerous friends lo the One of them, (though not Ihe heaviest,) was up- ' ™'''^^''"" o*^ 'he grape vine in the United States, a subscrip- M/ni-Hc ^f r. ,■««.. ^\A . »T,« ^.1 r r- i tion will be opened on the first of August. 1828. wards of a year old ; the other four were of one Mr A. L. will engage to furnish sSbscribers with the Grape litter, and were less than eleven months old. The Vine Roots, before the first of March next, and forward thein weight of the largest was 329, and of the smallest ' '''[*''?, f e^Fi^e, to the different cities where subscription lisis occ i»r ? ■ ■ 1- 1 /- . shall have been oponed. The roots will be three vears old, and ^b». VVe are ot opiniou this was the finest lot , «,l| produce considerable fruit the second year from the lime of of pork which has been lately exhibited in this ' ''"'i'' ''<=i'ig planted. They will be carefully classed and packed Tipirhl.r,i.|,r,n.t dc.ooJoII,. ,.,1,o.> »i,„ .• .u i in boxcs. wiih Some of the original soil in which ihev have been neighborliood, especially when the age of the .aised, which will greatly fa?ilitate the thriving of the roots, hogs IS taken into consideration. — Hunterdon ('.V. when transplanted. J.) Gazette. HINT TO STAGE OWNERS, AND OTHERS WHO TRAV- EiMN CARRIAGES IN COLD WEATHER. The inconvenience and suffering, which arise from cold feet, while riding in stages in the win- ter, are obviated in the north of France, by means of pewter tanks, made after the manner of water plates, fitted to the bottom of the stages, and filled with hot water at each stopping place, which im- port. Allen &, Co part not only warmth to the feet in the coldest weather, but a pleasant glow of heat through the whole stage. Ord ers will be punctually altended to ; the subscribers desig- nating the quantities and species of the grape vine roots they wish lo have. They will engage to pa}- for 1000 roots or more, at the rale of 12 1-2 cents for each root ; for less than lOOO, at theralpof 15 cents j and 25 cents per root for less than 50. — Roots only two years old, shall be paid for at the rale of 9 cents each, for 10 or more ; 12 1-2 cents for less than one 1 ; and IS cents for less than 50 roots. Payment to be made on deliv- ery of the roots. Letters not received unless post paid. Subscription lists arc open at New York, with Alphonse Lou* bat, 83 Wall sireei Bosion, E. Copeland, Jr. Albany. R. .^I'Michael Philadelphia. Van Amringe Baltimore, VV illard Rhoads Washington Ciiy, Wm. Pairo. Richmond, Dnveii- Savannah, Hall, Shap'.cr &. Tupper New i3rleans, Foster & Hution Charleston, (S. C.) J. & J. .SirccI Co. Mr A. Loubat's book on the Cultureof the Grape Vine, and on the Making of Wine, may be found at the principal book- sellers of the United States ; and his agents will furnish Ihem gratis to subscribers. MOWING LAND. It is a bad practice to feed your mowing land very closely in the fall. There "should be enough j V; JVeie England Farmers Almanack, for 1829> In press at llie New England Farmer office, and will be pub- lied to-morrow, the New England Fanner's Almajiack for 9. By Thomas G. Fessenden. Editor of the New England grass lelt to iirotect the roots' of the erass against i Farmer. For sale, wholesale and retail, at the N. E. Farmer tbn i-..„^. 1- • . i%- 1 . " ,! oftice. No. 52 Noi-ih Market street, bv Bowles &, Dearborn, 50 tnc Hosts ot winter. We have known very good [ Washington street, and by the booksellers and traders generally. iarmers, who would not suiiiir their mowing land Some copies interleaved with writing paper, which will be vejv serviceable to fanners, will be kept for retail at the Farmer offitV NEW ENCJ1.AWD FARMER. Published by John B. Russell, at .Mo. 52 JVorth Market Sired, (over the Agricultural JVarehouse). — Thomas G. Fessenden, Editcr. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 21, 1828. No. 18. HORTICULTURE. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAKMER. FIRE BLIGHT. Mr Fessekbf.n — Fiie bliiilit is still employed to ileiiote tlic new malady wiiich destroys our pear ;ind apple trees ; and the cause, by many, is im- puted still to the malignant infliieno.e of the solar rays, which, since the world began, have given life, growth and maturity to the vegetable cre- ation. Vide JV. E. Farmer, vii. p. 19. It is a sound axiom that like causes produce like effects. If the sun does the mischief, why has it not done the like for centuries before .' Has the benign influence of its lays changed ; or have tlie laws of vegetation altered, within tlie last few years? The tumors on the plum and Morello cherry, which in some districts have operated to the almost entire extinction of these vahinhle fruits, have been ascribed to a spontaneous extravas- ation of sa|), and to other equally erroneous caus- es. But it has been satisfactorily shown, by emi- nent naturalists, as well as practical gardeners, that this disease originates from the poisonous puncture of an insect, probably but a short time among us, which operates upon the vegetable blood like the poison of a rabid animal upon the human system, causing disease and death. But as the circulation is infinitely more rapid in the animal than in the vegetable, the cure in the lat- ter is more easy and certain. Governed by ti- s opinion I have persevered in cutting off and burn- ing the diseased branches until I have overcome the evil, although some gardens in the vicinity are as much afflicted as ever. I have some thousands of the plum and Morello cherry on my gronnds,and have found but one diseased tree among them during the season, and that came into my posses- sion last s])ring. Forty years ago the Hessian fly was unknown to us. New enemies to our crops are annually recognized in the insect tribes. I do not believe this disease is produced by the sun ; because its attacks are indiscriminate, where the sun's rays are obstructed by foliage, as well as where exposed to its rays ; on the north as well as the south ; on horizontal as well as perpendicular shoots ; and on tlie under as well as upper side. I dissent equally from the theory, that it is oc- casioned by ony deleterious matter in the soil ; because it occurs where the soil has undergone no apparent change ; and because, were this the case, the whole system of sap wood, through which the juices circulate before they become veg- etable food, would be ahke affected, and first the roots and trunk. I object to every opinion which goes to ascribe it to atmospheric influence ; because this influence would exert itself first on the leaves, the most sen- sitive and exposed organs, and the extremities would invariably give the first indications, whicli is not the case. I do not believe it pccuhar to any particular va- riety : because it attacks my apples as well as pears. It most abounds where the wood is most thrifty and tender. My Poir d'Auch, Winter but- ter and Priestley apples have suffered inost. It ill becomes me, after objecting to other theo- ries, to set up one of my own, without ample proof to support it. But as my only object is to excite investigation, anl. The following directions with respect to the culture of the Chesnut, are abridged from the works of several authors. Soil and site. The Chesnut flourishes on poor, •gravelly and sandy soils. It is, indeed, a certain and quick grower on every kind of soil, except heavy clays, or soils generally wet, on which it makes slow progress. London says " the cliesuut 'from the parent stock, prefers a sandy loam with a dry bottom ; but will , seeds of several kind verted, to the great advantage of the roots ; and the under-soil brought up to the beneficial influ- ence of the atmosphere." That it is increased from nuts dibbled in Februsiry, [March in this country] 3 or 4 inches deep, having been ])reserv- ed during winter in sand. The quantity to an acre 4 bushels," or " By grafting ; this is a more certain way of continuing a good kind than by nuts." Mr Ira Hopkins of Cayuga, N. Y. in a letter, published in Memoirs of the JVew York Board of ^flgrictiHure, says, " Influenced by a desire to do something for jiosterity, I determined to plant a field of chesnuts. Accordingly in the fall of 1821, I procured about a peck of nuts, and kept them very choice until the setting in of winter, for fear of their being destroyed by the mice and other vermin. In December I planted them four feet u- part each way ; but not one of the seeds came up. " Determined to persevere, iu the fall of 1822, I obtained about the same quantity of nuts, and immediately planted them al>out four feet apart, as before, and covered them superficially w'ith leaves and light earth. Most of them came up, and they appear to grow well. " I am of opinion that if farmers would take a little pains in this way, they nnght, at a trifling ex- pense, have a growth of timber coming on to sup- ply them with fire wood and fencing stuff', when our old forests have disappeared. As chestnut will sprout and grow rapidly, I am told that it will do to cut off" every 25 or 30 years." In remarking on this communication, Jesse Bu- el, Esq. editor of the Memoirs, &c. observes, " The following fact has been related to us as evidence of the luxuriant growth of the chestnut, and its power of reproducing a new growth, during the natural decay of the old wood. Our informant stated that when a boy he assisted his father to cut down a chestnut tree, which was converted into shingles, and used in covering a barn. Thir- ty years afterwards he e\it down one of three sprouts, which had started up from the stump of the old tree, and obtained from it shingles to re place the old ones, which had been laid thirty y«ars bsfore on the barn. " Iu the interior of Pennsylvania,extensive tracts are devoted to the growth of chesnut timber, in the vicinity of forges and other iron works ; and this timber is cut off" at intervals of sixteen years and converted into charcoal. What stronger evi- dence do wo want of the value of this wood, or of the economy of making plantaliojis of it iu time upon light or waste lands? "In the propagation of forest trees by seeds, the tiatural ()rocess by which they are produced will be our best guide. Some seeds become rancid without great care, almost as soon as they fall Such is the case with the of masinolia. The onlv elude the seeds of the stone fruits) should never be suft'ered to become dry before they are deposited in the earth. We annex Michaux's method of planting the chesnut, from his North American Sylvia, vol. iii. page 13. "After the ground has been carefully loosened, with the plough and harrow, lines are drawn srx feet apart, in which holes about a foot in depth and diameter are formed at the distance of four feet. A chesnut is placed in each corner of llie holes, and covered with three inches of earth. As the soil has been thoroughly subdued, the nuts will spring and strike root with facility. Early in the second year, three of the young plants are removed from each hole, and only the most thriv- ing is left. The third or fourth year, when the branches begin to interfere with each other, every second tree is suppressed. To insure its success, the plantation should be begun in March or April, with nuts that have been kept in the cellar during the winter, in sand or vegetable mould, and that have al- ready begun to vegetate." [to be continued.} ■;row in any soil on a dry sub.^oil. Distribute the j way in which these can bo preserved, we are ad plants towards the northern boundary of orchards; | vised by Michaux, is, as soon as they are gather- and in larger grouj)s, over any vacant tracks, in ed, and bef )re the pulp, which surrounds the seed extensive pleasure grounds or parks, and to form syjaciouB avenues, or a row along any out boimda- ry. A great number should not be placed close to a residence, as the smell of t!ie flowers is oft'en- sive. Plant them [for the last time] at not less than thirty feet, and thence to fifty feet distance. The work eiuitled " Gleanings in Husbandry'^ says the land for the chesinu " should be trenched to a depth from 15 to 18 inches ; by this process, i.fie upper, which is usually the best soil is sub- is withered, to mix them with rotten wood, or with sand slightly moistened ; where they are kept cool till they are committed to the ground. Others are enveloped iu an acrid pulp, and a hard shell, so firmly cemented as to require the lapse of a year, or the violent and repeated alternations of heat and frost to excite germination. Such are the seeds of most kinds of thorn, (cratagus). And others again which fall with the leaf, such as the chesnut, walnut, butternut, &.c. (and we may in- From the Baltimore Patriot. f ._ Mr. Munroe. — On reading the reports of tin several committees appointed to award the premi- ums of the late Cattle Show near Baltimore, I ob- served that the committee on Jlsses and Mules ex- press a regret that neither Jennies nor Mules were exhibited, for preniiums ; I have hastily thrown together my ideas of the valuable properties of the Mule for agricultural employment. If you thiuk them worthy an insertion in your useful and wide- ly circulating paper you will please to insert them, and oblige A FARMER. THE MULE, When compared with the horse for the general purposes of agriculture (in Maryland) has certainly many advantages. First, they are much longer lived, I think I am justified in saying double when put to hard service and exposed. The late Col. John E. Howard, had a pair that worked thirty years, at the expiration of which time he sold them to a carter in Baltimore, then in good health, and they performed well for many years after. There are several Mules now in Baltimore county that were twenty-five years old last spring, some on the farm of George Merryman, Esq. and some are on the farm of Micajah Merriman Esq. they are now in good order and perform well — there are many that are twenty years old, and have been at hard work eighteen years of age that were sold al public sale a few weeks ago at fifty thres dollars each, besides these there are many that have been at hard work from twelve to fifteen years that would now sell for one hundred dollars each. — Secondly, the great saving of food, which on a fair calculation, 1 consider to be one third or iu other words, six ears of corn is as great feed fur ;< mule as eight for a horse ; in confirmation of thT>, I have the opinion of Mr. Green late manager at Hampton, and many others in Baltimore counts who have long used the mule in agricultural jiur- suils. Upon this principle, nine pounds of chop- ' ped rye for a mule is equal to twelve pounds for ] a horse. Agreeably to this conclusion, I will at- I tempt to show what is saved in the article of food 'alone. If chopped rye be used the saving wdl be three pounds per day, and in a year 1095 lbs. ; cal- j culating chopped i-ye at one dollar per hundred. ' the saving in a year will be $10 95 Hay in proportion at five dollars per ton 2 4? Vol. VII.— No. 18. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 139 Making a saving in one year of $13 38 ;inil ill ten years of $133,80. Thus it appears that in ten years which may with propriety be consid- ered far short of the average time of a mule's ser- vice, it will save its first cost in the article of food olone, and he a good mule then. And further- more, they are not liable to so many diseases which frequently afflict horses, viz : coWs ailment, the glanders, heaves, yellow water and cholic, and they seldom are afflicted with the spavins, ring- lioue or botts, and they will not founder. Admit- ting wliat I have stated to be correct, there can be no doubt of the superior advantage to be deriv- t of two thousand four hundred dollars, the product of four acres of land. 140 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Xov. 21, 1S2S. SEEDS rOR SOWING. immediately bo trussed up, atid suspended in some No part of the farmer's or gardener's business ' dry place, secure from rats and mice. Here it ought to bo more carefully attended to than the procuring of proper seed ; the failure of crops in ([uantity or quality, is as frequently to be attrib- uted to neglect of this precaution, as to any other cause. We recommend the judicious advico on this head, given in a little work, entitled " The New-Yorli Gardener," by P. Agricola, an excellent little manual replete with sound maxims and use- lijl information. " If the sce.) Straw hives are unsuitable for our climate, and afford a harbor for all kinds of in.sects. It is folly to talk of their cheapness. If a man intend to keep bees, he must in the first place, make tbe hives in the very best manner ; by this we mean of good materials and good workmanship. A hive badly joined by an awkward carpenter is worse than a hollow tree. One half of the labor of the bees, is directed to the repairs of their dwelling.* It it not asserted that bees wdl of themselves, falK into these hives, or that no trouble or expense is necessary in the management of an ajiiary. We know that both care and expense are lecjuired ; — but the latter, after the first disbursement, is very trifling. Vigilance and neatnees are forever in rfs- quisition, and the care of bees like all other profit- able business, cannot be pursued to any advantage, unless it receives daily and minute attention. But have we not accomplished a great deal when we have reduced the thing to this certainty ? But althougli, as we have before observed, noth- ing is more simple in theory and practice, than the history and cnre of bees, yet it requires a con- stant and unremitted attention if we aim eitJier at the instruction or profit. Can any thing be well- done and to advantage without these ? Varro, in his treatise, de Re Rusiica, is the first who has spoken of hires. He wrote upwards of 1,780 years ago ; and how many different .sorts of hive.s have been constructed since his time, to say noth* ing of the difterenl theories .' We wish to see bees in every garden throughout America, but we have no desire to see the subject encumbered more than is necessary to advance the pleasure and pro- fit of the pursuit. To the naturalists we will leave di.scussions of organization and propagation. They are foreign to our purpose, as they only serve to perplex and deter us from the main points. But it is proper to know the most simple mode of man- aging a hive, and this includes the pasture ot food that is necessary for its sustenance. Hungor de- stroys as many bees as the millers. We ought to cultivate such shrubs and plants as the bees like, without this they will starve. The American black willow and the red maple are the first trees that are visited by the bees. They are fond of tiie crocus, which is earhest of the bulbous roots ; and these we can have in abundance, as they multiply quickly and occupy but little space. They are beautiful in themselve.?, aflbrding a rich treat to the eyes ; and tNjy flower so early, and are of such bright and vivid colors that we take as much pleasure in them as the bees do. The stercorary and piggery are ne.xt resorted to by these insccis- These we jiresume are their medicine shops, and * A model of Ihc liivi-' wliith we i-cinsider of the best construc- tion, may be seen ai the villaije of ilie Lebanon Shaker^, in the h.Tiids (if Daniel Hawkins ; or at the seat of Theodore Sedg- wick, Esq in Stockbridge. The invontor of thi.s hive has bad on opporiunily of judging of its niorils by e.\pcriemc. 142 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 2i, V6-2h- the extract absorbed from them must be used as bee when in the abode that nature assigned it* atonic. Blossoms ofallkinds,e.xcepting those of I This very worm, from which they bid us turn the red clover and of the honey-suckle are excel- lent food ; and the bees especially profit by the aside when we meet it in our path, after destroy ing the roots of our pasture and our corn, becomes a winged insect, and continues its mischief to the destruction of our finest fruits. We really are in a sad plight between our sen- increased attention bestowed at present ou the cultivation of the peach tree in some j)arts ot the country. They not only drink the nectar and ex- tract the pollen of the flower, but they appropri- sibilities and our sense of justice ate the peach itself. We have seen twenty or | We say that insects have so multiplied, that we thirty bees devour a peach in half an hour ; that is, they carried the juices of it to their cells, f he humming bird alone can reach the bottom of the nectary of the honey-suckle, but even here the instinct of the bee is seen. The small birds, such as the wren, make an incision on the outside, near the bottom of the flower, and extract a part of the juices. The bee takes advantage of this opening and avails itself of what is left. The scent of the bees is so acute, that every flower which has a powerful odor can be discov- ered by them at a great distance. Strawberry blossom.s, mignonette, wild and garden thyme, herbs of all kinds, ajiple, plum, cherry, and above all, raspberry blossoms and white clover are deli- cious food for them, and a thriving orchard, gar- den, and apiary fitly go together. But as the bee seeks only its own gratification in procuring honey and in regulating its house- hold, and as, according to the old proverb, what is one man's meat is another's poison, it sometimes carries honey to iis cell, which is prejudicial to us. Dr. Barton, in the fifth volume of the American Philosophical Transactions, speaks of several plants that yield a poisonous syrup, of which the bees jiartake without injury, but which has been fatal to man. He has enumerated some of these plants, which ought to be destroyed wheieTer they are seen ;— namely, dwarf laurel, great laurel, kal- uiia latifolia, broad-leaved inoorwort, Pennsylvania mountain laurel, wild honey-suckle, (the bees as we have observed cannot get much of this) and the stramonium or Jamestown weed ; which lust we should wish to see completely eradicated, as independently of the poison, extracted from its can neither raise grain for our canle, nor fruit for ourselves. "Keep the birds near you," say the philosophers — "quit the cruel practice of shooting the harmless songsters of the grove, and you will not only be rewarded by seeing that insects de- crease, but you will be charmed by their melody." But then, we say in answer that the birds do not discriminate ; that they prefer bees to every other insect, and therefore tlie birds must die. And in reality we must make war upon those birds, that show the greatest fondness for our little friends. Let us, at least, show our sense of the value of pleasure of social intercourse to the profits which result from intellectual acquisitions, seem to be at- tracting a large share of public attention. We are happy to perceive this, and at all times willing to devote our pen and paper to so important an ob- ject. It* has been well suggested in several of the newspapers in this City, and Conmionwcalth, to ourselves. that the institutions, proposed under the name of American Lyceums, might well be recommended ill Thanksgiving discourses, and the evening of that day be laudably and usefiiUy employed in or- ganizing such associations for mental improve- ment. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOV. 21, 1828. INSECT ON FRUIT TREES. A correspondent, with the signature " M." in a communication, dated Wrightsville, York county. Pennsylvania, gives an account of an insect and its these, by keeping their enemies away, at any rate i ravages, as follows :— ^" The first appearance of the from their very doors. Let us lessen the chance of their encountering them abroad, by planting the favorite food of the bees as near the apiary as possible ; and also lessen the chance of their be- ing drowned when driven by high winds, as they stoop to drink, by giving them running streams near to their hives. * » * » In the hive of a new swarm, during the months of July and August, there are fewer small bees, than in one that has been tenanted for four or five years. The bee, like all other insects, spins itself a covering before it becomes a fly. When it em insect, which I noticed was on a carthouse apple tree, in the spring or summer of 1827. The ap- pearance to me resembled the blossoms of Timothy or some small grass, shaken on the trunk of the tree, when wet with dew, and remaining on it. — After which they appeared to increase in size to about the bigness of shot No. 8, cut in two, and a little lengthened ; and formed a cover, adhtsring to the bark, under which the insect, whatever it may be, was found. On rubbing them with the finger nail or point of a knife, there seemed to remain a liquid, darker colored than venous blood. They erges with wings from its cell, several older bees stick very tight, having resisted, in a great ineas- approach it, feed it v.'ith the contents of their sto- ure, my attempts to rub them off on a damp day, raachs, and then clean out the cell and deposit in with a stiff" hand-scrubbing brush. Their progress it fresh honey. This is their constant practice ; appears to be fi-om at or near the ground, into and the bee that is just born, as soon as it has the branches, when the stock or stem is free from been fed and has stretched its wings, flies oflf to them, but the bark is left rough and cracked iu a flower, and commences its labors. But although j many places, and I have observed streaks on it, the bees clean out the cell the moment a young ' resembling a place over which a dark colored li- bee is born, yet they either find no inconvenience i quor had flowed. While on the trunk (although from that part of the film, which the young bee at first round and smooth) a raised and depressed "eaves at the bottom of the cell, (and which is of: muscular appearance is produced, which is often flowers, and from its seeds which are otten eaten | _^ silky nature,) or they are umable to detach it. I found on our black hawthorn, and admired in v„r «i,;wiron it U tlip uL'lipst weed that grows, and I , •' ._,•; ., „ ._ _. __ , i -. . __ . ~,_ _ _ ._,•_, , /- . by children, it is the ugliest weed that grows, lias the most ofi'en.sive odor. The poets, always exalting and magnifying the subjects that they touch, have contributed, per- haps, tnorc than any other set of writers to mis- lead our judgment. They endow the bee with , yf\^\f.[y there is a great number, are never of the memory, and Rogers thinks that it finds its way U^j] ^j^p of those that have had more room. Even In consequence of this the cell is not so deep, canes of that wood. The tree on which I first and as the same circumstances occur perpetually, ' discovered it does not appear to have increased brood alternating with honey, the cells become in size since first planted, and I think will not live every year visibly smaller ; and, consequently, | another season. It was from a nursery in Lan- those bees that are bred in these small cells, of caster county, Pennsylvania. I afterwards found the insect, very injurious on to the hive by this faculty alone. Nor is it only with regard to the bee, that poets, the worst en- tomologists in the world liave lead us astray. Cowper says, " 1 would noi enter on my lift nf friends Thou'^ii grac'tl with polish'd manners and fine sense, . . — — ihe man the queen eggs, which we say are often deposited the summer pearmain, summer bough, and yellow harvest, obtained from Burlington, N. J. growing in the cells of neuters, and have afterwards larger j on the opposite side of the orchard, but on the Who needlessly sets foot upon a worm.' By ivorm, we wonder if he included the grub worm. Alas ! little did that amiable man think of, the mischief that would ensue from this seusibihty j and tenderness towards insects, lie thought that when nature created them, and designed them an abode, that it was a species of cruelty to hunt or barm them, when nut actually crawling "in the alcove, the chamber, or refectory." But the harm that the few do, which so inadvertently approach our dwellings, is insignificant when compared to tlie ravages of every kind of insect excepting the cells attached to the first, never produce so large a queen bee, as if the cell had been of the proper dimensions at first. Thus we see that (lie con- traction of the cell may diminish the size of a bee, even to the extinction of life, just as the contrac- tion of a Chinese shoe reduces the foot even to uselessness ; but in neither case will a single [.'• new organ be taken from or added to the bee, or a single toe be taken from or added to the foot, whether the cell or shoe be larger or smaller. (To be concluded in our next.) AMERICAN LYCEUM. These scientific institutions, so well calculated to accelerate the march of mind by adding the * Other insects, however, beside the bee are very useful to man. Among the number are the Cochineal insect, the fly which gives birth to the gall-nut, the silk worm, fcc. &e. -Eu. summer rose, (from Burlington) growing with the pearmain, &c. I found none of it. The juicy bite and rambo are badly affected with it, as also the Newton pippin ; but the Bellefleur, Vandeveer, and Winter sweet Paradise are nearly clear of it. I have seen a little of it on some pear trees obtain- ed from Mr. Prince, of Long Island, last spring. Last summer, whilst looking at one of the Jersey trees, which was afl'ecled with it, I discovered a dark colored insect on the body of the tree about the size and shape of a small grain of coffee, with a bristly coat, and no wings, (at least I saw none) and slothful in its movement, which I killed. I then on the same tree, found two more, and on another .ift'ected tree near it two others. Can this be the insect which deposits the eggs? I Last summer 1 washed the trees affected, with corrosive subUinate, about four times the strength Vol.VlI Nn.l8. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. H§ necessary for herpetic affections of the human skin ; but it does not appear to have done any good. The orchard stands on a strong limestone soil, has been under cultivation ever since plant- ing, and the trees have been brushed with soft soup, every spring, as recommended by Mr Prince Every tree of the carthouse has it. I liave tlius far intentionally avoided the use of white-wash on young trees, but unless informed of something else, which may be more effectual, 1 think I shall try it ; but where the disease has extended to the twigs, I am at a loss how to apply any thing like a wash." Our correspondent has some further remarks and inquiries, relative to the management of fruit trees, which we hope to take notice of hereafter. The insect, which he has described is new to us, and we liave found no accout of any thing similar in any books, which we have been able to consult. We should be much obliged, to Dr. Harris, or any other gentleman, who may possess informa- tion relative to this destroyer, /or such notices of it as may |)rove interesting' td'wie entomologist, or useful to the orchardist, by showing some me- Jliod of guarding against its ravages. We are requested to state that the Gage plum tree which produced the large quantity of plums that were sold for above forty dollars in our mar- ket, (as mentioned in the New England Farmer of October 3d) was obtained by Mr. Samuel R. Johnson, the proprietor, from Mr. Prince's nurse- ries at Long Island, and is of a variety originat- ed by 3Ir. Prince, from seed, and called the white gage. ^finter Keeping for Horses in the vicinity of Boston, Where the most faithful oar** may be relied on, may be had on application to Major Samuel Jaqiies, Charlestown, or Mr. T. J. Niles, School Street, or to Mr. Kussell, Publisher of the New England Farmer. An early application is desirable. Kenrick J^urseries. 100 Choice varieties of Ornamental hardy trees and shrubs, jusl received from New York, and selected in June last. This cslablishmenl situated but an hour's ride from Boiilon, contains a very extensive assortment of Apples, Pears, Plums. Peaches. Apricots, Quinces, Grape Vines, Mulberries, Cur- rants. Raspberries, Strawberric-i, »fec. and a general assort- ment of Ornamental trees, shrubs, &c. Also, the following fruit and ornamental trees of extra shf^, viz. Flowering Horse Chesnuls, Mountaiji Ash. Weeping Wil- lows, Ailanthus, Catalpas, Purple Acacia, Dutch Cork Elm (a new article) liuttcrnnts and Silver Firs. 300 Isabella Grape Vines; and White Mulberry Trees b)' the tliniisand. Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrick, and directed to the Newton post office, will be promptly attended lo, or they may be left at Mr Joseph Bridge's Grocery and Seed slore, Court street, Boston, where lists of the above niav be seen. Trees will be packed in matis for shipping, when order- ed, and delivered in Boston free of charge. '3i Nov i.'I Moody's Patent Portable Oven. This Oven, which is constructed lor doing all the ordinary ^aking of a erry Seed, raised in Coventry, Con. this season, and sav.- ed with care e.\prcssly tor us — For sale by the lb. or ounce. Grape J'iries: On hanri. uell packed in moss for transportation, a good col- lection of Grape Vines, at the nursery prices, 50 cts. to ^1.00 per root. J^ew England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street— Boston. Pear Tiees and Grape Fines. For sale at the house of Samuel Downer, in Dorchester, 200 Pear Trees of the clroicest varieties. 100 Isabella and Bland's Virpiuia— 200 native and 200 Sweet Water Grape Vines from 2 to 3 vears old. Also, a varretv ftf Rose Bushes, Ornamental ■es, white lilies. &:c. Appl^- tci Uiifus Howe on the premises. Dorchester Nov. 21. 3l, 144 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 21, li-28. MISCELLANIES. Truth and falsehood. It is most dangerous to deviate from tnitli, even on the most trifling oc- rasion. However gi/.Ieleas may be our intentions, llie habit (if indulged) may take root, and gain on us under tlie cover of vario!urserv, Brighton. Nov. r 1828. 3U Great sale of Wool. ON THURSP.U-, DECEMBER 18, AT 10 O'cLOCI, 4( tlie Hall over thi New Market. "19 hales ?a.vony WOOL, consisliug of first and second Elec- toral—first and second Piima, feecunda, and Tenia. 246 bags Leoncssa Sorianna Segoviana Spanish U ool. 130 bags Portuguese Wool. . 480 bags (about 76,000 pounds) American Fleece W ool, amoBg which ate some choice lots of selected !sa.\ony and full blood Merino lleeces. , , „, , k-. Catalogues will be ready for delivery and tli* Wool may be exaniined'ihree days before the sale. • Coolidje, Poor & Head— Arice, the judicious farirr- er will not purchase articles, either of a flimsy fab- rick, or a faulty form ; and implements ought to cic, written for Messrs. Wells and Lilly's Edition of Deane's JVeiv England Farmer, by J. Lowell. Esq. it is observed that " The practice of the pop- ulous nations of Europe, where forests have been cut off centuries ago, and who are compelled to resort to measures of the strictest economy, to sujiply themselves with fuel, ought to have great weight with us. France, in particular, ought to be looked up to for wise lessons on this subject. — Her vast and thickly settled populations, her nu- merous manufactures, her poverty in mineral coal, the eminence which she has attained in all eco- nomical arts, entitle her to great respect. It is the practice of tlie French |)eople not to cut off their woods oftener than once in twenty or twen- ty-five years, and by lan', when they are cut over, the owner is obliied to cut the tchole smooth, with the exception of a very few trees, which tiie offi- cers of the government had marked to be spr.red for larger growth — without giving any opinion as to the propriety of the direct interference of the government on such a topic, we would say that the example proves that in the opiniou of French scientific and practical men, it is expedient, when \voodiands are cut, that they should be cut jinootli, in order that the new growth might start togeth- er, not overshadeifby other trees of larger growth. We have no favorable opinion of the utility of cut- ting down trees in a scattered manner, as they appear to fail, and still less of planting acorns in thinner spots of the forest. The growth thus pro- duced must remain forever feeble." TURNIPS FOOD FOR HORSES. An English writer says that when horses are fed on turnips, they are induced to eat the barn chaff, and other dry food with good appetite ; ai e kept healthy and will work without grain. Lou don says " the Swedish and yellow turnip are eaten greedily by horses ; and afford a very luitri- live and salutary food along with hay or straw for working stock. The best mode is to steam them after previously passing them through a slicing machine, as no root requires so much cooking as the Swedish turnip. Horses will also cat the white turnip, but not freely unless they have been early accustomed to them, as in some parts of Norfolk." REMARKS ON TREES AND TIMBER. Loudon says that the period at which trees are felled, for the sake of their timber, is determinc NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 28, 1829. ■^rr ment ; who, let the price and deinand for timber be \vhat tliey may, ought to mark every tree which wears the apijenraiice of decay. If tlie de- mand lie hrisk, and the price high, he ought to go two steps furtiier, and mark not only such as are fully grown, hut such also ns arc near perfection." In trees, as in the human species:, there are three stages, youth, manhood, and old age. In the pe- rioil of youth, the growth is rapid ; in manhood tliat growth is matured ; and in old ago it begins to decay. Tlie most profitable season for foiling timber is at what may be thus termed the begiiming of liianhood. After that time, though tlie tree may appear sound and healthy, its annual increase is so little, that it would be more profitable to cut it plantation, and we will subjoin Bome directions for raishig that very valuable tree. Hunttr^s JVoies on Evetyn^s Sylva, give the following as the best mode of raising the oak : Having the grouiid properly jtrepared (by break- ing it up and reducing to a fine tilth, either by potatos or repeated pluughings) and having a suf- ficient (piantity of acorns, all gathered from the most vigorous, healthy and thrifty trees, proceed to the setting them in the following manner. In the month of February or March, let lines be drawn across the grounil for the rows, at the dis- tance of four feet from each other ; but if this be thought too great an interval, the rows may be made three feet, in which case the acorns must be put down at a greater distance from each oth- down and replant. The number of years that a er. Tlien having sticks properly rounded to make tree may stand before it arrives at this period, j the holes, (a common dibble) plant the acorns in must vary in difterent soils and situations ; but the period itself may be easily ascertained, by the an- nual shoots, the state of the bark, and by taking the circumference of the tree at the same place for two or three successive seasons, and compar- ing the difference. In the view of profiting from timber produce, it is of great consequence to cut down plantations at maturity. Many trees will stanil half, others a whole century, after they are full grown, appear quite licallfiy, and at the same time, make little or no increase of timber. But there are particular cases, arising from the nature and state of the markets, where it may even be more profitable to cut timber before it is arrived at its full growth. ON FOREST TREES. CoiUiHW^d /torn page 138. The following notices of the Chesnut may form an useful addition to the remarks on the same sub- ject, given in our last number. M. Micliau.'L states tliat " th« European chesnut would be a valuable acquisition to many parts of (he United .Stales. This tree produce^ the nuts called Marroiis tie Lyon, which are fuiir times as lar"o as the wild chesnuts of America, and which the rows at ten inches asunder.* Let them be put down about two inches below the surface, and see that the earth be properly closed upon them to prevent mice or crows from injuring the seed. In some places it is customary to sow acorns after the plough in furrows, but where the ground hap- pens to be stiff, great care should be taken not to cover tlie seed with too thick a fiirrow. " The first year after planting the acorns the weeds must be kept down by hoeing and hand weeding, and this must be done early in the spring before the weeds get so strong as to hide l\e ten- der plants, which would occasion many of them to be destroyed in cleaning. It is niso the cheap- est as well as the neatest husbandry to take weeds down before they grow too large ; for tliough the ground may require an additional hoeing in the spring, yet the weeds, being hoed down when young, a man may hoe over a great quantity in a day. Weeds cut in their tender state immediate- ly die. Whereas when they are old and strong, they frequently grow again, in a short time, es- pecially if rain ibllows soon after, they ])erfect tiicir seeds, and thereby injure the vvliolo jilanta- tion. "The second year of their growth the common ;• ^'^ consulted by your correspondent spring, are five and six feet high. This is one of water, nearly, or quite at the boiling point, and sown when you i)lant beans, as the plants arc, when young, very sensitive to frost. When once established, it is difficult to eradicate them, as they send up sprouts wherever the root is sundered or bruised. They are of quick growth, and consti- tute a valuable timber. The glutinous resembles the common in its ap- pearance, habits and rapid growth, and is equally prolific in suckers. It flowers beautilijlly, bur mine have not produced seeds. The three thorned or horny locust, us it is (-ai- led, (gledischia) grows freely fnjui such seeds sov\'u in the si)ring. I have planted some thousands of these in hedge, with a strong confidence of their jn-oving an excellent plant for live fence. Tlieir growth is rapid, and the wood very hardy and compact. 14. I gathered and sowed the seeds of the elm, on the same day (May 28lli) that I did the white maple. The best j)laiits are now from two to four feet high. I have had no experience with the birch, chea. nut, tulip, pine or oak, and am oidy commencing my experiments upon the firs ; and shall therefore say nothing of the manner of propagating them — except to observe, that nature is the best guide in these matters. Follow her laws ; plant when the seed falls from its jiarent tree, and we shall sel- dom fail of success. Michaux's North American the quickest growing trees we have, particularly on moist and wet soils, to which it is particularly adapted. It is ornamental, and makes good fuel after it has become partially dry. 2. I have repeatedly planted horse chestnut in April, with unvarying success, and have nearly four thousand growing, of different ages. The on- ly precautions I would suggest, are, to take care that the nuts do not become heated and rancid, I Sf^^^- with profit. Your correspondent seems to be in the condi- tion of a political candidate for office, perched on an eniinenoe, a mark fi)r every angry wind that blows. 1 advise him to remove into the vale, out of the reach of the envious elements ; or if this cannot be done, to encircle his villa with all the variety of trees that will grow upon his grounds, and by no means omitting fruit trees and ever- They may be thinned and fashioned to and that they are not covered with too much earth. From one to two inches is the proper depth to plant. They are fond of a rich, tenacious soil. 5. Beech masts are most successfully planted when they naturally fall from the tree, in autumn and should be slightly covered. 6. I have jdanted ash keys in April. A few came up the first summer, but ninety-nine hund- redths ofthem did not vegetate until they had lain in the ground a twelve month. The white hkes a kind loam ; the black wet and gravelly locations. Those which came up the first season, and which seasons, are from two to three his taste as they advance in growth. The seeds of all he has enumerated, and many others, may be easily procured ; and the expense of nurturing the young plants will not be felt by a gentlemsii I of his ardor in rural and useful improvement. With an ardent desire that your correspondent's zeal may prove contagious, and that he may ol)- ' tain a seat in Congress to reward you for your meritorious labor, I subscribe myself", very res|ject- fully, your obedient servant. J. B. I Atbawj, No,: 182S. vine blue color, produced from worms, fed by her own fair hands during the last summer. Your Those which came up the first season, and which j Propagating forest trees. — Sowing acorns, beach committee would remark that the cultivation of , have grown two seasons, are from two to three ^ masts, ash keys, &c. in the autumn, when these - the silk worm is very simple, and can be introduc- 1 feet high. seeds will fall spontaneously fri'm the trees ap- ed among our agricultural pursuits with the great- 1 7. I have not planted any walnuts but the black | pears by much the most natural method ; but the est facility. It is within the reach of almost eve- 'kind. They were put in the ground in autumn, ry farmer. — The mulberry grows spontaneously, i and vegetated freely. Their growth is rapid since ■ and abundantly, and it requires only the labor of the two first years after planting. -children to manage the worms." | 9. Seeds of the mulberry may be planted on a Leghorn and Gimp Bonnets were exhibited and; bed of fine mould in May. I have hundreds, commended "particularly those made by Miss the seeds of which were' sown in the spring of lEwart and Miss M'Cellland, the former of whom' 1806. They will soon constitute a fine hedge. destruction made by the field-mouse upon these seeds, both at the time of sowing and during the inade upwards of 80 dollars and the latter 50 dul- where protection from winds is desired. winter, has induced many gentlemen to prefer spring sowing to the autumnal one. When spring sowing is determined on, the acorns and other seeds must be jireserved in sand during the win- ter ; and, in forming the magazines, care must be taken to keep the different sorts from each other. 148 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, [By tlie E.litor.] DOI^IESTIC MANAGEMENT AND PERSON- AL EXPENSES. Young farmers, lieginning house-keeping, like most others hi similar circuinstaiiccs, arc ajit to sink too great a proportion of tlicir capital in fur- niture, and fiuiiishing riding liorses, carriages, &:c.; and sometimes to live up to or even beyond their income. We do not mean that farmers should not live as well as other men of tlie same proper- ty ; but merely that all beginners should live with- in their income. Even in marketing expenses care is requisite ; and the prudent farmer will do well, every penny or sixpence he lays out, to reck- on up m his mind what that sum per day would amount to in a year. The amount will often as- tonish him, and lead to economy, and where prac- ticable, retrenchment. Saving, as Franklin has inculcated, is the only certain way of accumulat- ing money. In regard to house keeping, it is observed in The Code of AgricxiUure, that the safest plan is, not to suffer it to exceed a certain sum for bought articles weekly. An annual sum should be allot- ted for clothing and the personal expenses of tlic farmer, and his wife and children, which ought not to be exceeded. The whole allotted exjjense should be considerably within the probable re- ceipts ; and if possible one-eighth of the income an- iiually received, should be laid up for contingen- cies, or expended in extra improvements on the farm. from the results of my own experience and obser- vation— the safest guides in forming an estimate of the agricultural capabilities of any country ; and the more particularly valual)le here, as those of this jiroviiice have been s-o much tlic subject of literary controversy. An examination of the subjoined document, must satisfy every impartial mind, that the agriculture of Nova Scotia is one of the most affluent sources of her national wealth, and that the opinion, once entertained, that the soil and climate render her unfit to bo a grain country, was an idle prejudice, undeserving of re- cei)tion or defence : TREES. Trees should be planted as they stood before, i. p. the side which formerly faced the south to he placed again in the same direction ; as a guide the bark should be marked before the tree is moved. When a young tree makes two or three shoots from the root, and tlie object is rpmntity of timber or fire wood, all the shoots should be preserved and eacouraged, as each will attain nearly the same size as single trunked trees which grow near them. But when there are several r-hoots from the same root, we believe they are less apt to grow straight than where they stand independ- ent of each other. It is an infallible sign of bollowness, or want of .soundness in a tree, when there is a swelling vein, which evidently discovers itself above the rest of the trunk, alihougb invested with bark, and which often encircles the tree like ivy. As woodpeckers have not jiower to penetrate a sound tree, if they attack it, rottenness iias com- menced, and it is time to cut it for fuel, or other purposes. The object of woodpeckers in pecking a tree is to extract the insects v/hich are preying upon it. They are, therefore, friendly to its growth ; ahhough they have sometimes been des- troj'ed through a mistaken view of their services, tiy the persons who were benetitted by their la- bors.— See J\r. E. Farmer, vol. vii. p. 97. \_From the NavnscQiijn.^ AGRICULTURE IN NOVA SCOTIA. ''Agriculture is the fountJation of Manufactures, siucc Ihe pro- iiucliniist)f Nature ore the malciials of Art." "Tlie diligent iNIechanic ajid the skilful Artist, who have ob- tained no share in ilie division of tlie eartii, receive a volnnlary ins. from the possessors of land ; and llie latter arc prompted by a sense of interest to improve ibose estates, with » hoso pro- 'Juee Ihey may purchase additional pleasure.''— Gikbor. Mr. Editor, — I beg to enclose the following table, which I will thank you to insert in one of the early numbers of your journal. It is drawn rS '^ B s 3 o w • — C S. •5 c E o a iJ J a ^^ w c; ~ (M f— 1 > a. s.= '-0 tc -S-^ »— < m KET. Beef, lbs. to ■-0 CO ^ a ■« a uT x S-j t-> « C C3 2 :r^ m a. " 3 o -o 'T Q\ ;j •i b -*>\ >ri Ol ' O! ^ S Ol C -o o o o (/3 o C -3' CI ^- v_^— ; - 1 ^ ^^ c O "- E tn . ^ CD C .a o s • S =! -S be n of 100 fori > ° r- - H 5-2 a -5== =■ u > o o a = tniM 9, rn a V O -' e»5 CO " fr to to ^ O o O o CO o o o CO « O o o o CO o o o CO o o ■o CO Tf o o o OI -71 (D o lO IM CO -too o ifS ? s •o t- to CO rp to lO CO >o O r— 1 T-H f— 1 f-H vt CO Hi o ^\ «t,' o 3 s G) 1 1 C. per po piece per pc « o -3 t-t & . 1/ C4 .2 ■3 ^ lS rn SC «^ o> o w n « lO r-t >^ O o '^ to cf ^ k. ec 0? rt — r/i tT c; 3 0 o -U! «c tD t*-i C o ^ aj X l~. •^ o u © *-« c ^ crt o c*- ^ 0) r. o c j-i CO ■* 60 a o ^' 'S. o o i^. x tn r-. C 0 •ji o r. ^ d K -3 -O ^z^ 'if. — ; ^ O O X ^ ^ — & c; o o o o t-> ^. o ^ .O o o o o o o O o " ^ 5 ^ o trs" o o O to" o to" c_ c-T o '.0 p- »2 o o lO to to t.- CO ^ rr to CM to_ of to ci' " o ■^ •— X o _ ^ __ o «J ^1 S ^- « rt o ^^ Ln > 1. = = o o ^ .a 6 6 6 w ^ e. <-> o (M CO CO lO o Tl" o > a. o (N CO r-H CO CI o ^ ''J r„" i bB » CJ .5 =J o o o o c o o c s ^ S ■3 -a T3 ■0 "O, •o ^ ja -C <5 o o ts" o it o S i^ C-1 Nov. -28, 1828. As explanatory of the above, I would beg it to be understood, that the Averages stated, are far below what the soil is cajiable o? producin?. In my own farm I have had innumerable difficulties to contend with, in bringing the fields into a .sys- tematic rotation, and in eradicating the weeds, which had been allowed to flourish so long in their native luxuriance, that they had nearly gain- ed a sovereign possession. Besides it is well known, thai, even when a regular rotation has been introduced, some time must elapse ere the soil will meliorute, and put forth its richest vege- tative powers. 1 have estimated the annual aver- age produce at present at 22J bushels Wheat, '] 40 do. Oats, I 35 do. Peas, ^ Per Acre. 200 do. Potatoes, | IJ ton. Hay, J but I am quite satisfied, after one or two addition- al courses, that the returns will be, at least, one third more. The average of the wool would be greater, and although, in the table, I have placed it at 3 lbs. per fleece, I do not entertain a doubt that, with proper care and encouragement, it would rise to 5 lbs. and upwards. In rating tlie estimate for the whole Province at one half the produce raised on Retreat farm, I have no intention to exalt my own, by deteriorating the exertions of my brother farmers. In fertility of soil, in the division of labor, and in the superi- ority and number of implements, I have advantage over many of them ; and these of themselves, in- dependent of other causes, would tend largely lo swell the extent of the crop. But to speak frank- ly, I flatter myfelf it will be admitted, that the pro- duce of my fields has been much superior to the general average of the District ; and this I attrib- ute to the improved system of agriculture, which I have been so perseveringly anxious to introduce. My adoption of the British liusbandry, so far as circumstances have permitted, has been attended by the most encouraging results. Its fitness for* our soil and climate I regard now as no matter for argument — it has beeu tried and confirmed by ex- perience, anil I feel no hesitation in asserting, it is a high and imperative duty on every person, who feels an interest in the future jirosperity of our country, to be zealous and per.severing in further- ing its more general introduction. When, Mr. Editor, I first commenced my agri- cultural labours, I confess I had some misgivings as to the fitness of the climate for the ripening of the grains. I was seduced into this doubt by the calumnies which had been so long and so loudly ])ropngated, anil by the opinion which was everj' where sported among the farming classes, that Nova Scotia was better adapted for a grazing, than a grain country. I can only say. Sir, that I now entertain a totally different opinion. The length and severity of our winters, and the heavy ex[)ciise attciuiing the raising of green crops,* from the quantity of manual labour they require, render the raising of Stock no very profitable mode of con- suming the produce of a farm — while my experi- ence of eight years has convinced me that all the cereal tribes can be cultivated here with as much security as in other northern climates. During the period above stated, in which I have raised * I speak here merely of the mode of coniuming them, but vith no intention to speak slightingly of ibe value and impor- tance of green crops. These are indispensible in a r»tation, and are necessary to the perfect cuUivatioa and melioratloD of the soil, \oLVII.— No.l9. AND HORTICULTITRAL JOURNAL. 149 annually at least 40 acres of grain, not one failure I is a sulKcient depth. This I have found to be an has been sustained either in wheat or in any other economical and excellent substitute, and the pecu- crop, and I will venture to vouch, few farmers in England could make a similar assertion. In fact, I esteem my vcheat crop as certain as any other ; and as the plan I have pursued has been uniform- ly successful, a sketch of it may be useful to my brotlier agriculturists. The fields appropriated for wheat, in the rotation, are thrown up into drills liar advantage I derive from this practice is, tliat it enables mc to improve by back fields by laying upon them the undivideil riches of the barnyard. In no part, however, of the system has the man- agement I have pursued been more successful than in the melioration and improvement of my marshes. When I first commenced operatioiiK during the preceding fall which not only renders { upon them, they were a perfect nest of weeds, and the soil more mellow, by exposing a larger surface to the frost, but helps to destroy the weeds, pre- vents the land from being washed by the fall and .spring rains, and enables me to work it much ear- lier in the spring. To sow early is essential to the .success of this crop ; for since the severity of our winters renders the use of our winter grain so pre- carious, it is indispensible that our farmers should, by early diligence and activity in the Spring, rem- edy this disadvantage to which the chmate sub- jects us. I have raised hitherto but one variety of wheat the bearded kind, imported from Boston by the Central Board about nine years ago. 1 ob- tained my seed from a crop raised at Willowpark by 3Ir. Young. Befoi'e sowing I use every pre- caution in pickling and linieing, according to the most approved directions — but this care has been liithcrto bountifully rewarded by the excellence and cleanliness of my crop. The rust or blight Jias never struck it ; and I regard the introduc- tion of this variety as a benefit to our agriculture of inestimable value. In my opinion it would be of essential advan- tage to our farming interests, were the turnip iius- bandry more widely prosecuted, fo«, independent- ly of the value of the root ; the fallow is an ex- cellent preparation for the ensuing crop of wheat or barley. IMany farmers run away with the be- lief that turnips are an unsafe crop, on account of the ravages of the fly ; but I have now raised them for eight years without a failure, and the appear- ance of four acres of all kinds which I have this season is most promising, although the soil lias been enriched only with the marsh mud — not a cart load of barn manure being ajiplied to it — The following niethod will render a turnip crop as certain as any other : — Select a loamy soil, plough and drill it as if for potatoes, deposit short dung (for it is necessary that the manure be well the tliistle especially had obtained on them an al most indisputable dominion. The upper surface, from a long course of cropping, without the ap- plication of manure, was completely exhausted ; in the language of Sir Arthur Young, they were a hungry wolfish surface, and the labor thus before me was not only to renovate their exhausted strength, but to cleanse them of this host of weeds. Contrary to the prejudice of many of our farmers, that deep ploughing would ruin" the productive-! The railway requires one man and four horses ness of the marsh, I threw up a deep furrow, and 1 1<^ transport 31 tons four mile.-< i^er hour, have now ascertained that the mixing of this vir- 1 The canal requires 2 men, 1 boy and 2 horses, gin mould with the exhausted soil has rendered it i ^° transport 30 tons 2 miles per hour, quite as fertile as when reclaimed from the sea. The railway may be attended and kept in re- Deep ploughing too, both on my marshes and up- i P^^"' f""" one-tenlh that of a canal. will tend to enlighten the general practice, and to recal some part of the public attention to our ag- ricultural improvement, tny wishes and hopes will be amply gratified. 1 confess that I feel an en- thu.siastic desire to see the spirit which once ani- mated the Province revivified. It is at least a harmless and pardonable wish, and I must there- fore beg an apology from your readers if I claim their attention, until I point out by what course this can best be obtained. (To be continued.) RAIL ROADS. A correspondent of the Boston Daily AdvertFs- er, gives the following as the advantages by which Rail Roads are distinguijhed above Canals. Tlic railway requires but one-third the ([uantity of land tliat is required for a canal, exclusive of ponds, reservoirs and feeders. land, has had the effect of nearly rooting out the thistle, for when I first went to the farm, I could not spare either time or labor to weed more than one of my grain fields ; but this season it has cost me little or no trouble to weed 33 acres, which I have under grain. It is a mistaken idea which some of my neighbors entertain, that the scythe is sufiicient, for I know many fields where the this- tle has been cut down year after year, in this way; and yet, year after year, they spring up with a re- newed and irrepressible fertiHty. The following rotation I have found to answer well upon our marshes. 1 Year, Oats sown upon the lee furrow 2 do. Peas, black, excellent for fattening pigs or feeding horses 3 do. Wheat 4 do. Green crop in drills, potatoes 5 do. Wheat and after this lay it down in the grass, giving it a- bundance of good clover and timotlij- seed. By this mode of cultivation the land will be rendered clean, and the produce will at least be doubled. For the last four or five vears I have threshed decomposed) in the drills, sowing them as soon as : my grain with a threshing machine, wliich I piir made, and while the earth is moist and mellow Nu exertion should be spared to obtain fresh seed, and it would be advisable to prove its quality be- chased from Agricola. It cost me in the first in stance a considerable sum, but I do not now re- Railways give the greatest possible facility to travellers. Canals retard them. Railways may be easily passed in all places re- quired. Canals only by bridges. Radways interfere with no water privileges Canals destroy many. Railways are subject to no interruptions, except from snow, which is easily removed. Canals are subject to he interrupted by droughts, floods, frosts, leakages and locks. ' Railways carry their freight to the doors of the warehouses. Canals deliver their freight Upon the wharf. A railway can bo constructed for half the cost of a canal per mile. A railway may be used twelve months in the year. A canal but seven inontlis. The toll of passengers will pay the interest oir the cost of a raiivvny. The toll of passengers on a canal is very trifling. Half the common rates of toll on a canal wilJ- be sufiicient to pay the whole expense of trans- portation on a railway, including the toll. Mountainous countriee are easily surmounted by . { railways. Canals can never get over them. Rivers and streams are much more easily pass- fore placing it in the drills by sowing some in a the flail, at least by .5 per cent, but the expense is flower-pot to see whether it germinate rapidly and now comjiaratively nothing. Where manual la- with vigor. Two or three ]>ounds are required bor is so expensive, and difficult to be procured per acie, and it ought to be buried, at least, one as in this Province, I am at a loss to conceive v. hy By being' placed at this deptli the these have not been more generally introduced gret the outla v, as it not only threshes cleaner than ■ ^d by railways than they can be by canals. Railways will be the pride of New lOugland ; they will unite them in one common centre, con- nect them in one. common interest, and raise them inch deej). fibres draw more moisture, and sustenance for the infant plant is more speedily obtained from the manure. Their growth will consequently be quicker, which is a matter of first consequence, in order to put them beyond the reach of the fly, for the danger from the insect is only while the plants have put forth the germ or seed leaf. By being thickly sown they protect each other from the sun, and afford abundance to be cut off hy the fly and the hoe. To all my lands near the marsh mud I use no barnyard manure ; for besidee carting mud from the banks of the rivsr, whe»ever the situation of the upland field to be enriched renders it adTiaa- bte, I dig mud from my marsh fields where there Few farmers perhaps account their own indi- vidual till.Tge extensive enough to warrant the ex- penditure of the sum which a mill would cost, but could not six or seven unite and erect one for their common benefit ? A dozen threshing mills, of effective force and approved construction, scat- tered throughout the settlements of Windsor, Fal- mouth and Newport, would thresh all the graii. i'aisem the spmp hntisc. from wliicli we re- ceived our su}>ply last season, ant.1 which gave such universal sali^faciion ; some of the double Hyacinths iiaving protluced bei's ! inch e ten limes as much as iht'y generally ^ell for at auction, as will be seen by reference to the priced caial - liM Top - - - - Lucerne, . . - - White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (nonhern) French Sugar Beet, - Mangel Wurlze), WOOL, Merino, full blo^xl, washed. - Merino, full bbod. unwa.'^iett. Merino, three lourlhs washed. MertHo, hair&, -juar'-er wa.'-hed Nat've. washed, - Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, - Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, Pulled, " spinning, first sort, barrel, ton Husliel. barrel ponnd ban bushel, pound cask. ton. barrel. huhhcl, pound, FROM •i 51 > 122 09 125 IKI SO 10 00 S -25 1 00 12 7 2 7 50 7 00 63 08 30 85 IG 00 13 00 13 00 2 00 PR O VISION MA RKE T. r.J^EP, hpst p'pces, - . - PORK, fresh, best pieces, wliolo hoers, VE.\L. - . - . - MUTTON. .... POULTRY, .... BU'PTER, keg and tujj, - Liirap, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rje, retail, . Indian, retail, 'POTATOS, I ClUEK, [aceoriias to ^uafi^)-,} pound dozen bust-,el. barrel. 23 35 33 33 IP U ort TO 3 OO 12.5 00 US 00 1 CO 10 50 8 fiO 7 50 J4 9 3 8 OO 8 00 70 70 70 33 9 90 2.7.7 IG 50 13 25 13 50 2 25- 4 OO 4 90 4 OO 6 OO 1 00 50 5t> P-i 1 30 1 50 50 28 40 35- 30 47 33 S7 S G 6 10 12 16 20 20 70 . 40 50 3oa 152 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. 28, 1826 MISCELLANIES. IMPROMPTU ON WASTE. B¥ THE LATE EDWARD KNIGHT, ESQ. Oh ! wasle not thoii Ibe smallesl Ihing Created bj' Divi.:ily ; For grains oriands tlie mountains makcj And atomies i;'.f;:;i!y. Wasle thou not then the smallest time, 'T is imbecile infirmity, For well thou hiiows'i, if aught thou knows' That seconds form eternity. searching, they found a hive full of honey ; the : bird immediately perched in a bush over them, and waited patiently until they had the honey, when it flew down, and took possession of the nest, and eat what was left for it. The honey bird is larger than a sparrow, with brown feath- ers. The quantity of honey taken every year is immense, and its flavor is very delicious. The bees seldom or never sting if they are not hurt. The Hottentot is very particular in his manner of leaving the honey for the bird, as he says that it will then remember him, and lead him another time in preference to any other person. When ( the bird has eaten the honey, the young bees -are Advice. — A nobleman in Ayrshire, has the fjl- { carefully closed up with stones, to prevent the lowing very proper advice placed over his kitchen i ratel (a kind of badger) from taking them out, and fire, in large letters : "JVeither waste nor want" I as there is always a quantity of flowers, the bees Sir Walter Scott has placed the same useful | never want nourishment Scenes in Coffer Land. advice over the same place, in his kitchen at Ab botsford, but has adopted the more emphatic and classical words of Blisj? Edgeworth — " ff'asie not, want not." One of the crew of the Macedonian, having re- | ceived the wages of the lato three years' cruize, I went with the money in his liand, into a store, and 1 having purchased a pocket book, put the roU of notes in his waist-coat pocket, and the book into that of his round jacket. The store keeper told liim that it was the fashion to jiut the money into the pocket book, but the sailor atiirmed, he was up ..^nti-tariff example, — AVe were highly gratified at the sight of several ladies in church on the last Sabbath whose wealth would entitle thetn to the most splendid productions of India, attired in dresses of domestic manufacture. Their neatness does honor to the character of the sex, and affords an example worthy of imitation. AVe are pleased to see so much of the anti-tariff" spirit already pre- vailing in this part of the country, and would re- commend it stiU more extensively. — Jllaha. Jour. Lithographic printing. — AVe have seen an excel- to the tricks of the landlubbers, and went off". — 'eit likeness of Doct. Holyoke, which was drawn on stone by two of our ingenious townsmen, and was surprized to learn that this was their first experiment. It gives us pleasure to add, that the citizens of this town have evinced a laudible prom])titude to patronize this meritorious produc- tion—— Salem Oliserver. The next day he returned to the store exclaiming, in great glee, " They've got it— give me anoth- er !" H« had indeed lost his pocket book, but se- cured his notes. — Aurora. Shut the door! — Now that cold weather is com- ing in good earnest, and the mountains begin to be white with snow, we beg leave to renew our hint to those who have doors, to keep thein shut. Do. do. do. do. 5 months and 2 days, 508 Do. do. do. do. 6 months and 22 days 484 R. Latimer, Bull, 1 year and 8 months, 1064 J. Stockton, Yoke O.ven, 5 years, - 2968 Daniel Leet, do. do. 6 years, - 2772 Moses Bell, do. do. 5 years, - 3072 Do. do. Bull 1 year, - - 1008 Joseph Aikin do. 1 year 8 months, 1260 Robert Moore, do. 2 years 6 months. 1460 A. AVier, do. 2 years, - - 1344 Do. do. do. calf 8 months, - - 558 Do. do. A^oke Oxen, S years, - - 2688 Do. do. do. Steers, 3 years, - 2408 Thctnas Porter, Bull, 3 years, - - 1708 J. & J. Strait, Bull Calf, 2 years, - 1148 Jatnes Burgan, Bull, 3 years 3 months, 170S Kenrick .N'urseries. 100 Choice varieties of Ornamental hardy trees and shrubs, just received from New York, and selected in June last. This establishment situated but an hour's ride from Koston, contains a very extensive assortment of Apples, Pears, Plums, Peaches. Apricots, Quinces, Grape Vines, Mulberries, Cur- rants, Raspberries, Strawberries, &c. and a general assort- ment of Ornamental trees, shrubs, &c. Also, the following fruit and ornamental trees of extra siz(s, viz. Flowering Horse Chesnuts, IMountaiu Ash, Weeping Wil- lows, Ailanthns, Catalpas, Purple Acacia, Dutch Cork Elm (a new article) Butternuts and Silver Firs. 300 Isabella Grape Vines; and White .Mulberry Trees by the thousand. Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrick, and directed to the Newton post office, will be promptly attended to, or they may be left at Mr Joseph Bridge's Grocery and Seed store, Court street, Boston, where lists of the above may bt- seen. Trees will be parked in niatts for shippmg, when order- ed, and delivered in Boston free of charge. 3t Pvov ^21 IVinter Keeping for Horses in the vicinity of Boston. Where the most faithful care may be relied on, may be had on application to Major Samuel Jaqucs, Charlestown, or Mr. T. J. Niles, School Street, or to Mr. Kussell, Publisher of the New England Farmer. An early application js desirable. It is a fact, that the agent of a manufactory to be established in Prussia, lately ordered machine- to save fuel, and make thetnselves comfortable. | ry to be made at a New England manufactory, to It is no trifling matter, when wood is dear and j the amount of $100,000, preferring it to what he money scarce, to warm all out doors. But if you j could obtain in England, are resolved on warininj; the country at large, the other better way will be to take your doors from their hinges to prevent them from slatnraing by the rude north-easters, and lay them up stifely till warm v.eather, when they may be needful as a barrier against beetles, flies, and mosquitoes. But if you would keep the frost without and comfort Prof. Hitchcock, of Amherst College, has ob- tained a globule of tin, from a specimen of ore, found in the town of Goshen. This is the first tin ore found in the United States. The orange tree There is an orange tree in a within, recollect this homely but useful maxim :-: ^'"1°" at Versailles, which is well ascertained to be above /our hundred years old, having been sown The hindmost shut the door ; But, behind or before. Be sure to shut the door. — Berk. Anier. The honey bird. — The manner of finding honey is very singular, as related to us by one of our ])arty who had accotnjiaiiied a Hottentot in search of some. The 1 fottentot went to a place thttt he thought likely to contain the hives, atid immediat- ly whistled with a sort of call tliat the honey bird, or indicator, is accu.stomed to, when the little fea- thered attendant made its appearance, chirping loudly, and hovering about tliem. It then flew forward, still chiriiing and then v.iitohing to see if they followed. It tried twice to lead them a- cross a kloof, flying back a;id again forward to en- tice theui to follow ; they liowever, not liking to go that way, aud the Hottentot continuing to whis- tle the call, the bird at length flew back and led another way, still watching and chirping to them to follow him, which they now did, and very soon it hovered over a place in the rock, where, on in the year 1420. WEIGHT OF CATTLE. The following is a statement nf the weight of! the cattle, weighed at the AA'^a.shington (Pa.) Cat- tle Shows on the 16th. ult. — all, except BIr. Bur- gan's Bull, the oxen, and Mr. Reed's three first Cows on the list, are of the improved Short Horn- ed stock. If 'eight. A. Reed, Red Cow, - - - 1434 Do. do. do. do. - - - - 1400 Do. do. Spotted do. - - - 1264 Do. do. " Nonsuch" Bull, - - - 2100 Do. do. Dun Heifer, three years and six months old, - - " - - 1264 Do. do. Red do. 2 years and 2 months, 1003 Do. do. do. do. 1 year and 8 months, 840 Do. do. do. do. 1 year and 6 months, 840 Do. do. Btill, 1 3'ear and 4 months - 850 Do. do. do. calf, 6 months and 7 days. 570 Bo. do, do. do. 7 months, - - 55S LINN^AN BOTANIC GARDEN AND NUR- SERIES, near New York, Willmm Prime, Pro- prietor.— The new Catalogues of this establish- ment are now in the press, and may soon be ob- _ tained from T. & J. Swords, New York, and of Agents. The collection of Fruit IVees has been nearly doubled since the last edition, and comprises all the choicest varieties of every country. The assortmeins of Orna- mental Trees, Flowering Shrubs and Plants, Greenhouse Plants, &.C. have also been greatly extended, and in fact every department has received the utmost attention both to their ex- tension and improvement. The grounds occupied by the es- tablishment have been extended to 40 acres, and the proprietor can now justly state that orders for every description of Trees and Plants will be executed in a manner superior to all former periods. The ChetTies. Peaches and most other Trees are or large size — many of the Peaches, Apricots and Nectarines are on Plum stocks. The collection of Grapes consists of above ';I0,000 ready for sale, comprising all the choicest varieties, and will be shipped in quantities at reduced rates, aud 100,0f)0 more are expected shortly from France and Germany. Without in- tending invidious comparisons, the propnelor appeals to tho.se acquainted vvith his establishment as tons decided superiority in every department. The whole management and supervision is attended by himself and sons, antl orders received fr.^m anj- dis- tance receive the same pointed attention as if the persons were on the spot to make their selections. The trees are packed in the best possible manner to ensure success, and with the great- est despatch, and are shipped to any place designated. And to those interested in Horiieultui'al pursuits, he has only to say, that the same unremitted attention will be paid to the execution of its business, which has hitherto characterised the establish- ment. N. B. Plants of Wilmot's Superb Strawberry, and the celebrated Greville Rose can be supplied. nov 14 — 8 Kew England Farmer's Almanack, for 1829. In press at tlie New England Farmer office, and will be pub- lished to morrow, the New England Ftuiner's Atmamxck for liK9. By Thomas G. Fesseiiden, Editor of the New England Farmer. For sale, wholesale and retail, at the N. E. Farmer olfice. No. 52 Noi1h RIarket street, by Eovyles & Dearborn, 60 Washington street, and by the booksellers and traders generally. Some copies interleaved with writing paper, which will be vejcy serviceable to farmers, will be kept lor retail at the Farmer offk-e Pear Trees and Grape Fines. For sale at ih.- house of Samuel Downer, in Dorchester, 200 Pear Trees of the choicest varieties. liWIsabella and Bland's Virginia — 200 native and 200 Sweet Water Grape Vines from 2 to 3 years old. Also, a variety of Rose Bushes, Ornam»nial trees, white lilies, &e. Apply to Riifus Howe on the premises, Dorchcsler Nov. 21. 3i. NEW SMIiliAIf B FAim Published by John B. Russell, at M>. 62 JVorth Market Street, (over the ^Agricultural ff'urehouse). — Thomas G. Fkssemjkk, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 5, 1828 No. 20. HORTICULTUUE. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND rAniUER. DISEASE IN FRUIT TREES. :Mn. Editor, — I regularly look inlo your ■\veck- )y paper with a view to get any passing informa- tion that may be current in regard to fVirit trees, as 1 have a lew in my garden of different species Whicli I have become fond of, because I have raised tbcni up from infancy — a desire to keep them in healtb, has induced me occasionally to look over the communications which have been made to the public in former, as well as in the present days. Through your papers I have fre- ■ quHiitly received useful information ; but not be- ing acquainted with the physiology of plants, I am obliged to resort to .such authors as are, and in the course of my researches I have fallen on some volumes of the olden time, that .are still, I believe, considered in Europe as standard works. It is ! seased branches. I am upon this subject of the diseases of trees, I will, with your leave, ask if Mr. J. Ijhfl, of Allia- ny, who has published an article on "fire blight," id your last paper, [Nov. 21st] means to say that ifie disease commonly called fire blight is a vttv disease or unknown till of late years, and whether the disease which we see on the branches of the ■plum, and niorello cherry is also of recent date ? !rVoin his communication I should judge that he lad never heard of them until lately — and that a new set of insects had arisen in our coimtry to effect all this intolerable evil. But if I am not mistaken, I have read in some v.orks pubHshed in Europe, some eighty or ninety years ago, a minute description of both these diseases, and by men who were, and are still supposed to possess as perfect a iinowledge of these subjects, as any that had gone belijre them, or have written on the subject since, up to the time of Mr. Buel. This gentleman pay.s he perseveres in cutting off^ and burning the d and has thereby overcome the true, I have been told by the conductor of a great I evil. I apprehend that any one who will persn-ere Ilonicultmal Establishment, that the Europeans knew nothing about fruits or fruit trees, and that all correct knowledge on the subject is to be found here in this country ; at least that the English and French are totally ignorant, and as I can read no Cther languages among the Europeans than these, I am of course obliged to depend on the exper- ience of those in this country, whose science and extensive cultivation enable them to instruct the noviciate in his duties. But I find such a diversi- ty of o])iuion.s as to the modes of planling, prun^'ji** 'i'®''® are protected ; in particular, light sandy ing, manuring, and general management of trees, that I am at a loss to know whom to follow — and tts my former dependence on the English and French cultivators has been set at nought by fi distinguished, and very celebrated horticulturist if our own country, like a ship without a rudder, or « bird without a tail, I am unable to pursue an;' consistent cour.-liuitcd in rich, deep and moist soils tliey liavfe been covered with the disease, i.ike Mr. Bueii, I have been accustomed to cut out the disease, or cut off' the limb, as the case might require ; but in such soils I have found it retuin until I have be- come disgusted with the trees, and taken them up. In our town of Salem, and our nKighboring town of Beverly, plums, the best of pKums, (the:Groeii Gage,) succeeds jierfectly. Whenever theyfare cultivated in a suitable soil, they produce tiro greatest abundance of good ft!uit, and our trees are seldoin disfigured with the disease alluded to; while in the neighborhood of Boston scarcely a plum tree can be seen in good estate. I ought, perhaps, to except thejplains of Cambridge and its neighborhood; Chailestown hills, and some -parts of Dorchester and Itoxbury, where plums are easi- ly raised in perfection. But a suitable cliin.ate, combined with a suitable soil, after all, make healthy trees, and healthy, fine, and delicious frui;. In such situations, but little care from the cultiva- tor is necessary ; the lopping of a few branches, that may interfere, or tiiat may have run them- selves out by overbearing, is all that may be re- quired, until the trees need renovating by having fresh virgin earth applied to their roots. In the same garden, some pluin trees will be covered with this species of leprosy, while others at a dis- tance from them and in a different soil will be fVee from corruption. A NEW CORRESPONDENT. JVovemhcr 2:11,, 1828. [By the Editor.] A Methodical Treatise on the CulHcalion of the Mvl- herry Tree, on the Raising of Silk Worms, and on Winding the Silk from the Cocoons. United to an accurate description of the Winding Mill. With Plates. Mridged from the French of M. De la Brousse : tfith Motes and an Appendix. By W. n. Ver>on, of Rhode Island. A work with the above title has lately been pub- lished by Hilliard, Gray & Co. Boston, containing useful information on a subject, which has lately been much canvassed, and elicited the intellectual efforts of many of the first minds in the country. We should be happy to give our readers an intel- ligible and useful sketch of the contents of this hook ; but it is not possible to abridge, to any use- ful purpose, details of processes of the kind neces- sary for the manufacture of silk, or indeed for the production of any other v.ork of art, re"ent of agriculture, I place the formation of good ferable to all others for the nourishment of silk worms. Its leaf is more tender, and the worms eat it more greedily. This early mulberry puts forth its leaves fifteen days sooner than the black and the Spanish mulberry. It grows faster— adopts itself to all sorts of soils, and its leaves roads in the first rank. From the unprecedented zeal which our late Governor, Sir James Kempt, directed to this branch of the public service, vast advantages have already been derived ; and to myself individually, as well as to many thousands in the Province, it must be a subject of the most , . I !■. c iincpre rpirrpt that His Kxcellencv has been call- augment the quantity, and improve the quality ot.si'K^erc regret, mac iiis l-a , " 1 J' 1 ed from us ere the many improvements which he-, the silk. Every thing is useful in the mulberry tree Its had projected, both on the Eastern and Western The good already first leaves are valuable in the silk which they Post Roads were completed achieved, althousrh ot such incalculable utility, I produce, by nourishing the silk worms — its second loaves fatten our cattle — its fruit is excellent for poultry and sheep, and the wood is useful lor joiners, and makes good fuel. The mulberry tree may also serve as an ornament for our gardens. Very different from the hornbeam, which never attains a good height ; from the elm, which is of- ten devoured by caterpillars ; from the ash, which makes no shade, the niiilbei-ry tree joins to its pe- cuniary benefits every other advantage that you may desire. It makes a refreshing shade — it co- vers itself with a magnificent foliage — it grows to the height that you may wish — it takes any form that you please to give it, and as this ti-ee is al- ways handsome and tisofid, the Author of nature has been ])lcased to add cleanness, for we rarely if ever see upon it caterpillars, lizards, spiders or any other sort of vermin. ( To be continued.) have ever regarded as the precursor only of what was to follow ; and although His Excellency had already accomplished so much, for the fame pf his administration, he had still marked out for himself a wide field of enterprise, from which to gather a richer chaplet of civic laurels. By im- pioving the internal communication the market is rendered of easier access to the farmer, and tho expense of the carriage is reduced. The cost oC production is thus lessened, and he can aflford to sell the a«icle at a more moderate price to the consumer. Public improvements minister thus to the advantage of the whole community ; and there is no doctrine in the whole range of political sci- lence more clear than this — that those improve- jments which tend to benefit the farmer, to in- crease the faciHties of production, and lessen the price of tho necessaries of life, come to afTect and to benefit every other branch of the national in- dustry. In addition to the plans already pursued, the ratio of our agricultural advancement woul* he larcelv increased, were the Legislature to ap- AGRICULTURE IN NOVA SCOTIA. {Conrluderi from page \4Q.) To the Press of the Province I think some blame .. . ..,,m;,. f„i„l* f,,r the onen- xuijcii.^ ^^^1 -ppjlpropriate a i)art of the public, tun. Is lur tne open- ' ' ing of new roads througli the wilderness lands. — Agriculture is 1 thus tulti- lio serve for the nourishment of the silk worm ; hut it is not a matter of indilFci-ence to make use of the one or the other sort. On the contrary the suc- ces.^ of raising silk worms, the quantity of silk which they give, as well as its intriu.-ic beauty de- pend m.ich on the choice of their food. The hl.ick mulberry is the least advantageous for silk worms, because it produces a coarse silk, and for that reason it is not used as a foo.l for them. The S|)anisli mulberry would have the same effect if the silk worms were nourished a long time with its thick fat leaf. But those wiio are skilled in the care of silk worms do not touch its leaf before the moment of the greatest con- hed in the metropolis, and the community m which you move is chiefly conversant with coin- Miercial subjects, still you ought to bear ia mind that a large, perhaps the greater portion, of your *The propiiolnrs ofilie soil in the foimer provinces of Soulh- ern France which befure the inwlern division into Heparim.Mits wiTC "^o well linown by the names of Provence and Laneiicd.K cullivale Ihe wh.le mulberv as an o!j«cl ol reveinie. Vnic ol ilie rich, an.l perhaps few of Ihe middling classes ot land-holders undertake to raise sill; worms. This care is generally confined to Ihc small proprietors and lo the peasantry, whose agricultural labors are generallv bestowed ou articles of subsisli-nce ; and ihev purchase the Vnulherry leaves of those land-holders, who can convenieiulv appropiiale a part of Iheir estates to ihe culti- vation of Ihe White mulberry. From the leaves of this tree, which sell from five lo six livres the quimal^ they d«rive a gogd iucomc. been attended with the most flattering mating success. I have no wish, Mr Editor, to rush hea.Mong into literary warfare, or to run a tilt with existing prejudices ; but in a new country like this, when we pursue any scheme, in whi.-h older countries have attained "an acknowledged superiority, it is surely the work of wisdom to review the steps of their progress, and to guide our eftbrts by the lights which their experience has set up on the way. Now, Sir, whether we turn to the finer farming Districts in Europe or in America, we will find, that none of these have reached any very V..).VII.— Nn.-20. AND irORTICULTUIlAL JOURNAL. 155 noiahlo distinction, until Agricultural Societies ve bei n founded and patronized by the wealthy d ciiii-rpririing, and intelligent; and indeed it - '-inj a i'act established in the history of this sci- > nee, tiiat an active spirit of improvement lias ever boen contemporaneous with the rise of such an in- stitutiuii. In France, in the Netherlands, in Eng- land, .~ii;tland, Ireland and tliroughont the United .--Mies ;.r America, agricultural associations have bccii cxcrywhcre founded, and all the more emi- nent authors on Rural Economy— Arthur Young, Sir John Sinclair, Dickson, Cully and Coke, unite in one panegyric in their favor. It is a mistaken notion that the practice of Agriculture is so easy and simple as to be followed with success by the ignorant. Tlie unlettered boor, who follov.s the track of the plough, is no more capable of com- prehending the principles of vegetation than the illiterate mechanic, who polishes the brass for the Orrery, can compass the beautiful and mysterious harmony of the solar system. True, he does know that the sun appears in the East and sets in the ^Vest, as the ploughman perceives that the seed confined to the faithful bosom of the earth, springs up a graceful and stately plant ; these are things visible to the senses ; but both are equally inca))a- ble of penetrating into those natural causes, which ot produce effects of such mystery and power. To be a successful practical Agriculturist, to under- stand the chemical properties of soils, to know the proper ingredients and the fittest manures to ap- ply to each, so as to bring their vegetative powers info the highest perfection ; to be acquainted with the diseases of plants, to" be capable of mitigating and counteracting the effects of an unpropitious season ; are points of information, wliich, to in- vestigate and master, require a mind of no ordina- ry stamp. Many of the most valuable discover- into all the labors of the husbandman, their coun- sel and patronage must be lent to these institu- tions. In looking. Sir, at the sources of native wealth, can I see why the friends of our commerce and fisheries should feel any jealousy in seeing a por- tiun of the public funds diverted to so useful and so imjiortant an object. What country, in the his- tory of tlie world, ever became opulent or power- ful, without an industrious and respectable peas- antry 'i True, we can fall upon one or two ex- amf)lp.s in history where states have enjoyed a briet and jiassing splendour from the returns of an active commerce, hut national wealth and national greatness have never been permanent and stable, ^chen they were not created and supported hy the riches of the soil. 1 wish not to put forward any elaborate display of* facts in support of the posi- tion, for I regard it in the History of National Wealtli a point as strongly confirmed as a political axiom can be. Is it not acknowledged by all writers on economy that the domestic demand is infinitely more profitable to the trade of a country, than the foreign or distant demand. The com- merce of a country ii a machine made up of dis- tinct parts, all of which are dependent on each ler. Of what use would be those immense im- portations of British goods, which are thrown into Halifax every spring and fall, were there not a numerous agricultural class to consume them ; and ill how large a ratio would our West India trade be curtailed were the demand for its pro- duce confined to Halifax, and the fishermen situ- ated on our Atlantic shore. I frankly admit, on the breed of sheep throughout the Province, there is an index afforded of what might be accomplish- ed. Wool of excellent quality could be produced here in great abundance, and were capital direct- ed to the manufacture of it into coarse flannels, cloths, &c. it would not only yield a fair return for its employment, in.agriculture, but would large- ly swell an internal demand for agricultural pro- ductions. The subject matter of this letter has mjltiplied on my hands. I intended, when I sat down, to con- fine myself to a brief illustration of the table above inserted ; but every thing which relates to agri- culture has with me so great a charm, and the anxiety 1 feel to see its practice improved in this Province is of so enthusiastic a character, that I have been led more at large into the subject than I at first meant. I trust my notions are siifiicient- ly reputable to excuse the liberty 1 have taken with your readers ; and that the lengtli of this let- ter will be no argument against its worth. THOMAS KING. les n agriculture Lave been made, not by the friends of trade to imagine, that they can advance practical followers of the Art, but by men who and build up their own interests bv pursuing any have pursued the science as one of philosophical set of measures wliicl - " ' - " ^ research One of the most striking advantages,! prosperity of our inland districts. A nation is a conlerred by Agricuhural Societies, is, that it family upon a large scale ; quarrels distract, con- brmgs such men to take an interest in the subject, I, entions ruin it. The prophetical language of and induces them to unite with the wealthy and scripture is admirably consonant with the Influ- respectable m dignifying the labors of the hus- ences and issues of luiman events. It is a deceiv- bandman. They concentrate into one^focus, and ing and melancholy folly for the followers of direct to one end, all the intelligence of a district ■ . - - - • •' [By the Editor.] SALIVATION IN HORSES. It is said that if parsley seeds are sown with clover seeds the hay or gras.i jiroduced by the mixture will cure Slavers, or Salivation in horses, a troublesome complaint in which water runs pro- fusely fro.-n the mouths of the animals. BOTTS I\ HORSES. A writer for the American Farmer vol. V. page ,,,,,,,, , - 214, who signs "A'lmrorf Oioi'ng-*" sa vs, " to pre- the Other hand, that the demand for agricultural I vent botts, burn hickory wood into ashes and keep produce among the inhabitants of the town and j on hand for use, ' ' the seaboard, is of essential consequence to the ' i farmer ; but surely it is the height of folly for the giving once a week about a pint to eacli horse in his food ; if oats, wet and sprink- le the oats ; the horse will eat them without ob- jection, and I think it, perhaps the means of keep- ... , . ,. . , - '"gl'orses in health, where they would without will be prejudicial to the I the ashes have been diseased from other causes." Probably the ashes of other wood as well as that of hickory miglit preserve the health of the horse. They elevate and improve the agricultural mind, and turn it to more enlightened and scientific in- quiries. They bring the farming classes together to explain and to discuss new modes of practice and detail each others' experiments ; and while they necessarily impart a new charm to the opera- ii"ns of the field, they sharpen the general intel- lect, and render the improvements and experience •-'I' each, the common property of all. The good • tilcts which did result from them in this prov- ince, whilst they were in existence, were surely .surticiently seducing to recommend them for the fNture ; and I am fully satisfied, that, if the Legis- lature wish to see this Province independent of all foreign supplies, they must ag.Tin bring up some general t:y.stem of agricultural encouragement, similar to the one before in operation. Under the guidance of experience new checks may be pro- vided, and modifications may be introduced to meet the circumstances, or rather the prejudices of the country ; but if <)ur legislature wish to raise our agriculture into a prosperous and enviable con- dition, if they are disposed to follow the exa branch of industry to claim a superiority over 0.\ THE PRESERVATION OF CABBAGE. If the raising of vegetables is an object to the farmer, their preservation will be found no- less so. I am convinced fiom a partial experiment that the those of another ; the prosperity of one inevitably i 'o"owing mode of keeping cabbages will be found even though imperceptibly, ministers to that of i "seful. After they are gathered, and freed from 'he rest, and the hajipiness of a people, compound- ! '''^''' '""^^ leaves and stalks, that nothing remains 'A of different classes, s[)rings only from the pros- j ''"^ '''^ sound jiart of the head, head them up in perous condition of all. Agriculture, commerce, ! '"^ ''S''^ cask. By thus excluding them from the and fisheries, in Nova Scotia, like the three em- blems which adorn our national banners should '3e " Tria juncta ni wno," and from the motto which the Highland Chieftain bears on his shield, "together all, and single nothing," they may de- rive an imposing, instructive lesson. But although so much may be effected through t!ie agency of agricultural societies, provided they b? supported by public funds, still there can be no do'ibt that the march of the Province would be vastly accelerated, were the internal consumption iicreased in any rate ; for, as Mr. Huskisson has energetically said, the "power of consumption" is ai once the index and source of a nation's jirosper- it'. This could be promoted by the introduction ol coarse manufactures, a branch of industry for jWiich the country is perfectly prepared ; and mp'e wiich, in its beginnings, only requ of older and more enlightened states if in short uegmnings, omy requires the attcn- thev wish the breath J llnZvf ^' r J ' '"^ ""'' encouragement of the Legislature. From tnej Hish the breath of a long hfe to be infused th; improvement, which h las lately been made in air they may be kept a long time. Those intend- ed for the longest keeping should be put into small casks, as they will soon spoil when exposed to the air. TO PREVENT BEER rROM GROWING FLAT. Put into a cask containing eighteen gallons, a pint of ground inali, suspended in a bag, and close the bung perfectly ; the beer will be improving during the whole time of drawing it for use. ' FINE CALF. Mr. Bloses Field of Northfield, Mass. lately kil- led a Heifer Calf, only 6 months and one week old, which weighed as follows : Quarters, 263 lbs. Hide & Tallow, 51 do. The mother of this calf was two years old, on- ly ; and the calf ran with its dam till killed, and neither had any food but what was derived from a good clover pasture. — Communicated. 156 NEW ENGLAND 1 ARMEK, Dec. •-, 18^8. " FOR THE NKW KNGLiND FARMER. CONTRIBUTIONS TO ESTOMOLOGY. No. V. Familij Djliscidn. In ordei- to distingiiisli our frieinla from our eii- Giiiies, iii.--,ects dccidiiilly iujurious rroiii tlioai; tliat are beiioiicial to niuiikiiul, wo riiii.st study the liis- tory of nil wliich may be observed, whetlier iidia- iiitauts of the uir, the earth, or the water. The hisects of this fanjily pass the first and last stages of their e.\istence in lakes, ponds and pools. They are among those that make reparation for the in- juries they commit in some respects, by keeping within bounds other annoying insects. In the lar- va and perfect states they are predacoous, san- guinary, and carnivorous. Then- food is aquatic animals, such as the young fry of fish, tadpoles, some of the moUusca, Crustacea, and wontis, and the larvEE of dragon-flies, gnats, and mosquitoes : and in their turn they serve as nourishment to fishes, &c. The larvK live in the water only, the pupa" are terrestrial, and the perfect insects am- phibious. 1 have repeatedly found the latter re- mote from water, where tliey had transported 'themselves by flight. It is at night that they usu- ally ascend into the air, to exercise their ample wings, or to seek for a better supply of food in more distant waters. They sometimes enter our windows in the evening, being attracted by the lights. The perfect insect swims with celerity by means of its feet, particularly the hind ones which are flattened and densely fringed with hairs: it rises from the bottom without effort in conse- quence of being rather lighter than the water. The respiration of these insects is worth exam- ' mation. In terrestrial animals of the higher clas- ses air is inhaled through the throat into the] lungs, where it produces an essemial and vital change upon .the blood. In i\f\ws the same effect Ls produced by the water, which always contains a large proportion of air nfixed with it, and which, entering by tlie mouth, passes out agani at the gills, a kind of lungs. Other aquatic animals have these gills, or branchia; as they are called, outside of the body, and hence constantly bathed in wa- ter, and exposed to the action of the air that it i contains. Some aquatic larvaj of insects have ! similar respiratory branchia;, and these are the j only ones to which pure or unmixed air is not | necessary. The majority of insects, in all stages, ', breathe air through lateral pores or spiracles, none receive it through the mouth, and the lungs are replaced by longitudinal tuix.'s, their numerous i minute branches, and air vesicles. The sinracles of insects, vviiich open directly into the longitncli- nal tubes, are from two to eivhteen in number : through the posterior or anal and abdominal ones the air is adnfitted or inspired, and it is expelled or expired through the anterior ones or those of the trunk. The Dijtisd, in the perfect state, have ei"hteen spiracles, the abdominal pairs are situat- ed upon the dorsum, and are covered by the ely- tra. When it becomes necessary for the insect to take breath it ascends to the surface of the water, reversed, the under side of the tail being uppermost, and the body kcjH steady by means of the long oar-like hind legs, which are extended at a right angle with lite trunk. The abdomen is then slightly cmved so as to separate it from the elytra, and elevate it above the wator, the air easily insinuates itself into the cavity thus formed, and ii inhaled at the pores, the last paii-s of which are larger than the rest to admit it in this position with greater freedom. When inspiration is com- pleted the elytra are quickly closed upon the body, and the entrance of water, effectually prevented. This motion is sometimes so sudden as to retain, between the body and elytra, a small quantity of unimbibed air, which makes its way under the tips of the latter, where, as the insect sinks, it ad- heres, a transparent globule, brilliant as quicksil- ver. The npi>er surface of the body being arched or convex, and its under side braced by a breast- bone of several pieces firmly interlocked, it is ren- dered sufficiently strong and inflexible ; while its oblong oval form and thin margins are well adapt- ed for its rapid and varied motions. Although insects have no organs of voice most of them emit various sounds ; and those of tliis family, in connnon with many others, exhibit their distress on being handled by a creaking sound produced by the friction of the tail against the elytra. Thev pass the winter in the perfect state, bur- rowing" in the banks and mud of their pools. ^ One has been kept for three years and a half in perfect health, in a glass vessel filled with wa- ter, ami supported by morsels of raw meat. It was capable of fasting a month ; was very sensi- ble of the changes of the weather, which it indi- cated by the height at which it remamed- in the vessel. DeGeer fed one upon flies and spiders, and, after it had lived a long time, he gave it a large leech which it attacked and devoured ; but it paid dear for its gluttony ; the food proving indigesti- ble, was thrown up the next day with great ctTbrts, and shortly afterwards the insect died. GE?fUS DYTISCUS. D. Y''"''^''^^^^- P^'i'ctured ; beneath black ; tho- rax with a yellowish band and margin ; coleoptra arcuato-fiisciate behind ; elytra of the female sul-| cated. Length about eleven twentieths, breadth be- tween six and seven twentieths of an inch. Body depressed, with numerous somewhat di- lated punctures. Head pale rufous, black at base, with two hmated piceous spots hetween the eyes. Thorax with an ochrsous yellow margin, and i transverse band, which is dilated backwards al I the sides, and separated from the posterior umr\ Igin by an (.bsolete blackish line. Scutel imi)uno. Uured", black. Coleoptra blackish from numerou^ confluent, black spots and fiexnous lines ; epipleuv '. ra, external margin, snbsntnral line, common an ' cuated band behind the middle, and obsolete mm cula at tip pale ochreous yellow. (Male with tbur i obsolete elevated lines on each elytron.) Proster- j Inumand anterior legs pale ochreous ; hind legs piceous, thiahs black. Ventral segments with a pale jnceous submargin, and, on each side, a yel- lowish spot. Female. Coleoptra with eight, dilated, liairy grooves ; (not including the external, depressed submargin which is not, properly, a groove:) Iiairs depressed. The external groove commences at about one quarter of the length of the elytron Irnn 1 the base, the next to it is considerably longei-, die third from the margin is shorter than the second, but longer than the first, and the submargiAal groove is shortest of all. I have not the least doubt that this is the feaale of the above male, which most closely resenUes D. mediahis of Mr. Say. In the latter, of whic^ I have seen the sexes, the body is rather less obtfise in front, and the elytra of the female are not sid. cated, but plain like those of the male ; and proba- bly belongs to HYnAiicus of Leach. The fratermis is entirely distinct from the sulca- lus of Europe, and with it, belongs to the subge- nu« ACiLius of Leach. It is described from nine specimens of the male, and six of the female. n. *fascicoUis. Convex, impuncturod, pale tes- taceous ; vertical lunule and base of the head, an- terior and posterior thoracic fascice black ; elytra blackish, irroratc with distinct pale yellow dots, the external margin and an abbreviated subsu- tural line yellowish ; a distinct dorsal series, and throe others obsolete of impressed sctiferous punc- tures. Thorax of the female obsoletely corrugat- ed each side ; elytra smooth. Length eleven twentieths, breadth over six twen- tieths of an inch. Variety. Body beneath and feet pale piceous. Specimens seven. Is probably referrible to HV- DATICUS. n. * thoracictts. Pale rufo-testaceons, impunc- tured, oval, and somewhat convex ; head and thorax immaculate ; external margin of the elytra pale testaceous, disc blackish with confluent, black tortuous lines ; three dorsal scries of punctures. Female with obsolete rugse on sides of the thorax: elytra smooth. Length nine twentieths, breadth nearly three tenths of an inch. Specimens seven. Appears to belong to hyda- Ticns. VEGETABLE ARTICLES OF VALUE FROM DENMARK. Coummnicaledfor the New York Farmer, by Dr gjmitt/ i. MitchtU. The distinguished savant Hoffman Bang, in a letter I very lately received frotn him, dated ai his residence in Iloflhian's Grove, writes thus : "J owe you many obligations for the Memoirs, &c. which you sent me by Mr Wheaton. It would be exceedingly agreeable to me that I could be use- jful to you "in some way. I accordingly send you a collection of minerals from Norway ; three tracts on gardening ; seeds of different sorts ol I garden plants, pot-herbs, and flowering vegetables. which, I hope, may thrive in your American soil. I will endeavor to forward you another collection in season for planting in the spring of 1S29. 1 earnestly request your Horticultural Society will send me something of the like kind in exehang^^ I could despatch them the best sorts of fruit trc that we cultivate here. Supposing that a culler tion of the Alga-, arranged upon the system of iHr Lyngbye, might be agreeable to you, 1 pack up the acconqjanying collection of these rare inodm- tions of the sea." Among these articles are nine varieties of peas, viz. the green branched pea ; the English pea called Maiklut ; green pea of France ; early pea of Flanders ; another early |iea called the 3Iay- dolber ; Dutch early pea ; another early pea iiani- ethi3 countrv for a few years, succeed in acclimating this wholesome and important grain. 1 JV. Y. Farmer. There is at present in flower, in the gardens of the Marquis of Londonderry, at Mount Stewart, an American aloe, a native of South America, and was introduced into Britain about 1781. It is up- wards of twenty one feet in height : circumfer- ence at the base five feet : the leaves average about five feet in length and one foot in breadth. Considerable sugar has been made the past year in North Carolina. The ribband cane is said to flourish in that State, and sugar will very prob- ably, at no distant day, be a staple article there. ' There v.-as manufactured last year, in the town of Sahna, N. Y. 1,200,000 bushels of Salt, which was sold for 12J cents per bushel, (exclusive of the state duty,) making the comfortable sura of $150,000. There are now in use in Great Britain, 15,000 steam engi^ies, some of them of COO horse power. It is calcu.<&ted that they save the labor of more than two millions of men ! 2. Umbelliferous plants of the aquatic kind and per cord, a tree of the same kind passing to decay | a nauseous scent are always poisonous ; as water- yields wood only worth 12 francs. When the I hemlock, cow-parsley. But if the smell is pleas- wood is used for other purposes, the advantages ant, and they grow in dry land, they are not pois- xhe avdfage length of human life in the 16fh .•onferred by a mature and healthy state are still ! onous ; as fennel, dill, coriander, sweet cicely. I century r'as only 18 years and 5 months ; but more considerable. The common elm growing in 1 3. Plants witii labiate corols, and Seeds iiv cap- ' o^i^ig to the improvements which have from time a forest, and in good earth, accpiires its fiill in- i snles, frequently poisonous ; as snap-dragon, fox- ^^ ,i,„e been made in the healing art, the average crease in 150 years; but it will live many years, even 600 or 600 years. Large forest elms are cut down with advantage when of an age between 100 and 130 years, and then furnish a large quan- tity of building wood. The duration of the life of ?love. now ascertained to ba 33 years and 10 months. 4. Plants from which issues a mi%>!ce on be- ijaving mofc than doubled iu the last 300 years, ing broken are poisonous, unless they boar cotii- ; .. .— pound flowers ; as milk-weed, dog-bans. j ^ WARREN BRIDGE. 5. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or | The rapid advances towards t!ie completion of the elm depends much on the soil ; ia a dry soil ' corol, and eight or more stamens, generally pois- it becomes aged, as it were, in 40, 50 or 60 years. I onous ; as columbine, nasturtion. Elms which have been lojijied live for a shorter Most general rule. period than the others. Those that grow by the Plants with few stamens, not frequently poison- road side, or in thin plantations, may be cut when ' ous, except the number be five ; but if the num- 70 or 80 years of age. In general, the increase her be twelve or more, and the smell nauseous, of hard woods, as the oak and elm, is slow at first; heavy and sickly, the plants are generally poison- it successively augments until the 20th or 25th ous. year ; is then uniform until the age of GO or 80 . Note. Many [;!ants possess some degree of years; after which it sensibly diminishes. For i the narcotic principle, which are still by no means these and other reasons, it is important that trees { hurtful. But the use of such plants is to be de- should be cut down when they are in their uititure ; ferred, till fully investigate.d. — Eaton's Botany, state, and not simply when they undergo no fur ther increase. When the period has arrived atler which the increase of the tree w.^uld be lejs and less from year to year, then the tree should be felled, for no advantage accrues from its remain- ing longer in the ground. The indications of the mature state of a tree are by no means so evident as those of decay ; but still certain signs of this state, as well as of the vigorous condition of the tree, may also be observed. (M. Bandrillac in this importuiit avenue are very gratifying. The whole lias been macadamized with a good depth ofstoue, anda five horse team, with very broad wheels, is engaged in wearing it down to a solid and even road. Tiie foot walks are completed, and are wide and commodious. The plank walk extends some distance over the abutment on the Boston side, and the whole is to be lighted with elegant lamfis at very reasonable distances. This Bridge is no doubt one of the best built bridges in the country, and reflects great credit upon those who are engaged in the business. — It draws forth the praises of all, and even those who most vio- lently opposed the grant of a charter for its erec- tion, BOW speak of it with complacency and admi- ration, and have come to the belief that the peo- ple have a right to build a bridge for their own and to get into BLACK PEPPER. An elementary principle has been recently dis- ! covered in black pepper, which has been denomi- nated piperine, and found to be a successful reme- dy in intermittent fevers. It has been employed j accommodation and convenienc in doses of one grain every hour, with as much the city by the cheapest and shortest route, success as quinine; and when combined with an j On the Boston side, the city authorities have eiiual portion of quinine, with even more eflect > jaid out a wide and commodious street from the than when quinine alone has been used. I termination of the Bridge extending almost directly !58 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, the. 5, 182«. into Union street to tlie market, passing over the old Green Dragon estate, by tlie new Baptist Meet- ing House, in Hanover street, wliicli forms the •south corner of tlie new avenue. On this street the owners are now placing edge stone, and the whole is in progress. It will form a direct and very pleasant entrance to the very centre of the city — Bunker-Hill Aurora. WEW EIVGLAIVD FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, DEC. 5, 1828. INSECTS ON FRUIT TREES. In our paper of tlie 21st ult. page 142, we pub- lished notices of an insect or insects which infest- ed fruit trees in Wrightsville, York county, Penn. described by a correspondent, with the signature "M." Since publishing the communication of "M," we have been favored with the opinion of Dr. Harris, who says in a letter addressed to us, that "the insect on the apple tree, mentioned by your correspondent "M," is probably one of those call- ed lice, coccus aphis, and American blight. A des- cription of the first, written by Enoch Parley, Esq. in December 1794, is pubhshed in the early com- Juunications to the Mass. Agri. Soc." The desciiption, alluded to by Dr. Harris, was given in our jiaper, vol. i. page 33.3 ; but we will here republish it, as that volume is now" not easily obtained. "Having for some years jiast discovered that there was a growing evil attending our young ap- ple trees in the District of Maine, I h'ave made some observations on the subject, which I shall communicate, in hojies they may be a means of leading to the discovery of some eflectual cure. "The difficulty is what is generally culled lice ; the appearance of which, is, in form, like half a kernel of rye (but not more than one twentieth part so large) with the ilat side sticking to the sniootli bark of the tree. These blisters contain from ten to thirty nits or eggs each, in form like a snake's eggs ; which in a common season begin to hatch about the 2.5th of May, and finish about the 10th of June. These nits produce a white ani- malcule, resembling a louse, so small they are hard- ly perceptible by the naked eye ; which, imme- diately after they are hatched open a passage, at the end of the blister, and crawl out on the bark of the trees ; and there remain with but little mo- tion, about ten days ; when they stick themselves fast to the bark of the tree, and die. From this little carcase arises a small speck of blue mould, which is most plain to be seen between the 10th and the 20(/t of June, and continues about filleen days ; and then gradually wears off, until the old carcase appears ; which by this time is formed into a new blister, and contains the spawns or nits before mentioned. " These blisters prevent the circulation of the sap, and prove as fatal to the tree as the canker worm. ",In order to remedy the difficultv I have made many experiments within a few vears ; but long to no good effect, not L owing the particular sea- son when these animalcules could be most easily destroyed. This, however, I have latelv found to be between the time they hatch and that when the mould leaves them.* The application that I have * U appears from tliis accounl, by Mr. Perlev. Ihal lliose ap- pearanres can, in general, only occur bclwee'u May 2olh and July 5lli. •' found most effectual is washing the tree with lye or brine. Lime, also mixed with lye to the consist- ence of whitewash, may be useful. And altho.' the small branches cannot be cleansed in this manner without much difficulty, still if the body of the tree and the branches near the body are kept clean, until there comes a rough bark, the lice will not kill the tree. " Some people have recommended the applica- tion of train oil to the tree ; which indeed is a powerful antidote against lice ; but being of a glutinous quality is very detrimental to the tree. Inoculation* has been proposed, which I think will have no effect at all on the lice ; for I per- ceive that they hatch in May, on branches that were pruned oft' the tree in March, and the sap entirely extinguished. " These lice are natural in the uncultivated fof- est,onwliat is called moose-wood and other bushes. " Much care should be taken [respecting lice] on their first appearing in an orchard or nursery ; as the cutting down and destroying a few young trees is of no importance, compared with the dif- ficulty of having an orchard overrun with them. " P. S. — By Enoch Perley, Esq. dated Novem- ber 19, 1804. To this extract I have nothing to add, but that the brine or pickle, with which the tree is to be washed, should not be such as has had meat salted in it ; but let one quart of com- mon salt be dissolved iu two gallons of clean water." The above description of a destructive insect, and the remedy prescribed by Mr. Perley, may be of use although the insect may not be the same with that which has annoyed the fruit trees of our correspondent " M." This writer says, "on rubbing them with the finger-nail or point of a knife, there seemed to remain a liquid darker col- ored than venous blood." This characteristic trait of the insect is not tnentioned by Mr. Perley ; still the insects may be the same. Kirby and Spence inform us that Linne men- tions an insect (Tinea Corticella, F) as inhabiting apple-bearing trees under the bark. And Reau- mur has given us the history of a species common in this country [England] and producing the same effect, often to the destruction of the crop, the caterpillar of which feeds in the centre of our ap- ples, thus occasioning them to fall. "The sap too, is often injuriously drawn off by a minute Coccus, of which the female has the exact shape of a muscle shell [Carborum linearis Geoffr.) and which Reaumur has accurately described and figured. — This species so abounded in 1816 on an apple tree in my garden that the whole bark was cover- ed with it in every part ; and I have since been informed by Joshua Haworth, jr. Esq. of Hull, that it equally infests other trees in the neighborhood. Even the fruit of the golden pippin, which he sent me were thickly beset with it." We have been assured that lice on apple trees may be destroyed by a wash, which was recom- mended by Mr. Benjamin Wheeler of Framing- ham, Mass. in a communication, first published in the New England Farmer, vol. iv. p. 348. The following is an extract from that communication. •' My way of using this preparatiou is to dis- solve 2 lbs. of potash of the first quality, in seven quarts of water for the bodies of the trees. It is put on with a white-wash brush. If the linabs are * By " iriornlaHon,*' is prohably meant boring a liole iu ilie free and introducinff quicK-silver* sulphur, or some other sub- stance offensive or destructive to insects. covereil with moss or lice, I take a painter's brush , and apply the solution to the moss, &.c. with care not to touch the leaves or buds. It may be done at any time of the year, when we are most at leis- ure. Once in from two to four years is generally snflicient. I have no general rule, liowever, but wash them as often as tliey appear to need it. which is always when the bark is not smooth." The insect described by " M." page 142, found "on the body of the tree about the size and shape of a small grain of coffee, with a bristly coat and no wings," is, perhaps, what Kirby & Spence call " Coccus or American Blight.''^ They say " this is a minute insect, covered with a long cotton-like wool transpiring from the pores of its body, which taftes its station in the chinks and rugosities of the bark, where it increases abundantly, and by con- stantly drawing off the sap, causes ultimately the destruction of the tree. Whence this pest was first introduced is not certainly known. Sir Jo- seph Banks traced its origin to a nursery in Sloane Btieet ; and at first was led to conclude that it had been imported with some apple trees from France. On writing, however, to gardeners in that country he found it to be wholly unknown there. It was, therefore, if not a native insect, most probably derived from North America, from whence apple trees had also been imported by the proprietor of that nursery. Whatever its ori- gin it spread rapidly. At first it was confined to the vicinity of tlie metropolis, where it destroyed thousands of trees. But it has now found its way into other parts of the kingdom, particularly into the cider countries ; and in 1810 so many perish- ed from it in Gloucestershire, that it was feared the making of cider must be abandoned. This valuable di.scovery, it is said, has since been maiie ; the application of the spirit of tar to the bark being recommended as effectual. Sir Joseph Banks long ago extirpated it from his own apple trees, by the simple method of takhig off all th© ragged and dead old bark and then scrubbing the trunk and branches with a hand brush. A GOOD CHANCE FOR A WOOLEN MANU- • FACTURER. A friend of the Editor of the New England Farmer who is owner of a large landed property in one of the Middle States, writes us as follows; " I raise a good deal of wool, and when it is in my warehouse, I do not know what to do with it. I have about seven thousand weight at present (me- rino, mixed and common,) and have found no pur- chasers. I dislike the trouble of sending it to the cities for sale, and no one comes here to buy. In this dilemma I have erected a small building for a woolen factory, thirty by forty-five feet on the ground, and three stories high. It is situated on a good stream, and at the turnpike road, at a place marked on the map, which I send you. I do not wish to be concerned in conducting the business myself, but if I could find a suitable per- son, who would find his own machinery, and con- duct the business, I would let him have free of rent the factory for two years, and also two or three small hoi.-jes near it, and some ground for gardens, and keeiiing what ccws he might want," &c. There are ;ilso other inducements and cii"- cumstances stated, which show the benefits which may be anticipated from the proposed establish- ment. These shall be detailed in a personal in- terview with the Editor or Proprietor of the New England Farmer. No. -20.— Vol. VII. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 15» Dr. Howard of Baltimore, civil engineer, in the .spivice of the United States, has completed a model • jfan improved rnilway wagon, in which the fric- tion is reduced to nearly one-fourth of tliat incident to vehicles of the common construction. Another ohjoct of tlie invention is to accommodate the wagon equally to a serpentine and a straight road. The description and details are shortly to be made public. Advantages of canals, (or rail-ways). — A quantity of cherry plank and joist was landed in this town on the 17th inst. from the canal boat Providence, which grew in Michigan or Ohio, at the head of Lake Erie ; from whence it was shipped down to Buffalo, thence by the Erie Canal to Albany, from that place to Providence by sloop navigation, and from Providence to this place by the Blackstone Canal, a distance, in the whole, of at least nine hundred milts, four hundred miles of which is an artijicial navigation. — Worcester Spy. Mr. Barbour, our Minister at London, has in- structed the superintendant of his farm to sow as nuicli wheat as possible, in consequence of the state and prospects of the market in Kng-laud. Mr. Sparks, who went to Europe last spring, to collect materials for illustrating the life of Wash- ington, <&.c. has experienced the utmost liberality and courtesy, in Germany, France and England. The cuhure of silk has been commenced in Ohio, and the agricultural societies offer premiums for the cultivation of the silk worm. Depravity. — The following advertisement ap- peared last week in the Morning Advertiser : — Snug liquor sho)) to be let in a Crowded gin drinking neighborhood, where any person who is competent in the spirit trade may command a first rate business.- A death in the family is the reason of this opportunity offering of realizing a good liv- JHg without a risk. — London paper. Home Department. — Since the Presidential con- test is over, several newspapers have started the project of establishing a new department at Wash- ington, to be called the Home Department. Sugar is made in South Carolina from water- melons, which grow there in great perfection. We understand, says the National Intelligencer, that the Secretary of the Navy has tendered to Capt. Catesbt Jones, of the Navy, the command of the sloop of war Peacock, now fitting at New York, for the voyage of exploration in the Pacific and South Polar Seas, pursuant to a resolution of Congress of the last session, and that he has ac- cepted it. Great sale of H'ool. on THURSDAY, DECEMBER 18, AT 10 O'CLOCK, At the Hnll over tlw New Market. 219 bales Saxony WOOL, consisling of first and second Elec- toral— fir.st and second Prima, Secunda, and l\;rli^i. 2tG bags Leonessa Sorianna Segoviana Spanish Wool. 130 bags Portuguese Wool. 180 bags (about 76,000 pounds) American Fleece Wool, among which are some choice lots of selected Saxony and full blond Merino fleeces. Catalogues will be ready for delivery and the Wool may be examined three days before the sale. Coolidge, Poor & ri«ad — Aiirticiaters. License of Almanac Makers. — \Ve frequently hear of the license of poets, but they are confined to their lifetime. Nftt , so with Almanac Makers. In Jime, 1808, the gentleman who re]iresentc>J the town of Nantucket in the General Court of Massachusetts, uaj called on, in Boston, by Dr. — , and solicited to aid in comjileling the astro- nomical calculations for Low's Almanac for 1809 as Dr. Low was in low health. The gentleman i readily granted ast-istance ; and on his return to | Boston to attend the winter session, inquired of Dr. , who also was a member of the Legisla- j ture, after the health of Dr. Low, and learned that he had been dead fome time. Nevertheless, Dr. I Low's Almanac, ten years afterwards, contained , an animated address, signed by the Doctor himself, icturning suitable acknowledgements to the ptih- lic f^ir the generous patronage he had received ; — and staling that if tiis life and health should be pre- served, he hoped to serve the public many years more. jYantucket paper. Kenrick ATurseries. 100 Choice varieties of Ornamental hard^- trees and sl)rubs, just received from New York, and selected in .Tune last. This establishment situated but an hour's ride from Boston, contains a very extensi\e assortment of Apples, Pears, Plums, Poaches, Apricots, Quinces, Grape Vines, Blulbeiries, Cur- rants, Raspberries, .Stra\vberries, &c. and a general assort- ment of Ornamental trees, shrubs, &c. Also, the following fruit and ornamental trees of e.ztra sizes, viz. Flowering Horse Chesiiuls, Mountain Ash. Weeping Wil- lows, Ailantliiis, Catalpas, Purple Acacia, Dutch Cork Kl'n (a new article) Hntteinuts and Silver Firs. 300 Isabella tirape Vines ; and While Mulberry Tifi>s by tli« thousand. Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrick, and directed to the Newton post oflice, will be promptly attended to, or the}' may be left at Mr Joseph Bridge's Grocery anil Seed store, Court street, lioslon, where lists of the above may be seen, 'i'rees will be packed in matts for shippmg, when ttrder- ed. and delivered in Hoston free of charge. :k New, - pound. U IG CHEESE, new milk, *' 7 U Skinimetl milk. a 2 3 f LOUR, Baltimore, HowarJ-slreel, - barrel 8 50 8 62 Genesee, .... it 8 C( 8 50 Rye. best, - - . . (I RAIN, Corn, - - . . bushel. 68 70 Rye, .... " CS 70 Barley, .... (I 70 O^ts. . - . . " 3C 33 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new. pound. 9 LIME. cask. 85 90 PLAI.rcharesl kind for sale by subscription, oflers to the public setts of a dozen vines, with good roots ol the most select and choice grapes tor the table ; many of which are quite new in this counlrv, and all ol which will ripen perfectly in any situation cither in town or country. JVames of the Iwelvf Sorts. 1. White Chasselas,with large fruit 2. Chasselas of Fontaiubleau. near Paris 3. Yellow Chasselas of Thomery, near Paris 4. Golden Chasselas, the real genuine .5. Musk Chasselas tj. Chasselas, with very large black fruit 7. Red Chasselas 3. While Jluscat, or black Constantia 9. Red Muscat 10. Black Muscat, or black Constantia 11. Black Orleans, bears very well the frost 12. Black Garnet, yields a second crop of blossoms and mil when the first are frozen. Nos. 11 and 12 are as fine for vineyards as for the table, the fruit is not so excellent as that of the preceding kinds, but is it is sufliciently known to parents and nurses, that i equally valuable on accoum of the certainty of a large crop an- one primary cause of 'occular indecision' (as we I "",?,''y- .... - . n u ■ ik., j- .„„„,. • ;..,,. . 1- . . i The subcription receipt will be accompanied by directions on have heard it styled,) is an inequnlity in the the best mode of cultivation, planting and pruning the vine. strenght'of the eyes. — London Weekly Review. " Oh ! he does not tvant iti" But he does want it. And even if he did not, your engagement has nothing to do with his pri- vate circumstances. Such is the self excusing of niony a careless creditor, and such the proper answer. It is to be lamented that there is no charge to >vhich many, who may be good men, are more subjected than the want of punctuality in the pay- ment of Uttle debts. And there is no plea by which conscience is more readily satisfied, than that of the declaration that the creditor does not need the amount. The same thing applies to a hundred little borrowings. A book is lent ; it is detained until the lender is Rump Parliament Records. — A late number of the Providence American has called the attention of the public to a curious collection of MSS. which are in the possession of the New York Historical Society. The manuscripts are eiglitecn in num- ber, and purport to be the Journal of the House of Commons during the protectorate of Cromwell. — As to their authenticity there can be no doubt, from the various arguments by which it can be es- tablished. These are the hand-writing, which cor- responds with that of the age of Cromwell ; the binding and paper ; and the improbability that any one woulil take such a vast deal of trouble as it would require to forget them. The probahle manner in which thoy came into the country is explained as fitllows. Three of the regicides, GofF, Whaley, and Dixwell, fled to this country, and brought these records with them. — They then passed through various hands, till they came into the possession of Gov. Livingston of New Jersey, by whom they were presented to the Historical Society of New York. This Society has been for some time in a de- cayed state, and these Journals, with some other papers of value, have lain neglected in their library. We must confess that we are astonished that these Records have not before this excited attention ; and especially that they should have been first brought before the public by a Providence editor, when there are so many on tho alert in New York to communicate the earliest intelligence. It would seem as if they had all been too much engaged in I)olitics to pay any attention to these minor and unimportant matters. We hope that these Records will be looked into The same sort of vines mav be had separately, price One Dollar, except No. 4, Golden Chasselas, the genuine, which is Two Dollars. Communications for the aliove. -.nd subcriplious to his establishment post paid punctually attended lo. References, Dr. David Hosack, President of the Hnrlicullu. ral Society, Dr. Pascalis, President of the Linnsean Society, Dr. McNeven, Dr. Mitchell, Dr. Stevenson, and Hon. John Leivell. _INi.v. 1 I Jl'ine and Table Grapes. A complete assortment of FRENCH VINE E,OOTS in prime order, just received and for sale at a low price, by E. Copeland Jr. at the Diipont Powder Store, GO Broad Slreet. (CPAMMUNITION as nsnaf. 3r unable to recollect the borrower— but then " he •'^fore many more months, and a full account of does not want it— lie has many others, or he has *em be laid before us. It is time that we knew read it already." But he does want it. If he has something about them, if they are really, as there read it, it is no reason whv he may not lend it to '« ''"'e doubt, the true Records of the Rump Par- others, as well as to yourself. . Hament.—jMass. Journal. Fall Seeds. A small colleclion cf .seeds suitable for sowing in the mttiirmt only, among which are the Lime Plant {Podnphyllimipeltatiim) Snowberry f Sittnphoria raremosaj Dwarf \\'hitp Flowering Horse Chestnut, Pink Mezereon, Marlngon and Superb Lilj, &c. in papers of 12 cents each. — An accoiml of the Lime Plant will be fourd in Fessenden's New American Gardener, png. 123: we have but a small quantity of this seed. JVew England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 Norlh Market Street — Boston. MUNROE & FRANCIS havejust puMislied the 2d edition of a work called Seventy-Five Receipts' for making Pastry. Cakes, and .Sweetmeats. By a lady of Philadelphia. With "a series of miscellaneous receipts for Dishes in use at Supper Par- lies : also, a complete list of weights and measures, whercbv weight can be ascertained by measure. Pear Trees and Grape Vines. For sale at the house of Samuel Downer, in Dorchester, 2fin Pear Trees of the choicest varieties. 100 Isabella and Bland's Virginia— 2 native and 2 Sweet Water Grape Vines from 2 to 3 years old. Also, a variety of Ruse Bushes, Ornamental trees, white lilies. &c. Apply "to Rufus Howe on the premi.'Cs Dorchester Nov. 21. 3t. J\rew England Farmer's Almanack, for 1829. In press at the New England Farmer office, and will be pub- lished to-morrow, the iVeio England Farmer's Almnnack fv, 1329. By Thomas G. Fessendeii, Editor of the New Englmiii Farmer. For sale, wholesale and retail, at the N. E. Farmer office. No. 52 North Market street, by Bowles & Dearborn, 5i- Washington street, and by the booksellers and traders generally. Some copies interleaved with writing paper, which will be vei v serviceable to farmers, will be kept for retail at the Farmerjffice Seeds for the West Indies. Merchants, masters of vessels, and others trading to the West Indies, can be furnished with boxes of Seeds, assorted, suitable" for that market, at from S4 to S3 per bo.x.— Each bos contains upwards of sixty difl'ereiit kinds of seeds, vegetable and orna- mental, in quantities sufficient lor a common kitchen garden.— Likewise the greatest varietvof seeds to be found in New Eng- land, by tho pound or bushel, all warranted pure, and of the growlhof 1827. WEW ENa£.AM» FARME iQ Published by John B. Russell, at JVo. 52 J\rorth Market Street, (over the Agricultural fTarehouse).— Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. YII. B08T0N, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 12, 1828. INo. 21. HORTICULTURE, ■ PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SO- CIETY. The adjourned meeting held on tlie evening of the 17th instant, at Philosophical Hall, was very well attended. The display of flowers was less imposing than on some former occasions, although quite attractive. Many of those exhibited had braved the pelting of the snow storm of last week without loss of beauty or sweetness. Chrysanthe- mums of almost every shade were particularly ad- mired, fifteen varieties of this favorite flower were presented by Mexandtr Parker, from his establiish- ineot on Prime street. The same enterprising gardener brought forward several beautiful s])e- cies of roses, new daisies, geraniums, &c. compris- ing about 40 difterent specimens, all of which were carefully labelled with the generic and spe- cific names. We hope this excellent practice will be generally ado"pted. A specimen of the Cam- panula Pyramidalis, plucked from a plant in A. Parker's collection, was particularly noticed ; the plant is 5 feet high, has been flowering for more than three months, producing innumerable flow- ers of great beauty ; it well deserves to be ranked among the choicest ornaments of the green house. The Society was also favored with 3 veiy fragrant and beautiful boutjuet of flowers from the garden and green house of D. If C. Landreth ; also a flowering plant Camellia Sasanqua, the choiichan of the Chinese, the flowers of which Me used with those of the olea fragans, to perfumBPSouchong tea. [Staunton's Embassy, vol. 2d page 467.] Six samples of wine made near our city, were sent for examination, three bottles of which were presented by Mary Smith, of Burlington, N. J. ; two of them the juice of native grapes, the other made from currants. The specimen made from ■ skinned gra])es, with tvhite sugar, was particularly admired for its pure whiteness and delicate flavor, forming a very agreeable and wholesome cordial. A bottle of currant wine two years old, from Ed- ward H. Bonsalt, near Germantown, was pro- nounced very good ; another bottle of the same kind, five years old, from Jno. Graff, Philadelphia county, was tasted. It is thought that ciurant wine does not improve by age. D. Landreth, Jr. jiresented a bottle of Rapp's [Harmony] wine, it was considered very fair, but did not quite answer ihe expectations raised by our complaisant visiter, Uiike Bemhard, who tloubtless was served at Harmony with a bottle of very superior. Col. Carr's wine sustained its reputation. George Esh- er, [Ridge Road] presented a bunch of turnips, weighing 4 lbs. each, the seed of which was given him two years ago, by our late respected citizen J. , H. Roberjot, [late a member of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, and a warm friend to its ob- jects,] who received it from France ; the grower, who has for many years attended particularly to the cultivation of this vegetable, considers these turnips altogether superior to any he has raised before, on account of their sohditj and sweetness ; he did not designate them by any new name. — John Esher, of Penn township, presented two en- ormous cabbages weighing 16 pounds each, the I)rcduce of his garden. One might suppose they would supply a Dutchman's family with .Sour Krout for a twelvemonth. With such evidejice before us, no one need doubt the fertility of our soil, llpwards of 20 varieties of apples and i)ears challenged the special attention of the members. Among them were the St. Germain and spice but- ter pear, various kinds of pippins, such as the Mel- ton, golden, &c. the Spitzenberg, the wood apjile. Hay's Greening, &c. We regret that many of ;he best flavored, were not labelled, arid could not lie certainly identified. We also regret that the names of the producers were not furnished. The ,riiit was said to be principally from the orchards iif Burlington and Gloucester counties, N. J. and Horn Piiiladeiphia and Bucks counties Pennsylva- nia. In concluding this hasty and imperfect notice, vve woidd return our thanks, on behalf of the So- ciety, to such persons as have presented speci- mens of their horticultural products, and express a hope that others will follow so worthy an exam- ple, which cannot fail if generally adopted, of be- coming the means of collecting n;ucli information of practical utility. — Phil. Aurora. At the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, held at the Philosophical Hall, on lAIonday the 24th ult. the following gen- tlemen were elected oflicers for the ensuing year. President — Zaccheus Collins. I'ice Presidents — Horace Binney, David Lan- Jreth, senior, James Mease, M. D. Charles Chaun- cey. Corresponding Secretary, David Landreth, Jr. — Recording Secretary, David S. Brown — Treasurer, Marmaduke C. Cope. Council — George Pepper, Col. Samuel B. Davis, Thomas Astley, JMatthevv Carey, Thomas Biddle, Robert Carr, Daniel Maupay, Thomas Hibhert, Thomas Landretli, Moses Brown, Nicholas Biddle, Jacob S. Wain. From the Delaware Advertiser. SHEEP. We have often, in the course of our agricultu- ral life, had occasion to notice the destruction from disease, which has been made among sheep, par- ticularly lambs, and with. what marked indiffer- ence the loss of ten or twenty of these valuable animals was viewed by their owner, without a sin- gle attempt to enquire into the nature of the dis- ease, or make one experiment to remove its cause. It is nmch to be regretted, that every farmer who attempts to raise she^ does not, by some means, put himself in possession of some information rel- ative to diseases which are liable to invade the health of his flock. — We do not know a more ready and cheap source from which to obtain this information, than newspapers. A late writer, upon diseases incidental to sheep, states that he has discovered the cause of a mala- dy, (the cough) which has, at times, made the most destructive havoc among our flocks. He derives his information from the carcase of a lamb, which he dissected, and fotind d'jposited in its lungs a large quantity of worms, which, no doubt were the cause of its death. The writer thus remarks : " Feeling a lively interest in the prosperity of the sheep business in this country, having a flock myself, I have thought proper to commnnicato the following facts and observations to the ptiblic, with a vievxf to excite inquiry and elicit information in relation to that disease which has carried oft' so many of these useful animals. Some time in P'ebruary last, I looked at a fiock of yearling lambs, (abotit 200 in number.) belong- ing to J. R. vvliich I had seen in the fall ; at this time they were in a thriving condition. In Feb- ruary when I examined them, several had died and the remainder were very poor, and a general cough prevailed amongst them, which increased with a shrill sound, a dull and heavy appearance, and extreme emaciation. Sonte time after, I dis- sected a sheep of this flock, which had fallen a victim to this disease. * * * * I laid the lungs open, and in the cellular sub- stance of the lungs and in the bronchial vessels, theie were a multitude of worms about as thick as a linen thread, and from one to six inches in length, exceedingly sharp pointed at one end, and that end of a chestnut brown color, the rest of it of a pale wliitc color. In a day or two after, I dissected another sheep while it was yet warm, and found the apjicarance precisely the same, on- ly that the worms were alive, in the other they were dead. I directed Scotch suufF to be given to the sheep which seemed to be diseased, on then- food morning and evening, and tar and sulpliur once a day. They appeared to improve in health iunnediutely. The same ai)plicalion was used in a neighboring ilock, and apparently with good ef- fect. W^hetlier it is a remedy for the dfteaso I will not undertake to decide, as but one or two experiments have been made ; but it may be de- serving a further trial. BUTTONS. Three or four years ago Mr Samuel Williston, of Easthampton, began to make cloth buttons, and the manufacture has gradually extended in that and other towns in this vicinity, employing some hundreds of industrious females, who are thus en- abled to support themselves, and lay up something for a " rainy day," or a " setting out." It is esti- mated that 25,000 "gross of buttons ^havo been made within 10 miles of this place since llie first ' of January la.st. They are .sold at Boston and New York, and thence find their way to all parts of the United States. Ccmpetitiou has reduced the price and the profit, and the business is not very lucrative at the ])resent time. The molds are made in Williamsburgh by females, and are sold at about 0 cents per gross. The manufacture of these small articles affords some evidence of the benefits of the " American System." Before Mr Williston began to make cloth buttons, England supplied the whole United States, and the wholesale price was two dollars per gross, and sometimes more. Now the Yan- kees supply the country with buttons superior to those which were imported from England, and the wholesale price is from 75 cents to one dollar per gross ! — We are told that military buttons which were sold at three dollars per dozen when imported from England are now manufactured in this country for one dollar per dozen. — Hamp.Gaz. 162 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Dec. 1-2, 1828. From Mfmcirs of ihe Board of Agric. 'n ilie stale of i\ew York. I is neressary to be provided with mulberries from — the white wild mulberry tree, or else from the ON THE MANAGEMENT OF COWS. s,,a„i,|, n,„,borrv tree, which are the two most Having formerly kept a large number of cows, I proper kinds for this purpose ; they must then be I observed many amongst them that dried up j dropped in the furrows at the distance of twelve their milk so onrly in the fall, that they were not j i„,.hns from each other, must be covered from the profitable, while others, with the same keeping, ^.j^gg ^j ,[,e furrows, and the beds carefully level- gave milk in plenty until late in the season. I likewise have often heard my neighbors observe, that some of their cows, though very good in the fore part of the season, dried up of their milk so early, that they were unprofitable, and they should have to put them off; 1 accordingly found it ex- pedient to find out the cause, if possible : and when I brought to mind the ways that some of my young cows had been kept and milked, I at- tributed the cause to the milking of them the first season they gave milk ; and by many experiments since, I have found that young cows, the first year I'hey gave milk, may be tnadc, with careful milk- ing and good keeping, to give milk almost any length of time required, say from the first of May to the first of Februai-y following, and will give milk late always after, with careful milking. But if they are left to dry up of their milk early in the fall, they will be sure to dry up their milk each succeeding year, if they have a calf near the same season of the year ; and nothing but extraordina- ry keeping wdl prevent it, and that but for a short time. I have had them dried up of their milk in August, and could not by any means make them give milk much past that time in any succeeding led off with a short toothed rako There are two seasons for making nurseries ; the spring and the time of the maturity of the fruit. Those who choose to sow the seed of the mulberry in the month of April, must consequent- ly use the dried seed, gathered nine months be- fore, and less apt to sprout. But those who sow the grain at its maturity, enveloped with all the moisture of the fruit which seems intended for its nourishment and to give it, if we may use the ex- pression, its first milk, have generally the pleasure of seeing it put forth with vigor. Besides, the heat of the season, jirovided the proprietor have the attention to water the plants, viill necessarily cause their rapid growth. OF THE MANNER OF MULTIPLYING MULBERRY TREES BY CUTTINGS. The soil chosen to receive the slips of the mul' berry tree ought to be prepared in the same man- ner with that for sowing the seed, and which we described in the preceding chapter. The cuttings of the mulberry tree are to be |)lanted as we plant the cuttings of the vino ; that is by making fur- rows by a line at the distance of sis feet from one year. In 1820, I had two heifers, which had I'" t''" other, and by crossing them by furrows at calves in April, and after getting them gentle, I set a boy to milk them for the season, (which is often done the first season on account of their having small teats :) he was careless, and drieil them off in August. Although I feel satisfied I shoukl lose the greater part of the profit of them afterwards yet I took it upon me the following year to milk them myself, and give them good feed, but to no purpose. I could not make them give milk much past the same time they dried the year before. I have two cows now that were milked the first year they had calves, until near the time of their calving again, and have continu- ed to give milk as late ever since, if we milk them. [Furtlier Kxtracts from Vernon's Tre.Tllse on Mulberry Trees, Continued from P'ige 154.] OF THE CHOICE OF SOIL FOR ,V NURSERY OF MUL- BF.RRY TREES, AND OF THE IVIANNER OF SOW- ING THE MULBERRIES. A soil mild, light, and mixed with much mould is the proper soil for a nursery nf mulberry trees. New shoots must have groimarent trees, after the layers are separated from them, being replaced in a straight position, secured to a prop, manured and watered, generally retrieve their strength and make pro- ductive trees. If the young layers be planted in an orchard, the same care must be taken of them as when set in a nursery. Trees in the early stages of their expansion, like the growth of young animals, re- quire an abundant nourishment. Four tillages each year with the hoe or the plough ; ii-equent waterings if the season should he dry ; manure worked into the ground in October ; all this is scarcely sufficient for a new plantation. We must besides, two or three times in the course of the summer, take up the weeds which grow near them, and throw them at the foot of each tree. — We consider these weeds useful not only as a ma- nure, but as a hindrance to the lodgment of in- sects wJiich dislike the mephitical air arising from vegeta;bles in a state of decomposition. When the layers are separated and carefully taken from the parent tree, if they be placed in a nursery, they must be set as we have before said, at the distance of 6 feet from each other ; but if in an orchard, they must be placed in quincunx order, thirty feet apart. but as it has not, so far as I know, been frequent- ly noticed in print, perhaps it may be jiroper to give it a i)lace in your excellent paper. I have tried it with the two above mentioned seeds with the best success, and I believe my father generally practises the same method witii Indian corn, which by that means germinates much sooner and of course escapes accidents. 1 have no doubt that many hard seeds which are difficult in germinating woidd be essentially as- sisted by the above process. If this is all well enough known already, omit it. The seeds 'iC white mulberry, I have steeped in hot, but not boiling water, with success. Would not a good article on the means of facil- itating the ready germination of seeds be very use- ful. Many we know are slow and uncertain to Serminate readily, the crcetaguses (Thorn Quicks) for instance, and a year's iireparation is rather tedious, troublesome and discouraging to those who would cultivate hedges, &c. Frost and boiling water are powerful agents in this matter ; but who except a few gardeners and nursery-men, know exactly to which of these, (or other agents,) to expose their seeds, or what kinds of seeds will be aided in their germination by them ? Has boiling water been tried upon wheat and other grains, beans, i>eas, &c. &c. Dayton, JVov. 24, 1828. JOB HAINES. From the American Farmer. From the Weslern Review. ON THE OIL OF PUMPKIN SEEDS. To Dr. C. L. Sefger, Norlhampinn, (M'KS.) Your inquiries respecting pumpkins, which have lately reached me, I hasten to answer to the best ot' iny knoAvledge. I understood that pumpkin seeds were pressed like rape seed, and of course cold ; when I added " or like fax seed," it was because I had never seen flax seed or linseed pressed warm after roasting, as you say it is done with you. Pumpkin seeds, being very oily, and containing thin oil, require no heat to help the effect of the press. They will yield their oil to the press as easily as almonds, walnuts, and seeds of the mel- on tribe. The Harmonists press this oil in the press used for rape seed oil. I do not think that the pumpkin seed oil can be employed, like linseed oil, for painting. It is too thin and fluid, but it will answer in the instances where walnut oil is employed, being similar to it in that respect, although otherwise much sweeter and less desiccative. Pumpkin bread and cakes are much used in the interior of the state of Kentucky, as pumpkin pies in New England. The bread is made either by itself or mixed with corn meal, by kneading jjump- '••ns either raw or boiled, and baking them imme the facility which they have of growing among corn, without injury to either crop. I do not con- ceive that any positive advantage might result from their separate cultivation. But manures might be highly beneficial in either instance, and would incrciise the crops. I remember the following additional uses which may be made of pumpkins. 1. The cakes, remaining after the oil is press- ed from the seeds, are eaten greedily by cattle and hogs. 2. In Europe, tliey make good preserves of pumpkins, by cutting them in slices and boiling them for a long time in strong syriq) of sugar. 3. In the south of Europe, a very good soup is made by mashed or diluted pumpkins with oil, butter, or broth. This dish is called farlata iji Tuscany. Rice is often added to it. 4. The hard skin of pumpkins, if uninjured, may be used for pails, buckets, baskets, &c. The pumpkins may be made to assume almost any shape, by being confined while young, in wooden or hard vessels, which they will fill gradually, moulding themselves to their shapes. C. S. RAFINESQUE, Prof, of Botany avd JVat. Hist. Transylvania University, Sept. 10, 1828. TO PROMOTE THE GERMINATION OP CERTAIN SEEDS. I Mr Skinner— a correspondent in one of the ' late Nos. of the Farmer, inquires, what is the best i method of propagating certain tbrest trees, named i in his communication. With regard to the ready ! '''"'ely afterwards, without any addition of yeast, vegetation of seeds I will mention my ex[(enenc"e 'I' J'^.s, therefore, a great similarity to corn bread, as to two of the kinds enumerated. G/erfjtoa and ' ^"'' '« eaten either warm or cold. It is very i?o6i..i("a,(lloney Locust and Black Locust.) About ' s^v«« and of a reddish color : I cannot say it is the time of planting Indian corn, or a little earlier I ^"^O' palateable to me, but those that are used to it if the weather and ground permit, the seeds may ''ke it well. You know that corn bread is not lik- be planted. cd at first by many persons. I think that the best Twelve or twenty-four hours before planting, pumpkin bread is that made by uniting equal parts place the seeds in a tub or other suitable vessel, of corn meal and boiled pumpkins, and pour upon them a quantity of boiling water ' Respecting the cultivation of pumpkins, I can sufficient to cover them, and let them stand in it bardly give you any additional information. Their untd ready to plant. This preparation of certain culture is well understood all over the country, and kinds of seeds is i)robably known to many persons, »" * ' ' ' Lapland glue. — The bows of the Laplanders are composed of two pieces of wood glued togeth- er; one of these of birch, (which is flexible) and the other of the fir of the marshes, (which is stiff") in order that the bow, when bent, may not break ; and when unbent, it may not bend. When these two pieces of wood are bent, all the points of con- tact endeavor to disunite themselves ; and to pre- vent this, the Laplanders employ the following ce- ment. They take the skins of the largest perch- es, and having dried them, ujoisten them in cold water until they are so soft that the scales may be freed from them. They then put four or five of these skins iu a reindeer's 1. ladder, or they wrap them up in a soft bark of birch tree, in such a manner that water cannot touch them, and place thein, thus covered, into a pot of boiling water, with a stone above them, to keep them at the bot- tom. When they have boiled about an hour, they take them from the bladder or bark, and they are then found to be soft or viscous. In this state, they employ them for glueing together the two pieces of their bows, which they strongly com- press, and tie up until the glue is well dried. — These pieces never afterwards separate. — Tran.^ Stockholm .lead, of Science. The Cherokee Phcenix confirms the statement from the Georgia Athenian, describing a species of fly said to be very dangerous to animals. These flies have lately made their appearance in the Che- rokee country. The Phoenix also uses the follow- ing language in reference to the ravages of this in- sect.— " We have heard of several animals that have been afflicted by these strange visitants. — But otdy one case where a living jierson has been fly-blown has come to our knowledge. This per- son was still living by the last accounts. It is said whenever these flies penetrate the flesh they cannot, without great exertion, be extricated." The New York Euquirer says there are 22 piano forte manufacturers in the city of New York, who dispose of 800 piano fortes in a year. Ten years ago all our musical instruments were im- the farmers know how to avail themselves of 'ported from Europe. 164 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Dec. 12, IS'lt tOK THE NEW KNCI.AND FARMER. f ONTUIBUTIONS TO ENTOMOLOGY. No. VI. GEiNCS DYTisci., [Concluded.] The Dytisci are said to deposite tlieir eggs in the liodies of dead aquatic animals. Roesel states that they are lintched in ten or twelve days ; the larva comes to its growth the same season, when it leaves the water, and forms Cor itself an oval cavity in the earth ; in this it remains ahout iif- teeii days before it becomes u pupa, nnd in fitteeti or twenty days more it is changed to a perfect insect. The larva is elongated, convex, thick or swell- ed in the middle and tapering towards the extrem- ities ; it is of a brownish color above, and whitish beneath. The neck is distinct, the head large, with a pair of ])0werful curved jaws, that are a- dapted for suction, being hollow within, and per- forated near the tips with an nbloiig slit. Like most other larva?, it is furnished witli several small eyes, five or six in number on each side of the head. To each of the three first segments Dearest the head is attached a pair of slender legs, finely fringed witli hairs. There are six spiracles on each side of the body, for the pur- pose of expiration. The last segment is conical, the sides fringed with hairs, which give it the power of a fin, it is terminated at tip with two con- ical prominences, each perforateil with a spiracle, through which the air is admitted in inspiration. Beneath the tip, and forming an angle with the body are two moveable, slender and short, conical filaments. Tliose caudal processes serve to sus- pend the larva at the surface of the water, and retain the end of the tail above it, so that the air may enter the anal s])irac!es when the insect wishes to inhale it. They are called natatory la- minae by Mr. Kirby, and are supposed by him to be employed as oars in swimming ; this, however, appears to be i)rinci[ially perfoimed by the vermi- cular motion of the tail. Several accounts are given of the voracity of ibe.'e larvpe. Sortie of the large species attain to two and a half inches in length, and are said to attack and destroy fishes much their superiors in size. Having fixed their strong ciuved jaws \n tlieir prey they suck their juices through these perforated organs, and afterwards devour their ffolid parts piecemeal. Beside those described here, sevcnil other Dy- tisci are found in this vicinity ; iiHUiely, dytiscus mrticalis, Say, and another equally large species ; iiVTiscus liberus colymbatk3 vemislus, c./enesira- fis, c. ohtusatus, laccophilus maculosus, haliplus l2-pimctatiis, of Mr. Say ; and various other spe- cies at present undetermined. If among the insects which we have already or may hereafter publish as new there are any which have been previously described ; — those who are competent to decide are most respectfully request- ed to communicate personally with us on the sub- ject, and their information will be duly and thank- fully acknowledged. G£.\U3 COLVMEETES. c. *sutureUus. Beneath black ; head and tho- rax pale testaceous, the former with two triangu- lar spots between the eyes, the latter with an ob- long apical ochreous, and (except the margins and suture) widi numerous confluent tortuous lines and sjwts black : pectus pale ochreous ; feet pale pi- ceoiis. Length between eight and r.ine twentieths of an inch. Specimens nine. Extremely like c. collaris, Gyl- lenhall, and may prove to be a variety of that European species, from which it differs, principal- ly, in being much darker beneath, paler above, and of rather larger size. c. *binotatus. Beneath blackish, ventral seg- ments piceous at tip ; head and thorax ochreous, the former with two triangular sjiots between the eyes, the latter with two central subquadrate spots bl.ck : each elytron with four series of punctures, a pale suture and margin, the disc irrorate with black dots and tortuous lines ; three longitudinal series of spots, and a broad fascia behind the mid- dle, obsolete, black. Length nine twentieths of an inch. Specimens three. It is possible that this may be the irroratus of Fabricius. c. *tceniolatus. Ferruginous ; head at base and a vertical spot black ; thorax greenish black at base and tip, the black portions dilated and conflu- ent in the middle ; elytra greenish black, each with about eight irregular series of deep punctures ; ex- ternal margin, interrupted basal fascia, and three narrow lines pale testaceous: all beneath ferru- ginous. Length thirteen fortieths, breadth between six and seven fortieths of an inch. Sufficiently distinct from c. venustus, Say, and DYTISCUS inkrrogatus of Fabricius. S|)eciniens six. GENUS HAL1PI.C9. c. *discohr. Black, minutely and obsoletely granulateil. Head with two basal piceous sj>ots ; elytra fuscous, margin and base pale, epipleura yellowish ; three series of setiferous punctures, which are obsolete behind, on each elytron : ven- tral segments ut tip and feet piceous : nails alike in both sexes. Length over three tenths of an inch. Specimens five. Appears to difibr trom ail of the species described by Mr. Say. c. *acududus. Oblong oval, black, minutely a- cuducted ; head before, two vertical spots, lateral margins of the thorax, and hnniorous piceous ; pec- tus and feet ferruginous. Length over five twentieths of an inch. Oiie individual in the collection of Mr. Oakcs. Easily recognised by the numerous short scratches or acuducted impressions. GENUS HYDROPOBUS. H. *fasciatu3. Ferruginous, body minutely punc- tured above, with depressed hairs : antenna; black- iiih at tip ; head with a dilated oblique indentation each side in front of the eyes, and a vertical ijlack- ish spot ; thorax black at tip and base ; elytra black, an abbreviated sometimes interrupted fascia near the base, another triraacular behind the mid- dle, and an apical macula ferruginous : post|).'ctus and abdomen at base blackish, punctures dilated, distinct. Length over three twentieths of an inch. Four specimens. GESliS HYPHinRUS. H. *punctatus. Distinctly and regularly punc- tured, dull testaceous ; head with two dilated frontal impressions ; thorax blackish at tij) and base ; coleoptra fuscous on the disc, with about four obsolete paler macula; on each elytron. Length over one tenth of an inch. Specimens twelve. This insect must closely resemble laccophilus ;ju)icest specimens of r< ois Irom his faihcr s e.xtpnsivo viui'yards and nurt'eries, in ihe districts of IV)nlelais, Clerac, and Buzcl, departments of Gironde and Lot and Garonne, in France. {'Ub° N. Lat.) proposes to the numerous friends to the cultivation of the grape vuie in the United Stales, a subscrip- tion will be opened on the first of August, 1828. Mr A. L. will engage lo furnish subscribers with tlie Grape Vine Roots, before tne first of IMarch next, and forward them {rve of expense, to the different ciiips where subscription lists shall have been op°ned. The roi'ts will be three years old. and will produce consitlerable truit the second year from the time of their being plante*!. I'hey will be cnrpfully classed and packed in boxes, with some of the original soil in which they have been raised, which will greatly iaciliiate the thriving of the roots, when transplanted. Orders will be punctually attended fo : the suliscribers desig- nating the quantities and species of the grape vine roots they wish to have. They will engage lo pay lor 1000 roots or more, at the rate of 12 1-2 cents for each root ; for less than 1000, at the rate of 15 cents; and 25 cents per root for less than 50.— Roots only two yeais old, shall be paid for at the rate of 9 cents each, for 10 or more ; 12 1-2 cents for less than one 1000 ; and 18 cents for le.ss than 50 roots. Payment to be made on deliv- erv of the roots. Lettei's not received unless post paid. Subscription lists are open at New York, with Alphonse Lou- bat, 85 Wall street; Boston. E. Copeland, Jr — .Albanc. R. M'Michael— Philadelphia. Van Amringe — Baltimore, VVitlnrd* Rhoads — Washington City, Wm. Pairo. Richmond, Uaveilf port, Allen & Co. Savannah, Hall, Shapter &c Tupper — New Orleans, Foster & Hutton Charleston, (S. C.) J. & J. Street Co. Mr A. Loubat's book on theCullureofthe Grape Vine, and on theMskingof Wine, may be found at the principal book- sellers of the United Stales; and his agents will iurnish them gratis lo subscribers. iU12. MUNROE &. FRANCIS have ju.st published the 2d edition of a work called Seveaty-Five Receipts for making P.-^stry, Cakes, and Sweetmeats. By a lady of Philadelphia. With a series of miscellaneous receipts for I>ishes in use at Supper Par- ties : also, a complete list of weigljis and measures, whereby weight can be ascertained by measure. jyinUr Keeping for Horses in the vicinity of Boston^ Where the most faithful care may be relied on, may be had on application to Major Samuel Jaques, Charlestown, or Mr. T. ,. „ , , ., 1 . T 1 u 1 J J- Ndes, School Street, or to Mr. Russell, Publisher of the New little losses. It availed but little how hard n-any , k,,^!^^,! p^rmer. An early application is desirable. of our farmers labored, or how meanly clothed I ^^—i — ^— »»««^^i^^^— ^^"^^g thevwent: the dram bottle sprung a leak, and Published every Friday, at p per annum, payable ai the ■; , ' , J < I I TIT 'end of the vear— but those who pay withm sixty days from the each drop went to make up a drop ot gold. Men, j,^^ of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifly cents. NEW i3NGi:.ANi> fa: Published by John B. Rbsseli,, at JVo. 52 A'ortk Market Street, (over the Agricultural Warehouse).— Tkokas G. Fessenee.n, Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 19, 1828. No. 22. HORTICULTURE. I'OR THE NEW F.NCLAND FiRHiER. ON THE INSECTS THAT INJURE THE APPLE TREE. Mb Fessenden — Pardon me for saying, that your exposition in tlie Farmer of the 5th, relative to the Coccus or American blight, is not perfectly I "j^^^^^^^^ ^;,. ,^^ 1^^^ f„^ ^^^^^ ,.^^^„„ ^^-^ ,,,^^j j^^^, ^uiderstood by myself, and I fear iiot by other ot- " ' your readers. Your Pennsylvania correspondent asks information relative to an insect " about the size and shape of a small grain of coffee, found on the body of the apple tree. The plant lice des several trees by the corrosive effects of salt, which was contained in damaged fish applied to my or- chard. There is another insect which is seriously inju- rious to the apple tree, which seems particularly to be the dread of European nurserymen and or- chardists. It is called, by Loudon, Salisbury, and other horticultural writers, the Aphis Lanata, or cribed by Mr Pebley, are "inform like half a kernel of rye, but not more than a twentieth part as lai'ge, with the flat side sticking to the smooth bark of the tree." Do these gentlemen refer to the same insect ? And is this the insect describ- ed in your quotation from Kjrby & Spence ? I liiiiik not.* I noted ?.Ir Pereet's communication \A\h deep interest, on its publication in your first is apjilied to it, no one has satisfactorily explained. Salisburv has figured it, in its different states, as it appears under a magnifying i)ovver, upon a branch and root of an apple tree. It is decidedly different from the i>lant louse described by Mr Perley. The eggs, which cunilot be distinguish- ed but with the assistance of a microscope, are deposited in a white cotton-like substance, in which the insect is enveloped, generally at the in- sertion of small branches, in the chinks of the bark, or at the surface of the ground, especially if there are suckers coming from that point — Wherever the nursery lodgment is made, warts or volume, as many of my young apple trees were , rni n j ■ i he described, and ,Protuberances ensue. They are small and mdu- 'rated upon the stock, but upon the roots are often in bunches or large masses. 1 have seen like ap- then suffering from the lice some had been apparently killed by their depreda- tions. They were abundant not only on the smooth bark on the exterior, but on that which had formed under the rough bark that had par- tially peeled from the trunk. I profited by Mr Peri-ey's suggestions, and subsequently by those ■of Mr Wheelbr, and applied strong lye with a brush, in June, with very great benefit, sometimes with, and at othertimes without, the addition if Jiine. I doubl iii^t but strong briiii? v.oulu" .« equally fatal to the insect, but I was fearful it might become injurious to the trees, having lost * We believe that our Pennsylvania correspondent, in Hb rommunication, publishefl pa^e 142 of (he current vol. of N. E. Farmer, meant to descrifie two distinct kinds of injects, one of ■uliich we thought might be the same witli that mentioned h/ Mr Peeley. Our Pennsylvania friend says (pa^e 142) " the appearanc? [of the insect] to me resembled the blossoms of Timothy, o: some small grass, shaken on the tnmk of ihe tree, when wet wiik dew, and remaining on it. .4fler which they increased in size, to about the big-ness of shot No. 8 cut in two, and a little len:jth- ened ; and fanned a corer adhering to the bark, under which thf. iti^ect, whatever it may he, >was found. '^ Again, in the same pasfe, he speaks oHhe insect, (which may be the same, but we should suppose, from the description that it pearances upon shrubs and plants in the fields and forests, but never gave them a particidar ex- amination.* This, I apprehend, is the Coccus, or American Blight, described by Kirby & Spence, and is different from that described by Mr Per- ley. We have for two seasons followed the di- rections found in Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, in the Alb.any Nursery, for the destruction of this aphis, by ajjplying oil to their nests, if I may so call the mouldy-like substance in which they are usually enveloped. As these were often found in the incision where a bud had been inserted a few weeks before, we had apprehensions that the ap- plication would prove detrimental : but this was not the case. We succeeded, with considerable la- bor in nearly extirpating them from the stocks in om nursery. Mostof the plant !ice,Ibelieve, belong to the genus Aphis. They are troublesome on the peach, cabbage, &c. and are endowed with singu- lar properties of propagation, by which they multi- ply with incredible rapidity. Before I close this communication, permit me was of a different species) which was " dark coloured, on the body of the tree, about the size and shape of a small grain of to express my regret that your " New Correspon coffee with a bristly coat'' $i,c. VV both those descriptions apply lo th< the manner in which thi^ last mentioned is introduced by correspondent, one would be led lo suppose that lie considered '< a minute description" of the diseases which We, therefore, cave (pae'e 1,53) Mr Per- _„, a- . j i . ti . ■ ■ ■ '■ •■' h . I now affect our pear and plum trees. ihat must advise us of the VVe ran hardly suppose thai jjent" has not thought fit to give us either his name the same insect, though from, , . , ,, , , „ . , • i , , , leuiioned is introduced by our f"" the title of the " works m which he has read them to be the same lev's descripliou of lice on apple trees," and observed that " The above description of adestrurtive insect, and ihe remedy " minute description," prescribed by Mr Perlet may be of use, although the inseci mmjitot he the same wilh that which has annoyed the fruit trees of our correspondent." The appearance whicli " resembled the blossoms of Timothy" of" M." might be ilie " while animalculej resembling a louse, so small they are hardly perceptible to Ihf naked eye" of Mr Peri.ey. 'But it seems improbable tli«l •'■ die cover adhering to the bark under which the insect wis found" would have h>en Ihe same wilh ihe " brislly coal," nun- lioned by " HI." in anolher part of his communication. Rutin- seels present appearances so totally different in their chaufes irom ilie egg to the larva, pupa and perfect slate thai aoiie bit a skillful enlomologist can always delect them in their different disguises. It forluuately happens, however, Ihal ihe same rem- edies are efficacious againsl all or nearly all the species, iBid wc Slave no doubl but either a solution of salt . as recommended liy Mr Pf.rley, a solution of potash, as prescribed hv Hr. Wheei,er, or spirit of tar, as used by Sir Joseph BanHs, would prove equally efficacious against most or all those insids which infest the bark, leaves, stems or fruit of fruit trees, whith- er they are or should be eonsideren as belonging lo the tribes of the Aphis, Coccus, Tinea, &c.— Editor N.E.FAKUERi causes, as well as suggest the cures. The gentle- man should not hide his hght under a bushel ; and r, for one, should feel jiarticularly obliged if he would let it shine upon us. Venerating, like him, the writers of" some eighty or ninety years ago," I have carefully examined Philip Miller, as well as more modern work,^, but can find nothing in any of them hke the diseases which we have un- der consideration. But let us not misapprehend each other. I consider the disease of the apple 'This insect is also described and figured by Loudon, Gard Mag. p. 70^ . The remedy he prescribes 'is " Thoroughly cleaning with a brush and water, together wilh ampiitalion when It has been some time at work." This he says is " ihe only means of destroying this insect ; but even this will not do unless resorted lo at an early stage of Ihe process."^Ei)iToii ' and pear, now }>crvading the cuiiiitry, different and distinct from the fire bfight of Europe — that it is confined to no soil — limited to no particular varieties, and confined to no aspect. Your cor- respondent says, this evil does not arise in light sandy soils, not heavily manured. My soils arc ](reci.sely of this kind. It Jirst appeared in them in 1827, upon more than 100 trees, and upon grounds which had received no manure for years. In terming these new diseases J have followed the example of others. I was first acquainted with thein in 1S22, at Kingston, and have marked their progress northward and westward from that date. During tlie hist season I have visited several dis- tricts where tliey are both yet unknown. I men- tioned the Hessian fiy, as on instance of new in- sects coming among us. I might add the bee miller and the locust borer. Your " New Correspondent," in suggesting the soils adapted to diftereut fruits, assigns to the St. Germain pear, one that is rich. I beg leave to qualify this, by adding to rich, in the language of Miller, Loudon, Coxe and others, warm and dry All cultivated fruits, I believe, like a rich soil ; though the fruit of many varieties attain to higher perfection upon a soil that is warm and dry, or in other words upon sands, gravels, &c. Among these are the golden pippin, winesap and other ap])les, the St. Germain pear, and 1 think the peach. The juices are more concocted and high- er flavorOd, on dry, light grounds, though the vol- unic of i)uh> is less. Miller says, that in a moist situation t'- , juice of the St. Germain pear is ajit to be h:<.'sh and austere. The experience of *my, neighborhood shows it. Again — he says the \'er- galeu requires a ricii and the St Michael a gravel- ly soil. I believe the Vergaleu of our nurseries is the St Michael or Doyenne. The Vergaleu of Europe is advertised with us under the name oi' winter Vergaleu, Ice pear, or Poire de Glasse, or Chambrette. The first is in eating in September ; the latter in November and December. Albany Xursery, Dec. 7, 1828. J. BUEL. QUINCE STOCKS FOR PEARS. An article on this subject has lately been pub lishcd in " Transactions of the London HorlicuUu nil Society," by Thomas Torbron, F. II. S. &,c. — The writer observes that " working the best kinds of jiears on quince stocks is an old, though not ,t generally enough adopted custom. The effects of such a union are universally known ; but no one, perhaps, coidd have imagined that the dif- ference in the fertility of quince and free stocks, could have been so much as is shown by Mr Tcr- bron's comparison. In a careful estimate of pro- duce, by measure and tale, as well as by space on the wall, he states that the Gansell's Bergamot, on the quince, yielded at the rate of 15,1 to 1 ; the Brown Beurr6 4,4 to 1 ; the Crassane, 8,2 to 1 ; and the Colmar, 2,8 to 1 ; together averag- ing about 7,6 to 1 in favor of the quince stocks. " Such a result deserves the attention of nursery- men and the owners of small gardens. It is to be regretted that the trial was not made from trees of the same age and condition ; those on quince stocks being from maiden trees planted in 1818- 20, and those on free stocks from very old trees, cut down ia the same years, but which liad quite. ^ " 170 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Der. 1(1, IS-iS. recovered tiit-ir luxuriance and fniitrulnc.-is. To grasses fur cultins; green ami feeding ont in ru(;ks this [ifipor a note is prefixed by Alexander Setoii, j or cribs, and will bear cutting the oftenest. Ksq. F. il. S. with a view to call the attention of i Mr London pays " The time cows shoidd be- persons to the same object, stating that he thinks ' come diy before their calving is not agreed on, pears grafied on quince stocks arc better adapted some contending that they may be milked ahnost for stiiT ilayey or loaii>y soils than those on free | to the time of their dropping their calf without in- stocks, and rccotninciiding this choice to planters !jin\v ; while others maintain that it is absolutely iocat il on such soils." j necessary that they should belaid dry from one There are, however, some disadvantages at- to two months, both for the advantage of theni- lending the use of (|uince stocks to engraft on. — selves, and of their calves. It is probable that The quince, we believe, is not naturally so long niuch in this business dei)ends on the manner in lived as the apple tree, its age, it is said, seldom I which they are kept ; as where they are well fed exceeds ten or twelve years. The quince tree is 1 they may be continued in milk till within a week quite as liable to be attacked by the worm called rhe borer as the apple tree. (By the Editor.) ON THE MANAGEMENT OF COWS KEPT FOn THE DAIRY. Where butter is the chief object ofa dairy, care sliould be taken to select such, cows as atford the ! of the udder or two of calving without suffering any injury whatever from it, but in the contrary circumstan- ces it may be better to let them run dry for a month, six weeks or more according to their con- dition, in order to their more fully recruiting their strength. It appears not improbable that the longer the milking is continued, the more free the cows will be from indurations and other affections which is a circumstance deserving best and largest (|iiantities of milk and cream of j of attention. Where only one or two cows are whatever breed they may be. But the quantity ke]it for the supply of a family, it is likewise nse- of butter to be made from a given number of ful to know that by good feeding they may be cows must always depend on a variety of contin- continued in milk without any bad consequences gent circumstances ; such as the size and good- ness of the beasts ; the kind and quantity of food and the distance of time from calving. A large till nearly the time of calving. In the Jlgricultu ral Survey of the Jf'est Riding of Yorkshire it is stated, that no advantage was found to result from cow, generally, will give more milk than one of' allowing cows to go dry two months before calv smaller size ; though cows of equal size differ as ing. They have there been kept in milk within to the quantity of cream produced from the milk { ten days of the time of dropping the calf This of each; it is therefore, in those cows whose mdk ! practice however, cannot be considered gener- is not only in large abundance, but which from a ' ally advisable." In the last edition of Willich's Encyclopedia i is said that " inflamed teats should be washed peculiar inherent richness yields a thick cream that the butter dairyman is to place his chief de- pendence ; and wltere a cow is deficient in e:;her of these she should be parteil with and her place ^sufplied by one more proper for this use. Where cheese is the object, the management in respect to cows should be the same. It is essential that milk-cows be kept at all soil, where it may more readily escai)e below tin sphere of vegetation ? The writer is, at present, so fully satisfied with the former part, at least of this theory, that he ih determined not to manure in future the surface of a retentive soil, when its pores arc full ; he will either embrace the opportimity when dry weather has rendered it absorbent, or bury the manure in the soil ; in which situation it may meliorate, not ou\y, jierhaps, as a food, but also as a provocative. FELLING TIMBER. Different seasons of the year for felling timber that is designed for durability, are recommended by writers. Some say in 3Iay, while the sap is vigorously flowing ; others in Sejitember, when the alburnum or white wood, is not so full of as- cending sap, that contains saccharine matter, ac- ids and mucilage, which ferment and produce the decomposition of the wood. The different and contradictory opinions arise in a great measure from partial experiments and too limited observa- tion. There are many circumstances to be taken into consideration — the maturity of the tree, the nature oC the soil, the difference in climate, the state of the season and many others. Facts have been produced of trees felled in May lasting twice as long as those in February, and also vice versa. All writers we beheve agree that peeling the bark in May and letting the tree stand for sev- eral months greatly promotes durability. The ])roper time can only be ascertained by the accu- mulation of facts ; and for this accumulation there is no better way than for every farmer to record the time of felling his trees, with as many other circumstances as possible. Were farmers gener- .,.,, f rii- ^ c allv in the habit of keeping a diary, much more with two drachms ot sugar oi lead in a quart ot -., • , ■ i • • i , rapid progress might be made m agrioultural water. Should tumors appear, apply a common warm mash of bran with a little lard. And to prevent cows from sucking their own milk, we are informed that rubbing the teats frequently with the most foetid cheese that can be procured 2-Yom Marshall's Minutes of Agriculture. tunes in high health and good condition. If they j has proved an effectual remedy." are allowed to fall off in flesh daring winter, an abundant supply of niilk need not be expected by bringing tbeui into high condition in summer. Warm stables should be provided for them, as beasts will not require so much food when kept warm as when shivering with cold. iRHowledgq. — A". 1". Farmer. PRINCE ON HORTICULTURE. Mr Prince, who is so well known as a horticul- turist, has published a short treatise on Horticul- ture, containing, as be says, " some of the leading rules whose adoption has proved most successful, and intended as an accompaniment to the cata- logues and an aid to those who are ignorant of the subject." A work of this moderate pretension M.\NURE AS APPLIED TO DIFFERENT SOILS. Dining the drought of summer, clayeij soils are j would not e.xcite much expectation ; it contains. divided by innumerable fissures ; and if the ma-| however, a mass of useful information, and forms, For about a month previous to the time of cows | ,„„-e be laid on while the soil is in this state, the] in our o|)inion a valuable contribution to the hor- calving, if in spring, they should be turned into , fi,.st shower of rain carries down the dissoluble sweet grass; or, if it hajipen in the winter, they i particles into the vegetative stratum. But. in win ticultural science of our country. Mr Prince is the proprietor of one of ihe richest and most ex- ought to be well fed with the best hay. The day (^r, a retentive soil resembles a sponge filled with I tensive garden establishments of this or any cou and night after they have e.ilved, they shoidd be^-v^-gter; and the manure laid on, while it remains kept in the house, and no cold, but hike-warm wa-ii, this state, must either be washed away bj t^r allowed for their drink. On the next clay, ; ]:cavy rains, or be lodged near the surface ; "and about noon, they may be turned out, yet regularly ; cannot possibly penetrate the soil until it be made taken in, during the night, fi)r three or four sue- porous by the "ensuing summer's drought. On the contrary, an ahsorbcnl soil is always open to snper- cessive days; after which they may be left to ihemselves. Cows, thus housed, should be kept fiL-ial inoi-sture ; it resembles a dry sponge, which in their stables till the cold is mitigated by the jTi-ce,t. .,, ...V, jdd_ The (I turned out. liable to miscarry, or slip their calves ; an acci- vegetative stratum. Is not winter then the fittest dent by which the calf is lost and the cow injur- .i\,ne. for feeding such a soil, when the current of ed. For some time before and after they have absorption is gentlest, rather than summer, when calved they should be kept separate fi-om llic , jts rapidity may hurry down the vegetative food, young stock, whether in the yard, stable, or field. ;„|„i prevent its being incorporated with the plant- English writers assert that Lucerne is most ex- , feeding mould ? And is it not obviously eligible, cellent food for cows in milk ; and preferable to j „„ jj„ph a soil, to lay the manure on the surface, clover, as it gives the milk a better flavor and is ^t the greatest distance from that depth nt which equally ngurij-hing. It is esteemed the best of all -i it becomes useless, rather than to bury it in the try ; end no expense or labor has been spared to collect fruit and ornamental plants of every des- cription ; and no where has so large a number of American species been brought together. The work befiue us is jiarticularlj- valuable ns containing the results of long experience in accli- mating foreign plants, and in domesticating maTty of our indigenous fruits which will hereafter fuim most im])ortant additions to the luxuries of oui gardens. A large portion of the work is devoted to llx giajie, which, although not of greater imporiann; as a national object of cultivation than the apjilc. still it is of the highest interest, and will, we hope, ontinue to be the subject of experiment with cul- tivators throughout the Union. We recommend tie work to every lover of ornamental gardening, as useful in pointing out the choicest kinds of slriibs and trees which most easily admit of profit aUe culture. — Ibid. No. 22.— Vol. VII. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 171 roR THE MEW ESCLAND FABMEB. NORTH DEVON STOCK. .Mr. Editor, — About four years ago a friend iai|ioited from !'2i)^larid a very fine bull of the a- licive breed ; a sjenlleniaii well acquaiiiteJ with stoi-k, having recommended it, beheving from their moderate size and similarity to our native stock, they were better fitteil to New England pastures; and also their well known activity as working cattle and respectability as milkers. — This animal, for two years, was kept in Sundwicli, •V. //. a town, for many years past, noted for a large and fine breed of cattle, to whicli tliey were much attached ; and it is stated by one of their /nost noted breeders, who writes under the date | : find shelter under the spreading branches of a larp'e beech. The statement induced me to further ob.serva- tion and enquiry. I have never since pa.ssed a tree which had been riven by liirhtniijg, without its recalling it to my recollection, and caused uie particularly to notice it ; and I presume I have pas- sed an hundred oaks which have been stricken, and although beech is more common tiiaii any otli- er timber, 1 have not discovered one of that kind, nor have I any recollection of ever having seen one previ.nus to the abo\e occasion which called it particidarly to my notice. I have also uniformly learned upon enquiry of those who are accustom- j ed to the woods, that such is the prevailing ojiin- , ion as stated, of November 20th, 1828 "the Devon breed are j ^-^.^ j,^^ j-^^t^ ^^ I ,^^^,g ^1,^,^ j^.^,,^^, much approved of, they do well to m,x with oucL,^ ^^„ founded, and if the tunber stated has the large Sandwch breed, we have noheders yet m L,..,j,^,.j^ ^^ ^^^^^. ,|^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ lightning, it is un k-no stee>-s, as the males were all kept for,, , ,„ j^ ^,,^^,j ,,g universally known. One well bulls ; our heifers are very fine and j.romise good L,,^^,^,, -^^^^^^^^ ^f a beech cows ; there are nut lew of the Uevons now in i Sandwich as they have been sold into diflierent | .,„i ^i,„ .i „ r„n „„ „„ i „ „<• .i ,, , •' T ■ , . ... I ^'"' show the lallacy and error ot the opinion, as sections ol the country. I so d my ca ves (which i ;, ,i „..i , , ,■ -.i .., c .,„ i .■ r\ .u ,,,,,, •' , -■' .,„ ^ „ I It siiould be, if without foundation. On the con- were all bulls last season) one for $20, one for $25, one for $40, and one for $50 having been struck i by lightning would at once decide the question. These prices are considered great, when com- pared with the usual prices of calves of the com- mon breeds, probably not more than five dollars. The North Devon is now in Westminster, Vt. where he is said to be in high repute ; and will doubtless do much good in the improvement of their stock. After the next spring this very hand- some and valuable animal will probably come back to Massachusetts. A SUBSCRIBER. j trary, if an instance of similar character with the one described in the Farmer could be referred to, it would go very far in establishing the position. In an agricultural view it is worth enquiry. If beech has this property as contended, and as ani- mals in storms seek shelter, it would be well to leave, in clearing, or plant beech trees, where gra- zing animals might seek shelter and safety. Yours, with much res^iect. Dayton, Ohio, Dec. 1, 1828. II. D. EXTRAORDINARY YIELD. The River La Plate, or long red Potato, is not- ed for its friiitfiduess. A gentleman of this town rai.sed the ])re-ent season from two bushels and a peck, fifty bushels. The ground was broken up last year, planted A few days ago the gardener of Mr. Thomas Goodwell, of Eastwood, gathered a cucumber eight inches long and six inches in circumference whose blossom had never expanded ; no seeds were found in the fruit. The same gardener, on the 14tli inst., gathered a plate of raspberries of • .. . . 1 1 lu 11 rni I excellent flavor, and expects several others in a with potatos and manured very hberallv. The pre- . , . i ^ ,,r-,,- """^'" '" " .. ■. . 1 . 11 nil few days. An apple tree of William Lamb's in Bent year It was not manured at all. The potatos , ■ ., ■ • ,, ...ainu . m .• . . • . ' the same parish, IS now in bossom. and a portion were cut into one or two pieces ; one piece was, /. ■ , , »^ „• , ^ uapumuii . .„j • 1 11 1 .u r 11 I , lOl the b ossora set. — JyoUinsham Journal. planted in a hill and the eyes were carefully placed f uppermost. They were hoed as soon as they I /,„;,roi;me»i« o/Canrfto.— A writer in Brewster's were up, and also after they were about six mches [journal ^ayg ^e steeps the cotton wick in lime high. Another person informs us, that he once ,,a,e,. j,, „hich is dissolved a considerable raised over three pecks from one potato of this kind — .v. E. Farmer and Mech. Journal. From the American, Farmer. THE BEECH TREE, Proof againsl the Electric Ftuid. Mr. Skin.nkr. — The communication in your jiaper upon the subject of the effects of lightning upon cedar, or rather its non-effect, has induced the following. 1 give you the facts so far as I am able, and they may lead to some further observa- tions, which may result in usefulness. Passing through some of the wilderness districts quan- tity ot nitrate of potasse, common nitre, or salt pe- )re ; by this means he secures a purer flame and more superior light — a more perfect combustion is ensured — snuffing is rendered nearly as superflous re in wax candles, and the caudles thus treated do not " run." The wicks must be thoroughly dry before the tallow is put to them. Froi?i Drumjiumd's First Steps in Boiantj. haliolis which glitters with the colors of the rain- bow. Why is the goldfinch more ornamented than the sparrow, since it could fly as swiftly, though its plumage were equally dusky .' and why is the peacock embellished with a combina- tion of every hue. that is beautiful and brilliant, when it could pick up its grain e(|ually well, al- (hoiigh it wore the unassuming dress of its more humble companions of the court-yard .' Thous- ands of other instances might be adduced, to show that a chief part of the beauty and variety which occur in the different kingdom.'; of nature, have been intended for the mind iiC man ; and no where perhaps, is this more conspicuous than in the pro- fusion of plants which clothe our globe, in which, No gradual blnoin is wauling ; from the bud Firsi lioni 'if giiring lo f-iinirner's musky liibcs ; Nor hyacinths oi purest virgin while, Lnw-lienl and blushing inward; iiorjonquiils Ot polcnl fragrance; narcissus fair, As o'er (he fabled fountain hanging sti!! ; Nor broad carnations, nor gay-spoiled pinks; Nor, sliower from every bush, Ihe damask rose ; Infinite :ii numbers, delicacies, smells, With liurs on hues expression cannot paint. The breath of nature and her endless bloom. Now what cau give a more pleasing view of the benevolence of the Almighty than thus to .see the earth "apparelled with plants, (says old Ger- ard) as with a robe of embroidered work, set with orient pearles, and garnished with great diversitie of rare and costly jewels P" How little giver to observation and reflection must they be, who can look on such a scene, and see in it only the work- ings of chafice, or who feel as little inipres.sed by it as though it were. People in general, indeed, have never thought of the extent of power, and profundity of wisdom displayed in the formation of the vegetable world ; but were we in imagina- tion to conceive the existence of a being endued with ten thonsand times the powers that any hu- man mind ever po.ssessed ; and that to such an intelligence were submitted the privilege of cloth- ing a world with organized bodies fiirmed after its own conceptions, how comparatively miserable, how destitute, would such a creation be ! how un- like that which arose when " the evening and the morning were the third day," when " the earth brought forth gra.ss, and herb yielding seed after his kind, and the tree yielding fruit, whose seed was in itself after his kind ; and God saw that it was good !" The House of Representatives in New Hamp- shire have passed a resolution that they will make use of no ardent liquors at their boarding-houses diiting the present session of the Legislature. A singular case is mentioned in the last voluu;e of the Medical Journal, of tlie complete restora- tion of the hair of the head in a perso.T who had become quite bald, by the use of a solution of sul- phate of copper in French brandy. As the appli- in- Much of the beautiful vesture, and of the end- 3ss variety in the forms and colors of vegetables, as been given for the express purpose of attract- 1 cation, when used only once a day, cannot h of Ohio during the last summer, in company with !ing the admiration of man, and exciting him to Ijnrious, it is worth a trial in case of baldne.ss. a gentleman who had spent his life in the wooils, itheir serious contemplation. This observation in- I c i, , r7i^^\n kT' 7~- c' i surveying and exploring, when a heavy thunder; deed may he apphe^ to every department of na- J:::;:;ZJ::J:Zt;^:tr'lS:'^T^ thought that sufficient salt will be obtained from the spring to supply the country — 50 gallons of water afford one bushel of salt. storm came up, and it was then observed by th« , ture. Why, for instance, have shells such un- gentlenian that we would try and find a beech tre« I cominou beauty of form, colors, and polish, but under which to take shelter. In the course ofi that the examination of them may enlarge the conversation it was stated that it was a common field of intellect ? The inhabitant of the common opinion among surveyors and woodsmen, that the; whilk is housed as safely in its simple residence Two wild turkeys were shot in the northern beech po.ssessed the quality ascribed to the cedar | of carcarecus earth, as that of the Nautdus Po;«;,. part of this town on Monday the 8th instant that one had never been known to be stricken hy ilius in a chambered palace, whose walls are like weighing twenty-three pounds and a quarter, and lightning, and that during the heaviest thundei I pearls and silver; and the sheU of the limpet the other eighteen pounds and a quarter Hamp. storms, they felt perfectly secure when they coultfj serves as well for protection, as the canopy of the Gazette. J 72 NEW ENGLAND FARIMEK, Dec. 19, 18.i2«. THE LATE JUDGE PETERS. | gratitude from one of the most intelligpiit persons We have been favoured by the author with n j of Lancaster ; wtio unhesitatingly ascribes to Mr. oopy of an Aiidress ilclivercd before tlie 15!ocklpy j Peters' liool< on phiisler, and his other agricultural .•ind Merion A^'ricultural Society, on the death of j essays, the merit of linving j)roduce(l a good part fheir late President, the Hon. Puchard Pkters.) of the rich cultivation, for which that county is J5y Sahiuel }?r,ECK, Vice President of the Society. I so celebrate goes of lumber arrived at that port during the last I wish it to be perfectly understood, that I am ! year, from Maine, and were disposed of for cash, an advocate for some few of the varieties of the [The town of Worcester, which formerly obtained European grape in our gardens only for the table, | its supply of Uimbcr from Boston, now receives it in addition to the Isabella and a few others of this country, which not only are good for the table, but are excellent to make wine. Yours respectfully, THOMAS GIMBREDE. from Providence. The diversion of this impor- tant trade from Boston will be severely felt in the metropolis. If this city sleeps much longer she will be shorn of all her strength. — Salem Observer. DEW IN EGYPT AND PALESTINE. We had a tent allotted to us for the night, and MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. , , , ,. . , The American Farmer gives a short history of although .t was double-hned, so copious are the ^j^;^ g^^;^ j^ ^.^^ incorporated in 1792, and a dews of E,gypt alter sunset, that the water ran '^.^^^ ^^^^ subscribed amounting to 3984 dollars, plentifully down the tent-pole. The vegetation of ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ the comributors and l.."Vi)t, even the redundant produce ot the Uelta, „ „.,„ mnn in t» t .. r i < , '=•''' , , . ,' . , ■ r .,'; gave 1000 ilollars. Dr. I.ettsom, of London, tlie is not owing solely to partial inundation from the ^ ,,i,,,,^,^^, ,,ii,,„t|,,opist, gave ten guineas. The Mle, or artihcial irrigation. W hen we hear that f,,^^ ^^,^^. ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ j^^^p j^„.^^^_ ^j_^ g^^.^_ ty receive from the State, 600 dollars annually. — The amount of Premiums given by the Society, since the establishment of Cattle Shows, have av- rain is unknown to the inhabitants, it must not be sujiposed the land is on that account destitute of water. From all the observations we made dur- ing oiir siibseipient residence, it seemed doubtful whether any other country has so regular a sup- ply of moisture from above. Even the sands of the desert partake largely of 'the dew of heaven,' and in a certain degree of the ' fatness of the earth.' Hence it is that we meet with such fre- quent allusion to the copious dew distilled upon ofatoe was at first positively proscribed in France. Baudin relates, that in his time, its use was prohibited in Burgundy, because it was supposed to generate leprosy ! It was chiefly through the exertions of the celebrated chyuiist Parmentier, that the prejudices of the French peo- ple against it were removed, and that it was brought into general use among them. Yet even, as late as the revolutio.i, so little were the vulgar reconciled to this species of food, that on Parmen- tier being ]iroposed for some municipal office, one of the voters furiously opposed him on account of the share he had in their introduction — " He will make us eat nothing but potatoes," said he " for it was he who invented them." — Meehanic's Mag. RAIL ROAD FROM BOSTON. We copy the following remarks from the Ohio Sun. " As much as has been said on the subject of Internal Improvements, and Home Industiy, there is still room left, if not for talking, at least for DOING. We would not give one bright eyed, and " brawny shouldered" fellow that is found whist- ling in his fields with his axe or hoe swinging in 2'lie potato trade. — We sometitnes find something a little amusing, as well as much that is instruc- tive, in the public documents. Thus, among our articles of provisions exported from the United States to Great Britain, in 1S27, we find two bush- els of potatos, which must have been excellent ones, as they brought us the liberal sum of two dollars. On the other hand, we imported from the dominions of Great Britain, (mostly we pre- sume frotn Ireland,) no less a quantity than twen- ty thousand eight hundred and ninety-two bushels of potatos, of the average value of about forty cents a bushel. Deducting the two bushels we exported, for which we got two dollars, the bal- ance of the potato trade is greatly against us — no less, indeed, than twenty thousand eight hundred and sixt>i bushels, equal to eight thousand four hundred and ninety seven dollars. Brattleboro Messenger. Hand ejigines — On the ■Ith inst. the south wing of the dwelling house of Josejih Strong, Esq. of South Iladley, was discovered to he on fire ; the inside of the kitchen was soon all in flumes, and a: high wind blowing towards the main house, it seemed impossible to save the buildings. Some hand-pumps, or engine.s were then obtained and put in operation, and by the use of these the fire checked, and in a short time extinguished. These small engines undoubtedly saved the whole range of buildings from beuig destroyed by the devour- ing element. The damage now sustained is only two or three hundred dollars. The utility of hand-engines for extinguishing fire has been fully demonstrated, and it would be well to bring thera into more general use. They can be managed by fenialee and children, and fire within a building, or on the roof, maj' be overcome in a few minutes by means of one of them and a few pails of water. They are useful also for wa- tering gardeuii, washing windows, &c. They are made by Mr. Hollanil, of Belchertown, IMr. Hor- ace Brainard, of Northampton, and probably by other mechanics. — Hamp. Ga:::ctte. NEW ENGLAND FARMER,. BOSTON, FRIDAY, DEC. 19, 1828. ECONOMY IN FEEDING CATTLE. There is a remarkable difference in cattle's eat- ing strav/ when fresh threshed, and when it has been threshed several days. But if fresh thresh- ed straw is cut and mixed with hay of pretty good quality, and the whole sprinkled a little with a (iietty strong solution of salt and water, and per- mitted to lie in a heap for several days t!ie mix- ture will improve in quality. Much chatV unit s-traw that is often thrown away, may Mith u little pains be made good fod- der for cattle, by being mixed with corn stalks cut with a machino, and sprinkled with fine salt atid water, if the mixture will bear wetting. The sweetness of the stalks end hay is imbibed by the chaff and straw, and the whole will make a com- pound very agreeable to cattle. They should not however, be confined wholly to salted food, but have fresh messes a part of the time. ijgj When young animals are }iinched for food at an early part of their growth, or fed with such as is not of a sufliciently good quality, they never thrive so well, nor make so good stock after- wards. It is said in Young's Farmer's Calendar, that "in the winter the yearlings should be fed with hay and roots, either turnips, carrots, potatos, mangel wurtzel, or ruta baga, and they should be thoroughly well fed, and kept perfectly clean by meanS)Of litier. At this age it is matter of great consequence to keep such young cattle as well as possible ; for the contrary jiractice will stop their growth, which cannot be recovered by the best sunniier food. If hay is not to be had, good sum- mer straw must be substituted, but then the roots must he given in greater jileiily and with move at- tention. To steers and heifers two j'ears old, the proper feed is hay, if cheap, or straw, with baits of turnips, cabbages, jsotatos, &c. It is not right to keep yearling calves and two years old togeth- er, because in general the younger cattle are, the better they must be fed." When a farmer is apprehensive that he -has too much stock for his fodder, it is best not to stint them in their allowance as much in the fore part m NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Drc. 1!^, 1828. as in the latter |)ari of winter ; for cattle are more liable to be piiicbed with cold in December and January than afterwards when they become ha- bituated to rigorous weather. Advantage may also be niaile of browsing more in the latter than the fore part of wi)iter, as the buds begin to swell and the twigs have more sap in them than in the early part of the season. If a farmer proposes to feed his cattle with po- tatoes or other roots, it will be better to give them but a small nuantif at first, increa.sing it by de- lay hold of Weak minds, especially of sick or hy- pochondriac persons, may cause the event that is sup])osed to be prognosticated. A small degree of enton)ological knowledge would relieve them from all their fears, and teach them that this heart-sickening tick is caused by a small Beetle, (Jlnohium ti-ssellatum, F.) which lives in timber, and is merely a call to its companion. Attention to entomology may therefore be rendered very useful in this view, since nothing certainly is more desirable than to deliver the human ir.i.id from grees as they become accustomed to that sort of! the dominion of superstitious fears, and false no- food. It will, likewise, be better to give them a little every day than a large tiiiantity once in three or four days or a week. ENTOMOLOGY. One would not think that the excrements of in- tions, v/hich having considerable influence on the conduct of mankind are the cause of no small por- tion of evil. But as we cannot well guard against the injur- ies produced by insects, or remove the evil, whe- ,,,,.„ ther real or arising from misconceptions respect- sects could be objects ofterror, yet so It has been. i„g u.em, which they occasion, unless we have Manyspec.es ot Lep.doptera, when tl>ey emerge : ,^,„c knowledge of them; so neither without such from toe pupa state discharge trom then- anus knowledge can we apply them, when beneficial to a reddish hud, which in some instances, where ; our uce. Now it is extremely probable that they then- numbers have been considerable, has P™- ; might be made vastly more subservient to our ad- duced the appearance ot a sho,yer of blood ; and j vantage and profit than at present if we were bet- by this natural fact, all those b.oody showers, re- ,er acquainted with them. It is the remark of an corded by histonans as preternatural, and regard- .„m,o,, ,,,,,„ ,,i,„,,,f ;, „„ entomologist : " we have ed, wuere they happened as fearful prognostics of[,iot taken animals enough into alliance with us. impending evils, are stripped of their terrors, and j The more spiders there were in the stable, the less reduced to the class of events that happen in the ^ould the horses suffer from the flies. The great common course ot nature. That insects are the | American fire-fly should be imported into Spain ent discovery ; for : to catch mosquitos. In hot countries a reward . , ^, „. ^;^'','' ^^^3' =1 *«^t "'"I- j should be offered to the man who could discover titude of butterflies swarmed through a great j.art I „.hat insects feed on fleas." It would be worth of Germany, and spnnkled plants, leaves, build- ' our while to act upon this hint, and a similar one mgs, clothes and men, with bloody drops, as if it ; of Dr. Darwin. Those insects might be collected hud rained blood. But the most interesting ac- ; and preserved that are known to destroy the aphi- count of an event of ti.is kmd is .nve;, bv Reau- ^„, „„^ „..,„.. injurious tribes ; and we should cause of these showers is no Sleidan relates that in the give;i by Reau- mur, from whom we learn that in the hegiuniug of July 1608, tlie suburbs of Aix, and a consider- able extent of country round it, were covered with what a])peared to be a shower of Idood. We may conceive the amazement and stupor of the popu- lace upon such a discovery, t!ie alarm of the citi- zens, the grave reasonings of the learned. All agreed, however, in attributing this appearance to powers of darkness, and in regarding it as the prognostic an f5 per box—Each box'coniains ha\e remarked the want of attention in the Esq. was ior of the Lfjiited States, to horticulture and gar dening generally. This is a great blemish, be- ,-„.,. „ „, , . ^"^'^^ being a serious loss. A house, having JVew Printing Press.— That « this is an age of j productive, handsome garden attached to it tained for pubhcation. T. D. Blirrall appointed to deliver the next address. ! upwards of sixty dilTereut kinds <':f seeds, vegetable and orua- niter- | mental, in ((uanlities sufficient for a common Eitchen garden _ gar- •'''"'"'se lite greatest variety of seeits lo be found in New En"-- land, by the p'lund or bushel, all warranted pure, and of iPe- growth of IiJ27. improvement," is in nothing jierhaps more strong- ly verified than in the advances made within the last few years in the art of printing. But a snort period has elapsed since the screw press was deem- ed the only machine of practical utility in printing; but it is now fast getting out of use. Numerous substitutes have been invented, and great saving of time and labor effected. But we have heard of none in which these objects have been so thor- oughly attained as in one lately constructed and now in successful operation in this village. It is the invention of an ingenious nieclianie of this place, and constructed for Messrs. Holhrook & Fessenden, who have spared no expense in bring- iug it to a comparative state of perfection. It is moved by water power, but may be carried by steam, horse, or otherwise, as may be most conve- nient. It requires the labor of two girls only to tend it, one to lay on and the other to take off the sheets. The construction is simple, and the machinery little liable to get out of repair ; it is also compact, occupying little more space than the common hand press. The expense of this press, compar- ed with the facility of its operations and the reduc- tion of labor, is by no means extravagant, not ex- ceeding four times the cost of an iron hand press, while it does the work of more than two at one quarter the expense, and in a superior style. We have always doubted the feasibility of con- structing a good press in which cylintlers should give the impression, and believe that platens, which are used in the one under present notice, will al- ways be necessary to give a clear and h.mdsome impression. It is also doubted whether much greater facility can be given to a platened press than is possessed by the above, whicli tltrows off :;'iout twelve sheets a minute, which is as rapiil as the sheets can safely be apj)lied. Thus far we have stated what has been done and is now doing every day. VVe under.stand however that Messrs. H. & F. have another juess now constiucling which will embrace some ii.i- proveinents ; it is (xntemplated to retnove tlie sheets by machinery, and thereby dispense with the hibor of one baiid, in which case the exj>onse of piititing will Le yet farther reduced. Measures, we are told, are being taken to secure the exclusive right to the above invention both in this country and Great Britain ; and so fullv sat- isfied are the proprietors (Messrs. Helbrook iV Fes- senden & E. H. Thomas) of the superiority of their press, that they intend shortly to manufacture them for sale, of various sizes, suitable for news- papers or other work. They have our best wish- es for success, as the public must necessarily be benefitted by every additional facility provided for the diffusion of knowledge — Brattkboro Reporter. a will oring twenty or twenty-five per cent, more rent than one without a garden, and the property is that much more valuable. Apply this to the whole State, and see the importance of horticulture, even in a pecuniary point of view, and, in addition, we niny have the luxuries of delicious fruits and veg- etables. If'orcester Canal — The inhabitants of Worcester and vicinity have derived but little benefit from the Field Peas. A consignment ofoO bushels of Field Peas, fiom Vermont sf the growth of 1827, in good order. They will be sold bv'lhe tierce at SI.73 per bushel. ■' Oat Meal, S,-c. Fine Oat meal and Oat Flour, Hulled Oals, Hulled Barley Barley I lour &c. for sale by the barrel or less quamily, direct from fetevens JMills, Vermont. .American Tree Seeds. For sale, a variety of Seeds of Forest Trees, Shrubs fic '■■■"'■• tatr.c *■"■■-; i.:_.i_ -.1 ■. , . , ' ^ ■ for [ mu.stly natr.e American kinds, and suitable for sendi'iigio Eu- lor culiivalion here. Price 2.5 cts a paper. Thev - — - - paper. They were gftthered by u genilcman familiarly acquainted with ihe open state of the canal during the mild weather of j ^^^S'i:Z!;::.:t. J^^Z^^'' ^"" '' '"^ ^'""'^ >''^"' the last fortmo-ht, although they had hundreds of! Also, Peach and Almond Sioncs, and many other valuable Fruil tons freight, which they were anxious to get u. The reason is, that all the boats now on the canal, can be more profitably employed in doing the bus- iness of the lower end of the route. We hope our citizens will take measures to have a regular line of boats from this place early in the .spring fVorcester Spy. It is found in South Carolina, that a species of " Hemp," similar to the Manilla, but rather more silky in appearance, can be obtained front the plant Okra, which abounds in that state. Wanted Immediately, Six oi- eight Journeyman Chair Alakers, at the Newburvport Chair Factory.— Cash and the highest price given — ^pplv lo Nathaji Haskell, Agent for the Proprietors. Newburyport, Dec. 19. 1S28. gt and Fnrest Tree Seeds iiir plaming this (all', a catalogue o7w"hi"c!i may be had gratis at ihis place. Ktii' England Farmer Seed Store, No. 32 Norih .''..'BiUet .Street— Koston. PRICES OF COUJVTRY~PIWDUCEr Winter Keeping for Horses in the vicinity of Boston, Where the most faithful care may be relied on, may be had on applicaiio.i to Major Samuel Jaqiies, Charlesiown, or Sir. T. .(. Niles, S. hool Street, or lo Mr- Kussell, Publisher of the New England Farmer. Au early application :s desirable. Garden and Field Setds. The lariiest collection and variety of Garden, Field. Tree and Herb Seeds lo be lijund in New England, al v. holcsale and reiail. The Seeds are all raised in this viciuiiy. expressly liir this Es- lablishmcnt, by careful and experienced groners. and arc war- ranted pure and fresh. Country traders siioplied with boxe.! of prime seeds, for the retail trade, on liberal terms. A pamphlet catalogue (2d ediiion) of our Seeds, Trees, &,c. is publlslied and will be forwarded gratis to any one who will send lor it. Orchard Grass Seed. A few more bushels of this vahiable Grass .Seed, growth of 1328. Also, Lucerne, While Clover. Fowl .Iteadow, and every other kind oi Grass cultivated in New E.ngland. ' White Mulberry Seed. This day received, a few pounds of warranted genuine While Mulberry Seed, raised in Coventry, Con. this season, and sav- ed with care expressly lor us— For sale by the lb. or ounce. Shallots for fall planting. Tree and Potato Onions. Roots of the Pie-Plant, or Tart Rhjtbarb. A large supply of llie roots of the Rheum Undidalum, or Tart Rhubarb, or Pie-Plant, an excellent arlicle for summer use. (See N. E. Farmer, vol. vi. page 21)0, and page II of this vol. ume, and Fessenden's New American Gardener, ariicle Rhu- barb, lor its euliure and uses.) The roots are in fine order Ibi transplanting this fall. Price 25 cts. per rout Seed Potatos. A few bushels La Plata or Long Ked Potaloe, raised by Mr Gourgas of Weslon ; selected lor seed, of a uniform size,' and much improved as to their earliness, by the careful attention of Mr G. For sale at the JWiti England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market, Street— Boston. APPLES, best, . . . . ASHES, not, (irsl sort. Pearl, first sort, . - - BEANS, while, . . . . BEEF, mess. Cargo, No. 1, Cargo, No. 2, PrjTTEK, inspected, No. 1, new, . CHEESE, new milk. Skimmed milk, FLOUil, Raltimore, Howard-street, - Genesee, - . . - Rys-, best, - . . . GRAIN, Corn, .... Rye, .... Barley, .... Oats, .... HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LliVIE, ...... PLAISTER PARIS retails al PORK, clear N,ivy, mess. (.'argo, ^o. 1, . . SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orcli.ird Grass, Fowl Meadow, - Kve (Jrass, ... Tall IVieadow Oats Grass - Red Top . . . ' . I.iicprne, .... White Honeysuckle Clover, Ked CNiver, {nnrlhern) French Sugar Beel, . Blangel Wurtzel, WOOL, Meriiin, full blood, washed, . Merino, full blood, unwashed. Merino, three fourths washed. Merino, half & quarter washed Native, washed, . . ' Pulled, Lamb's, first .son. Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. Pulled, " spinning, first sort, PRO vrsioN 'marke t. BEEF, best pieces, . PORK, fresh, besl pieces, whole hogs, VEAL. - - . MUTTON, .... PO.'JLTRy, .... BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lump, best, EGGS, - ... ME.\L, Rye, retail, . Indian, reiail, POTATOS, CIDER, laccording lo quality,] barrel ton. bushel barrel. pound. barrel. bushel pound cask. Ion. barrel. bushel.' |)Ound. FROM 3 00 122 00 125 Otl 80 10 00 8 60 7 30 14 8 50 8 00 68 68 SO 85 16 00 13 00 13 00 2 00 pound. dozen bushel 11 42 23 36 33 28 42 28 33 barrel. 2 00 To 3 75 125 00 128 00 1 00 10 SO 9 00 7 7.5 16 9 3 8 62 850 70 70 70 3a a 90 2 75- 16 50 13 25 13 50 2 2S 4 00 4 00 4 OOi 5 00 1 00 so 50 12 1 50 1 SO se 28 40 35 30 47 33 37 12 G G 6 10 10 16 20 IS 79 40 50 300 176 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Dec. 1!), lSl!>^. MISCELLANIES, THE INDEPENDENT FARMER. BY T. G. FES5KNDKN. il may very truly be said Thai his is a noble \-ocation, \Vliose induslry leads him to spread About iiim a little Creation. lie lives independeut cl'all Except tir Omnipotent Donor ; Has always ennu^h at his call, Aud more is a plague to its owner. He works with bis hands, it is true, But happiness dwells with employment, And he who has nothing to do Has nothing by way of eiijoyinent. His labors are mere exercise, Wliich sa\es him from pains and physicians; Then, Farmers, yon truly may prize Vour own as the best of conditions. From competence, shar'd with content, Since all tnie felicity springs, The life of a Farmer is blent With more real bliss than a king's. Dr. VValcoll, belter known as Peter Pindar, had for a lime, a ma^t violent cough, when his Iriend. Dr. Geach, persisted in re- commending asL.es' milk as a certain cure, 'i'he bard, (tired of his importunities, at It'iig'.h quieted him by sending the fol- lowing epigram — And Doctor do you really think That asses' milk I ought to drink ? ■'T would quite remove iny cough, you say, And drive my old complaints away. It cured yourself — I grant it true ; But then — 't was mothers milk to you. many instances possess considerable property. — They have sub-agents or carriers, in number pro- portioned to the extent of their business. It is this clas.«, (the carriers) who make their appear- ance at tlie various daily offices, at the hours of publication, and, the moment the pajyers are re- ceived from the press, purchase them at the coun- ting house of the office, paying in ready money for the number they take. The papers are sold to j these agents or carriers at the original price of 1 seven pence sterling a pajier by the quire ; but to ' enable them to make a living by their business, the office counts out to them twenty-seven sheets to the quire, thus giving them three papers above the nominal number, as their profit for selling on the quire. All these carriers have their routes for each daily as well as semi-weekly and weekly papers marked out, and beyond those limits they consid ing. In the ordinary public houses, but one, and in otheis better supported, two of the daily, and perhaps one weekly pajjcr are taken ; and it is not uncommon for the proprietors to advertise it on a sign in front of their houses — such for iiistanre as "The Times taken in hero," or "The Morning Post, and British Traveller taken in here." At these houses, to prevent any difficulties, the nicest etiquette is observed. Whoever first makes hi? appearance asks for the paper, and to him it be- longs for the first reading ; the person who asks for it nc.\t, receives it in his turn ; the i)aper be- ing handed to the waiter by the person who first read it, the moraen the has finished ; and in this way it passes from one to the other in regular succession. Regarding the routes or districts which each carrier has for selling papers, it may not be aniis.« here to state, that such a district is considered as Thomas Fuller, the historian, so well known for his quaint sayings and bright points, was one day riding with a gentleman named Sparrowhawk. — The name roused his fancy, and he asked him what was the dift'erence between ■ a hpaiTow- hawk aud an owl ? " Why, sir," replied his com panion, "the owl is fuller in t!ie head, /n?/er in the body, and fuller all over. er themselves as having no right to pass, each | much his property, as though he possessed a fee confining himself to his own district. simple right in it. Others will not dare to inter- The moment the carriers obtain their papers, fere with his rights. These districts, if known to they "o off at full speed, for the various public be good ones, often sell for a large sura of money, places in their respective districts, from whence This, however, is not so singular ; as it is a fact, the hundreds of pubhc coaches, morning and even- which is said to be well authenticated, that beg- inp depart for all parts of the kincdom. Here [ gars in London have frequently been known to thev beset the passengers with "Buy the Times, j sell their right to beg in particular districts, sir,"— "Buv the World, madam,"-" Buy Life in | Reporters. The persons employed as reporters, London niiss " &c. in all keys, from the coarse, j are, generally speaking, men of fine talents, but dissonant note of the old man, to the firm voice many of them are of dissipated habits. It is as- of the middle a-^ed, and the treble tones of the j tonishing to learn the facdtty which they acquire, youth. Others are besetting the strangers in oth- by habit and necessity, of taking down the debate., er quarters, who are about to leave the iwetropo- {in Parliament, or dressing up a story of any kn^l lis by packets and steamboats. These carriers, j for the press. During the sitting of Parliament is byway of inducement for persons to purchase, ' their harvest. In the capacity of reporters a place often give a brief summary of the most interest- i is assigned them in the gallery ; and standing or ing contents of their respective papers, all claim- ( sitthig together, should a sentence escape one of iual writers of that |ieiiod were Tusser, Googe, and Sir Hugh Piatt. 'i'usser s Five Hundred points of Husbandry was published in 1562, and has been recommended to be taught in schools. The treatise of Barnuby Googe, entitled IFltole Art of Husbandry, was print- ed iu 1-558. Sir Hugh Piatt's work was entitled Jcwrl Houses of Art and JVature, and was printed in 1594. In the former work, says Loudon, are in.iny valuable hints on the progress of husbandry in the early ])artof the reign of Elizabeth. Among other curious things he asserts that the Spanish or Merino sheep was originally derived from Eng- land, j Several writers on agriculture appeared in Eng- [ !;:i;d during the Commonwealth, whose names, notices of their works maybe seen in Lou- ! s JinJ:yetopedia of Agriculture. From the res- : lion down to the middle of the eighteenth ccn- very little iinprovement took place. Immedi- y after that period a considerable melioration .. ;!ie process of cidture was introduced by Jethro Tii!l, a gentleman of Berkshire, who began to drill xv'.!>at and other crops about the year 1701, and V. liose Horse-hoeing Husbandry was published in ' 1. Though this writer's theories were in some j ects erroneous, j'et, even his errors were of I ■cc by exciting inquiry, and calling the atten- 1 of husbandmen to important objects. His j 11 -utility to manures, and attemjjting in all cases to substitute additional tillage in their place, were prominent defects in his system. (To he continued.) Maj. A. Perkins has printed for 127 Banks, the bills of which, it is said, have never been .lucces.j- fully counterfeited. From the Sunrly Hill Sun. CULTURE OF HEMP. In republishing from the Franklin Tclegrai)h the following article on the culture and cleaning of Hemp, it is proper to remark: that though much credit is due to the writer for his voluminous and useful com])ilation of facts, still he is mistaken in the belief that hemp will not grow, " or grows but feebly on sandy or gravelly land ; " and that its culture is alone confined to low or " moist soils." That "sandy or gravelly lands" maybe |)rofitably devoted to the culture of hemp, if thej' be natur- ally rich, or made .so by manure or plaister, many of the farmers of this comity and Saratoga can certify iiom actual e.xperiment. Hemp, it is most clear, like all other crops, is produced more abun- dantly on strong or fertile lands : and it is equally clear that there is nothing in the soil itself pecu- liarly adapted to the culture of this article. Much, however, depends on the season, in the production of ditVerent soils of the same strength and state of cultivation. It is an axiom among farmers that their u|)lands, of equal richness produce corn, wheat, potatoes, &c. more luxuriantly in cold and wet seasons, than their bottom or lowlands ; and that the latter produce best in dry and hot seasons. The same remark is also applicable to the hemp cro[i, as experiment has abundantly demonstrate(l. Last season, it will be recollected, was imnsually wet in this section of the country, and while the "sandy and gravelly lands" produced a fine growth of hemp and of a good quality, the alluvial, or " moist soils," produced " but feebly." In our last number we gave satisfactory evidence, it is believed, of the erroncousness of the opinion which had so generally obtained, of hemp being an ex- tremel}' exhausting crop. And we liojie soon to see exploded the equally unfounded but too gene- rally accredited notion that low lands or " moist soils," are alone adapted to the culture of this new but profitable crop to the American farmer. One other position assumed by the writer in the Tele- graph, it might not bo improper to notice. The ploughing of land early in the fall, if it be sward or stubble ground, is considered b}' him as indis- pensable in preparing it for the reception of the seed for agood crop of hemp. This, too, must be mere matter of opinion with the writer, and not founded in experiment, the correctness of which we very much doubt. Last season we were in- terested in planting for seed about four hundred acres of hemp, and nearly that number of acres which were sown broad cast for the lint ; and we ] can state that the greater part of the whole was | on green sward land, turned over in the months ] of May and June at the time of planting and sow- I ing the seed — some of which was put in as late ' as the last of June or first of July. After plough- ing, the turf was laid smooth and compact by means of a roller; and harrowed lengthwise of the furrows until siifiiciently mellow for the work- ing of the drill. And we have no hesitancy in saying that our crops from late sowing and plant- 1 ing on lands thus prepared, were equal and in j some cases preferable, to those put in earlier and on lands prepared in the mauiier advised by the ' Telegraph writer. From experiment therefore, as well as information derived from our most ex- ' perienced and intelligent farmers, wo arc fully r-repared to say, that there is no precise and inva- j liable rule to be observed in fitting land for a, hemp crop, as it must be done xeell — the surface ' should be rendered smooth and mellow ; and while some lands will require to be ploughed and harrowed three or four times to subdue them properly, others will be better ]>repared by the first or second operation. No matter whether the process be begun in the fall or the spring, provided it be completed before the sowing or the pluntinir of the seed. As regards the h'me for sowini'- and planting : this must depend entirely on the state or conditio:! of the land, in reference to its dryness and warmth — say between the first of May and 4lh of July. Hemp, is cajiable of being cultivated in almost all climates ; but flourishes best and is most valu- able iu northern latitudes. It requires a strong moist soil ; and grows but grows but feebly on sandy or gravelly lands. The rich soils of this region seem peculiarly adapted to it ; as any one may have observed its luxuriant growth where it has accidentally been sown. Like flax it exhausts the soil ; but successive crops can without difficulty be raised, if manure be plentifully used. The better way, however, is to cultivate it in rotation with grasses and grain. The land must be well prepared so that it will be light and free from weeds. Stubble or sward land should be ploughed and harrowed three times; the first early in the fall ; then as soon as the frost is out iu the spring ; and again immediately before putting in the seed. The time for sowing depends upon the state of the soil. It is usually about the time of corn planting. When the object is to pro- cure the seed, it is sown iu drills about three feet apart. Soon after the plant is up, it is dressed like Indian corn, with an instrument called a cul- tivator or horse shoe. When ripe it is cut or pulled, dried and threshed ; and the stem affords a coarse lint for cordage. But when cultured for manufacture solely, two bushels should be sown, broadcast, ujion the acre, and carefully covered, to prevent the birds from plundering it. The hemp is cut with a cradle about the time the seeds begin to fill, at which time the leaves turn white. It is tlieu bound up in small bundles, and set up in the field like grain. It was formerly rotted on the ground, iu the way farmers now prepare flax for bleaching. But this is a dilatory anil expensive method, and greatly injures the material for manu- facture. The "water rot" was afterwards sub- stituted as an improvement, and is still practised in Europe. By this process the hemp is taken to pits of standing water, and immersed four or five days, when it is taken out and spread on the ground for three or four weeks — care being taken to turn it often, to prevent the mildew or insects from destroyiug the fibre. This process is also tedious and precarious iia bad weather. The hemp was then diessed in the ordinary method of dressing fla.\-. A great improvement, however, has lately been introduced into the business. The new hemp and flax machine supersedes the necessity of rotting before breaking. When the stem is sufliciently dried, in the field or kiln, to render the woody substance brittle, it is run through the breaking machine, which consists of a succession of fluted rollers, which oi)erate upon every part of the stem several hundred times, with sufficient force and velocity to break and dislodge it from the lint. The glutinous vegetable matter with a portion of the shives still adheres to the lint ; to ieparate which, the hemp is sunk into running or standing 180 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Dec. 26, 1S28. water from three to five days, according to the temperature. It is then dried by a few liours' exposure to the sun, and again passed through the machine, wliich frees it from the remaining shives, and leaves it in a fine flexible state. This improvement not only saves more than half the expense and waste in manufacturing hemp, but secures it from the injury which it unavoida- bly sustains by the rotting system. Too much labor has heretofore been requisite in producing this article, so that our fiirmers could not compete with Europeans, who obtain labor so much cheaper; but now that labor-saving machine and our tarifl" give him a double advantage. If our government continues to extend the protecting hand to our own productions and manufactures, the growing of hemp and flax will soon become a branch of business to the northern agricultur- ists." BRITISH IRON TRADE. By a statement in a late English paper,it appears that nearly 700,000 tons of iron are made every year in Great Britain— valued at 0,297,000 pounds sterling. In making this estimate of the value of the trade, the writer merely takes into account the coarser kinds of the article. Undoubtedly the finer manufactures of Sheflield and Birmingham, if added to the above, would greatly swell the amount. This immense sum is derived, it is af- firmed, from the minerals of Great Britain alone — no foreign ingredient whatever being employed in the manufacture— and, what is equally creditable to the character of the iron trade of that country, almost the whole amount of the money thus ob- tained, is distributed among the artizans engaged in that business. — Boston Bulletin. From the New York Evening Post. RUSSIA. The American Quarterly Review reckons the population of Russia at between 50 and 60 millions of souls, of whom about 40 millions are serfs, (white slaves employed in husbandry.) The num- ber of serfs belonging to the crown is 14 millions. The serfs are not sold in Russia as slaves are sold in the United States, but they are bonded to the land ; they form a part of the glebe, and can only be made over to another as a part of the estate. On some estates, they are allowed to work three days in the week on their own account ; the other three days they work for their lord. When the government wants recruits for the army, each person holding serfs is directed to send his quota of peasants, suitably equipped, to a particular spot. The serfs settle it among themselves who are to march. The friends of the recruits bewail their fate in the most lamentable manner, and take an everlasting farewell of their children, brothers and relations. They seldom see or hear from them again. Few furloughs are given to Russian sol- diers ; their distance from home renders visits im- possible ; they cannot send letters to their friends, being unable to read or write ; and most of them fall in battle or by natural death before the expi- ration of their 25 years' service. The paj' of the poor soldier is not more than 55 cents a month. Capt. Jones, in his Russian Tour, estimates the jplete success." Russian army at 800,000 men, of whom not more than half are efiicient for field duties. The Cos- sacks usually send 40 or 50,000, cavalry into the field in time of war. — Hamp. Gaz. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETIES. We are glad to observe that these useful insti- tutions are multiplying over the country, and that now the nolitical storm is over, the activity and zeal of our citizens are turned to the improvement of husbandry. A meeting of gentlemen from the several counties of Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Tompkins, Ontario, Wayne, Yates, Monroe, Liv- ingston, and Genessee, has lately been held at Geneva, for tlie purpose of forming a " Domestic Horticultural Society for the Western part of the State of New York." The vice-presidents and committee of managers are selected, one from each of these counties. Myron Holly delivered a discourse, previous to the organization of the society, which will he published. The otficers of the society have been chosen from among gentle- men of the highest respectability in that part of the state. The Geneva Gazette, speaking of the institution, says — "The countenance which this society has re- ceived in its origin, from men of acknowledged acquirements and of extensive influence, gives an earnest of success, cheering to its projectors, and which promises lasting benefits to this section of our state. A project, so honorable in its cliarac- ter, so laudable in its object, and so auspicious in : its commencement, cannot fail of final and com- WOBURN ACADEMY. On Wednesday the 3d inst. the academy in Wohiirn was opened, and the handsome edifice dedicated by appropriate services, cotmiiencing by an anthem. The dedicatory prayer was made by Rev. Mr Bennet ; an appropriate address was de- livered by Rev. Dr Fay, of Charlestown, in which he gave a concise account of tlie original design in the establishment of the Institution ; last prayer by Rev. Mr Mallory ; an anthem concluded the services. It is intended by the Trustees, and the Preceptor, that nothing on their pari shall be wanting, to make this institution equal to any in our hifihly favored land ; especially for instruction in such branches of education as may qualify for active business, as well as in sound literature, and the moral and religious cultivation of the mind. — Instead of a gymnastic establishment, it is con- templated that the students shall have a far more healthful and useful exercise, by occupying a small portion of their time in labor, either in a garden, (there being several acres of lanil attached to the Institution for that purpose,) or at some mechanical work in a shop already provided. — Bost. Rec. &,■ Tel. The J^Tew Zealand Spinage is certainly a great iiddition to our list of culinary vegetables. We have given the method of cultivation reconmiended in New York. Having it under cultivation two seasons, we are enabled to speak of it from our own observation, and we certainly concur in the encomiums bestowed on it. In a subsequent number, and in time for those to benefit by it, who may wish to cultivate it, we will give our experi- ence on the subject. — Southern JlgricuUuralist. Souvenirs, Tokens, ifc. — Seven or eight Souve- nirs, or Annuaries, have been published within the last two months, each of which contains, probably ten, 7)oMi6Z_y twenty, pages of excellent composi- tion ; the remainder, if it were sent in manuscript to the editors who praise it, would not be admitted into the columns of their respective papers. Any- thing, paid for such blank verse and " blanker prose," must be extravagant Boston Courier. CHEMICAL EXPERIMENT. A new Fire-Screen for the Ladies. — Draw a land- scape on paper with common Italian ink, repre- senting a winter scene, or mere outhne ; the foli- age to be painted with muriate of cobalt, (green,) muriate of Copper, (yellow,) and acetate of cobalt, (blue,) all which colors dry in invisible ; but on the screen being held near the fire, the gentle warmth will occasion the trees, flowers, &c. to dis])lay themselves in their natural colors, and winter is magically changed to spring. As the paper cools, the colors disappear ; and the eflect may be repeated as often as desired. Impostor. — An impious wretch has recently ap- peared in Ohio, who declares that he is Jesus Christ, and that he has come to judge the world. He has about 20 crazy followers, who worship him, prostrating themselves at his feet, and calling him God. Soineofthem were formerly consid- ered respectable citizens. One man knowing the injury he had done to his foUowers, gave him a thrashing, and drove him out of the place. A few sound drubbings will doubtless divest him of his pretended omnipotence. — lb. Flour ard grain have advanced a little in New York. On Friday last flour was sold from $7 75 to 8 25 per barrel ; wheat 1 62 per bushel ; rye 0 67. In 1827 the wheat received by the canal was 1,290,552 bushels ; this year it has been only 505,902 bushels — decrease 724,6.50 bushels. — Supphes of wheat come in freely from the south. Large Crop. — From two bushels and two thirds of a bushel of potatoes, planted by Lt. Timothy Eaton, of East Pond Plantation, this season, he had the astonishing product of one hundred and thirty bushels. Extraordinary Vegetable Production A Cab- bage which grew at the farm of Mr Shubrick, on the neck, was this morning (Doc. 4 ) brought to this oflice ; it measures Li ci.-ci-m'erence be:\76en 40 and fifty inches-:-and is as large a vegefsjle of its kind, in size, as was perhaps ever seen.^ Charleston Patriot. Our countrymen sometimes leave potatoes as legacies to the nations whom they visit. Mr Bogle brought them to Thibet, and in that country they are called " Bogles." The Hindoos regard them as the beot boon bestowed upon them by the En- glish. Sir John Malcolm introduced them into the garden at Bushire, and now they are abundant on the coast of the Persian Gulf, and distinguished by the name of " Malcolm's f ;.ira." Losses in JVew York by Fires. — Mr Jameson Cox has presented the City Council of New York an estimate of the losses by fire during eleven ninths of the present j'ear, 1828 — v.Iiic!: ainouiit ij the enormous sum oi" six hundred and eighty thousand dollars. — .V. E. Palladium. The coffers of the Ban!: of En.Tland are stated to contain gold to the amount of ilurUm r/uliiona of pounds. So great is the vintage the prssentycar in some parts of France, that it is stated in mny vi^^ages the vintners will give two hogsheads of wiuc Tor an empty cask. Vol.VlI. — Nr..23. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 181 FLOODING OF LANDS. Where swamp land is to be clcurcd, and it can lie flooded, by making a dam at tlie outlet, at a i-mal! expense, it is a matter of economy to attend to this, as in this way its growth of wood can be completely killed. This may also be performed on lands, after they are cleared, for the purpose of killinij '.he grass, if it be bad, in order with more ease to introduce a better kind, or a better system of culture. Flooding also serves, in a greater or a less degree, to enrich the land ; though this depends chiefly on the kind of water with which it is flooded. If it contain a rich sediment, it is good ; but, if destitute of this, it is of no use. — Farmer^s Assistant. GliOVF.S. These are both ornamental and useful. To jdant heights of ground, the sides and tops of which are generally not very good for tillage or pasture, adds much to the beauty of a landscape ; and is at the same time highly useful, as it regards the quantities of firewood which may be produced from such spots. Planting rows of trees along highways is also pleasant for shade to the travel- ler, and i)rofitable to the owner of the soil. The same may be observed, in regard to lanes, and to passages from the highway to the mansion-house. Sugar-ma)ile trees, planted round the borders of meadows, and some straggling ones in them, are very pleasant and profitable, as they do no injury to the growth of the grass. Wherever trees can be planted in pastures and along fences, without doing injury to the growths of the adjoining fields by their shade, this part of rural economy ought never to be omitted. The shade of some kinds of trees is much more Imrtful to the growth of plants than others. " I planted Indian Corn (says Mr Livingston) on the west side of a young wood, consisting of oaks, poplars, a few chesnuts, and a large mul- berry somewhat advanced into the field. The shade made by the rising sun extended nearly across the field, and was not entirely off until about ten o'clock. I remarked that, as far as the shade ofthechesnut reached, the corn was ex- tremely injured ; it was yellow and small. The conical shape of the morning shade from particu- lar trees might be traced a considerable extent, in llie sickly appearance of the plants. The black oaks were likewise injurious ; but less so than the chesnuts; the l)oplars, very little so. Near the mulberry tree, the corn was covered by its shade for a long time every morning ; and, though not iso large as that which had more sun, maintained a healthy appearance." The shade of the black oak is particularly hurt- ful to the growth of wheat ; that of the locust is, on the contrary, beneficial to grass-grounds ; and that of the sugar-maple does but little injury to the growth of grain, and none to grass. — Farmer^s Assistant. way it adheres to the drops of water in their de- scent. In this, as in everything else, the wisdom of the Creator is displayed. The temperature of the valleys being warmer than that of the hills, more moisture is required and more is given them. Hence, too, the reason why many plants, which require much heat, grow best in valleys : they have the requisite degree of heat, and at the same time a proportionate degree of moisture. But as all grasses which are indigenous require only the heat of the hills, they grow as well on them as in the valleys : a good general rule, therefore, is, the vaUnjsfor tillage, and the hilts for pastures. Two other good reasons for this are : Firstly, when hills are kept in tillage, they are generally more or less washed by the heavy rains, by which much of the best soil is carried off; and secondly, they are always more or less inconvenient for ploughing, and generally still more difiicult for carrying any heavy nianmes upon them. The above rule, however, is not to be applied to hills of large extent and moderate descent; it is, in strictness, merely applicable to broken hills and declivities. — Fanner's Assistant. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY DEC. 26, 1828. HILLS AND VALLEYS. It is found that more rain falls in the valleys than on the hills. The reason of this is, that in the valleys the drops of rain having farther to fall, of course come in contact with, and absorb more of, that vapor with which even the driest atmos- phere abounds. If a goblet filled with cold ■water be set in a Tfarm atmosjdiere, this vapor will presently adhere to its sides in the form of water ; and in the same ON THE PRESERVATION AND REPAIR OF ROADS. A friend, who resides in Maine, has requested us to republish from Loudon's Encyclopedia of Agriculture, an article on the use of broad wheels in carriages, for preserving roads much travelled on. This we do with much pleasure, as we know of few subjects of more general interest. The preservation of a i;oad de|)cnds in a great measure on the description of machines and ani- mals which pass over it, and of keeping it dry and free from dust and mud. The repairs of a road should commence immediately after it is fin- ished, and consist in obliterating vats the moment they appear, filling up any hollows, breaking any loose stones, and correcting any other defect After cleaning and this sort of repair have gone on hand in hand, fur a longer or shorter period, according to the nature of the materials, and traf- fic of the road, a thorough repair or surface-renew- al may be wanted, of three or more inches in thickness, over the whole of the road. [Some re- marks on Broad Wheels in our next.] FOP. THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. DOMESTIC COOKERY. Mr Fessenden — I am a constant reader of your excellent i)aper, and often see articles of a tetidency to suppress intemperance. Tiiis is as it should be ; but there is a li^nd of intemperance to which I would call your attention — viz. Introduc- ing ardent spirits into domestic cookery. I have been a house keeper for nearly thirty years, and can say with confidence, from my own experience, there is not the least need of using spirits in any kind of cooking. Intemperate eating is said to be as hurtful as intemperate drinJiing. No won- der, when, in addition to high seasoning, is often added large quantities of brandy and wine. It is no uncommon thing to see, in a receipt, for in- stance, for making mince pie, « to one pound of meat add one quart of brandy, and, one quart of ivine .' " These together with the great quantity of spices, &.C, are enough to destroy the tone of almost any stomach. How often do we hear peo- |)le say, " I can't eat any mince pie — my stomach wont bear it," — whereas, if properly made, almost any stomach could bear it. It would be nutri- tious, iimocent. I hope whde there are im[»rove- ments making so universally, this inqiortant branch of domestic economy, and I may add, do- mestic temperance, will not be neglected. Keene, M H. Dec. 23, 1828. A MOTHER. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr Fessf.ndf.n — I noticed in one of your numbers last summer, a description of a method of telling a horse's age, which I did not thor' oughly understand ; and I should be graleful to any person who would explain it a little more satisfactorily. I am happy to find that the horses sent here by Admiral Coffin have met, with the favor they deserve. Some time in the next spring, I will endeavor to give a very short, Lut more complete account of the causes of foot-lame- ness ; and to rectify any mistakes I may perceive in my previous communication. I am surprised to find that I omitted high feeding as one of its exciting causes. However, I did not intend to give much more than an account of what is now conceived to be the disease. Portsmouth. N. H. J. L. ELWYN. FATTENING CALVES. In order to make calves fine and fat, the best and most efficacious way is, to keep them as clean as possible, by elevating the coops in such a man- ner that the sun may not have too great power over them, and to such a height above the level of ihe ground, that their urine may pass ofi'; by giv- ing tiiem fresh litter every day, and sus|)ending over the coop a large chalk-stone, so that they can easily lick it. Besides this, it is usual to bleed them when they are about a month old, and again just before they are slaughtered ; which practice contributes in a considerable degree to the beauty and whiteness of the flesh, and is therefore more frequently repeated by some persons, [in England] but this is not altogether necessary ; twice bleed- ing being fully sufficient for that purpose, in the opinion of the most experienced breeders. It is however, to be observed that those calves, which are intended for bulls, or for oxen, should bo se- lected as soon as possible ; as the operation nec- essary to make them oxen should not be deferred till the calves are more than twenty days old. JVillich. CANDLES. When tallow is very dirty or rancid, an ounce of pearl ash to about ten pounds of tallow, put into the water wherein the tallow is melted, is of ser- vice. In such candlesticks as are not made to slide, the candles are frequently permitted to burn ia the socket, to great waste, and to the injury of the candlestick. This may be prevented by taking out early the short piece of candle, placing it be- tween three common pins, stuck in an old cork and putting the cork in the candlestick. A pound of candles, ten to the pound, will give a greater quantify of light, by one fourth, than a pound of six to the pound ; because the tallow is more per- fectly consumed, in consequence of a greater sur- face of wick being exjjosed to the air. In largo wicks the tallow is not burned, but distilled away. Cooper. 182 DEEP PLOUGHING. Deep ploughing may be a very profitatile piac- •ice in a rich soil ; and in a fertile, shallow soil, situated upon cold clay or sandy subsoil it may 16 extremely prejudicial. A shallow soil, liow- nver, may be rendered deeper by degrees, plougli- ng up a small quantity of barren earth at a time, ind manuring plentifully. FOOD FOR PLANTS. Water, and the decomposing animal and veg- etable matter existing in the soil, constitute the true nourishment of plants ; and as the earthy parts of the soil are useful in retaining water, so as to supply it in the proper proportions to the roots of the vegetables, so tliey are likewi-ie effi- cacious in producing the proper distribution of the animal or vegetable matter ; when equally mixed with it they prevent it from decomposing too rapidly ; and by their means the soluble parts are supplied in proper proportions. SOILS ABSORBING MOISTURE. I have compared the absorbent powers of many soils with respect to atmospheric moisture, and I have always foimd it greatest in the most fer- tile soils; so that it affords one method of judging (if the productiveness of land. — Ai;ricultarul Chemistri/. POTATOES IMPORTED. In 18-27, 20,'892 bushels of potatoes were im- ported into the United States from the British dominions ; but the exports of American potatoes in that year to England and her dependencies were only two bushels. This, however, is the less to be wondered at, when we reflect that the climate of Great Britain, Ireland, Canada, and Nova Scotia, being more moist and cool than that of the United' States, is better adapted to the culture of potatoes. NICETY IN MAKING CIDER. An English writer says, " In some places ap- ples are split, and two kinds of cider made ; that with the red side being of a superior quality to what the whole apple would make." NEW ENGLAND FAliiVlER. Dec. 2(3, 1828. farther increased ; and even if confined in bad weather to your inn, the windows of your apart- ment, as I have often experienced, will add to your s;ock. If a sudden shower ol)liges you at any time to seek shelter under a tree, your attention will be attracted, and the tedium of our station re- lieved, where the botanist could not liope to fiud even a new lichen or moss, liy the appearance of several insects, driven there, perhaps by the same cause as yourself, that you have not observed be- fore. Should you, as I trust you will, feel a de- sire to attend to the manners and economy of in- sects, and become ambitious of making discoveries in this part of entomological science. I can assure you from long experience, that you will here find an inexhaustible fund of novelty. For more than twenty years my attention has been directed to them, and during most of my summer walks my eyes have been employed in observing their tvays ; yet I can say with truth, that so far from having exhausted the subject, within the last six months I have witnessed more interesting facts respecting their history, than in many preceding years. To follow only the insects that frequent your own garden, from their first to their last state, and to trace all their proceedings, would supply an inter- esting amusement for the remainder of your life, and at its close you would leave much to be done by your successor; for where we know thorough- Iv the history of one insect, there are hundreds cnnoerning which we have ascertained little be- sides the iiare fact of their existence. Kirby^ Spenne. a 00 5 1-5 3 1-2 2 2-5 2 1-10 1 1-5 USES OF THE BEECH TREE. The leaves of the Beech, gathered in autumn, before they are much injured by the frost, make infinitely better mattresses than straw or chaff, and endure for seven or eight years. It is un- paralleled in water works, for when constantly kept wet, it appears as perfectly sound at 40 years end, as when first immersed. [It rots very quick, however, in fences, or other situations in which it is exposed to changes from wet to dry.] The wood is formed into tool-handles, planes, chairs, bedsteads, spokes, howls, large screws, ^x. The felloes of the London carts are made of it, because it tears with more difficulty than even ash. It is excellent fuel, and when burnt it affords TO MAKE VERY STRONG VINEGAR An European author asserts that, "Cider! (particularly such as is of an acid tendency,) j placed in the sun, becomes vinegar in a short! ,-, r . i time; and one pound of honey to a gallon of j =i '^ge quantity of potash, cider will, after standing some months, become such strong vinegar that it must be mixed with water for cominon use." ENTOr-lOLOGY. A new animal oi' plant is seldom to be met with even by those who liave leisure and oppnrtuiiity poor for winter firing. for extensive researches ; but if you collect in- and may be trained to form very lofty hedges. sects, you will fiud, however limited the manor Gleanings on Hnshandri/. that your The mast, seeds or nuts yield a good oil for lamps: swine are fond of them, but their fat is soft, and boils away, unless hardened before they are killed, by some other food. They have been toasted as a succedaueum for coffee. The hulls of the seeds are collected by the The tree bears lopping, upon which you can pursue your I'ame efforts are rewarded by the capture of some non- descript or rarity at present not possessed by other entomologists, for I have seldom seen a cabinet so meagre as not to possess unique specimens. Nay, though you may have searched every spot in your neighborhood this year, turned over every stone, shaken every bush or tree, and fished every pool, you will not have exhausted its insect production;*. Do the same to another and another, and new treasurer wi'l still continr.e to enrich your cabinet. If you leave your own vicinity for an entomolo- gici I excursion, your prospects of success are still Cure for Warts. — Procure sixpence worth of muriat of iron, sufficient to cure any number of warts, which may be had of any of the druggist^s, and touch the wart with the liquid three or four times a day, for two or three weeks, with the feather of a quill made very small at the end, so as to discharge a drop at a time, and let it dry in. irthe wart should be an old one, it would be more speedily cured by shaving off with a sharp pen- knife a fittle of the rough outside skin, not, ho\ir- ever, so as to make it bieed, but juft sufficient to make the surface a little tender. — Am. Sentinel. STATISTICS. In the police of the work of M. Balbi, called " T/ie Political Balance of the Globe," which we find in the .Tournal cli:s Debuts of the 2"th September, the following tables are extracted, pui porting to show the power and resources of the principal nations of the civilized world, as coiiqjared with their respective population : Proportion between the amoxint of Revenue and Population. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for each inhabitant, about $13 00 France, - . . . . Netherlands, . . - . Prussian Monarchy, ... United Slates of America, Empire of Austria, ... Empire of Russia, excluding Poland, Proportion between the amount of Debt and Population. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, for each inhabitant, about $174 00 Netherlands, - - - - 127 00 France, 29 00 Austria, 9 00 United States of America, - - 7 00 Prussia, 5 9-101 Russia, excluding Poland, - - 4 1-iS Proportion betiveen the Army and the Population. InliabitantSi Russia, without Poland, one soldier for every - - - - 57 Prussia, . . - Austria, ... France, ... Netherlands, ... 142 Great Britain and Ireland, - - 229 United States of America, - - 1977 Proportion of the Naval Force to the Population. lnha.bitaQti. Great Britain and Ireland, one line of battle ship or frigate, to - - 82,979 Sweden and Norway, - - 154,640 Netherlands, .... 170,566 France, 299,909 United Slates of America, - - 316,000 Russia, without Poland, - - 700,000 Austria, 2,909,091 This is a curious, and not uninteresting view of the various powers enumerated; and if the same accuracy be evinced with regard to the other calculations, which is exhibited in those relating to the United States, it must be deemed authentic. Frcni the United Strites Gazette. COJIMUNICATION. Gentlemen — Herewith I send you an extract from late English papers, which may be interest- ing to some of your readers, and which you can publish when you have room for it. A Coffee Drinker. Coffee. — The discovery of coffee is generally attributed to the Prior of a monastery in that part of Arabia where the shrub is indigenous. — The fact of the case, however, as verified by the learned Addalcuder, whose manuscript is in the King of France's library, and by Mr G:'.lland, translator of the Arabian Tales, areas follows; — About the middle of tiie fifteenth century, cue Gemaleddin, who resided at Aden Bear the I Vol. VII.— No. 23. AND HORTICULTURAL JOtRNA 185 mouth of the Red sea, having occasion to travel into Persia found there some of his countrymen, who were in the habit of taking coffee, and who were loud in the praise of its virtues. On his return to Aden, he was cured from sickness by the use of coffee. As Mufti of Aden, and hav- ing occasion to pass whole nights in prayer, Gemaleddin persuaded the Dervishes, the better to fit them for watching, to make use of coffee. In a short time there was no beverage in Aden, so popular as coffee ; lawyers took it lo stimu- late their faculties; mechanics and artists to in- vigorate their bodies ; travellers lo aid ihem to prosecute their journey by night ; in short, all Aden look it. From Aden it passed to Mecca, where it became in a short time, if possible, still more popular. From Arabia Feli.'c it was car- ried into Egypt, thence to Syria, and finally to Constantinople. BRIGHTON CATTLE MARKET. We have received from an obliging corres- pondent, the following view of this great market, from the 29th September, to the 1st December. SOLD AT BRIGHTON. 1828. Cattle. sheep. SiPtne. September 29, 1750 4000 1000 October 6, 1374 4257 1227 13, 1660 2062 200 20, 1500 4000 400 27, 2300 5172 100 November 3, 3054 4400 2000 10, 300S 4500 600 17, 3500 4000 700 24, 2200 3000 1000 December 1, 1200 4000 900 21,546 39,391 8127 AGGREGATES. 21,546 Cattle, average value §25 each, 8538,953 39,391 Sheep, " " ai,.50do. 59,746 8,127 Swine, " " $4,00 do. 28,508 68,504 Total, 626,904 Our correspondent adds, — " The cattle have been unusually large and good, exceeding that of any former season. The sales for the best cattle have been dull, in consequence of the large number in the market. Barreling cattle have commanded better prices than for some years past." — Bost. Cent. We have received a sample of sugar, refined in London, from the maple sugar of Canada. It is certainly equal to any of the refined sugar im- ported for sale into this country. We have not the means of ascertaining what quantity of ma- ple sugar is manufactured annually in this pro- vince, but we have reason to believe it s con- siderable.— York, U. C. paper. We have been shown the prospectus of a plan for forming an association to be called the ' Erie and Ontario Transportation Company,' with a capital of 8130,000, for effecting the transporta- tion of produce and merchandize from any de- signated port on lake Erie, through the Welland ' anal, to Prescott, and from thence to Montreal, to Oswego, and from thence to New York — id vice versa. — ib. A specimen of the growth of native Ginger, has been left with us by Mr Raiford, who has raised it successfidly for four years past, on com- mon land, and exposed to all ihe variations of our climate. That in our office, was planted in February last, is now in full vigor and lux- uriance, and in a few weeks will ripen. From several experiments made in its culture on a Small scale, it might, it is thought, be made a profitable article, considering the demand for it. — Savannah Georgian. Mr JosEHH W. Capron, of Attleborough, raised the last season, from 130 square rods of land, 75 bushels Potatoes and 20 bushels Indian Corn. A~small orchard on the same land yielded between 30 and 40 bushels apples. We are informed that Col J. Hare Powell, of Pennsylvania, has sent by the ship Helen Mar, Cant. Harrison, a young Bull, from a full bred Chinese cow, by a celebrated Durham short horn. This valuable animal is considered to be particularly well adapted to endure a Southern climate, and has been presented to Dr Tidyman by that distinguished and zealous agriculturist. Col. Powell, who has evinced more liberality in benefiting the cause of agriculture, than any in- dividual in the United States. The public are much indebted to this gentleman for the perse- vering and successful effort he has made to pro- mote the breed of cattle and sheep. We have reason to rejoice at the continued improvements which are making in every branch of agriculture through the United States. — Char. Cour. Oil stone. — This valuable stone, of a quality superior to the Turkish Oil Stone, bas been dis covered in Hocking county, Ohio. olhei- kinil of Grass ccillivated in New England. While Mulberry Seed. This dny received, a Tew pound.s of warranted genuine Wliile Mullierrv Seed, raised in Ci.venny, Con. ihis season, and sav- ed will] care expressly lor us— For sale L>y llie lb. or ounce. Sliallols lor fall planling. Tree and Potato Ouions. T'angier Caulijloicer. Wo have just received through Mr Malony. the American Consul at Tangier, a few !lis. ol this celebrated Caulillower see'!. A small parcel was sent to the Hun. Jonathan HuneweJI of this city, a few years since, who pronounces it altogether su- perior to any seed from England, and which produced cauliflow- ers much finer than any he had seen cultivated in this country. Thorn Quicks for Hedges. A few thousand Buckthorns and Hawthorns. The latter were impoited from Clasfnyw last spring, and are in fine order for transplanting, go.OO per thousand, 75 cents per hundred. We are now filling up an order for Georgetown, (1>, C.) for several thousands of the Amerinm Thorn, wliich will be delivered here at So per thousand lor seedlings ; gG for plants two years old. Persons in want of this valuable thorn for live hedges are desired lo transmit their orders soon. Roots of the Pie-Plant, or Tart Rhubarb. A large supply of the roots of the Rheum Undulatum, or Tan Rhubarb, or Pie-Plant, an excellent article Tor summer use. (.See N. E. Karmc-, vol. vi. page 2y0, and page 11 of this vol- ume, and Fessenden's New American Gardener, article Rhu- barb, for its culture and uses.) The roots are in fine order for transplanting this fall. Price 25 cts. per root ■Seed Potatos. A few bushels La Plata or Long Red Polalos, raised by Mr Gourgas of Weston ; selected for seed, of a unilbrm size, and inucli improved as lo their earliness, by the carefitl attentiou oi iVIr G. For sale at the JVeii) England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market, Street— Boston. PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. Splendid Bulbous Roots, Sfc. A further supply of Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Gladiolus, Snow Drops, Crocus, Star of Bethlehem, JonquiUes, Ranuncu- lus, Iris, Crown Imperials, Anemones, Crocus, &c. from 12 to 62 cts. each. A very lew of the finest Hyacinths, dark and pale blue, pure while, red, yellow, and white with various eyes, al J^l per root. Seeds for the West Indies. Merchants, masters of vessels, and others trading lo the West Indies, can be furnished with bo.xes of Seeds, assorted, suitalde for thai market, al from gi to $5 per box.— Each box contains upwards of sixty difl'erent kinds of seeds, vegetable and orna- mental, in quantities sufficient for a common kitchen- garden. — Likewise ihe greatest variety of seeds lo be found in New Eng- land, by the puund or bushel, all warranted pure, and of llie growth of 1827. F^eld Peas. A consignment of SO bushels of Field Peas, from Vermont, M le growth of 1827, in good order. They will be sold by ihe Such is the mildness of the season to the Houlh, that Okra was in blossom on the 4th of Dec. in several gardens in Charleston. the growth of 1827, in good order. They i tierce at ^1.75 per bushel. Oat Meal, Sfc. Fine Oat meal and Oal Flour, Hulled Oats, Hulled Barley, Barley Flour, &c. for sale by ihe barrel or less quantity, direct from Stevens' Mills, Vermont. American Tree Seeds. For sale, a variety of Seeds of Forest Trees, Shrubs, &e. mostly native American kinds, and suitable for sending lo Eu- rope, or for culiivalion here. Price 25 cts. a paper. They were gathered by a gentleman familiarly acquainted with the sorts, expressly for us. They will be sold by Ihe single paper, or packed to order, in any quantity. Also, Peach and Almond Stones, and many other valuable Fruit and Forest Tree Seeds for planting this fall, a catalogue of which may be had gratis at this place. Garden and Field Seeds. The largest collection and variety of Garden, Field, Tree and Herb Seeds to be found in New England, al wholesaleand retail. The Seeds are all raised in this vicinity, expressly for this Es- tablishment, by careful and cxperienceti growers, and are war- ranted pure and fresh. Country traders supplied with boxes of prime seeds, for the retail trade, on liberal terms. A pamphlet catalogue (2d edition) of our Seeds, Trees, &c. is publishecf and will be forwarded gratis to any one who will send for it. Orchard Grass Seed. A few more bushels of this valuable Grass Seed, growth of 1328. Also, Lucerne, While Clover, Fowl Meadow, and every APPLES, bcsl, ... A.SHES, pot. first sort. Pearl, first sort, - BEANS, wliile, .... BEEF, mess, Cargo, No. 1, Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, . CHEESE, new milk, Skimmed milk, FLOUR, Baltimore, How ard-street, • Genesee, - - - . Rye, best, - . . . GRAIN, Corn, .... Rye, .... Barley, .... Oats, .... HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME, - . ... PLAISTER PARIS retails al PORK, clear, .... Navy, mess. Cargo, No. 1, - . SEEDS, Herd's Grass, ... Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, ... Rye Grass, . . _ Tall Meadow Oats Grass, - Red Top . . . . Lucerne, .... White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Beet, . Mangel Wurtzel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - Merino, full blood, unwashed. Merino, Ihree fourths washed. Merino, half & quarter washed. Native, washed, ... Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, - Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. Pulled, " spinning, first son, barrel Ion. bushel barrel pound. ban-el, bushel. pound cask. ton. FROM 3 00 1.30 00 130 00 80 10 00 8 SO 7 50 14 8 50 9 00 TO 3 75 135 00 135 00 1 12 10 50 9 00 7 75 16 9 3 8 75 9n barrel IG 00 " 13 00 it 13 00 bushel. 2 OC It It pound. It n It tt 37 It 23 ti 33 It 3r II 25 It 40 It 25 " 33 67 80 70 38 9 90 3 00 IG 60 13 25 13 25 2 SO 4 00 4 00 -I 00 5 00 1 00 50 50 12 1 50 1 50 45 28 37 36 28 43 30 35 PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVERT WEEK BY MR. HAYWARD. (Clerk of Farmiil-hall Market.) BEEF, best pieces, PORK, iresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, - . - - . MUTTON, . - . . POULTRY, . - . . BUTTER, keg and tub, . Lump, best, EGGS, . - . MEAL, Rye, retail, - Indian, relail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according lo quality,] pound 10 12 1-2 " 5 C It 5 6 " o 10 8 10 'it 14 20 20 dozen. 20 22 lushel. 70 40 50 '>arreT. 2 00 300 184 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Dec. 26, 1828- miLifcjm MISCELLANIES. Egotism. — Those people who have nothing else HI Ihem are, generally, full of themselves. A good man is a useful man. — The blessings of education, wealth, rank, leisure, authority, and reputation, are granted to a few, that they may employ them for the good of the whole commu- nity ; so that those who labor may have no cause to reproach those who do not work with their hands for being drones, and a useless burthen to the community. Responsibiliti/ of men of talents. — When a talent is given to any one, an account is opened with the great Giver, who appoints a day in which he will arrive and rederaand his own with usury. Success and its consequences. Prosperity, which hardens weak souls, softens generous hearts ; and nothing can be more gentle than a hero after victory. Poverty and Knavery. — The poorer a man is, the more necessity there is for his being honest. A rich knave may, perhaps, prosper tor a time in worldly affairs; but a poor knave will snon have as little credit as cash, and will not only suffer but deserve all the evils, which poverty can inflict. w3 queer mistake. — When the late Admiral Cros- by was dining with Col. Fitzgerald, at Merrian- K(|uare, London, he happened to lay his liuge brown fist upon the table ; at that moment Dr Jenkins, who was very short sighted, casting his eyes around the table in search of a loaf of bread, liapjioned to rest them on tlie Admiral's fist ; and mistaking it for a loaf, thrust his fork plum)) into it. The Admiral smarting with the ..ound, said in a rage, " do n't trouble yourself to reach — I 'II help you," and raised the same fist to demolish the doctor. The doctor perceiving his mistake, cried out, "only a slice, sir, it wont go round." This disarmed the Admiral of his wrath, and so convulsed the company with laughter, that, all the dyspeptick cases at table were discontinued. Fontenelle At the close of a fine summer's day, Fontenelle was discovered by a friend reclining on the sunny side of a hill, contemplating a flock of sheep, which, anxious for the arrival of their shepherd, kept bleating. " Why so melancholy, sir leason, they will have sound minds, learn anything you (lut before them, and they will, in a trice, overtake the little masters that have been perched upon a form fiom three years old to fourteen." In 1697, the corporation of New York order- ed lights to be placed in their windows, during the dark time of the moon. At this time, the city contained COOO inhabitants, 000 of whom depended upon bolting for a living. At a sub- sequent period, in the same year, it was ordered that every seventh house hang out a pole with a lantern, to light the streets. In 1757, Staten Island was sold by the In- dians to the Dutch, for 10 shirts, 20 pairs of stockings, 10 guns, 30 bars lead, 30 lbs. powder, 1-2 coats, 2 pieces duffii, 30 kettles, 50 hatchets, 25 hoes, and a number of knives and awls. — Two years after, the Indians complained that the terms of the sale had not been complied with, and the Dutch were obliged to add more trinkets, when the island was formally delivered to Thomas Lovelace and Mathias Nichols. — New York Gazette. The Catskill Republican of the 26th ult. says that more than three thousand firkins of butter, made principally in Delaware county, came into that village in one day. Schoharie has sent a vast quantity of wheat this season, to the same place. Toast, we imacjine, will be plenty in Catskill this year. Will old Berkshire send them some cheese to eat with it ? C'obbttt.—'niU extraordinary man alluding to the number of his " works," observes— If any young man wish to know the grand secret relative "to the performance of such wondrous labor, it is told him in a few words— be abstinent— be sober —go to bed at eight o'clock and get up at four — the last two being of still more inipmlance than the two former. A full half of all that I have ever written, has been written before ten o'clock in the day ; so that I have had as much leisure as any man I ever knew any thiug of. If young ujen will but set about the thing in earnest, let them not fear of success ; they will soon find that it is disagreeable to set up, or to rise late. Litera- ry coxcombs talk of " consuuiing the midnight oil." No oil, and a very small portion of caudles, have I ever consumed, and I am quite convinced, that no writing is so good as that which conies from under the light of the sun. The merchants in Boston have come to a res- olution to decline in future to give a discharge to their debtors, either in Boston or in the coun- try, for less than one hundred cents on a dollar, in case of loss by fire, unless their property is in- sured to near the amount of its value. Anew State Prison, in the vicmity of Westches- ter, N. Y. has just been completed. It is built of white marble, is 482i feet long, 44 broad, 4 stories high, and cont-ins 800 cells. no doubt, — ." "You are ilosopher, inter- that noisy flock and I am just saying to myself— that them 200 sheep, it is very probable there ir?" inquired bis friend, " ruminatin on human vicissitudes and . very right," said the amiable pi rupting him ; " I am examining before us, and I am just saying araon is not to be found one tender shoulder of mutton ! " — London Weekly Review. Cobbett on Early Education.—'^ I have just now put my French Grammar into the hands of my youngest son, who is 14 years and a half old — that being about the age that I think it best for boys to begin to read books ; and as to girls, they will always begin soon enough, if you suffer any books to be in the house. I have no opinion of settling little creatures down to pore over printed letters, before it is possible for them to understand any reason which you give for anything. The first thing in my mind, is to do your best to cause them to have healthy bodies ; then, as soon as they can " A Salt River Roarer.''— One of those two- fisted back-woodsmen, " half horse, half alliga- tor, and a little touch of the snapping turtle," went lately to see a caravan of wild beasts. Af- ter giving them a careful examination, " he of- fered to bet the owner," says the Western Mer- cury, " that he could whip his lion in an open ring ; and he might throw in all his monkeys, and let the zebra kick him occasionally during the fight ! " Indign. — It is proposed to revive the cultiva- tion of Indigo in Florida. Formerly much was produced there, which was only rivalled by that of the Caraccas. In former times, nearly 8180,000 were paid in London, in one year for Florida Indigo. The first Paper Mill in England, was erected at Dartfort, by a German, in 1588, who was knighted by Elizabeth ; but it was not before 1713, that a stationer, one Thomas Wathers, brought the art of paper making to any perfec- tion. A nectarine scion, inserted in a peach stock, on the farm of Mr W. Elliot, of Northford, Conn, grew five feet six inches the last season, handsomely proportioned, with fine thrifty branches. From the year 1821 to 1825 inclusive, the value of silk croods imported into the U. States, was upwards of thtrtyfive millions of dollars. Nothing is wanting but proper attention paid to the subject to enable the inhabitants of the U. States not only to supply do- mestic consumption with this costly article, but to export it. Old proverb. — " He who whistles much has an empty head." We learn, says the Williamstown Advocate, that all the merchants in six towns in Berkshire county, have determined to retail no more ardent spirit. Large orders for silks have been received from America at Lyons and St Etienne. SUBSCRIPTION Vor impaling Grirpc Vine Roots frcm Fnmcr, at a moderate price, and encouruging the inlroductioa o/tlut culture into the United S'utes. Mr Alphonsc I.oubal, having: consiilprably enlarged his V ine- vard, ou Long Island, whore he now has, in lull cultivalioD, ihiily-fivc acres of ground, conlaining 72,000 Grape Vine Roots; having also llie peculiar advantage of bein^ enabled to procure Ihe best specimens of roots from his father's extensive vineyards and nurseries, in (he districts ol Hordrlais, Clerac, and 'iJuzet, departments of Girondc and Lot and Garonne, m France. (15° N. Lat.) proposes to the numerous friends lo the cultivation of the grape vine in the United Slates, a subscrip- tion will be opened on the first of August, 1828. Mr A. L. will engage lo furnish subscribers with the Grape Vine Roots, before the first of March next, and tbnvard them free of expense, to the difTerent cities where subscription lists shall have been op"!ned. The roots will be three years old, and will produce considerable Iruit the second year from the lime o! 'liieir being planted. They will be carefully classed and packed in boxes, with some of the original soil in which they have been raised, which will greatly facilitate the thriving of the roots, when transplanted. . . Orders will be punctually attended lo : the subscribers desig- nating the c|uantilies and species of the grape vine roots they wish to have. Thev will engage to pay lor 1000 roots or more, at ihe rale of 12 1-2 cents for each root; for less than 1000, at the rale of 15 cents; and 25 cents per root for less than 50.— Roots only two veais old, shall be paid for at the rale of 9 cents each, for 10 or inore ; 12 1 -2 cents for less than one 1000 ; and 13 cents for less than 50 roots. Payment to be made on deliv- ery of the roots. Letters not received unless post paid. Subscription lists are open at New York, with Alphonse Lou- bat, 85 Wall street; Boston, E.Copeland. Jr— .Albany. R. M'Michael— Philadelphia, Van Amringe— Baltimore, W illard Rhoads— Washington City, Wm. Pairo. Richmond, Daven- port, Allen &. Co. Savannah, Hall, Shapter Sc Tupper— .^e«' Orleans, Foster &, Hutton Charleston. (S. C.) J. & J. Slreel Co Mr A. Loubat's book on the Culture of the Grape Vine, and on the Making of Wine, may be found at the pnncipalbnok- sellersof the United Slates; and his agents will furnish them gratis lo subscribers. '^^•" Wanted Immediately, Six or eight Journeyman Chair Makers, at the Ncwburyporl Chair Factory.— Cash and the highest price given.— Apply >• Nathan Haskell, Agent for the Proprietors. Newburyport, Dec. 19. 132S. " HEW ENGIiANU FARMER. ^ John B. Published by Russell, at JVo. 52 JVorth Market Street, (over the Agricultural fVarehouse).—TBOM/L.s G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 2, 1829. No. 24. AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURE. Written for tlie Coiiversatioit- Lexicon, by the EJilor of the New England Farmer. (Continued from page 179.J and Buflun caused the study of rural economy to After the time of Tull's publication, no great al- lecome fashionable, and other writers contributed t) the advancement of husbandry. M. de Tru- daine introduced the Merino breed of sheep in 1776, and Conite Lasteyrie has written a valua- hls work on sheep-husbandry. The celebrated Arthin- Young made an agricultural survey of France in 1787, 8, and 9. Since that time sev- eral French and English writers have given the statistics and culture of different districts, and the Abbe Rosier and Professor Thouin general views uf the whole kingdom. Buonaparte established teratiou in British agriculture took place, till Rob ert Bakewell and others carried into effect some important improvements in the breeds of cattle, sheep, and swine. These resulted in great bene- fits to British agriculture and emolument as well as fame to those who effected the alteration. By Bakewell's skilful selection at first, and constant care afterwards to breed from the best animals, he at last obtained a variety of sheep, which, for early maturity, and the property of returning a great produce of mutton for the food, wliicb they jWny new agricultural societies and professor consume, as well as the small proportion, which sWiys, botanic and economical gardens for the ex- the weight of the offal bears to the four quarters, i liil'ition of different modes of culture, and the dis- were without precedent. Culley, Cline, Lord J senination of plants. He also greatly enlarged Somerville, Sir J. S. Sebright, Darwin, Hunt, ; 'i'"' enriched that extensive institution, the Na- Huiitcr, Young, &c. &c. have all contributed to'ioial Garden, whose Professor of culture, the the improvement of domestic animals, and have Cluvajier Thouin, is one of the most scientific ag- left little to be desired in that branch of rural i I'culturists in Europe. economy. Among other publications of distinguish- 1 I'le lands in France are not geneVally enclosed ed merit, on agricultural topics, may be number- i -t"! subdivided by hedges or other fences. Sotne ed y/te Farmer's Letters, Tour in France, AnnaU fences occur near towns, but, in general the whole qf Agriculture, &c. &c. by the celebrated Arthur Young ; Marshall's numerous and excellent works, commenced with Minutes of Agriculture, published in 1787, and ended with his Review of the Agrt cul- tural Reports, in 1816, Practical Agriculture, by Dr R. W. Dickson, &c. &c. The names of Kaimes, Anderson, Sinclair, are also rendered il- Justrious by publications, which exhibit a union of philosophical sagacity, and patient experiment, resulting in improvements of incalculable impor- tance not only to the British nation but to the hu- man race. To these we shall only add the name of John Loudon, F. L. S. H. S. whose elaborate and able works, entitled Encijclopedia of Garden- ing and Encyclopedia of Agriculture, have proba- bly never been surpassed by any similar works in ^^r conining sheep as the cause of foot rot, a dis^ any language, age, or country. j case 'ery common among sheep in France.— The establishinent of a National Board of Ag- j Whers flocks remain out all night, the shepherd uculture was of pre-eminent service to British : sleeps in a small thatched hut, or portable ware husbandry. Hartlib, a century before, and Lord [ ho»s^ placed on wheels. He guides the flock by Kaimes, in his Gen«mrt;i Farmfr, had pointed out j walking before them, and his dog guards the the utility of such an establishment, but it was left I sheep from wolves, which still abound in some to Sir John Sinclair to carry their Ideas into exe- ! partsof the country. In the south part of France, Cution. To the indefatigable exertions of that { '''e ass, and the mule are of frequent use in hus- worthy and eminent character the British public ; Landry. A royal stud of Arabian horses has been are indebted for an institution, whose services can : kept up at Aurillac, in Limousin, for more than hardly be suflicicntly appreciated. " It made | ^ century, and another has been more recently farmers who reside in different parts of the king- 1 estsblished near Nismes. Poultry is an impor- dom acquainted with one another ; and caused a '< 'ant article in French husbandry. Mr Birkbeck rapid dissemination of knowledge amongst the '^inks that the consumption of poultry in towns whole profession. The brought into fashion ; old art of agriculture was practices were amend- d,new ones introduced, and a degree of exertion |'" Bretagne from hogs reared on acorns, and fat manifested, which had never before been eiem- plified in this island," AGRICULTURE OF FRANCE. French agriculture began to flourish in the be- Jlnning of the seventeenth centiu-y, under Henry iV. and a work on that subject was published by Olivier de Serres. In 1761 there were thirteen ^ vines are planted in hills, like Indian corn, kept agricultural societies established in France, and | low, and cultivated like a plantation of raspber- nineteen co-operating .societies. Those of Paris, Iries. The white mulberry tree is very exteusive- .Amiens, and Bounleaux have distinguished them- 1 ly cultivated for feeding the silk-worm. It is not selves by their published memoirs. Du Hamel | placed in regular plantations, but in corners, rows by the siiles of roads, &c. The trees are raised from seeds in nurseries, and sold, generally, at five years' growth, when they have strong stems. They are planted, staked, and treated as pollards. The eggs of the silk worm are hatched in rooms, by means of stoves to 18° of Reaumur {72| Fah.) One ounce of eggs requires one hun- dred weight of leaves, and will ])rodiice from seven to nine pounds of raw silk. The hatching commences about the end of April, and with the feeding is ove' in about a month. Second broods are procured in some places. The silk is wound off the cocoais in little balls by woinen and chil- dren. The olive, the fig, the almond, and various other fruits are also extensively cultivated in France. ACRICULTDRE IN GERMANY. The earliest German writer on husbandry, was Conradus Hetesbachius, who lived and died in the 16th century, His work De Re Ru.stica was an avowed com|iilation from all the authois who had preceded him. No other books on agriculture of any noto appeared ])revious to the seventeenth century. With regard to the present state of ag- riculture in Germany, we are necessaiily limited to brief notices. The country is very extensive and presents ij. great variety as respects soil, sur- face, climate, and culture. Its agricultural pro- duce is, for the most part, consumed within ite limits, but excellent wines are exported from Hun- gary and the Rhine, together with flax, hams, geese, silk, &c. The culture of the mulberry, and the rearing of tlie silk worm is carried on a» far north as Berlin. The theoretical agricultur- ists are well acquainted with all the improved im- plements of Great Brit.-iin, and some of them have been introfluced, especially in Holstein, Hanover, and Westphalia ; but, in general, their ploughs, wagons, &c. are unhandy, unwieldy, and ineflS- cient. Fish are carefully bred and fattened in some places, especially in Prussia, and poultry is every where attended to and carried to a high degree of luxury at Vienna. The culture of for- ests likewise receives particular attention in that country as well U3 in France. The common ag- riculture of Germany is every where in a state of improvement. Government, as well as individu- als have formed institutions for the instructions of youth in its principles and most enlightened prac- tices. The Imperial Society of Vienna, the Geor- gical Institution at Presburg, and that of Professor Thaer, in Prussia, may be numbered among re- cent institutions of this description. AGRICULTURE IN ITALY. The climate, soil, and surface of Italy are so various as to have given rise to a greater diversity of culture than is to be found in the whole of Eu- rope, besides. Corn, grass, butcher's meat, cheese, butter, rice, silk, cotton, wine, oil, and fruits of all kinds, are all found in perfection in this fertile section of the globe. Loudon asserts that only one-fifth of the surface of Italy is considered ster- couitry IS open ; the boundaries of estates being marced by slight ditches or ridges, with occasion- al stones or heaps of earth, rows of trees or scat- tering trees. Depredations from passengers on the high ways are prevented by gardes champetre, which are established throughout all France. Siice the time of Colbert the French have paid a gooG share of attention to sheep, and there are considd-able flocks of Merino sheep owned by in- dividutls, besides the national flocks. That of Ramboiillet, established in 1786, is, or lately has been managed by M. Tessier, an eminent writer on agrculture. Sheep are generally housed, or kept infolds, and little yards and enclosures. Mr Jirkbeck considers the practice of housing may be equal to that of mutton. The breed of swine is, in general, bad ; but fine hams are made ted with Indian corn. The French implements of agriculture are generally rude and unwieldly, and the operations of husbandry unskilfully per- formed. The vino is cultivated in France in fields, and on terraced hills, but managed differently in that country from its common culture. In France 186 NEW ENGLAND PAUMER. Jan. 2, 18:29. ile, while only a fifth of the surface of France is considered fertile. The population of Italy is greater in proportion to its surface than that of either France or Great Britain. The writers on the rural economy of Italy, are Arthur Young, in 1788, Sigismondi, in 1801, and Chateauvieux, in 1812. In Lonibardy, the lands are generally farmed by metayers, (from metn one half). The landlord pays the taxes and repairs the buildings. The tenant provides cattle, implements and seeds, and the produce is divided. The irrigation of laiids in Lonibardy is a remarkable feature of Italian husbandry. All canals taken from rivers are the property of the state, and may be carried through any man's land, provided they do not pass through a garden, or within a certain distance of a man- sion, on paying the value of the grojnd occupied. Water is not only employed for grass-lands, which, when fully watered, are mowed four, and some- times five times a year ; and in some cases as early as March, but is conducted between the nar- row ridges of corn lands, in the holows between drilled crops, among vines, or to flood lands, a foot or more in depth, which are sown with rice. Water is also used for depositing t surface mud in some places where it is charged with that ma- terial. The details of watering for these and other purposes are given in varions works, and collected in those of Professor Re. In gen- eral, watered lands let at one third higher price than those not irrigated. The implements and operations of agriculture in Lombardy, are both very imperfect. The plough is a very rude contrivance, with a handle thirteen or fourteen feet long. But the cattle are fed with extraordinary care. They arc tied up in stalls, then bled once or twice, cleaned and rub- bed with oil ; afterwards combed and brushed twice a day. Their food in summer i:i clover or other green herbage ; in winter a mixture of elm- leaves, clover-hay, and pulierized walnut-cake, over which boiling water is poured, and bran and salt added. In a short time the cattle cast their hair, grow smooth, round and fat, and so improv- ed as to double their value to the butcher. The tomato or love-apple (sotanum lycoperstcum) so extensively used in Italian cookery, forms an article of field culture near Pompeii, and especial- ly in Sicil}', from whence they are sent to Naples, Rome, and several towns on the Rlediterranean sea. (To be continued.) Williams, in his book on West Florida, remarks of the cultivation of Indigo in that country, that Caracas, alone was able to rival Florida, in this article ; forty thousand pounds sterling in one year, has been paid in London, for Florida Indigo ; yet at this time not a pound is raised in the terri- tory for sale ; a few planters cultivate it for the use of their families ; yet it is raised with le.ss trouble than any other crop, and any female slave can manufacture it. This plant also is a native of Florida ; its natural soil is the Pine Barrens. FOR THS N£W ENGLAND FARMER. INSECTS ON FRUIT TREES. Mr Fessenden — Your Pennsylvania corres- pondent, M, appears to have noticed two distinct insects on the apple-tree, one of which, as Mr Buel remarks, you did not advert to in your Farmer of the 5th instant.* I regret that you overlooked a conjecture hazarded in the memorandum furnished you, the substance of which was, that the " dark colored iu.sect, on the body of the tree, about the size and shape of a small grain of cofliee, with t bristly coat, and no wings," might be the apterous female of a moth, several species of which (besides that of the canker-worm) are conanon here.tl That this insect had no connexion whatever with | the minute muscle-like insects observed on the ] trees no one can doubt wIk) has read Mr Perley's communication on the bark-louse, a species of Coccus, and Mr Loudon's description of the Amer- ican blight, Eriosoma mali of Leach, Aphis La- nata or lanigera of other naturalists. The account given by M. was not sufficiently detailed and particular to enable us to decide tvhich of these two latter insects his probably vas, although it appeared most to resemble the birk- louse of Mr Perley. It has not yet been ascertained whether our bark-louse is the same as that described by Reau- mur and GeofFroy, and observed by Shaw ind Kirby on the apple-trees of England ; but •urs agrees in size and shape with theirs, and it is highly j)robable, if it is identical, that we are as much indebted to Europeans for introducing this and other lousy complaints, as they are to us for the American blight, which, however, I have never seen. In regard to the introduction of in.setts, I am fully persuaded that we liave no species, in common with those of the Eastern world, which have not accompanied man and his imports from thence. Perhaps a few general remarks on the.oeconomy of the Coccus genus may not be unacceptable to some of your readers, and may stimulate tliem to complete, by careful observation, the hiitory of Mr Perley's species. Early in the spring the Cocci are four*! apjia- rently torpid, situated longitudinally in regard to the branch, the head upwards, and sticking by their flattened inferior surface closely to tin bark. On attempting to remove them they are geierally crushed, and there issues from the body i dark colored fluid. By piercing them with a pii they Sheep. — A meeting of the citizens of Orange county has been called at Goshen, N. Y. to devise some plan to jirotect their sheepfolds from the ravages of dogs, the existing laws being insufiicient. Ginger Root. — Mr Raiford, near Savannah, has raised ginger root for the last four years, success- fully, on common land, and exposed to all the va- riations of the climate. * We InlencleH, however, to make our remarks appiieablp in two distinct specins of insects. One wliich was descrbed by " M " as having an appearance which " resembled ihp bnssoni.s of timothy or some small grass, shaken on the trunk ot'tti? tree, when wet with dew, and remaining on it. — After whici they appeared to increase in size to about the liiffncss of shotNo. 8 cut in two and a little lengthened ; and formed a Cfivcr, rdher- ing to the bark, under which the insect, whatever it m.-ry be, was found," &c. [Si'P p. 142.] This we supposed mixht tc the bark -louse of Mr I'erley, bnt having doubts on the subject, af- ter describing th" Perley insect, we remarked: "The al«ove description of a destructive insect, and the remedy prescribed by Mr Perley. may be of use, allhnugh the insect 7naij no! hftlu same with Ilial which has annoyed the fruit trees of our corres- pondent ' M.' " We then quoted from Kirby and Spenc-, noti- ces of the. r/nca Corticelta. and Atborum Live aris, which wc concluded might be identical with the ms&cijirst menlioued by "M." Haying done with this insect w-e then took up the other on the last column of page 158 as fi,llows, viz : " The insect described b3- ' M,' page 142, found on the body of the tree about (he size and shape of a small gram of coiTee," &c. See also our note p. 169. — Editor. t After we had commenced wiiting the editorial article p. 153, and before we had completed it. the " memorandum " was mis- laid, and has not since come to hand. This we regret, as we set a high value on the commuaicatious of the author. — ^Ed. can be made to (juit their hold, which I hare often seen in the common species of the myrtle. Coccus leeperidum. A little later the body is more svvel- led, and, on carefully raising it with a knife, nu-' nierous eggs of an oblong form will be discovered beneath it, and the insect a])pears dried up and dead, and forming only a convex cover to its fu- ture progeny. Under this protection the young are htitclied, and, on the approach of warm wea- ther, make their escape at the lower end of the shell which is slightly elevated at that part. They then move with considerable activity, and disperse themselves over the young shoots or leaves. The shape of the yotuig coccus is nnich like that of its parent, but the body is of a paler color, more Ihin and flattened. Its six legs and proboscis are vistble under a magnifier. Some species are cov- ered with a mealy powder, as in the C. cacti, or Cochenille of commerce. These little lice insert iheir proboscis into the bark and leayes, and draw from the cellular substance the sap which nour- ishes them. Reaumur observed the ground quite moist imder peach-trees infested with Cocci, which was caused by the dripping of the sap from the ntimcrous punctures made by these insects. While they continue their exhausting suction of sap they increase in size, and during this time, are in what is called the larva; state. When this is completed they are still of different magnitudes, and set about their transformation by sjunning from the mouth minute whitish filaments, which are affixed in a radiate manner to the bark, and which confine and secure the body in its situation. (Do not these constitute the specks of blue moulil noticed by Mr Perley ?) They now remain appa- rently inanimate ; but under these lifeless scales the metamorphosis of the insect is conducted ; with this remarkable difference, that, in a few days, the large ones contrive to break up and throw off, in 4 or 5 flakes, their former coats, and reap- pear in a very similar form to that which they before had : the smaller ones, on the contrary, continue under their envelope, which serve as cocoons, and from which they seem to shrink and detach themselves, and then become perfect pupse, the rudiments of wings, antennte, feet, &c, being discoverable, on raising the shells. If we follow the progress of these smali ones (which are to pro- duce the 7)iales) we shall see, in process of time, a pair of filaments and the tips of the wings pro- truding beneath the shell at its lower elevated part, and, through this little passage, the jierfect insect at length backs out. The pupse coat of the female is never cast off, so far as we can discover, but continues adherent and flexible, and the'insect itself never afterwards changes place. The male is exceedingly small in comparison with the fe- male, and is an anomaly in the order, (Hemiptera) having only two wings or hemelytra, though La- treille detected, in one species, vestiges of another |)air of witigs, which resembled the balancers of flies. The tail of the male is furnished with an, elongated curved stilet, and a pair of slender, long, filaments. The ovaries of the female are fecun- dated through the small aperture beneath the lower tij) of the shell. After this her body grad- ually augtneiits, becomes more convex, and when, the eggs are matured they are extruded and spread by the contraction of her body beneath its envel- ope, till the fond mother perishes in her labors, but still shields with her body the eggs which are to give birth to her future ofl"spring. There are several broods of some species in," Vol.VlI.— No.24. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 187 the year. Of the bark-louse at least two are pro- duced in one season. It is probable that the fe- males of the last brood are fecundated in autumn, survive the winter, and thus provide for a succes- sion of the species. The writer of the article on Bees, in the North American Review, was too indiscriminate in de- nouncing all insects except the favorite elaborators of wax and honey. The single genus Cocoes affords an ample refutation to the charge of uni- versal noxiousness and inutility. Various tints of red are furnished by tlieni from the splendid Carmine of the coclienille, to the duller hues of the scarlet in grain and the Polish coccus. The resin called lac is produced by a species of this genus, and has become essential in the composition of varnishes, japanned ware, and sealing-wax, and by a chemical process a beautiful pigment is ob- tained from it. The wax of China, called Pe-la is procured from certain trees, which are stocked, in that country, with Cocci for facilitating its production. No species of Saperda, inhabiting the apple- tree, is known to us except the common one striped with white and brown, and which proceeds from the well-known iorer. If there is another appro- priated to this tree, we should like to see a de- scription of it, and should be highly gratified to receive specimens. With respect, your friend and servant, T. W. HARRIS. Milton, December 24, 1828. FOB THE NEW ENGLAND FARMIB. VILLAGE ANECDOTE. Mb Editor — It is encouraging to reflect, that however misled men may be, at times, by passions and prejudices, yet virtuous deeds and generous feelings, directed by a love of justice and peace, have something so amiable in themselves, that they will meet, not only with undisguised and general approbation, but they willcreato in society a predisposition to the same valuable end, offer- ing thereby a strong assurance, that the human mind was intended by the Almighty Founder, as their native and prosperous soil. Nor is the mag- nitude of the object which brings those feelings into action, of much consideration ; it is altogeth- er the moral principle which gave them birth There is in them an irresistible charm to bring forth seeds of life, which otherwise might remain ' dormant and barren. It seems to be a duty, therefore, and it is a verj- pleasant one, to record those occurrences. In the present instance, the natural repository is assuredly the New England Farmer, now of general circulation among that order of citizens, within whose ancient and noble avocation is to be found, the safeguard to the best interests of our country. After this short pream- ble, I will ask your leave to introduce the follow- ing anecdote. Some time since, it was in October, the weath- er being favorabla for clearing land, A. H. deter- mined to burn away the brush in one of his pas- I tures ; the fire ran faster than expected, and ex- tended into the wood lot of his neighbor, N. H., where it did considerable damage, before it could be subdued. N. H. was absent on a journey, at the time, and on his return met with A. H., who expressed his regret at the accident which had taken place, and his readiness to satisfy him for the loss. Let us refer the case, said A. H., and the damages to be assessed, to two men we can trust, and let those men be you and I. Your proposal, Mr A. H., is very fair ; but in such cases two men have been known, at times, not to agree, therefore, I would [iropose to you, to leave it to one alone, and let that man be your good self You w'dl take the case into considera- tion, and when we meet again, you will inform me to what amount you have fixed the loss. — The next time they met,A.H. informed N. H.,that he had walked over his wood lot, and, that from the best opinion he could form of the injury it had received, he had estimated the loss at sixty-five dollars. N. H. [)rofessed himself perfectly satisfied with the liberal damages, which A.H. had brought in ; but, neighbor, said he, it is a hard case, and, therefore, I will propose to you, that we should divide the loss ; you pay me one half, and I will bear the rest. When an anecdote is clothed with that charac- ter of pleasantness, which seems to render its truth somewhat questionable, it is often styled a good story. In the Italian language the same idea is prettily exi>ressed by *e non i vero, i ben trovato, which translated, if it is not true, it is at least well imagined. But in the present instance there is no fiction. The parties alluded to, are Amos Har- Ri.vGTON, and Nathan Hagar, of the Rev. Mr Field's jiarish. Happy the town where hard cases, and all cases, are generally settled under the mild influence of such feelings ! Happy the State wliere such spirit should prevail ! Justice, equity, and peace ! It would have a tendency to short- en tnd simplify the work of legislation, and to re- lieve of part of their labors the ministers of the law ; it would hasten the promised and happy period, wlieu the moral Rose is to bloom in the wilderness. J. M. G. ffeston, 29th Dec. 1828. From Ihe American Farmer. GRAPES. Retreat, near Dublin, Mtv. 30, 1828. Isabella Grape. — Much paper and ink have been wasted about the origin and value of the Isabella gra[)e. I formerly understood, that Col. Hawkins obtained it from the garden of Mount Vernoi;, as a grape Fountainbleau ; but, recently, the gentleman who succeeded Mr Hawkins as agent to the Creek Indians, informed me that the scions were received fi-om Mr Fraser, a gen- tlemaa on botanical researches, who called it a French grape. Monsieur Roma had the same vine in his garden in Savannah, and said it was a French muscadel. It may he of much value to the north, where the climate suits it ; but is worth- less in the south, by reason of its ill habits. Half, or more, of the grapes, rot every, year be the sen- son what it may ; and only three or four ripe ber- ries can bo obtained from a bunch at one time, and nearly a month is requireil to ripen all the berries on a branch ; hence it is no wine grajie in our climate. Wlien ripe berries can be obtained insufficient quantity, it yields wine of nice flavor, provided the grapes are not too ripe, and the vin- tage reinain only four or five hours in the vat ; but let the grapes become mellow on the vines, and then let the vintage remain twenty tour hours in the vat, and the wine is ruined — dull, heavy, flat, and a strong taste of the seeds.* Alexander's or Schutlkill Grape. — This *Thes8 remarks, it will be observed, do not apply to llie Isabella grapes, in our climate.— Ed. N. E. F. grape is a native, and makes excellent wine under the following conditions: collect the grape so soon as the berries are of full color and in the plenitude of their juice ; if they remain on the vines to become mellowed, the product will be a dead, flat and ill flavored wine. When the grapes are mashed, or crushed in the vat, let them remain only one hour and a half, when the must will have obtained a sufficiency of color ; press, and the product will be a crimson rose color, with flavor of the first class ; but let the vintage re- main ten or more hours in the vat, the longer the worse, and the wine will be austere and taste strongly of the see('s. The juice of this grape may be called weak, sp. gr. 1.056 — raise the 7HMS< with brown sugartosp.gr. 1.124, and the wine will be strong enough. Catawba. — This wine is said to be a native, and yields a superior dessert wine ; and as Mr Adlum justly remarked, its vinous product suits all palates. Whether the flavor of this wine may be injured by the grajjcs mellowing on the vine is not known to me ; but that it may be materially in- jured by too long residence in the vat, before pressing, is very certain. Five or six hours in dry warm weather is long enough. In cool, or wet weather, the continuance of the vintage in the vat maybe of longer duration. Bland Grape. — This is said to be of doubtful nativity. It makes good wine if we will have pa- tience to wait for its maturity three or four years ; it has a superabundant proportion of gum in th« juice, part of which seems to be insoluble, and the lees formed by the vernal and autumnal fer- nientations ilo not subside and the wine become clear, without new additions of fining. No other wine that I bave made requires refining. The vine and fruit are subject to mildew and rust. Warren Vine. — This vine seems to be of foreign origin, and is of the superior class of wine grapes. It is subject to rot considetably with me; its vinous product was adjudged by a gourmet to resemble the delicious wine of Cyprus. Round Violet Madeira Grape This vine came from Madeira to Savannah, many years ago. The vine is not distinguishable from the Warren, but the fruit is of a lighter color, and the vinous product of a different flavor, and it is not subject to rot. It is a superior wine grape. The gourmet was probably correct about the flavor of the Warren wine, because all the wine grapes planted in Madeira, were transplanted from the island of Cyprus, in 1420, by Prince Henry of Portugal, Duke of Visco, together with the sugar canes of Sicily, for the use of the colonists. Yours, respectfidly, J. S. Skinner, Esq. THOiMAS McCALL. Jf'holesome Advice, from Johnson''s Letters. — Be- gin life v.ith the least show and the least expense jiossililc ; you may at pleasure increase both, but you cannot easily diminish them. Do not think your estate your own, while any man can call upon you for money and you cannot pay ; there- fore begin with timorous parsimony. Let it be your first care not to be in any man's debt. Re- solve not to be poor ; whatever you have, spend less. Poverty is a great enemy to human happiness, it certainly destroys libertj', and it makes some vir- tues impracticuhic, and others extremely ditficult. There are no less than 2,533 varieties of the Rose, of which 18 belong to the Moss Rose, 20 to the Dog Rose, and 1,215 to the Provence Rose. 188 NEW ENGLAND FAB/MER, Jnn. 2, 1829. Fron llie New York Farmer. ON USE OF GYPSUM IN AGRICULTURE. Sir — The extensive apjilication of Plaster of Paris ill the interior of this state, to the pur- poses of husbandry, induces nie to liazard a few Remarks upon the causes of its fertility, and the soils and crops to which it may be advanta- geously applied. I perceive that many of our farmers, aitliough slow to adopt this or any other itinovation upon old habits, now that they liave become satisfied of the benefit of plaster in some Cases, seem to infer that it is useful in all, and thus apply it without " rhyme or reason." The consequence, I fear, will be to bring it into dis- repute and lead to its rejection in cases where its utility is unquestionable. The most common opinion is, that this sub- stance benefits crops by drawing moisture from the atmosphere. This theory proves too much : for if it has so strong an affinity for moisture, it will attract it from the soil as well as i'rom the atmosphere ; and thus rob the plant, instead of increasing their supply, of this essential agent of vegetable developement. But it has been proved that gypsum absorbs moisture far less powerfully than putresciblc manures, or even common soils, and retains it a shorter time. Johnson has given us, in his essay on the use of salt in agriculture, tables exhibiting the absorb- ent and retentive powers of dilTerenl substances. I subjoin an extract in proof of my position : — "" Horse dung evaporated previously jfcrts. to dryness, at a temperature of 100°, absorbed, during an exposure of three hours to air saturated with moisture at (32°, o o •a 145 Putrified tan bark, under like cir- cumstances, (G6°,) 145 Unputrified, do 115 Cow dung do ISO Pig do do . 120 Sheep do do 31 Refuse Salt (G3°) 49 Burnt Clay, 29 The richest soil (in one hour) 23 Lime, (part carbonate) 11 Gypsum, 9 Pig dung, evaporated to dryness, at a temperature of 106° (the heat of a meridian sun at midsummer) and then moistened with six parts of water, required for being reduced to to dryness again, at the above tern- ruin. perature, 135 Horse dung, under similar circum- stances, 90 Common Salt, 75 Rich Soil, 32 Poor Soil (silicious,) 25 Gypsum, 18 Thus it appears, that the absorbent power of horse dung is sixteen times greater than that of gypsum, and its retaining power seven times greater. Let us not lose siglit of another im- portant fact which these experiments suggest, viz : That the power of a soil for absorbing and retaining moisture, and of course of resisting drought, is in the ratio of the dung and vegeta- ble matter which it contains — rich soil suffering least, and poor soil most in dry weather. — Ploughing and hoeing frequently tend very much to increase, or rather to bring into full operation, these qualities of soils Vor ab.sotbing and retaining moisture. After water has been expelled from plaster of paris by burning or heating, it tlien again ah- 1 sorbs it powerfully — and not only absorbs, but solidifies it. It is by this process that it is fit- ted for cornices, busts, &c. Another agency which has been ascribed to plaster in the process of vegetation, is that of ac- celerating putrefaction in the soil — of rendering inert vegetable matter soluble, and thus increas- ing the supply of vegetable food. The experi- ments of Sir H. Davy disprove this theory, and show that gypsum rather retards than increases animal and vegetable putrifaction. Some, supposing that plants are gifted with sensation, contend, that gypsum acts as a con- diment to the vegetable, as spices do to the an- imal system, and benefits by stimulating their absorbent and assimilating organs. I am not phisiologist enough to discuss this point, and will therefore barely observe, that if this is so, all plants are not equally sensitive ; for many are certainly not affected by this stimulus. Others again have maintained, that plaster owes its utility to the sulphuric acid (oil of vit-l riol) which it contains; and of course that a decomposition or separation of parts, takes ))lace | ill the soil. Sulphuric acid has been applied,! blended with different parts of water, without seeming to confirm this theory. But a suf- , ficient objection is found in the fact, that Sjp- sum is detected in the clovers and other plants, showing that no decomposition has taken place, and that the sulphuric acid, remaining chem- ically combined with its base, could not liavc acted separately. ! Sir H. Davy, I think, has suggested the true cause of the fertility in gypsum : That it forms as necessary a constituent of some plants, as a few ! drops of peppermint do to a mint sling ; and that when the soil does not contain it, in the small proportion needed, its application is necessary for their complete developement and pp-fection — and that it is only useful to sneh crops as yield it on anedijsis, and on soils loherc it is defieicnt. Of the plants which contain gypsum, Sir H. Davy has enumerated the clovers, hizern, ^anfoin '; and .some other grasses; in which he believes it may exist to the amount of three or foui bush- els on an acre of these plants. The turnip crop yields it in small quantities ; and if this theory is correct, Indian corn and potatoes will ifTord it, as it evidently benefits these crops. He adds, that gypsum is nut talce.n up in corn crops, such ! as wheat, rye, barley, &,c. A course of experi- ments during ten years, lias satisfied me that these crops are not benefited, directly, by its application, but often indirectly, by increasing the growth of other vegetables, which ultimately enrich tlie soil. The soils which plaster inost benefits, are the poor lean sands and sand loams ; and its effects diminish in proportion as these become more rich, adhesive, or wet. The dung of cattle contains gypsum ; so does peat or bog earth. To lands often dunged, its effects are consequently less perceptible. That it does not prove efficacious upon wet lands may bo accounted for by tlieir generally abounding in bog soil, and not usually producing plants which contain gypsum. As to the time and manner of applying piaister, different opinions prevail. It cannot enter ih.e mouths of plants until it is dissolved, or become soluble. To effect this, 500 times its weight of water is found to be requisite. This would seem to indicate that it should be sown early on grass lands. My practice has been to sow in March, or early in April, and if practicable, upon a light snow. When sown late, and a cry summer en- sues, its benefits are frequently not perceptible, probably from the circumstance of its not having been dissolved. I have followed the example of two great pioneers in the improvement of Amcrioan husbandry, the late Judge Peters and John Taylor, in sowing it for Indian corn and - potatoes before the last ploughing. I consider the benefit in this method more certain and the labor less, than in that of strewing it on the hills of the growing crop. The experience of practical men seems to have fixed the proper quantity at from one to two bushels the acre. Plaster appears partially to have lost its effi- cacy in sonic parts of Pennsylvania, where it has been longest and most successfully used. It ia said, to adopt the common language, that the soil iias become tired of it. I suspect too much reliance has been placed upon it ; and that it has been used as a substitute rather than as an auxiliary, for old fashioned barnyard dung. There is another way of accounting for its ap- parent failure. Has not the soil become tired of the plants which it aids, and which may have exhausted it of some other constituent 1 In the Norfolk system of alternate husbandry, it was long ago ascertained that clover could not be sown to advantage oftener than every second course, or once in eight or ten years, and other grasses were consequently alternated with it. The practice in Pennsylvania has been, I believe, to continue sowing clover every four or five years. The preceding view of the subject and my personal experience, induce me to offer the fol- lowing rules for the consideration of the farmer: 1. That plaster may be applied to pasture and meadow lands, not absolutely wet, with strong probability of profit — as it undoubtedly forms a constitueit of many of the grasses, increases their vigor, and thickens the soil. 2. That it may be applied, with equal prospect of success, to the maize and potato crops, atid I think, to legumes, such as peas, beans, &,c. These being sown, as good husbandry implies, upon lands naturally free Irom surface water, or rendered so by draining. 3. That its benefits are greatest upon sands, gravels, and light loams; and that these benefits diminish in proportion as the soil becomes ricii, either naturally or by the application of dung. 4. That plaster can never become a substitute for dung, but may be rendered a valuable auxil- iary— benefiting some crops directly, and all remotely, by increasing the volume of vegetable matter, which ultimately becomes the food of plants. 5. That fioni one to two bushels per acre is a sufficient annual dressing for lands. 6. That u|)on grass it is most profitably sown early, that the vernal rains may tender it soluble; ■and upon tilled crops before the last ploughing, that th.e moisture in the soil may perform this lofBce in .season, in both cases, to benefit the summer's growth. j And, finally, That its use can be best regu- jlatcd by the farmer himself carefully noting its Vol. VII,— No. 24. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 189 effects upon different crops, soils, &c. always leaving a strip unplastered upon crops which it is supposed to benefit, and plastering a strip upon those on which its benefits are doubtful. Very respectfully, J. BUEL. Albany Nursery, Nov. 24. ON THE CULTURE OF THE VINE. In February, take a single joint of the vine you choose ; cut it off a half an inch above the eye, and again at two inches below the eye ; cover each end with sticking plaster of any kind, and set it in a pot of garden mould, above five or six inches in diameter, and unglazed. The eye of the cutting must be covered with earth, and then watered to settle the ground : after this lay half an inch of horse manure on the surface to keep it from becoming dry and hard, and place the pot in a hot bed prepared for raising cabbage plants. If more than one shoot rises from the eye, rub off all but the strongest. About the first of June, turn out the vine from the pot, and set it in the garden, or at the east or north end of your house; wherever it can be protected from violence. It will grow in any soil, but like other plants it grows best in the best soil. When first removed, water it at a distance from the plant, so as to draw the earth to*vard the vine, instead of washing the ground from it. If you ivater it afterwards, pour your water into a trench at least eighteen inches from the plant ; for un- less this precaution be used, watering does more harm than good, and does most injury in the driest time. As the vine shoots, it must be pre- vented from falling. In November, a slight covering of straw is beneficial to prevent freezing and thawing of the vine. In February it must be trimmed by cutting it off at a half an inch above the eye ; all the eyes below are to be carefully rubbed off, as being imperfect: — The eye thus left will sometimes produce more than one shoot, in which case all but the strongest should be rubbed off. In November, this shoot is again to be covered, and in the following Feb- I ruary is to be again cut off above the second i lowest clasper : that is leaving on two eyes to shoot this season, and again rubbing off all the eyes below the lowest clasper. Both these shoots should be permitted to grow their utmost length ; which if the soil be favorable will be very con- siderable, and there will be reason to hope for fruit in the next season. In the third February cutting, three eyes upon each shoot may be left, I and no more. From this time forward all the 1 side branches from the shoots of the year are to be rubbed off, taking care not to injure the leaf whence they spring, which is tne nurse of the bud at the root of its stem. At the fourth time of cutting the vine, and from that time forward, it may be cut about the last of October ; fiur eyes may then be left, and ilio filth cutting, five eyes may be left on each shoot and never more, even in the most vigorous slate of growth, for the injuries thereby done to the vine will be seen and lamented in succeeding years. .higtr destroys Reason. — When a man is angry it will answer no good jiurpose to attempt to ar- Siie a ]ioint with him, or to try to convince him 'lint he is wrong, either in practice or in priiici])le. You nuist wait till the paroxysm of passion has .subsided, and the imp.Ttieut sufferer becomes again n rational beinff. From the New York Statesman. NATURAL SCIENCES. Every day affords us evidence of increasintr intercourse between the naturalists of Europe and this country. This is as it should be, for, to say nothing of its obvious tendency to soften the asperities, and diminish the coldness which frequently occur between the learned of dif- ferent countries, this mutual communication of friendly offices and early notice of each others labors, is of great importance to the whole learn- ed world. A pleasing instance of attention from one of the most distinguished Geologists of Europe to the Lyceum of Natural History of the city, has lately come under our notice. The Rev. Dr Buckland, of the University of Oxford, England, has presented to this society a set of casts of the teeth and bones of two species of Mastodon, found in diluvium not long ago, in the kingdom of Ava. It may not be known to the generality of our readers, that naturalists were already ac- quainted with six species of this gigantic genius of animals, of which none are now found alive. Of these, one was peculiar to North America, two to Europe, two to South America, and one common to Europe and South America. The recent discovery of similar remains in Asia has excited much interest among naturalists. It is now ascertained that these Ava Bones, al- though resembling those of Mastodon in size and structure, yet differ from all those known, and have accordingly been designated as two distinct species, and increasing the number now known to eight. The casts referred to are such exact and ad mirable copies of the original remains, and the colors are imitated in so perfect a manner, that they exhibit altogether a proficiency in the plas- tic art, which our artists would do well to study. The discovery of these remains must have been highly gratifying to that distinguished na- turalist, Dr Buckland. In his celebrated work, " Reliquia; Diluviana;," in giving an account of the remains of the Elephant, the Rhinoceros, &-C, &c, found in the European deposits of Dilu- vium, made by the last great deluge that has swept the face of the earth, he anticipated a re- petition of the same circumstances in distant dj- posits of Diluvium to be hereafter discovered — an anticipation which has been realized, by the discovery of these Bones in the Kingdom of Ava, accompanied by those of the Elephant, the Rhi- noceros, the Hippopotamos and various anti- deluvian animals. Our own country is covered in every direction with diluvium of the same pe- riod, and from the examination of which many new ahd ititeresting discoveries may be also an- ticipated. Kitchen Economy. — A friend has mentioned to us an ijnprovemeiit in kitchen economy which we think deserving of notice. It may be called an iron back /og, and is cast hollow, to contain water. A small leaden leader is attached to this iron cylinder, which is placed at the bottom of a wood fire, and connected with a cask or tub of water near the fireplace, or in any convenient part of the room. The family may thus have a constant supply of hot water, without incumber- ing the fire-place, and with much less than the ordinary consumption of fuel for that purpose. — Long Island Sfar. GOLD WASHINGS. Strange as it may appear, it is a fact, that till very lately the jewellers were in the constant practice of throwing away the water into which they dip articles of jewelry after they are taken out of the boil (a menstrum of nitro muriatic acid, employed to give them a high finish,) without being at all aware of the quantity of gold that was thrown away with it. Of late a person pos- sessed of some chemical knowledge is said to have made a handsome livelihood, by instructing jewellers, at the rate of five guineas each, in a method of recovering gold contained in the wash- ing. This method consists simply in adding a solution of copperas, which precipitates the gold, and then fusing the residuum with nitre, by which the iron in combination is oxidated, and the gold left in a pure state — 3Iechanic's Magazine. In boring for water on the island, at the upper end of this village, owned by Mr Sewell, a vein of water was struck at the depth of 160 feet, which emits an inflammable gas in large quanti- ties. It is so perfectly free from the nauseous smell of the oil gas, that its existence was dis- covered only by the casual introduction of a light into the mouth of the well. — Watertowa Register. Damask Table Linen. — Mr Hamilton Stewart, of Pittsburgh, has commenced the manufacture o Damask Table Linen. The Statesman of that city observes, that " the Table Cloths are ex- tremely neat, and what is of equal importance, they are very cheap, and of a texture that will insure service and durability. In weaving the cloth, the threads are so arranged and managed, that almost any figure, name, or letters can be made to appear in full view upon the surface." Method of curing Pork Hams, to make them far superior to those cured in the common way.— To twelve common size hams, such as are cut from hogs weighing from 140 to 200 pounds, take 12 lbs. fine salt, S oz. of salt petre, and 3 pints of molasses — mix them well together — rub the hams with it, and pack them down in a tub or cask, and let thein lay one week — then put to them pickle enough to cover them, made as follows : — To 3 gallons of water, put fine salt enough to make it bear an egg — add 1 quart of molasses, 2 quarts of strong ashes lie, (made from ashes without lime) and a porter bottle of purified pyroligneous acid — let thein lay in it four weeks — then take them out and hang them up in a dry room — when dry they are fit for use. Hams cured in this way are clean, tender, juicy, and fine flavored, without the waste occa- sioned by the drying and filth of smoking in the chimney or smokehouse. — Newport Republicim. Cleared from the port of Meadville, (Pa.) the fast sailing boat " The Ann Eliza." All the materials of which this boat was built were growing on the banks of French Creek, on the 2*th ult. On the 28lh she was launched, and piloted to this place before sunset, by her expert builders, Messrs. Mattocks and Towne. Her cargo consisted, amongst other things, of 3000 reams of crown, medium, and royal patent strmu paper, with patent book and paste boards ; and left this place early on the 30th ult. for Pittsburgh, with about 20 passengers on board. — Crawford Mess. 190 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Jan. 2, 1829. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTOnTfRIDAY JAN. 2, 1829. BROAD WHEELS. To preserve a road by iiiii)roviiig tlie wheel carriages which pass over it, all agree that the wheels should be made broader than they usually are, and cylindrical: that carts with two horses abreast are less injurious than such as are drawn by two horses in a line : and that it would be an advantage to have the axletrees of different lengths. Ed"eworlh, upon a careful examination, con- cludes, that the system of rolling roads by very broad wheels must be abandoned ; and that such a breadth only should be insisted upon, and such restrictions made as to loading, as will prevent the materials of the road from being ground to pow- der, or from being cut into ruts. With this view the wheels of carriages of burden should have fel- loes six inches broad, and no more than one ton should be carried on each wheel. Farcy is of opinion, that six inch cylindrical wheels, or under, are the most practicable and useful, provided the projecting nails are most rig- idly prohibited, which can never be done but by a penalty per nail upon the wheelers who ])ut in those nails, and upon the drivers of the carriages, who use such roughly nailed wheels. Telford thinks that no wagon or cart wheel ought to be of less breadth than four inches, and that in general no carriage ought to be allowed to carry more than at the rate of one ton per wheel : " when it exceeds that weight," he says, " the best materials which can be procured for road-making must be deranged and ground to pieces." Paterson is a warm advocate for broad wheels. " If the wheels were used double the breadth as at present," he says, " they would ant as rollers upon the material.^, binding them together, and consequently the surface would always remain smooth and free from ruts ; and the waste or de- cay, would, of course, be exceedingly little." All broad wheels, however, should be made on a con- struction different from those that are in common use. Those in common use, whether broad or for instance, the fnislum of a cone, or a sugar loaf, from which you have broken off a little bit at the point ; then set this a rolling upon a table, and in- stead of going straight forward it will describe a circle ; and if you will [lut a pin or axletree right through the ceutre of it, and upon that axle cause it to move straight forwards, the smaller diameter must slide instead of rolling. It is evident, there- fore, that the rims of the wheels ought to be of a cylindrical form. Edgeworth stales in relation to this, that " from the testimony given to the com- mittee of parliament, by every person of science and judgment, cylindrical wheels and straight ax- letrees have been unequivocally preferred." Farcy finds the Whitechapel road more injured by broad wheels than any other, owing to those wheels being barrelled and conical, and not run- ning flat, and the middle tier projecting above the others with rough nails. Gumming has proved experimentally, before the committee of 1808, that when the rim of a wheel is made truly cylindrical, so as to have an equal bearing on its whole breadth, the resistance to its progress on a smooth road is not increased by in- creasing its breadth. And in regard to the im- mense saving that would accrue to the nation, Jessop, in his re))ort, says, " I may venture to as- sert, that by the exclusive adoption of cylindrical broa • • I /• Tj/i I J „r,„ , niense weights carried by the broad wheeled wag- m\i\S,, (Ji-ssay on ihe Fnncxplea of Wheels and n heel , , . ,• , j • • r. ■ p , ,- -1 -11 . . J . 1 ! ons, even by their perpendicular pressure, do injury, Carnag-cs, ^c; and IS very casiy ilustrated ; take I ,>-i • "j v ( j. . j- , j ji CULTURE OF THE GRAPE. The following extract of a letter of a recent date, written by a gentleman who is ivell qualified to speak upon the subject, shows what may be done in this interesting pursuit, which is now oc- cui)yiug the jiublio attention. The writer resides on the Georgia side of the Savannah river, a few miles above yVugusta. " Send mo a quarter cask of Madeira Wine — I hope soon to make some of this article for sale. The vines 1 got from Adlum, of Georgetown, in 1825, will bear fruit this year ; but a small por- Vol.Vn No. 24. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 191 lion of them took root ; I have, however, now got near 800 vines growing, and I atn increasing the vineyard — in three years, from what already is planted, I expect to make at least 40 jiipes, and increase yearly. I have for four years past made a little wine from 11 old vines in the garden, equal to most Madeira imported, none who have tasted it believed that such wine could be made in America." — Charleston Courier. Culture of Silk. — Within a few days our atten- tion has been called to this useful and highly in- teresting subject. — Mr Canfield, a respectable and intelligent farmer of the town of Clay, in this county, infoims us that he intends as soon as practicable to engage in the jirofitable business of rearing the Silk worm — that he contemplates ap- propriating six or more acres of ground to the culture of the Mulberry tree. — Syracuse Advertiser. Feeding and fattening Fowls. — Fowls will be- come fat on the common run of the faim-yard, where they thrive upon the offals of the stable, and other refuse, with perhaps some small regular daily foods ; Irtit at thrashing time they become partic- ularly fat, and are thence styled barn-door fowls, probably the most delicate and highly flavored of all others, both from their full allowance of the first grain, and the constant health in which they are kept by living in a natural state, and having the full enjoyment of air and exercise. It is a common practice with some housewives to coop their barn-door fowls for a week or two, under the notion of improving them for the table, and increasing their fat ; a practice which, however, seldom succeeds, since the fowls generally pine for the loss of their liberty, and slighting their food, lose instead of gaming additional flesh. Such a period, in fact, is too short for them to become accustomed to confinement. ful cullivaler of ihis valnable (jrass in Ihis country, as the follow- ing Iptler shows : " Mr Russell, — In regard lo ihe character of Mr Jones' sccfl, I have pleasure in snyin^, that it is the best in this market, and always commaiuls an extra price. Col Powei. always purchases of him, not only for himself but for his soiilliern friends; and the Pennsylvania Agricultural Societ}', at their last exhibition, awarded him the premiums for both Orchard Grass and Clover Seed. Your,, &c, JOHN P. MIl-NOR, Recording Secretary Penn. Agri. Society. Gentlemen who wish to secure a supply of this seed, will do well losecurc it soon. Also, n most extensive supply of Garden, Field, and Klower Seeds, raised expressly for us, or procured from the most uu' questtourible sources. Canary Birds. For Sale, a few copies of the New and Complete Canary Bird Fancier, containing a variety of useful information, by which the admirers of those beautiful Birds may be instructed in their management while breeding, and their treatment when diseased; with useful Hints to the breeders of Mides. From the latest London Edition.— Price 25 cts. Just received at the Agricultural Warehouse. 4t Mo, 52 North Market Street, Boston. Eggs becoine desiccated, and, in consequence, lose great part of their substance and nutritive quality, by keeping, and everybody knows the value of a fresh-laid egg. They will retain their moisture and goodness, however, three or fotir months or more, if the pores of the shell be clo.sed and rendered impervious to the air by some unc- tuous apphcation. We, generally, anoint them with mtitton suet melted, and set them on end, wedged close together in bran, stratum super stra- tum, [layer above layer] the containing box being covered closely, — laid upon the side the yolk will adhere to the shell. They thus come into use at the end of a considerable period of time, in a state almost equal to new-laid eggs for consumption, but ought not to be trusted for incubation, except- ing in the case of imported eggs of rare birds. Valuable Real Estate, Sfc, For Sale. The Subscriber offers for Sale, the following Real Estates in Durham, N. H. viz : About 50 acres of land, under good cultivation, with tolera- ble buildings thereon; — Soil of excellent quality, and capable of a high degree of improvement. Also, a Farm on the New Hampshire Turnpike road, containing about 80 acres, with buddings nearly new. Also, a Farm of about 110 acres, with new buildings, lying within two milentaining about 80 acres. Also, a Wood Lot in Barrington, containing 105 acres, well wooded. He also offers for sale, a Stud Horse of approved blood, and several Mnres and Colts of different ages. — All kinds of Farm- ing Uiensils, and Stock of all sorts. The above described Lands are within a «hort distance of the large Factory EstHblishments at Dover and New Market. Durham, Dec. 26, 1828. JOHN FROST. ranted pure and fresh. Country traders supplied with boxes ol prime seeds, for the retail tr.ide, on liberal terms. A pamphlet catalogue (2d edition) of our Seeds, Trees, &,c. is published and will be forwarded gratis to any one who will send for it. Orchard Grass Seed. A few more bushels of this valuable Grass Seed, growth ot 1823. Also, Lucerne, While Clover, Fowl iMeadow, and every other kind of Grass culiivaletl in New England. H'hitc Mulberry Seed. Thisdny received, a few poiuids of warranted genuine Whit* Mulberry Seed, raised in Oiventry, Con. tins season, and sav- ed with care expressly for us — For sale by the lb. or ounce. Shallots for fall planting, 'I'ree and Potato Onions. Tangier Cauliflower. We have just received through Mr Malony, the American Consul at Tangier, a few lbs. ol this celebrated Caulillower seed. A small parcel was sent to the Hun. Jonathan Hunewell of this city, a few years since, who pronounces it altogether stl- perior to any seed from England, and whicli produced cauliflow- ers much finer than any he had seen cultivated in this country. Roots of the Pie-Plant, or Tart Rhubarb. A large supply of the roots of the Rheum Undnlatum, or Tart Rhubarb, or Pie-Plant, an excellent article for summer use. (See N. E. Farmer, vol. vi. page 290, and page 11 of this vol- ume, and Fessenden's New American Gardener, article Rhu- barb, for its culture and uses.) The roots are in fine order for transplanting this fall. Price 25 cts. per root Seed Potatos. A few bushels La Plata or Long Red Potatos, raised by Mr Gourgas of Weston ; selected for seed, of a uniform siae, and much improved as to their earliness, by the careful attention of Mr G. For sale at the ATju) England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market, Street— Boston. PRICES OF COUJ^TRY PRODUCE. Two Heifers For Sale. Two Superior Heifers, with calf, mixed between the Derlon and Ccelebs breed. Both ol which took a premium at the lale .Show in Brighton. — Inquire of Daniel Chandler, Lexington, or at Ihe counting room of the New England Farmer, Agricullural Warehouse, lioslon. 3t Jan. '2, 1829. Ice a Medicine. — The custom of taking ice in Italy and Sicily is considered as an indispensa- ble refreshment and as a powerful remedy in many diseases. The physicians of these coun- tries do not give many medicines ; but frequent-, r . ^ , ly prescribe a severe regimen, and prevei^t the mo^u^ '"''""'"■'"' -'^''" Forest Trees, Shrubs, &c, baneful effects of various diseases, by sufferinir Splendid Bulbous Roots, S,'C. A further supply of Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Gladiolus, Snow Drops, Crocus, Star of liethlphem. Jonquilles, Ranuncu- lus, Iris, Crown Imperials, Anemones, Crocus, &c. from 12 to 62 cts. each. A very few of the finest Hyacinths, dark and pale blue, pure white, red, yellow, and white with various eyes, at $1 per root. Seeds for the West Indies. Merchants, masters of vessels^ and others trading to the West Indies, can be furnished with bo.xes of Seeds, assorted, suitable for that market, at from gi to §5 per box.— Each box contains upwards of sixty dilTcrenl kinds of seeds, vegetable and orna- mental, in quantities sufficient for a common kitchen garden. — Likewise the greatest variety of seeds to be found in New Eng- land, by the pound or bushel, all warranted pure, and of the growth of 1827. Field Peas. A consignment of 50 bushels of Field Peas, from Vermont, »( the growth of 1827, in good order. They will be sold by the tierce at §1.73 per bushel. Oat Meal, Sfc. Fine Oat meal and Oat Flour, Hulled Oats, Hulled Barley, Barley Flour, &c. fur sale by the barrel or less quantity, direct from Stevens' Mills, Vermont. American Tree Seeds. the sick, for several days, to take nothing but water cooled with ice, sweet oranges, and ice fruits. — American Sentinel. Orchard Grass Seed. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, Boston,— a consignment of prime Orchard Grass Seed, raised by Mr Lloyd Jones of Penn- jylvania, who is well known as the most extensive and success- native .\inerican kinds, and suitable for sending to Eu- rope, or for cultivation here. Price 25 cts. a paper. Thev were gathered by a gentleman familiarly acquainted with the sorts, expressly for us. They will be sold by the single paper, or packed to order, in anv quantity. Also, Peach and Almond Stones, and many other valuable Fruit and Forest Tree Seeds for planting this fall, a catalogue of which may be had gratis at this place. Garden and Field Seeds. The largest collection and variety of Garden, Field, Tree and Herb Seeds to be found in New England, at wholesale and retail. The Seeds are all raised in Ihis vicinity, expressly for this Es- lablishmenl, by careful and experienced growers, and are war- , FROM 1 TO APPLES, best. .... barrel 3 00 3 75 A.SHES, pot, first sort, ... Pearl, first sort, . . - ton. 130 00 135 00 (( 130 00 135 00 BEANS, white, .... busliet 81 I \l BEEF, mess, barrel 10 OC 10 50 Cargo, No. I , <. 8 5( 9 00 Cargo, No. 2 1 « 7 « 7 75 BUTTER, inspectefl. No. 1, new, - pound ]< 16 CHEESE, new milk, " ■; 9 Skimmed milk. " 2 3 FLOUR, Raltiniore, Howard-street, - barrel 8 5( 8 75 Genesee, . . - - " 9 OO 9 sa Rye, best, - - . - tt GRAIN, Corn, .... bushel C3 67 Rve, .... • ( m 80 Barley, . . " 70 Oats, .... 'i 3C 38 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new. pound. 9 LIME, cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at ton. 300 PORK, clear, .... barrel. 16 00 16 50 Navy, mess, '( 13 00 13 25 Cargo, No. 1, - . " 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, . bushel. 2 00 2 50 Orchard Grass, 11 3 00 Fowl Meadow, . It 400 Rye Grass, It 400 Tall Meadow Oats Grass, - It 500 Red Top .... •1 1 00 Lucerne, .... pound. 60 White Honeysuckle Clover, 1' fiO Red Clover, (northern) " 9 10 French Sugar Beet, . It 1 50 Mangel VVurlzel, It 1 50 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - It 37 45 Merino, full blood, unwashed, It 23 28 Merino, three fourths washed. It 33 37 MeriBo, half & quarter washed It 3( Si Native, washed, ... It 2£ 28 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, . It 4C' 43 Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, u %l 30 Pulled, " spinning, first sort, It 3S 35 PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVERY WEEK BY MR. HIYWARD. (CU-.-k of Fanmil-Iuxll Market.) BEEF, best pieces, .... pound. Ifl 1 12 1-2 PORK, fresn, best pieces, " 5 '8 whole hogs, ... " 5 6 VEAL, It 6 6 MUTTON, It 2 10 POULTRY, It 8 10 BUTTER, keg and tub, . It 14 20 Lump, best, ... It 20 EGGS, - - . - - . dozen. 20 £2 MEAL, Rye, retail, .... bushel. 70 Indian, retail, ... It 40 POTATOS, .... II SO CIDER, [according to quality,] barrel. 2 Oo| soo 192 NEW ENGLANPy FARMER. Jan. 2, 1820. MISCELLANIES. NEW YEAR ADDRESS To the Patrons of the J^ew England Farmer. Again the incessant lapse of Time Demands our Monument of Rhyme, Like that which Horace bragg'd about, And tall enough the skies to flout, Compared with which the Tower of Babel Would seem the lean-to of a stable. We 're highly gratified to find. The public more and more inclined The Cultivator's ait to practise. And patronize, because the fact is That righteousness and cultivation Go hand in hand t' exalt a nation : And Husbandry 's a hobby which A world may ride with spur and switch, (Though not like jades, which will not stir Without the aid of switch and spur) ; — If all mankind at once bestrode him Tbey could not tire nor overload him. Not only men, who sit astride, But Ladies also on a side- Saddle so neat, or on a pillion, That's big enough to hold a million. May ride our hobby with a cheer-up, And he 'II not kick, bite, plunge, nor rear up. But vires in eundo crescit,' As cousin Virgi! somewhere has it. So Fire, which has oblain'd ascendence. When setting up for independence. Prepares by heat of radiation Combustibles for conflagration ; — By buiuiog fast, the mighty master Acquires fresh means of burning faster. Till blazing pyramids arise. Which threaten to coDsume the skies. With ken prophetic, we behold A brighter age than that of gold. Which, with accelerating pace. Is hurrying on to bless our race ; And hail its grand approximation, Mark'd by superior cultivation. When wise men's heails, and good men's hearts. Devoted to tlifi art of arts, And industry's untiring hand. Shall make a garden of our land — Yea, make New England, all exceeding, A new edition of old Eden, If not quite equal, yet before it, In many a toot, and fruit, and floret. Indebted for its propagation To modern arts of cultivation. We 're tranced with rapture, when we find The fairer moiety of mankind, Whose smile makes mortal man's conditioa But little short of sheer fruition, By whose society is given Earth's purest prototype of Heaven, Th' angelic part of human nature Inspire and aid the Cultivator. A plant that 's sunn'd by Ladies' eyes Will like an exhalation rise, We hope that Horticulture may Be therefore blest with Beauty's ray. Till Flora's germes gem every waste. And every grove 's a " Bower of Taste."* * Virgil, however, says " acquirit," wbicb not rhyming t^ftdity, we use a substitute ;. " For rhyme tho rudder is of verses." Adam, in Eden, we believe, Had been a brute without his Eve ; An arid heath, a blasted common. Blest with the smiles of lovely woman, We should prefer to a'l that "s rare In piradise, without the Fair. We therefore pray that Fiiendship's hand From every Lady in the land. May be to us henceforth extended. From this time till our time is ended ; And would solicit every Charmer To please to patronize our Farmer, And make those gentlemen, who claim Her approbation, do the same ; And common justice must require her To grant this boon to an admiier Like us, so prone to chaunt her praises. In verse which absolutely blazes. His head is very like a stump Whate'er its craniologic bump. Who does not see that we the Tillers Of Earth compose the nation's pillars. And rnay be styled with strict propriety The props of civilized society. What would have been poor mortals' lot- Yea, what were man, if we were not ? Nature's poor, simple, houseless child. The weakest wild beast of the wild, Must hve on browse, his home must bo A cavern or a hollow tree ; Sometimes, in spite of feai-s and cares, Be served up raw to wolves and bears, Or raaugre tooth, nail, fist, and truncheon. Make hungry catamounts a luncheon. Our art, moreover, claims ascendeuco As geruian to our Independence ; Both, commonly, are coexistent. And each the other's best assistant. We Farmers are a sort of stutf. Tyrants will always find too tough For them to work up into slaves. The servile tools of lordly knaves. Those men who till the stubborn soil, Enlighten'd, and inured to toil. Cannot be made to quail or cower By traitor's art or tyrant's power, They might as well attempt to chaia The west wind in a hurricane; — Make rivers run up hill by fright'ning. Or steal a march on kindled lightning — The great sea-serpent, which we 've read of, Take by the tail and snap his head off— The firmament on cloudy nights. Illume with artificial lights. By si!ch an apparatus as Is used for lighting streets with gas — Or, having split the north pole till it 'a Divided into baker's billets. Make such a blaze as never shone. And torrefy the frozen zone — With clubs assail the polar Bear, And drive the monster from his lair — Attack the comets as they run With loads of fuel for the sun. And overset by oppugnalion Those shining colliers of creation — The Milky Way Mc'Adamize, A railway raise to span the skies, Then make, to save Apollo's team. The Solar Chariot go by stea.-n. — These things shall tyrants do, and mer* Than we have specified, before Our Cultivators they subdue. While grass is green, or sky is blue. But this is spinning out sublimity. As one would cotton yarn for dimity ; We 'II therefore break our thread off here. By wishing you a happy year. And all good things, which can be given To man from all indulgent Heaven. Boston, Jan. 1, 1829. High Life and Domestic Life. — The gayest vo- tary of pletisure, who pursties the phantoms of genteel dissipation, is generally the dullest of do- mestic companions. In clioosing a partner for life, the selection should not be made merely from public appearances. The undisguised realities of private life, the indications of worth or unworthi- ness, which the family fireside exhibits, are the only traits of character, in which any confidence can be placed. ^ige and Perseverance. — It is a fault too much practised by both sexes to indulge in listlessness, and a kind of hopeless languor, at the decline of life. Our energies and talents were given us to persevere to the end. A Rule for Conversation. — We should be as careful not to offend unnecessarily, as not to mis- lead intentionally, those with whom we converse; and indeed to give unnecessary pain, by remarks in conversation, is not only a breach of manners, but of morals. Evenness of Temper. — Madame Necker re- lates the following anecdote M. Abauret, a phi- losopher of Geneva. It is said of him that he had never been out of temper ; some persons, by means of his female servant, were determined to put him to proof. The woman in question slated that she had been his servant for thirty years, and she protested that during that time she had never seen him in a passion. They promised her a sum of money if she would en- deavor to make him angry. She consented, and knowing that he was particularly fond of having his bed well made, she on the day ap- pointed neglected to make it. M. Abauret ob- served it, and the ne.\t morning made the ob- servation to her ; she answered that she had forgotten it ; she said nothing more, but on the same evening she again neglected to make the bed ; the same observation "Aas made on the morrow by the philosopher, and she again made some excuse in a cooler manner than before. On the third day he said to her, " you have not yet made my bed ; you have apparently come ta some resolution on the subject, as you probably found it fatigued you. But after all it is of no great consequence, as I begin to accustom my- self to it as it is." She threw herself at his feet, and avowed all to him. JVanied ImmtdiaUly, Six or eight Jounieyman Chair Slakers, at ilie Ncwburyport Chair Fariory. — Cash and the highest price given. — Apply to Nathan Haskell, Agent for ihe Proprietors. Newburyport, Dec. 19. 1823. * The Hunterdon Gazette Establishment Jor sale, Al Fleminffion. Hunterdou county, New Jersey, on reasonable- terms. Address the Editor, (post paid) al Flemingion, Ne* Jersey. 3t Jan 2 Fublislird every Friday, al S3 per annum, payable al tbe end of die year — Ixu llio.se who pay within sixty days from lh« luno of subscribing, are ealilledlo a deduciioa of filiy ceuu. Published hy John B. Russell, at M. 52 Mrth Market Street, (oveTlh^^g^^lUral Wa.e/^ou.ej.-THOMATGTF^^I^DEN, £A7or VOL. VII. A G R I C U -L T U R E. BOSTON, Friday, January 9, 1829. No. 2.5. AGRICULTURE. Written for the Conversation- Lexicon, by the Editor of the Hew Eligliind Farnior. (Concluded from page 185.) AGRIcnLTURE OF THE UNITED STATES. The tenitory of tlie United States is very ex- tensive, and presents almost every variety of soil and clinjate, which the earth aflbrcls. The agri- culture of this wide spread coinitry emhraces all 'the products of European cultivation, tog-ether > .. - - with some, (such as sugar and indigo) which are ' fl'.""'":' ^e cut oft" that they may l)U rarely made objects of tillage in any part of Eu- rope. To give a full descrijxion of the agricul- ture of these states would reipiire a large votunie. We shall confine ourselves to such sketches fs we .may deem of most practical importance to those I . . - - -^- •who are or intend to become cultivators of North ! "*'" P'eces. Those which require to be made American soil. , shorter are cut in pieces nearly of a length, drawn The farms of the Eastern, Northern, and Mid- i ^•^S'^'l'^'" ^Y o^en, piled in close heaps and burnt, die States consist, generally, of from 50 to 200 '''^serving such trees, and logs as may be needcil acres, seldom rising to more" than three, and gen- j *"'' ^'^"°'"" t^'e lot. The heating of the soil so •crally falling short of two hundred acres. Every i ^'"^^"'"y^ "'*' S^een roots, and the ashes made by farm is enclosed and divided either by stone walls *'" ' "" the ground, on smooth stone posts or pillars, which rats, mice, or other vermin cannot ascend. With regard to the best manner of clearing for- est-land from its natural growth of timber, the fol- lowing observations may be of use to a " first set- tler." In those jiarts of the country where wood is of but little value, the trees are felled in one of the summer months, the earlier in the season the better, as the stumps will be less apt to sprout, and the trees will have a longer time to dry The trees lie till the following spring, when the limbs, which do not lie very near the ground the belter. Fire must be put to them in the driest part of the month of May ; or if the whole of that month prove wet, it may be applied the beginning of June. Only the bodies of the trees will remain after burning, and some of them will be burnt or rail fences, made of timber, not many hedges having hitherto been cultivated. The buildin- first erected on a " new lot," or a tract of landuSt yet cleared from its native growth of limber is what is cdleJ a log-bouse. This is a hut or^ab- in, made of round straight logs, about a foot in di- ameter, lying on each other, and notched in at the corners. The intervals between the logs are filled with slijw of wood, and the crevices, gener- ally stopped with mortar, made of clay. The fire-place commonly consists of rough stones, so placed as to form a hearth, on which wood may be burnt. Sometimes these stones are made to assume the form of a chimney, and are carried up through the roof, and, sometimes, .a hole in the roof is the only substitute for a chimney. Tiie roof is made of rafters forming an acute angle at the summit of the erection, and is covered with shin- gles commonly split from pino trees, or with bark peeled from the hemlock, (pinus canadensis.) When the occupant, or " first settler," of this " nevr -land'' finds himself in "comfortable circum- stances," he builds what is styled a "frame- house," composed of timber, held together by ten- ons, mortices and pins, and boarded, shingled, and •clap-boarded on the outside ; and often painted white, scuietitncs red. Houses of this kind gen- erally contain a dining room and kitchen, and throe or four bed-rooms on the same floor. They are rarely destitute of good cellars, which the na- ture of the climate renders almost indispensable. The fann-buildiugs consist of a barn, proportiori- Od to the size of the farm, with stables for horses and cows on each side, and a threshing floor in tlic middle ; and the more wealthy farmers add a cellar under the barn, a part of which receives the manure from the stables, and another i)art serves as a store-room for roots, &c. for feetiiij.' stock. What is called a corn-barn is likewise very common, which is built exclusively for stor- ing the ears of Indian corn. The sleepers of this building are generally set up four or five feet from the burning are so beneficial as manure to the land, that it will produce a good crop of wheat or , Indian corn, without I'loughing, hoeing, or manur- If new land be in such a situation that its nat- ural growth, may turn to betttu- account, whether for timber or fire wood, it wi!l be an unpanlonn- ble waste to burn the wood on the ground. But if the trees be taken oft', the land must be plough- ed after clearing, or it will not produce a ciop^of any kind. The following remarks on this subject are ex- tracted from some observations by Samuel Pres- ton, of Stockport, Pennsylvania, a very observing, experienced, and judicious cultivator ; which were first published in the JVeio England Farmer, an ag- ricultural paper, printed at Boston, Massachu- setts. Previous to undertaking to clear land, Mr Pres- ton advises ; « 1st. Take a view of all large trees, and sec which way they may be felled for the greatest number of sm:dl trees to be felled alongside or on them. After felling the large trees, only lop down their limbs ; but all such as are felled near them should be cut in suitable lengths for two men to roll and pile about the large trees, by which means they may be nearly all burnt up, without cutting into lengths, or the expense of a strong team to draw thjiii together. " 2d. Fell all the other trees parallel, and cut them into suitable lengths, that they may be read- ily rolled together, without a team, always cutting the largest trees first, that the smallest maybe loose on the top to feed the fires. " 3d. On hill-sides fell the timber in a level direction ; Then the logs will roll together; but if the trees are felled down hill, all the logs must be turned round before they can be rolled, and there will be stumps in the way. " 4th. By following these directions, two men may readily heap and burn most of the timber, without requiring any team ; and perhaps the brands and the remains of the log-heaps may all be wanted to burn up the old fallen trees. After proceeding as din^cted, the ground will be clear for a team and sled to draw the remains of the heaps where they may be wanted round the old logs. Never attempt to either chop or draw a large log until the size and weight are reduced by fire. " The more fire heaps there are made on the clearing, the better, particularly about the old logs, where there is rotten wood. " The best time of the year to fell the timbej-, in a great measure depends on the season's being wet or dry. Most jieople prefer having the tim- ber fallen in the month of June, when the leaves are of full size. Then by spreading the leaves and brush over the ground, (for they should not be heapetl) if there should be a very dry time the next Mrfy, fire may be turned through it, aii.l will burn the leaves, limbs, and top of the ground SO that a very good crop of Indian corn and pump- kins may be raised among the logs by hoeing ; after those crops come off", the land may be clear- ed and sowed late with rye and timothy grass, or with oats and timothy in the sjiring. If what they call a good burn cannot be had in Pday, keep the fire out, until it can be had in some very dry time in July or August ; then clear it oft' and sow cither wheat, or rye and timothy, harrowing sev- eral times, both before and after sowing ; for after the fire 1ms been over the ground, the sod of tim- othy should be introduced as soon as the other crops will admit, to prevent briav.s, elders, tire cherries, &c. from springing up from such seeds as were not consumed by the fire. " The timothy should stand some four or five years, either for mowing or pasture, until the small roots [of the forest trees] are rotten ; then it may be ploughed, and the best mode which I have observed is to jilough it very shallow in the fall ; in the spring crossplongh it deeper, harrow It well and it will produce a first rate crop of In- dian corn and potatoes, and the next season pro- duce the largest and best crop of flax that I have ever seen, and be in order to cultivate with any kinds of grain, or to lay down again with grass. " These directions are to be understood as ap- Jilying to what are generally called Beech-lands— an,l the cho[iping may be done any time in the winter, when the snow is not too deep to cut low stumps, as the leaves are then on the ground By leaving the brush spread abroad, I have known such winter choppings to burn as well in a dry time m August, as that which had been cut the .suiumer before." The agricultural implements, and farmin- op- erations of the United States, are, in most ,,articH- lars, very sumlar to those of Great Britain. Cir- cumstances, however, require variations, which the sagacity of the American cultivator will lead him to adopt, often in coutrjijliction to the opinions of those who understand the. science bet- ter than the practice of husbandry. . In Europe land IS dear and labor cheap, but in the United States the reverse is the case. The European cultivator is led by a regard to his own interest to endeavor to make the most of his land; the American cultivator has the same inducement to make the most of his labor. Perhaps, however, 194 NEW ENGLAND FAllMER. Jan. 9, 1829. this principle, in this country, is, generally carried to an unprofitalile extreme, and onr fanners wniild derive more henefit iVom their land if tlicy were to limit their operation to such parcels of their possessions as they ran afford to lill thoroughly and to manure ahundanlly. A man may possess a large landed estate without being called on by good husbandry to hack and scratch over the whole as evidence of his title. lie may cultivate well those parts which are naturally most fertile, and suffer the rest to remain woodland, or, liav- ing cleared a part, lay it down to permanent ]>r:S- ture ; which will yield him an annual profit, with- out requiring much labcr. The (limate and soil of the United States are adapted to the cultivation of Indian corn, a very valuable vegetable, which, it is believed, cannot be raised to advantage in Great Britain.* This entirely, and very advantageously, supersedes the field culture of the horse-bean [oicia faba) one of the most common fallow crops in that island The Moot-husbandry, or the raising of roots for the purpose of feeding cattle, is hkewise of less im- portance in the United States than in Great Brit- ain. The winters are so severe in the northern section of the Union, that turnips can rarely be fed on the ground, and all sorts of roots are with more difficulty preserved and dealt out to stock in this country than in those which possess a mild- er climate. Besiiles, hay is more easily made from grass in the United States than in Great Britain, owing to the season for hay-making being generally more dry, and the sun more powerful in the foriner than in the latter country. There are inany other circumstances which favor the Amer- ican farmer, and render his situation more eligible than that of those who pursue the same occupa- tion in any part of Europe. He is, generally, the owner as well as the occupier of the soil which he cultivates ; is not burdened with tythes ; his taxes are light, and the product of his labors will command more of the necessaries, comforts, and innocent luxuries of life, than sinnlar efforts would procure in any other part of the globe. The American public seem, at present, fully aware of the importance of emulous and scientific agriculture, to the strength and prosperity of a na- tion. The state of Massachusetts has appropri- ated considerable sums to add to the funds of Ag- ricultural Societies in that Commonwealth. Insti- tutions for the promotion of husbandry, Cattle Shows, and Exhibitions of Manufactures, are not only connnon in that State, but in every part of the Union. A periodical publication entitled the Amtrkan Farmer, is established at Baltimore, and another called the JVew England Fanner, is pub- lished in Boston. Men of talents, wealth and en- terprise have benefited their country and acquir- ed the highest honor to themselves by their la- bors and their liberality to improve American hus- bandry. Merino sheep have been imi)orted by Gen. Ilumphrcj's, Chancellor Livingston, and oth- ers, and are now common in the United States. — The most celebrated breeds of British cattle have been imported by Col. Powel, of Powclton, near Philadelphia ; and there prevails a general dispo- sition with men of intellect, influence, wealth, and high standing in conuiiunity to promote the pros- perity of American Agriculture, by all the means, which these advantages enable them to call into action. ■ * '*''' C"''!'*" is. however, allempling lo culiivale Indian corn in England, but with what success we have not learned. We shall conclude this article with a few brief notices of some of the most jirominent benefits and improvements, which modern scieiuc has contributed to the tut of agriculture,. The hus- bandmen of antiquity as well as those of the mid- dle, or what are called the dark ages, were desti- tute of many advantages enjoyed by those who now pursue the same occupation. Neither the practical nor the theoretical cultivators of those jieriods had any correct knowledge of geology, mineralogy, chemintry, botany, vegetable physiol- ogy, or natural iihilosophy ; but these sciences have given the modern husbandman the command of some important agents, elements and principles of which the ancients had not the most distant idea. The knowledge of their writers was limit- ed to methods of culture, which were sanctioned by experience ; but the rationale of the practices they prescribed they could not, and rarely at- tempted to explain. Nature's most simple modes of operation were to them inexplicable mysteries, and their ignorance of causes often led to errone- ous calculations, with regard to such effects as the cultivator is most sedulous to accomplish We are indebted to modern science for the fol- lowing among other improvements, viz : 1st. A correct knowledge of the nature and properties of manures, mineral, animal, and vege- table ; the best modes of applying them, and the particular crops for which particular sorts of ma- nures are most applicable. 2d. The method of using all manures of animal and vegetable origin while fresh, before the sun, air, and rain, or other moisture has robbed them of their most valuable ])roperties. It was former- ly the practice to place barn yard manure in lay- ers or masses for the purpose of rotting, and turn it over frequently with the plough or spade, till the whole had become a mere caput mortuum; destitute of almost all its original fertilizing sub- stances, and deteriorated in quality almost as much as it was reduced in quantity. 3d. The knowledge and means of chemically analyzing soils, by which we can ascertain their constituent parts, and thus learn what substances are wanting to increase their fertility. 4th. The introduction of the Root-Husbandry, or the raising of potatoes, turnips, maiigel-wurt- zel, &c. extensively by field husbandry, for feeiling cattle, by which a given quantify of land may be made to produce nmcli more nutritive matter than if it were occupied by grain or grass crops; and the health as well as the thriving of the animals in the winter season greatly jiromoted. 5th. Laying down lands to grass either for pas- tme or mowing with a greater variety of grasses, and with kinds adaiited to a greater variety of soils ; such as orchard grass, (dacti/Hs glomerala) for dry land ; foul meadow grass, (agroslis stricia) for very wet land ; herd's grass, or timothy, (phle- um prntense) for stiff clayey soils, &c. &c. 6th. The substitution of fallow crops, (or such crops as require cultivation and stirritig the ground, while the plants are growing) in the place of nak- i;ieces of bark from one of the pear trees, which I received from Mr Prince's nursery, last spring, covered with white scales, en- veloping the insect described by your correspon- dent " M." The first that I discovered of the insect last mentioned, was, I think, in September. The tree was then covered from the ground to the ends of the limbs, with a white appearance. Upon close examination they appeared like seeds of fishes, adhering closely to the bark of the tree, and upon pressure of any hard substance upon them, they exuded a dark reddish substance, as described by " M." On removing the scales, the bark under ** B^ stone soot, we suppose is meant sool obtained from A stiine cliimney in which wood is burnt. Probably wood soot obtained lioni a brick chimney, would answer a similar pur-. pose. — Editor. Vol.Vll.— No.25. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 195 them was deeply stained even quite to the wood. Soon after they were observed they were scrub- bed off with strong soap suds, and a woollen cloth. The bark has remained ever since curiously mot- tled witli green and brown — brown spots wherev- er the scales were, and green where there were Yio insects. They were dissimilai to Mr Peiley's insect, and, I think, liave no connexion with the coffee shaped, bristly insect, mentioned by " M." I think I saw some of the last named insect upon tiie leaves of a small apple tree, and upon a Span- ish filbert last summer. They fed ravenously upon the leaves, eating them edgeways. I did not pay much attention to them at the time, but cut the branches off, and crushed them under foot. I have, within a ilay or two, closely exam- ined the trees upon which I saw them, but can find no appearance of scales." Remarks by the Editor. — Tlie above is from the pen of a respectable, judicious, practical cultiva- tor, who has prohibited our ])ublishing bis name, attached to the comnumication. We regret this, for a good name adds value to a good article ; and seems somewhat like giving a sanction to good precepts by good examples. With regard to the insects in question we co- incide in opinion with our correspondent, that they are not the same with Mr Perley's ingeCt, or ■what we have often heard called the Bark Louse. We are likewise confirmed in the opinion, %j'hich Vi'c have before expressed, that the insect e.xuding a reddish substance, and the " coffee sbaptjd, brist- ly insect" are r.ot the same. Till the kinds of in- sects are discovered, and the s[)ecific remedies jiointed out, we may as well use such meaijs for destroying them as are most efficient for the des- truction of all sorts of animalcuhB. They should be tveated with lime water, tobacco water, solu- tions of potash, soft soap, quick lime in powder, ashes, tar water, spirit of turpentine, picked or 6Craped off by hand, &c. &c. These added to such judicious culture as may cause the plants to vegetate with vigor, v/ill, generally, answer the wishes of the cultivator. From ihe American Farmer. FRUIT TREES AND VINES. Dear Sir, Kishacoquillis, Dec. llth, 1828. It is considered by most men, upon settling tliemselves permanently, an object of some im- portance to have good fruit on their farms and gardens, as soon as possible, and it has been com- mon for those who sre imable to come at vuirse- ries of engrafted fruit for transplanting, to wait the bearing of seedling trees, or at least until they can have seedling stocks to engraft upon, and in cither case it requires a period of ten or twelve years to elapse before a tree of this kind arrives at sufficient size to bear much fruit. It is a fact which is not perhaps generally known, that the common white thorn, the crab .'ipple, and the service or May chsrry, niake very good stocks for ajiples or pcar.s, and may be found in great abundance in every part of our country. By transplanting stock of the above kind in the full, and engrafting them in the succeeding spring, we may have a handsome crop of fruit in four or five years, anticijiating the usual period at least eix or seven seasons. For the different varieties of jjlums and cher- ries, roots of the common wild plum and field cherry may be taken up at the proper season, en- grafted, and immediately planted where they are to remain. About an inch of the stock is left with the root, to insert the graft in, and the earth must be drawn up so as to protect it from the sun and air. Since a method has been discovered for prevent- ing the ravages of the worm in our i)each trees, i that delicious fruit, which at one time bad nearly been extirpated, is again likely to become abun- dant. I have pursued the following plan for eight or nine years, with complete success, by which I have been enabled to preserve upwards of 100 trees in good health and vigor, whils: most of the ! trees in n)y neighborhood were either dying or dead. In the first place, if there is any gum about the roots, the earth is to be removed, and boiling wa- ter applied, as recommended by a young lady of New York. I can vouch for its safety and effi- cacy, having been in the practice of using it, and recommendiMg it to others for the last eight years. In the next [dace, a small barrowful of slaked lime or ashes is to be well rammed round the tree. This will generally secure them, so long as it is kei)t close and compact around the stock. But if, as it occasionally happens, gum makes its appearance at the surface, we know that a worm is below, engaged in the work of death ; but by a little practice he may be instantly found and dislodged. For this purpose remove the earth, or ashes, with a common trowel, and by sounding the bark with a fine pointed knife, the cavity beneath will be found in which the worm is lodged, slit it open, and he will be found nest- ling at the bottom. It is a prevalent opinion that the grape vines of France and Spain require some protection from our winter frosts, which is certainly a mistake, with respect to this, or I believe any part of the middle states. I have a considerable variety of the most tender foreign kinds, which I find to bear the exposure throughout our severest winters without injury. All that is necessary is to cut them loose in the fidl from their fastenings, and suffer them to swing freely in the wind. It has been found by experience, that the foreign grapes, when transplanted into our climate, do not make wines of the same quality as in their native soil, and that if we ever produce a wine which will compete with those imported, it will be from a native vine ; and to this end, it is desirable that experiments should be multiplied in every part of our country. I have selected as the subjects of my experi- ments, the Schuylkill Muscadel, and a very fiae grape which was discovered upon the hills in Armstrong county, of which I have 500 fine plants of two years old last spring. The greatest obstacle to the successful cultiva- tion of th'e vine I have yet ex|'cricnced, arises from the depredations of an insect commonly known by the name of rose bug, which preys upon the leaves and blossoms, and have destroyed nearly all my grajjcs for the last two seasons, not- withstanding every jiains I took to prevent it. If some of your subscribers will point out a reined}', it will mucli oldige his and your friend, KISHACOQUILLIS. ADVANTAGES OF SMALL FARMS. A single uncultivated acre, is a real physical evil in any state, and there can he no doubt that extensive tracts, which are now waste would have been reclaimed, and an inoaU'Mlable addition been ujade to the produce and pi'piilatioii of the coun- try, if the system of large farms had not obtained auiong us. In a small farm each part is seen by the eye of its master, and has its due tillage The work of husbandry is chiefly perforujed by the farmer and his fairnly. They spare no pains to cultivate that soil which assures their subsis- tence : and lience the glebe subdued and manur- ed with assiduous care, makes a large return to that labor which is bestowed on its culture. A vast population springs up, and Ihe land is cover- ed with the dwellings of a multitude of cultiva- tors, who find, each, in the jiroduce of that small farm which he occupies, a decent and comforta- ble maintenance. It happens otherwise where farms are of a large extent. In a large farm many parts are overlooked or neglected, and a more negligent cidture is bestowed by hired la- borers more remiss and less interested it] the crop. The great farmer is placed in a state of higher plenty, and his dwelling, his furniture, and his table express his opulence ; but while be enjoys this affluence, and while luxury gains admissioa atnong a rank of men to whose condition it is ill suited, the populousness of the country decays, the number of inilustrious cultivators is diminish- ed, and extreme indigence is too often found in the dwellings of those who inhabit around. This practice has for some time |)revailc(I in England ; the number of small farms is diminished, and the proprietors of estates have in many instances adopted the plan of laying many small farms into one largo farm. Agriculture has not profited by this alteration. The glebe stinted in its tillage, where a single master grasps a whole domain, has not yielded a more abundant harvest, and the markets less amply provided in some inq)ortant ar- ticles, miss that supply which they were accus- tomed to draw from small farms. The popula- tion of the cotnitry has fallen. While the man- sion of the great farmer has risen more ostenta- tiously, those numerous tenements that were scat- tered through the fields, or that encircled the vil- lage green, have disappeared, and the 'deserted village' has furnished a theme for the poet's song. The ancient tenant finding no occupation in the fields where he has spent his youth, forsakes his native shore and seeks with his family another climate where his industry is better rewarded, or where he serves to swell the ranks of sickness, poverty, and death. This is not all. Let it be reineiTibored that a firm and independent spirit is better nourished among that rank of men, by whom small farms are cultivated. They are ac- tuated by the same s|)irit. They derive courage from their numbers and resources. The bold an- imate the timid. The resolute confirm tlie wa- vering. They take their measures in common ; tliey i)rosecute them with vigor, and their simple virtues will give its character to a country, and uphold in the liour of danger, the rights and liber- ties of all. — Taunton Advocate. A bill for improving and encouraging the breed of sheep, has passed the lower branch of the New Hampshire Legislature. LORD CHATHAM'S GARDENS. Lord Chatham's taste in laying out his grounds was exquisite. One scene in the gardens of South Lodge, in Enfield Chase (which was designed by him,) that of the Temple of Pan and accoinpani- 196 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Jnn. 9, 1829. tnents, is mentioned by Mr Wliately, in his " Ob- sprvations on Modern Gardening," as one of the hapi)iest efforts of well-directed and appropriate decoration. It is pleasing to reflect that Mr Pitt did not re- linri'.iisli his fondness for these elegant recreations, eveii when the weightiest affairs of the nation ! were committed to his care. " He was once, j whilst he was Secretary ol' State, directing the im- 1 provements lu the grounds of a friend near Lon- j don, and was called to that city sooner than he | expected, upon the arrival of some important des- i patches. On receiving the .summons in the eve- ning, he immediately sallied out, attended by all , the servants he could get together, with lanterns, I and planted stakes in the different places for which he intended clumps and trees." Mr Haley, in the Memoirs lately published, mentions the admirable taste of Lord Chatham in selecting points of picturesque scenery — Seward's Anecdotes. stock, &c. &.C. ought, all, to undergo his inspec- tion, and be subject to his remarks, in their pro- gress of effecting the object intended. Intercourse with those engaged in the same pursuits is to he sougiit in every way that can af- ford beneficial results. The interchange of civili- ties, occupied in comparing our views on subjects which engross our daily attention and conduce to our support and comfort in the social family cir- cle, arc to be encouraged, but those that embrace whole connnunities are to receive our open coun- tenance and zealous supjiort. Professional men, merchants, mechanics, and even laborers of various descriptions, have their societies, their celebrations, and e.xliibitions. Ag- riculturists have occasionally adopted the same system, and experience has pronounced its bene- fits.— fVatertown (JV. Y.) Register. MR COBBETT'S INDIAN CORN. Mr Cobbett has addressed another letter to the Morning Herald, on the subject of his Indian Corn. After stating that he was about to begin harvesting, he says — " But Sir, the subject on ■which I am about to give you information, at present, is, the capacity, or fitness, of the flour of this corn for the making of bread. You had the goodness to insert an account which I gave you of bread having been made from this corn, mixed •with wheat, and sold by Mr Sapsford, baker, cor iier of Queen Anne and Wimpole streets. In conse'pience of that publication, Mr Sapsford has had many applications for the bread : and I have received information fronr him that he intends to continue to make it for sale. He has sent me a loaf of one-third corn-fluur, and two-thirds wheat- flour. This bread is very good, and very light. — lie also informs me that Indian corn flour will, weiailit for weight, make more Ijrcad than the best of wheat flour." He adds — " There will he, no doubt, various opinions as regards the goodness of the bread. We differ in our tastes; some will Lke this sort of bread better, and others not .so well as bread made wholly of wheat. I have sold the one pound loaves at 2^d. each, which is about a half-penny in the pound less than that made of the best wheat flour." [A gentleman of this city has sent Mr Cobbett a box of our early Sioux corn, which ripening earlier than the common sort, may answer better in the climate of Eng- land.] Doctor Mease, of this city, has just presented the public with observations on the Penitentiary System and Penal Code of Pennsylvania, with suggestions for their improvement. A part of the pamphlet, which consists of near- ly 100 l)ages, has been previously before the pub- lic ; but as the subject upon which it treats is one of particular interest at the present time, the phi- lanthrophic author has, we think, been politic in offering anew his ideas, with such additions as the circumstances of the time, and his own extensive inquiries might suggest. The Doctor recommends solitary confinement, without labor, and a complete fulfilment of the sentence of the court. , He also renews his suggestion of transporting criminals, under such modifications as the abuses and errors of the English customs intimate. The work ap- pears in good time, and will undoubtedly be read witli interest JJ. S. Gazette. JVEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JAN. 9, 1829. FARMING. Agriculture, as practised in modern times, and particularly in this country, embraces tnore ob- jects, and requires the exercise of as much and great variety of talents, as constant and persever- ing attention as any pursuit in life. A good farmer must have a good garden, a good orchard, good stock, good grain, good mead- ows, good enclosures, and must know how to keep them so. He must watch the state of the market, and above all he must sec if others have excelled him in their agricultural pursuits, and en- deavor, if possible, to ascertain the cause, and avail himself of their better skill. The preservation of manure, its application, the effect of irrigation, of draining, a.ssorting, preserv- ing and preparing seed, the manner and times of ploughing, dragging, and sowing, taking care of MOODY'S PATENT PORTABLE OVEN. This apparatus with AVillis's improvement, is one of the most useful articles of kitchen furni- ture, which we have seen, or, we believe has been introduced since the clsy furnace came in vogue. Indeed, that very convenient implement can hard- ly be considered as conjplete without Moody's and Willis's addition ; as one of the most important applications of heat for culinary purposes cannot be made without the Oven. It consists of a cylindrical oven of tin or sheet iron, ])laced over a common clay furnace, with proper and simple means for retaining and regu- lating heat, in such a manner that bread, meat, pics, beans, peas, iScc. &:c. &c. may be baked wish as little trouble, and ahnost as speedily as water can be boiled in a common tea-kettle. We shall not attempt to describe this appara- tus, because five minutes inspection will be better than half an hour's description ; and those who wish to reap any advantage from a really good tiling, may call at the Agricidtural Warehouse, No. 52 North Market street, and they will sec one of the best which has been seen since the days of Tubal Cain, or the time, when man first became, as Burke said, "a Cooking Animal."; compose a part of the stock of cultivators in some parts of tlie world, may be numbered the Hare, lepus timidus. Mr Loudon says of this creatuia " if taken young it may be tamed and domesticat- ed, and has occasionally been nursed by a cat Sonnini, the naturalist, and Cowper, the poet, had hares in a comidete state of domestication. As the fur of this animal is of a greater value for hat- making than that of the rabbit, it would be a very desirable circiunstance if it could be substittited for that animal in warrens. Its flesh would cer- tainly be deemed preferable, and in general it is a large animal. It lives on the same sort of food as the rabbit, produces, generally, three young ones at a time, and breeds, at least, three times a year. It is not improbable that in some situations, where the soil is dry and poor, a hare warren or park might be found to answer ; the price in the metropolis being never less than ten times that of rabbits. " There is a hare warren nearBaustead Downs. It contains about three acres of ground ; 200 brace are usually kept in it. They are fed in the summer on clover, rape, &c. and in the winter on hay. The warren is surrounded by a brick wall about ten feet high, with openings at regular dis- tances, within which are wire gratings on hinges : these give way to the hares, when they enter the warren ; and they are so constructed as to imme- diately close after them, and so prevent their es- cape." Dr Willicli says " The hare is distinguishable from all other animals of its tribe by the ears be- ing tipjied with black, and longer than the head ; the hind legs being half as long as the bpdy, and the tail short. " The fur of the hare forms an important arti- cle in the manufacture of hats, and vast quanti- ties of hare's skins are for this _ purpose brought [into Great Britain] from Russia and Siberia. — This is the chief use, which we make of them^ but in some parts of the continent the fur is spun and woven into a kind of cloth." The rabbit in a wild state is not uncommon in I the woodlands of New England, but we believe the hare has never been found in our forests. — Might it not be well to import a few brace of hares, and either raise them in warrens, or other proper habitations for those animals, or suffer jthem to run wild in pine ])lains, or shrub-oak bar- rens, which are the most proper pastures for hares as well as rabbits ? English writers say that rabbits are more profitable stock than sheep, and hares more valuable than rabbits. Our wa- ters should be stocked with the best sorts of fishes, and our woods with the moit valuable wild animals. An objection to raising hares and rabbits may exist in their |)roj)ensity to injure young fruit trees by gnawing the bark from their stems. This, however, we believe they will not do, unless urged j by hunger, as they prefer other food. Sheep will I do the same in a similar case, and there is no ani- j rnal domesticated, which may not, in some cases, j commit depredations on the crops, or by other ■ means prove injurious to the property of a farmer. * THE HARE. Among the animals, which are rarely domesti- cated or rai.sed in this country, although they PRESERVATION OF WOOD LOTS. Wood should be felled or cut down between the months of November and March. This cir- cumstance renders it better fire wood, and, some say, more durable timber. And wood which is cut, when the sap is down, or in the roots, is most Vol. VII.— No. 25. AND HORTICULTURAL JOUIlNvlL. 197 apt to send foitli sjirouts or suckers, and thus re- new its grovi til. lu aiiplyiiijf -the axe to a wood iot, which the owner would vvisJi to perpetuate by a sef.ies ol re- productions, the best method is to cut down every tree as far as you proceed. This will giv-'J the sprouts frodi the stumps, and other young t.'-ees tlie advanlages of a tree circulation of the air, a.'id a fair exposure to the sun. Hut if some of th"? large trees aie left, the shoots which sjiiiug up from the slumps of tlie others will languish be- neath their shade. That part of a wood lot, v/hicii has been cut ■orer should he carefully fenced from cattle ; which will otherwise destroy the young shoots by brows- ing on them. Care should also be taken to break offapartof the shoots around the stumps, leav- ing only two or three of the most thrifty. By such management, a wood lot might last for cen- turies and be a source of gi'eat profit and utility. TRANSPLANTING FRUIT TREES. Hoiv to set out Fruit Trees on a light soil. Dig a hole sufficiently large to prevent the roots of the tree, which is to be transplanted, from being doub- led, or jilaced in an imnatural position, and to give room for the young shoots to extend themselves. Place about the roots of each tree, together \vith the mould, about half a bushel of small stones, the size of a common apple, or somewhat less, which will give stability to the soil, and prevent the roots irom being loosened by the witids, which are so prevalent in onr climate. Another mode of transplantmg fruit trees is thus described by Loudon : " Planting by muddhig in is a German practice In planting fruit trees, partic- idarly suitable to the diy sandy soils of tliat coun- try, and sometimes adopted in similar situations in this country. The pit being dug out, the mould in its bottom is watered and stirred so as to form a mass of mud aljout half the depth of the jiit ; the tree is then uiseitcd, and its roots worked up and down in the mud, so as to spread them as much .T.« possiijle through it. Blore mud, previously pre- jiared, is poui'ed in till the pit is full, which is then covered with drj' earth, raised round the stem, but hollowed in the imddle, so as to form a basin round its stem, and finally covered with litter, and if a standard) it is fastened to a stake to protect it from winds. Diel, a scientiJic German author, assures his readers that trees planted in this way in spring, thrive better in cold situations than those planted ill the ordinary way in the preceding autumn. lie found it also pailicularly useful in the case of planting fruit trees in pots. Poitey, alluding to this mode, says, " Planting in a puddle occasions the soil speedily to firm, not only too hard for the rnots of the plant to spread, hut also, so far as jierfectly to exclude water." [This, however, we lii.'lieve would not take place in a light sandy soil.] " Planting by fixuig with water is an excellent r.-'Hcty of the last species. It has been succcss- lldly practiced by Pontey, and is thus described by liiui : — The hole being made, and the tree placid ill it in the usual manner, the root is then shghtly <(ivrred with the finer parts of the soil : the tree licing at the same time shaken, as is coimnon, to s ttle the earth among its roots. Water is then .ipplied by a common garden watering pot, by Jjouring it upon the soil with some force, in order Ui wash it close to and among the roots o:' the i lant. But this can only be done effectually by ilevating the pot as high in the hands as it can be conveniently used, after lirst taking off the nose. It will be obvious that for such purpose a large pan, with a wide spout is to be preferred. The hole is then filled up with the remainder of the soil, and that again consolidated with water as be- fore, which usually finishes the business. The fiiot is never applied, except in the case of baiV roots, which sometimes occasion the plants to be left a little leaning. In such cases the application of the foot slightly, once or twice, after the soil has become somewhat firm, (which generally hap- jriens in less than an hour,) sets the tree upright, and so firiir a« to need no staking. A paper " On the Managem.ent of Orchards," written by the Hon. John Wells, and originally publislied in the Massachusetts Agricultural Re- l)ository, States two successful experiments in jilaiitiiig tre.es in situations not naturally favorable to their growth. The writer states that, " It is more easy than is generally supposed to overcome many natural disadvantages, and an orchard may be brought forward and made productive in a few years, in a situation (when wished) not so favora- ble. To show this, two cases will be mentioned? which have been attended with good success. " In the one, a low piece of strong stoney land was taken. As it was rather flat, it was ploughed in strips, or dug in spaces about four feet square. As it was necessary to plough a funow betweei> each row, the mode of ploughing in strips was tbiuid the best, as by turnuig the furrow towards the tree the land was better drained. Besides raising the gi'ound a little from the suiToiuiding soil, half a buck load of loam was added to raise the ground on which the tree was set. After this was done, the strips or squares, as the case might be, were appropriated to the culture of potatoes and gariien vegetables. In a few places only the n-ees failed from the insufficiency of tlie drain. But by opening the drain, and raising the ground by half a buck load of loam, I found on setting out a new tree, it flourished equally with the rest. This orchard now in eight years is a most valuable one, and most of the trees would give half a barrel of apples. ' " I'rcm this and other circumstances, which have fallen within my observation, it appears that lowland, if strong and well drained, will give a fine oi'chard, and probably sooner thau any other. " The next effort was made under totally oppo- site circumstances. The object was to have an orchard on a particular spot, wlie're the soil was thin and light upon a plaui or flat. The holes were dug four feet over. The two upper strata of black and yellow loam were placed beside the tree. After this, about ten inches in deptli of the gravelly or poorer earth was taken out and carted off, and a horse-cart load of stones upset in the hole ; upon these, a part of the upper stratum, or some dirt from the side of the road, was scattered, so as to fill up the interstices, since Avhich the spots near the trees have been cultivated by plant- ing four hills of potatoes round each tree. The result has been tolerably tavorable with all. But the trees having the stones at the roots liave ex- ceedingly outstripped the others." Mill, in Northbridge, Mass. and are found to ans- wer a much better imrpose, with no labor at all than old fashioned wooden temples now in geji- eral use. A writer in the New York Daily Advertiser, de- clares from his own experience, that a strong tea, made of wood soot, drank freely, cold, is an unfail- ing remedy for Dyspep.sia. A Mr Lawton, of Newport, Rhode Island, has invented a new kind of temples, a pair of which are now in operation at T. Buflum & Co's Cotton We give the annexed paragraph as we find it in] the Baltimore American. Much an.xieiy will naturally be felt to learn something further of the jilan and coiistruction of a car affording the amaz- ing advantage represented, and it would give us pleasure to be able to enlighten our readers upon the subject. Forty tons is a large load for a horse, and any road or car which allows him to exert that power, will be an invention surpassing that of the steam engine. — Pcan. Gazette. From the moiuent of the commencement of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, we were strongly inclined to the opinion that the inventive genius of our countrymen would never be contented to follow the beaten track pursued in similar works, on the other side of the Atlantic. Accordingly, we have already had occasion to notice several new and valuable improvements in the construc- tion of railways and rail road carriages; and, within the last month, the meritorious invention of our esteemed townsman, Dr Wni Howard. — We have now to speak of another invention of a railway car, the model of which has just been submitted to the directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company, by the inventor, Mr Ross Wiiians, of New .Jersey, and Mr J. L. Sulh- van, civil engineer. The car is very simple in its construction, and seems so admirably to answer its intended purpose as to leave nothing to be de- sired on the score of facility of transportation. — Such, at all events, appears to be the opinion en- tei tallied of it by a number of gentlemen who wit- neseed its exhibition on Saturday. The model is c.ijiablc of carrying 400 pounds weight. The ef- fect of its operation under the disadvantage of an imperfect railway, was five and a half times great- er than is usual on the rail roads in England. A half pound weight led over a liulley, drew 460 pounds, exclusive of the carriage, which v/ejgbed 100 pounds. In England it is considered that one pound is the power requisite for drawing a load of 200 jiounds. In the present instance, one pound to 1144 jiounds was the ratio of the power to the load ; and it is expected that on a large scale, a still greater advantage will be gained. — With this car a horse will be able to draw up- wards of 40 tons, instead of 8^- tons, by the ordi- nary mode. The car has also other properties which we understand have a tendency to lessen the expense of the unavoidable curves of a rail- road. The model will remain in tliis city for some days, so that all who feel a desire to exam- ine it, may have an opportunity of doing so. It will probably be removed to the Exchange in the course of to-duy. EFFECTS OF IVY ON TREES. > -It appears to be a vulgar prejudice that ivy kills the trees it clings to. If it rooted itself, as is erro- neously supposed, in their bark, and fed upon their juices, it might merit the accusation of a destroyer; but it derive? its nourishment wholly from the ground, where it is rooted ; and the supposed roots are only tendrils or holdfasts to enable it to chmb. The opinion of its injtiring trees seetiis to have arisen, (and very naturally too,) ft-oin the fact it prefers to climb up a dead or dying branch, and will not attach itself to very young wood at all. MrRepton,ihe landscape gardener, gives numerous 198 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Jan. 9, 1829. facts to show that trees overrun with ivy, so far from being iiijined by it, grow most luxuriantly. Evelyn says, that when the ivy is strippeil fron'i trees, they are often killed by cold in the ensuing winter. — American Farmer. CONTEMPLATED HORTICULTURAL SO- CIETY. We fully concur in opinion with the writer of the following able article, from a respected cor- respondent, that a Society for the ])roniotion of skilful and scientific Horticulture, established in Boston, would greatly subserve the interests of the community, as well as furnish avenues to lauda- ble distinction, and pure and jiraiseworthy en- joyment to the members of such an institution. — A number of persons associated for a desirable object, may furnish an aggregate of mind and means, which is much more eflcctive for bene- ficial purposes than would be the isolated efforts of the same individuals. A Horticultural So- ciety might introduce new and useful plants from various quarters of the globe ; import valuable and expensive publications, as well us form a Re- pository for new and useful Implements, which would be beyond the powers of more numerous and wealthy persons to accomplish without act- ing in concert Editor. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. The influence that has been so generally difl'us- ed throughout our state, by the institution of Ag- ricultural Societies, is felt and acluiowledged to be of inunense impoitauce to the interests of the cul- tivator, as well as to the eonsumei-s of the surplus produce of his labors. Whatever has a tendency to promote this honorable, and useful, and inde- pendent brancli, of ilomestic iudiistiy, should be fostered and regarded. It is equally gratifying to perceive that there is an excellent horticultural spirit awakened in our community, and which is not confined to the citi- zens of the metropolis, but pei-vades most of the neighboring towns and villages. We have witnes- sed witli much pleasure, tiie increasing interest, and ardent efforts of our citizens in this peaceful, and healthful employment, and seen its visible ef- [ fects, not only in tlie process of cidtivation, but in i its maturity. Om- stalls and our fruit-shops have j been abundantly supplied the pr.st season, with | better, and greater varieties of fine fruits, than here- j tofore. I The invalid must be grateful to those who thus admiidster to his enjoyments. The healthful will not be mimindful of the pleasure affortled, by the display of the rich dessert, with which his tiible is crowned. And the public will view with compla- cent regard, the attention bestowed upon this branch of the '• American System," v.-hich needs no public act of douijtful expediency, to insure its protection. It caimot be expected that in our northern cli- mate, we .should produce even by untiring assidui- ty, or extensive outlay, all those fino varieties of fruit, which are yielded spontaneously, or with comparatively little labor, in some sections of our liighly favored country. Undcrall discouragements however, it must be admitted, that much has been achieved, and under the continued auspices of Heaven, and om- native industry and perseverance, we may continue freely to enjoy the lieahhy, and invigorating pleasures of the cultivator, and share the bounties a benevolent Providence awards to tlie labors of man. Who then among us is to give the impulse to more extensive and active exertions .' To those who have been the modern pioneers in the resus- citation of this primitive employment of a portion of our race, who have labored with the juind and the hands so industriously and efficiently in the vineyard, we nmst look for countenance and in- struction, for the enlargement and improvement of the system so successfully commenced, and so ar- dently and pa.riotically pursued, by several of our distinguished fellow-citizens. We have been led to a consideration of this sub- ject at the present time for the puipose of calling the attention of experienced and practical horticul- turists, towards the founding of a Society for the promotion of that useful employment, of extending its blessings, and uicreasing the oflbrts of those who feel an interest in such pursuits. The citizens of Massachusetts have never been backward in promoting any object of public utility, and it is believed that all that is now wanting to give an imjjidse to the ]>lan here, suggested, is to present the subject to the consideration of your readers. New York, Philadelphia, and some other of our sister cities, have preceded us in the good work. Let us go and do likewise. Z. C. Jr. Dorchester. January 7. LONDON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. This important Society which has done so much tn give Horticulture its present high stand- ing, in Europe, now contains between foiir and five thousand members, embracing all classes of the comnmnity, from the Kinjjf, who is its Patron, and subscribed £500 for the promotion of its im- portant objects, down to tlie daily laborer, who has distinguished himself by a knowlerlge of horticulture. Its associates and correspondents are dispersed through every country of the globe, the Indies, and some upon the remotest islands of the sea, who are constantly transmit- ting seeds, scions, plants, and articles of intelli- gence to the parent Society in London. Theii Transactions are regularly published, and arc replete with information for horticulturists, and to .society in general. Among its list of mem- bers in the United States, are Messrs John LowRLL and S. G. Pekkins, of Boston — Bukl, of Albany — Prince, of Long Island — Cox, o! New Jersey — Dr Hosack, of New York — Mr Dick, of Philadelphia — Mr Thomas, of Cayuga County, N. Y. — and Messrs Floy, Wii.son, and Hogg, of New York City. The late Gov. Clin- ton was an active corresponding member. Large Pear. — At a late meeting of the Royal Horticultural Society of Paris, a gigantic pear was exhibited, of the following dimensions: circunift- rei.ce 15 inches ; height 9 inches, and weight one pound seven ounces. From liie American Farmer. SHEPHERD'S DOGS. FROM GENERAL LAFAYETTE. Exiract to the Editor of the .imerican Farmer, dated La Grange, August 9, 182S. Mt Dear Sib — The session of the Chainbre dn Deputes is at an end, and I am returned to La Grange, where I hope soon to reunite the greatest part of the family,-including our three boys for the time of the vacation. You will have received a letter, inclosing one from my colleague, M. Girod de I'Ain, Judge of the Royal Court of Paris, and a meinber of the association of Naz, the celebrated flock for the fineness of merino wool. I believe it will have attracted your attention. The enclosed small book has been lately published ; as the southern l>arts of the United States are well calculated for the cidtivation of the silk worm, and the middlij states also, I think the information therein con-, tallied may be of some use in the American Far-' mcr. You have mentioned to me the Pyremiian breed of dogs ; I have procured two jiuppies, one of them, as both are males, I shall send when more fit to bear the voyage." [The puppies arrived safely, and are of immense size ; one remains in Maryland, and one is for Mr Dickinson, of Steubenville, Ohio. They are of the breed which is used to destroy wolves and sheep- killing dogs. The treatise is entitled, " Manual pour I'Education dks vers a soie, et la Culture DU 3IuRiER, par J. M. Redares, du Gard." If on examination it should be found to contain informa- tion that may appear new and useful, in addition to what we have published, and shall publish in our next, we shall uisert it as soon as convenient.] Si'k Exports. — A correspondent predicts that this country will export the raw material of this article, within a few yeais after our attention is well directed to its culture, to an extent somewhat comparative with that of cotton. France, he says, imports one third of the raw material she manu- factures, and she would become our best customer- — J^alional Intelligencer. The Season. — The Georgia Journal of the 15th December .sa)'s, thus for, the thermometer has in- (liiiued summer heat, within a tipgree or two. Although the same remark will not apply to our latitude, yet we believe the oldest inhaljitants have seldom seen so mild and open a winter ; for aU the purposes of out-door business the weather is as fine almost as is coiiunon ui October ; not an inch of snow has fallen. The Penobscot was closed by ice the 18th inst. — jVewburuporl Herald. Blistered Feet. — The following mode of cure, was communicated to Capt. Cochrane, and which ho says he never found to fail : — " It is simply to rub tlie feet at going to bed, with spirits muted with tallow dropped from a lighted candle into the pnim of the hand. On the following morning no bhsters exist : tlie spirits seemed to possess the healing power, the tallow scning only to keep the skin soft and pliant. The soles of the feet, ancles, and insteps, should be rubbed well ; and even where no blisters exist, the application may be usefully made as a preventative. Salt and water is a good substitute — and while on this head, I ' would recommend foot travellers never to wear right and left shoes ; it is bad economy, and indeed serves to cramp th.e feet ; and such I felt to be the case." — Cochrans's Pedestrian Tour. [From Fesaenclen's New American Gartlener.] JANUARY. Throughout New England the temperature of the climate is such as to exclude the cultivator from performing most of the operations of tillage or horticulture from about the first of December to the latter part of jMarch, or the beginning of April. The seeds of knov.'lodge may, however, be sown -Nn.25. AND IIOUTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 199 in winter, and the liorticulturist may cultivate mind when his soil is bound in frozen fetters. Provide a sufiicient quantity of bean-poles, and pea-rods, which you may preserve in a corner of your wood-house, or other place suitable for your purjjosc. Many people, who neglect to procure these implements in season, are induced, by the Lurry of business, to pennit their peas and beans to trail on the ground, in which situation they will uot produce, especially the tall growing sorts, one third part so many as if they were properly sup- ported by poles and rods. The length of your pea-rods should be in proportion to the sorts of peas for which you intend them. The same kinds of rods, which tlie tall-growing peas require, will answer for the generality of running kidney beans. The Lima beans will need strong poles, from eight to nine feet high. You may now make prepara- tion for forcuig cucumbers, melons, cabbages, rad- ishes, lettuces, cauliflowers, &c. BRITISH GRASSES. The late Mr Curtis had squares of live turf sent him from all parts of the empire — particularly from pastures famous for their richness, and these lie cultivated with care, for the purpose of com- parison, and discovering the sorts of grasses, upon which the rich quality of the pastures, whence they were taken, depended. A comparative view of oiu' British grasses of a similar kind may be seen, we are informed, at the nurseiy of Messrs. Cormack and Sinclair, New Cross, near Deptford — a field being appropriated for the puqiose of growing patches of all the agricultural grasses. From the high character of one of the partners, Mr Sinclair, author of " the Hortus Gramineus Woburnensis," in this particular line, this grass- field jnust be a very.intei-esting sight to agricidtur- ists and graziers, as well as to botanists. TRANSPLANTING EVERGREENS. The unfading verdure of the resinous trees forms a pleasant relief to the eye amid the desolate fields and snow-crowned hills of winter. These beauti- ful inmates of the northern forests, are peculiarly intractable to the skill of cidtivation. The spruce and the fir, when removed from the cold and bleak solitudes where thi;y best love to fix their root.s and send up their tall pyramids of green, to a more genial situation, wither and perish. These beauti- fid and stately jtlants are desirable as the ornaments of the garden or the gi-oves of cultivated scenery. The English books reconunend that they be re- moved in the depth of winter with frozen masses of earth around their roots, to holes dug for their reception during the preceding autnnm. By this simple process, it is said, they may be transplanted without injury, and flourish in their fi-eshness as if still clinging to the rock or rising in the waste. — JVational Msis. VALUABLE RECIPE. In the Memoirs of Comit de Segur, (Vol. I. p. 168,) there is the following anecdote : " My mo- ther (the Countess de Segur,) being asked by Vol- taire respecting her health, told him that the most painful feehngs she had, arose from the decay of her stomach and the difliculty of finding any kind of aliment that it could bear. Voltaire, by way of conversation assured her that he was once nearly for a year in the same state, and believed to be in- curable ; but that, nevertheless, a very simple remedy had restored him. It consisted in taking Jio other nourishment than yolk of eggs, beaten up with flour of potatoes and water." Though this circumstance took place as far back as about fifteen years ago, and respected so extraordinary a per- sonage as Vohaire, it is astonishing how little it is known, and how rarely the remedy has been practised. Its eflicacy, however, in cases of debil- ity, caiuiot be questioned, and the following is the mode of i)reparing the valuable article of food, as recoTumended by Sir John Sinclair's Recipe. — Beat up an egg in a bowl, and then add six tal)le spoonfuls of cold water, mixing the whole well together ; then add two table spoonfuls of the farina of potatoes, mixing it with the liquor of the bowl. Then pour in as much boiling water as will convert the whole into jelly, and mix it well. It may be taken either alone or with the addition of a little milk, and moist or best sugar, not only for breakfast, but in cases of great stomachic debility, or in consinnptive disorders, at the other meals. The dish is light, easily digested, extremely whole- some and nourishing. Bread or biscuit may be taken with it as the stomach gets stronger. Singular effects of Light and Darkness — A plant, which is not uncommon in India, the Co- tyledon calycina changes its properties very re- markably, according to the period of the day and night. Upon the whole, tlie plant may be said to possess an herbaceous taste, but in the morn- ing it is as much, if not more acid, than sorrel, probably from its imbibing oxygen during the night. As the light continues to act upon it, the oxygen appears to be disengaged as it loses its acidity, and about noon becomes nearly tasteless. Towards evening it becomes bitterish, and sour again in the morning. This plant, we are told, may be seen at Loddige's Nursery, at Hackney, and in some other collections in England. Mr Brown of Glasgow, has published a paper on vviiat he calls the disorder of the spinal nerves, which, though not uncommon, particularly among females and persons of feeble conforma- tion, seems to have hitherto been overlooked, unexplained, or confounded with rheumatism, &/C. The disorder usually manifests itself by a sort of bruised gnawing pain, or rather a relaxed weariedness, in some part of the chest, some- times over the stomach, and sometimes in one of tiie sides, &.C. In such cases the seat of the complaint may be traced to the spine, by pass- ing a sponge dipped in hot water down the back, when the part alfected will be found to be ten- der. Here Dr Brown applies leeches, or a small blister, according to circumstances, and recom- mends being in a horizontal position. This dis- order is not uncommon among literary people. — Glasgow Medical Jotirnal. A writer in Poulson's American, Philadelphia, recommends that the currency of the country be regulated : all the foreign coins called in and passed through the mint ; clipped money declar- ed uncurrent, &:,c. These suggestions are worthy of consideration. Nearly 20,000 loads of wood have been trans- ported on the Delaware and Hudson Canal, principally to the New York market. Fruit. — The art of improving the quality of fruits by crossing the various sorts, is said to have been unknown until nearly the close of the last century, when it was first attempted in Bel- gium.— London pa. A steer, of the short horned Durham breed, three years old in May last, was slaughtered a few weeks since, by Mr Edmund Brownell, of Little Compton, R. I. which weighed 1195 pounds. The last numlier of the North American Re- view, contains articles on the following subjects: The Decline of Poetry — Scandinavian Mytholo- gy, Poetry, and History — Austin's Life of Gerry — Biography of a German Carbonarist — Flint's Geography and History of the Western States — Irving's Life of Columbus — The Epistle to the Hebrews — Hayti — The Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road — Ileeren's Historical Works — Simon Bol- ivar— Saxe Weimar's Travels — Quarterly List of New Publications. — Published quarterly, at $5 per annum, by Frederick T. Gray, Washing- ton Street, Boston, and G. Si, C. Carvill, New York. We shall next week commence the publica- tion of some remarks on Rail Roads. Rockingham Agricultural Society. The Directors of Ihc R. A. Society, are hereby iiolified that their adjourned meeting will be held at Col. Burley's Hole) in Exeler, oil Wednesday, the 14ih day of Jan. current al 3 o'clock, P. M. S. T. OILMAN, Rec. Sec'y. Jan. U. PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. FROM TO APPLES, best, . . - - barrel. 3 on 3 74 ASHES, not, first sort, l*earl, first sort, - - - ton. 130 00 133 00 " 130 00 135 00 BE.'.NS. while, . - . . hushel. 80 1 1£ BEEF, mess, ... barrel. 10 00 10 50 Cargo, No. 1 , It 8 60 9 00 Cargo, No. 2, " 7 60 7 75 BUTTER, insijectod. No. 1, new, . pound. 14 16 CHKESE, new milk, ... ** 7 9 Skimmed milk, ti 2 S FLOUR, Raliimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 9 DC 9 12 Genesee, - - - - 9 OC 9 2i Rye, best, .... It GRAIN, Corn, .... bushel. 63 6S Rye, .... " 76 80 Barley, - - - - " 70 Oats. .... " 30 X HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, pound. 9 LliVlE. cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails al ton. 3 00 PORK, clear, .... barrel. 16 OC 16 50 Navv, mess. ti 13 00 13 a» (-'argo, No. 1, - . " 13 0(. 13 2S SEEDS, Herd's Grass, . bushel. 2 0( 2 50 Orchard Grass, tt 3 00 Fowl Meadow, ... ti 1 00 Rye Grass, . . - it 400 Tall Meadow Oals Grass, - It 400 Red Top .... " 1 00 Lucerne, .... pound. 50 While Honeysuckle Clover, '( 60 Red Clover, (norihern) tt 9 10 French Sugar Beet, - Mangel Wurtzel, tt 1 fiO It I 60 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - tt 37 ti Merino, full blood, unwashed, it 2^j SIS Merino, three tourlhs washed. tt 3C 3T Alerino, half ifc quar'.er washed It 31 3£ Native, washed, - II Ctf ss Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, It i 4S Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, tt 2.' 30 Pulled, ** spinning, first sort, " 3d 36 PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED KVEHY WEEK EY MR. HAVWARD, (Clt.-k of Faneuil-hall Market.) BEEF, best pieces, - PORK, fresn, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, MUTTON, .... POULTRY, . . . - BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lump, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, . Indian, retail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according to quality,] pound. It tt ti It tt 10 5 5 6 2 8 U dozen. bushel. 11 20 It liarrel. 2 00 12 1 I t 6 6 10 lU ae to » 70 40 £0 300 200 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Jan. 9, 1S29. MISCELLANIES. The fullowing elegant lines are from the pen of the highly gifted and accomplished Lady, vvlio condiicls the " IJiiwer of Taste ;''a publ.calion so well known, and wliose merits arc so biglily and generally appreciated, tnat any recommeadatory DOticc from us would be useless supererogation. AUTUMN. I know 'I is bright— 't is beautiful !— but yet I ne'er could look on Autumn's golden leaf, Her robe of changelul dye, and not regret Tiiat vernal loveliness should be so brief. Who sighs not over summer's fading rose ? Although around us other flowers are wreathing, Whi se besoms richer, gayer tints disclose, And with whose fragrance every gale is breatbiug. Still, the fair flower, to young aflection dear, It once enshrined wiilnn a laiililul breast, Oh, never to the heart that loved sincere, Can other blossoms be so fondly press'd. Yet \\lien the garden's loveliness is past, We look upon the forest's tower iig pride, Which, though ^^'e know too soon must meet the blast; We breathe a fervent wish to hope allied — That soft Favonian gales, with gentle breath, And genial suns the fading scene may cheer, Arrest awhile the ehilling shafts of death, And sigh a requiem o'er the closing year I Ob t there 's a desolation wikl, and bleak, In winter's dread approach : our bosoms feel A paralyzing chill, we eaniiol speak. Cling round the heart — o'er all its pulses steal ; 'T is nature's death we look on ; each cold blast Sounds as the knell of some dcpaiied joy; Th? ruilile=s conqueror o'er each scene hath past, With mighty arm commission'd to destroy ! AUGUSTA. COURAG E. Lightning was in his eye. His siep fl\'as firm, But steahhy as a tiger's, and his limbs Stirr'd like llie springing steel. Uis left hand held The instrument ol de.i.li. and on his breast Th' insignia of his deadly trade were crossed. Look I he has marked his victim, anti his form Stoops 10 a keener gaze. On — s'ep by step ! Near — and still nearer I — It will answer now ! Slowly he raises up his sinewy form. And stands a giant. Dreadfuity m.nute Ilis deadly preparation — all is dune ! A momeni — a keen fliish I — and to the ground F^lIIs the unconscious — robin ! — Hail ! brave man. disposition and good principles ale tlie best dowry that a. woman can coiiCer upon her husband — London paper. The ioilowiiig, which is coi>ied from a Ntirem- buig paper, is an ingenious mode of preventing Sunday tippUug. It is an order from the in.iyor of tlie department of Iserre : — " All petsuns drink- ing upon Sundays and holy days, in coflee-houses, &c. during llie celebration of mass, or vespers, are hereby authorised to dejtart without paying for what they liave had." Fraud in wtighing meat in the streets by steel- yards.— One day last week, a gentleman purchas- ed from a wagon in the street, two quarters of pork, the apparent weight of which, by the ven- der's steelyards was 22 lbs. for one, and 26 for the other, both amounting to 4S pounds. The ])uichaser doubting the correctness of the weight, had the pork rcweighed in scales in a neighbor- ing store, when it appeared that one quarter weiglied but 17| pounds, and the other 16| pounds, amounting to 34J poimds — making a dif- ference of 13J pounds, as weighed by steelyards and scales! We give this statement that the public may be on their guard in resjiect to false steelyards and fraudulent venders of ineat. centre, he thinks, are distinguished volcanoes, aa'^ no clouds are perccplihie over the moon's face f which being coveretl with snow and ice, accounts, as he imagines, for its clear atmosphere, or for the absence of an atmos|)here. This vast accu- mulation of ice and snow iqjon the moon's sur- face, may be explained, the writer conjectures, by the nattire of the moon's revolutions. He offers to construct iustjiimeiits of the above description, by which these phenomena may be observed, at $50 to.flfO; and at the same rate to furnisl) solar microscopes, on a new principle, with a magnify, ing power at 12 feet distance, of 5,134,000. — Bos~ Bulletin. Several half-mile sections of the Baltimore and Ohio rail-road are already finished, and waiting for the rails. In excavations through the hills immense beds of mineral i)aints have been found, principally of Spanish Brown of a rich quality, and of value sufficient to defray much of the ex- pense of excavation. It is probable that immense mines of wealth might be found in rail road ex- cavations between tliis city and Worcester, in the shape of beef, potatoes, turnips, coal, butter,ch*ese, &c. Sec. — Boston Palladium. Twelve hogs, all of one litter, one year old, were sold in Pawtucket, R. I. on the 23d ult. which weighed when dressed 4236 lbs. This pretty litter came from Conneclictit. Orchard Grass Seed. Just icceived at the New Engltind Farmer Seed Store, No. 32 North Market .Street, Boston. — a eonsigiimrni oj prLme Orchard Grass Seed, raised by Mr Lloyd Jones, of Pcnn- svlvania, who is well known as the most extensive and success- ful cuUivater of this valuable grass in this country, as the lollow- iug letter shows ; " Mr Russell, — In regard to the character of Mr Jones'' seed. I have pleasure in sQying, that it isthe best in this market^ and alwnvs commands an extra price. Col PowEt, alway* purchases" of him, 'not only for Irimself but for his southerK friends; and the Pennsylv'ania AgricuUural Society, at their Inst e.\liibiiinn, awarded him the premiums for both Orchartr. Grass and Clover Seed. Your-, &e, JOHN P. JHLNOR, Recording Seoelanj Peim. Agri, Society.' Gentlemen who wish to secure a supply of this seed, will ike road, containing about SO acres, with. buildings nearly new. Also, a Farm of about 110 acres, with new buildings, \ying within two miles of the New Market Factorfes. Also, a small F.irm lying in the Great B.ay containing 30 or 40 acres, a very productive and excellent tract of land, in thj^r neighbolhood of the above named Factories. Also three Houses in the Village oi Durham — oneoftheitt possessing excellent accommodations for a Tavern. .Also, a Farm in Lee, e nitaining aliout 80 acres. Also, a Wood Lot in Harrington, containing 105 acres, weU wooded. He also ofl'ers for sale, a Stud Horse of approved blood, and sevei'al Mares and Colts of difVerent ages. — All kinds of Farm- ing Utensils, and .Slock of ail sorts. 1'he above described Lands are wiUiin a short distance of th» large Factory Eslablishmeuts at Dover and New Market. Durham, Dec. 26, 1828. JOHN FROST. Two Heifers For Sale. Two Superior Heilers, wiih calf, mixed between the Dertnr* and Coelebs breed. Both of which lock a premium at the latB Show in Brighton. — Inquire of Daniel Chandler, Lexington, or at the cotinting room oi the New England Farmer, Agricultural Warehouse, Boston. 31 Jan. 2,1329. The Hunterdon Gazette Establishment for ,9a/f. At Flemin^ton, Huntei'don couiuy. New Jersey, on reasonable? terms. Address the Editor, (post paid) at Flemingion, New Jersey. 3t Jan 2 Published every Frirlay, at ^3 per annum, payable at ibe end of die year — but those who pay within sixty da^s from the time ol subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of tifiy cents. NEW EN€^L.ANB FAMMER. Published by John B. Russell, at JVo. 52 JVorth Market Street, (over the Agricultural Warehouse).— Tho^ias G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 16, 1829. No. 26. INTEKNAL, IMPROVEMENT. RAILWAYS!. (By Ui? Edilor.) There are few subjects of more importance to a civilized community than those which relate to roads, avenues, carriages, and other ways and means of transporting commodities, and facilitat- ing domestic and foreign intercourse. No vil- lage, town, or city in New England, can long re- main wealthy and populous unless it is easy of ac- cess by land as well as by water ; and, other things being equal, that portion of the interior, which is favored with the most safe, cheap and expeditious means of conveying its produce to a flourishing seaport will be most wealthy and pros- perous. Of all the means of conveyance which ingenui- ty has invented, or industry put in practice, we believe Railways are best adapted to the climate and face of the country in New England. We shall, ' therefore, otTer some sentiments relative to this ' kind of highway, premising, that we have not the^ means, leisure, nor information necessary to v.rite a complete treatise on this topic. Our desultoi^y, hints, however, may be the means of tui'ning the^ attention of some others to this branch of nation- ^ al economy, who are more capable of giving it that high consideration, and thorough investiga- i tion, which its merits re(|uire. i By the term Railway is understood a road j formed by laying distinct tracks of timber, iron, or stone, for wheel carriages to run upon. In the construction of railways, stone is more particularly applicable to conmion roads, and the use of tim- ber is now almost wholly laid aside ; while iron is very generally employed, in Europe, though, we believe, stone will be deemed preferable in the United States. " When we consider," says the Edinburgh En- cyclopedia, the great projiortlon cf labor, which is ! unavoidably spent in the carriage of the nccessa- ' ries and conveniences of civilized life, in all its | varied forms, we at once see the importance of every measure tending to facilitate and improve commercial intercourse. All are aware of the benefit, which Great Britain has derived from her inland navigation. Such, however, are the ditii- culties aud expense of canal operations, that an- other substitute for the common road has long been sought after by the public. The attention of the engineer has accordingly of late been much directed to the construction of railways ; a mode of communication which will be found more sim- ple and economical in all its details than thfc ca- nal. " The speed of canal carriage must always be limited, by the destruction which rapid motion occasions to the banks. In this respect railways have great advantages over canals ; for where the rails are strong, and the wagons light, the ra- pidity of conveyance may be conceived to keep pace with the impelling power of steam. The value of the economy of time is measured and proved by the vast exertions used and sums ex- . pended in Britain to accommodate the public, and ' the ample harvest reaped by those, who best ful- fil its wishes in this respect. In this commercial j country the economy of time, and that of power is felt to be the same thing ; and the numerous car- riages established in England to convey goods at speed, shows that the rapid conveyance is not con- fined to passengers alone. From the obstacles abiive mentioned, then, however managed or im- proved, we can never much increase the present rcte of motion on canals, which must ever form a sbw mode of conveyance, independently of its oth- er advantages. " The facility with which temporary railways may be laid for short distances from manufacto- ries, ffranaries and other works, to communicate with great public lines of railway in their neigh- boi-hood, is another advantage belonging to the railway system ; for the expense of a canal branch would in almost b;11 cases, be much greater than any temporary or private object would repay ; while branch railways would, when in general upe, become readily saleable after the local object was obtained, and the principal expense incurred would in many situations, be merely that of lay- ing and forming them into a road. When branch railways are connected with canals, much labor is lost in loading and unloading, besides damage oc- casioneracticably considered, a level way. — This deviation is nearly equal to three and an half locks on a mile of Canal." * * * * " If the adoption of some measure to increase the means of intercourse between Boston aud the Hudson be necessary ; the question arises, shall it be by a Canal or a Railway ? " With respect to a Canal, your Committee re- fer to the able Report of the Inle Board of Canal Commissioners communicated to the Legislature on the 11th of January last. By that Reitort, it ajipears that the only route for a Canal between Boston and the Hudson river would be ITS miles in length — would require one thousand nine hun- dred and fifty nine feet lockage between Boston and the Connecticut river — one thousand three hundred and 22j^'jf*j feet between that river and the Hudson, amounting to three thousand two hundred and eighty-one -jW feet Lockage, and a Tlnxf.l of r.i least four miles in length, through Honsack mountain. The work of forming a Tun- nel is limited in its nature, to a certain number of 202 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Jan. 16, 1829. men, which can be employed at a time. And it is easy to show from the progress made in other works of the liind, that many years would neces- sarily be required to complete it^ " But even if a canal were constructed upon the proposed route, your Committee are unanimous in opinion that a Rail Road would be far more use- ful to the public. And their opinion in this res- pect is corroborated by Mr Trcdgold, who states, ' tliat for new works Rail Roads will in nine cases out of ten be better adapted for public benefit than canals.' If this is true in England, where, from the mildness of the climate, a canal is seldom closed by frost ; and upon an average not exceed- ing seventeen or eighteen days in a year, how much more preferable must a Rail Road be in all our Northern States, where a canal is closed upon an average, one hundred and forty-five days in a year." The following summary view of the superior advantages which Railways possess, when com- pared with Canals, is extracted from an able pa- per, originally published in the Boston Patriot, by a writer with the signature " Middlesex." The Railway requires but one third the quanti- ty of land that is required for a Canal, exclusive of ponds, reservoirs, and feeders. The Railway requires one man and four horses to transport fifty tons 4 miles per hour. The Canal re(iuires two men, one boy and two horses to transport 30 tons 2 miles per hour. The Railway may be attended and kept in re- pair for one tenth that of a Canal. Railways give the greatest possible facility to travellers. Canals retard them. Railways may be easily passed in all places re- quired. Canals only by bridges. Railways interfere with no water privileges, Canals destroy many. Railways are subject to no interruptions, except by snow, which is easily removed. Canals are subject to be interrupted by droughts, flood, frosts, leakages and locks. Railways carry their freight to the doors of the warehouses, Canals deliver their freight upon the wharf. A Railway can be constructed for half the cost of a Canal per mile. A Railway ujay be used twelve months in a year, a Canal hut seven niontlis. The toll of passengers will jiay the interest on the cost of a Railway. Tiic toll of passengers on a Canal is very trilling. Half the connnon rates of tolls on a Ca- nal will be sufficient to pay the wiiole exi)ense of transportation on a Railway, iiicluditig the toll. Mountainous countries are easily surmounted by Railways, Canals can never get over them. Rivers and streams are much more easily pass- ed by Railways than they can he by Canals. Railw.ays will be the |)ridc of New England ; they will unite its inhabitants in one common centre, connect them in one connnon interest, ami raise them to eminence and glory by one connnon operation. (To be continued.) FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAHMFI!. INSECTS ON FRUIT TREES. ]\la Fessende.v — You will receive with this a box containing 4 papers. Enclosed in No. 1 are ])ieces of bark from an apple tree, covered with blisters containing th cribed by IMr Perley. No. 2 contains pieces covered with black eggs, from which the green lice are hatched, that are so destructive to the tender leaf of scions. No. 3 contains a small piece of a limb of a pear tree, and pieces of hark from the same covered with the insect described by your correspoudent "M."in the New England Farmer of the 21st ult. They were taken from a pear tree from Mr Prince's nursery, last spring. The tree was very thrifty, and arrived in good order. I examined it at the time of transplanting, and discovered no appearance of insects of any description till about the first of September, when I noticed the tree, from the ground to the end of the limbs, was cov- ered with whitish scales. Immediately aftenlie discovery the tree was well scrubbed with sojp and water, and all that could be reached were re- moved, which will account for the scanty samile I send you. The insect and general appearance of the bark are very accurately described by " M." From the stained appearance of the bark in spots clear through to the wood, I think it will have a very bad effect upon the tree, if it does not entiiie- ly destroy it. Probably Mr Prince, of Long Island, is well ac- quainted with the insect and its effects, and could favor the public with a correct account of it. No. 4 contains pieces of hark taken from the body and limbs of smooth barked apple trees. I have observed them on my trees for several years, but have never read any account of them. They are sacks containing some kind of an insect, which, in the spring, will eat its way through one end of the sack and makes its escape. AVhether it remains upon and draws its support from the sap or leaves of the tree, I am unable to sa. . J - perhaps you may know their history. L. BARTLETT. flarner, M H. Dec. 15, 1828. (C?" We are under great obligations to Mr Bautlett for the favors above specified. The boxes and their contents may be seen at the oftice of the JV'. E. Farmer, and we hope Dr Harris will be so kind as to look at them with the eye of a connoisseur. — Editor. of my flock, and his example has been imitated by his neighbors in both cases with the same success. I have old worn-out ewes renovated by this shift from scanty to luxuriant pastures. The same effects result from shifting the pas- ture of neat cattle and horses. In 1824 1 pur- chased a pair of little oxen ; one was eight years old, and the other his elder by six months. They were adjudged to possess a capacity for weighing when fatted— the one 700 lbs. the other 775 lbs. They were taken into my cow pastures, which, though a thin soil, were considerably better than that they had been reared on, their living having been hitherto very bad, and food meagre. I gave them my customary allowance to working oxen, and used them much in the yoke. They never had an ear of corn, nor root, from the time I pur- chased them till their death. I kept them two years. In the month of September, there being a scarcity of beef, I gave them some corn blades and pumpkins for six weeks, and they were sold to the butcher. One of them weighed 890 the other 976 lbs. They were not fat, one of them having but 60, the other 78 lbs. of tallow. IT those who reside on the rich soils of Pennsylvania will buy, every two years, from the starved herds of New Jersey, they will realize more profit than by any other mode of raising stock. Philadelphia, J^Tov. 26, 1828. T. J. R. From the American Farmer. ON SHIFTING CATTLE. J. S. Skinser, Esj Mr Thomas Haines, of Oundle, JVbrthamptonshire. " The fnest white sand is superlatively useful to autumnal planted cuttings of the more tender tver- greens and shrubs. In the business of planting cuttings of these underhand-glasses, in the au- tumn, as well as the more hardy green-house plants, such as myrtles, faschia, roses, cistuses, germander, &c., no unmi-xed soil whatever can he found to bear a comparison with the finest white sand; as cuttings planted therein will be far more secure from mouklincss throughout the au- tumnal and winter seasons ; during which times, the pots in which they arc planted, generally re- main standing up to their rims in the connnon ground, as the greatest preservative from frost; but in which situation they are more exposed to the ill effects of damp, than if standing on the sur- face. " Although but little more than a knot, or a swelling protuberance, at the foot of each cutting, can be effected, during the first autumn ; yet, on | the advance of spring, they will early make roots, even without the addition of any other soil or ar- ticle to promote their growth ; rind which young plants, being potted otV, or transplanted in some way, as soon as they have formed sufficient roots; immense quantities from these small cuttings, may be thus annualhj propagated, by the help of ihe full sized single hand-glasses 1 This process, howev- er, will not extend to any other description of plants than the evergreens. " In the propagation of the trees and shrubs al- luded to by this process, it must be recollected, that the sanil is to be considered as no farther essential, than to strike or jiromotc growth in the cuttings, siifiicient for transplantation ; as, on their being removed into another situation, in the next stage of the process, a mixture of suita- ble soil, with a proportion of sand only, will be requisite. Vol. VII.— No. 26. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 203 " We are not asserting that yelloio sand will not equally ajtply in both cases, of planting cuttings of hardy evergreen trees and shrubs, both by summer planting, in the open exposure, and au- tumn planting, under hand-glasses ; but in all the experiments we have witnessed, and throughout the whole of our own practice, white sand, where it could be obtained, has been invariably applied, and most successfully. " When we reflect, that mouldiness is the chief annoyance to cuttings of almost every description when planted under hand-glasses ; every propa- gator should strenuously guard against it : and we know of notiiing so liktly to discharge wet, and prevent undue retention of moisture, as sand alone ; and this, in preference to every other soil and compost. " There are few soils with wliich sand cannot be intermingled to the greatest advantage in the various other branches of horticulture, as well as in the propagation of plants and flowers ; it be- ing admirably adapted, from its loose and open nature, to expand the pores of heavier, more close, and adhesive soils, thereby opening the en- tire mass of compost, and rendering it i)orous, and open to the free admission and full expansion of the delicately fine, and thread-like roots of plants aJid flowers ; and in which we have most satisfac- torily witnessed its singular and superior efficacy ! We have known in various cases, plants to have been placed in soils most opposite and ungenial to tlieir natures and constitutions, and thereby early inclining to decay ; but which were speedily restored to their original vigor and complexion, by a proper and timely application of white sand. • The sand wliich has invariably been found to We apply to our Legislature, and they make laws to prevent unruly boys and others entering our enclosures and pilfering our fruits ; and tliis is all very well and necessary ; but I undertake to say that we lose more in one season by those dep- redators which no laws will intimidate, nor arm of justice reach, than is lost in fifty years in the way just mentioned. Hence I think that all in- vestigation which may lead to an extermination, or even mitigation of the evil, is exceedingly de- sirnhle, and I hope, as the subject is introduced in your useful pubhcation now, while our common enemies have gone into " winter quarters" and iriven us time to rally and prepare for a new at- tack, it will be desirable that our efibrts should be combined, and for this purpose that those who have made discoveries of the origin, or best mode of extermination of our cruel foes, should freely communicate the information for the benefit of the common cause. In one communication in a late number of the Farmer, reference is jnade to a " rye shaped" in- sect which is found on the apple tree. This kind I have been troubled with for two or three years past, on a choice apple tree in my garden, and it seems they do not, like some other insects, make tlieir appearance anew every year, but when once tliey have got foot hold they go on increasing from year to year, and probably would eventually des- troy the tree entirelj'. I have tried the applica- tion of strong soap suds, &c. without effect in this case, and as the only effectual remedy have pro- ceeded to scrape the bark until I had dislodged them. They might indeed be destroyed with less labor perhaps by the aiiplication of a strong solu- •'iti of Potash, but as there is danger I think of surpass all others for general and special purposes Jnjuring the buds and tender limbs to which the m horticulture, is a peculiarly soft and fine white sand, of an unusual smoothness, nearly as fine as flour-emery, " Where none other than the common white sand, which is unusually coarse, can be obtained, tiuiall quantities of the most fine can be sifted out with a fine sieve. [Or still better procured from it by a little washing over. — Ed. Tech. Mep.] " Little argument can be necessary to convince the unprejudiced florist, gardener, or amateur, of the general utility of suitable sands being mixed with the more cold and heavier soils ; thereby rendering them open and porous to discharge all copious fulls of rain, dissolving snow, &c., and which tend to overcharge adhesive soils with an undue proportion of moisture, and thereby to chill ,Tiid starve the stock of plants and flawers." — Tech. Ecp. FOR THE KEW ENGLAND FARMER. INSECTS ON FRUIT TREES. Mr Fessenden — Among the many useful sub- jects, which have appeared in your paper, the one i-elating to '■ Insects on fruit trees" hasi been insects cling, I have preferred the method which I have adopted ; perhaps, however, upon a larger scale, a less tedious course may be found as effi- cacious. Another correspondent in your last number, mentions an appearance on one of his trees in September, which resembles "fish scales closely adhering to the bark, from the ground to the ends of the limbs." The same appearance I have no- ticed for the two last years upon a Mountain Ash tree. The first year I neglected to attend to this tree until the following spring, when the " scales" were pretty easily washed of( with strong soap suds, and I noticed no appearance of them for the remainder of the season, until late in the fall, when I proceeded to scrape them from the bark, which may very easily be done with a small stick or other simple means. I have not yet satisfied myself whether this is an insect, as your corres- pondent thinks, or a disease of the tree making its appearance upon the surface. If the former, I think they must have been deposited on the tree early in the season, as there was no appearance of them on the wood of the previous year's growth. Another circumstance is, that, in both years they particularly interesting to me ; having for a few I have appeared only upon one of two trees which years past, by way of pleasing amusement, tunied are planted within about a rod of each other, and my attention to the cultivation of a kvr choice kinds. But as we find few pleasures without some alloy, so I have, in common with my fellow cultivators, experienced some drawback from the satisfaction which would otherwise have been en- joyed, in consequence of the various and destruc- tive, though sometimes minute enemies which at- tack most of our trees, and almost threaten to des- troy our hopes. while the infected tree has for three or four years hardly increased in size, the other, with no better advantages has nearly or quite doubled, which leads me to suspect it may be a disease, for why should an insect attack one tree two years in suc- cession, and leave the other untouched. At any rate there is evidently a connexion between this appearance whatever it may be, and the want of vigor in the tree, but whether it is the cause or the effect of tliat want of vigor, I am yet at a loss to determine. These trees, when planted a few years since, were of equal size and equally thrifty in appearance. I have no doubt that the application of soap suds, &.C. will be etfectual in destroying most of the insects which infest the bark of our trees ; but if their origin could be sought out, perhaps some easier and more expeditious method would be equally effectual. I intended to have said something respecting other kinds of insects, as well as the alarming dis- ease which has, particularly of late, appeared among our peach trees, but as this communica- tion is already longer than I intended it should be, I will reserve my remarks for a future opportuni- ty. Yours respectfully, D. F. Charlesiown, Jan. 13, 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGL.AND FARMER. BUDDING FRUIT TREES. Mr Fessende.n — In the 2d vol. of the N. E. Farmer, page 353 is a communication from Mr C. Harrison, describing a mode of budding fruit trees, that he had practiced, somewhat different from any I have ever seen described. It is bud- ding from cuttings taken from bearing trees in February, ^nd preserved until wanted, in the same manner as if intended for grafting — the buds to be inserted as soon as the sap flows sufficiently free in the spring to perform the operation. Mr H. observes that he has only attempted budding apples and pears in this manner, but thinks it will succeed equally well with stoned fruit. If the above mode of budding fruit trees has ever been tried by any of your subscribers, on stoned fruit, I wish the result of the experiment might be made public, through the medium of your New England Farmer, for the benefit of at least one LOVER OF GOOD FRUIT. Lyme, Ct. Jan. 9, 1829. From the Washington Telegraph. Mr Editor — As this is a season when severe colds are very pirevalent throughout the District, I have taken the liberty to send you for publication, the following recipe, which I found very effectual in my own case ; Cure for a Cold. — Take 1 teaspoonful of flax seed, with two penny worth of stick liquorice, and a quarter of a pound of sun raisins. Put them into two quarts of soft water ; and let it simmer over a slow fire, till it is reduced to one ; then add to it a quarter of a pound of brown sugar candy, pounded — a table spoonful of white wine vinegar or lemon juice. JVote — The vinegar is best to be added only to that quantity you are going immediately to take ; for if it be jiut into the whole, it is liable in a little time to grow flat. Directions. — Drink half a pint at going to bed, and take a little when the cough is troublesome. This recipe generally cures the worst of colds in two or three days, and if taken in time may be said to be almost an infallible remedy. It is a sovereign balsamic cordial for the lungs, without the opening qualities, which endanger fresh colds on going out. It has been known to cure colds, that have almost been settled into consumption, in less than three weeks. The preparation is a tea spoonful of vinegar to half a pint of the medicine. 204 NKW ENGLAND FARMER, Jan. 16, 1829. From (he Richmond Enquirer. ON GYPSUM— AND ITS USES IN AGRI CULTURE. Gypsum, or Plaster, as it is commonly called, is a kind of earthy salt, composed of lime, sulphuric acid and water. When jjure, these ingredients enter into its composition in the following propor- tions, in each 100 parts, viz. Lime, . . . 32 to .34 Sulphuric acid, . . 46 to 4S Water, . . . 22 to 18 100 100 Besides the various uses to which it is applied in the arts, it is an article highly recommended in agriculture as a great fertilizer of the soil and pro- moter of vegetation. It is in this latter view that the writer of the following remarks wishes it to be considered, be- ing well satisfied that it deserves the particular attention of the citizens of Virginia, and more es- pecially of those in the middle and lower sections of the state, where their lands have been cultivat- ed generallj' with less care, in regard to their pre- servation, and are considerably more deteriorated and exhausted than those in the valley and jnoun- tain country. It is employed by agriculturists in a variety of ways, and always with the happiest eflects, when pr-re and properly applied. It is sometimes sown over cultivated grasses, grain and other vegeta- bles, as a top dressing. Grain and seeds, after having been moistened, are often rolled in it, pre- vious to their being sown or planted. And, oc- casionally, it is dropped in the hills with corn, &c. In the ai)plication of it, as a top dressing, atten- tion should be paid to the times, season of the year, and growth of the plant ; choosing a close, still, dani]) day, or still foggy morning, as the wind blows it about too much, and in dry weath- er it is not apt to stick well to the plants. Some are of opinion that the best time to dress young clover, .sown down on grain, with it, is when it gets three leaves ; others advise to defer it till the grain is cut off. For old clover, the best time ap- pears to be as soon as vegetation commences in the spring. Tobacco should be dressed with it when the plants begin to spread tlie hill, and corn, when about half a leg or knee high. When it was first introduced among us as an article of agriculture, the very high, encomitmis be- stowed ui)on it, and the almost incredible ac- counts related of its wonderful effects on vegeta- tion, induced many of our farsners and planters to engage in the use of it, fondly hoping, no doubi, that with the aid of clover and plaster, they would be enabled, in a few years, to resuscitate their worn out and exhausted soils, and impart to them a degree of fertility equal, if not superior, to what they originally possessed. But the result of our experiments has not been such as to sustain the exalted character it had acquired. For, although in some instances its effects were truly astonish- ing, its operation in general appears to have been very uncertain. And we have often had the mor- tification to witness, after having encountered nuich trouble and expense in ])rucuring and aji- plying it to our crop, tluit it was jiroductive of no perceivable beneiit. A consequence so discour- aging seems to have brought it soinev/bat into dis- repute. So that, far from being in general use at this time, as might have been expected, even those few who thought well of it at first, and were anx- ious to bring it into notice, have themselves be- come, in some measure, disgusteil with it, and there are even some grounds to apprehend, unless something sliall be done to restore it to confi- dence, that it will ultimately be abandoned alto- gether. A misfortune the more to be deplored, because nothing is more certain than that, when pure and juiliciously applied, there is not a great- er fertilizer known. And, indeed, without the aid of some such powerful substance, it is believed to he utterly imijracticable, after the lajjse of a long series of years, so to improve our lands as to give to them that degree of fertihty of which they are susceptible. To trace this uncertainty in its operation to its .source, and to point out the means by which in future it may be avoided, would be to re-establish it in the public confidence. As our planters aiKl farmers would, undoubtedly, freely employ it, could they be well assin-ed that, in laying out their money in the i)urchase of it, they would no longer be subjected to the hazard of a disappoints ment. This will now be attempted. It has already been stated that gypsum wag composed of lime, sulphuric acid and water. And, by an attention to the relative proportions of each, it will be seen that, wdien pure, the sulphuric acid amounts to nearly half its weight. The quantity usually sown on an acre, is a bushel, in which, as a bushel of ground plaster is said to weigh about eighty pounds, there would be Of Lime, . . 25.60 lbs. Sulphuric acid, . . 36.80 Water, . . . 17.60 80.00 Now, it must be obvious that 25.60 lbs. of lime, which would amount to little more than a peck, could not possibly produce any visible effect when spread over an acre of land. The quantity of wa- ter (17.60 lbs.) would be next to nothing ; and that, therefore, all the operative virtue of the arti- cle must reside in the sulphuric acid. Hence it may rationally be inferred that, gen- erally s])eaking, whenever the plaster fails to act, it is in consequence of a deficiency in due propor- tion Of this latter ingredient : an idea that will re- ceive iiuich countenance from an examination of its properties, some of which will be found pecu- liarly adapted to the promotion of vegetation. — Such as its capacity for attracting moisture from the atmosphere — and, when combined with it, of generating heat. Thus affording, in itself, two of the ibur great essentials. For, whatever may be the opinions of some philosophers respecting the gaseous and ethereal elements of vegetation, in practice it is found that nothing more secjns to be necessary, in addition to soil of a proper texture and judicious cultivation, than light, heat, air and moisture, distributed in due jn'oportions. It would certainly be highly proper that the le- gislature should extend the benefit of the inspec- tion laws to the article of plaster, and establish iti- spections of it at suitable places, not only as af- tording relief and security to the purchaser, but as a measure of precaution, it being understood on good authority, that much of the refuse gyp- sum at the north, where they have inspections es- tablished, is ground up and sent to the south, by fraudulent dealers in the article, for sale. lint, in the mean time, to enable those purchas- ers who are not conversant with it, to judge at once of its purity, without the possibility of being deceived, it is deemed proper to state that nitrous acid, conmionly called aqna fortis, forms an uner- ring test. They have only to drop a small quanti- ty of it on the plaster, (whether ground or in the rock, makes no difference,) and if it causes an ef- fervescence— a foaming and frothing similar to what is observed when strong vinegar is poured upon chalk, it is a proof of its impurity. And the degree of impurity may be pretty well ascertained by the mildness or vehemence of the efferves- cence. Lime has a great affinity ibr all, or most of the acids, whether mineral or vegetable, and will ef- fervesce with any of them. But its attraction for the sulphuric acid is much moie considerable than tor the nitrous acid, and, therefore, when fully sat- urated with the former, the latter can exert no in- fluence on it. For it is a law of chemical action, that two substances having an affinity for each other, being brought into contact, under suitable circumstances, they will unite and combine to- gether in such a manner that they cannot be again separated, but by the presence and inter- vention of some third substance, having a greater affinity for one of the combined bodies than they have for each other. When, then, the nitrous acid is perceived to act upon the gypsum, it is a proof that the sulphuric acid not having been in a quantity sufficient com- pletely to saturate the lime, it has only been par- ~V?'^tially converted into gypsum, and that a portion still remains unchanged, which is the part acted upon by the niti'ous acid. In whatever way the plaster may be applied to crojjs, it must first undergo decomposition. For so long as it remains undecomposed, the sulphuric acid, the operative material, will be neutralized by the lime, and will not be in a condition to act on the atmosphere, and the plaster will have no more effect than so much sand, or a like quantity of any other pulverized rock. By what the decomposition is caused, it is diffi- cult to determine ; but that it is something, prob- ably carbonic acid, derived from the air, is render- ed highly probable from the circumstance that it will remain inoperative if buried too deep under ground. That it is an acid, and acts altogether on the lime, is obvious, otherwise the sulphuric acid would not be set free in a perfectly disen- gaged state, but would only enter into a new com- bination, be neutralized as before, and remain per- fectly inactive. The best effect of plaster .seems to be as a top dressing, used on dry land, and in cool dry weath- er ; as in very wet seasons, and on low, flat, wet land, its influence is not very discoverable. As to the modus operandi, or manner in which plaster acts, it appears to be very generally im- lagined that it possesses the power of stimulating the earth into preternatural action, and that, how- ever beneficial it may be ot first, it will ukimate- ty, by long continued use, produce exhaustion, and lause more injury than ever it did good. An bpinion, probably growing out of the fact that a iong and unremitted use of it brings about that condition of the soil denominated " plaster-sick." The subscribers to this doctrine seem to consid- er the earth somewhat in the light of a lazy, slug- Vol. VII.— No. 26. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 205 gish beast, that may be forced into a motion greatly beyond its natural gait, but if continually put forward in this way for too long a period, its spirits become broken, its strength cxliausted, and it finally tires and becomes incapable of further exertion, until, by rest, it has been enabled to re- cover its wonted vigor. This opinion, taken up hastily, no doubt, and wthout much reflection, but bearing the authori- ty of some great name, and wearing the air of plausibility, seems to have been as incautiously adopted, merely because men in general had rath- er subscribe to any opinion, on difficult subjects, that had the plea of plausibility and ingenuity on its side, and was ready made up to their hand, than be at the trouble and pains of reflecting and forming one for themselves. But as light, heat, air, and moisture are alone essential to vegetation, there was the less necessity for resorting to the stimulant properties of gypsum and the excitabiU- ty of the earth : it being believed to be a well es- tablished fact that the only, or at least the chief office of the earth, is simply to serve as a matrix or bed for jilants to" grow in, and as a kind cf laboratory in which the various processes of veg- etation are elaborated. Much, to be sure, depends on the nature, tex- tni'e and preparation of the soil, which should be such, either naturally or artificially, as readily to imbibe moisture and to permit only of its gradual escape, that as much nourishment as possible may be retained to feed the roots of the young plants and to admit of an easy extension of them. When, therefore, the soil is not naturally such as we would have it, it should be our business to make it so. Sand is 0(>en, -svann, and gQncrc-y^ K freely receiving, and as freely parting with heat and moisture. Clay, on the caatrary, is cold, dif- ficultly penetrable, and very retentive. Thus, when our soil is too sandy, we should dress it with clay. When clay too much abounds, with sand. Attention to the texture of the soil is as necessary as manuring : for, unless that is of a suitable quality, it is scarcely possible, by any pre- paration we can give it, to affijrd to manure an opportunity of exerting its full power ; the chief virtue of which, it is believed, resides in its liques- cent salts, which readily attract moisture from the atmosphere, and generate heat by thus hastening the decomposition of its putrescent particles ; in this way producing eflects similar to those of plas- ter. Lands rendered sterile by an excessive use of plaster, and which are then said to be " plaster- sick," are observed to be much in the condition of stiff clays that have been run together by hasty, beating rains, and become baked as we call it ; so that when an attenqit is made to cultivate them, they break up in clods, and will not produce. — This arises, not, as has been imagined, from tlie strength of the earth having been exhausted by too great stimulation, but from the solvent |)ropi;r- ty of the sulphuric acid contained in the plaster, (for, besides its two before mentioned properties, it is also known to possess that of a solvent,) which, by dissolving a jiortion of the ferruginous and other mineral matters contained in the e:ir:h, and converting them into clay, ultimately renders that soil stiff and obdurate which before was oi)cn and free. So that the texture of the land in this case, as in that of stiff clays, is no longer such as is proper for vegetation. Being too much com- pacted and its particles too closely wedged into one another freely to receive, retain and gradual- ly transmit heat, moisture, &c. But this is a dis- covery which leads at once to the remedy ; for in both cases it becomes necessary that these lands should be dressed with sand, which should be ploughed and mixed with the earth so minutely as to divide and separate the particles of clay and keep it loose and open ; when, no doubt, " plaster- sick" lands, as well as those that are sterile and unproductive, from being naturally too stiff and clayey, will be quickly restored and made to pro- duce as well as ever. The idea of dressing lands with sand or clay, according to circumstances, seems as yet to have been but little thought of in Virginia. Nothing, however, is niose certain than that, if judiciously applied, they will be found equally as valuable as any other dressing we could give them. These things are now as well understood in England a.^ any other process in farming. There pits both of sand and clay are opened, and frequently they are carried the distance of many miles : it being a well known observation there, that the first step towards improving lands, if not naturally of a suit- able texture, is to make thein so artificially ; be- cause they know that this is necessary to give to manure its full effect. Formerly, before this was well understood and attended to, and previous to the introduction of gypsum, they attempted the improvement of their lands with marl. It succeeded very well at first, but by an incautious and excessive use of it, they finally rendered them barren and unproductive : and, in some instance.*, they are said not to have perfectly recovered in less than eighty years. — -Marl 13 a Tut, iiiictioua hind of oQrth, and very te- nacious ; hence, when used in too great quanti- ties, it has the effect of binding the soil, and caus- es it to become so close and cohesive as to ren- der it unfit for useful production. Such lands might have been said to be inarl-sick, and would have required the same remedy as those that are now said to be " plaster-sick," and I may add that are clay-sick.* Burning stiff lands has nearly the same effect as sanding of them, by indurating the particles and bringing them somewhat into the condition of pounded bricks. A FRIEND TO AGRICULTURE. [JVole bi/ the Editor of the American Farmer,] — We have lately conversed with several farmers of experience, who have used plaster of Paris for many years. Their impressions appear to be, in brief: that land which was rapidly brought some years from a state of exhaustion to a state of fer- tility, by the use of plaster to promote the growth of clover, and to which land plaster had never be- fore been applied, being since reduced by culture to its original degree of infertility, that land refus- es to he acted upon again by plaster in any thing like the degree which it produced when formerly applied.] A Farmer of German Flats. — Mr Chester Paine, of this town, raised this year, on less than 11^ rods cf ground, 52 bushels of Onions, Turnips, and Potatoes ; being 723i bushels per acre. — The circumference of one Turnip was nineteen inches. ' II is an old saying in England, lliat " He who marls sand buys land — He wlio marls clay lliro\vs ail away." From Ihe American Farmer. Important Observations on the Preservation of In- dian Corn from the Fly or H'evil, in the Com House. Dear Sir — For many years past, I had de- termined if ever I should build another cora house, it should be double the size necessary for housing my corn in the old way ; intending to store it as jjulled with the husks on. In the sum- mer of 1827, I built such a house with a door at each end, and in the month of October from the 7th to the 27th, housed my corn therein from the carts as it was hauled in with the husks thereon. When the mornings were damp, the part then pulled was deposited in the barn for immediate use. Within two or three weeks, I have husked out by an invalid hand, all that remained of the crop so put away, and find that it has kept to ad- miration, it comes from the husk glossy and fresh like new coin, and not a layer more imperfect and unsound thfin would have been, had it been husk- ed out at the time of pulling, and then separated in the usual way. I send you three ears of my last year's crop, number 1, 2, 3. The two ears numbered 1, 2, were stored in the corn house as above, and late- ly husked. On examination you will find No. 1 perfectly free from fly holes, not a grain thereof injured ; this ear was covered entirely with its husk. No. 2 has the most of its grains towards the small end only, fly eaten, as you will observe; this ear was not covered entirely with its husk out to the end theieof, and the part fly eaten ex- posed. No. 3 is an ear that my manager, it being handsome and speckled, accidentally took from a heap as they were husking for immediate use in the fall of 1827, and carried into the house and put into bis closet, where it remained until lately. As we both observe in husking out during the last two or three weeks, that a good deal of the corn was at the small end fly-eaten, and that it was never so in any of the ears except those not fully protected by the husk, it induced him to bring out and show me the ear No. 3, now sent, which had been in his closet during the year past. This ear as you see is literally eaten to a honey comb, al- most every grain thereof, by the fly. From the above circumstances I draw the con- clusion, that if I had husked out my crop last fall in the usual way, and so housed it, the whole thereof would have been totally ruined by the fly. Such an event did occur to my crop of corn made in the year of 1826 which was husked out anil housed as is generally practised. What remain- ed thereof in the fall of 1827, was scarcely fit to use, from the (juantity of the fly therein. I am therefore satisfied that the plan of housing corn with its coat on, at any rate one half the crop made, is infinitely superior to the old method ; moreover it is less likely to be pilfered. The fall of 1827, winter and spring of 1827, 1828, were from the general quantity of rain that fell, peculiarly unpropitious to my experiment ; on examination through the winter of 1827, 1828, the entire mass of husks and corn, for we dug into it, was often found in a giving state, and sometimes heated in a small degree, which alarm- ed me for its safety, but on the occurrence of a north wester, the husks almost immediately be- came cold, crisp, ar.d dry, as when put into the house. Some of the husks themselves were lost, per- 206 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Jan. 16, 1829. haps one fourth part, being those got out in the summer time. However, the cows, even then, al- though well pastured, seemed fond of and did eat them heartily, which 1 ascribed 1o the nubbins and some ears not completely husked and left amongst it. I saved all the husks lately made, and put them in a shed convenient to the cow yard and shall begin feeding with them. With great respect, yours, JAMES CARROLL. Mount Clare, Oct. 2, 1828. JVEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JAN. 16, 1829. the berries which it produces in great abundance. Its property of growing more densely than any The weaker animals should be kept apart ; and in crib feeding in the yard, it is a good method to tie other tree which attains an equal size, and the i up the master beasts at their meals. lasting and valuable timber it produces, when full Dr Deane says, " There should be more yards A NEW VARIETY OF POTATOES. A paper entitled " Remarks on the cultivation of a new variety of Potatoes," read before the Farmer's Society, of the town of Florida, N. Y. by Dr S. Reynolds, and published intlie A*ei« York Farmer, contains the folloAving observations : " For a long time past, we have liad fine pota- toes, for autunm, whiter, and spring use ; but it is only withm a few years that I lu.ve luulgood ones in the summer. Several experiments have been resorted to, in order to preserve thepld roots until the new ones were ripe, but all without success. By or before the middle of June, the old potatoes, however carefully laid up, became shrivelled and watery, and almost or quite imfit for the table. At this time the new ones are just begiiming to forn],and are yet small and tasteless, and so continue for sev- eral weeks. To sup])ly this destitute period, I have found a kind of potato, which planted in a wann situation and on good soil, will contribute an abun- dant supply for the table liefore the old ones be- come useless. They were brought from a very northern latitude to this place, where they had become habituated to the short stunmers of that climate, and will here rijjen in forty or fifty days after they vegetate, and appear above ground. These potatoes are white, smooth, with few eyes, and of a large shape, generally a little flattened ; and as they came to me anonynious, I have given them the name of Florida whites. * * * " I have planted them for four years, and have always found them a great acquisition ; nor do I think they deteriorate in any respect, but have ev- ery year improved in size. For the last two years I have planted them upon a good soil, highly ma- juired, with coarse stable dung. By the first of August the tops turned yellow and (lied away. I then caused the roots to be dug ami tlie laud to be finely ploughed, and levelled with a liaiTow. Tur- nip seed was then sown, and covered with a light harrow, and the ground pressed with a heavy roller. At this late season I experienced no injury from the fly. The turnips were thinned out, kept free from weeds, and I have both years had an abundant crop of solid fine turnips. "The cultivation of the potato appeared to an- swer all the purposes of a sunnner fallow, so that 1 have reason to think my turnips were as good as if I had taken no previous crop." LIVE FENCES. A w riter for the Aeic York Farmer recommends " the juniper or red cedar," as well adapted for hedges, and says : — " The hardy nature of the plant — the ease with which it may be cultivated in almost any soil or climate, is evinced from its spontaneous growth in old neglected fields, from grown and at matvirity, are distinguished qualities, which go to give it a preference, for cultivation as live fence, in my estimation, over any other tree or shrub. " Some may object to the cedar, as growing too large, thereby producing a shade on the borders of the fields, much to the injury of the crops growing thereon. But the protection they would afford against the autumnal and wintry blasts, which frequently sweep over our fields, carrying with them the best particles of the soil, would amply compensate for the injui"y sustained from the shade ; or by lopping and priming they may be kept in such a state as to make but little shade as they produce no additional scions under this ope ration. The cedar, imlike the hawthorn, nuist vegetate very quickly from the short time in which it will overspread a field, where large trees of this species are growing on its borders, the land having been previously cleared and afterwards suffered to lie donnant for a few years. I have frequently seen them bordering the highways on the north side of Long Island, spontaneously growing so closely together as to form almost an impervious hedge row and fine fence. The most easy and expetUtious way of propagating cedar for fence, where the young trees may be had from the old fields and woods free of expense is doubtless by transplanting. But I had hitherto considered the cedar, like other evergreens, difficult to transplant with success ; until sometime past, conversing with a friend on tlie subject, he inriuiin;*! lae ihnt lie Imit^ been in the habit of transplanting them for the puqiose of fence, for several successive seasons, and that he had experienced no difficidty with or- dinary ones, in making them live and flourish well. In cviltivating the cedar from berries, having deter- mined on the location, which, for convenience, should be by the side of an old fence — form a ridge by passing two or three times forth and back with the plough, and on this ridge plant the berries ; and after being up, thin them out and prune them as their gro^vth may require. By this means, in a few years, may be produced a beautiful hedge than one to a bam, where divers sorts of cattle are kept. The sheep should have a yard by them- selves at least ; and the yoimg stock another, that th'ey may be wholly confined to such fodder as the farmer can afford them." SHEEP. It is recommended to give ewes with lamb a somewhat more than ordinary quantity of food lor a montli or six weeks before they are expected to yean. Not enough, however, to make them fat, asdangcrous consequences might attend their being in very high condition at that period, Tuniii>s are said, by some writers, to be injurious to sheep wth Umb, but may he given them after they have yeaned. If your sheep, whether store sheep or ewes with lamb, have good hay, about a quart of potatoes a day to each, will, it is said, be very be- tieficial, and an ample allowance. " Care should be taken to place m the stable or yard, in which sheep are kejit, small tubs or troughs cf water for the sheep to drink in. They will do very well in suimner without water, as they feed when the dew is on ; but they need water in win- ter, especially if fed mostly on dry food. When sheep have colds, and discharge nuicus from the nose, good feeding, together with pine boughs, given occasionally, will cure them ; or tar spread over a board, over which a little fine salt is strewed, to induce sheep to lick up the tar, will cure a cold."* Half a gill of Indian corn a day, given to each .sVep, during winter, will, it is said, assist in kcep- 'V^^^ them in good lieart, prevent the wool from falling off, and en;>!)le the ewes to rear their young better than they would if fed altogether on food of a less sidjstantial nature. " When several kinds of food can be procured, it is right to give them alternately to the sheep at different meals, in the course of the same day ; the quaUties of one kind aid or compensate those of another. At certain hours of the day any fodder should be given, and at others roots or grain. If there be any danger that the roots may decay, the winter should be begun with them, for alone they would not be suflnciently imtritious."t FEEDING CATTLE. An English writer observes, that two great points in feeding cattle are regidarity ;md a particular care of the weaker individuals. On this last ac- count there ought to be ])lenty of trough or rack room, that too many may not feed together ; in which very common case the weaker are not only trampled do^^•n by the stronger, but they are wor- ried, and become cowed and spiritless ; than which there cannot be a more unfavorable state for thrift; besides, these are ever compelled to shift with the worst of the fodder. This domineering spirit is so remarkably prevalent among horned cattie, that the writer has a hundred times observed the master beasts numing- from crib to crib, and absolutely neglecting their own provender for the sake of driving the inferior from theirs. This is, nuicli oftener than suspected, the chief reason of that difference in a lot of beasts, after a winter's keep. It is likewise, he says, a very common and very shamefid sight, in a dairy of cows, to see several of them gored and wounded in a dozen places, merely from the inattention of the o\\nier, and the neglect of ;lipping the horns of those that butt. MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR PRO- IMOTING AGRICULTURE. The Committee on Agricultural Experiments, in addition to tlieir Report made on the 15th day of October last, ask. leave to submit the following : Tliat the Society's premium, of twenty dollars, be allowed and paid to Mr Paul Adams, of New- hurj', for the greatest quantitj- of whiter rye raised ou one acre, being thirtyeight bushels and five (piarts. Mr Ada.ms makesthe following statement: " The soil on which the above crop grew, is a yejlow loam upon a gravel bottom, in 1827 was planted w illi Indian com, and manul-ed with about 6 (ords of compost manure, spread on and ploughed ill. The said compost was made in the Iianijard, from the droppings of the cattle, marsh sods, salt hay, &c. trodden and pulverized by the cattle. As I have been in the habit of growing rye, and ma- nured with the like kind of dressings for a number of years, and have uniformly had good crops, some of them exceeding in quantity the last, it has sug- gested to me that the saline matter which was con- * Diane's ^'ew England Farmer, t Tessif^i Treatise on Sheep. Vol.VII.— No.26. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 207 taineil iu the manure did not help the same. The seed was hoed in tlie last hoeing of the corn, in August 1827 — about five pecks to the acre — har- vested in July 1828, and threshed two or three weeks after ; and there were thirtyeight bushels and five quarts." JosiAH Bass, Esq. of Quincy, raised the past season, on one acre and fortjtwo rods, thirtyfour bushels and three pecks of winter rye. Two communications on the subject of destroy- ing the bee inoth were received by your commit- tee : one of them from Mr D. Chandler, of South Hadley, in the county of Hampshire ; and the other a long and learned dissertation from Doctor James Thatcher, of Plymouth, author of the American Orchardist. Doctor Thatcher recom- mends several methods of destroying this insidious and powerful enemy, which has of late years in- fested the dwellings of one of the most useful and interestinganimalswith which bountiful Providence has .supplied us. Your committee recommend tliat both these conuiumications be uiserted ia the Massachusetts Agricultural Journal. They will aftbrd vahtable information to those farmers, and others, who usually keep bees ; and may possibly elicit some furllier useful observations ou this not unimjjortant subject. Mr Chandler does not hesitate to pronounce his method of preventmg the ravages of the bee moth as a sovereign remedy — one that may with fuU confidence be reUed upon. Doctor Thatcher, it will be seen, expresses some doubts as to Mr Chandler's method, and closes liis dissertation with recommendmg that the hives be deposited iu a buildii\g to be provided for the express purpose of covering them, leavuig openings to admit of the egress and iiigiess of the b.';C I, whilst employed in collectuig their winter stores ; which apertm"es may be closed at niglit during tlie moist season. Your committee not being them- selves fully satisfied'that the very best method of destroying the bee moth has as yet been discover- ed, and theretbre are not prepared to say that the comnuuiication of either gentleman conveys a new and decided preventative against the ravages of that insect, and such as creates a sufficient claun for the premium. But both connnimications con- tain valuable hints, and appear to be the result of accurate experiment, and industrious investigation Which is respectfully submitted. THOMAS L. WINTHROP, ) BENJAMIN GUILD, V Committee. JOHN C. GRAY, j Boston, January 10, 1828. ECONOMY IN FIREWOOD. The size into which wood should be spht, so as to be durable in burning, and yet give sufficient heat, is a matter worthy of some consideration. If split very small any given quantity 'will give more heat for a while, but will be quickly consumed ; if large, it will consume slowly, but will burn less readily, aiul give much less heat. Afij'e composed of billets of wood not more than 14 ijiches long, will give more than two thirds as nuich heat as that made, of -wood double that length.. Perhaps billets of from three to four inches diameter on a inediiun, will be found most economical. GOOD BREAD. An English publication asserts, that a mixture oflwo))arts flijur, and one of potato, makes an agreeable bread, which cannot be distinguislied from wheatcn bread. It is said that nit less than 300 tons of potatoes are consumed for that piu-pose every week in London. Measures are taking in Albany for the establish- ment of a Horticultural Society in that place. A Horticultural and Botanical Association has been incor])orated in Hartford, Con. with a caj)ital of $25,000. There were strawbeiTies on the table at the din- ner at New York, in honor of Gen. Jackson, 8th inst. They were from Mr Parmentier's hot-house, Brooklyn, Long Island. We are obliged to defer till next week, the pub- lication of an article on Ice Houses and Refrigera- Assorted Seeds for Families. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Slore small bo.\es of assorted Seeds tor Kitchen Gardens. Each box contains a package of the following Seeds : F.arly Washington Peas Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Late IMarrowfal Peas Early Mohawk Dwarf string Bi^ans China Dwarf string and shell Beans Lima, or Sable Pole Beans Blood Beet Early Turnip-rooted Beet Early York Cabbage Large late Drumhead Cabbage Cape Savoy Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage (/or pick- Early Horn Carrot Long Orange Carrot White Solid Celery Curled Cress Earlv Cucumber Parsnip Large Cabbage Lettuce Long Green Turkey Cucumber Pine-apple Melon Nasturtium Large White Onion arge Red Onion Curled Parsley Flat Squash Pepper Early Scarlet Short-top Radish White Turnip Radish Salsify Early Bush Squash Early White Dutch Turnip White Flat Turnip Yellow Stone Turnip Winter Crook-neck Squash. POT HERB SEEDS. Thyme — Sage — Marjorum. Early Silesia Lettuce The above list, it will be seen, comprises all the common ve- getables^ l>esides several new varieties of recent inlro'luction, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is warranted of the very first qualilv, as to freshness and purity. Each box contains directions for the management of tlie difl'erent sorts. Price g3 pel box. For Sale, In the southeasterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, eonta'ning about 120 acres, consisting of every kind of land that is desirable to the enterprising farmer, a large |>orlion of which is of the first qiiality, having a constant stream of water running through it ; and the land is so situated that a number of acres are capable of irrigation. On the premises is an upright two story House, with tbiir rooms on tlie floor, in good repair ; a large Barn. 80 by 30, and in common seasons is filled with good hay. There are also on the farm, good Orchards, a part of which are in dieir prime ; logether with an abundance of Wood, the best of white oak. fit lor wheelwTighis' use, or for ship limber. There are few farms capable of more improve- ment, or w hich can be carried on at less expense. The place will be solil at a fair price, with or without the stock and uten- sils, at the election of^thc purchaser. The payments m.nde easy and accommodating, and jtossession may be had on delivery oi the deed. For further i^articulars, please inquire of Wli.I.tAM Draper. Esq. of Marlborough, of Benjamin Welti ofRox- bury, or of Sabiuel IL Weld, on the premises, .Ian. 16. Two Heifers For Sale. Two Superior Heifers, widi calf, mixed between the Denton and Ceelebs breed. Bolh of wlilch took a premium at the late Show in Biigliion. — Inquire of Daniel Chandler, Lexinglon. or at the counting room of the New England Farmer, Agriciillural Warehouse, Boston. 3t Jan. 2, 1859. The Hunterdon Gazette Establislnnent for sale. At Fleminglon, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, on reasonable terms. Address the Editor, (post paid) at Fleminglon, New Jersey. 31 Jan ~ To the Public. The subscriber would inform the public, that certain piM-sons did, some time since, obtain a certain Potent Right, claiming lor their iniprovemeiit, a Reaction principh', or action I wo w ays, vainly supposing they were about to alter one ol the fuiidamcii- lal laws of mechanism, by gaining in time without a loss of power, or gaining in power without a loss ol lime. This foolish idea tiicy attempted to demonstrate by constructing a Press fiir flay, &.e. with two fixed horizontal boxes, (me on each end of a horizontal fra.me. In these boxes the hay or colioa was to be put, or slowed vertically, and the reaction power applied to Doth boxes at the same time, horizontally ; tnus Ihey expected to press two bales with one and the same power, in the same lime that it look to press one ; but they failed in their purpose, both on account of reaction, and mode of stowing and pressing, — for it was found impossible to confine fibrous materials wilh bands, that are slowed and pressed at right angles with the stowing. It is well known in Maine that Mr Moses B. Bfiss, of Pittston, Kennebec couniy- has recently made an important and useful improvement in ihe constructioQ of a Press for Hay and other fibrous materials, and secured to himself the extensive property of said improvement, by taking out Letters Patent for ihe same under the Seal of ihe United Slates, which property he claims, principally, from having made his box to revolve on Irunions, which project fiom near the centre of its largest sides, so that it may be turned loan upright position for the convenience of fill- ing and slowing, and then lo a horizontal one for pressing. — The oiliet part of his specification has nothing very particular in it, except in moving the machine by means of gear-work and a small cog-wheel allixed to the axle of a large pair of locomo- tion wheels. This Press Mr Bliss has had in successful use for many months, and it has been fully tested by those well qualifi- ed lo judge of ils merits, and met their decided approbation. — He has effected in this machine what has long been a desidera- tum, viz. lo have a moveable press ; and to have it moveable, it is necessary that it should be horizontal, and to have it horizon- tal, there must be a revolving box. Why I would draw the attention of the public lo the specifica- tion above, is, because the said persons have abandoned their press on the reaction plan, and imitated Mr Bliss in every par- ticular except the revolving box, and are now attempting to palm ofl' this imitation press under their credentials for a reac- tion power. . • u ti. The Dublic are advised lo compare the specifications withlhe ■ ■ ■•■ " C^ALVIN WING. iiodel now exhibiting. Gardiner, Dec. 31,1823. Jan 16 3t PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. APPLES, best, . . - - ASHES, pot, first sort, - - - Pearl, firsl sort, - - - BEANS, white, .... BEEF, mess, ... Cargo, No. 1 , Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, iuspecled. No. 1, new, - CHEESE, new milk. Skimmed milk, FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - Genesee, - - - - Rye, best, - - - - GRAIN, Corn, Rye, .... Barley, . . - . Oats, .... HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LLME, PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, clear, .... Navy, mess, Cargo, No. 1, - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, ... Rye Grass, ... Tall Meadow Oats Grass, - Red Top - - - . Lucerne, . . - . White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (noriliern) French Sugar Beet, - Mangel WuiV.'.el, WOOL, Merino, full liloiul, washed, - JMerino, full blood. U!l\vil^lled, Merino, three lourlhs washed, fib.'rino, halt' &. (]uar^r washed Nalivi', uaslied, - - - Pulled, Lamb's, first sorl, - Pulleil, Lamb's, .second sorl. Pulled, " spinning, first sort FROM barrel. 3 00 ton. 130 001 it 130 ai bushel. 81) barrel. 10 (10 '( 8 60 " 7 50 pound. I'l- *' 7 ti 2 barrel 9 00 '• 9 00 bushel. G3 it 75 a 30 pound. cask. 85 ton. barrel. IG OC u 13 OC 11 13 m bushel. 2 OC n pound. u tt t| 11 37 n 2.1 11 33, a .31 " O' TO 3 73 35 00 35 00 1 12 10 60 9 09 7 7.5 IS 9 3 9 12 9 25 63 80 70 38 9 90 3 00 IG SO 13 25 13 25 2 50 3 00 4 09 ■1 00 4 (10 1 00 .-50 50 10 1 50 1 50 •1.3 28 37 35 2K 4.-! 30 33 PHOVISION MARKET. COKRKCTKI) r.VLPV WKKK BY UK. HAVIARD, (Clf.k of Fimeuil-hall Alaikel.) BEEF, best pieces, - I'ORK, fre.^h, best pieces, whole hogs, vi:ai.. Muri'oN, . . - . I'on.Ti'.y, . - - - l',UTTER, keg and iiib, . Lum}*., bc»t, HGfiS, .ME.\L, R:)e. reuil, - Indian, relail, POrATOS, CIDEK, [at-coriliug lo qiiahiy.] pound. "1 tt ^'i tt 5 It 5 o 14 floz^'n. 20 ■ii^iiel. • lancl. 2 W 12 1 2 G 6 10 10 20 20 22 70 70 50 3 OJ 208 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Jan. 16, 1829. MISCELLANIES. afFjid tliein the liigliest innocent delight. The consideration last mentioned ought ever to have weight ; — enjoyment shonld be i^tiniionsly provid- ed for the season of hfe in wliicli it has its keen- est zest. The true halcyon days are those of well treated children. " Gay liopc is theirs by fancy fed, Less pleasing wlien possest j Tlie tear forgot as soon as shed, The sunshine of the breast : Theirs buxom health of rosy hue, Wild wit, invention ever new, And lively cheer of vigor born; The thouglitless day, the eas3' night, The spirits pure, the slumbers light. That fly th' approach of morn." Drunkenness and Education. — In the Noctes , AmrosiansB of Blackwood for the present month, We are glad that private balls for chddren are j jg jj^g following dissertation on drunkenness :— becoming more common. These meetings refine . j^„rtli. Drunkenness is the cause of nine-tenths their thoughts and manners; exercise them most|o)-tj,g grief and guilt that aggravate the inevita- advaiitageously in a salutary acconiplishmcnt,^ndjijlg distress of the poor. Dry up that horrid -^.., .1 .!._ 1 ._K- . . , _ ..-1,. i„ ^j^j^gj j^^j ji^g j^gjj^jg Qj- j]jg „,jgjpj^gj ^^,ould sing aloud for joy. In their sober sense, it seldom happens that men, in a Christian country, are such savages. But all cursed passions latent in the heart, and seemingly, at least, dead or non- existent, while that heart beat heartily in sober industry, leap up fierce and full grown in the power of drunkenness, making the man at once a maniac, or rather at once converting him into a fiend. — Shepherd. There's nae cure for that but edication — edication o' the people — clear the head and you strengthen the heart — gie thoughts, and feeling follow. I agree wi' Socrates in thinking a' vice ignorance, and a' virtue knowl- edge, takin' a' the four words in the highest sense o' what they are capable. The wife of a man who could ill afford it, hav- ing purchased s. fashionable hat, said to her hus- band, " My dear, do you think my bonnet is of more than a medium size ?" " No indeed," re- plied the husband, " I should say it is nearer the size called /bo/s-cnp." Nat. Gaz. Hints to the Ladies. — It has always been re- marked, that the generality of females have many admirers, at the same time, few or no lovers ; and they wonder at it — but the reason is obvious — if they thought, but thinking has become quite un- fashionable. " Ah !" said a venerable maiden, la- inenting the degeneracy of the age, " courting is nothing to what it was when I was yoinig. The flirts now a-days, make the fellows so saucy, that there is hardly to be found a respectable lover." The observation was just. The ladies of the last age were more res])ected, because they were more reserved. For want of a proper reserve, they are treated with indiflerence, which is nearly aUied to contempt. They make themselves too cheap to keep up their consequence, without which they can never bo respectable. To speak philosophic- ally, a lady must repel before she can attract. — All this advice may sound oddly to a female ear ; but she who laughs at it, pays no great compli- ment to lier understanding. — Ovid, who knew hu- man nature tolerably well, discovered not a httle penetration when he made Daphne fly so fast from her laurelled lover ; for his passion was increased by the pursuit. Our Daphnes are quite another Gardiner Lyeeum. Tlic Winter Term, at this Insiituiion, will commence on the first VVcclnesdaj- of January next. The studies of ihe term are as follows ; — Regular Classes. Third Class — Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, Book-keep- ing. Second Class— Chemistry, Agricultural Chemistry, Calculus, Menstiraiion, Heights and Distances, Surveying. Fiist Class— Alaguetism, Constitutional Law, Optics, Astron- omy . Winter Classes. In Civil Architecture- Linear, Isomelrical and Perspeclfve Drawing, Carpentry, &-C. In Agriculture — Chemislry, Agricultural Chemistry, Elemen- tary Principles of Natural History. Navigation, and the French and Spanish Languages are also taught to those who wish. Students in tlie winter classes will also be allowed to attend to any of the above studies with the regular classes, it ihey are prepared therefor. Lectures. Lectures will be delivered upon Chemistry, Agricultural Chemistry, and a short course upon the Anatomy and Diseases of Domestic Animals. A large and commodious shop has been fitted up for the Me- chanical Department, which will be imder the superintendence of Sir Philip C. Holmes, an industrious and skilful mechan- ic. It has the convenience of water-power, for turning Lathes, Circular Saws, and other machinery. In this shop students will be allowed to work, and an adequate compensation will be paid to them for such work as they may perlbrm. if ingenious and industrious they mav be ableto pay their expenses. Dec. 31, 1S28. ' ' 1 Mr Judd — I have noticed that the enterpris- ing farmers in the north part of Hatfield, are about reclaiming a large swamp, of from 1000 to 2000 acres, and have actually succeeded in draining it by a canal from Connecticut river to the swamp. If they are not aware of the dan- ger to themselves and the vioinitv, from expos- ing such an extent of vegetable compound, it may be well to suggest to them, if they would es- cape the fatal diseases of malaria,* that the brush- wood should be cut this winter while the frost is in the ground, and so arranged that it may be fired in the spring, and the entire surface burned over. J. H. F. * See remarks on Malaria in our last paper. — Dr M'Culloch says the drainage of swamps and sort of people. ' Instead of living from, they run j marshes is at first, and till they be put into culti- into the arms of their Apollo.s^ and arc afterwards Ration, a source of disease undoubted. Such surprised that they grow cool to their charms.— '^nds are productive of disease before they are Lovers are like sportsmen, to whom the posses- i drained, and they require drainage and cultiva- sion of the game is nothing to the pleasure of the ' ''O" ^s much for the purpose of preventing dis- chase. If ladies would study less to please, they \ ease, as to increase the value of the produce.— would give more pleasure. This is a paradox i'ump. Gazette. which those for whom I throw out these reflec- i ' tions cannot comprehend, and until they can, they ; " B/m in .?dion."— The all wise Disposer of all will never make their iortiine by their faces.— j things has decreed that man shall find a i)Ositive The roses of youth are not long in bloom, and , l''easiire in the rfuc exercise of his powers and fac- wheii time has torn them awav, there is an end to , "It'^s corporeal and intellectual. But excessive love at first sight ; and on tliii't they may seem by exertions take away all wish for even salutary ex- their manner of setting themselves off chiefly to ! ercise, and he who carries labor to excess, will at depend. To be stared at a few seasons, and ne- glected, anil in a few more, sink into oblivion, is the lot of a thousand showy girls, who have only external appearances to recommend them. With- out prudence and discretion, even the most sub- stantiiil ornaments, though they excite admiration, will never ])rocure esteem. Prudence is superior to pearls ; and there is no kind of comjiarison be- tween diamonds and discretion. Fools may be caught by the shell ; but the man worth having will make the gem the object of deliberation. — J^orfolk Herald. Orchard Grass Seed. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, Doston, — a consignmenr of prime Orchard Grass Seed, raised by Mr Lloyu Jones, of renn- sylvania, who is well known as the most extensive and success- fill cultivator of this valuable grass in this country, as the follow- ing teller shows : " Mil Russell, — In regard to the character of Mr JONKS* seed, I have pleasure in saying, that it is the best in this market, and always commands an extra price. Col Powel always purchases of him, not only for himself but for his southern liiends ; and the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, at their lost exhibition, awarded him the premiums for both Oi'cbasd f." 53 Qod Clover Seed. Yours, &c, JOHN P. MILNOR, Recording Secretary Penn. Agri. Society. Gentlemen who wish to secure a supply of this seed, will do well to secure it soon. Also, a most extensive supply of Garden, Field, and Flowet Seeds, raised expressly for us, or procured from the most Utt- questionable sources. ;th find moderate labor irksome, if not painful. Exercise gives strength to every fibre, and en- ergy to all the vital powers. But exercise, like most good ])ractices and habits may be carried to excess. Extreme toil not only shortens life but brings less to pass than steady, but moderate la- bor. It is not, therefore, often advisable for far- mers to undertake to perform what are called " great days' works ;" for one day of over exer- tion may cause weeks of debility, if not months of sickness. Canary Birds. For Sale, a few copies of the New and Complete Canary Bird Fancier, containing a variety of useful information, by which the admirers of those beautitu! Birds may be instructed in ilielr management while breeding, and their treatment when diseased; with useful Hints to the breeders of Blules. From tlw latest London Edition. — Price 25 cts. Just received at the Agricultural Warehouse. 4t No. 52 North Market Street, Boston. Valuahle Real Estate, &fc, For Sale. The Subscriber offers for Sale, the following Real Estates In Durham, N. H. viz : About 50 acres of land, under good cultivation, with tolera- ble buildings thereon ; — Soil of excellent quality, and capabl& of a high degree of improvement. Also, a Farm on the New liampsliire Turnpike road, containing about 80 acres, with Imildings nearly new. Also, a Farm of about 1 10 acres, with new buildings, lying within two miles of the New 31arket Factories. Also, a small Farm lying in the Groat Bay containing 30 o» ■10 acres, a very productive and rxcclient tract of laud, in the neighborhood o( tile above named Factories. Also three House? in the Village of Durham — one of them possessing excellent acconimodalioiis for a Tavern. Also, a Farm in Lee, ontaining about 80 acres. Also, a Wood Lot in Barrington, containing 105 acres, weR wooded. He alsooflor,! for sale, a Stud Horse of approved blood, and several iMa:e.s and Colts ofililTerenl ages. — All kinds of Farm.- iiig Utensils, and Stock of all sorts. 'J he aliove described Lands are within a short distance of the large Factory Est-Hlilishments at Dover and New Market. ■ Durham, liee. 26, 1823. JOHN FROST. I Published every Friday, at $?> per annum, payable at the 1 end of the j-ear- but those who pay within sixty days fromthe , time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of filly cents. Printed for J. li. Russell, by I. R.Butts & Co —by whom ■ all descriptions of Priming can be executed to meet Ihe wishes ; of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B. Rus.sELl., : at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North Market Street.. "PTEW ENGL-AN© FAHMEK. Published by John B. Russeli, at JVb. 52 J^orth Market Street, (at the Agricultural Warehouse). — Thomas G. Fessenden Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 23, 1829. No. 27. INTERIVAL IMPROVEMENT. RAILWAYS. (Bylh'jEililor.) (Continued from page 202J In order to form a correct opinion of the prac- licability and expediency of making railways in the United States, it may be well to take a con- cise view of the subject as exemplified by the practice of Great Britain. Having ascertained what has been done, and made a correct allow- ance for varying circimistances, we may be the better able to form an estimate of what may and ought to be accomplished with regard to contem- jilated improvements. The Edinburgh Encyclopedia asserts that rail- ways are so numerous that it would be difficult even to enumerate the various works of this des- cription, which have been executed throughout ■the United Kingdom, as railways are universally .employed at all the principal coal and iron works, -in situations altogether inaccessible to a commu- nication by water. In not a few instances they have been constructed by jomt stock companies, and sometimes by individuals as public thorough- fares. The only public railway of extent, in Scotland, is that between the manufacturing town of Kil- marnack and the harbor of Troon ; which, agree- ably to act of Parliament is open to all upon pay- ment of a certain toll. This extensive work, i:''"| those of the Duke of Bridgewater's in Englc*^'"' was e.fecuted at the solo expense of the Duk!?,'bl Portland, for the improvement of his Ayrshire es- tates. The Troon railway is about ten miles in length, and is laid down with two sets of cast iron tracks, of the description technically termed plate-rails. It crosses the river Irvine by a stone bridge of four arches, each of forty feet s|)an, and the whole line forms an inclined plane falling to- wards the shipping port at the rate of about one sixteenth of an inch perpendicular in one yard horizontal. In its track it encounters a difficult pass through .Shaulton moss ; and towards the harbor the uniform line of draught is preserved by an embankment of about two miles in length. — This work with the great pier fouuded in about eighteen feet water in the lowest tides, together with the graving docks and whole establishment at Troon, we're executed agreeably to a design of the late Mr Jessop's, and with the coal fillings, in the neighborhood, are understood to have cost about £150,000. The other railways in ScotlantI, which may be mentioned as of extent or interest are those of the Carron Company, the- establish- ment of which is understood to have reduced the average monthly expenditure for carriage from £1200 to £300 ; the coal works of the Earls of Elgin and Mar, in Fife and Ciackmannanshircs ; Sir John Hope, of Penkie ; Mr Wauchope, of F.d- monstone, and Mr Cadcll, of Cockenzie, in Mid Lothian ; Mr Dickson and others in Lanarkshire ; and Mr Taylor and others in Ayrshire. These are edge-railways, and such of them as have late- ly been laid, arc chiefly of malleable iron. In England at all the coal and manufacturing districts, vailways are employed for facilitating and econoinising the operations. In tlie counties of Northumberland and Durham alone, the coal workings and railways require a separate map to show their position. Here the system of imty- leave was first introduced, a source of revenue in the form of a tonnage, paid to landed proprietors, for liberty to pass through their grounds with a line of railway to the shipping port. In Cumber- land, perhaps, the most interesting railways are those of the under-ground works of Lord Lons- dale, at Whitehaven. In the. great manufactur- ing and commercial county of Lancashire, rail- ways are very numerous. A highly interesting work also occurs at the Duke of Bridgewater's under-ground works at Worseley, about seven miles from Manchester. In Darby, Stafford, and Warwickshires, railways are numerous, some of which are connected with inclined planes, and are works of considerable extent, as those of little ! Eaton and Butterly. At Mansfield in Notting- I ham there is a public railway nine miles in length, which was designed and executed by Mr Josias Jessop. In Shropshire, and indeed along the whole course of the Severn, railways have been introduced with the best effect. Those of Coal- brookdale, and its neighborhood, where Reynolds, the famous iron master,first introduced the use pf cast iron for railways and bridges, are highly in- teresting. At Chaltenham in Gloucestershire, Loughborough in Leicestershire, and Wandsworth in Surry, and other situations there are public wfievay.s varying in extent, from seven to twenty- yot-mJles, and differing in their line of draughts, ^according to the situation of the country. South Wales, perhaps, more than any other country of similar extent abounds with valuable minerals, which from the inaccessible nature of the country must have been in a great nieasm-e, shut up, but for the introduction of the railway system. Here a large uninhabited district of ster- ile mountains may be said all at once to have be- come the seat of populous towns and villages. — Such for example is Blerthyr-tydvill, of which the Marquis of Bute is Lord of the Manor. When the late Mr Crashey, the great Iron master of this district, established himself here about the year 1765, the parish of Merthyr-tydvill contained a very scanty pojiulation ; but at the census of 1811, it had increased to 11,104 inhabitants ; and in that of 1S21 it mounted uj) to 17,404. The rail- ways of this district are numerous, and many of them extensive, particularly in Glamorgan, Mon- mouth, Caermarthen, and Brecknockshires. — Among these may be mentioned the Sirhowy rail- way, which, with its branches and collateral lines, extends upwards of thirty-five miles. It crosses the Ebbwy by a bridge of 15 arches ; ibrnis a connexion with the Wye, and has had the ef- fect of reducing the price of coals throughout the higher parts of Radnor and Herefordshire. The Cardiff and Blerthyr-tydvill railway is about 27 miles in length ; and it is worthy of remark, that both a common road and a navigable canal are estabUshed between these places. At the great iron works of Merthyr-tydvill, Dowlais, Penydur- ran, and others in that neighborhood, much use is made of railways. Here wagons, loaded with minerals are transported upon an inclined plane, upon a horizontal platform by steam, in a very simple and expeditious manner. Connected with the Neath canal there are several railways with inclined planes of considerable magnitude, and at Swansea, one is laid to the village of Oystermouth, a distance of seven miles. On this line a stago coach plies daily with passengers, which indeed appears to be its chief trade. In Caermarthen- shiro there is a railway to the harbor of Lanelly, which extends about fifteen miles into the interior coal country. In the mineral districts of North Wales, con- nected with the shires of Caernarvon, Denbigh, and Merioneth there are several extensive rail- way works. That belonging to the slate quarries at Pennrhyn is about six miles in extent, and is laid out in four successive horizontal tracks which conmiunicate with each other by means of three inclined planes, varying in length from 130 to 300 yards. On thes»e the work is so arranged, that in passing down the loaded wagon.'*, the empty ones are taken up by a track rope, which winds round the axle of a brake wheel. On the more level parts of the road the wagons are drawn by horses The Pennrhyn railway may now be considered as a pretty old establishment ; and its good condi- tion affords an example of the stabihty of the edge-railway, having been in (1824) use for sev- enteen or eighteen years. In Ireland there are yet but few railways, ex- cepting lliose of the Harbor-works of Dublin, and at quarries and other works of that description, which from their temporary nature are not gen- erally calculated to afford good specimens of the art ; but in the progress of improvement in that fine country we may look forward to the period when such works will bo more generally estab- lished. In connexion with the railways mentioned above, we may mention several extensive surveys, which have been made for works of this descrip- tion. One of these by Mr Telford, extends across the country from Glusgow to Berwick upon Tweed, a distaiice of 125 miles, with a rise of 636 feet to the water-shade in the i)arish of Dolphingstown. The survey from Berwick to Kelso, by the late eminent Mr Rennic, has been farther continued up Gala Water to Dalkeith, Edinburgh, and Leith, by ]\Ir Stevenson, who has also made a survey upon the opposite side of the Frith of Forth, on an uninterrupted level from the river Tay through the great valley of Strathmore to Aberdeen, with branch lines to the ports of Stonehaven, Montrose, Arbreath, Dundee, and Perth, comprising upwards of one hundred miles of level road. A collateral line has likewise been traced by the same engin- eer from the confluence of the rivers Earn and Tay, through the county of Fife to the westward of Duniferline, with various branch lines commu- iiicating with the Frith of Forth. An extensive road is now making oC 36 miles iu length, and 4 sets of tracks, connecting Liverpool with Man- chester by a railway, notwithstanding the water communicalions already established hetween these places by the river Mersey and the Ineell canal. It may further be mentioned, that after looking for- ward for many years for a canal across the coun- try between the Tyue and the Solvvay, (a track of all others the most desirable for such a work,) a 210 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Jan. 23, 1829. railway is now contemplated, evea by tlio.se who were most anxious that such improvement should be a navigable canal. These operations or certain compartments of them, may be expected ere long to be carried into effect, as the benefits of the rail- way system are every day more apparent. A public railway is now completed between the Forth and Clyde canal, and the extensive coal field in the vicinity of Monk-land canal, near Air- drie. (To be continued.) FOR THE NEW ENGUA.ND FARMER. Mr Fessendes — I take the liberty of transcrib- ing the following, which I have not seen in the Farmer. The first is invaluable, and should be preserved or remembered by every farmer. " Hovtn in cattle. — As the distension is chiefly occasioned by carbonic acid gas, any substance which will combine with that gas will reduce it. Such a substance is readily found in ammonia (hartshorn) a spoonful of which, infused in water, and forced down the animal'.'i throat, completely removes the distension." Annahs de Chimie. So- da and Potash will combine as readily with car- bonic acid gas as ammonia ; and, therefore, if dis- solved in water, may be eiBcaciously and safely administered. Loudon's Magazine for August, mentions the Establishment of two new agricultural schools on the Continent ; one in France, by the Abbe du Pratt, the other in Bavaria, by Baron Von Closin. In the latter, to which is attached an experiment- al farm of 400 acres, youths from 10 to 15 years of age, are taken and maintained, clothed, and taught, for five years, for the value of their labor, and 50 florins (about $22) entrance money. The example of Fellenburgh is effecting wonders in Europe. When shall we appreciate and profit by it .' Potato Mortar. — M. Cadet de-Vaux, found mor- tar of lime and sand, and also that made of clay, greatly improved in durability, by mixing boiled potatoes with it. — Bid. Un. Plants raised from seeds which have been crossed, always bear the form of the mother, but take the colors of the male parent. Fewer seeds are produced by art than nature alone, and the impregnated flowers are less visited by bees than others. — Annates Hort. Soc. Paris. Hie Monsieur Pear, a new variety, found in the woods, attracts much attention in France, on account of its large size, beauty of appearance, and excellent keeping qualities, remaining good till after Easter. Messrs Bose and Vihnorin con- sider this fruit to come very near, if not to be, the pear St Lezin. — Id. Albany, Jan. 15, 1829. HORSES. The following remarks upon horses, are copied from the publication of an eminent farrier in Eu- rope ; anil we tliiuk them worth the perusal of farmers generally. The pulse of a horse in health, is from 36 to 40 beats in a minute, and may be easily felt by press- ing the finger gently upon the tem])oral artery, which is situated about an inch and an halfback- wards frojn the corner of the eye. Horses have not the faculty of puking, or even belching wind out of their stomachs, and there- fore are peculiarly subject to wind cholic. When a horse has been overridden, bloody .spots may be seen in the whites of his eyes. A limber dock is sure evidence of a limber back ; that is, a weak one. A horse that is hardy and good for business has a short back bone, which terminates forward of the hip bones. A decoction of white oak bark will kill botts by tanning them, and they will become so shrivelled, as scarcely to be discernable when discharged. The principal signs of a good horse are these — the eyes set apart in the head, and large and bright ; the quirl high in the forehead ; one or two in the neck is a good sign ; the neck well set on high ; the shoulder blailes pretty high, and converging to a point ; the breast full and large, and so also behind ; the body round, for flat bodi- ed or slab sided horses are weak naturcd ; the dock stiff", going wide behind, for if the gambols knock together, it shows that the horse is feeble ; chewing the bit when provoked is a good sign. — It is a Spanish proverb, that the dapple grey will sooner die than tire. — JV. Y. Gaz. Considerations on the processes employed by JVur- serymen for obtaining better sorts of Fruits, and on the means by which JVature appears to accom- plish the same result. By M. Poiteatj. The author observes, it is but rarely that im- proved varieties of our cultivated fruits originate with nurserymen ; they are generally the produc- tion of chance, found in the woods or hedges, or froqi distant corners of provinces, where the finer sorts are hardly known, and where the sorts they have are mismanaged or neglected. That " like begets or produces like," has long been consider- ed a law of nature among animals and some veg- etables ; but this law is not always uniform, es- pecially among domesticated animals or hic'l' cultivated plants. Yet, on this principle, our""?" ( o'ei. serymen have acted in their endeavors to obtrj^ejl^"^ better kinds of fruit, by sowing seeds of the best, in the ho[)e that they would raise something still better. It is well known that in this process they have failed. The celebrated Duhamcl and his contemporaries failed in the same way. From these and other instances, the author concludes that practitioners are wrong in their expectations of obtaining at once what can only be the result of time. He seems to infer that seedling.s, apples or pears, for example, require some years and some cultivation, while they are passing from one stage of their infancy to another, before they can show their inherent (jualities. As proof of this conjecture, he instances the case of the fruit trees in the United States of America at this time. There, it appears, they have little trouble in procuring superior fruits from seed ; and, that they have many excellent new kinds, their lists sufficiently testify. The cause of this he conceives to be, that the first imported fruits, which the colonists received from Europe 300 years ago, were, amidst the bustle of estab- lishing and securing themselves in a new country, lost, from neglect or ignorance of the art of graft- ing ; and that they only had recourse to soeds for perpetuating the kinds. These seedlings have |)assed through several generations, and are now arrived at that period of their existence in which their inherent qualities ate fully developed. The Americans, M. Poitcau adds, attribute tljis to another cause, namely, that in proportion as their newly broken up lands are ameliorated by cultivation, &c. so, in like proportion, are the qualities of their fruit. It is a common saying in Virginia, that the fruits of sucli or such an or- chard " begin to change fiir the^better." But this can hardly be admitted ; for though such circum- stance may improve the quality, it cannot change the physical characters of fruit. After noticing the fact proved by Mr Knight, F. H. S. that a crab, fecundated by the pollen of a good fruit, produces better kinds from seed than can be had from seeds of improved fruit, he pro- ceeds to describe the method used by the Flemish orcliardists to obtain new sorts, and which is giv- en on the authority of M. Van Mons. The Bel- gians, he says, do not prefer the seeds of amelio- rated fruit. When the seedlings appear, they do not, as others do, choose such only as are free from spines, having large leaves, and remarkable for the thickness and beauty of their wood ; but, on the contrary, such as are most spinous, provid- ed the spines are long, and well furnished with buds or eyes placed near together. This last cir- cumstance they consider as an indication that they will soon show fruit. Individuals having such properties are grafted, apples on paradise, and pears on quince stocks, to hasten fructification.^ The first fruits of these grafts are generally bad ; but whatever they are the seeds are carefully saved and sown. The second generation, treat- ed in like manner, begins to show improvement. Through a third and fourth the process is continu- ed, till they arrive at a point which gives fruit worthy of being preserved. Peaches and apri- cots, treated in the same way, yield excellent fruit the thiid generation ; apples require four or five, and the pear about six, transitions. This ])rocess, concludes M. Poiteau, is only an imitation of that of nature, exemplified in America. — Aii- nales Soc. de Hor. de Paris. RAILWAYS. By a gentleman just anived in this city, we aro told, that in an interview with Mr Black, a member of the legislature of Soutli Carolina on his way to Charleston, the following information was conmiu- nicated. A company had been incoqjorated for constructing three rail roads. One of these was to extend from Augusta to Charleston ; a second from Columbia, and another from Orangeburg to the same place. In two or three hours after the books were opened, three hundred thousand dollars were subscribed. No doubt ^vas entertained tliat the whole stock would be immediately made up with avidity, as it was considered the best in the state. The cost of con.strnction was $3000 per mile, and plenty of contractors were ready to en- gage for the perfonriance of the work. The rail- ways are to lie of wood, and the iron on which the wheels are to nm is already obtained from England at 862J a ton. Live oak, cypress, and long leafed pine, are to fiirnish the sleepers. Wlien these rot, they will take care to have provided stones from the upper countiy, brought down upon the rail road, to sid)stitiite in the place of the wood as it decays. Mr B. said, that if the wood should last only ten, or even five years, they should consider it of little consequence, as they would thus have the means of giving it permanency afterwards. * He was one of the sfockhnldcrs, and had been to Eng- land to obtain iMforination pei-sonally on the metl - ods and advantages of intemal impro\'ement. A model of a rail road had been prepared in the neighborhood of Charleston, of about a mile per- haps ill length, to put such a work to the test. The load fin- a horse was found to be ten tons. Five gentlemen had gone with him to visit this I Vol.VII.— No.27. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 211 model. On arriving at it, the six jumped into the car, and caUini; ii))on the hoy to give them a ride, they liad an oppoi-tunity of seeing liow easily and smoothly the movement was effected. From Co- lumbia to Ciiarleston is 120 miles, and the toll for transportation is to be 25 cents on the bale of cot- ton from one place to the other. The present price of conveyance by a canal, throuch the same dis- tance, is about a dollar and a half, so that the rail road, as soon as completed, will probably wholly supersede the canal, and make it of no use. — Penn. Gazette. STATISTICS. The Western Tiller contains a sensible and m- teresthig paper on the population of the United States, in reference to the approaching census of 1830. The number of inhabitants in 1790, was 3,816,4.56, and calculated from the past ratio of increase, it will be at the next census, 12,.520,500, giving an increase within these periods of 8,604,044. From this estimate the following important facts are deduced : — The i)opulation of the United States has, in 40 years been trebled. The states which in that time have received the greatest accession of immbers are New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. That the middle and western non slave holding states, being New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, have, in the same space of time, nndtiplied their people more than fivefold, and contain more than half the white inhabitants of the United States. Thai tlie soutbem slave holding states, so c^'led, Maiyland, Virginia, North Carolina, SoutlvA^ - '.'"na, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, have ir'".1iat period, only doubled, and fi-om nearly halt; arc reduced to less than one tliird of the whole popu- lation. That in reference to the most important points of national policy, to protection of American in- dustry the centre of power has been entirely changed. BOSTON MECHANICS. An elegant Fire Engine, made by that excellent mechanic and engineer, Mr W. C. Hunneman of tins city, was recently exhibited in State street. It appears to unite strength, power, and beauty, in a degree equal, at least to any of those recently imported into this city from the south — and is much cheaper. We understand that it was made for the King's Navy Yard, at the Havana, and that it cost but $500 — a sum not greater than that re- cently paid merely fir repairs on one of our old Engines. The Engine made at Philadelphia, for the city cost 81200 — and is put together Viixh fif- teen screws — the Cataract made in London Avith thirfijsi.v — \ilijle this of Mr Htmneman's is seemed with oidy nine screws — some evidence, we shoidd think, of the .superior simplicity of its construction. Boston Statesman. Oil from Sarijlowirs. — A very delicate oil, much used in Russian cookery, is expressed from tlie seeds cf the sunllower, and is prepared by enclos- ing them in bags, and steeping them in warm water, after which the oil is expressed ; this is actually as sweet as hatter.-r-Scotsman. Pears. — Pears may be grafted on stocks of the Mountaiii Asli and the Service Tree ; both of which will grow and thrive where pear tree stocks would not. I liave also seen apples graft- ed on. quince stocks, and planted in a soil so wet that an a])j)le conld not live ; but they are doing very well, and making exceedingly fine shoots. — Ritsiicus in Urbe. [Loudon's Magazine.] The editor of the Wilmington (Del.) Advertiser, makes the following very liberal offer : " To any farmer who is now, or may become a snliscriber to this paper, by the first day of May, (planting com time) that shall, the approaching season, raise from one acre of land, the greatest j quantity of merchantable Indian corn, we will give | a Gold Medal valued at $20, a Silver Tankard of the same value, or the like amount in cash, at the option of the person entitled to the premium." We sincerelj' hope that the generous proposal of Mr Mendenhall, \\\\\ be productive of good crops of corn to his suliscribers — and of good crops of subscribers to his paper. — U. S. Gazette. Resolution. — For a soldier to meet the enemy in battle, where leaden deaths are whizzing on every side, must require no faint resolution ; for a lover to pop the question of questions to his deary, when his heart goes pit-a-pat, and his tongue threatens to prove recreant to its office, requires no eveiy- dny effort of resolution ; for a toper to quit the lieioved bottle, and endeavor to stem the strong tide of his hankerings, requires a mighty resolution — and many a man, having proved victorious for a moment, goes back again to "treat resolution ;" but ] of all the situations in life requiring a determined, j heroic and prodigious effort of resolution, that of getting out of a warm bed, in a keen cold morning, j caps the climax — we mean one of those mornings when the -svindows are crusted over with frost, I when your lireatb congeals on the sheets, when I your fingers freeze fast to the door latch, and the \ very air itself seems stiffened with cold. — Berkshire ' American. DEFERRED ARTICLES. The following, intended for insertion last week were omitted by mistake. Extracts from Governor Lincoln's Message. Rail Roads. The examinations and surveys, which were as- signed by the Legislature to the direction of the Commissioners of Internal Improvement, have been completed since the last session, and plans of proposed routes for Rail Roads from Boston to Proviilence, and from Boston to the Hudson Riv- er, with estimates of the cost of construction, in detailed Reports, will be submitted to your con- sideration. The reports will exhibit distances, preferences of location, difference in estimates of expense, and comparative advantages from occa- sions of business, upon every direction of way which has justified examination, and no reasonable ground of inquiry will remain, to occasion delay, in deter- mining the manner and time of proceeding to the work. Every pas.sing day bears witness, that for want of facilities to intercommunity between the interior and the cajiital of the State, the most serious diversions of trade are taking ])lace, to other markets. Already, hundreds of tons of merchandize have been carried from the ware- houses of a neighboring government, through a new channel, into a central and populous district of the Commonwealth. By this channel, also, a direct trade in lumber has commenced with the State of Maine, and in goods with the city of New York, from either of which places, water conveyance, fifty miles inland into Massachusetts, is at half the cost of land car- riage from Boston to Worcester only. The oc- casion of business along this line of artificial co?n- niunication has been estimated to require, for the next year, the constant employment of at least twenty boats of a tonnage of from 20 to 30 tons each. It is not, however, to counteract the suc- cess of this, or of any other enterprise,, that differ- ent projects are to be undertaken. They all tend to the improvement of the condition of the coun try. Multiply them, and additional capacities are afforded to employ and sustain an augmented population. AcRIcnLTDRAL SoCIETES. The acts for the encouragement of Agriculture and Manufactures will expire, by their limitation, on the 20th February next. The question of continuing the patronage of the government to those important interests, through the agency of the Agricultural Societies, will, therefore at tliis time, require decision. Before the next Legislature, the usual and convenient season for issuing pro- posals of premiums, for the current year, will have passed, and without the aid of Government, it may be feared that many of the Societies will be unable to hold their customary Exhibitions. To those who have had oi)portunities to witness the certain aud beneficial influence of the bounty which has been distributed by these Institutions, it would be matter of regret that it should now cease. It has diffused a spirit of improvement from the Treasury Office to the remotest parts of the Commonwealth. No public bestowment was ever more faithfully applied, and none will be found to have made richer returns to the source from which it was derived. As a measure of po- litical economy, it has yielded, annually, an hun- dred fold its amount in the increase of taxable capital. FROST WORK. " We have seen and heard of considerable dam- age accruing to fruit and forest trees by accumu- lations of ice on their slender branches. Peach trees in particular, have been pruned in a most umnerciful manner, by that mischievous person- age, vulgarly called Jack Frost. The damage, however, from this cause, has not, we beheve, been so great near the sea coast, as at some dis- tance in the interior. The Lancaster Gazette, of tlie irjth inst. says, " vast numbers of trees, of all descriptions, have been broken, and in many in- stances ruined, by the weight of the ice collected on their branches. Peach trees have suflfered ])articulaviy, and some of the beautiful elms which adorned our streets have fallen victims amidst the genera! havock. In the neighboring towns, we learn, the damage to trees has. been equally ex- tensive. The injury done to youiig growths of wood is also very great. Some of the roads through the woods in the neighborhood are ren- dered impassable by the fallen trees. In Sterling and Princeton, we are informed the ice collected on the trees much heavier than here. Mr Ma- napsah Willard brought to our office from Ster- linn- a few very small branches of an apple tree, on v/hich the ice had collected to the thickness of two inches. He also showed us a specimen of the general appearance of the fields in his neigh- bordood. On a few, say twenty or thirty speres of grass a solid mass of ice was formed, exhibit- ing the appearance of a cluster of grapes, and weighing three or four pounds. 212 NEW ENGLAND FARMEH, Jan. 23, 1829. FOR THK NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ICE HOUSES AND REFRIGERATORS. Dear Sir— Col. Pickerint, sent me llie accompanying pamphlet on Ice Houses and Rcfi-igoralois, for cxaminalion, anil if I concurred in opinion with him, desired that I would send it to you for republication. 1 think it might be very use- ful. Our butler is brought to market iu a sad state in summer, aiid it makes me blush when 1 reflect, that for more than 30 years the Philadelphia market has been supplied with it pack- ed in ice, and since Mr Moore's publication, in Refrigerators. I. P. Datis, Esq. imported one from Philadelphia, some years since, with the hope that it might be adopted here. The republication of this tract, in the N. E. Farmer, would, 1 think, be the most effectual mttans of exciting our farmers to imitate those of PenniylTania. I am, dear sir. Respectfully yours, Boston, Jan. 20. J. LOWELL. Jin Es.tay on the most eligible construdion of Ice Houses ; also, a description of the newly invented Refrigerator, being a simple and cheap machine, by the use of which fresh provisions, butter, liquids, SfC. may be cooled and preserved for family uses in th€ heat of summer, or taken to market in as good condition as in the winter season. Agreeably to an intimation given the public some time since, I shall now endeavor to give some practical directions for the construction of Refrigerators, and (as being connected therewith) also attempt an investigation of the theory and practice of the art of preserving ice through the summer. I stated in a publication which circulated through several newspapers in the United States, that I had no pretensions to the discovery of new principles in the construction of the Refrigerator. The particular mode of applying some befor known and understood, is all I claim ns my in- vention ; the utihty of which has been fully prov ed during the last summer. What I have to observe on the keei)ing of ice is merely an attempt to carry improvements al ready begun a step further than I have yet heard of. I have apprehended the reason why the art has not progressed faster, is because no one has 'yet fully investigated the principles upon which it depends ; or, if this has been done by individuals, they have not favored the public witit a knowl- edge thereof This is my present object, and for reasons which will hereafter appear, I prefer going through it, before I enter on the subject of Refrigerators. In treating this subject, it will be necessary to lay down certain j)o.sitions relative to heat ; some of which have not been well understood until very lately. All that I shall ofler, have, however, been fully established by actual experiment. And in order to be as concise as possible, I shall avoid referring to the different writers who have pub- lished those valuable discoveries to the world. Philosophical readers will know where to look for them, and those of a (litferent class, it is presum- ed, will not wish to be troubled with such refer- ences or quotations. Water is converted into ice at the temperature of 32° of Fahrenheit's Thermometer ; and as long as any water remains in contact with the ice, the temperature of the ice will remain nearly station- ary, but when the water is all frozen, the ice will gradually give out its heat to the incumbBnt at- mosphere, until it acquires the same temperature. Ice exposed to an atmosphere at any temperature above 32°, or, if placed in contact with any sub- stance above that degree of temperature, will, in either case be melted. The temperature of the earth a few feet below the surface in this chmate, is generally found to be between 50 and 65°. If, therefore, a pit b« sunk in the earth and filled with the coldest ice, (which may sometimes be obtained as low as 10° by remofing it from the water and exposing it to a very cold atmosphere,) the consequence will be, that the earth will give out heat to the ice, until the temperature of the mass is raised to 32° ; the process of melting will then commence, and continue to go on, as long as ice remains. But this process will not be as rap- id as those who are unacquainted with the subject might imagine : it would seem, that as melting ice is always found to be at the temperature of 32°, that after the mass becomes raised to that degree, the smallest addition of heat, would im- mediately convert the whole iuto water ; but this is not found to be the case ; to prevent it, one of the many wonderful properties of matter interpos- es ; and which only enables us to preserve ice at all. This is the difference between water and ice in their capacities for heat. As I would wish to be clearly understood by every class of readers, and as I may probably have occasion to repeat this term, it will perhaps, be proper to give a defi- nition of it. The capacity for heat which a body is said to possess, is, its propensity or power of imbibing and retaining a greater or lesser quanti- ty of that fluid, and at the same time appear to be of the same temperature as a given standard, which may contain a much greater or smaller quantity. Thus in the subject under considera- tion, the capacity of water for heat, is greater than ice ; it being found by experiment, that ice at the temperature of 32°, requires the addition of no less than 146° of the same scale, or there- abouts, to reduce it to water. To elucidate the subject still further, let a pound of water at the freezing point (to wit) 32°, and a pound of ice at the same temperature, be put in situations where they will both receive an equal quantity of heat ; when the ice is all melted, it will be found that the water has acquired 146° of heat, and of course will be at 178°. Or take a pound of water at 178°, and a pound of ice at 32°, put them together and cover them in a fit vessel, the ice will be melted and the mixture will be 32° or very nearly. It appears then, that ice at 10°, deposited in a pit as before mentioned, and being in this solid state capable of conducting heat, must receive a sufficient quantity to raise the whole mass 22°, before ally will be melted ; when the melting pro- cess commences, it will cease to be propagated to the internal parts, because all that is received at the surface, will go to supply the increased capac- ity of the water ; and this will be produced in di- rect proportion to the heat received. The whole quantity requisite to melt all the ice, being just as much as would raise the temperature of the same weight of water 178°. The greater the quantity of ice, the longer it will be in melting, because, there will be less surface in proportion to its weight, and experience has proved, that the quan- tity may be so great, as not to be all melted diu-- ing a whole summer, in this situation. It seems then, our whole business is to guard against the introduction of heat; and in order to take effectual measures for this jim'pose, it is ne- cessary to be acquainted with, and attend to, the following principles. That heat is transmitted Svitli more difficulty through some sirbstances thai* others; that it passes through fluid mediums, by- transjiortation, or the interchange of particles ; and not from one particle to another, as in solid bodies. The capacity of air for retaining moist- ure is greatly increased by heat. The power of air to conduct heat is increased more than four fold by moisture. An unequal distribution of heat: in fluids will always produce currents or inter- change of particles ; in genera! those of the high- est temperature will rise to the surface ; there is, however, an exception to this rule in water ; be- tween the temperatures of 40 - and 32°, that fluid is more expanded than at temperatures a little higher, and consequently those particks which receive a small additional heat, will descend. To this extraordinary property in water, is to be as- cribed some of the most wonderful phenomena iti nature ; but does not affect the subject utider con- sideration. Substances which transmit heat free- ly, such as the metals, arc called conductors of heat ; and those through which it passes with dif^ ficulty, such as wool, fur, &c. are called noncon- ductors ; and they are called good or bad conduc- tors, or nonconductors, agreeably to their degree of conducting power. (To be continued.) From the Mass. Agric. Repository. The Caledonian Horticultural Society in 1817, sent a deputation into the Low Countries and France to ascertain what improvements had been made in Horticulture or Gardening, during the tw°''i'V years in which intercourse had been cut offiis .S'ocipn Scotland and the Continent by that scourge atid disgrace of human nature, war. It was a most praiseworthy example, and the reports of that committee have been published this year, 1823, in an octavo volume full of interesting mat- ter in relation to Gardening, to fruits, and or- chards. We shidl only have time and room for the insertion of some short articles. At Brt^es in Flanders, proverbially the seat of the most improved agriculture, the committee on the 12th of August, inake the following remarks: " In the course of our evening walk, we were at- tracted by a novel appearance in husbandry, the labors of the seed time and harvest seeming here to be united and contemporaneous. We entered a fine field of luxuriant rye, part of which remained uncut, but a large proportion had been cut down this morning (August 12th.) The crop had been carried aside ; well rotted dung had been pretty liberally laid on the stubble ; the Flemish plough was now at work : and to complete the picture of industry, and expedition, a man was actually en- gaged iu sowing turnips on the same portions of the ploughed fields from which the rye crop had been reaped in the morning." This example ought not to be lost upon us. Our sun is much more powerful, and our vegetation more rapid than in Flanders. We know that some farmers do raise their second crops v.'ith us ; but may we not carry this system much farther ? We certain- |j ly can do it, by limiting the extent of our cultivat- | ed grounds, and bestowing greater labor on the quantity we do cultivate. PROFESSOR VAN MO.NS OP BRUSSELS. The Caledonian committee above mentioned, visited the nurseries of this active and intelligent horticulturist. He is Professor of Chemistry at Louvain, but has turned his attention very exten- Vol. VII.— No, 27. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 213 sively to the improvement of fruits, principally on tlie plan of Mr Knight, hy raising new varieties. Of new varieties of seedling pears, raised chiefly by himself, ami Monsieur Duqucsno, of Mons, he considers that his collection contains about 800 ; bein" asked by the Committee, whether he meant that they were all good, he replied, that there were that number worthy of preservation. We must, however, put down a considerable portion of these as favorites from paternal regard, for we do not find that the London Horticultural Society to whom he has sent his best samples, have as yet admitted more than half a dozen into the cat- alogue of good fruits. Still his zeal is worthy of great praiae. Our old fruits are running out, they are subject to constantly increasing diseases. — They must -have been all first obtained by seed- lings, and when a good variety was tlius procured, it was pi-opagated by grafts. Thus it has been with our Seckle pear, the only known excellent ;pear ever produced in the United States. It is jiow in every good garden. But the present age is not content with raising one good sort in a cen- tury. It is the fashion to try the powers of na- ture, and the next generation will see not only a greater variety, but probably enjoy much better kinds than any age which has gone before them. SWEET POTATOES. The sweet potato (Convolvulus Batatas) has been of late introduced into culture at Paris, and sent to that market for sale, and has been strong- Jy recommended by Mons. Leiieurin a memoir on that subject. Neither the soil, nor climate of Paris is half as well calculated for this plant, as those of the vicinity of Boston. All the •■„ i."ties of the Old Colony, part of Middlesex, &i. ^nrne of the warm spots in Hampshire are excellently adapted to it. In Worcester and Berkshire it would probably not succeed, except in some fa- vored spots ; but if the horticulturists of Paris have waited 200 years since they were introduced into Spain, it is not surprising that we have so re- cently brought them into experiment. A PHENOMENON IN GRAFTING. At Brussels, the Committee of the Caledonian Horticultural Society witnessed one of the most extraordinary experiments in grafting ; that of in- serting an entire tree, on the stump of another. A neighbor, having in the spring season cut down an apple tree, about fifteen feet high, which Pro- fessor Van Mons considered a desirable kind, and a good healthy tree, he immediately selected a stock o{ similar dimensions, and cutting it off near the ground, placed on it by the mode of peg graft- ing, the foster tree ; supported the tree by stakes ; and excluded the air from the place of junction, by plastering it with clay, and afterwards heaji- ing earth round it. The experiment succeeded perfectly ; the tree becoming in the course of the second season nearly as vigorous as ever. Now though we would not reconunend this ex- periment, because it must be very precarious, and seldom useful, yet as being one of the highest Iri- um|)hs of the horticultural art, we thought it wor- thy of a place in this Journal. The first thoujiht of transferring from one tree to another a differ- ent specie's of Irnit by a naked wooden stem, v,as undoubtedly bold and hai>|>y ; but an attempt to transfer a lehoh tree in this manner, is certainly original. By peg grafting it must be understood, that mode of grafting which can only be practised on trees of exactly the same circumference, the barks of which respectively will come into perfect contact. A hole is made in the stock, of an inch or more in depth,and the inserted tree or scion,is pared away so as to fit exactly the hole so made. The surfaces of the bark of each are then cut off smoothly, so as that the bark of the inserted tree will fit exactly all round with that of the stock. It is indispen- sable, that the liber and alburnum, that is the in- ner bark and the white wood of each tree, should exactly meet. The experiment was more curious than useful, but as a fact in natural history, it is deserving of notice. Few men would probably succeed in the attempt, but that it can be done in an\j case, almost staggers our faith ; yet the au- thority is very respectable. — Ed. RECEIPT FOR DESTROYING CATERPILLARS, CSBD BY THE SOCIETY OF CHRISTIANS CALLED SHAK- ERS, AT CANTERBURY, N. H. " Take equal parts of spirits of turpentine, and train oil ; apply them by means of a swab fixed on a pole, commence the operation in the spring, (we suppose on the first appearance of nests) when these devouring insects begin to appear, and repeat the operation once a week, till the trees are in blow, and very few will escape with their lives." Signed F. W. The head of the Family. We must express our admiration of this receipt, not because of its novelty, for either of the ingre- dients would be quite sufficient to kill the insects, as will common soap suds from every Monday's wash, most thoroughly, wkhoM train oil or spirits of turpentine ; but we admire it, as a specimen of the practice and industry of these citizens. If our farmers would only follow that part of the rcceijit, which requires a iveekly attention, for three suc- cessive weeks, it is immaterial whether they use spirits of turpentine, or train oil, or soap suds, or the brush, proposed by Col. Pickering, the evil would be cured at any rate. The great difliculty is the neglect to do anything, till after the Cater- pillars have covered the trees with nests. Then the labors of the sluggard commence, and one tree, (let his receipt be ever so perfect and power- ful) will cost as much time and labor as ten trees would have required three weeks sooner. If our fiirmcrs would only adopt that portion of the re- ceipt, which requires a weekly attack on this en- emy, the evil would soon cease, and in ten years we should scarce see a caterpillar in the country, by this course continually pursued, we have so much reduced the labor, that we have not one fourth part of the number we had three years ago. — Ed. admiration of men in all periods and nations of the world. What is the richest country without trees? What barren and monotonous spot can they not convert into a paradise .' Xerxes, in the midst of his most ambitious enterprise, stopped his vast army to contemplate the beauty of a tree. Cice- ro, from the throng, and exertion, and anxiety of the forum, was accustomed, Pliny tells us, to steal forth to a grove of plane trees to refresh and in- vigorate his spirit. In the Scapten groves the same author adds, Thuc.ydides was supposed to have composed his noble histories. The Greek and Roman classics, indeed, abound with expres- sions of admiration of trees and woods, and witli customs which have originated in that admiration : but above all, as the Bible surpasses, in the splen- dor and majesty of its poetry, all books in the world, so is its sylvan and arborescent imagery the most bold and beautiful. Beneath some spreading tree are the ancient patriarchs revealed to us, sitting in contemplation, or receiving the visits of angels ; and what a calm and dignified picture of primeval life is presented to our imagi- nation at the mention of Deborah, the wife of Dapidoth, judging the twelve tribes of Israel, be- tween Ramah and Bethel, in Mount Ephraim be- neath the palm tree of Deborah. The oaks of Bashan, and the cedars of Lebanon, are but other and better names for glory and power. The vine, the olive, and the fig tree, are made imperishable emblems of peace, plenty, and festivity. David in his psalms, Solomon in his songs and proverbs, the Prophets in the subhme outpourings of the awful inspiration, and Christ in his parables, those most beautiful and perfect of all allegories, luxuri- ate in signs snd similes drawn from the fair trees of the east. BEAUTY OP TREES. What can bo more beautiful than trees? Their lofty trmdis, august in their simplicity, asserting, to the most inexperienced eye, their infinite su- periority over the imitative pillars of man's pride ; their graceful play of wide spreading branches, and all the delicate and glorious machinery of buds, leaves, flowers and fruit, that, with more than magical cftect, burst from naked and rigid twigs, with all the rich, and heaven-breathing de- lectable odours, pure and fresh, and animating, pouring out spices and inedicinale, brilliant and unimaginably varied colors, under essences ; and making music, from the softest and most melan- choly undcv-toncs to the full organ peal of the tempest. We wonder not that trees have been the SOURCES OF DISEASE. The efllu via of rotten substances are often un- suspected causes of disease. The farmer, there- lore, should be careful that he does not breathe m the steams of his old dunghills more than is ne- cessary. And the greatest care should be taken to remove or cover with good loam all the filth of the house, hog pen, &c. Scattering quick lime over substances which emit unwholesome vapoi-s will correct the evil. Spoiled meat, vegetaliles rotting in a cellar, &c. are often harbingers of [diseaee. The compound of lime and chlorine, called bleach- ing j)Owder, is still better than quick lime as a rem- edy against the evils arising from putrescence. See New England Farmer's Almanac, p. 32. From the Christian Register. GEOLOGY FOR SCHOOLS. Numerous reasons mge the introduction of Ge- ology as a branch of common education. 1. It is nearly allied to Geography, and like that, is calculated to enlarge the njind, and ex- tend its views of the works of our Creator. 2. It is an interesting science. It opens to our view a new world, and presents to us many ob- jects of beauty and of interest before unnoticed. 3. It is among the grandest of the sciences. — It leads us to view with increased admiration, the towering moimtain and awful precipice, and ac- ouaints us with those features of the earth, -ithich never fail to excite ideas of sublimity in the dull- est mind. 4. It gives new interest and increased utility to our journeys and our walks. A person, with the slightest knowledge of this science, never 214 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Jan. 23, 1829. passes from one country or place to anotlier, with- out finding niucli to aUniiro and to increase bis store of knowledge. 5. It furnishes a healthful and instructive amusement to the young. Wherever it has been introduced into schools, tlie pupils have devoted more or less of their pastnne to examining and collecting specimens from the minerals around them. 6. It teaches children to be observing. A thousand objects before unnoticed press upon their view, and their imagination and taste are inmiediately put u])on the alert and called to a useful exercise in discriminating between the beautiful and the ileformed. 7. Wherever it has been introduced it has led to the discovery of deposits of useful minerals be- fore unknown, and has already increased to a vast amount of individual and national wealth ; and if generally understood could hardly fail of opening many more sources of industry and of wealth. 8. It would tend to forward scientific and ac- curate geological surveys as the foundation of Geological maps, and prepare the public to profit by them. 9. No science is more practical. It acquaints farmers with the nature of their soils, and the methods of improving them ; civil engineers with the materials for constructing roads, canals, rail- ways, dams, wharves, &c. and the proper method of combining them ; artists with the origin and na- ture of their paints, and the miner when and how to extend his researches, and points him to a re- ward for his labors, and cautions him against abortive attempts. 10. It is favorable to morals. The more inno- cent and useful amusements are scattered around the young, the less time and disposition they will have, to ))ursue those which are pernicious or use- less. Besides, few subjects are better fitted to show the power and wisdom of Him who weigh- ed the mountains in scales, and the hills in a bal- ance. 11. It is easily acquired. The features of this science are not only striking and grand, but they are few and simple, and exactly fitted to the ju- venile mind. And by the aid of specimens with appropriate descriptions, its general principles are more easily and readily miderstood, than of any other science which is taught. 12. It is necessary. Without it gazeteers, and common journals of travels, cannot be understood; and a person is liable to find himself ignorant of the most common to|>ics of conversation in the society he will frequently meet. AGRICOLA. JVEWJilNGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JAN. 23, 1829. RAIL ROAD REPORT. The Report of the Board of Directors of Inter- nal Improvements on the practicability and expe- diency of a Rail Road from Boston to the Hudson River, and from Boston to Providence, was sub- mitted to the Legislature on the 16th inst. together with the reports of the engineers, employed by the board, containing the results of their surveys and estimates. These interesting and very important documents ha;-e been printed in a pamplilet of more than 200 pages. It would not be possible to give sketches of the contents of this pamphlet suflicicntly in detail to be intelligible and useful without exceeding our limits. Besides, a suunnary view of the reports, «S:c, has been |)rinted hi the Boston Daily Adveiliser of the 17th inst. and oc- cu])ies nearly three closely pointed cohumis of that paper. W'e shall therefore, at ])resenl, merely copy the closing remarks iii the Report of the Directoi-s, which, together whh the matter which precedes it, are as favorable to the great objects contemplated as could be hoped for, or even wished by the friends to internal improvement. " The Directors therefore respectfully recommend to the Legislature to adopt measures for the con- struction of rail roads on the general routes to Al- bany and to Providence which have been pointed out, leaving the precise location to be selected by the persons who shall be entrasted with the exe- cution of the work. As however the execution of the whole of these works would necessarily occupy a j)eriod of three or four years, and as a much safer judgment may be formed, of the cost and usefulness of the work, and of the comparative advantages of the mode of construction here re- commended, after an experiment shall have been made on a ])art of one of the proposed routes, if is recommended that the operations of the first year shall be principally limited to the eastern section of the western route, and that such portion of tiie rfiute only, beginning from Boston, shall be under- taken within the year, as it may be thought will be nearly completed. In pursuance of these views they recommend that a board of competent uidi- viduals be fonned, with authorit}-, subject at all times to the control of the Legislature, to employ the necessary engineers and agents, and take all necessary measures, for constructing the aforesaid rail roads to Albany and to Providence, and to raise the necessai-y sums of money from time to time, by loans in the name of the state, on stocks, bearing 4.^ per cent interest, payable quarterly, and rcindjursed at any term from 15 to 20 years at their discretion." This able and elaborate report has the signatures of the following gentlemen, viz. Levi Lincoln, Nathan Hale, Stephen White, David Ilcnshaw, Thomas W. Ward, Royal Makepeace, George Bond, W^illiam Foster, Edward H. Rob- bins, Jr. SAGACITY OF THE HORSE. Having recently noticed in a foreign paper, that a man falling from his horse into the river, was seized liy the animal and safely brought ashore, reminds us of a letter received from Stcnhenville, Ohio, in June last, addressed to a son of the editor, then in the village. " Joseph L. returned home last evening, and this mortiing related to me, with tears in his eyes, a most remarkable and almost in- credible circinnstance. Arri\-ing at a creek, which the late heavy rains had rendered it hazardous to swim, he dismounted from his horse, and attemptcfl to cress the creek on a tree that bad fallen across it, holding the bridle in his hand, and compelling the horse to swim alongside. After he arrived about irndway, the current became so rapid that JVaity could not keep his course, but broke from him, anil Joseph fell from the tree into the creek. He caught by a limb, and the horse swam to the shore, and then timied round to see what had be- come of his rider. His situation, consequently, was of great danger, as he Ibimil it impossible to regain the tree. He was eight or ten miles from any house, and became much alanned, as his strengtli was fast failing. At this critical moment, Xatitj plunged into the creek on tlie op])Osite side of the tree, swam around it to where Joseph was, stopped quietly until he mounted him, and then swam to the shore with Joseph on his back ! This stoiy, as incredible as it may seem, you will believe to be true. What a noble animal ! and how miu!h the more nmst you now prize him. — Broome Re- publican. HONEY. Is there any man who has so httle of a " sweet tooth in his head" that he will pass by a cup of lioncy, leaving it like an indift(;rent thing ? It is not like one of the deleterious inventions of man — it is not like molasses, that a yankee loves in his youth, but swallows in a more fiery shape as he grows old — but the taste for honey is not to bo lost, nor is there danger in its indulgence. Here is a field for taking advantage of the industry of bees, that we neglect in New England ; and it is a neglect of self-interest — (of which our enemies would in other things be slow to accuse us.) The troidjle of keeping ten swarms of bees is not equal to that of keeping one dog, be he " Mongrel, puppy, whelp, or hound, Or cur ol low degree." and the profit from ten swarms would put in the farmer's ]iton and Coelebs breed. Both of which took a premium at the late Show in Brighton. — Inquire of Daniel Chandler, Lexington, or at the counting room of the New England Farmer, Agricultural Warehouse, Boston. 3t Jan. 2, 1S29. For Sale, At auction, on a farm a few rods from the Rev. Mr Grecn- ough's .Meetingdiouse, in the westerly parish of Newton, most of tlie Slock on said farm, consisting of Cows, Heifers, Calves, partly of the Durham short horned breed ; one Bull two and a lialf years old, got by the celebrated Bull Deutou, out of a half PRICES OF COUMTRY PRODUCE. FROM 1 TO APPLES, best, .... barrel. 3 go' 3 73 ASHES, pot, first sort, ... ton. 130 00 133 00 Pearl, first sort, - *' 130 00,135 00 BEANS, white, .... bushel. 80 1 12 BEEF, mess, barrel. 10 00 10 50 Cargo, No. 1 , " 8 SO 9 00 Cargo, No. 2, *' 7 50 7T5 liUTTEK, inspected, No. 1, new, - pound. 14 IS CHEESE, new milk, " 7 9 Skimmed inilk, *' 2 S FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 9 00 9 12 Genesee, - . - - " 9 00 9 25 Rve, best, - . . - " GRAIN, Corn, .... bushel. 63 63 Rve, .... " 75 80 Barley, - _ . - '' 70 Oats, .... " 30 38 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, pound. 9 LIME, cask. 85 90 PLAISTEU PARIS retails at ton. 3 00 PORK, clear, .... barrel. 16 00 16 50 Navy, mess, <* 13 00 13 25 Cargo, No. 1, tc 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, . bushel. 2 00 2 50 Orchanl Grass, *' 3 00 Fowl Meadow, - - - " 409 Rye Grass, i( 4 00 Tall Meadow Oats Grass, - It 400 Red Top .... " 1 00 Lucerne, . . . - pound. SO White Honeysuckle Clover, u 50 Red Clover, (northern) it 9 10 French Sugar Beet, - tt 1 50 Mangel Wurtzel, it 1 50 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - tt 37 45 Merino, full blood, unwashed, ti 23 S!8 Merino, three lourths washed. It 33 37 Merino, half &. quarter washed 's New Amer- ican Gardener, was written by the Hon. Jon.-s Lowell ; I consider it a faithful description, very judicious, and worth, alone, more than the price of the whole book.) This is a fine, rich, melting pear, complexion green, resembling the Jargonelle in color, not quite so much pear shaped, but full- er and rather larger, and more melting ; a good bearer in the country, not subject to blasts ; tree grows and looks like the Jargonelle ; comes in eating in September, will not keep long ; growing in good esteem here, and much sought for by our marketmen. Sold readily at market last fall, at five and six dollars per bushel. Cassiomont Ptur, (see Fessenden's New Ameri- can Gardener, s'lould have been jninted Cupiav- ■mont] one of Mr Kkigiit's presents, but one oi Profe.-sor Van Mo.vs' seedlings. Tliis pear will be one of our very best varieties ; the size is over jniddling, red on one side, and yellow the other : form, more like a Pound Pear, or Golden Beurrc — the appearance is very handsome ; juio> and quite melting, more sprightly than St Michael, and better keeping pear, hangs longer on the tree. I have only had one year's experience with this fruit ; having about fifty on two trees last fall ; comes into bearing very soon, my scions only three years old, were quite loaded. The tree is uncommonly thrifty, wood very good and large — ripens last of September, and keeps in eating through October, some of them keep till even the middle of November. S. Downer's native mazard Cherry (see Fessen- den's New American Gardener.) Fruit is large as the Black Heart, but more the shape of the Honey Heart, color light red, flesh middling hard, flavor very good and sprightly — a constant and great bearer; tree does not run up like the maz- ard, but formed more as the May Duke — ripens late, same time as the little common mazard ; on this account renders it more valuable ; it stands high with the niarketmen, sells well, and com- mands a good price. I planted the stone about twenty years since, the tree has never been mov- ed. I expect a new pear (see New England Farm- ei, Oct. 3d, 1828) called Heathcoi Pear, will come into high favotiWith us. I have not seen it my- self, but MessrsLowELL and Perkins have tast- ed it, and jironounced it a very fine and excellent pear. Their favorable opinion is a good passport for its being a superior fruit. CUCUMBERS. The best way to obtain good seed, is to plant a few hills for the purpose, and select for seed such cucumbers as are well shaped and spring within S inches of the root. Those which grow near the root will not be so large, as those at some distance from it ; but the seed will be better and produce fruit so life and to commence their work of depredation, it is certainly important that their numbers should be lessened as much as ])ossible ; and for this end I would recommend a strong de- coction of tobacco, say one pound to a gallon of water (sti-ilks and sweepings of tobacco will answer the purpose,) let it remain in cold water a week or more, then add the same quantity of very strong soap suds, and with a coarse cloth wash the trunk, and larger limbs of your trees, once or twice in March or April, and it will cflTectually destroy every insect with which it comes in contact, and the tree will exhibit a beautiful and thrifty appear- ance fur the remainder of the season. If the bark has become rough and foul it should be scraped I before the wash is applied. Let this course be adopted, and the individual will be anijily repaid for the few hours labor which it will cost. Nor j is his attention here to cease, for no sooner does the tree put forth its beauty in the spring, than swarms of busy beings of various sha|)es are ready to claim their right of inheritance ; but by early attention they may witliout much trouble, be re- moved and destroyed. The last season was a re- markable one for the great number and variety of insects, of which the appearance of our trees gave sad evidence. It was observed that the common span worms were very numerous and des- tructive. When they first make their appearance they are in a cluster within the com]>ass of one leaf, and by timely attention they may be remov- ed with the leaf and at once destroyed, but if left but a few days they will spread abroad over the tree, and it will be next to impossible to subdue 218 NEW ENGLAND FAKMEK, .Tan. 30, 1S99. them. In nothing more than in this do we find the old adage true " a sticli in time saves nine." Another troublesome visitor is the snail-like worm called the " Slug." These are confined principally to Pear, Clierry, and Plum trees ; — pursuing their siiig-g-ts/i course over the leaves, and feasting ujion their beautiful green, they soon transform the delightful object into one most un- sightly. I once had a pear tree entirely stripped by them of its leaves in a few weeks, and these being rejilaced the same season by new leaves, the tree was of course much injured, and all hopes of fruit the season following destroyed. I Itnow of no better application than common wood ashes sifted over the tree in the morning, and when no nir is stirring, which will etfectually destroy the slug. This should be attended to as soon as they first appear, which is geneially about the first of July, for if suflered to remain a few weeks until they come to their full growth, it is said by Professor Peck that they descend into the earth, and again ascend in the form of a small black fly, to deposit Bi new generation in the jilace occupied by the former. By attaching a coarse sieve to a pole and raising it over the tree, the ashes may be scattered upon the leaves in a little time and with little labor. The Peach tree does not appear to be subject to the destruction of insects so much as other fruit trees, but yet it is a very tender and delicate tree, and subject to diseases and premature de- cay. A disorder has lately made its appearance among them in this neighborhood, which is ex- ceedingly threatening, and which I have not seen mentioned by any writer on horticulture that I have read, except incidentally in the Farmer. — The disease called the " Yellows," which is said to have been so fatal to the peach tree in New York, in some respects resembles this, as appears by the description given of it in page 207 of " Thacher's American Orchardist ;" but still it is evident it is a very diflerent disease, and no doubt is produced by a very difterent cause. I will en- deavor to describe this disorder as far as it has come under my observation for two or tiiree years past, — not, however, so nnich with the expecfa- tion of imparting instruction to others, as of induc- ing those who have attended more closely to the subject to communicate such information as will point out the best method of treatment in order to save tins most valuable fruit from the destruc- tion which threatens it. The tree has the appearance of health and vig- or until the buds have opened and the leaf is form- ed, and in some instances until it has attained its full size, when there appears, first on tlie leaves nearest the groimd, and progressing Upw.irds, blotches or blisters, which increase until the leaves are curled or drawn into a jiucker ; they also be- come pale and crispy, and finally fall off, and their place is supplied by a new set of leaves, and the tree puts on a new and fresh appearance. This, however, destroys all the young fruit on the tree, as far as the disease extends, and not only so, but it is evident, such an extra effort must in a few years exhaust the tree. It has been supposed by some that it is caused by the worm which some- times enters the root, and we are told of a Lady who discovered that " hot water" applied to the roots, caused the tree to revive and put forth with new vigor, but I af)prehend the same result would have been seen witliout the help of the boiling water, Others have ascribed it to a [wisonous insect which attacks the tender leaves ; — this seems to me a more rational idea, although I have never discovered any ajipearance of insects, by the most miimte observation. Others have con- jectured that it might be ascribed to the wet weather of the two last seasons. Again it has been said it is general decay, in consequence of continual grafting from old stocks, until the trees have " run out," and lliat the only remedy is a re- newal of trees from the seed. This looked very plausible, and I do n't know but I should have been a convert to the doctrine, had I not plain ev- idence to the contrary, for I have a number of trees which I raised from the stone, one or two of which was changed by budding with another kind. All these, together with a number obtained from difterent nurseries, exhibit alike the same symp- toms of decay, and although, early in the spring, there was every appearance of an abundance of fruit, none came to maturity excejjting at the ex- treme parts of some of the branches to which the disorder did not reach, — and here was produced and njatured, perfect, fair, and. sound fruit, which I think woidd not have been the case, if the difli- cultv was caused by worms in the root, — but I make these suggestions rather by way of inquiry, and hope to see something more conclusive and satisfactory from soine abler pen. I have no doubt of the utility of ashes put at the roots of trees, it may destroy vermin, — cer- tainly it will be a good manure, and I intend to make trial of it the ensuing spring. Yours respectfully, D. F. Ckarlesloun), Jan. 21. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. LEHIGH COAL. Mr Ff.ssenden — Having used Lehigh coal in my Library, for several years, and finding that there was a considerable quantity accumulated, which was too fine to burn, I have some of it mixed up, with barely sufticient clay, previously made into mortar, to connect the dust and small ])ieces together, and the mass was formed into balls, about the size of a twelve jiound shot, which were then thoroughly dried. After a fire was kindled with charcoal, and covered with a few pieces of Lehigh of the usual size to burn freely, the grate was filled with the balls ; — They burned as well as pure lumps of the coal, and produced an intense heat, and an excellent fire, which con- tinued to burn for more than thirteen hours, with- out being replenislied. As the dust and small pieces of coal are usual- ly sifted out and thrown away, where large quan- tities are used in the various manufactories, it may be well for the proprietors to repeat this experi- ment, to satisfy themselves, whether it is an object thus to save the refuse coal. The clay should be first made into thin mortar, in a large box or bin, and the small pieces of coal and dust thrown in, and the whole mass well mix- ed, taking care that no more clay is used than merely to hold the pieces of coal together, when the balls are dry. With an iron or a wooden spoon, that will hold a mass equal to the size of a twelve pound shot, or smaller, or larger, as may be deemed best, the lumps may bo taken out and placed on boards to dry, — the form of tha lumps being of no consequence. H. The cultivation of beet-root for sugar is in- creasing in France. ICE HOUSES AND REFPJGERATORS. " (Continued from page 212.J The foregoing principles and laws of heat being understood, will enable us to detect the defects rf" ce houses in conmion use. In the most improv- ed kinds I have seen, the ice is enclosed in a case of jilank, or logs, within the pit ; an interstice being left, between the sides of the case and the pit ; which is commonly filled with straw ; the ice posing on a loose floor of jjlank or logs, raised a little above the bottom of the pit. Let us now sup[)ose the case just filled with ice, defended from winds and sunshine, but no straw, or other nonconductor, either at the sides, or on the top ; how will it be aflected as tlie weather becomes ur.rm .' The particles of air reposing on the up- per surface of the ice, will soon acquire the same tt-mperature, and those above them which are warmer, not being capable of parting with any portion of their heat to them, the first will artial, and cannot be de- jiended on for succeeding crops, unless by contin- uing to breed from those which show the greatest disposition to batch, we can produce a variety of the silk worm which will more readily hatch re- peatedly dming the same season. This I am try- ing to efject. My remarks on the raising of sev- eral crops of silk the same season, are more ex- tended, because I believe it is the mode best adajited to these western states. Here, rich un- cultivated lands are cheap and abundant, and can easily be covered with the white mulberry. Our summers are uniformly waim, and vegetation, the leaves of the midberry in i)articidar, puts forth luxuriantly for more than five months in the year. We theretbre can easily provide for a plentiful s\ipply of food for the wdiole summer season, and will then certainly find it our interest to realize the [irofits of several years in one summer. Q. 7. What is the lustre of your silk, compar- ing that of the wild with the Italian mulberry, and both with English and French silk. JJ. I am confident that the American silk, from either kind of mulberry, is not deficient in lustre, wliile in its natural state ; but is greatly depriv- ed of its lustre by the process used to remove the gum and coloring matter attached to it. Were it an object, the lustre might be retained. Q. 8. How do you wind it ? Do you dye it in the domestic way ? wJ. We wind or reel our silk in the manner di- rected in the several treatises lately published on silk raising. We have a reel made after a plan found in an old French Encyclopedia. It takes two threads at a time, and has a traversing bar to spread the threads equally on the reel. Our dye- ing is somewhat in the domestic way, and not worth detailing. The above answers to your queries, I am sorry to say, are given in too much haste. At a period of more leisure, I might have gone more into de- tail, and perhaps have made my answers more ac- ceptable. But the facts would be the same as now given, and I preferred giving them in this hasty manner, to delaying the answer to your let- ter. I am, very respectfullv, &c. SETH MILLINGTON. Rev. Timothy Flint. From llie Daily Albany Argus. HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS. Horticulture has been classed among the fine arts, on account of the refinement which it pro- duces on the manners of society, and the chaste and ennobUng pleasures which it imparts to the mind. Interwoven as it is with the study of natu- ral philosophy, it has a tendency to lead the mind " 7'lirough Nature, up to Nature's God.'' and to wean the afiections from frivolous or vi- cious pursuits, and to wed them to habits of use- fulness and virtue. If examples can add aught in favor of the utihty of horticultural associations, they may be adduced in great numbers. National societies for promot- ing horticultural improvement, are in successful operation in London, Edinburgh, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and in almost every capital in Europe. — That of London established a garden in 1818, and its printed catalogue for 1826 enumerated more than twelve thousand varieties of hardy fruit then cultivated in it, which had been collected iVoin every ipiarter and almost every country on the globe. Upwards of two hnnilrcd varieties, of superior quidiiy, have been added to the catalogue of pears within the last thirty years, principally by the industry of the Flemish horticulturists, few of vvhicdi have been brought to a bearing state- among us. Like improvements have been made in other dci)artments of the fruit garden. Knight- has adopted Bake well's system of crossing in the vegetable kingdom, and has produced, by artificial means, several improved varieties of the apple, peach, cherry, strawberry, pea, &c., while every clime has been made to contribute its floral riches, to decorate the green house and conservatory, or to add to the flower garden new beauties and fra- grance. In looking over Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, published in London, for the month of October, I was struck with the number of horticultural shows, at what are called provimial societies. — They amounted to thirty-six distinct societies in England alone, at which premiums were awarded for fruits, flowers, and culinary vegetables. These societies are not confined to practical gardeners ; they are patronized by the purses, and encour- aged by the presence of princes, and noblemen, and gcntlcnjen of fortime. The fellows, or mem- bers of the society in London, arc more than four thousand in number. The admission fee is ten guineas. Among other classes, the clergy distin- guish theinsclves. They make it a jiart of their [)arochial duty to compete for excellence in horti- culture, and often carry home a goodly portion of the prizes. Oberlin, protestant jjastor at Wald- bach, was decorated with the cross of the legion of honor, by Louis XVHI. for the rural and men- tal improvement which he brought about in the " dreary territory" entrusted to his charge. We have no Louis the Desire to decorate our clergy with the cross of honor ; yet I am persuaded that by imitating the example of the good Oberlin, they would extend the sphere of their iniluence, and merit the grateful regards of their flocks. We have examples in our country and state, also, calculated to call our attention to this sub- ject. Horticidtural societies have been establish- ed in New York, Hudson, and Utica, and incorpo- rated by legislative acts. And your paper has re cently informed us of the organization of a res pectahle and extensive society in several of the western counties of this state. These societies embrace men of dignity, talents, patriotism and wealth. THOUIN. SIGNS OF THE VIGOR, MATURITY AND DECAY IN TREES. Signs announcing the vigor of a tree. The branches, especially towards the top, are vigorous; the annual shoots strong and long ; the leaves green, vigorous, and thick, ])rincipally at the sum- mit, and falling late in afttumn ; the bark is clear, fine, united, and nearly of the same colour from the foot to the large branches. If at the bottom of the veins, or divisions of the thick bark, there appear smaller divisions which follow from belovr upwards, in the direction of the fibres, and hve bark be observed at the bottom of these divisions, it is an indication that the tree is very vigorous, and rapidly increasing in size. If some of the lower branches, stifled by others, are yellow, Ian 222 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Jan. SO, 1829. guishing, and even dead, this is an accidental ef- fect, and is no proof of the languor of the tree — Finally, it is a sign of vigor wiicn branches are j Been at the summit of the tree rising above the others, and being much longer; but it is to be ob- served, that all trees with round heads do not throw out branches with equal force. Signs which indicate that the tree is viature. — Generally the head of the tree is rounded ; the ehoots diminish in length each year, and the far- thest shoots add to the length of the branches only by the length of the bud ; and the leares are put forth only in the spring, and become yellow in the autumn before those of vigorous trees, and at this time the lower leaves are greener than the upper. The branches incline towards the hori- zon, and form angles sometimes of 60° or 70° These apparent signs, and the thinness of the lay- er deposited by the sap, indicate that the tree makes but small additions to itself, and now it should be cut down. The nature of the soil should be examined, as well as the kind of tree, to enable a judgment whether the tree should be left to increase still further, or whether it will be more proper to fell it. An e.xact age cannot be assigned for each species ; but it has been observ- ed that an elm, situiited in an insulated plantation, may be felled with advantage, when between .sev- enty and eighty years of age. Signs of decay in a tree. When a tree hecoines crowned (i. e. when the upper branches die,) it in- fallibly indicates, especially for isolated trees, that the central wood is undergoing alteration, and the tree passing to decay. When the bark separates from the wood, or when it is divided by separa- tions which pass across it, the tree is in a consid- erable state of degradation. When the bark is loaded with moss, lichens, or fungi, or is marked with black or red spots, these signs of alteration in the bark justify the suspicions of alteration in the wood witliin. When sajj.is seen to flow from clefts in Ihe bark, it is a sign that the trees will soon die. As to wounds or gutterings, these de- fects may arise from local causes, and are not ne- cessarily the results of old age. — Loudon's Mnp^. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRID.W, JAN. 30, 1829. MAKING BUTTER IN WINTER, &c. An English wrher assures us that "in some places famous for making the best fresh winter butter, they set the pot of cream in wann water so long as till it has acquired that small degree of sourness, which it veiy soon has in warm summer weather." A method similar to this is pursued at Orange, near Baltimore, on the farm of Robert Smith, Esq. " During the coldest weather in win- ter, in tlie course of less than twenty-four hours after the milk has been taken from the cows, sweet [not bitter] cream is produced, greater in quantity and richer in quality than can be obtained in the ordinary management in five days. So rich in- deed is the cream that it is churned with as nuich facility as is the cream of the Alderney cows, in the summer season. The operation of churning never exceeds twenty-five minutes. The butter from such cream has iiever failed to be of a line flavor and of a fine color. "The pans with tlie milk jvist taken from the cows remain until a thin skin of cream is pro- duced. They are then placed in hot water, and in about thirty minutes thereafter all the cream contained in the milk is formed on the surface The cream thus oljtained is managed as other rich cream is in all well conducted dairies." The quality of the cream, and conseqLiently of butter made from it, depends chiefly on the food which is given to the cows. In Mr Smith's mode of management the cows were fed with steamed hay. But when they are fed with straw (especial- ly barley straw) or with turnips, the butter is apt to he bitter and white. To prevent the bitterness the author of " Gleanings in Husbandry," &c. di- rects as follows : " Instead of putting the cream immediately as it is skimmed oft' the milk, into the jar or other retaining vessel, let it be first poured upon hot water, and stand till cool, then skim it o^" the water." And in order to give color to winter made butter it is directed to grate a well colored carrot into a httle milk, which as soon as it is stained is strained from the carrot through a sieve, and then mixed with the cream." Deane's New England Farmer says " In warm weather milk should remain in the pail till nearly cool before it is strained ; hut in frosty weather it should be strained immediately, and a small quan- tity of boiling water may be mixed with it, which will cause it to produce cream in gi-eat abundance, and the more so if the pans or vats have a large surface." Another mode of making butter is from scalded cream as follows : As soon as the milk is taken from the cow, let it be placed on a steady wood fire, free as possible from smoke, and scalded for thirty minutes ; par- ticular care must be taken not to allow it to boil. It must then be placed in a cool situation, and on the following day, a thick rich cream will appear on the surface of the milk, (which is excellent for dessert purposes) which may be taken off and made into butter in the conimon way. This meth- od is practised in England, and it is said that a greater quantity of butter and of better quality can be made by this than by the common mode. Butter may likewise be made in cold weather by freezing the milk. This method has been re- commended by E. H. Dekby, Esq. of Salem, and published in the N. E. Farmer. We will give it again for the benefit of recent subscribers, in the words of Mr Derby. " The milk when taken from the cow is imme- diately strained i.ito earthen pans, and set in the coldest part of the house. As soon as the frost begins to operate, a separation takes place ; the cream rises in a thick paste to the top, and leaves the milk without a particle of cream, frozen in the pan. TUe creani is not so hard but that it can he easily scrajied off with a spoon, down to the solid ice ; it is then set aside until a suflicient quantity is collected for a churning, when it is warmed just so much as to thaw the cream sufficiently to put it into the churn. I have never known it require more than five minutes to convert cream into but- ter after the churning had commenced. " I ought to state that I think this method inju- rious to the cream for certain purposes ; such for inslaiireas whip syllabubs, as my domestics found after the cnam was mixed with other ingredients, the least agitation brouglit it to butter." The author of Gleanings in Husbandry says " In an experiment to know whether it was most prof- itable to churn the whole milk, or only the creani, which the milk produces, the milk of a particular cow was selected, and it was foimd that one day's milk, churned by itself produced only three-fourths of a pound of butter; and the cream of two day« produced three pounds two ounces of butter; from this it appears more profitable to collcH the cream and churn it, than to churn the tchole milk together. The cream butter is thought to be the richest of the two, hut it will not keep so long sweet. Res- pecting, however, the above experiment, in farther explanation of the circumstances, it appears that the one day's milk was collected from the noon of one day to the morning of the next, then immedi- ately churned, whereas the two days cream was collected on a Thursday and Friday, and remain- ed to ripen till the Monday following, which may, perhaps, account in a great degree, for the differ- ence of the produce." FOR THE NEW ENGLAKD FARMER. AGRICULTURAL AND GEOLOGICAL SUR- VEYS. Among enhghtened minds there is but one opinion of the importance of taking some measure to explore our resources in the mineral kingdom. Agriculture, intenial improvements, the useful arts generally, and science, all unite their voice in urging measures to give us a better knowledge of what we possess, and of the best method of apply- ing our possessions for tlic advancement of indi- vidual and national prosperity. Two methods present themselves to efTect this verj' important object. One method is, to employ a pel-son, or persons, competent to the undertaking, to make scientific and analytical examinations, carefully and minutely noting, and faithfully re- porting to the public the results. The other me- thod is to commence the examinations in a less fonnal way, through the agency of lyceums and schools. After receiving a little aid bj' the means of labelled specimens, and perhaps personal de- scriptions and explanations, to have the citizens of ei'ery town make the examinations and collections for themselves. If the two methods are examined and compared, the latter will probably be found, not only prefera- ble, but infinitely preferable to the former. Among the reasons which give it the preferenee are the following, viz : 1. It will cost less. In many places where tlie subject has been introduced in this form, young peojile and even children, have given their cheeriul and efficient services to this important object. They have explorefl minutely and thor- oughly, the geology and mineralogy, not only of the towns where they reside, liut of the surround- ing countr)-. They have made large and extensive collections, not only for themselves, but for their friends in distant parts of the countrj'. And even the lovers of science in Europe have received nu- merous and repeated favors from their juvenile coadjutors in this country. 2. It will be most thorough and minute. On this point, there is no comparison between tli3 advantages of the two methods. In the one case, the whole depends upon the services of one, or a few individuals. In the other, great num- bers unite their services in every town where it is undertaken. In the one case, it is done by a stranger, wholly unacquainted with the interesting deposits for exaniination. In the other, a great part of the knowledge desired, is already in pos- session, and needs only collecting and arranging. In the one case, the services must be temporary, and of short duration. In the other, they con- VoKVII— No.28. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 223 tinue from one year to another, and with increasing energy and interest. 3. It will be most practical. If the examina- tions are made by those personally interested in the results, they will be likely to seek for, and obtain, such information as is particularly useful to them. And after they have ascertained their resources, they will have lime and opportunities to make such application of theui as their experi- ments and situations shall show to be most for their advantage. 4. It will place the information arising from the surveys, more generally and completely in the hands of the people. The information, to a cer- tain extent, is obtained by the personal examina- tion and experiments of those who need it. And besides obtaining a personal and practical know- ledge of their own towns, they prepare themselves to understand the reports which shall be made of others. AV'hercas under the present state of luiow- iedge through the connnuuity, of the science of geology, or its application to agriculture or the other useful arts, very few would be able to read and understand a minute and scientific report of a geological and agricultural survey, if it was placed in their hands. 5. It is the most feasible. At present, the conmnmity generally are not piepared to appre- ciate the importance of the otjject, and of course will be backward in appropriating money to ef- fect it. 6. It will furnish an interesting and useful branch of instruction in schools and lycoums. — This has never failed to be the case wherever it has been introduced , and it is believed that ge- ology, with its practical applications, is equally de- serving with geography, or most other branches, to have a place in our system of popular educa- tion. 7. It will furnish a delightful amuseinent and o healthful recreation to young people. Geological excur.-ions, and collections of s[ieciiiicns in geology, and other branches of natural history, have been unifornjly preferred by children to their ordinary amusements, whenever they have been proposed to them. And it cannot be doubted that this amusement may be enjoyed in every town and village in the country. 8. It will promote good morals. It is a mis- fortune that most of the amusements resorted to by the young, are unfavorable to good morals, and if they could be so directed as to afford useful in- formation, at the same time that they present a delightful recrj-ation, vice would be prevented, and good morals advanced. VELOCITY OF THE WIND. Miles perhour. 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 2.5 30 35 40 Feet per second. 1,47. Hardly perceptible. 2,93. 4,40. 5 5,87. 7,73. \ 14,67. > 22,00. \ 29,34. 36,67. 44,00. , 51,34. .58,68. 45166,00. 50l73,35 60188,00 Perceptible. Gentle and pleasant. Pleasant and brisk. Very brisk. Hish. Very high. Tempestuous. Strong tempest, soil 17,36. Hurricane. 100 146,70. Hurricane that carries trees I and buildinijs before it. Gardener ^finted. Wanted on a place near the city, a sing^le man who uncler- slancls ihe mana^enieiil of a small g^arden and farm. Salisfac- lory recornmendalions will be required, and permanent employ- meiU given. Ap|ily at ihis office. If Jan. i'ii. To Correspondents. — Several communica- tions are on hand, and will soon appear ; among others, one from Boylston, Mass. on the Field Cul- ture of Pumpkins, Corn, Sec, — one from Bucks- port, Me. ou Selecting Fruit Trees — one from Anson, Me. on the Management of Sheep — one from Old Colony on Broad Wheels — on Town Maps — and several others. AVe return our thanks to Myron Holley, Esq. of Lyons, N. Y. for a copy of his valuable Address before tiie r.ew Horticultural Society, lately estab- lieheh Weed — Koseberry, three kinds native. IVaiitedio purchase, l\\o to three thousand small and middling size Pear and Plum Trees, suitable for budding and grafting, Seedlings would be preferred. Apply as above, or at iNo. 5, Central WharL Rose Water. 20 demijohns double and single distilled Rose Water, made entirely from Damask Roses. The above Rose Water is con- stantly'for sale at Mr (-.Wade's Porter Cellar, No. 12, Mer- chant's Row, by demijohn or less quantity. Jan. 30. 2iinF}inM4inA For Sale, A valuable Farm in Stoddard, in the county of Cheshire, N. H., formerly occupied by Esq. Emerson as a tavern, containing about 220 acres of good land, well proportioned in mowing, til- lage, orchard, pasture and wood land, with a fine growth of su- gar maple. The farm is pleasantly situated on the great road leadipg from Boston, Mass. to Charlestown, N. H., and has on it, a large ^, ^ EBKNEZER KING, 5 "' ^^°^^"- Jan. 29. 18^9. 3t ^ Pressed Culinary Herbs, For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52, North Market street. Culinary Herbs, dried, pressed, and neatly packed, in parcels, at the following prices ; — Sweet Marjoram, 50 cts— Summer Savory, 25 cts — Thyme, 33 cts — Sage, 17 cis —Celery, {in bottles for soups, &c,) 23 els— Balm, 33 cU— Rose Flowers, 51,00. eptf Seeds for Country Dealers. Traders in the country, who may wish lo keep an assortment of Gai'ien Seeds for sale, arc informed ihev can be furnished at the New England Farmer office, No. .52 North Market street, Boston, widi boxes containing a complete, assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favoralde terms as they can be purchased m ihis country, neatly done up in small papers, at fi a.id 12 cents each — warranted to be ol the growth of 1828, and of iUe purest qualily. Orn.\mkntal Flower Sekds wilHie added on the same terms, wh»'n ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early White Sweet Corn, &c, of dif- ferent sorts. DIx' 'f he Seeds vended at tins establishment, are put up on a new plan this year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and packed in the neatest style. — Traders arc requested lo call and examine for itientv" selves. eptf Jan. 23. For Sale, In the soutlicasterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, eontaiuing about 120 acres, consisting of every kind of land lliFil is desirable to the enterprising farmer, a large portion of which is of the tirst quality, having a constant stream cf water running through il ; and the land is so situated that a number of acres are capable of irrigation. On the premises' is an upright two story House, with four rooms on the floor, in good repair ; a large Barn, 80 by 30, and in common seasons is filled with good hay. Theie are also on the farm, good Orchards, a pari of which are in iheir prime ; together with an abundance of Wood, the best of while oak, fit for wheelwrights' use, or for ship limber. There are few farms capable of^moie improve- ment, or which can be carried on at less expense. The place \%ill be sold at a fair price, with or without the strck and uten- sils, at the election of ilie purcha'^er. The payments made easy and accommodating, and possession may be had on delivery of the deed. For further particulars, please inquire of William Draper, Esq. of Marlborough, of Benjamin Weld of Rox- bury, or of Samuel H. Weld, on the premises, Jan. 16. PRICES OF COUJ^TRY PRODUCE. FROM TO APPLES, best. . barrel. 3 00 3 75 ASHES, pot, first son, . ton. 130 00 135 00 Pearl, tirst sort, - . " 130 00 135 00 BEANS, white, . bushel. 80 1 12 BEEF, mess. . barrel. 10 00 10 30 Cargo, No. 1, " 8 50 9 09 Cargo, No. 2, - " 7 50 7 73 BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, - pound. 14 16 CHEESE, new milk, - " 7 9 Skimmed milk. . " 3 FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, _ barrel. 9 00 9 12 Genesee, - - " - 9 00 9 25 Rye, best, - . n GRAIN, Corn, . bushel. 63 65 Rve, - - - . " 75 80 Barley, - - - . u 70 Oats, . " 30 38 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, - pound. 9 LIiME. . cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at . Ion. 3 00 PORK, clear. . barrel. IG 00 16 50 Navy, mess, . 13 00 13 25 Cargo, No. 1, . it 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herds Grass, - _ bushel. 2 00 2 50 Orchard Grass, it 3QP Fowl Meadow, - i' 4 00 Rye Grass, . " 400 Tall Meadow Oats Grass, _ " 4 00 Red Top - - " 1 00 Lucerne, . - - - pound. 50 White Honeysuckle Clover, " 50 Red Clover, (northern) . II 9 10 French Sugar Beet, - _ *' 1 50 Mangel Wurtzel, _ il 1 50 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed - " 37 45 Merino, (nil blood, unwa.shed. " 23 28 Merino, three fourths washe d, It 33 37 Merino, half &. quarter washed II 30 35 Native, washed, - . *i 25 23 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort. . It 40 43 Pulled, Lamb's, second sor u -15 30 Pulled, " spinning, first sort, 33 35 PiJOVISION MARKET. CORRECTED F.VKRY WEEK EV MR. HitWARD, (Clei-k of FantttU-hall Market.) BEEF, best pieces, - . . . pound. 10112 12 PORK, fresh, besl pieces, - " 5! 8 wliole hogs, - - " 5' 6 VEAL, " 5 6 MUTTON. •< 2 ,n POULTKY, " 8 10 BUTTER, keg and liib, ..." 14 20 Lump, besl, ..." ^0 EGGS, dozen. 20 2» MEAL, Rye, retail, .... bushel. 70 Iniliau, retail, . . . *' 7^, FOTATOS, . . . . « so CIDER, [aecerding to quality,] - barrel. 2 OfJ 3 00 224 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Jan. 30, 1829. MISCELLANIES. WINTER. BT T. G. FESSENDEN. The sullen moiiarcli of'' Ih' inverled year," Bilvers the forest, desolate and sear, Sol, paie and powerh'Ss, with his slanting rays, Scarce marks the hoinuiaries of nights and days; The Norlhwind, sallyinj from the frigid zone. Threatens to sieze tlie ahdicated throne Ol Heaven's bright regent ;— binding earth and main In one all imwerful, all pervading chain, Whose liny links, though viewless, serve to make Bands v\hich Omnipotence alone can break. 7'he snow-capp'd cottage, and the hoary hill, The palsied landscape, desolate and stdl, The bitter, biting, brawling, brumal blast. The flitting, fleecy frost-work, falling fast. Through many a dark dull night, and dreary daj Proclaim stern Winter's unrelenting sway. Though Sol his annual circuit has begun, Mature stdl weeps the absence ol the sun, In many a frozen, but fast falluig tear, Which decks wnh silver sheen our hemisphere. FOR THE NEW ENGL.iND FARMER. Dram Shops. — Otjr benevolent rulers have made a number of laws to favor the poor. How far they have succt:eded in bringing about tlie desir- ed end, does not yet appear, at least, to the writer. It has iiidii-eclly atforded them facilities in obtain- ing ardent sjiirit, which is, at this time, destroying thousands, rendering their families wretched, and increasing more than all otlter evils, the pauper bst. To assist the [)oor is a christian virtue ; but to help tliosc, who will not help themselves, is cold encouragement, especially, when it is rather an inducement to idleness ami other bad habits. The Legislature, while assisting the poor, and wisely enacting laws to prevent the destruction of fish and small birds, wt)uld confer a groat favor on the community at largo, and especially on the youth, if they should by law correct the dran shops. Almost every retailer's shop, within the knowledge of the writer, is a drain shop, and some of the retailers, in direct violation of law, have adtniltcd every species of low gtitnbling. — To correct the habits of a confirmed drunkard we do not e.\pect, for that requires a higher power than is vested in man. If, however, he will be druids, let him be drttnk at home. If he vvill de- grade himself beneath the stupid nss, let his de- pra\ity be exhibited at his owit cot, and not shock the feelings of his connexiotis and tliose of sober — habits. The same argtiinents, which are used against the public cxectnion of critiiinals, will ap- ply it) the present case. The exhibition of either is truly appalling to the benevolent ntind. And were ptiblic executions as common as intoxication, the forir.er would be viewed, by many at least, with the same indiirerence as the latter. The retailer's shop ought to bw so regulated, as that the most modest youth might have access without fear — without danger of imbibing any bad impression. We are astonished, and we should not believe it, if facts did not stare us in the face, that any retailer would, in viulation of law, keep n dram shop to the destruclion of his fellow creatures — allow himself to be surrounded by day and by night, with a nutiibcr of heings in human shape, whose god is liquid fire, and whose language is perfectly suited to the nether regions — ai.d to hold out every inducetnetit to attract the youth, by admitting various species of gaming. — All this has a direct tendency to idleness and every concomitant evil ; and that yotith must be nerved with more than manly courage and self command, not to be in danger, when in the pois- oned atmosphere of such a ])lace. We do not care how many retailors there are, but we sincerely wisli that their shops might be so reguhited as not to be ptiblic ntiisances, schools of intemperance, nurseries of gaming, nor hot- beds of patiperism. Having taken an outline of the disease, which is gaining strength and graditally undermining the constitution, we would suggest a remedy. Let the Legislature invest the Selectmen with power, and make it their duty to inspect licensed houses once every three months ; let thetn appro- bate none but such persons as the law respecting licensed houses directs ; and let them be sworn to the faithful discharge of their duty. Let every retailer be annually sworn to the observance of said law. Let the penalties, for the violation of said law be increased.* And lastly, let the licens- ed person on 'conviction of the violation of said law forfeit his license, never to be renewed again. Here we leave the sid)ject, hoping that some abler pen will do it justice. VERITAS. Mansfield, Jan. 7, 1829. A Frenchman has invented a new mode of pre- serving grain of all descriptions, by means of sub- terranean granaries at a low temperature, closed herntetically. He has also exhibited the model of a cellar with a double current of air, to keep wine ; both inventions are expected to succeed. Old Fashioned Corsets. — The only healthy cor- sets, says the Editor of a Georgia paper, for a lady's waist, is a husband's arm. disserted Seeds for Families. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store small boxes of assni ted Seeds lor Kitchen Gardens. Each box contains a package of the following .Seeds: Enrly Washington Peas Dwarf iJlui- Imperial Peas Roguery and JiEsery. — Junius in one of his pri vate letters asserts that he " never knew a rogue who was not unhapi)y." Uidiappy people are very apt to find fault and grundile ; therefore, let our readers who wish to avoid the suspicion of roguery avoid grumbling. — llilliamstown Mvocate. Gypsum, or plaster of Paris, is said to be most beneficial to dry or sandy soils if sown in the win. ter or early in the spring : — The reason is that by the action of rain and frost it is more completely incorj)orated with the soil than it can be when sow'n late in the season. — Ibid. Late ."Marrowfat Peas Early Mohawk Dwarf siring H.;ans China Dwarf string and shell iScans Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Long niood Beet Early Turnip-rooted Beet Early York Cabbage Large late Drumhead Cabbage Cape Savoy Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage (for pick II".!:) Early Horn Carrot Long Orange Carrot While Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Cucumber Early Silesia Lettuce Bets — The Su])reme Court of Pennsylvania have decided that bets of any kind about any hu- man being are not recoverable in a court of jus- tice. The reasoning is that such bets are either malicious, indecent, or indelicate, and, therefore, illegal. A correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette, re- lates, that a young man who was in torture from having thrust his hands twice into a bed of coal,;, cx]!erienced immediate relief from plunging ihem into a ])ot of tar. His hands healed free frum scars. There is a fan)ous burn salve made in Philadelphia which heals without leaving a scar, one ingredient of which is believed to be tar. In Wales, recently a farmer's son was poisoned by drinking cider, which had stood in a leaden vat: acetate of leail having been formed. Tea Plant. — It is said this im()ortant shrub flourishes in Java, to the danger of the Chinese monopoly. A gentleman in W^ashifigton has recently brought from the south 52 varieties of grape vines indigenous to the United .States. Among them the Sctippernoiig, a native of North Caroli- na, growing in a swamp. A single vine jn one instance, yielded eight barrels of wine to a farm- er, who has four acres of them under cultivation ; the wine improves much by age. Long Dutch Parsnip Largo Cabbage Lettuce Long Green 'i'nrkey Cucumber Pilie-appic Melon Long, or Round Watermelon iVastuilium Large White Onion Large Red Onion Curled Parsley Flat Squash Pepper Early Scarlei Short-top Radisf^ White Turnip Radish Salsify Early Bush Squash Early White Dutch Turnit) White Flat Turnip Yellow Stone Tunnp W'luier Crook-neck Squash* POT HERB SEF.DS. Thyme — Sage — Marjorum. The abo\e list, it will be seen, comprises all the common ve- getables, besides several new varieties of recent introiluclion, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is warranted of Ihe very hrst quality, as to h eshuess and purity. Each box contains directions lor the management of the diflerenl sorts. Price ^3 per box. To the Public. The subscriber would inform the public, that certain persons did, some time since, obtain a certain Patent Right, claiming for their iniprovemenl, a Iteaction principle, oraction two ways, vainly supposing they were about to alter one ot the lundamea- tnl laws of mechanism, by gaining in lime without a loss of power, or gaining in po\\er without a loss ot time. Tliis Iholish ulra ti.ey atlcmptetl to deinoiistraie by constructing a Press for Hay, &.C. with two fixed horizontal boxes, one on each end of a horizontal frame In these boxes the hay or cotton was to be put, or stowed vertically, and the reaction power applied to both boxes at the same time, horizontally; thus they expected to press two bales with one and the same power, in the same time that it look to press one ; but ihey failed in their purpose, both mi account of reaction, and mode of slowing and pressinff, — for it was found impossil^le to confine fibrous materials with bands, that are slowed and pressed at right angles with ihe stowing. It is well kno>vn in Maine that Mr Moses R. Bliss, of Pittston, Kennebec county, has recently made an importaiil and useful improvement ill the construrlion of a Pros* lor Uay and other fibrous materials, and secured to himself the extensive properly 'if said iniprovemenl, b^ taking out Letters Patent lor the same under the Seal ot the (jiiited States, vvbich property he claims, principally, Irom having made his box to revolve on irunioiis, « Iiicli project fiom near the centre of its largest sides, so that ii may be turned l<- an upright position for the convenience of fill- ing and stowing, and then to a horizontal otie lijr pressing. — 'i'lie other part of his speeificalioiv has liolhlng very particular- in it, except in looviiig the machine by means ol gear-wurk and a small cog-w heel a!hxf-d to the axle of a large pair of locomo- tion wheels. 'I'his Press Mr P.liss has had in succes.slul use for many moi.lhs, ami it has been fully listed by those well quali&* ed to judge of us mei its, and met Iheir decivled a[tprohation. — 1 le has ellecled in this machine what has long been a i.'esidera- lun), viz, to have a niovealile press ; and to have it moveable, it is iiece-ssary that ii sliould he horizontal, and to have it horizoo. tal, there nii.st be a tevolving box. Why I would draw the attention of the public to the .specifica- tion above, is, because the said persons have abaiult)ned their [itess on the reaelioii plan, and imitated Mr B'iss in every par- tiiular except the revolving box, and are now alteioptiiig t(v palm off this imitation press under their credentials for a reac- tion power, 'Pile public are advised lo compare Ihe specifieaMons w ifh the moilel now exhibiting, C.-iLVLN W1^G. Gardiner, Dee, 31, 1S2S. Jan 16 3i Pulib^lied e\ery Friday, at ,?3 per annum, payable at the end ol the year — bm those who pay within sixty days from th« time of suh^erihing, are entitled lo a deduction of fifty cents. Printed lor.I. [',. Uussei.l. by L R. Butts & Co.— by whom all deseri|il:ons of Printing can be executed lo meet the wishes ot customers. Orders for prinling received by .1. B. Rl'SSELZ., at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North Market Stre«( NEW ENC^EiAND FAMMER, Published by John B. RnssELi,, at JVb. 52 JS/orth Market Street, (at the Agricultural Warehouse) Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 6, 1829. No. 29. AGRICULTURE. We give the following papers witli much satis- faction, because we are persuaded they will prove profitable to many of our readers. The answer to the inquu-ies was dictated by the experience of a sagacious and successful cultivator, whose direc- tions being foiuided on practice are much more valuable than the most probable and plausible theo- ries, which have not been tested by 'experinieht. CULTIVATION OF INDIAN CORN, TUR- NIPS, PUMPKINS, AND SQUASHES. Princeton, (jV. J.) JVov. 18, 1828. J. L. BoYLSTON, Esq. Sir — Knowing how much the votaries of Ag- ricultiue syni))athize with each other, I make no apology for the intrusion of this address. I have been very much struck with an account (seen in several of the newspajiers) of the product of a field of yours, in the articles of Corn, Pump- kins, and Turnips. As to the quantity of com per acre, it did not surprise me ; as 1 have known in- stances fully equal, and some superior, where ex- traordinary ]iains were taken, and great richness of soil attained. But the amount of the other ar- ticles, especially of the pumpkins, cultivated in and with the corn, has forcibly arrested my atten- tion. I have never been able, with all my zeal and exertion, to do anything, even decent, in this way. I consider pumpkins as an extremely valu- uable and desirable crop ; but have always misera- bly failed, whenever I attempted to raise them among corn. Whether the failure m my hands has arisen, from planting at a wrong time, or from the character of our soil, or from the ecru being so thick as to overshadow and destroy the pump- kins, I know not : but the fact is, I bave never been able to succeed in raising even a. single ivagon load from a fieltl of nearly two acres. The object of this letter is to take the. liberty of requestuig, that you will do me the favor, at your convenience, to inform me, by mail, the manner in which your culture of the articles referred to was conducted. How many stalks oi' corn you allowed to stand in the hill ; — the distance between tlie rows ; — how, and tchen, your pumpkins were planted ; — what kind of turnips yon sowed, and tchen ; — what kind of manin-e you employed for the corn ; — and whether you used any separate and additional manure for the pumpkins, &e. Being a Clergyman, and one of tlie Professors in the Theological Seminary in this place, I a.nuse myself with a garden, and a little farm, consisting of 14 acres. I have but little time to attend to these things ; but yet am fond of setting rny neigh- bors a good example, of neat, economical, and pro- ductive cultivation of the soil. I shall, therefore, consider the information which I have requested as a great fiivor conferred not only on myself, but also on my friends around me. I am, sir, most respectfully. Your obedient servant, SAM'L MILLEP,. 3. L. BoYLSTON, Esq. P. S. I have heard much of the value of what is called the Winter Squash, as a substitute for pumpkins. What is your opinion of that article ? It is very little, if at all, cultivated in this region If you think well of it, and shoidd have it in your power to send me a few dozen seeds, directed to me, and transmitted by some convenient private conveyance, to Messrs. Thorburn & Son, New York, I should consider it a great favor, and the ; little packet woidd soon reach me. , S. M. Princeton, Ms. Jan. 5, 1829. RevT) Sir — It is some time since I had the pleasure of receiving your letter of Nov. 18, 1828, and should have taken an earlier opportunity to have answered it, but some imperative avocations precluded a compUance with my wishes, or per- haps your expectations. It is but a few years that I have turned my attention to practical farming, consequently am not able to suggest what long ex- perienced agriculturists may have adopted hi their mode of cultm-e. My own, as it respects the field of corn, pumpkuis, &c. to which you allude is as follows : The field liad not been broken up before for about ten years. I first harrowed the piece while the groimd was wet, and when the groimd was sulficiently diy I ploughed the same both ways, and afterwards harrOAved the same twice. I used on the piece about ninety loads of green dung, which was ploughed in ; the piece containing 3i acres and 28 rods. The corn I allowed five stalks in a hill, and the hills three feet ajjart. I say hills because it was not planted in rows. The stalks Avere five inches apart. The pumpkin seeds were planted at the same time with tlie corn ; and placed between the kernels of corn ; and jilanted between the 21st of May and the 1st of June. — The turnips are what we call the flat English tur- nips. The latter were sown after the corn was liloughed, between the 25th of Jime and first of July. The soil is a black mould. I used about a shovel full of old manure to a hill, that had been kept under cover. I think the mode adopted by our farmers generally is not a correct one, — that is carting their manure out ui a field that they hitend to plant with corn the next season ; thereby ex- posing the same to the sun and rains. The ma- nure thereby loses the carbonic acid ; whereas, when housed, it is not subject to the agency of air or moisture, by whicli the power of fermentation and its valuable principles are retained hi full ac- tivity. It is considered with us that the Winter Squash is not a substitute for jiumpkins in our section of the countiy. The squash is accounted a valuable vegetable for the table, and is also used for jiies. — I consider that they can be raised in- the room of pumpkins with the corn — I shall this year attempt it. The pumpkins I raised for the use of my cows and fatting cattle. They increase and en- rich the milk, whether for cheese or butter. I am surprised to learn that the winter squash is not more cultivated in your part of the countiy. I will, with pleasure, and much gratification send you soineseedsof the crooked neck winter squash, agreeably to your wishes. Fearful to trust to the seeds I have on hand, I have applied to Mr Rcs- SELL, publisher of the New England F.iriner, hav- ing always been veiy successful with those I have purchased of bun, for several years, and must beg your acceptance of the same. Should business at any tuue call you to Massachusetts, it would give nie the highest gratification to sec you at my Mansion. I am, sir, with the highest respect, Your obedient servant, JOHN LANE BOYLSTON. Rev. Dr. Miller, 1 Princeton, JV. J. ^ / P. S. You may wish to know the mode I adopt in preparing my manure. Bly barn is 160 feet by 50, under which all my manure is dropped. -In the summer season it is shovelled into heaps ; in the fall it is placed in large heaps, separate from the manure made during the winter, and remains in this state till it is wanted for planting. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. QUERIES ON THE MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. Mr Fessenden — Having a considerable flock of sheep, and a small farm, I am desirous to profit by the experience of others, in ascertaining the cheapest way to winter them ; and have taken the liberty of requesting you to insert the subjoin- ed queries, in the N. E. Farmer, for information, with the hope they will be answered by several of your correspondents in the wool growing States. A YOUNG SHEPHERD. jV. Lai. 440 40' ^ Maine. J 1. What is the average value of grass or tillage lands in the town or county where you reside ? 2. What is the expense of cultivating an acre of ruta baga, mangel wurtzel, carrots, Enghsh tur- nijis, or ])otatoes .' What quantity do you raise to the acre, and what kind of soil is most suitable for growing each of the above crops ? 3. How many lbs. of either of the above roots are suflicient for a sheep per day, if you feed half the full allowance of hay ? 4. Is the expense of wintering a flock, more, or less, to do it with hay alone, or with hay and roots ? 5. On the supposition, that roots are less ex- pensive than hay ; — how small a proportion of hay will sufiice for a sheep ? 6. What is the comparative value of either of the above roots and corn .-' valuing corn at 50 cts per bushel. FOR THE HEW ENGLAND FARMER. SELECTING FRUIT TREES. MrFesse.nden — Observing the exertions,which are made at this time to introduce good fruits into this part of the country, particularly apples and pears, I have long waited, hoping a suitable per- son would suggest some necessary hints to nur- serymen and inexperienced purchasers of trees. I allude particularly to the quality of the trees, as well as the fruit, and no trees should ba selected which want either of the following qualities — suit- ableness to the climate — thriftiness — good bear- ing and bearing good fruit. This is a subject of peculiar importance in this section, and at this particular time. The people 226 on this east side of the Peiiohsr.ot liavc liiit latcl} been made to lielieve tliat fruit trees may be cidti- vated to advantage. Indeed it may he douhted if their prejudices vvouKl have yielded to aiiytliiuj; but the evidence of their senses. The entire suc- cess of one individual* lias |jap|)ily furnished this evidence. Tliese circumstances, sir, iinist make it obvious, to you, that it is for the interest of this region that the excited hopes of our farmers be not hhglited ; and their hnidahle endeavors frustrated by the in- judicious selection of trees not suited to the climate, or rc(|uirii)g more skill in the manage- ment than is possesseil by our common cultivators. I iiope the luirserynien will take these hints. It appears to me their interest is concerned, and that good caution to buyers, and a selection of trees of varieties suited to domestic uses at all seasons, not wanting either of the four qualities above men- tioned, woulil create a confidence in them, which would result to their advantage. I have some fault to find with oiu- books on the subject of orchards and fruit trees. In some instances they neglect to inform us among other jioints whether certain trees are good bearers — when the fruit ripens — how it keeps, and other properties impor- tant to be known. I hojie this may be remedied in future editions. Allow me, sir, to repeat my strong conviction i that all trees, which are not suited to this clitnate, are not healthy, and vigorous, and good bearers j of good fruit, would be a nuisance in this country, j and such trees are to be rejected absolutely, to give place to those of better properties. Respectfully your obed't serv't, SAMUEL LITTLE. Bucksport, Me. Jan. 24, 1829. iNEW ENGLAND FAIlMEn perienced surveyor, they might find it an interest- ing and profitable exercise, to make the necessary surveys and other preparations, for the hand of the lithographer. The subject is one of so much interest that it deserves to be taken up immediate- ly by all our towns. A FARMER. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BROAD WHEELS. Mr Editor — It was a matter of surprij, j to me to hear that the town of Barre should present a petition to the Legislature for a repeal of the law requiring broad riimneil wheels. I wish they had an opportui.ity to travel in a chaise through the Old Colony, in a wet time, and then I am per- suailed they would not oppose the use of broad rimmed wheels. It is a common thing for the hubbs of the lowest wagon wheels to drag on the banks of the ruts in a wet time, even on high land where it is level. There are so many Forges, Furnaces, Rolling Mills, and Factories, that keep our teams in constant employ, that if we put our roads in good re|iair in the spring, they will soon be bad, especially if the season be wet.' Last year there was a motion made in the Legislature for either a repeal or a modification of the law. If the law was altered so as to reduce the rims to five inches ])rovided the tire is that width, I aiTi persuaded that His Excellency would not approve of a repeal, if he knew how much the south-east- erly part of the commonwealth snffiers by having their roads cut up with two inch rims. Two- thirds of our usual high-way tax would keep our roads in good repair were broad rimmed wheels in use. AtJRICOLA. FOR THE J\EW ENGLAND FARMER. TOWN MAPS. Mr Fessende.n — I have just turned my eye | from a short article in the American Traveller, * upon the subject of town maps. I was smprised ' at the very trifling sum, at which they may be pro- cured. It is stated that Mr Pendleton of this city, j well known as a lithographic drawer and printer, gives information that from 2 to 500 copies can be furnished, after a maiuiscript draft is prepared at from 12^ to 2.5 cts each. It seems to me that in any town, almost every family would gladly pay twice that stun, for a correct map of their place of residence, pointing out all the water courses, ponds, tnill privileges or establishments, roads, principal buildings, &c. In such maps it would not be d flicidt to present a geological view of a town, by some signs or marks to designate the dif- ferent kinds of rocks or other minerals, soil, depos- its of clay, sand, peat, &c. Such maps would he of particular benefit to those who have invested, or \vish to invest proper- ty in manufactories, to fanners, and even to al- most every class of the counininity. All our pub- lic schools might to great advantage introduce maps of the towns where they are placed. And if well formed they could hardly fail of becoming important instruments for the general difiusion of useful and practical information. In most towns surveys and manuscript drafts might he made, with little or no expense. If a number of young men who wish for general iin- provemeni, siiould jirociire the aid of some ex- • Ephbaim Goudale, Esq. IMPROVEMENT IN RAIL- WAYS, &c. Dr 3Iease, of Philadelphia, whose science, ac- tivity, and ))ublic spirit, have ever led him to take a prominent and useful part, whenever improve- ment was the object, has obliged us with the fol- lowing article. It will be jierceived that it states what has been and may be done, hut gives no de- tails of the manner in which the great objects ad- verted to are effected. But it will, we hope, lead to such further investigations as the inijiortance of the subject demands. for the new ENGLAND FARMER. Philadelphia, Jan. 2S, 1829. Sir, — I have the jileasure to send you the sketch of a new and improved plan for construct- ing iron rail-ways, which appears to promise great benefits. JAMES MEASE. SKETCH Of a neiv and improved plan of constructing iron rail-waijs and carriages, hi/ which all sorts of goods, merchandize, and other articles whatever, as likewise passengers, will he conveyed ivith much greater ease, convenience and speed, and with less expense than could till now be effected, by employ- ing either the power of steam, or that of horses. It is generally acknowledged by the most emi- nent engineers, and by the most impartial writers on mechanical subjects, that the present construc- tion of rail-ways and of the carriages or wagons conveyed upon them is still very far from being arrived at that degree of perfection, of which, by their principle, they apjiear to be susceptible, and it cannot be denied that, upon the whole, this most valuable invention is yet in a state of infancy. Feb. 6. 1829. To this imperfect state it is undoubtedly owing, that those artificial roads, though known and par- tially used lace at the meetings of the Horticultural Society of London, Ibrin a leading feature in the meetings of the Horticultural So- ciety of Paris. On the present occasion, there was, first, a great deal of controversial discussion on otficial matters, such as the number of copies of the Annates that ought to be printed ; nest, a paper was read on the culture of the Palate, or sweet potato (Convolvulus Batatas, Lin.,) which gave rise to a variety of observations of consider- able interest in a professional and scientific point of view. The author of the paper was not aware that the Patate had been, for a long time, cultivat- ed in France, till the Comte Lasteyrie and M. Boursalt mentioned the places where they had seen it grown 50 years ago. The writer, M. Loiseleur-Desloiigchamps, stated, and the fact w.",s confirmed to us by 31. Lacroix, that exposing the tubers to a dry air, like fruit in a fruit-room, . hail succeeded better with BI. Vilmorin than any other method. We mention these, to show in what way discussion becomes really useful. We have seen discussion maintained in a similar man- ner, and attenilcd by similar results, in the Zool- ogical Club of the Liiinean Society of London. A very interesting account of the anniversary meeting of the Caledonian Horticultural Society, was read by the Chevalier Masclet, partly trans- lated by him from the Scotsman (a newspaper held in great esteem liere, for its liberal and extended views,) and partly from a jn'ivate communication from Mr Neill. It was rendered particularly in- teresting, from the manner in which M. Masclet connected it with the subject of the education and moral improvement of the laborious classes ; the great superiority of Scottish gardeners being at- tributed to their advantages, in this re?spect, over the gardeners of other countries. In the discus- X^ol. Vll.— No. 20. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 229 siou which arose on this subject, the Comte Las- teyrie and the ChevaUers Soulange-Bodin and Byerley, noticed in a general way, the advantages which must necessarily result to the arts in every country, from the better education of those who are the operators in these arts ; glanced at the progress which had been made in the diffusion of useful education in France ; and strongly urged the necessity and advantages, not only of encour- aging practical gardeners of every description, by premiums and other honorable distinctions, to be- come better cultivators, but to encourage the young men to become reading and thinking work- men, and the fathers of families to use every ex- ertion to educate their children as the greatest and best service which they could render them. — M. Soulange-Bodin, who is a man of considerable eloquence, made some veiy impressive observa- tions on the subject, and recommended members ©f the Society to lend and distribute the Annaks, and other useful gardening publications, among their neighbors, and to every gardener who could make use of them. M. Boursault used various arguments to prove the beneficial influence of gar- dening on society generally ; and the duty of every enlightened individual to promote a taste for it, as a source of social improvement, and of general amelioration. The Chevalier A. A. du Pelit-Thouars made some interesting physiological remarks on the result of an experiment which he had made on the stem of a tree ; clearly proving that the sap which returns by the bark and liber has the power of forming wood, without the aid of the alburnum ; but the details we reserve till we return, and can illustrate the subject by an en- graving. The articles exhibited were chiefly dahlias, some implements and models of implements,draw- ings of different varieties of the Palate, Sec. M. du Petit-Thouars gave away thirty or forty copies of his Cours de Phytologie, and some other papers were distributed. Professor Decandolle was ])res- ent, and Mrs Yosy. The national characteristic was exhibited towards this lady, who, though an entire stranger, and arriving some time after the Meeting had commenced, was most graciously re- -ceived, conducted to a seat close to the president, and, when M. du Petit-Thouars proceeded to dis- cuse for us, both in France and England, for the inacuracies, or seeming carelessness of expression, which it may contain. — Editor. Schabzieger Cheese is that species of Swiss cheese made by the mountaineers of the Canton of Glaris, and readily distinguished by that pe- culiar marbled appearance, and aromatic flavor, comnmnicated by the pressed flowers or the bruis- ed seeds of the Melilotus officinalis. The prac- tice of mixing the flowers or seeds of plants with cheese was common among the Romans ; thyme was generally used by them. That a similar method was pursued in the middle ages is appar- ent from an anecdote told of Charlemagne. — When travelling without attendants, he arrived at a bishop's palace : it was a fast day, snd the bish- op, having no fish, was obliged to set cheese be- fore the monarch. Observing some small specks (parsley seed) in it, and mistaking them for rotten parts, he took the trouble of picking them out with his knife. The bishop told him he was throwing away the best parts of the cheese ; on this the monarch eat it as it was, and liked it so much, that he ordered the bishop to send him, every year, two cases of such cheese to Aix-la-Chapelle ; and, in order that the cheese-merchant might not sr^nd cheeses without the seeds, he directed the bishop to cut each in two, and afterwards to fasten the parts by means of a wooden skewer. — Foreign Review. The Art of improving the Quality of Fruits is said to have originated in Belgium ; and while the Academy of Munich were doubting the possibility of this description of improvement, and even giv- ing a prize to an essay which maintained the neg- ative side of the question, the art had already made an inmiense progress in the Netherlands. — It is not meant that new fruits were never raised from seed, before, but that the business of raising new sorts of fruits from seeds was never before undertaken on scientific principles. Chance has, at all times and in all countries, discovered new sorts of fruits from seeds which have sprung up accidentally ; but it was only in Belgium, towards the latter end of the eighteenth centiu-y, that seed- lings were raiscfd in large quantities with reference to this object. The city of Mons made the first tribute his iiamphlets, he jiresented the first to j attempt, and obtained four exquisite new pears, Mrs Yosy. [ viz. the Passe Colmar, the Beurree Ranee, the The most remarkable thing which we have yet Beurree Spence (in honor of the celebrated ento- seen hi the neighborhood of Paris, is the establish- mologist,) the Beurree d'Hiver, and Les Delices ment of M. Soulange-Bodin, at Fromont. As this is the travelling season with nurserymen, we would recommend all of them who can spare time to visit France, to go thither, and see the art of grafting, and especially the greffe a la Tschoudi, pushed further than it has yet been in any estab- lishment either in France or Britain. In rare ex- otic shrubs, we are inclined to think M. Soulange- Bodin will soon be able to undersell every nursery in Europe. We shall discuss the subject of this establishmeirt in our next Number, which we in- tend to devote entirely to giving some account of the tour which we are now making. In the mean time, we set oft" for Chantilly, JMorfontaine, and Ermenonville (which we have not seen since 1815,) to try if we can find at the.se places any thing worthy of laying before our readers ; ho|)ing that, as wo are now incessantly occupied for tljcir advantage, the great hurry in which this letter has been written, and the impossibility of our seeing a proof of it before it goes to press, will be an es- d'llardenpont. These were raised in the garden of Counsellor Hardenpont. Other amateurs have devoted themselves to the same subject, and ob- tained several pears of excellent quality ; the Bon- ne de Mons, the Doyennti do Mons, and many more. M. Siart procured La Napoleon ; and that learned pomologist, the Abbe Duquesne, raised, among others, the excellent Marie Louise. M. Petit pursued those researches which M. Duquesne was ohhged to abandon from ill health and other causes. In Flanders they discovered the incom- parable Fondante des Bois (Boschier) ; the Capu- chins of Louvaine obtained their Pastorale ; and the Comte de Colona of Malines, L'Urbaniste. — During these times thousands of plants were originated annually at Brussels, with a view of studying the quality of their fruits. The resuh of the whole has been published by Professor Van Mons, in a catalogue dated Louvaine, 1823. — Messager des Sciences et des Arts, livres 1 et 2. 1826, p. 77. Cultivation of the Potato in J^orway. — So slow has been the progress of thit root in Norway, that Von Buch states that it was scarcely known at Bergen in 1762 ; a circumstance the more re- markable, as at least a century has elapsed since its introduction into Iceland, the climate of which is less favorable than that of Norway. In about twenty years the potato found its way into the Nordland, and not long afterwards was introduced into Fimnark, where it has now become pretty general. The potatoes of Alten, though seldoni" exceeding the size of a small egg, form, neverthe- less, a valuable addition to the resources of the inhabitants of Lapland. Their produce usually averages about thirty fold. In one recent in- stance it reached to forty-four. The price is usu- ally from 3s. 6rf. to 5s. the barrel, or sack, of four English bushels. The potatoes grown in Finmark are remarkably sweet to the taste, of a waxy na- ture, and in colour of a deepish yellow. Some that were sent me lately from Alten, were planted in good garden ground, in the early part of the summer, and prove to be a valuable kind of early potato. The originals were all of a round shape; the produce, however, which are good, and ex- ceed the former several times in size, are many of them oblong, and not unlike the common kidney. The remarkable alleviation of disadvantage in re- spect to climate which Finmark presents, the fre- quent luxuriance of its indigenous plants, and the powerful vivifying influence of an arctic summer, encourage the supposition that, under proper man- agement, its soil might be rendered far less un- grateful than is generally supposed. The culture of the potato in particular, it may be hoped, will both improve and become extended ; a circum- stance that, in the present almost absolute depen- dence of Finmark and Nordland upon Russia for a supply of bread corn, is earnestly to be de^nstl ; and, if we examine the character of the chmate of the Islands and coasts of Northern Norway, the degree in ^vhich it differs from all countries under the same parallel, and the circumstance by which this lated rail road ' ecaries' shops— and is to be had at 6 to V2 cts per am! jirotectcd from the winds and snn by their sen- from Boston to Albany, or about tbree-tifths of , oz. In 1821, I had an ounce, of which I have iors of the forest. In their new situation they are the whole distance, a single horse will draw 1 1 or i constantly made use for my own strap and several exposed to both, the heat of the latter being accu- 12 tons at the rate of 20 miles a day. That on , others— and now more than one-third the quan- j mulated by the reflection of its rays from pave about two-fifih [larts of the same road two horses tity still remains unused. Whoever has once en- only will be recpiired to draw the same loail at joyed the luxury of a razor skilfully applied to a the same rate. But, on turnpikes, as generally i strap well prepared in this manner, will never be constructed in the I'nited States, two horses can \ content with any other, rarely draw more than 14 cwt. each including the weight of the wagon. In other words the jinwer of a horse on the proposed railway in its steepest part if compared with the power of a horse on a common tmiipike is as 14 cwt. to five and an half or six tons. (To he continued.) nECLAIMED LANDS. I had intended to notice the subject of reclaim- ments, walls, &c. Hoots are to the plant what the mouth is to the animal — they are the organs of absorption or mas- tication. For want of the usual supply of juices, through these, the sap vessels which convey the food to the leaves, are no longer disturbed, but become contracted and callous ; and the I'lanl FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BEE MOTH, BEANS, RAZOR STRAPS, &c, JMr EurroR — 1 am a practical farmer. In my perfect and gratifying results — and because too they may not readily occur to every one to whom book of minutes, detailing and elucidating the they may be useful. At a moment of more leis- uscful results to w Inch my experience has led, ' ure I will endeavor to enter into detail upon this there are, perhaps, some items, which may be of: subject. ing land, and to present some ideas and plans L-.^j,,,^ m^y j|,g „n,2z|ed ox in a rich pasture. For which my want of success in my first essay led | „..,„( ^f ,i,g f^od which smrounds, and which is me to investigate and adopt— and which I 'lave ' ,p^,|||p,j ^^^ nourish them, but which neither can never seen mentioned or adverted to in the vari- ! j,,,.,^,^ ^^^^ p|a|,^_ i-,|.g jijp animal, must die. ons articles on this subject which have appeared i •yf^^ New-Yorkers are like the novices who fre- in your columns. Those plans are,perhaps, worthl upptiy a,,piy at nurseries for trees that will bear recording as they have uniformly led to the most U.,,;, ,;,j, j^^^i y^^^_ -pjjpy ^elen ''lose which are R. service to your readers. BEE MOTHS. The sagacity of man enables him to discover the peculiar habits, which instinct leads the sub- ordinate creation to adopt for self preservation, and bis inventive faculty frequently suggests to him, some mode, by which the distinctive habits of such as are noxious may be conducive to their destruction. Thus we discover that instinct teaches the Bee moth to secrete herself during the day, in the corners of the hive. All, therefore, necessary to be done, is to take sncb advantage of this fact as that this most pernicious enemy shall rush to its own destruction. For ibis purpose let the orifice of the hive be 4 inches wide, and one inch high. At the commencement of the season for the moth, place a shingle on the bottom or floor of the hive. Yon will find in the morning that almost every moth has taken refuge under it. They are thus readily des|)atchcd. This is the tnode I have practised with my own bees, and not a single hive has ever been injured. A THRIFTT BEAN. In the summer of 1827, I discovered among my bush beans a single vine remarkably thrifty, and throwing out runners. I erected a pole at the place, and the vine was trained upon it. It grew during the summer with the utmost luxuriance and beauty, attracting notice from every passing trav- eller. When arrived at maturity it presented a complete congeries of pods. beans from the vine was 1223, and the weight of IJ lbs. In the have had, this fall, ]528| lbs. or 1,495,729 beans — anil in the autumn of 1829, 1,869,661J- lbs. or 1,829,276,567 beans. Southington, Con. Feb. 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARfllER. HORN AIL IN CATTLE. Mr Fessenden — I found the receipt in your paper, of January 9tli, for the cure of the horn ail to be ineflectual, by experiment on an ox, last April. In the month of October, one of my o.xen in high flesh, ajipeared to be unwell, refused to eat but little, and soon became so weak as to reel in walking, breathed very hard, and discharged such immense quantities of putrid matter from his nose, that we supposed the internal parts of his head ^vere perishing. By the advice of a large owner of cattle, I freely applied spirits of turpen- tine on the top of the head, along the roots of his horns, for a nuiuber of days with apparent suc- cess, as he soon began to feed well, and in a few weeks I sold him for market. It is a severe rem- edy, throwing the animal into extreme agony. Yours respectfully, THOJiAS IIAZEN. J\ronvich, Feb. 1, 1829. From the New York Farmer. ORNAMENTAL TREES IN NEW YORK. Mr Edit.or — The learned and respected Cor- responding Secretary of the Horticultural Society, has ascribed the failure of the ornamental trees, which have been annually planted in your parks The' number of '""' ^^''^^^^ by hundreds, to the circnmstanccs of their having been planted too deep. As he is pro- same ratio of increase I should , '"^^■^^'^''b' »■ st"'l«"t "' "'« ^d'""' °f pl'.vsiology, I beg leave to suggest to him three other causes, which I apprehend have been more fatal than the one he has noted. They are 1. The ill adaptation of trees taken from the forest to insulated and open exposures. 2. The want of fibrous roots to supply food ; and 3. The want of leaves to elaborate this food, and convert it into aliment for the tree. Trees growing in the forest have, first, a bad system of roots ; those are few in number and ex- tended in length, and are necessarily very much shortened and diminished in taking up. The fibres, which supply food to the trees, are mostly left behind, or dried up ere they are planted. The RAZOR STRAPS. Take a common strap either new or old. — Spread a small quantity of oil evenly on the side you wish cflicient. Then spriidroduce im- mediate effect. But for those on a large scale, such as would be jiroper to stand in cellars, or the holds of vessels, I think this last mentioned kind is to be |ireferred. The following I think would be an eligible mode of construction. Suppose it is required to have one w hose content siiall be equal to six cubic feet clear of the ice vessel : let a box of wood be made three feet long two feet wide and sixteen inches deep in the clear ; let another box be made of such dimensions that the first may stand wiYhin it ; leaving an interstice between, on all sides, and also between their bottoms of about an inch. — The sides and one end of the outside box should also stand an inch or more above the other. — Then put as much dry sifted ashes, or rather NEW ENGLAND FARMER, charcoal dust if it can be had, into the large box as will cover the bottom an inch deep ; set the small box within the large one, leaving the space equal on all sides. Then prepare a lid, which may rest on the top of the inside box, alter thin strips are nailed on the upper edges thereof in or- der to cover the spaces left between the boxes ; the edges of the lid confined by a ledge nailed to the outside box, or by a groove, and made to slide endwise ; cut a hole of a convenient size near the middle of the lid lor the ])urpose of putting in the ice, and connect a door to it by a hinge. The ice vessel must then be fastened to the lid : this should be made of tin or sheet iron, about two feet long, eighteen inches wide, and four inches deep, having a convenient opening at one corner to draw off the water, which may be sto]iped with a cork ; the side and end plates of the ice vessel must be five inches wide, one inch of which must have a square turn outwards to admit of its being nailed up to the lid, which will form the top of the vessel. This being done it will be necessary to cut away one end of both boxes so as to admit Feb. 13, 1829. which divided by 30, (|Uotes 4| ; 30 pounds of ice multiplied by 4^ jiroduces 140 pounds of the article to be cooled : if we stiike ofi" the fraction §, which will be just ^ of the ice on account of that portion of external heat which will find its way in while the articles are cooling, we shall then have 120 lbs. This is much more than al- most any private family would have occasion to put in daily, for the use of the family only. There are, however, some deductions to make for the heat, which would be admitted by frequently opening, and also continually passing through the sides and bottom of the boxes. But it is impossible to calculate with certainty on the subject without more accurate experiments than I have yet maile. I am, however of the opinion, that the average quantity of 20 lbs. of ice per day, will be sufficient in such a refrigerator as has been last described, to answer the purposes of a large family ; even adiiiitting, that with other things, the milk of two or three cows should ba ke|it therein ; when the weather is very warm, the necessary quantity will probably be greater. To be concluded next week. From Luudou's Gardeuei's Magazine. The Dahlia may be advantageously forced by potting the roots in Februarj', and letting them re- main in frames till June, when they will begin to flower, and may be turned out into the open bor- der.— Matthicis Syhaticus, October 10, 1827. Traiisplaniing Turnips. — For many years I have sown tmnip seed on any little vacant spot, and, when the plants had two or three leaves, pUmted them out, by a line in regular rows. — Xoihing can succeed better, or produce finer roots : hardly one in twentj' dies. — Rusticus in Urbe. the lid with the ice vessel nailed to its under side ! and proportionably less when cooler to draw out. Then fill the sjiace between the boxes at the sides and ends, with the same ma- terial used between their bottoms ; nail on the strips to confine it in, and the wood-work will be finished. The whole may then be covered with coarse blanketing, duffie, or the cloth called lion- skin ; so cut as to admit of the lid being drawn out, and to cover all the joints when shut : at the end cut down, to give room for the ice vessel, it will be necessary to have a flap of several thick- nesses of cloth, attached either to the end of the lid or box in such a manner as efTectually to close the opening when the lid is pushed in. An easier method of fixing the lid (and perhaps in most cases ought to be adopted) would be to let the top of both boxes be of equal height and fasten the iid thereon, having an opening in the middle a little larger than the ice vessel, through which it may hang down, suspended by the edges of its wooden top to which it should be nailed as befiire directed, the joints to be all closed by the woollen covering. The only inconvenience that' would attend this mode would he an increased tt,;-, r m 7 • f j t> .-^.i „. _ ,.,.,. , . , . Ulditij or Toads tn Gardens. — rractical men ditncu ty in opeiimg, on account of its having to , 11 .1 „. . i„ i- „„i,;„fl„„„:„ , ,.,,„., 5,, ^ . , ,. ■ , • have been long aw are that toads five clueHy on in- be fitted ofi when full of ice but this "''gl't n. | _,;_.|^. ^^^j,^^ . ^^,,^^ ,,„^.^ ^^,^„ ,^,^jg some measure be remedied by having suitable | .^ ^ .^^ ^^ ^^^^ j,^^,^ ^^ ^^^^.^ hot-beds, for the handles, and for those that are to be stationary a ; ' „/., , .„„,., j i:,.„ „„..,.,•,„=. j!.„ a ' ■' I purpose of destroying wood-hcc, earwigs, &ic. A small pulley. .,,.,, I correspondent, Mr Reeve, who has long employed Such an ice vessel as has been described, will 1^^^^ ^ guardians of his melon and\-uciimber probably contain about 30 lbs. of ice m lumps ;, ^^ f,^],^, corroborates aU that has been said and IS capable of coohng more than 120 lbs. of ^j •„,^.i,. ^^efulness in such situations, and any kind of provision or liquids put m the average j.^ ^^ attemive to them, that, when thev have clear- summer temperature, down to 6 or 8° below the i^^ j^j^ 5,^^^ ^j. -^^^^^^^^ ^j j,^ (j^,^^ j,,^^^ ^„g^^y coldest spring water. 1 have not consulted any , .^^ jj^^j^. ponfi„e,„e„,_ j.^ actually feeds them, in or- meteorological tables on the subject ; but believe j^^j. ^^ ^^^^^ jj^^^^ ^j^^^^ h„ ^^^^^ ,,,p„, ,1^^ ^f. I am safe in stating Uie mean temperature of tliis|fgrent insects which are considered noxious in gar- climate, from the middle of the fifth month,* to 1 the middle of the ninth nionthf (which is about | A Strawberry was gathered, on the 20th of June, from the garden of Wr Xorris, Brentford End, which measured ISJ inches in circumference, and weighed upwards of three ounces. — Morning Her- ald. tlie time ice is useful) rather below SO^. It will then require any article at that temperature to be cooled 30° to bring it to what was proposed. As it requires 146° or thereabouts of heat to convert ice to water ; then, as many thirties as are con- tained in 146, so many pounds of the thing in- tended to be cooled, will each poiimi of ice cool to the degree required, admitting the ice to re- ceive no other accession of heat. For the sake of round numbers, insiead of 146, we will say 140, " Afay. t Seplember. dens, all of which they devour ; even slugs are eaten by them (though tliis is denied by another correspondent ;) and if so, this despised reptile • must be a beneficial assistant to the" gardener at times, and in a way he is at present but little ac- quainted with. — J. M.for Cond. Apples may be kept all the year round, by being immersed in corn, which receives no injury from their contact. If the American apples were pack- ed among grain, they would arrive here in much finer condition. In Portugal it is customary to have a small ledge in every apartment (inunediate- Vol. VIT.— No. 30. AIND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 237 ly under tlie cornice,) barely wide enoii^'h to hold au apple ; in this way the ceilings are fringed with frnil, which are not easily got at without a ladder, while one glance of the eye .serves to show if any depredations have been cornniitted. — Brandt's Qaar. Jour., Jan. 1828, p. 497. Use of Botanical Geography. — James Lee, the grandfather of the present nurseryman at Ham- mersmith, is said to have discovered what islamite had belonged to Europe, and what to Asia, by th( heath, which is abundantly dispc rsed over Europe, Africa, and America, but is not to be found in Asia, or in any of the islands whic-h must have once formed a part of that continent. — Thornton hi Lee's Introduction to Botany, pref ]>. xiv. The Caledonian Horticultural Society recently held a Meeting. Thirty-five sorts of seedling £;ooscberries were produced, chiefly raised from the Sidphur, Ironnjonger, and Warrington, at \\hitehill, near Lasswade ; seed .sown in 1824, nnd the berries sent from the original seedling bushes. The whole having been carefully exam- ined, nine of the sorts were judged good, but two more especially preferred, — a veiy rough white, nnd a very rough yellow kind. The Meeting judging it right to encouraige such zeal in raising seedling fruits, awarded the Society's .silver medal to Mr David White, gardener to Colonel Ramsay, at Whitehill. From the Delaware Advertiser. SILK. I am happy to see by your late papers, that yon are lending yom- columns to the encouragement of a new and important branch of husbandry ; one entirely witbm the means of tlie inhabitants of this State — the culture of silk. The Governor having called the attention of the Legislature to it, I offer you my mite of experience. For some years past, the seasons have general- ly been unfavorable to the farmer ; an{l the low prices of grain and wool have diminished his power of im])roving the soil. Under the experi- ence of these evils, I turned my attention to the profits, and mode of rearing silk in the different countries of Eino|)e, and in our own New Eng- land States, and have assiduously sought for the newspaper remarks of individuals from all the States, who have like myself, been making experi- ments in rearing the worms. Oti the farm on which I reside, the experiments of all have lieen tried, except that of rearing them in buildings con- structed for the purpose. The result is a i)ositivo conviction that in the Middle States no profit can be derived from them, uuless raised according to the European system. If I am right in this opinion, it is important that the public should not be led astray by the essays of writers whose ext)erirncnts have been made for amusement, and not with that scrupulous regard to cost, which would direct the person whose la- bor must I'c repaid. Such instruction will he found in the admirable aail complete report of Mr Rush, Secretary of tlie Treasin-y. j A Mr Gideon Sinith, of Baltimore, author of some essays on Silk, published in your paper, gives information to the people of the Southern States that the .silk-worm will thrive in any temperatm-e, and that they have spun him silk in a tempera- ture of 90°. On this farm there were reared last year thirty-five thousand worms, in different apart- ments, subject to diflerent temjieratures. They all kept healthy, until the thermometer, which hung in the room, rose to 80° — when they began to languish ; at 85 there was much disease among tliem,andat 90 vast rpiantitiesdied in a very putres- cent state. Where they suffered no greater heat than' 78°, they yielded more than three pounds of cocoons to the thousand worms ; but in the high- er temperatures only two pounds to the thousand. From this I infer that in cool buildings, properly protected from the sun, they would yield here, as well as in Europe. If experimentalists who write for the papers, would give the exact weight of silk obtained in different temperatures, farmers, who eventually will be the principal rearers of this article, would be convinced of the necessity of adhering as nnicli as possible to the Eurojiean standard, which does not exceed 73°. The worms reared were of three kinds: — 1st. The straw-colored silk, which forms the bulk of what is produced in Europe. 2d. Those jiroduc- iiig the fine white silk, but lately introduced into France.. 3d. The large black worm producing the orange and sulphur-cfdorcd silk, and which comes to maturity earlier than either of the others. One great advantage, which tlie culture of silk would afford the farmer, is that it would give to the females and children of his family employment at home. In consequence of the v.ast quantities of native mulberry trees, throughout this State, most fami- lies would have it in their power to enter into this business, on a small scale ; and should the Legislature of this State find it advisable to of- fer any encouragement to this new branch of husbandry, a considerable quantity of Silk would in a few years be exported from Delaware. Samples of the kinds of silk reared, will be for- warded for your inspection, by the first conven- ient o])portuuity. AN AGRICULTURIST. HORTICULTURAL ASSOCIATIONS. The influence (if individuals has long been con- centrated in united action for the encouragement of agriculture, and tiie liberahty of the Legislature has been freely bestowed in aid of their exertions. The beneficial results are familiar to all who have witnessed the collection of the choicest specimens of flocks and herds gathered to the annual shows, exhibiting the perfectiims of different races, and by comparison of various modes of management and the distribution of premiums awakening hon- orable emiilaliou, stimulating industry, and adding to the wealth of the country by increasing the value of the soil and the abundance of its pro- ducts. While the labors of the field have flourish- ed under such patronage, those of the garden have been honored, in our own state, with hut slight attention. Effects as im])ortanf, from similar as- sociations, acting upon the branch of agriculture whose objects are most beautiful, might be antici- pated ; for the art of gardening is not confined to the education of tulips and geraniums, cabbages and cauliflowers, Imt includes the productions of those fruits, once luxuries, now become almost necessaries. The collecting together the tenants of distant gardens, the assembling of new vari- eties of plants and fruits, the communication of observations and experiments, while it gratifies an useful and innocent taste, will add to the com- forts and conveniences of life. The general pro- cesses of the fanner do not interest all, but those of the gardener come home to each. There is abundant room for improvement in those patches of mingled jiotatoes, sun-flowers and weeds, which are dignified by the name of gardens, appended to the domestic establishments of our cultivators. The introduction of valuable exotics, or useful na- tive plants, the production of rich and rare, ot common and delicious fruits, are objects which would be more promoted by one exhibition of the rewards of skill and industry, than by all the ex- hortations to care, and all the motives to diligence, held out in books. The distribution of seeds, the circulation of local specimens of value, the knowl- edge gained by the interchange of information, and more than all, the taste which would insensi- bly spread abroad through the community, would conduce to the j)ros|ierity of the agriculturist, while they aflbrded the most rational enjoyments. Worcester JEgis. CH.\NGES fVhich take place in the Domestic Jnimals of Eu- rope when transported to America. — The mammifo- roiis animals transported from the Old to the Ne«r World are the hog, the sheep, the goat, the ass, the horse, the cow, the dog. — 1st. The Hog.— This animal, in the hot valleys of South America, where he wanders whole days in the woods, liv- ing chiefly upon wild fruits, loses speedily the marks of domestication, and partakes largely of the nature of the wild boar. The year 1493 was the date of bis lirst introduction into the New Worid ; and now he is found established from 25 degrees north latitude, to 45 degrees south, and every where breeds as plentifully as in Europe.— 2d. The Cow. Animals of this species appear to require a considerable quantity oi salt as a part of their nourishment. When salt is placed where they feed, they return pijnctually to seek it ; but when this duty is neglected by their masters, the flock disperses and becomes wild. There is also a difference in the size of the udder, particularly in Colombia, where the milk is not reckoned of the same importance as in Europe. 3d. The Ass. The Ass suffers hardly any alteration either in his form or haliits. In some places where he is over- worked and little cared for, he becomes deformed, but no where does he lose his civilization. 4th. The Horse. Not so with this animal : he finds chcsnuts in the woods, and speedily presents one of the distinctions of wild animals — a sameness of color, which with him is almost invariably chesnut. The amble is the jiace most admired by the Co- lombians ; they accordingly breed u]) their liorses to this mode of motion ; and it is no less remark- able than true, that with the present race the am- ble is the natural pace, just as the trot is with oiir's. 5th. The Dog suffeis no change. 6th. The Sheep, in temperate climates, breeds as freely as in Europe, and never shows any inclination to esca[)e from the dominion of man. In the wann- er plains tliey are more difficult of preserv.iiion. The wool grows slow(u- ; but if shorn at the prop- er time, presents nothing remarkable. If on the other hand, this time is allowed to jiass, it is d<* tached by the shears of nature ; and instead of a new crop, growing, as in other case.s, a short, smooth, shining hair presents itself, resembling that of the goat of the same climate. 7lli. J he Goal, although with us a mountaineer, suits bet- ter the low warm valleys of South America, than 238 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Feb. 13, 1829. the more elev.-itcd parts of tlie Coiililloi;is. Tlje only cliaiigu it undergoes is sitiiilar to that of tlie cow, — London IVtckly Review. FRENCH METHOD OF TRANSPLANT- ING. During dry weather, the gardeners of I'uris do not wait for rain as ours generally do ; but, as soon as their crops require removing, it is done in the following manner : Having chosen the spot, they well water the top, and immediately dig it under, and afterwards water the fresh surface, and as soon as it is dry enough, it is raked, and the plants put in without any regard to the mid-day sun ; they continue to water the bed three or four times a day, until the jjlants have taken root. It is surprising how soon lettuces, cabbages, etc. will be well rooted by such treatment, and with what vigor they grow after the first shower of rain. — What would have been the state of such plants liad they remained in the seed bed ? They would have drawn each other ; their first leaves would have dropped off, and general debility would have followed, not easy to be removed : but, by the French treatment, not a leaf will be lost. Now, if we consider the principle, it is simply this : that every plant placed in the sun in water will in no way flag, and the continued wet stale of the bed for the first few days is similar to it ; besides, the presence of the sun contributes powerfully to the rooting of the [ilants. — Eng. pa. NEW JITS GI. AND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, FEB. 1.3, 1829. ADVANTAGES OF TREES. Cattle thrive much belter in fields even hut moderately sheltered with trees than they do m an open exposed country. An Italian (Gautieri) has enumerated and illustrated the advantages in point of climate which tracts of country derive from woods and forests. " These" he says " are arresting the progress of impetuous and dangerous winds; maintaining the temperature of the air ; regulating the seasons ; ls.;seniiig intense cohl ; op- posing ihe formation and increase of ice ; mod- erating intense heats ; producing abundance of water in the rivers ; discharging the electricity of the atmosphere; opposing a barrier to washing away or undermining banks; preserving from inun- dations ; preserving the soil on hills and moun- tains." neck, and arms, profusely in cold water every morning ; and it is a fact, which may be relied on, that since the ado])tion of this antidote, she has not experienced any cold whatever !" BEECH-TREE LIABLE TO LIGHTNING. It has been asserted that lightning never struck a beech-tree. But a farmer in the state of Ohio contradicts this report, and states that a beech- tree, on his farm was struck with lightning the last summer. CULTURE OF HEMP. Mr James Rogers, who carries letters of intro- duction from several gentlemen of distinction in New York, is on a tour in the State of fliaine for the purpose of engaging the farmers in the culti- vation of hemp. He proposes to supply them with seed, sow it for them, and take a share in the croj) for his compensation. CALVES. Young's Annals state the following as a remedy for the scorning of calves : Powdered chalk and wheat meal moistened with gin and worked into a ball shoidd be given the animals. COLD WATER LOTIONS. The Vermont Chronicle says, that "a lady of feeble habits, who has been subject to heavy colds for a long couise of years, has agreeably to the reconmieiidation of a pby>iiian, for the two last years, adoi)ted a custom of uuilbrmly bathing face, We perceive by a communication in the Pitts- burgh Gazette, that the machinery for spinning flax by steam power, is now in complete operation in that city, and on such a scale as to create an immediate demand for flax. This will give new and prohtable activity to the farmers in that vicin- j«y- RURAL ECONOMY OF SWITZERLAND. Extracts from jVons. Kasthofer''s Travels in the Cantons, and among the Rhetian Alps. farmers' stock, Sac. Cows, goats and sheep constitute the principal means of support and wealth of the Swiss farm- ers; or to discriminate more acciu-ately, the goats, in a great measure, support the poorer class ; and the ewes supply the cheese from which the richer derive their little wealth. The extent of a pasture is estimated by the number of cows it maintains ; six or eight goats are deemed equal a cow ; four calves the same, four sheep, or four hogs ; but a horse is reckoned as five or six cows; because he roots up the grass, [that is, destroys it by biting too close.] Throughout the high Alps, they are of ojiinion that sheep are destructive to the pastures, in pro|)ortion to their elevation, because tlie herb- age, which they eat down to the roots, cannot, in such a cold climate, regain its strengtfi and luxu- riance. The mountain pastures are rented at so much for cow's feed from the 15th of May to the 18th of October; and the cows are hired from the peasants ibr the same period ; at the end of it both are returned to their owners. In other pans the prcprietors of the pastures hire their cows ; or the proprietors of the cows rent the land. The proceeds of a cow are estimated at 3/., or 3/. 10«. viz. 25*. in summer, and duritig the time they are kept in the valleys or in the lioiise, at ■M. Tiie Grindalwald Alps feed three thousand cows and as many sheep and goats. The cattle are attended on the mountains by herdsmen ; wiien the weather is tempestuous, they are up all night, calling to them, otherwise they woidd take tiight and run into danger. Chalets are built for the use of the herdsmen : these are log houses of the rudest construction, without any chimney, and a pit or tiench ibr the fire dug round by way of a seat. Those chalets the j)erson^ whose enjploy- ment it is to milk the c j'.vs, and to make cheese and butter, ascend in the summer time. When they go out to milk the cows, a portable seat with a suigle leg is strapped to their backs ; at the hour of mdking, the cows are attracted home from the nasi distant jiastures by a handful of salt, whiih the shepherd takes from a leathern jjouch liangiug over his shoulder. During the milking, the Hanz dez f'aches is frequently sung. The Swiss cows yield more milk than those of Loii]har<)y, where they are in great demand ; but i.fter the third generation the milk falls oft". In jome pans of Switzerland they yielii, on an aver- aije, twelve English quarts a day ; and with forty cows a cheese of foi-tyfive pounds can be made daily. On the high pastures of Scoria, a cow during the best-season, supplies nearly sixty pounds of skim-milk cheese, and forty pounds of liiitter. Reckoning twenty pounds of njilk, observes our aullior, e(iuivalent to one of butter, the produce in milk will be eight hundred pounds for ninety days, or less than nine pounds a day. This .-mall supply he ascribes to the great elevation of the paslm-es, and the bad keep of the cows in llie winter. CHEESE. Great variety of cheese is made in the districts of Switzerland ; the most celebrated in the Schab- zieger. To make this, the dairy is built near a stream of water ; the vessels containing the milk are placed on gravel or stone in the dairy, and the water conducted into it in such a manner as to reach their brim. The milk is exposed to this temperature about six degrees of Reaumur (forty- six jFahr.) for five or six day?, and in that time the cream is completely formed. After this is skimmed off, the caseous particles are separated by the addition of some sour milk, and not by rennet. The curd thus obtained is pressed strongly in baifs, on which stones are laid ; when sufhciently pressed and dried, it is ground to powder in au- tunjn, salted and mixed with either the pressed flowers or the bruised seeds of the Mtlilotus Offi- citiaiis (melilot, a species of irefbil.) The entire separation of the cream or unctuous portion of the milk is indispensable to the manufacture of Schab- zieger. The unprepared ciud never sells for more, than three half pence a jiound ; whereas, prepared as Schabzieger, it sells for sixpence or scvcnpence. Our author is, therefore, surprised that other cantons do not follow the examples of Claris ; and he advises other aromatic herbs to be used, and thus a variety of such cheeses manufac- tured. The Bergamese make cheese with one measure of ewe milk added to three measures of cow milk ; they use little rennet, and no acid, because, ac- cording to them the mixture of the two kinds of milk is of itself sufficient. It is to this manage- ment that our author ascribes the greater delicacy of flavor possessed by the ewe-milk cheese of the Bergamese over that made in the Oberland. The celebrated cheese of Roquefort, in France, is made of a mixture of pwe and goat milk ; the cheese of Sassenage and Dauphiny, of ewe and cow milk ; it is said that a mixture of all the three, cow, ewe, and goat, makes the best cheese. SHEEP Are not a favorite stock in many parts of Switzerland ; the difficulty of procuring food for them in winter is one cause. M. Kasihofer, how- ever, mentions a fact, which if uniformly the case would, in a great measure, do away this ground of objection to sheep. He was assured that sheep suffered to remain on the mountains, during win- ter, procure food for themselves sufficient, not merely to support life, but to keep or render them f;it, and he adds that, in Norway, when winter fodder fails, the sheep are turned out, and by scraping away the snow forage for themselves J the same is the case in Iceland. FORESTS In Switzerland ai'e of great use and impor- tance ; they suppi)' the principal winter food for cattle &c. The author observes that the native trees of any district are not of course, the most Vol.Aai.—Nn. 30. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 239 useful and profitable trees that iiii/rlit grow there ; he vvoiilil therefore ascertain which are the most useful for fodder, or profitalile for timber, and these he would substitute for native trees. One of the most uii'lid trees in Switzerland is the Pinus Cinibra, or Stone Pine ; it is indeed of very slow growth ; one of them, cut down when nineteen inches in diameter, disjjlayed three hundred and fifty lljree concentric circles. Its u.sual growth is a span in lieight in six years. The timber of this tree has a most agreeable perfume, and is much used for domestic utensils, as well as for wains- coating rooms. Wlien our author visited the chateau of Tavasp, he was struck in almost every apartment with the perfmiie of this wood; and he remarks it as a surprising and inexplicable cir- cumstance, that the wood should have exhaled this pertume for some centuries with undiminish- ed strength, and without the wood itself having suffered any decrease of weight. But this wood possesses another recommendation — rooms wains- coated with it are not infested with hugs or moths. Its seeds are esteemed a delicacy ; they are eaten in great quantities at the winter parlies ; and on these occasions the female sex display, in extract- ing them, a higli degree of skill, mixed with much innocent gaiety and vivacity. According to Pal- las an oil is extracted from them whicli is used at table, and might be in the manufacture of soap. In order to expedite and secure its growth, and thus remove the principal objection to its cultiva- tion, he advises that the seeds should be deposit- ed in a compost of earth, and the clippings aiid leaves of the pineaster and the larch ; or that this compost should be put round the roots of the young plaius. — London Foreign Revieiv. MASSACHUSETTS LYCEUM. A respectable number of gentlemen of the Leg- islature, and others, assembled in the chamber of the House of Representatives on the 16th inst. Mr Denny, of Leicester was called to the chair, and Mr Eddy, of Middlcborough appointed Secre- tary. A number of gentlemen spoke on this oc- casion, and instances were cited of the successful establishment of Lyceums in Leicester, Newton, Charlton, &c ; and the advantages derived from them in presenting pu()ils the means of acquiring that kind of information, which will prove of tlie most practical utility. The following resolutions offered by Mr Rand, were unanimously adopted. Resolved, that in the opinion of this meetiu:.', I the general establisliment of Lyceums in the towns of this connnonwealth would have a salu- tary effect upon common education, and on the best interests of the community. Resolved, that this meeting recommend that a meeting similar to the present, be held in Boston, early in the winter session of the next Legislature. Resolved, that a committee be appointed, con- sisting of three gentlemen of Suffolk county, and one of each of the other counties, to take suitable measures for collecting information preparatory to ithe meeting next winter. I Resolved, that said committee endeavor to ob- tain such legislative aid, as to them may seem ne- cessary and advisable to raise the standard of •conunon education, and give facility to the forma- tion of Lyceums, for this purpose. The following geiulemen were chosen to be |the committee. Suffolk, Messrs Rand, J. B. Davis, Bigelow— Essei; Mr VUiWips— Middlesex, Mr Jackson — Plymouth, Mr Dcano— Bristol, Mr J. A. Parker— Worcester, Mr Wilder — Hampshire, Mr Ilayes- Ilnmpden, Mr Williams — Franklin, Mr l-'ield- licrkshire. Mr Sedgwick — M'antucket, Mr Burnell- JVorfulk, Mr French — Barnstable, Mr Marston- Dukes, Mr Fellows. Grubbing Machine. — An ingenious citizen of our state, (Mr Pratt, of Wasliingtoii county,) lately ex- hibited, near Georgetown, D. C. the operation of bis Grand Grubbing Machine., He a|iplied the machine to some noble White Oaks, 9 feet in cir- cmuference, and they were in a few minutes, and with ease, pulled down and their roots pulled u\t. The power used was the hands of some five or six men. The niachijie, will, it is thought, prove very useful to rail road and turnpike companies. The exhibition was made with a view of showing its effect to the members of Congress. — JV*. Y. pa. Manufacture of Salt — Mr Loring Crocker, of Barnstable, is making improvements in the manu- facture of salt from sea water. He is about to throw up a high dyke around two or three acres of salt marsh, upon which he will bring the sea water, which will evaporate considerably. The water then will be conveyed to a deep trench, and from thence to the wooden vats. — Traveller. Expectation and Circumstances The greatest injury that can be done to young persons is to briiig them up to expectations of living in an easy inilependence, when it is not in the power of the parent to support it. To Correspondents.— We are obliged lo defer this week, an able and valuable article on Fruits and Fruit Trees, in re- ply to IMr Little's inquiries in our last paper — also one on New V'arlclies of Potatoes — Hints lo Young Farmers — on Rose Bugs — Several interesting articles from a correspondent in Mansfield — and some Agricultural F.xtracts from The Foreign Review. inr Subscribers to the New England Farmer in Nova Sco- tia, will lind their accounts with P. J. Holland, Esq. Editorof the Acadian Recorder, Halifax, where they are desired lo call and settle. Tiiose in New Brunswick are left with Mr A. M'Leod, Ed- itor of ihp .Si John Citv Gazette. Fresh Hemp Seed. Just received ai the New England Farmer Seed Store. 52 North IMarket Street, a lew barrels of American Hemp Seed, of last year's growth.- Also, one barrel of hcsh Riga Flax Seed, well known lo be superior lo the common American Flax. Farmer Wanted. A faithful man is wanted lo lake charge of a small place in Roximry, comprising a ganleu. orchard, (S:c. inr It must be exprps^ly understood that no ardent spirits will lie allowed on ihe place. Persons who are unwilling lo ac- cede to this, need nol make application lo the New England Farmer Seetl Slore, 52 North Market .St. Boston. Farmer Wanted. A steady, faithful man is wanted lo lake charge of a farm in Newton- apply to J. B. Russell, New England Farmer Seed Slore. Early Potatoes. For sale by the subscriber 3iT or 40 bushels of superior early potatoes, price ;^ 1. 2.T per bushel. SETH DAVIS. Newton, Feb. 13, 1829. Sleep Farmer Wanted. Wanted, an ariive, industrious man (a Scotchman will be preferred) lo lake the charge and assist in laboring on a farm. To a pejson properly qualified, a fiir compensation, punctual pay, and emiiloyment for several years will lie given. [tj^ An eutiie alistineiice Irnni die use of ardent spirits, will he required. Apply lo Geo. Bacon, at Thompson's Hotel. No. 9 Elm street. 3t Feb 6 REEF, best pieces, PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, MUTTON. - . . . POIJI.TKV. - - . . BUTTER, keg and tub, - Gardener Wanted. eGGS, .'^'"?'''\"' [ ] WiintpH on a plarr near ilie r'ny, n single man who under- IMEAL' Kje, rRtail, - - _ siands ihe niana{=;fmrm .( .i eninll i^unUn aiul farm. Salisfac- ' Indian, retail, »- torv recnnuneiulatioii^ \mII l)prrqnirodj and pprmanent employ- POT '.TQS, mem given. Apply al this oflice. tf Jan. "2-^2. ' CIDEK, [according to quality,] Seeds for Couninj Dealers. Traders in ihc cinuiiry, who niny wish lokenp an assortment ofCar.oii Seeds for sale, arc iiitonncd they can he furnished at tlift New l':n«:Uuid Fanner olhce, No.52Norih Market street, Boilon, ^^ilh lioxes ronla-niiig a coni|iieie asvortmeiit of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they can be pnrehasi'd in iliis eounliy, nenUy done np iit small papers, at C) ajd VZ cents eaeh — warronied to l>t; ol the giowth of 18!28, and of the purest qunlihj. Oknamkntai. Flower Sekus will he added on the same terms, when ordered, as well as Flas. Ueans, Early White Sweet Cork, &u, of dif- ferent sorts. O^ *l'he Seeds vended nt this eslahllshment, are pnt up on a new plan this year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and p;teked in the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and examine for then*- selves. eplf Jan. 23. For Sate, In the southeasterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, containing about \tO acres, consi.sting of every kind of land that is desirable in the enterprising fanner, a large portion of which is of the first quality, having a constant stream cf water running through it ; and the land is so situated that a number of acres are eapable (»f irrigation. On the premises is an upright two story House, with lour rooms on the lioor, in good repair j a large IJarn, SO l>y 30, and in eoinmorough, of Benjamin Weld of Rox- bury. or of Samukl II. Weld, on the premises, Jan. 16. PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. FROM To APPLES, best, . barrel. 3 OC 3 75 ASHES, pot, first sort. - . ton. 130 00 1.35 00 Pearl, first sort, - - 130 00 13o 00 BEANS, white, , l)ushel. 8C 1 12 BEEF, mess, . barrel. 10 OC 10 30 Cargo, No. 1 , tt 8 5C 9 00 Cargo, No. 2, . It 7 50 7 7.5 BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, _ pound. 1^ 16 CHEESE, new niiik. - " T 9 Skimmed milk. . '' 2 3 FLOUR; Baltimore, Howard-street - barrel. 9 Of 9 12 Genesee, - . - - " 9 OC 9 25 Rye, best, - , it GRAIN, Corn, . bushel. 65 63 Rve, . " 75 80 Barley, . - _ tt 70 Oats. . ti_ 30 38 HOGS LARD, first sort, new, _ pound. 9 LIME. _ cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at _ ton. 3 00 PORK, clear, - barrel. 16 00 16 50 Navy, mess, . n 13 00 13 25 Cargo, No. 1, _ it 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - - bushel. 2 00 2 30 Orchard Gra.ss, . " 3 00 Fowl Meadow, - . it 4 00 Rvi' Grass, - " 400 Tali Meadow Oats Gross, . tt 4 00 Red Top - . " 1 00 Lueerne, - . . - pound. 50 While Honeysuckle Clover, " SO R( d Clover, (northern) . it 8 10 French Sugar Beet, - _ ti 1 50 !\!;in<.;el Wnrtzel, . ti 1 50 WOOL, Menno, full blood, washed . it 35 42 P.leniio, (uU blood, unwashed, it oo 26 Menno, three tourlhs vxashed. ti 30 35 Meriwo, hatftS^ quarter w-ashed 't 23 33 Nat've, washed, - _ ti 20 28 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, _ it 37 41 Pulled, Lamb's, second sort i< 26 30 Pulled, " spinning, first ort. " 30 33 PROVISION MARKET. COnRECTKD F.VKRY WEEK BV MR. HJVWARD, (Cle.k of Fantuil-hall SlarkH.) [lound. .10 •* 5 " 5 5 '' 2 It 8 tt 14 dozen. • 20 'tushcl. Iianel. 2 00 8 7 6 10 12 20 20 22 70 70 50 2 50 240 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Feb. 13, 1829. MISCELLANIES. One ofihc suongesl effiirls of Ihe In si uDinan in EuroiJe— for ■ulio will cojnpeic wiili Mrs Hemans ^ ELIJAH'S INTERVIEW. BT MRS. HEMANS. On Hnreb's rock the I'roplirt stood — The Lord before him pass'd; A hurricane in angry mood Svvepl by him sirong and fasl. The foresis fell before its force, The rocks were sliiver'd in ils course ; God was not in the blast. 'T«as but the whirlwind of his breath, Announcing danger, wreck, and deatli. It ceased. The air grow mule— a cloud Came muftling up the bun j When through the mountains, deep and loud. An eaTthquake thunder'd on ; The frighted eagle sprang in air, The wolf ran howling from his lair; God was not in the stun. 'Twas but the rolling of His car. The trampling of His steeds from far. 'Twas still again — and Nature stcid . And calni'd her luffled frame ; When swift from Heaven a fiery flood To earth de\'ouring came. Down to hi? depths the ocean fled, The sickening sun look'd vvan and dead; Yet God liil'd not the flame. 'Twas but the terror of his eye That lighlen'd through the troubled sky. At last a voice all still and small. Rose sweetly on the ear j Yet rose so clear and shrill that all In heaven and earth might hear. It spoke of peace, il spoke of lo\'e, It spoke as angels speak above, And God himself was here. For, oh ! it was a Father's voice, That bade his treinbling world rejoice. tlie contrni-y friviiis; a yotiiig iiersoii money to s\mid at will, willioiit rf(|iiiriii!; atiy acrotiitt (.fit. is leading- or ratlier forcing liiin into extravagance anJ folly. Fashionable Fu'cs.— Many young men plunge into extravagance, i(ilene.sf-, anii ilissi|)ation, not from any natural propen.sity to those vices, but from a desire to be or seem to be fttshionable — But vices of adoption and imitation are of all oth- ers most disgraceful and un()ardonablc. Concord Lyceum. — The first Lecture before this Society was given in the Court House, on Wednes- day evening last, by Rev. Bernard Whitman, of Wnltham. The subject was " Popular Supersti- tions," and was treated in a very instructive and ititrrestiiig manner. The meeting was well at- tended ; we shotild think full three hundred hear- ers were present, some of whom came from ad- joining towns. The President announced, that a second Lecttire would be given, by Dr Horatio Adams, on Wednesday evening next, at the same place Concord Yeoman. regimi-'nt of fishernicn iti full chase, dclenniiied as was stipposed, to do execution, and cover them- selves with immortal glory ! But they were stop- ped from their bloody designs. Not a heart was wounded, except by fear, nor a bone broken, to Ihe credit of the gallant officers, who wore the liist to riui." FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Dress. — There is a certain dress suitable to every station, which to neglect would be sinking into meanness, and be a disrespect to those we live among. Bitt nothing can be more dangerotis in the eilucation of children than cherishing in them a passion for fine clothes ; and a desire for dressing more expensively than their associates, and in habiliments more costly than their circum- stances will warrant. Blachstone Canal. — Messrs Fox, Jewett, and Brighatn, a committee of the citizens of Fitchburg, have invited a meeting of all persons in favor of taking measures to procure an extension of the Blackstone Canal from Worcester to Fitchburg — to be held at Whiting's Tavern in Sterling, on the forenoon of Monday, the 9th of February. Such an extension would jirobably pass throtigh AVest Boylston, and Leominster, anil would, perhaps, eventually connect with Nashua river, which emp- ties into the Blerriniac — and thus make a half cir- cle round Boston. We learn that the Directors of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company have received let- tcrs from their Engineers now in Europe, inform- ing that they reached Liverpool after a passage of 19 days, were in good health and had met a very kind reception from the Engineers engaged on the Liverpool and 3Iatichester Rail Road, to whom they had taken letters of introduction and discov» ered the most liberal and friendly disposition to give them every information. The Engineere ac- conii)anied by those gentlemen, were, on the first tih., actively employed in their examinations.— The Liverpool and Manchester Rail Road was steadily advancing towards completion — the stock of the company, which a short time after the com- mencement of this work, had fallen below par, was, at the last dates, 60 per cent, premium. — Balliinorc Patriot. Happiness is in the mind, and to improve the mind is a principal mean for obtaining it. Less liappiness is gained by enlarging our possessions than by contracting our desires ; and Diogenes, contented with his tub, was more happy than Al- exander, weeping for want of another world to conquer. Children's Expenses. — If you put into the hands of your child more money than is suitable to his age and discretion, you must expect to find that he has thrown it away upon what is not only idle but hurtftd. A certain small regular income may be well for any child above six years of age. And when he conjes to be capable of keeping an ac- count, ho ought to be obliged to do it ; he will thereby acquire a habit of li-iigality, attention and prudence, which will last him through life. On Wild Pigeons. — Innumerable multitudes of Pigeons have been for many days passing and re- passing over this town. One ftock which pas.sed over literally obscured the atmosphere, and could be observed in every direction as far as the eye could reach, and making a noise like a strong rush of wind. No calculation can possibly be made of its extent with any degree of accuracy ; but we should imagine, from the time occupied in their passage, that the foremost ones might have flown thirty iriiles by the time the latter part of the flock had passed over ! We have no doubt but that, if the pigeons in the one flock above no- ticed could be enumerated, they would at least amount to as many in number as the dollars lost by the Adams man in Baltimore, in the great bet. The weather, for several weeks past, has been almost as mild as during our Indian summer. Piqua, (Ohio,) January 3. Fishermen''s Sham Fight. — The Gloucester jia- per at the close of an article on the abuse of the Militia System, has the following anecdote : — "About 12 years since, a large body of our Fish- ermen were warned to appear according to order, and after going through the rigmarole nonsense usual on such occasions, the regiment was order- ed to prej)are for n sham fight. The late Col. Haskell commanded the Sandy Bay militia, com- posed entirely of Fishermen, who had hardly got their sea legs oflT, and certainly not their militai-y ones on. When the order of attack was given, Capt. II. addressed his men in their own language, viz: " Ofl^ mittens, boys, and after them." And tigers like, on they rushed, with fixed bayonets, to the hoiror and dismay of their ojipononts, who to stive their bacon, took to their heels, with half a For Sale, A valuable Farm in Stoddard, in the counly of Cheshire, N. H., lormerly occupied by Esq. Emerson as a tavern, coiitainin' alxiiil 1220 acres ol good lantl. well proiiortioned in mowing, til- lai^e, orchard, pasture and wood land, wilh a fine growth of su- gar maple. The farm is pleasantly situated on the great road leading from Boston, Mass. to Charlestown, N. H., and h.as on It. a large duelling house, three barns, a cider mill and house, with other out buildings, all convenient and in good repair. 11 would be e.\chaiiged Ibr real estate in the neighborhood ol Dan- \ers, Mass., or sold on very liberal terms. For more particular information. ap|ily to Joel Wright, rn the premises, to Abel Citacy, of Stoddard , or lo ^ DANIEL KING, or l^rr, EUKNEZER KING, J O*^ ^anvers. Jan. 29. 1829. 3t .Pressed Culinary Herbs. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52, North .Market street. Culinary Herbs, dried, pressed, and neatly packed, in parcels, at the following prices : — Sweet Marjoram^ 5(J els — Sutnmer Sa\'ory, 25 cts — 'I'hyine, 33 cts — Sage, 17 cts — ("Celery, (in bottles iur soups, &c,) !i5 cts — Balm, o3 cts — Rose Flowers. S ' ,00. eptf .•Assorted Seeds for Families. For sale at the New England Fanner .Seed Store small boxe» of assorted Seeds lor Kitchen Gardens. Kach box contains A package of the following .Seeds: Early Washington Peas Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Late fitarrowfat Peas Early R5oha»k Dwarf siring I5.\Tns China Dwarf siring and shell Beans l.iina. or Saba Pole Beans Long Blood Roet Early Turnip rooted Beet Early Yoi k <_labbage Large late Drumhead Cabbage Cape .Siivoy Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage (/or pick- fino;) Early Horn Carrot Long Orange Carrot While Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Cucumber Early Silesia LeUucc Long Dutch Parsnip Large Cabbage Lettuce Long Green Turkey Cucumbef Piiie-applc Melon Long, or Round Watermelon Nasturtium Large White Onion Large Red Onion Cuiler! Parsley Flat .Squash Pepper Early Scarlet Short-top Radish White Turiiij) Radish Salsa y EarU' Bush Sfiuash I'^arly White Dutch Turnip White Flat 'I'lirnip Yellow Stone Turnip Winter Crook -neck Squash. POT HERB SEEDS. .Thyme — Sage — Marjorum- The above list, il viill be seen, comprises all the common y^ getabies, besides several new- varieties of recent intro'luction, and uncommon e.\cellenee. Every kind is warranted of the very UrA quality, as to fieshness and purity. Each box containf directions for Ihe management of the difl'erenl sorts. Price 5^ per box. Published every Friday, at ^3 per aniuim, payable at tb* end of ihe year — but those who pay within sixty days from lb( time of subscribing, are entitled lo a dediielion of filiy ceiils. Priiiieil for J. B. Russei.l, by I. R Butts & Co.— by ivbnm all descriptions of Printing can be e.\eculed to meet llie wishes^ ol eiislomers. CIrders for printing received by J. B. RcssELl, al the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North Market Stre«t. Published by John B. Russell, at M. 52 JVorth Market 'street, (at the Agricultural M'arehouseJ.-tHOMAS G. F^z^^^^^t^in^, vol.. YIL BOSTON, FRn)ATJj^EB{iUAIlY2071lH9r No. 31. HORTICULTURE. FOR THE NEW E.VGLAND FARMER. FRUIT TREES. Mr Fesse.nden — Jn your FarinLT of tlie 6th inst. there >re one or two articles lelaling to iior- ticuliiire tint are particularly interesting. Tliere are otiiers thai deserve notice ; and one from Bucksport, Maine, that merits the attention of some one hi'tter(iiialilie(l than I am to answer the imini- ries of the writer. But as I have a niomejit's leis- ure, and the author seems fpiite interested in get- ting soirie inforniatioii on the siihject to whieh his article relates, I will, with jour |)ennission, make BOine general remarks upon the points on which he appears most an.\ious, and only regret that I cannot answer his inquiries with as much certain- ty as he desires. As fruits of all . kinds are more or less affected by the soil and climate in which they grow— it is difficult to state with |)recision what sons will ans- wer best in couutiies of which we know but httle or nothing, of either. There are, however, gen- eral rules which may be applied to all situations and soils, which may serve to govern the cultiva- tor in some measure, and if I should extend my observations somewhat beyond the limits of his inquiries, I hope they will meet with his indul- gence. The article appears to be addressed to nursery- men, and writers on horticultural sirbjects :— and the objects of the inquiries seem to be confined to the qualily of the trees to be taken from the nur- sery ; the kinds of fruits best suited to the coun- trij he inhabits ; what fruits are most prolific in themselves, and will bear best and most abundant- ly ;— their time of ripening, and the best mode of preserving them ;— the trees to be planted, as I understand, in an open orchard. It is, as I have before stated, very difficult to answer all these questions simj.ly and precisely, without knowing more of the climate and soil of the country that Mr Little inhabits, than I do. But I may, per- haps, be able to give him some general hints on the subject, that may serve his purj)ose as we under side of the root ; and it is best to cut the ends of all your roots when you plant your trees, with a sharp knife. With respect to the head of the tree, three branches, besides the leader, are enough to leave on, the first year. But if the planting takes place in the fall of the year, it is best to defer the trimming of the trees until the first week in iMay, when the wounds niaile by the knil'c will readily heal. Care should be taken to cut close and smooth, leaving no knobs or parts of limbs behind. Before the trees are planted out the earth shoidd be prepared to receive them. This should be done by very deep ploughing and cross ploughing iu the first instance, and then by a severe harrow- ing, so as to break the earth up as fine as possible, j If yon can throw the earth into beds of an undu- lating form of about thirty feet wide, so as to raise the top or centre of each wave a foot or eighteen inches above the intermediate space, or lowest part of the furrow, the trees will grow all the bet- ter for it ; because, in such case the water will not lodge round the roots of the trees, but will be car- ried off when there is a superabundance of it, and the atlditional depth of soil will prevent them from sufl^ering from drought in dry seasons. The trees should be planted on the crown of these ridges If apple trees, 40 feet apart ; and if pear.s, 30 feet — by which arrangement the ground may be cul- tivated continually during their growth, with great advantage to the trees as well as the crop. In Flanders, where the, finest and most abundant wheat crops are raised, the ground is always thrown into this form, and for grass it is equally advantageous. Care must be taken not to plant the trees too deep in the ground ; and they should be .set in the different rows, Quincunx or diamond fashion, and not opposite to each other. This gives more room for the roots and branches to e.\tend themselves without interfering, while it allows each row to get its share of the sun and air. If your trees are planted in the fall of the year, the best mode to preserve them from being blown over by the heavy ' winds of the season, or thrown out of the ground! by alternate frosts and thaws in the wiiuer, is to I ^i_ _ .1 1.1 .... . ,v T ■ ,. J . i" ~ I -I— ' ■— ■•>". as I ,,y u,iBrna\e irosis anu tnaws in tue wiiUer. isto If protessed to know more particularly what heap the earth round the stem till it attain the ..ould meet Ins vews. And fir.t I.. ..„ .,t,.„..,„ f^^m of a cone, which may be gently beaten Jitl would meet his views. And first, let me observe, that unless the trees are properly planted, and taken care of afterwards, it is of little consequence what their qualities are, or what their fruit is ;— for the finest formed and most healthfid trees, grafted from the best fruits, anil most abundaiU bearers, will disajjpoint the expectations of the cultivator— unless these first principles are attend- ed to. The trees selected from a nursery should be not Jess than five fiet high, and if six or seven feet, so much the better. Their stems should he straight, free from wounds and bruises of any kind— of a thrifty, but not too rapid a growth ; clear bark, and well furnished with healthy sound roots. The •oundness of the roots is easily ascertained bycut- tuig off a small |)iece at their ends. If they are •ound, the wood will be white— and such as are Ui any degree ()rown within the bark, are diseased »nd should be cut out till you line to white wood • the cut should b's always a little sloping on the a spade to (irevent its being washed away bv rains. By this means the tree may be kept upright, and firm in its jilacc, until its roots begin to shoot, or the weather becomes moderate in the latter part of the spring or early in June, when the earth may be levelle*d again ; and the succeeding winter this process will be unnecessary. This mode is far preferable to staking them. Trees should never be planted in holes dug below the level of the soil into the poor and hard ground, as is practised by many jieople. It prevenis the extension of the ronts, and of course of the branches, and the trees in such case are never healthy, vigorous, and good lieirmg plants. It is by no means unconnuon for fiirners and gardeners too, to dig deep holes in the grrund into which they cram the rootsof the ;ree, wiere they are confined to a narrow space, and corupted by slagnait putrid water, which is con- fin d round thnm in ihe hard pan or gravel which forais the wall of ( < tV priscn. Many trees are railed poor bearers from this, and other carelesg habits of the jjlantcrs, and the lun-serymen get tlis bl;uue in many cases which belongs, in fact, to tho gardener or farmer that be siqiplies. A f:oud, light, and warm soil is best for fruit trees in general. Wet, heavy land, is sehlom con- J genial to the growth or health of the trees, and never to the quality of the fruit. Trees taken from a colder climate than the one they are trans|ilanted to, will thrive and come into a bearing state earlier than when the contrary is the fact. But if these last are well taken care of for a few years, they will accommodate themselves to the climate, and in time make good bearers. If trees are transplanted from a very rich to a poor soil, they will languish. Nurseries, therefore, should never be manured. Apples are better suited to cold regions than any other fJnit. The great varieties of this spe- cies of friiil, many of which are very fine, makes it difficult to select any niunber that can be called emphatically the best — and people differ so much in tlieir not ons on this point that no one man can decide for another. But there are a few kinds of , apples that nil allow to be good, both for their eat- ing and keeping pro|)erties. The Baldwin, for in- I stance, is an excellent table fruit — keeps remark- ably well, end is a great bearer in this neighbor- ' hood. The Roxbury Russet has the two latter , properties iu a remarkable degree. But how far they would nnswer if transjilanted to Bucksport, it is not in my ly.wer to tell. Nor can any one else, ; I apprehend, decide upon this question until they ', be tried. The Newton Pippin, is, in my opinion, the finest api)le known, when raised in the neigh- jborhoodof New York and Philadelphia. But I have never seen any tliat have been raised here ! that were better than Greenings, although the trees have been transplanted from the nurseries on Long Island, where this fruit is supposed to be most perfect. I mention these facts to show how difficult it is to answer Mr Little's (piestion on this point. Whether this aris^es from difference of climate, or soil, I know not, but it may be either, or both. It seems to me that the most secure method for a farmer who wishes to make an or- chard, is to find out the best fruits that his own country affords, and tlio.so that are the best bear- ers. This he can determine for liim.self From these he can engraft a portion of his trees, while the others, which he has introduced into his farm from abroad, and of which he has no knowledge except from report, are coming forward. In this way he will be sure of having some I hat will suit him — and if the others turn out well, he will get a variety from which he can choose, and by re- grafiing from beaiinf^ trees of which he has seen and eaten the fruit, get as many or as few sorts jas he requires for hi.-- permanent .stock. I say re- grafted from bearing- trees, because this is the onlr sure mode of getting good fruit, and avoiding the vexations and disappointments that are ine\itable when we depend on catalogues ; f]r the best in- tenlioned and most honest iiurserytnen, of all coun- tries, are frequently deceived themselves, both as lo the quality and varieties (or kinds) of fruits that they offer fi r sale. This arises sometimes froai mistakes, and sometimes from the carelessness o 242 NEW ENGLAND FAllMER, Feb. 20, isag. the buddeis or grafters in nurseries. Sometimes from tlie mn-serynian himself liaving been de- ceived by those from whom lie has imported his trees, and sometimes from tht. ignorance we are inider as to the real and proper names of fruits that we see. In different places the same fruit is called by different names, and even gardeners and nurserymen who have been for years engaged in their vocations, and who ought to possess a cor- rect nomenclature, frequently confound all distinc- tions, by adopting any name that is popular, or which may have been giveu to a particular fruit by the person from whom tliey receive it. When, therefore, you want to be sure that you have a good fruit, take the scions from a bearing tree, the fruit of which is known to you, and do n't trust to the reports of others any further than necessity prescribes. By this means you may save much time and avoid much vexation and disappoint- ment^ I will state a fact which will show how much we are exposed to this evil when we depend on the reports and representations of others. A gri^ftsman who had worked for me several years, brought with him in the spring some scions of pears which he wished to insert into one of my trees. I could find no name for tl em that he knew of, but the American St Michael I told him I had St 3I)chael pears in abundance, and did not want any more. But sir, said he, these are difl'er- ent from yours. They never bias;. They are very high flavored — are great hearers, and vastly superior in all respects to any StMicliael you ever saw. They are a seedling of this country. A natural fruit of our own land, amfcommand a great price in the market. Have you seen them on the tree, and eaten them yourself that makes you so sure of these facts ? Certainly, 1 have, was the answer, and can assure you that what I say is truth. I had heard of a seedling pear raised in Salem, that resembles the St Michael, and is said to he very good. I of course concluded it was this fruit, and I permitted hi!'.i to insert them into the tree. After waititlg three years I got fruit, which proved to he a variety that I had myself in- troduced into the country 15 years before, and of which I had more than I wanted. Times of ripen- ing depend on climate, and the variety of fruits. — The same thing may he said as to their preserva- tion. I have extended this article beyond propriety, but there is still much omitted that might be said. You can curtail it as you may deem proper, or omit it altogether if you tliink it inapplicable to the inquiries of your Bucksport correspondent. A SUBSCRIBER. Feh. 10, 1829. by my errors as by any successful method I may signs. My anticipations in this ease were not dis- lOK THE NEW ENGLAND FARM^B. MR TIDD'S NEW VARIETIES OF PO- TATOES. Mr Editor — As my name has found its way into some of the papers of the day, in relation to raising from the seed a large variety of potatoes, I thought it might not be unacceptable to your readers for me to give a description of the pota- toes and my method of raising them. In doing this, I shall endeavor to relate the experiment in as intelligible a manner as possible, in order that if any other person, into whose hands your useful paper may fall, .should be desirous to repeat the experiment, they may be able to profit as much ave adopted A year ago, last fall, I collected, principally, I believe from the Early Whites, and the calicoes, a quantity of potato lialls, and laid them by, in a room, exposed to all the inclemencies of the sea- son until the next .'spring, about the last of March or first of April, the exact time not known. When I came to examine them, preparatory to planting, I found them dried so hard, and shrivelled, that I was afraid they were entirely spoiled. I, how- ever, selected some of the best of the balls, and after much labor, in soaking them in warm water, &c, succeeded in extracting a few seeds, and plant- ed them in my green house. The rest of the balls I kept in water a week or more, without its appearing to have much effect on them. As it did not appear to me practicable to separate these seeds from the balls, I began almost to despair of being able to proceed witii my experiment to the extent I had proposed. The thought occuiTed to me that if I separated these balls into small pieces, and planted them, some uf the seed might possibly come up. I resolved to try the experiment, which succeeded beyond my most sanguine expectations. In every place where I put a piece of one of these balls, the plants came up very thick, of, perhaps, a half inch in diamete from twenty to fifty plants, so that I soon found that I had abundance of them. As soon as these plants were well up, and while they were yet in the seed leaf, I took them up, carefully, and plant- ed them out about three inches apart, as I did also others, which I had previously sowed, after they had gained more strength. I found that they bore tran.splanting remarkably well, as almost every plant lived, and that without any particular care of shading, &c, though I generally chose a cloudy day to tran.splant them. I found by computation, after I had pricked them out in rows, that I had about two thousand plants, which occupied about one fourth part of my green house. I let those plants remain in the green house, till all danger of frost was jiast, or about the middle of Blay, when 1 re-transplanted them into a well prepared spot in my garden, about 6 by 8 inches ajiart. Here, I found afterwards I had commit ted a great error in planting them too close ; for the vines by their luxuriant growth soon covered the ground. Notwithstanding they were planted so thick they bore bulbs, and oven ripened their seeds ; and grew as stout anil as stocky, as any I ever saw, even from the long red potatoes ; and the yield of.soine of the plants would cover nearly double the space of ground allotted to them. Hilling was entirely out of the question, and some of them were destroyed in attempting to eradicate the weeds, although the operation was peribrmed by a very faithful man, with a strong yijunctiun to he careful. I was led into this error by sup- posing as I had both read and heard, that (he yield, the first year would be very small, not more than two or three potatoes, about as big as a common walnut. This I found by experience, which is the best schoolmaster, to be a mistake ; for I had, on a considerable number of my vines, some fair sized potatoes, and a few larger than the average growth of early whites. The most interesting. part to mc, and that which I had been anticipating all summer, was the riig- gingoftheni. It is a matter of great interest fo nie, to see with what small beginuings, and pareutly weak means nature acliieves her great appointed. I dug them principally myself, and mostly with my hands, for the double purpose of not injuring, and keeping the potatoes from each plant separate. L found them of all colors from black to white, besides a great number that were variegated, and of all sizes from that of a pea to a full grown potato ; and of all forms fiom a round to a long red, including some handsome ovals ; and in all numbers from one to several hundred ine liill, if I may be allowed the term. The greatest yield was frop a vine, which produced fifty two, nineteen of which were tolerably fair sized pota- toes. There was a great difl'erence in the grow^ of the vines, both in the green house and in ^e garden. In transplanting them from the green house into the garden, I discovered on some of the small vines, a few small potatoes about the sizeiof peas, while on those, which were much larger, and looked more thrifty, I could not discovii any. And so it was in the measure in the fall, when I dug them. Some of the largest sized vines had no sign of a potatoe on them ; but then again, some of the largest vines bore the greatest crops of potatoes. I ibund that the size of the vine was no criterion by which I could judge of In patches the proliable crop of potatoes. There were a there were good manj' varieties, which I think worthy of notice, a few of which I will name, and attempt to describe. There was one vine, which had, I should think, several hundred, all about the size of a pea; they hung in clusters, something similar to grapes. Another kind resembled iji some measme, in form, the sweet potatoe. Another bore all the potatoes on the stem above ground. They were black, and in considerable numbers, and would average about half size. They did not hang in clusters, but were distributed along the main stem to the distance of about two feet, and bore it, by their weighj, down to the ground. In an- other the potatoes all grew in one clump, so much so as to be indented one into the other ; and pres.«- ed into all kinds of shapes, with obtuse edges. There did not appear to be any .soil to s])eak of between them. In some of the hills, the potatoes were all small ; in others there were no small ones, but all middling sized. In olhers all large, and iji some mixt, large, small, &c. There were some round, some oval, some long, some very smooth, shining delicate skuis, and some remarkably rough. I have alt colors in all shapes, and am doubtful if there ever was before so great a va- riety of potatoes seen together. There seems to me to be considerable difiicnity, Mr Editor, in regard to what will be the best course for me to pursue, in order to secure the greatest benefit with the least expense, from my experiment. The first question is to know if it is necessary to jjlant all the potatoes from each plant, in order to obtain all the varieties ; or in other words, will all the potatoes, produced from the same vine, jhe first year from the seed, yield po- tatoes i>ossessing the same qualhies .' If I could be well assured that all the potatoes produced from any single seed would yield potatoes possess- ing precisely the same qualities, then, instead of having twelve or fifteen thousand potatoes to plant, I should not be under the necessity of plant- ing more than about fifteen hundred ; or for fear of accident, say three thousand. I lost in those vines, which bore no potatoes, which died in transplanting, or were destroyed in weeding, about • It ; Vol. VII.— No. 31. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 243 five hundred plants, so that I had about fifteen hundred, wliich bore potatoes. The second question is, how far apart they must be planted in order to prevent them from mixing ? This I conceive to be very important ; for if they should mix, the potatoes I might select to test the qual- ity miglit be entirely different from all the rest in the same hill, creating confusion and uncertainty in my next year's crop. And if I must plant them at any considerable distance apart, it will require more ground than I shall be willing to spare. That potatoes will mix in tlie ordinary way of planting them I bad occular evidence last season. My man, who knew that I was something curious in these things, brought me a potato, apparently an early white, with a light red streak, in imitation of the calicoes. He said that it grew among the ear'y whites, in the vicinity of some calicoes. A row of calicoes ran parallel to, and immediately afljbining the row of whites, from among which tliis potato was taken. I have preserved it among my seedlings, and intend planting it with them. I had some seedlings marked in precisely the same manner. The third question is, what me- thod shall I adopt to test their quality the next season, should I live to finish the experiment ? For, if I have fifteen thousand hills of potatoes, and must try every hili separately, if they are cooked three times a day, it would require thir- teen years to finish the trial. You see, Mr Editor, into how much difficulty my prying curiosity has involved me; and that it will require much time, trouble and expense to carry on this experiment to completion in the same style in which it was commenced. From the success which has so far attended my weak endeavors, I fee! desirous that it should be continued under the best possible auspices. Although I candidly confess that curi- osiiy, combmed wiih amusement, was the chief inducement at the commencement of the experi- ment, as I performed all the work, except weed- ing, with my own hands, yet I will not deny that the honor, the honor, Mr Editor, should I be suc- cessful in raising a very superior potato, in point of precocity, quantity, and quality, which present appearances seem to justify me in anticipating, is not without its influence on my mind. Should I not succeed in obtaining a variety, in which all these good qualities unite, yet I hope to have sev- eral in which two of them shall ]iredominate in au eminent degree. Remarks by the Editor. — The above mentioned experiments of Mr TiDD,appear to us to be of much importance ; and we hope liis inquiries will elicit the desired information from those wlio are eajia- ble of bestowing it. We propose hereafter to of- fer some suggestions on the subject. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. HINTS TO YOUNG FARMERS. Consider your calling the most elevated, and the most important ; but never be above it, nor be afraid of the frock and the apron. Put off no business, which ought and can be done today, until tomorrow. As soon as the spring opens and the frost is out of the ground, put your fences in order. Plant no more ground than you can well ma- nure and cultivate to advantage. Never hire a man to do a piece of work, which you can do yourself. Every day has its appropriate duties, attend to them in succession. Keep no more stock, than you can keep in good order, and that of the best kind. Never " run into debt" without a reasonable probability of solving it at the time agreed. Remember that economy and industry are the two great pillars, the Jachin and Uoaz, of the farmer's prosperity. Should you take the JVew England Fanner, or any other periodical journal, pay for it in ad- vance. Never carry your notes in your pocket-book, as the desk or trunk is a more appropriate place. — Keep them on file and in order, ready to be found when wanted. Never buy anything at an auction because the article is going cheaji, unless you have a use for it. Keep a place for your tools — and your tools in their places. Instead of spending a rainy day at the dram- shop, as many do to their ruin, repair whatever wants mending — post your books. Should you be fond of the chase, or the sport with the hook, indulge occasionally, but never to the injury of more important concerns. By driving your business before you, and not permitting your business to drive you, you will have opportunities to indulge in innocent diver- sions. Never trust your money in the hands of that man, who will put his own to hazard. When interest or a debt become due, pay it at the time, whether your creditor wants it or not. — Never ask him to " ivait till next iveek," but pay it. Never insult him by saying, " you do not want it." Punctuality is a key to every man's chest. By constant temperance, habitual moderate ex- ercise, and unaffected honesty, you will avoid the fees of the Lawyer and the Sheriff, gain a good report, and probably add to your present existence, at least, 10 years of active hfe. When a friend calls to see you, treat him with the utmost complaisance, but if important business calls your attention, politely excuse yourself, and he will excuse you. Should you think of building a house, be not in a hurry, but first have every material on the spot, and let your cellar be as large as the frame. Keep a memorandum-book — enter all notes whether received or given — all moneys received or paid out — all expenses — and all circumstances of importance. In December reckon and settle with all those, with whom you have accounts — pay your shop- bills and your mechanics, if not promptly done at the time, which is best of all. On the first of every January reckon with your- self, and reckon honestly — bring into view all debts and credits — notes and accounts — ascertain to what amount your expenses were the last year, and the loss or gain — make out a fair statement and enter the whole in a book for the purpose. — Having arrived at this important knowledge, you will imitate the prudent traveller, who always keeps in view where he is next to move. You will now look forwards and calculate how and in what way, you shall best meet and prosecute the business of the ensuing seasons. And lastly, when the frost of winter shall lay an embargo on your operations, and the chiUiug blasts of Boreas shall storm your castle, let your fireside be a Paradise, and let the long evenings be con- sumed in social glee, or in the pursuit of useful knowledge. AN OLD FARMER. Mansjicld, Jan. 7, 1829. From the New York Farmer. VAIN ATTEMPTS TO CULTIVATE THE ARACACHA OF CAGOTA. The attempts to introduce and naturalize the Aracacha Plant of Bagota and New Grenada, in Colombia, havo not that I know, been as yet at- tended with any promising results. From the fail- ure to propagate it in U)arilime and nortlwrn re- gions, I despair of obtaining any benefit from its abundant and nutritious roots. The late Baron de Shaik wrote me that although it vegetated in Trinidad island, there was an expenditure of the whole vegetative effort in |)roducing herbage and upper growth ; while there was not a single tuber but only fibrous roots under ground. Under this view of the case I am inclined to the belief, that, whether it be an Apium as commonly supposed, or a Conium as others say, it is a native of very elevated tracts, and will, in all likelihood, require a long and patient course of experiments to recon- cile it to low lands and places near the sea, if in- deed that object can be effected at all. DR. MITCHELL. BIORTALITY AMONG PEACHES. I remember the time, nearly forty years ago, when I could boast nearly as many varieties of the'])each; I even said I would fatten or feed Iiogs on the yellow clingstones. Thei-e has been since that time a lamentable reverse. The peach trees of that plantation and of the neighboring re- gion have been doomed to linger and perish. The disease has been considered by Mr Prince as con- tagious, and communicated by morbid flowers ; and by Mr Adriance, as caused by a malign influ- ence shed upon the peach tree by the Lombardy l)oplar. Other discreet observers have ascribed the mortality to the ravages of the insect Egeria exitiosa, infesting the trunk between air and earth, at the point where the ascending and descending caudex unite. Some again think there is an e, i- demic influence, which has not yet reached the end of its destructive term, invading the health and destroying the life of the peach tree. Wheth- er the mortality is owing to either of these causes, or to any other, it is quite a calamity in the region around New York and every place where its visi- tation extends. The most approved rules against the disorder seem to be these : to raise trees from the seed ; to cull out the best varieties of natural growth ; to destroy disordered trees and to plant new frequently, say once in five or other term of years according to circumstances. — Ibid. Mr Amos Larcom has invented a machine which promises to be of much service in the rear part of the house. It is a washing machine so constructed, as, ajiparently, to give the soiled clothes a friction necessary to remove dirt, with- out being so great as to injure the fabric of the garment. This is a desideratum, and if the girls' knuckles and wrists can be saved their weekly skinning, and the linen of the family be washed with as much delicacy as if by human hands, then Mr Larcom has accomplished a great and a good work. A model of the machine is at the Coffee House for inspection. We have a smaller one be- fore us, of which the females augur most favora- bly.—(7. S. Gazette. 244 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Feb. 20, 1829. REFRIGERATORS. Concluded from page 236. When it is required to produce a great decree of cold siiddcidy, it will bo jiroper to lieat tlie ice small and add about one-(burtli its weight of salt ; the mixture will melt much sooner than ice alone ; and because the frceziiiir pnint of the hriiie their union will produce, is 38° below the freezing point of fresh water, and its capacity for heat being greatly increased on its j)assiiig to the fluid state, the mixture while melting, must necessarily be abundantly colder than ice ; which constant ex- perience verifies. After the brine has taken up so much heat that it is no colder than ice, it may be drawn off and used for cattle or any other ne- cessary purpose. I should suppose this practice would be always i)roper for fishermen when their fish were first put in. Before I leave this part of the subject it will not be amiss to notice a very erroneous practice which I am told some have fallen into. Knowing that a mixture of ice and salt produces a great de- gree of cold, they have very injudiciously mixed salt with the ice when filling then- ice houses. — Strange as it may ajjpear, yet it is certainly a fact, that by t'lis jiractice about three times the quan- tity of ice will be melted, that would be by using the same weight of boiling water. This, howev- er, is not all clear loss : it lias just been observed, that four pounds of ice, or water, and one pound of salt, produce a brine whose freezing point is 3S° below the freezing point of fresh water, or 6° below 0 : this is the brine that will l)e produced by a particle of salt coming in contact with ice, at the instant of melting ; being about the proportion of salt which water at that temperature can dis- solve : therefore, 1 lb. of salt will liquify 4 lbs. of ice in an ice house at the temperature of 32°; 1 lb. of boiling water will liquify about 1 J lb. But on passing to the liquid state, it takes from the ad- joining ice as much heat as s'.ipplies its increased capacity ; which it is possible, is about 10S° ; 38° less than fresh water ; this being the diflijrence be- tween their freezing points. Admitting the brine to flow off as fast as it is made, these 38° for each pound of brine or one hundred and fifty-two fcr each pound of salt, is all the loss that will be sus- tained ; because the ice that was cooled by the process, must be again supplied with the same quantity of heat, to raise it to its original tempera- ture : the loss will therefore, be something more than one pound of ice to each pound of salt. If the brine was to contimie some time. before it pass- ed off" from the ice, the loss would be less ; be- cause its temperature would be raised by heat taken from the ice ; but as certainly as it leaves the Ice any colder than the general temperature (32°,) so sure some loss is sustained : because the introduction of salt can do very litde either to- wards increasing or diminishing the quantity of heat already in the ice house, or regulating the fu- ture supply. Its only agency, goes to effiBct a speedy dissolution of the ice in contact with it, by borrowing as nuich lieat from the ice in its vicin- ity, as will supply the increased capacity of the new made liquid, which is about 108° ; whereas without salt the same quantity of ice must have taken from the general supply, of heat (the same in both cases) as much as would raise its temjiera- ture 146° before it could be in a condition to flow away. Therefore, admitting it was possible for the brine to be retained until its temperature was raised to 32°, no advantage can be gained. See- ing then it cannot possibly be useful, and may do much harm, applying it in that way must be worse than throwing it away. After this digression, we will return to the sub- ject of refrigerators. Twenty pounds of ice per day for fiuir months is 2400 lbs. a small propor- tion of the quantity recommended to be stored in the ice house ; but we are to remember, that after all precautions, we must expect a great deal more will he melted in the ice house than will be taken out for use. TJie mean temperature pro|iosed for the inside of the refrigerator and its contents to be kept, (to wit) about 48°, and on which the calcu- lation is grounded, is below the point at which the the variety of articles, these exhihitions may hav« been deficient in cmiiparison with some feriner seasons, yet in general, the productions inspicted have not fallen short in size or other distinguish- ing excellencies. With (i?w exceptions the speci- mens have consisted of such horticullural objects as are generally in most dcmaiiil throiighoia the country, and which are actually acclirnateil lo our soil or capable of becoming so, and which coiise- quently do not require the aid of arlifici.d cnliiva- tion. Several of the most valuable artitdes ol tliia descri[itioii, which were almost unknown in our city a few years since, have by means of the skill and efforts of members of this Society, been putrefactive i)rocess in flesh can commence : fresh brought to our market in such quantities and at meat may therefore be preserved a week, or longer if desired, in good condition, in the hottest weath- er: and all other kind of |)rovisions, fruits, or liq- uids will be found to be quite as cold as will be agreeable. By attending to the foregoing instructions, it will not be diflicult for an ingenious mechanic, to construct refrigerators upon either of the plans such prices, as to have become common luxuries to our inhabitants. Among these we might in- stance the article Brocoli, which is now readily to be obtained in heads averaging from 2 to 4 lbs. for several of the fall and winter months, at (irices little exceeding the ordinary rates of cabbage. — The same thing may be said with regard to the cheapness of cabbage, lettuce, potatoes, and peas. proposed, and to vary the form and size at pleas- '. jiarticularly the sort known as Bishop's early pea, ure, always attending to the general rules ; that the inside vessel must be of metal, and the outside composed of such materials as we find by e.tperi- ence forms the warmest clothing, or are least dis- posed to conduct heat. A good method of determining whether any substance is a good, or bad conductor of heat, is, by heating or burning^one end of a small piece of the same material, and holding the other end in the fingers : if it can be ignited, or burned close ' to the fingers, without much sensation of heat, it is a bad or slow smductor : if on the contrary, a sensation of heat is perceived when the ignition or burning is at some distance from the fingers ; it is a good or quick conductor of heat. Keeping these leading principles in view, re- frigerators may be constructed of light materials, to contain, not only butter, but poultry, veal, lamb, and all sorts of small marketing, which are liable to be injured by carrying in hot weather; one of these may be filled, and its contents cooled ; then draw oft" the water and add some more ice : in this condition, it may be put into a covered cart or covered carriage of any kind ; maybe on thei-oad the whcde of a hot summer's day, and be delivered at market in as good condition as in the winter season. This would entirely supersede the neces- sity of the unhealthy, and disagreeable [iractice of travelling to market in the night. If such refrige- rators should happen to be made imperfectly, a blanket or two thrown over them and plenty of dry straw around them would he useful From the New York Farmer. REPORT Of the Inspecltng Committee oftheJ^cw York Horti- cultural Society, for 1828. The Committee of Inspection respectfully re- port, that they have held weekly sessions through- out the past season, for the purpose of receiving such articles as were submitted to their examina- tion. They are gratified in being able to assure the Society that these exhibitions have been uni- formly of the most interesting character, and cal- culated to aflord the most satisfactory evidence of the skill and success of the several members whose productions were examined. Although in lately introduced by a member among us, and re- markable for its early and abundant produce. The attention of our members has been also di- rected successfully to the cultivation of the finer kinds of fruit which the same reference io the sorts most capable of sustaining the vicissitudes of our climate — among these, the f^ute, which has of late years attracted such general attention among our countrymen, may be noticed as a piomiiieul object of regard among the members of this soci- ety. In the course of the season, the committee have examined specimens of several difierent kinds of foreign grapes which have produced fruit in perfect maturity and great luxuriance, in the open grounds of our city and its vicinity. From this fact the committee entertain a well grounded hope that the obstacles which our cliiiuite presents to the cultivation of this delicious fruit will ulti- mately be overcome. The committee have further to report with res- pect to another article of the highest importance to the horticulturist, the Peach, that they are led to anticipate a return of the former abuniddisbed. Discretionary premiums will be awarded for flowers, vegetables, or fruit, presented by mem- bers, or others, when rare and of excellent sorts. FRANCIS COOPER, Chairman. Mw York, Jan. 27, 1829. Mode of growing Early Potatoes in the M)rth of Lancashire. — Put the potatoes in a room, or other convenient warm place ; about the 2d of Febru- ary, cover them with a woollen cloth for about 4 weeks, then take it off, and by so doing you will make the sprouts much stronger. Towards the latter end of March, set them, covering the sprouts about two inches deep. If the sprouts be about two inches long when set, the potatoes will be ready in 7 or 8 weeks afterwards. A gentleman who had a green-house, adopted the following plan: He placed the potatoes in the green-house in turf mould or peat earth, in the begintnng of February, and kept them well moistened with water ; he planted them in the open air about the end of March, on a warm border, leaving about half an in<-h of the points of the sprouts above the ground, and protected tliem dm-ing nights by cov- erings of mats. By this plan he was able to have new potatoes about the beginning of May. It is considered a very material thing to get the pota- toes well sprouted before they are planted. ALBANY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The Albany Ilorticuliural Society met agreea- bly to adjournment, on Thursday eveidng, the 15th inst. Hon. Alfred Conkling from the Com- mittee ajipointed for that purpose, reported a con- stitution and by-laws for the improvement of the society, which after slight modification, were adopted. The following oflicers were then elect- ed : Jesse Buel, President. Alfred Conkling, \st Vice-President. Teunis V^an Vechten, Id do. Edward C. Delavan, %d do. Douw B. Slingerland, Treasurer. Lewis C. Beck, Corresponding Secretary. John Ogden Day, Recording do. Council. — John N. Quackenbush, John L. Win- ne, John I. Godfrey, Richard M. Meigs, Andrew Kirk, Caleb N. Bement, Isaac Denniston, John Bryan, James Wilson, Henry A. Fay, George Wil- cox, Paul Clark, Edward Dunu, T. R. Beck, and Henry W. Snyder. The conslitution provides for four stated meet- ings annually, on the first Tuesdays of December, March, June, and September, the last of which ia to be the anniversary meeting for the choice of oflicers, &c. There will, besides, be other meet- ings of the council, or of an examining committee, to inspect esculents, flowers, and jjlants presented for competition or comparison. The members are required to pay two dollars per ammm. All subscriptions and donations, (unless otherwise di- rected by the donor,) are to go into a permanent fund, which cannot be impaired until the principal amounts to live tbousanil dollars. The interest of this fund, and two dollars annually paid by each member, will be applied, it is understood, in pre- ' miums, in the purchase of horticultural works.and in defraying incidental expenses. An experiment of a few years will test the util- ity of this association, and aftbrd data to deter- mine on the propriety of extending its views to the establishment of a Botanic Garden — an ulteri- or object not only desirable for its intrinsic useful- ness, but for the interesting attractions it would present to the citizen and stranger. It is gratifying to state that the advantages which promise to grow out of this association, ap- pear to be duly appreciated by our citizens, nearly one hundred of whom have sanctioned it with their natnes ; and we indulge the hope that the number will be considerably augmented. — Albany Argus. HEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, FEB. 20, 1829. RAILWAYS.— No. IV. (Uy the Edilor.) (Concluded from page 234.J A railway is neither more nor less than that sort of road, or highway, which the calculations of science, and the results of extensive practice have proved to be the best, cheapest, and most con- venient of all roads, on which a great deal of trav- el exists, or is likely to take place. A railway, leading from a seaport, or other great commercial place, into and through a fertile surrounding or back country has the effect, in a degree, of aiiiii- bilaling much of the dist;inee between couiilry and city. It increases the value of real estate, in the country, by the amount of the value of the fa- cilities it gives to travel ami transport. It en- hances the value of real i)roperty in the city by the same ratio. Those farmers who cultivate lands near the city, and to whom the railway af- fords no direct accommodation will still be bene- fited indirectly ; for " whatever tends to increase the population, business, and wealth of the me- tropolis is advantageous to the neighboring coun- try."* Before railways were invented or much known, turnpike roads were the best highways, of which mankind, in general, possessed any information. Although their utility is now generally appreciated, they were, at their first introduction, opposed as violently, and with as much ignorant pertinacity as railways are at the present period. Means correctly calculated to benefit farmers, by afford- ing them smooth roads leading to market were de- cried and depreciated as inimical to freedom, and tending to make lords of our rulers and slaves of the great mass of the population. A turnpike pre- sented a highway to despotism ; and a toll gath- Ke|iorl of Directors oil the Boston and Albauy Rail Koad. 246 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Feb. 20, 1829. erer was one of the minions of an overbearing, all-grasping aristocracy. In those days a journey of a hundred miles, from Connecticut river to tlie town of Boston was considered as an enterprise requiring a great deal of deliberation, a long time for prepai-ation, and a. very serious draught on the current coin of the village. Turnpikes, however, became alniost as common, and in a degree as beneficial as sunshine ; and, in consequence, the distance from Connecticut riv r to Boston is di- minished from tliree days' to one day's journey. Beneficial as turnpikes are, we believe it woidd be easy to prove that the best in the United States do not present greater improvements on the roads existing immediately previous to their formation than well constructed railways would afford when compared with sucli turnpikes. To prove this we will compai-o the facilities for transportation which turnpikes afford with those whicli railways pre- sent. It is stated by competent judges, conver- sant with subjects of this nature, that on turn- pikes, as they are usually constructed in the United States, our liorses can rarely draw- more than 14 cwt. each, the weight of the wagon in- clusive. The wagon or other vehicle intended and proper for a turnpike must be much heavier and stronger, in proportion to the load, which it is calculated to carry, than the car constructed for a railway. We believe, therefore, that 10 cwt. for each horse, exclusive of the weight of the carriage is a full load on the common turnpikes of the United States. On a rail road " the power of steady exertion of a single horse has been esti- mated to be equivalent to that required for moving 10 tons on a level rail road, including also all hi- clinations not exceeding 26 feet in a mile. This estimate supposes 2240 lbs. to the ton. If we ex- clude a quarter for the weight of carriages, there will remain 16,800 lbs. for the load. For greater safety in the calculation we will suppose the load for a single horse, exclusive of wagons, to be 16,000 Ihs. or 8 tons, by the statute of this Com- monwealth. Two horses, therefore, with a single driver would be suflicient to conduct several car- riages conveying 16 tons on all the level and des- cending parts of the road, and also on the parts ascending,at a rate not exceeding 26 feet m a mile. On the portions ascending above 26 feet in a mile, if stationary powers are not provided, additional horses will be required, except where the excess is slight and for short distances. In a temporary exertion, such as horses travelling with heavy loads, on common roads, are always required to make in passing hills, the power of the two horses Woidd be competent to draw the sixteen tons over ascents of 40 or 50 feet to a mile. But to save the strength of the horses, and to maintain a con- venient rate of speed, it would be expedient to pro- vide additional horses, at least on all the portions of any considerable extent, where the inclination exceeds 26 or 30 feet. On the parts of the road inclining from 26 to 52 feet, measuring 39 miles between Boston and Albany, one additional horse would be sufiicient. On the inclinations from 52 to 80 feet, two additional horses, or double the number required on the level parts of the road v/ould be necessary. The sections which have this inclination between Boston and the New York line, measure 43J miles, and for the remaining portion of the road, from the State line to Albany nearly 8J miles must be added, making 52 miles." It appears from the above and pther Jataj which may be drawn from the " Report," that in order to transport 16 tons from Boston to Albany, 28 horses, einployod one day each, equiv- alent to 28 ilays' work of a single liorse, is all the horse-labor required. Now on a turnpike of 198 miles it would require to convey 16 tons 32 horses, which travelling at the rate of thirty miles a day would be seven days nearly in traversing the whole distance. There would then be needed horse labor equal to 7X32 or 224 days' work of a single horse. Therefore, the advantage in favor of the railway compared with a turnpike over the ground surveyed from Boston to Albany, in the articles of horse-labor alone would be as 28 to 224 ; or precisely 8 to 1 in favor of the railway. In other words one horse would transport as much on the railway as 8 horses on the turnpike. Be- sides all tliis 16 tons on a turnpike would require for their transports at least 8 teams and 8 men to conduct them ; but further details are not neces- sary to prove the great superiority of railways as at present constructed over turnpikes. Another argument in favor of railways may be found in the facilities, which they present for still further improvements in transport and travel. — They open an extensive arena for the display of those powers of invention for which our country- men are so highly distinguished. The man who first emplojed steam for mechanical purposes could have no adequate idea of the extent and richness of the field he had entered ; and so with railways, simple as their invention may seem, it af- fords facilities for sup{)]ying the wants of mankind, and enlarging the empire of mind over mafter to an extent beyond the ken of human prescience. — Friction in railway carriages, will, probably, be al- most annihilated, and steam, gas, or vapor engines may give them a rapidity of motion which no man's philosophy has hitherto dreamed of. The railway presents a road which knows few impedi- ments ; steam and the other agents before men- tioned offer us strength which can acknowledge no limits. Man may, hereafter, harness the ele- ments to his rail road car, and to something like the velocity of lightning add an approximation to the power of an earthquake. The railway has its opponents, and every other improvement from the plough to the steam engine has also been opposed. If rain and sunshine de- pended on human volition, there are those wlio would limit them to their own farms, or at farthest to the immediate vicinity of Boston. They argue somewhat after this sort. If the common boun- ties of heaven, to wliich we are indebted for seed time and harvest, could be confined to a circle whose centre should be Boston State house, and radius extend but 8 or 10 miles into the country, it would so far diminish the present glut of coun- try produce in Boston market, that we gentlemen cultivators might command as high a price for our provisions as was given in olden time when Sen- acherib laid siege to Samaria. of our current volume, may be done to advantage. The gentleman would ho obliged by a statement of the kind and quality of the sand, where it may be had, and such details of the process as may be requisite to insure its success. Hops imported from Van Dieman's Land are of so superior quality as to have sold for 8 shillings a pound. The quantity of flour inspected in Albany in 1828, was 39,450 barrels, being a decrease from 1827, of nearly 14,000 barrels. Fees $789. Use of Sand in propagating Trees, Shrubs, S,-c. — A friend who is a practical and scientific horticul- turist, wishes for further information relative to propagating trees, shrubs, &c. by the use of sand, which, according to an article, published page 202 [The following is a valuable paper En.] FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. DOMESTIC ECONOMY. Mr Fessendeji — This is the second year since I became a subscriber to your valuable paper, which I have read with great interest, and have received through your columns from my fellow subscribers and yourself a great deal of useful in- formation, but as yet have not thrown my niite into the common stock. So barren sanJs imbibe die s!;owers, Bui render neiUier fruii nor flowers — Unplcaiiiniand ungrateful. I shall attempt to give a brief description of a mode of constructing a conmion parlor and kitch- en, which I have partly adopted with complete success : in all situations, where the ground will admit, I would have a cellar kitchen, about half the story below ground. The fireplace should be of SLifficicnt size to contain several clay furnaces,, that the smoke and steam from them may ascend the chimney. The chimney should have a valve of iron in its throat which may be opened or shut by means of a rod passing down the chimney ; the lower end turned so that it may he kitched over a nail. By this valve you can regulate the draft of the chimney, as well as extinguish the flames, if your chimney be on fire. In the winter, I would use a cooking stove of the best construc- tion, with a steam as well as smoke pipe ; for if the steam from the boilers goes into the smoke pipe, it will make it foul much sooner. Let these pipes pass into a drum made either plain or orna- mental as best suits the owner. From the drum conduct it into the chinmey above the valve, which should be always closed when the stove is in use ; for no stove will draw as well if the jiipe enters a large chimney open at the bottom. The drum should be pretty large and placed in the common parlor immediately above the kitchen : if the drum be large the room will be sufficiently warm in the coldest weather without it being ne- cessary to burn a stick of wood, excepting a suf- ficiency in the stove below for warraing the kitch- en. This is not only an econonjical but also a safe way of warming a common parlor. The mis- tress may leave the room without being apprehen- sive of the fire falling or snapping out on the floor, or the children falling in it and getting burned : and if she goes from home, while there is a fire in the kitchen, she has always a warm parlor to re- turn to. There are other advantages in a kitchen thus constructed,which it is unnecessary here to enume- rate. Adjoining the end of the house next the kitch- en I would have a shed which should cover the well, and be sufficiently large for a kitchen in summer, (if preferred) and a wood house in win- ter. Under tlte floor of the shed I would have a box or cistern, that would contain water enough to last 24 hours. This may be pumped or drawn full once a day and drawn out through a pipe or leader into the cellar kitchen as wanted. If your building site is on the declivity of a hill, you may make a cheap cistern of lime and gravel on the bank side ; into which the rain from your roofs Vol. VII.— No. 31. AND HORTICULTUiiAL JOURNAL. 247 may be conducted, and drawn out by a tube in- serted into the bottom of the cistern, and leading into your kitchen. If things are rightly consider- ed I believe it will be found that a cellar kitchen is more convenient than one above ground, and much more economical. I conclude by saying if you believe this worth a place in your Farmer, you are welcome to it — if it is deemed otherwise "l shall not be oil'ended — but have the satisfaction of having done a part of my duty. JAMES S. LAWRENCE. Hickory Grove, Monmouth i Co.JV.J.Jan. 3,1829. ^ Extraordinary Fruit. — We have just been shown a lemon of uncommon size, raised on Mr S. M'Cutchon's plantation at New Orleans. It measured 14 inches in circumference taken be- tween the stem and the opposite end of the fruit, and 14J when measured lengthwise. About 20 others of the same size, produced on the same tree, were sent to this city. — jV. Y. Eve. Post. Useful Inventions. — Mr John W. Cooper, of Waynesburg, in Franklin county, Pennsylvania, baa discovered (for which he has obtained patents) a new mode of bleaching and whitening of flax, hemp, tow, and cotton cloth, in the course of a few hours, without the least injury or damage to the strength thereof — and also, of making white paper from rags of cotton, linen or silk, be their colour ever so various, and of extracting from all kinds of rags, all kinds of mineral colors, and ren- dering them white and completely bleached, &c. The ingredients and process used, are said to be so cheap and trilling as to render these discoveries highly valuable, particularly to paper makers. SEEDS WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. For sale at llie Seed Eslablishment.coniiecied vvilli Ibe office of the New Eiigland Farmer, No. 52 North fllarliel .Sli-eet, Bos- Ion, the largest VRi iety of seeds to bo found in New England— of the crops ol"iy^28. The greatest care has been taken to have them raised by our most experienced seed growers, and to have the sorts perleclly genuine. They are oft'ered for sale by the bushel, pound, or paper, on favorable terms. Each package fur retail is accompanied with short directions on its manage- ment. The following comprise some of our most prominent sorts. Pamphlet catalogues gratis. yl//ic?ioi:t', Green Globe | White Cos, or Loaf Asi)aragics, Devonshire Green Cos Gravesend Melon, Pine .'\pple HORTICULTURAL SOCIETr. fjj^ Those gentlemen in this city and the vicinity, favorably disposed toioard the institution of such a Society, are requested to meet at the office of Zebedee Cook, Jr. 7J Congress street, on Tuesday next, (the 24//! current,) ut 12 o'clock at noon, for the purpose of adopting measures preliminary thereto. information wanted Of the imported Stud Horse CoLUiMBUS, jchich was sold a year or more since by the Mass. Agricul- tural Society. The owner may hear of something to his advantage, by sending his address, (post paid) at the J^ew England Farmer office. The Report of the Committee of the Essex .Agri- cultural Society appointed to'view the Farms, entered for premiums, has been received, and shall appear in our next. Pressed Culinary Herbs. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 5*2, North Market street, Culinary Herbs, dried, pressed, and neatly packed, in parcels, at the following pftices ; — Sweet Marjoram, 50 cts — Summer Savory,' 25 cts — Thyme, 33 els — Sage, 17 cts — Celery, (in bottles for soups, &c,) 25 cts — Balm, 33 cts — Rose Flowers, S 1,00. • eptf Tavern to he Leased. To be leased, that excellent stand for country custom, the Tavern on the INIill Dam or Western Avenue, now occupied by Major Horatio G. Buttrick. It is believed that an active and enterprising man might acquire a fortune by hiring it. Terms, five years lease, with good security — rent yOO dollars. If not leased before the 2J day of Jlarch next, it will be let at public auction on that day, at 1- o'clock, ftl. on the pr^jnises. Inquire of JOHN LOWELL, Common Street, Boston. Feb 20. 2t Battersea Large while Reading Bmiis, (2C varieties,) including the English broad beans, dwarfs, pole, &c. Beets, true Long Blood Early blood Turnip Early While Scarcity Frencli Sugar, or Amber Orange Green, (for soups, &.c.) Borecole iJrocoH, Early White Early Purple Large Cape Bntssels Sproids Cabbage, Early York Early Dutch Early Sugarloaf Early Lon. Batiersea Early Emperor Early Wellington Large Bergen, &c. Large Cape .Savoy Large Scotch Large Geeen Glazed Large Late Pruinhead Tree, or ICOO headed Green Globe Savoy Hod Dutch Yellow Savoy Turnip Rooted, &c. Russian Late Imperial Late Sugarloaf Cardoon Carrots, Allringham Early Horn, (for table Blood Red Lemon Long Orange Caulijlower, Early and Late Celery, White solid Rose colored solid Italian Celeriac,or turnip rooted Cherril Chives Corn Si'lad, or Vettikost Cress, Cinded or Peppergrass Broad leaved or Garden Water Cucumber, Early Frame Early Green Cluster Short Prickly Long Prickly Long Green Turkey Long White Turkey Long White Spined Small Girkin, t^'C. Eo'^ Plant, Purple White Endive, Green White Curled Broad leaved Batavian Garden Burnet Garlic Sells Indian Corn, (several varieties) Purple curled Green curled Scotch Leek, London Large Scotch Lettuce, Early Curled Silesia Large Green head Royal Cape (fine) Imperial Hardy Green Bro"n Dutch Grand Admiral Tennisball, or Rose Drumhead Magnum Bonum Cos Bath Cos Ice Cos Seeds for Country Dealers. Green Citron Persian Nutmeg Large Cantcleupe Pomegranate, or Musk Carolina Water Long Islalid Water Apple seeded Water Marjoram Mus'.ard, Whit£ and Brown Nnstuititim Mangel Wurtzel Okra Onions, Potato Tree White Portugal Yellow Large Red Parsift/, Siberian Dwarf Curled ^ Curled or Double Parsnip, Large Dutch swelling Peas, Early Washington Early double blossomed Early Frame Early Golden Hotspur Early Charlton Early Strawberry Dwarf Dwarf Blue Imperial Dwarf Blue Prussian Dwarf Spanish, or Fan Dwarf iMaiTowfat Dwarf Sugar Matchless, or Tall Marrow Knight's Tall Marrow Tall Crooked pod Sugar Peppers, Long or Cayenne Tomato, or Squash Cherry, (West India) Pumpkins, Fine Family Connecticut Field Mammoth Radish, Early Frame Short top Scarlet Long Salmon Purple Short Top Long whitc,or Naples Cherry Violet colored White Turnip Rooted Black Fall or Spanish Rhubarb Roots, (for tarts) Ruta Baga Salsafi/, or vegetable oyster Sea Kale Skirret Saffron Spinach, New Zealand Prickly, or Fall Roundleaved summer Sage Squash, Early bush summer Long Crook Neck Vegetable Marrow Acorn &-c. Tomatos Turnips, early white Dutch Early Garden Stone White Flat, or Globe Large Eng. Norfolk Long Tankard Long Yellow French Yellow Maltese Yellow Aberdeen Yellow Stone Yellow Swedish Dedham Thyme — Sweet Basil — Bone- set — Lavender — Rosemary — Hyssop — Wormwood — Sum- mer Savory — Penny royal- Spikenard— Dill— Balm--"Tan- sy — Bene, &c. Traders In the country, who may wish to keep an assortment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be furnished, at the New England Farmer office. No. 52 North Market street, Boston, widi boxes- ctnitainiiig a complete assortment of the seeds moslly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they can be purchased in this country, neatly done up in small papers, at 0 a.id 12 cents each — warranted to be of the growth of 1823, and vi iUq purest qualitij. Ornament.vl Flower Seeds will be added on the same terms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early White Sweet Corn, &c, of dif- ferent sorts. [D= The Seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on a new plan iliis year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and packed in the neatest siyle.— Traders arc requested to call and examine for llien> selves. eptf Jan. 23. For Sale, In the southeasterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, containing about 120 acres, consisting of every kind of land that is desirable to the enterprising farmer, a large portion of which is of the first quality, having a constant stream of water running through it ; and the land is so situated that a number of acres are capable of irrigation. On the premises is an upright two storv House, with four rooms on the floor, in good repair j a large liarn, GO by 30, and in common seasons is filled with good hay. There are also on the farm, good Orchards, a part of which are in Iheir prime ; together with an abundance of Wood, the best of white oak, fit tor wheelwrights' use, or for ship timber. There are few farms capable of more improve* meat, or which can be carried on at less expense. The place will be sold at a fair price, with or v\'ithout the slock and uten- sils, at the election of the purchaser. The payments made easy and accommodating, and possession may be had on delivery of the deed. For further particulars, please inquire of William Dk»per, Esq. of Marlborough, of Benjamin Weld of Rox- bury, or of Samuel H. Weld, on the premises, Jan. 16. PRICES OF COUJ\"TRY PRODUCE. FROM TO APPLES, best, - . - - barrel. 3 00 3 75 ASHES, pot, first sort, Pearl, first sort, - - - ton. 130 00 135 00 it 130 00 133 00 BEANS, white, . - - . bushel. iJO 1 12 BEEF, mess, _ - - barrel. 10 CO 10 50 Cargo, No. 1 , " 8 50 9 OG Cargo, No. 2, it 7 50 7 75 BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, - pound. 14. 16 CHEESE, new milk. " 7 9 Skimmed milk. " 2 3 FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 9 00 9 12 Genesee, - - - - u 9 00 9 25 Rye, best, - - - - u GRAIN, Corn, - - . . bushel. 63 63 live, - - - - " 75 80 Barley, - . - - it 70 Oats, .... 't 30 38 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, pound. 9 LIME. cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at ton. 3 00 PORK, clear, .... barrel. 16 00 16 50 Navy, mess, n 13 00 13 23 Cargo, No. 1, - . IC 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - bushel. 200 2 50 Orchard Grass, " 3 00 Fowl Meadow, - It 400 Rye Grass, tt 4 00 Tall Meadow Oats Grass, . ti 4 00 Red Top .... tt 1 00 Lucerne, - - \ - pound. 50 While Honeysuckle Clover, " SO Red Clover, (northern) '^ S 10 French Sugar Beet, - tt 1 50 Mangel >Vurizel, tt 1 50 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - it 35 42 Merino, full blood, unwashed, tt 22 26 Merino, three fourths washed. tt 30 35 Merino, half & quarter washed^ tt 28 33 Native, washed, ... tt 23 28 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort. tt 3T 41 Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, tt 25 30 Pulled, " spinning, first sort, tt 30 33 Farmer fVanfed. A steady, faithful man is wanted to take charge of a farm in Newton— apply to J. B. RnssELL, New England Farmer Seed Store. PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVEKT WEEK BY MR. HAVVVARD, fCierk of Famuil-luill Market.) BEEF, best pieces, ... PORK, frc^h, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, RIUTTON. .... POULTRY, - . - . BUTTER, keg and tub, . Lump, best, EGGS. MEAL, Rye, retail, . Indian, retail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according ts quality,! pound. in 5 (( 5 (( 6 tt 2 tt 8 tt 14 dozen. 2(1 bushel. „ barrel. 2 (X) 12 1-i 3 7 C 10 12 30 SO 32 70 70 SO 2 SO 248 MISCELLANIES. FOR THE NKW ENGLAND FAKHKR. A celebrated Scytliian Philosoplier. being asked how it was possible a person might conlraci a dislike to wiuOj answered, *' Hy behnUliiig the ind'Cfricicy of the dnivkard" On entering a house a fmv evenings since, I (bund a lad of 15,diverting himself in writing poetry. I requested him by way of trial, however, lo make a few hues on ivtemperance. He in ilanlly set about it, and soon handed me the fol!ov\ ing portrait. VEiUTAS. The evil of evils that prevails, O'er New England s hills and dales; Tlie scourge and cur&e of this our land, Is not the warrior's vengeful hand: But what is woi'se, yes, wofse by far, 'J'han all the noise and rage of war, Is ardent spirit and strong drinks, That poisons our whole frame, and sinks The noblest work ihat God has mnde, Beiow the beasts that range the mead. Oh, see the drunkard take the cup, Oh, see him drink ihe liquor up ; Oh, see him trying to go home, But cannot for the cause is inim. Oh, see him lott'ring, siaggVing round. At last be falls unto the ground ; And then he tries but tries in vain, His former purv, comprising a garden, orciiard. &c. •* [ITT' h must he expressly understood tliat no ardent spirits will lie allowed on the place. Persons who are unwilling to ac- cede to this, need not make applicali FARMER, Published by John B. Rdsseli., at Mo. 52 JVorth Market Street, (at the Agricultural Warehouse). — Thomas G. Fessenden Editor VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1829. • N,o. 32. AGRICULTURE. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAKIVIER. - The Comiuittee of the Essex Agricultural Society, apijointed to view tlie Farms entei-eil for the Preiiiiuius ollored \n 1828, have attended to that duty, and submit the following REPORT. • The whole number of Farms entered for premi- ums were six, to wit., the farms of Jacob Osgood, and David Gray, in Andover ; — of Daniel Put- nam, in Danvers ; — of James Pecker, in Ames- bury ; — of William Thurlow, and the Indian Hill Farm, in West Newbury. These were sev- erally examined by the Committee in June and September ; — a particular description of them, to- gether with an account of their productions the present year, will be found in the statements of the several claimants annexed to this Report. Mr Osgood's farm is situate in the West Parish of Andover, and contains about one hundred and fifty acres, besides his woodlands. The land is level, and naturally cold and unproductive. The present proprietor has bad the entire management of the farm, for the last forty years or more ; and its present appearance is a most striking illustra- tion of how much may be efiect^ecl by the perse- vering industry of man, where Nature has bestow- ed her gifts but sparingly. By a judicious divis- ion of the land info lots, and by unremitted atten- tion to the collecting and making of manure, Mr is to be found in his collar — here is cider from one to nine years old, clear as Madeira, and but little j^infirior, and this without the aid of ardent spirit or other foreign ingredient. The perfection of his L-ider, r.s he assiu'cd us, was to be attributed en- tirely to his care in the selection and preservation of the apples ; to his particular attention to clean- liness in the making, and the casks in which it WIS put ; and to the straining the liquor so as to free it from every particle of pomace, or other sub- stmcc that tends to hasten its acidity. He also aisurod us, that the additional care in the making or" this liquor, was more than doubly repaid by the p:ice it commanded when he ofl'ered it in the mar- kit. And that he always found a ready and gen- erous market for all the good cider he had to offer. Tiie stock of cattle upon this farm indicated care in their selection, and good judgment in their maiagement ; — and the products of the dairy we earned to be one of the best sources of profit upon I the farm. While we have spoken thus freely of thr management of the farm without, we cannot in juaice, omit to say that the management tvithin dotrs is equally worthy of praise and approbation. Ifwe were to select, within the sphere of our ob- servation, a perfect exemplar of a good house wife aid dairymaid, we know of no woman whose chims would be superior to those of Mrs Osgood, Jlr Gray's farm is situate in the South Parish o' Andover, end contains about one hundred acres, o:clusive of woodland. The natural condition of tie soil is a perfect contrast to that of Mr Os rv„ 1 , ., r , . •. ■ '""D s farm. It is hilly, rocky, hard and strong. USGOOD has converted the oiico. barren nlajas iiifractical know- ledge, a portion for the benefit of the uninitiated. We love the pursuits of horlicultme not only for the instruction it affords to man of the subser- viency of nature to his will, and his industry. We regard it as a jieaceful and laudable source of en- joyment.— And to him who can look through na- ture, up to -its great first Cause, it is a rich and il- lumined page, wherein he may read inscribed tte promise, that "though like autumn's fruits an! flowers mankind will fade from off the earth, ye: like them his root will not die in the ground, bu\ rise again and shed the benign influence of a useful life, in gardens of unfading beauty, and enduring loveUness." ' That mind that is not expanded, and that heari that is not warmed in the conteinplation of tht fruitful and ornamented garden, must be cold and inanimate. And if " he who has not music in his soul is" adjudged "fit for treason;" he that las not felt the glow of gratitude in contemplating the objects which bountiftd nature presents, is not greatly to be envicil for his fealtj'. For ourselvte we are free to declare that the most peaceful aD|l gratified moments of our life have l;een passed i» the pursuits of horticulture. In a manner relieve) from the labor and occupations of business, wt have found, with a shght variation from the poet'i text — exempt from public haunt lons^ues in trees, books iu ihc running brooks. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. We are pleased to learn tliat the meeting of the friends of horticulture in this city on Ttiesday last, was numerously attended ; and tiiat the occasion aflForded the most conclusive evidence, that a so- ciety for the iinprovoment of this branch of our domestic industry, will be established midcr aus- picious circtimstunces. For ourselves we have long felt a strong inter- est in this matter. We have seen in other sections of otir country, the beneficitil influence of institu- tions devoted to the practice of horticultural pur- suits, and heard more, of its ameliorating eficcts upon the varieties of fruits, heretofore cultivated with partial success. The association of men of taste, of influence, and of industry, has efllcted in some of our neigh- boring cities, a wonderful improvement in the (pial- ities of indigenous frtiits, i;nd a great increase of Sermons injlowey-s. and good in everything. The benefits derived from an improved state oi horticulture are of imlunited extent. They are confined to no class, all may enjoy them. Health is promoted by the labor, and ease and content- ment follow on success. DORCHESTER. the varieties of foreign, of every kind, susceptible of successful cidture in our cfimatc. Here, iudivid- and impeded in its downward progress ; the con- ON THE CULTIVATION OF BEETS. Bj the Editor oftlic Southcr7i Agriculturht. There are many varieties )f tliis vegetable, such as the large-rooted, the long-rooted, dwarf, ttirnip- rooted, small red Castlenandari, green-topped, yellow-rooted, &c. We will confine ot;r remarks to those sold by our seedsmen, as the long-blood and turnip-rooted beets, as these are tlie ottly va- rieties cultivated among us, and as far as we have been able to ascertain, they are to be preferred to any of those enumerated above. The Castlenan- dari is said to be much esteemed in France, -and to have the taste of a nut : we have not, as yet, been able to obtain the seed. W^e have at difl'Lf- enl periods cultivated most of triose enumerated above, and prefer the turnip-rooted, on account of its superior delicacy, carliness, and the greater ease w-ith which it can be raised. A light, deep and rich soil is the best stilted for the culture of tlie beet ; tliey should be sown if possible on ground which has been highly mtinur- ed for some other croj), but should there lie none of this descri]ition vacant, well rotted manure may be used, and even fresh, in case of necessity, if [iroper care be taken thai the whole he turned under, and not mixed through the upper soil. The ob- jection to using mamtre, more especially in a fresh state, with this or any other long-rooted croji, is, that meeting with it in Jumps and detached par- cels, the root is diverted from its proper courso scqitence iu, that instead of one long, large, straight ' and clean root, we often, under such circumstan- ces, have maijy small ones, and nutnerous fibres, rendering it unfit for the table. Tho remedy for this is obvious, and it is rather stirprisiug, that the cause of tlie forking of the roots being knuwii, the remedy should not have been ajiplied. It is sim- ply to ])lacc the manure at such a depth, that the root may not reach it, and conse(|tiently not be di- verted until it shall have grown to a projier length. This may be efil/cted by spreading the manure on the surface and with a spade turning it entirely under, completely reversing the soil, so as to jjlace that which was on top together with the manure, at the bottom — care is required in this ipcration, tliiit nil of the manure be completely buried, and that none by the carelessness of the gnrdeiier, be intermingled with the upper soil. Another me- thod (and it is one which we have adojited for many years with considerable success,) is, after tlie ground is prepared, to make small trenches or furrows, either with a spade, or, if there be ground enough, with the plough, and at the bottom of these to scatter the manure, level the surface, or raise it into ridglets over the manure and plant on these. Tliis last will be found most efliectual, and for many reasons the best. By pursuing this plan fresh manure may be usei', though we would always prefer that which is partially rotted. In preparing the ground for a crop, care should be taken to have it well broken up, and made mellow as deep as possible ; the beet sends its root to a great dejith in search of food, and it ought not to be impeded by meeting with a hard and compact soil. If possible Jfet it be stirred eigliteen inches deep, for it will generally be found that all other circumstances being equal^that compartment which has been stirred the deejiest, will produce the best crop. The spade is decidedly the best instrument for stirring the ground, but where a large quantity is to be raised, the plough may be used, and more especially if the ridge system be adopted. The usual method is, to have the ground, after being thus prepired, laid off" into four feet beds — to jilant two or tjiree seeds every Tiine inches, in rows a foot apart, these to be tliinned out to single plants wheti about the size of a goose-quill. Such as arc thinned out may be transplanted to fill up the vacancies which inay occur in the beds. ' (Tu be continued.) Flax and Linen Manufacturers. — The demand f«r flax created by the estabiishiuent of our enter- p'ising citizen, John Towne, it is liojied, will cx- i;te the attention and stimulate "the exertions ot tie farmers in the neighborhood, to the culti\ ation aid improvement of that interesting and important .siaple production of our country. The machinery for spinning fia.x by steam power, is now in ccm- jiletc operation under the sui>eriiitendance of Mr TV'illiam Sutiiff", to whose mechanical genius and iiidustry, we are indebted (through Mr Towne's patronage and capital,) for this imjiortant branch ofmanufactures, so long a desideratum in this and ot|ii;r countries. — Tlie articles manufactured, viz: Q-illing, table cloths, linen, &c, are of a superior qlialitj". Tlie damask table linen, noticed in a late 11 imber of the Statesman, as maiiutaetitred by Mr Kamilton Steuart, vvere made of cotton and fiuen, a id wove by Mr Thomas Brown, an ingenious wwrkman from near Edinbtirgh. Mr Towne's etitablishmeiit will soon afiord materials for the b'-.st quality. — Pittsburg Gazette. I Vol. VII— No. 32. AND HORTJCULTURAL JOURNAL. 251 Good Ba'-on. — The fijllovving is the mode of cu- ring bacon in Virginia, laid down by a gentleman of tlio Is'.e of Wiglit county, who lias had much expeiience in the process. — Lancaster Journal. " To have good bacon, the pork must be fat. It may possibly be too fat, though dial :s very rarely the case in Virginia. Hogs about eighteen months jld, which arc raised poor, and afterwards well fatted in f short time on corn, are, I think, tleci- ledly to be preferred. Before the pork be salted jp, it should be thoroughly cold, a circumstance ndispensable to its lasting preservation ; and it is it least Xhe safest course in our uncertain climate, 0 lose no time afterwards. To give bacon its uost exquisite ilavor, both molasses or sugar, and ■alt-petre should be used. I iisiially put a table ;n'ionful or two of molasses on the flesh side of lir ham, a little before it is salted, and after the mil isses is ruijhed over it, a heaping spoonful or wo of tinely pulverized salt-petre, the ham sup- posed to weigh, when cured, from twelve to fif- een pounds. I ])ut nearly the same quantity on ;he niiddUngs and shoulders, and proportionably m the siiialler pieces, believing that it essentially ;outributes, not only tov/ards improving the flavor md appearance, but also to the preservation of aacon, and as a preventive against the worm, bug and skipper. In order to ensure perfectly sound bacon, the [lork must be salted at least twice. The second salting should take place about the third day after the first, at which time I add about (i third of the quantity of salt-petre ar.plied in the first instiince. If, however, tlie pork shoidd be I frozen wlien salted in the first instance, it should 3e re-salted as soon as practicable after it thaws; ivithout wliirli there is great danger of injiny. I jse the Liverpool sack salt, and prefer it on ac- ;ouut of its fineness. A bushel to the thousand nreight of pork has been supposed a sufficient juantity. I think it too little, and would not by my means ad\ise that there should be a stint of salt. Five pounds of salt-petre to the abovemen- tioned quantity of pork, is, perhaps, quite enough. Care should be taken to let the brine drain ofl' from the pork, whilst in salt, as its contact with it tends to injure its flavor. If salted in casks, there should be a hole in the bottom, after the second salting, that the brine may escape. There are diflbrent opinions as to the length of time the pork should remain in salt. I would recommend four weeks. If salt-petre, in suftirient quantiti'S be used, fat pork can hardly be made too salt. I have known prime excellent bacon to remain in salt more than three months. The last operation in curing of bacon is the smoking of it. This may be sufiiciently woll done,, perhaps, with ary kind of wood ; but solid green wood, as hickoiy or oak, is the best. Contrary to old opinions, tl e operation is best carried on in the closest smoke- house ; considerable degree of heat, too, is not in- jurious, but promotes and facilitates, I believe, tlie operation. Tiie old idea of fire tainting meat, is erroneous. The effect, so called, is occasioned by the pork not being thoroughly cured ; bacon shoulil be smoked until it is of a dark reddish color, and it is best done in clear dry weather. In liangii" it up, it is most advantageous to put the joints highest ; for, as they are most assailable by tie skipper fly, they are least likely tberebj' to ha-c eggs deposited on them. There is an opinion tint has long universally prevailed, and which I thiik the experience of the last winter has belied. It s, ihat if pork be once thoroughly cold before sail- ing, it may with proper care be saved. This, in ordinary winters, is true. But in such a winter as last, when the thermometer ran, in 24 hours, from between 30 and 40, to between 60 and 70, aud remained so for four or I've days, I do not think that lai and large pork c(in be saved by any rea- sonable, attention to it. — ff'esttrn Tiller. Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Baltimore, to a gentleman of this city. " The new mode of applying friction rollers to the rail-road car is extremely remarkable. The invention is by aJerseyman, who had a model fit- ted up and exhibited in this city. I saw it tried with ten fiftysixes and two men, weighing at least one hundred and fifty pounds each, making eight hundred and sixty pounds, exclusive of the weight of the car, and, incredible as it may seem, this .•jreat weight was drawn alon^, not very slowly, by a half pound v/eight, attached to a string, running over a pulley. The railway upon which it was tried, was perfectly level. A finger would move tiie car in either direction. " In England, as well as in this country, it is founil that a horizontal traction of 112 pounds is equal to one horse power, (it is thought by many that the average effect is greater thaii that of 112 pounds,) and thus assuming that a load for one hirse be 10 tons, (this is also a minimum,) we can tell exactly that one horse will draw with facility eighlyjive tons, with the aid of the very important invention above mentioned. The machine is ex- ceedingly simple, and I am satisfied will not wear out so fast OS the common rail-read car." The following is a fine picture of Washington", in his retirement — it is from one of his own let- ters : " I am just beginning to experience the ease and freedom from public cares, which, however de.sirablo, it takes some time to realize ; for, strange as it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that it was not until lately I could get the better of my usual custom of ruminating, as soon as I awoke in the morning, on the business of the ensuing day ; and of mjf surprise on finding, after revolv- ing many things in my mind, that I was no longer a public man, or had any thing to do with public transactions. I feel, as I conceive a wearied trav- eller must do, who, after treading many a painful step, with a heavy burden on his shoulders, is eased of the latter, having reached the haven to which all the former were directed, and from his house top is looking back, and tracing with an eager eye the meanders by which he escaped the quicksands and mires which lay in his way, and into which none but the all-powerful Guide and Dispenser of human events could have prevented his fulling. I have become a private citizen of the banks of the Potomac; and, under the shadow of my own vine and my own fig tree, free from the bustle of a camp, and the busy scenes of [lub- lic life, I am solacing myself with those tranquil enjoyments of which the soldier, who is ever in pursuit of fame — the statesman, whose watchful days and sleepless nights are spent in devising schemes to promote the welfare of his own, per- haps the ruin of other countries, as if this globe was insufficient for us all — and the courtier, who is always watching the countenance of his prince, in the hope of catching a gracious smile — can have very little conception. I am not only retired from all public employments, but am retiring with- in myself, and shall be able to view the solitary walk, and tread the paths of private life, with heartfelt satisfaction. Envious of none, I am de- termined to be pleased with all ; and tliis, my dear friend, being the order of my march, I will move gently down tho stream of life until I sleep with my fathers." iilverage price of vcgetalles sold at JVcw York Wash- ington Market, for Jamianj, 1S29. (Corrected by \V;.i Cuur, Gardener, N. York.) CauUfower. — The extensive supply of this veg- etable vvhiclj has been brought to market during the past autumn and to this present period, proves the interesting progress our market gardeners are making in its most successful cultivation ; very fine heads weighing from two to five pounds, have been sold in this market this month, for 25 to 37J cents per head. Brocoli. — The supply of this has also been very plentiful, and in point of size and quality, very little if at all inferior to Cauliflower, from 75 cents to $1 per dozen heads. — Winter Cabbages very plentiful, and good heads at 37i^ to 50 cents per dozen — Savoys 37,^^ cents per dozen heads — Borecole or Kale 37^^ cents per dozen — Potatoes, ' the supply usually deficient, from 50 to 62^ cents per bushel — Turnips, plenty and of good qiiahty, 31^ cents per busliel — Pars- nips, SI ])er 100 — Blood Beets, 75 cents per 100 — Carrots, 62J cents per 100 — Salsafy, from 4 to 6 cents per bunch of 12 roots — Whitv Onions, $1 to 1 2 5 cents per bushel ; red, 50 cents per bushel — Celery, very plentiful and good, from 4 to 8 cents per bunch of three heads — Spinage, very plentiful and tine, 31;^ cents per bushel — Lettuce, the white Dutch Cabbages and yellow Silesia, fine and plen- tiful, at 25 to 37i cents per dozen heads — Endive, the supply rather scarce and inferior in quahty, 18 to 25 cents per dozen — fVater Cresses, plenty, 18 to 25 cents per half peck — Corn Sallad, do, do — Leeks, plenty and fine, 50 to 62-J- cents per hundred — Parsley, 3 cents per bunch — Horse Radish, do. RECEIPT FOR WET FEET. To an old, constant, and most zealous friend, I pray j'ou, fellow citizens, attend ! The receipt below to shoes apply ; 'T is the true water-proof to keep feet dry — 'T will many save from the physician's bill. And from disorders whirl] too often kill. All tlie ingredients are very cheap, And long the mixture will uninjured keep. i pint of boiled linseed oil, i pound of mutton suet, 8 ounces of clean bees' wax, 6 ounces of connnon rosin. Dissolve these ingredients well together, over a gentle fire, stir the mixture up well while melt- ing, and put it on with a brush, hot, without burn- ing the leather — seals and upper leather. Let it dry, and repeat the application twice more in the same way. — JVat. Int. A bill incorporating a company for the manu- facture of Silk in Delaware, with a capital of $50,000 has passed both houses of the Legisla- ture. The cucumber has been found to contain, on analysis, no less tlu-.n 582-80 parts of water in 600 ; the remaining 17-20 parts consist of 13 dif- ferent ingredients, in different pro[iortions, the principal of which are, a fungous matter similar to the mushroom, and a sweet substance, which gives to this fruit its peculiar flavor — Mechanic's Magazine. 252 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, l-cb. 27, 1820. COMMUNICATIONS. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. CLIMATE AND SILK. MrPessenden — It is a curious faet,tliat ancient impressions are often transmitted on the minds of successive generations, long after the original cause has ceased ; it is so with us in respect to our climate : the rigors of the winter season in former days, and extreme variahlencss with sud- den transitions in si>ring and summer, have long since gradually softened away ; their primitive harshness is gone, and no more to be found, than puritan intolerance and roughness are to be traced in the mild and enlightened spirit of the age. — Yet the impression formed in old times, that our climate is unpropitious for the |)urpose of rich cul- tivation, seems to remain yet, hovering occasion- ally, about the thoughts of some of the best friends to agriculture. It is to be regretted, inasmuch as it leaves doubts, where there is no foundation for any, and may create a hesitation and timidity un- favorable to a successful issue. This is particularly applicable to the introduc- tion of the culture of Silk, which being the pro- duct chiefly of mild countries, doubts are some- times expressed as to the propitiousness of our own. Upon a careful investigation we inay, how- ever, be fully satisfied that our circumstances, taken together, are perfectly favorable, and equal to those of any silk country whatever in Europe. The first object to consider, is the food requisite to procure that rich crop, and there we find our case perfectly secured. The White Mulberry grows freely on our warm light lands, and their growth is rapid ; their prosperity is not impaired in the least by the cold of winter, nor the variable- ness of spring; no insects attack the leaves, nor the bark of the trees, and the climate and soil ap- pear to be as congenial to them, as they are to the White Oak and other natives of the forest. — They are very tenacious of life, for, after being cut down close to the ground, the stumps will fur- nish many suckers around, and on their being torn off, will send forth others for years in succession. These hardy trees are to sujiport the dehcate in- sects from whose labors the rich crop is to be ob- tained. We may, therefore, assure ourselves that by using common care and diligence, we can make certain of the greatest abundance of food for them. Their introduction to existence may be regulated in some measure by o\u' will, and as the period of their life does not exceed two months, there is every chance to secure for them that warm and even tem))Rrature which is needful. — In fact the seed should be kept in a cool place until the young leaves of the mulberry begin to appear, it should be then set to batching, which would be some time in the early part of June, and in about two months from that period, the crop would be secured, which would be in general before the 20tli of August. From the lOth of June to the 20th of August our climate is subject to no variation of tempera- ture, but what common care with common accom- modations would render perfectly harmless. I doubt much whether the silk districts of France and Italy, or any of them, offer in that respect any advantages superior to oiu-s. In France silk is raised chiefly in the departments bordering on the Mediterranean, and at times, dull humid weather proceeds from thence, with an obscure, relaxing atmosphere, to such an extreme, that in Montpe- lier the moisture gathering on the walls of the stair cases in the interior of the houses, will run down on the steps. As soon as such turns come on, the doors and windows of the apartments al- lotted to the silk worms are to be closed carefully, the leaves to be gathered before hand, or dried for them. We have nothing in New England to guard against, of so unfavorable a nature. Our sea turns along the shore offer no dangers equal to it. As to the nuddle and lower parts of Italy they are often visited with a hot wind from the coast of Africa, which raising a strong evapora- tion from the Mediterranean, blows it to the Ital- ian shores. This wind, called the Sirocco, is ex- tremely damp, relaxing, and dull, and against it they must prepare in order to preserve their silk crop. Another serious evil which they must guard against, is the great frequency of thunder storms during the silk season ; which in that climate will cause a great destruction among the worms, unless the doors and windows are imme- diately closed. Wo may say, therefore, that from the u])per i)arts of the Mediterranean, to the low- under the superintendence of a good master, to sup. port comfortably the aged htmntes, and exact from the idle, at least, the cost of their thoughtless existence, and relieve the eommunit;/ from the burden of these establishments ; the widow's little place should have white Mulberry trees all around ; poverty, dejection, neglect of virtue, intemperance, might in many cases be redeemed, vanish, and be re- ]ilaced by liopc and industry, where the encour- agement, and the means, should be pointed out, and of so easy an attainment. The land once stocked with extensive planta- tions, and regular crops of cocoons obtained, wealthy individuals would soon raise filatures and mills, to prepare the rich article on a large scale for the use of silk weavers ; the manufactories of London and Lyons often have times of inactivity, when the weavers being out of employ and dis- tressed, would joyfiilly transfer to our shores their art and their industry. Create first the food, an abundance of the raw materials will be the neces- sary conseipience, and then the hands to nianu- ture it will quickly abound. It regards every farm- er parts of Italy, the whole of that chosen silk i «•'« individual interest, to exert himself to secure a country is under the necessity to provide substan- tial stone buildings to raise the worms, with doors and windows, which are continually needful to preserve them from destruction. After all their precautions and care, their crop will at times suf- fer greatly, and once perhaj)S in a generation, an almost total failure. Such a calamity took place about the year 17S4, when the silk crop in Italy was so nearly destroyed, that they did not make sufficient raw silk to enable them to set in motion their warp and organzine mills, and the apprehen- sion that a total stillness for a whole scason,might spoil the machinery, prompted them to get from London several hundred bales of Bengal raw silks, with the assistance of which, they saved their machinery from destruction, and their people from starving. So far as natural advantages can assist, it is dif- ficult to conceive in what particulars we could be more favored, and we might as well doubt of the ability of a rich grazing country to raise a compe- tent stock of neat cattle, as to hesitate to proclaim New England, a country chosen, and fit, for the rearing of silk ; where the food for the worms may be procured in the greatest abundance, and with as little labor as anywhere in the world. — Our pure and vivifying atmosphere, our soft and quick waters, will insure .silk of the firmest stajjle, and of the first quality for beauty and usefulness. If we are frieudly to our own prosperity, the seed of the white Mulberry shoxdd be sown generally and extensively, in all our towns,this coming spring. No farm should be without a plantation of these hardy trees, both in hedges and iiv orchards near the dwellings ; no laborers cottage should be with- out a small plantation of them ; no i)oor house without a good and sufficient lot of ground laid out for that valuable pnr[)Ose. The introduction of this culture would benefit all ; no farmer's fam- ily but the daughters and children would pleasant- ly exert their industry to raise a crop as sterling as gohl, which would substantially contribute to their prosperity by furnishing them the means to pay for good clothing, and have left besides abun- dant pocket money ; no laborer but might greatly increase his earnings and means of support ; no large family of children but might, under proper directions, be made to secure a rich return from their industry ; no poor house but might be made, share in the culture of silk, of which no other crop we have, can be compared to it for richness and excellence. But in a sense of pubhc duty to the powerful community of which we are mem- bers, the exertions ought to be great, as it would make a vast addition to our general resources. — The cotton manufactures are dependent on the South for their raw materials ; silk would be our own, and nations, as individuals, cannot be too careful to secure within themselves means for their prosperity and greatness. /( seems to be a special duty for towns, to see that proper measures should be taken in their respective poor houses lo raise without delay, nurseries of young Mulberries, not only for their own jilantations, but also for the inhabitants to be supplied with, at a moderate price. The poor houses should be fore- most, that they may secure a sale for their trees, and afterwards for the seed to raise the worms. — If these establishments, or some of them, should take the lead, it would not only subserve their in- terests greatly, but they might become, in time, the head quarters for information, and for the in- troduction of gradual improvements and perfec- tion. Such well regulated Houses of Industry as those of the city of Boston, and Salem, might dif- fuse benefits in this new undertaking, far and wide over the land. There can be no doubt but indi- viduals who have connexions in Europe, would delight to procure Mulberry seed from the best sill< countries, and also seed of the diflorent kinds ot silk worms, and models of the machines used fof winding and reeling, if they knew before band, where they could consign them, for results of pub- lic diffusiou and usefulness. With great respect, I am your friend and serv't, Ti G. Fessenden, Esq., ? , J. M. G. Edilor of the N. E. Farmer. ) Weston, Ms. Feb. 19, 1S29. FOR THE KEW ENGLAND FARMER. PEAR AND PLUM TREES. Mr Fessenden — You will receive with this cotnmunication, an extract from a letter, received lagt month, from J. Buel, Esq., of Albany, con- taiiing an interesting history of the disease in the Pettr and Plum, which he has witnessed in his part of the country. Comparing the date, when Vol. A^l.— No. 33. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 253 it appeared among us, we shall find it simultane- ous in the different states. If this disease s])rings from a bug or miller, or any other cause, we must leave it to our distinguished entomologist in Mil- ton. This we know, it gives great concern to the reflecting horticulturist, to find his fine trees dying in succession. As for the loss of our plum trees, and destruc- titJn of the fruit, by the curculio, their depredations are now familiar with us ; we expect but little, even with care. However, I think tliey are di- minishing, and hope the time v/ill soon arrive, when a display of this fruit from our gardens, may compare with that, raised last fall, in the fine gar- dens of Albany, Troy, and the vicinity. The dis- ease which aftects the pear trees, commenced here, in 18-26-7. S. G. Perkins, Esq., of Brook- line, lost many trees ; some fine and healthy. Mr Samuei. Wark, of Roxbury, from his fine fruit farm, lost between one and two hundred. This same disease destroyed on his place, a number of pear trees in 1804-5. My garden has likewise more recently suflfered ; and doubtless others in the vicinity. S. D. Dorchester, 20th Feb. 1829. Albanxj, Jan. 26, 1829. Dear Sir — Your favor of the 16th inst. catne duly to hand. In replying to your inquiries, I must premise, that being comparatively a novice in gardening, and many of my trees not having come into a bearing state, I shall not be able to give the ample description yoii desire. Schuyler^s Gage. This has not borne with me, though I have eaten it at Mr Dennison's. I tliink it is one of our latest plums, under medium size, round, and of a greenish yellow color. If my re- collection serves me it is sometimes called the white damson. Royal Blues are the same, I think, as the Foth- eringiiam. I ate this fruit some years ago, at the late Chancellor Livingstoji's, on the 16th Jidy, under the name of the Orleans. It is a pretty large fruit, oblong shape, and blue color— tree thrifty. Mr Dennison thinks with me that it is a Fothcringhara, though Loudon describes the Foth- eringliam as of a dark red color. A fine pUun. Bketker's Gage is a fine large yellow iilum, raised originally from a Jjit brought from Ger- many, and ■ presented to the lalace the flowers in scalding water, deep enough to cover about one third of the length of tlic stem, and by the time the water has become cold, the flowers will be- come erect and fresh ; then cut oft' the clodded ends, and init them into cold water. — Patriot. NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Feb. 27, 1829. JVEW ENGLAND FAIIMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, FEB. 27, 1829. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. At a meeting beld at the oflice of Zebedee Cook, Jr, in this city, on Tuesday last. Gen. 11. A. S. Dearborn, after a few pertinent remarks upon the objects of the meeting, proposed its organiza- tion. The Hon. John Lowell was appointed Mod- erator, and Zeeedee Cook, Jr, Secretary. The meeting then proceeded to choose a Com- mittee of three for the purpose of preparing' a Con- stitution to present to the Society at an adjourned meeting, to be called by the Chairman of the satne, when they should be ready to report. A Committee consisting of five was ajipointed to procure subscribers. Books for this pui pose are opened at the New England Farmer oflice, and at the oflice of the Secretary, 7 1-2 Congress street, where all who are so inclined, are invited to call and sign their names. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr, Scmtanj. Boston, Feb. 24, 1S29. MR TIDD'S NEW VARIETIES OF POTA- TOES.* The importance of the potato as fijod for man and beast is so generally appreciated tluit any at- tempt to improve the fjuality of that veget;iblc will, no doubt, be considered interesting by the agricultural part of the counnunity. In England, we are told, the farmers hold it to be indispensably necessary to renew their potatoes from the top seed once in fourteen or fifteen years, to prevent their degeneracy, both as respects quantity and quality. The Essex ./Igricultural Society have granted premiums for raising potatoes from seed, and a report on that sifljject, signed by the lato Col. PicKERijjG, chairman of a connnittee of that society was published in the A'ew England Farmer vol. vi. p. 98. By the abovementioned report it appears that Mr Daniel Putimni of Danvers, and Mr Daniel Burnham of Newbury port, presented, at the Essex Cattle Show in 1827, various samples of potatoes, grown in 1827, produced from seeijs taken fron: the green balls in the autumn of 1825, and sown in the spring of 1826. It is further stated, that " To prevent any mixture of tlie different sorts it was necessary that the product from each single seed should be kept by itself; and that this pro- duct of cacii sort, ])lanted in the spring of the succeeding year shoidd also be kept separate from every other sort. These precautions were duly *See Iho last No. of the N. E. Farmer, p. 242. observed by Mr Putnam and Mr Burnham, and each of them now exhibited satisfactory proof of their success. They selected the best of the vari- ous sorts they had cultivated. The superior sort of Mr Putnam's was red, and in shape and ap- pearance exactly resembled the \oug red or River Plate potato ; but was incomparably better, being very mealy and finely flavored. One single seed- ling plant of 1826 produced only four small pota- toes; but these four, planted the last May, each one in a hill, in good groimd, yielded half a bushel, or a half peck to each hill. "Of Mr Buruham's best sort (they were white) two potatoes grown from one seed in 1826, and planted about the middle of last May (1827) yield- ed ten pounds of potatoes, some of them very large, and all of exceflent quality, being very mealy and finely flavored. " The merits of these two sorts of potatoes, ' taking thein for all in all,' ap]jeared so equal that to do equal justice to the two claimants, the com- nuttce decided to blend the different premiums and divide the same equally between them. " Tiie committee have reason to think that as the potatoes of the sccona year's growth from the seed, appeared to be superior in texture and flavor Uo the small seedling potatoes of the first year, so the product of the third year may bo superior to that of the second. " The seeds are thus saved. In autumn, or whenever the potatoes are ripe, some of the green balls are collected ; and the pulp being soft, tbey are mashed by hand, and by washing them in sev- eral waters, the seeds are "separated and made clean. These being well dried, ayi: savej till seyd time in the ensuing spring, a.id then sown in drills, in the manner m wlii^h garden seeds are sov/n. The most vigorous plants when four or five inches high, may be transplanted to another bed, at the distance of a foot from each other. Or the smal- ler plants growing between the best may be pulled up ; leaving the best about a foot apart, In order that the product of each plant may be kept by it- self. It will doubtless be expedient to sow seeds fi-om the best sorts of potatoes the experimenters can obtain." It appears to us that Blr Tidd's mode of obtain- ing seedling potatoes is to be preferred to any other modes of which we have seen any account, in the following modifications of his process, viz: In planting the balls or pieces of the balls instead of ])lanting the seeds merely. Nature designs that the pul|), or nutritious mattei", contained in or con- stituting what botanists denominate the pericarp of the seed, shall furnish nutriment to the young jilant, while yet in embryo, and before it obtains the organs and the vigor necessary to enable it to draw nourishment from the soil. It has been re- connnendcd to plant peaches whole instead of the kernels ; and apple seeds are said to succeed the better for being sown with the pomace in which thoy are enveloped, when taken from a cider-mill. Dr Darwin observes in his Phytolo^Ut, that " To sow seeds advantageously, it is probable, that those of onr iiative plants might be suffered to drop on the surface of the earth in autumn, or to fall from their parent plant covered only by their deciduous leaves, in wliich situation their fruit might contri- bute to nourisli them." And again, " Where the fruit, which surrounds any seeds can be sown with them it may answer some useful piu'pose. Thus the fruit of crabs, quinces, and some hard ])ears will lie all the winter uninjured, covered only with their autumnal leaves, and u, for tlic term of five years, an act for the encouragement of Agrictilture and Manufactures, passed the Massachusetts House of Representa- tives, on the 21st inst. Rail-Roads. — On the 23d inst. the Legislature of Massachusetts resolved, that it is expedient for the state to aid and encourage the construction of railroads, by its funds. The further considera- tion of the sulijcct is postponed to the next session of the Legislature. Extract of Sumac. — From a communication of Ri- chard IF. Otis, Est/., to Dr Samuel L. Mitchell, dated Dec. 20th, 1828, icith a sample of the arti- cle, as prepared in Sicily. This extract contains all the efficient properties of Sumac, used in dying stuffs and yarns, as well as iu tanning skins. It consequently answers the same purposes, and can be substituted to common Sumac in all circumstances. One part of this extract produces as much effect as ten parts of Sumac, and even more, its action being more immediate and )jenetrating. Its qualities j)reserve themselves unchanged, time or age having no effect upon them. This extract occupies one-hundredth part the volume of common Sumac, and its weight is nine- tenths less. It advantages must accordingly be calculated upon thesj proportions, that is to say, in regard to freight, land carriage, warehouse- room, and cost of store rent, &c. A small quantity of tepid water dissolves it. In its application to the arts, that quantity of Vol. VII.— No. 32. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 255 water only is retiuired which is necessary for the immersion of the stutls, tiireatls and skins. Thus, almost all the fuel connnonly used, is saved ; there is a great saving of lahor, and in many instances boilers are unnecessary. When boiling water is not reijuired in certain operations of dying or of lanni^^g, a small kettle may be used, wherein the extracts may be dissolved over the fire, after which it may he poured' out into a wooden vat, which may be filicd*up with the quantity of water wanted. — ^V. Y. Farmer. Alcohol from Blackberries, — Mr Evans lately showed the editor of the Technological Repository a very fuie specimen of pure alcohol which he stated he had distilled from a very common and well known English Vegetable, but which he had never before known ai)plied to this purpose. The alcohol had the flavor of Frencli brandy. Mr Edwards said, that an experiment was now mak- ing on a large scale in North Wales to cultivate the brambles for this j)urpose ; that they readily grew from cuttings planted in a good soil, and which jiroduced fruit the same year. They were to be trained on low frames to prevent them from trailing upon the earth, and the berries were greatly increased in size from the culture. He does not intend to patent his discovery, but to ex- ercise it for the benefit of the public. SEEi>S WIIOI>ESALE AND RETAIL,. For .sale at the Seed Eilaljliohnient, coiuiocU'd vviih the ollicc of ihe New Eiighmd Frtrmer. INo. 5t Nordi Markel Street, Bos- tnn. ihe largest vai iely of seeds lo bo Ibund in New Enghind— ol die erops ofli;2S. The greatest care lias been taken m have them raised hy our most experienced seed fi^rowers, aiu! to have the sorts pet Icclly genuine, 'i'liey are ofiercd (or sale l.y the btihhet. jx.uiu!, or itaper, on favorable terms. Each packn"-e i'>v retail is accompanied with short directions on its mauaffe- meiit. The followino; comprise sonic of our most prominent sorts. Pamphlet catalogues gratis. " '^' ' ^Vhile Cos, or Loaf The State of Ohio has boi-rowed^ue millions of dollars to construct her canals, and it is supposed she will require a few additioiial millions. Capital is not wanting for a good investment. To ConrspcnderitS.—Wc are obliged lo defer this week, <;ome able remarks from a respected correspondent, ou Mr I'ldd's ex- periments on Potatoes, and some other articles. Farm for Sale. In Bedford, 1.5 miles from Boston, on the post road from Lowell lo Concoid, Mass., and one mile from the post road leading through Lexington to Worcester. U contains 80 acres, has 3 pastures, a wood iol of about 8 acres, an iue.thaustihie peat meafi^iw, and about 3G acres of mowing. The dwelling house has two parlors, a large China closet, an excellent kiicii- en, and six chambers, and there are two wells of water. The barn, corn barn, and poultry house, tScc. are in the best order. Ii is 3 miles from Concord, one half mile from Concord river, where is good fishing, and 10 miles from Lowell. The above premises were completoly repaired wiiliin and without last spring. The dwelling house has had three coats of paint in- side and out. It has a southern aspect, several large Elm trees n front, a handsome and extensive fence and circular avenue. 'nquire at the New England Farmer fcjeed Store. A Situaiion Wantedi For a young man and his wife in a private family. 4t fcb27 HuWs Trusses. The undersigned, agent for Doct. Hull, has receiiliy received ajid has lursale, a complete assortment of this useful iiij^lrument, adapted to the relief of persons aftiicled with ruptures if every description, from the adult to the infant, and \\hiehwi|l in all cases where il is required, be fitted and applied with the utmost care. Testimonials relating lo the utility and excellency of this ar- ticle, are abundant, and deposited with the agent, hiat have be- come a mauer of too much ufitoriety, and too well admiited, to need publicitv; as numerous instances of perferi cures have re- sulted from its application. EBENEZLR WKJilT, Milk street, opposite Federal street, Loston. Feb. 27. St Scions of Fine Fruit. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, scions of the Heatheot and L*arilett Pears— cut from bearing trees— the great excellence of these pears is too well known to need com- ment. Fresh Hemp Seed. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market Street, a few barrels of American Hemp Seed, of last year's growth. — Also, one barrel of h^esh Riga Flax Seed, well known to be superior to the common American Flax. Aitirhoh;-, Green Globe Asparj:ds^ true Long Blood Early blood 'J'urnip Early White Scarcity French Sugar, or Amber Orange Green, (for soups, »kc.) Borecole -^/■oco/f, Early Wliiie Early Purple Large Cape Bntssds Spronls Cabbage, Early York Early Dutch Early Sugarloaf Early Lon. Batlersca Early Emperor Early Wellington Large Bergen, &:c. Large Cape Savoy Large Scotch Large Geeen Glazed Large Late Drumhead Tree, or 1000 headed Green Globe Savoy Red Dutch Yellow Savoy Turnip Rooted, &c. Russian Late Imperial Lale Sugarloaf Cardoon Carrots, Altringham Earlv Horn, (for table) Blood Red Lemon Long Orange Caul/Jlmv^r, Early and Lale C€lei-y, Will to solid Rose colored solid Italian Celeriac.or turnip rooted CItirvU C/i ires Com Si'/ad, or Vottlkost Cress, Curled or Peppergrass Broad leaved or Garden Water Cucumber. Early Frame Early Green Cluster Short Prickly Long Prickly Long Green Turkey Long White Turkey Long White Spined Small Girkin, ^^c. Egg Plant, Purple White Endive, Green While Curled Broad leaved Batavlan Garden Burnet Garlic i^t'fts Indian Corn, (several varieties) Purple curled Gicen curled Scotch Lee/:, Loiitlon Large Scotch Lettuce, Early Curled Silesia Large Green head Royal Cape (fine) Lnperin! Hardy Green ' Brown Dutch Grand Admiral Tennisball.or Rose Drumhead M?gjium Bonum Cos Bai'li Cos Ice Cos Green Cos Melon, Pine Apple Green Citron Persian Nutmeg Large Cantelenpo Pomegranate, or JMusk Carolina Water Long Island Water Apple seeded Water 3T'jiJci-am Mus'ord, White and Brown Nasturtinni Mangel IVurtzel Okra Onions, Potato Tree White Portugal Yellow Large Red Pur^/'T/, Siberian Dwatf Curled Curled or Double Parsnip, Large Dutch swelling Peas, Early Washington Early double blossomed Early Frame Early Golden Hotspur Early Charlton Early Strawberry Dwarf Dwarf Bkio Imperial Dwarf Blue Prussian Dwarf Spanish, or Fan Dwarf ftl arrow fat Dwarf Sugar Matchless. orTf.1! I^I-jtow Knight's Tall Marrow Tali Crooked pod Sugar Peppers, Long or Cayenne Tomato, or Squash Cherry, (West India) Pumpkins. Fine Family Connecticut Field Mammoth Radish, Early Frame Short top Scar'ct Long Salmon "'Purple S'.iori Top Long white,or Naples Cherry Violet colored White Turnip Rooted Black Fall or Spanish Rhubarb Roots, (for tarts) Rufa Bag a Salsafi/,Qv vegetable oyster Sea Kale Skirret Saffron Spinach, New Zealand Prickly, or Fall Roundleaved summer Sac^e Squash, Early bnsli summer LongCrnok Neck Vegetable Marrow Acorn &c. Tonwios Titrnips,ear^y white Dutch Early Garden Siouc While Flat, or Globe Large Eng Norfolk Long Tankard Long Yellow French Y'ellovv Maltese Yellow A berdeen Yellow vSlone Yellow Swedish Dedhani Thyme — Sweet Basil — Bone- set — Lavender — Rosemary — Hvss"p — Wormwood — Sem- Savory. — Penny royal — Spikenard — Dill — Eahn—Tan- sy — Bene, &c. Seeds for Countnf Dealers, Traders in the country, wlio mav wirh to keep an assortment of Gart'cn Seeds for sale, are inlbrmed they can be furnished at the New England Farmer oftice, No.5'i North Market street, iJoston, wrih boxes coiuainlng a complete asvortment of the seetis mostly u.sed in a kitchen garden, on a>> tavorable terms as they can be purchased Jii this country, neatly done up in small papers, at G a.id 12 cents each — warranted to be of the growth of Iti'JS, and of tlie pure-k qi'alUy. Oknamkntal Flower Skkds will be added on the same terms, when ordered, as wel as Peas, Beans, Early White Sweet Corn, &c, of dif- ferent sorts. \SZr 'Fhe Seeds vended at this eslabllslnnent, are put up on a new plan this year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and packed in the neatest style. — Traders are requested lo call and examine for them* selves. Fptf Jail. 23. For Sale, In the southeasterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, conta'.ning about 120 acres, consisting of every kind of land that is desu-able to the enterprising farmer, a large portion ( of which is of the first quality, having a consLant stream cf water » running through It; and the" land is so situated thai a number of acres are capable of irrigation. On the premises is an upright two story House, with four rooms on the floor, in good repair ; a large Barn, SO by 30, autl in common seasons is filled with good hay. 7'heie are also on the farm, good Orchards, a part of which are in ilieir prime ; together with an abundance of Wood, the best of white oak, fit lor wheelwrights' use, or for ship timber. There are few farms capable of more improve- ment, or which can be carried on at less expense. The place will be sold at a fair price, with or without llin stock and uten- sils, at the election ol liie purchaser. The payments made easy and accommodating, and possession may be had on delivery of the doed. For further particulars, please inquire of Wilmam Drafer. Esq. of Marlborough, of Bknjamin Welh of Ros- bury, or of Samuel H. We:-d, on the premises, Jan. 16. PRICi:S OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. Farmer If anted. A steady, faithful man Is wanted to take charge of a farm i . Newton— apply to J. B. Russell, New England Farmer Seed POTATOS, Store. ' CIDER, [according lo quality,] APPLES, best, - - - - ASHES, pot, first sort, - Pearl, first sort, - - - BEANS, white, - - - - BEEF, mess, . - - Cargo, No. 1, Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, inspected. No. 1, new, - CHEESE, new milk, _ - - - Skimmed milk, FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - Genesee, - . - - Rye, best, ^ - . - GRAIN, Corn, . . - . Rye, - . . . Barley, . _ - _ Oats, - . . - HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME. PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, clear, . - . . Navy, mess, Cargo, No. 1, . _ SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, - - - Rye Grass, . - - Tall Meadow Oats Gra.ss, - Red Top - - . - Lucerne, . - - . White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Beet, - Mange! Wurtzel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - Merino, full blood, unwashed, Meihio, three Joui'ths washed, Merino, hr.if &. quar'.er washed Native, washed, - - - Pulled, Lamb's, first sort. Pulled, I^amb's, second sort, Pulled, " spinning, first sort, \ barrel 1 ton. ibushel, 'barrel. pound barrel. bushel pound cask. ton. barrel. bushel pound. FROM TO 3 OOi 3 73 130 00 \35 00 130 00,135 00 80| 1 n 10 1)0 10 50 8 5o: 7 60 14' 71 9 00, 9 00' 9 00 7 7-5 \6 y 3 9 12 9 25 G3 65 75 80 70 30 38 9 85 00 3 00 16 00 16 50 13 00 13 25 13 00 13 25 !! CO 2 50 3 00 4 00 400 400 1 00 50 50 8 10 1 .W 1 50 35 48 22 26 30 35 2o 33 S!.! 28 37 41 SJ.T .30 311 33 PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVKRT WEEK 1!¥ MR. HJVWARD. (Cle:-k of Famuil-lmll Market.) I'.nEF, best pieces, - - - PORK, fre.^h, besi piece.*;, whole hogs, VEAL, MUTTON, .... rOIJLTKV, .... BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lump, best, EGG.S, MEAL, Rye. retail, . Indian, retail, pound. 10 12 11 it 5 3 " 5 7 " 5 ■c it 2 TO " 8 12 " 14 20 20 dozen. 20 22 bushel. It 70 70 SO barrel. 2 00 SSO 256 NEW ENGLAND FARMEU,. Feb. 27, IS'29. r,f T S C E L L A N I E S. SELECTED FOR THE HEW ENlStAKD FAKHER. AGRICULTURE. " Hail/Agriculturc ! by whose parent aid The deep Ibundatious of llieso Stales are ibid j The seeds of greatness by thy hand are sown, These shall mature with thee and time alone." LAW, PHYSIC, AND POETRY, A LOT- TERY. " What but a Lottery is the law. Whose Lawyers all the Prizes draw. Their clients give them many thanks, For privilege lo draw the Blanks." " Physicians manage Lotterywise, Here death 's the Blank— and health the Prize; And 'lis a truth, which most men feel, There *s but few Phizes in llje wheel." '■' M^hat hopes can slarv'ling" poets feel, When there 's no Pkizes in the wheel, For should they draw the phantom fame, 'Tis but a Blank — an empty name." From Good's Book of Nature. VENTRILOQUISM. Lewis Brabant, valet Je chambre of Francis I. of France, v.as a skilful ventriloquist ; anil fell desperately in love with a young, beaiiliful, and very wealthy heii-ess, whose father forbade his ad- dresses in consequence of the disparity of his con- dition. After the decease of her father, Brabant, unsubdued by the first repulse, determined to make another push, and to call to his aid, if ne- cessarj', the art of ventriloquism. He accordingly waited on the mother, and once more stlbmitted his jiroposals. But faithfid to the views of her deceased husband, slie gave him a direct refusal. While in the act of so doing, a low, hollow, sepulchral voice was heard by her- self, and by all present, and which was instantly recognised as the voice of the deceased, command- ing the widow to give her daughter's baud to Lew- is Brabant, v.-liom the spirit affirmed he now knew to be a worthy and an excellent man, and much wealthier than he had taken him to be when alive ; adding, at the same time, that he was suffering in purgatory for having ill-treated, by his refusal, so exemplary a man ; and that he would not be re- leased till bis widow had consented. All was mute astonishment ; but Brabant ap- peared more astonished than the rest. He mod- estly observed that whatever his merits might be, he had no idea that they were worthy of being commemorated by a voice from tiie grave ; but nothing could give him more pleasure than to be made the happy instrument of e.\tricating the old gentleman from the pains of purgatory, which it seemed he was suffering on his accotmt. There was no doubt as to the voice ; no time was to be lost ; the mother and the whole family immedi- ately assented, and Lewis Brabant had the honor of receiving their commands to speedily prepare for the nuptials. To prepare for the nuptials, money was neces- .sary; but Brabant was destittite of such an article. He resolved to try whether the same talent which had obtained for him the promise of a wife, might not also obtain for him the money wanted. He recollected that there lived at Lyons an old miser, M. Cornu, who had accumulated immense wealth by usurj' and extortion, and whose conscience ap- peared often uneasy in consequence of the means which he had used" ; and he thought that Cornu was the very character that might answer his pur- pose. To Lyons, therefore, be went, post haste, com- menced an immediate acquaintance with Cornu, and on every interview took care to contrast the pure happiuess enjoyed by the i;an whose con- science could look back, like M. Cornu's, as he was jdeased to say, on a life devoted to acts of charity and benevolence, with the horrors of the wretch who had amassed heaps of wealth by in- justice, and whose tormented mind only gave him now a foretaste of what he was to expect here- after. The miser w^s always ready to change the conversation ; but Brabant pressed it upon him, till finding, on one occasion, that he appear- ed more agitated than ever ; and at that instant a low, hollow, solemn, sepulchral mutter was heard as in the former case, which was found to be the voice of Cornu's father, who had been dead some years, and which declared him to have passed all this time in the toitures of purgatory, from which he had just now learned that nothing could free him but his son's paying 10,000 crowns into the hands of Lewis Brabant, then with him, for the purpose of redeeming Christian slaves from the hands of the Turks. All was unutterable astonishinent ; but Lewis Brabant was the most astonished of the iwo : modestly declared that now for the first time in his life, he was convinced of the possibility of the dead holding conversation with the living : and admitted that, in truth, he had been employed in redeeming Christian slaves from the Turks. The mind of tiie old miser was distracted with a thousand contending passions. He was sus- picious without apparent cause ; filial dutyprompt- ed him to rescue his father from the abode of mis- ery : but 10,000 crowns was a large sum even for such a pi^rpose. At length he adjourned till the next day to meet in another place. He re- quired time to examine into this mysterious affair, and he wished, as he said, to give his father an opportunity of trying whether he could not bar- gain for a smaller sum. They accordingly met the next daj^, and agree- able to Cornu, on an open common in the vicinity of Lyons, where there was neither a house, nor a wall, nor a tree, nor a bush, that could conceal a confederate. No sooner, however, had they met than the old miser's ears were again assailed with the same hideous and sepulchral cries, iipraiding him for having suffered his fatlicr to remain fur 24 hours longer in the torments of purgatory ; de- nouncing that, unless the ileiiiand of the 10,000 crowns was instantly complied with, the sum would be doubled ; and tliat the miser himself would be condemned to the same doleful regions, and to an increased degree of torture. Cormi moved a few paces forward, but was assailed with still louder shrieks: he advanced again, and now instead of bearing his father's voice alone, he was assailed witli the dreadful outcry of the whole Cornu family for the last two or three generations, all suifering in purgatory, and all included ia the general contract of 10,000 crowns ; all beseech- ing him to have mercy on them, and to have mercy on himself. Cornu cotild not resist the threats and outcries of so many, instantly ptiid the 10,000 crowns into the hands of Lewis Brabant, and felt some pleasure that by postponing the pay- ment for one day, he had at least been able to rescue the whole family of Cornus for the same sum of money, as was at first demanded for his father alone. The dextrous ventriloquist having received the money, returned to Paris, intirried his intended bride, and told the whole story to his sovereign and the court, much to their entertain- ment. repartee. When Madam ileinel drew the fashionable worlil to the Opera some years since, by the avow- ed superiority cf her graceful attractions, the then Earl of Harrington, of amorous noloriely, on the morning of her benefit, enclosed her a bank note of 500 pounds, which the herohie sent back with the following reply. " My Lord — 1 could not hesitate a moment in returning the bill you did me the honor of enclos- ing me. If your Lordship meant it as a reward for my 2)ublic performance, it is injinitcly too much — if it is intended as a prelude to any private re- hcarsi'l, it is in my opuiion, as far too little." Y'^ours, &e., Heinel." Pressed Cidinanj Herbs. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. .5^, Norlli Market street, Culinary Herl>s, dried, jiressed, and neatly packetl. in parcels, at the following prices : — Sweet Marjoram, 50 CIS — J^imimor Savory, -5 cts — Thyme, 33 els — Sage. 17 cts — Celerv, {In bottles for soups, &c,) 25 els — Balm, 33 cts — Rose Flowers. gl,0O. epif 1'avern to he Leased. To be leased, that excellent stand for country custom, the Tavi^rn on the Mill Uaiu or Western Avenue, now occupied by rd.ijiir floratio G. Buttrick. It is believed that an active and enterpribiiig man might acquire a fortune by hiring it. Terms, live years lease, with good security — rent IXJO dollars. If not leased Liefore the ~d day of JMarcli next, it w\]\ be let at public auction on that day. at 12 o'clock, M. on tiie premises. Inquire of JOHN LOWELL, Common Street, Boston. F^b no. 2i Farmer f I anted. A faithful man is wanted to take charge of a small place in Roxbury, comprising a garden, orchard, A:c. JtT It must be expressly understood that no ardent spirits will be allowed on the place. Persons \\ ho are unvvrlJing to ac- cede to this, need not make application to the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 Norlli .Market St. Boston. Assorted Seeds for Families. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed .Store small boxe:> of assorted Seeds lor Kitchen Gardens. Each box cojitains a package? of the following Seeds : Early Washington Peas Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Late Marrowfat Peas Early Rlohawk Dwarf siring Boans China Dwarf siring and shell Beans ■ Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Long Blood Beet Early Turnip-rooted Beet Early York Cabbage Large late Drumhead Cabbage Cape Savoy Cab Bed Dutch Cabbage (for pick- ting) Early Horn Carrot Long Orange Carrot White Solicl Celery Curled Cress Early Cucumber Early Silesia Lettuce Long Dutch Parsnip Large Cabbage Lettuce Long Green 'Pnrkey Cucunibei" Pino-apple Melon Long, or Round V\'alermelon Nastuilium Large White Onion Large Red Onion Curled Parsley Flat Squash Pepper Rarly Scarlet, Short-top Radish White Turnip Radish .Salsaly Early Bush .Squash Farly White Dutch Turnip White Flat Turnip Yellow Stone Turnip Winter Crook-neck Squash. POT HERB SEEDS. Thyme — Sage — Marjorum. The above list, it will be seen, comprises all the common ve- getables, besides several new varieties of recent introduction, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is warranted of the very first quality, as to freshness and purity. Each box contains directions for the management of the diilerent sorts. Price §3 per box. Published every Friday, at §3 per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within sixly d.nys from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents. Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts A: Co.— by whom all (lescriplious of Printing can'be executed to meet the wishes of customers. Orders lor printing received by J. B. Russell, at ihe Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North Market Street U ' i ■■{)•■ ^ i^ii ICj J^i^ o Puhlished by John B. Russell, at Mi. 52 M>rth Market Street, (at the Agricvltxiral Warehouse). — Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FllIDAY, MARCH 6, 1829. No. 33. AGRICULTURE. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. MR TIDD'S EXPERIMENTS OF RAISING NEW VARIETIES OF POTATOES FROM SEED. Mr Tidd deserves the thanks of the friends of agriculture, for tlie care, accuracy, and extent of his experiment in producing nowvarieties of pota- toes from seed — and t'.ie i^ublic are not less deep- ly indebted to him for the clear, and satisfactory account which he has given of his experiment. I think that he may dismiss a great portion of his fears, and embarrassments as to the future course of carrying his experiments into full effcxt. He may be assured, that there is not the great dan- ger whicli he seems to apprehend in the confusion of the new varieties which he lias introduced by seed. If the potato ever degenerates by intermix- ture of the tubers, which is doubtful, he may rely upon it that it is an exception, and not a general law. I was sorry to find that the discovery of a single mixed potato should have led him to add the weight of his opinion to a doctrine, which it is be- lieved is entirely unfounded. No man has a greater contempt for mere theory than I have on subjects of natural history, njion which, we have so many op|)ortunities of trying theory by its only true standard, experience. If the potato is subject to intermixtures by being planted near together, then the laws of nature have been always suspended on my estate for ti.e last twenty years. I never planted a single field of potatoes without two or more distinct varieties — the rows of course have interlaced each other — in some cases I have planted two varieties pro- miscuou.sly — two early varieties have been thus planted for ten or tweWe successive years, with- out producing a single mule or mongrel. If it be asked how this fact is ascertained .-' I reply, by the roots, and by the foliage flowers. The two vari- eties referred to difier in the shape and in th(' color of the roots, but the diflierence in the foliago and flowers is equally great. I determined the last year to separate them and I marked one variety when in flower. When the roots vyere taken up sepa- rately I had the two varieties as pure as they were ten ynrs before. It is not now recol'ected that any European writers have believed in this ten- dency of the potato to degenerate hy intermix- ture, but tho iact may be otherwise. One of the benefits to be derived from a horti- cultural association will I hope he the settling some of those doubts which have a mischievous efteet on cultivation. So confident do I feel that the potato does not hybridize by planting dif- ferent sorts contiguously, that I propose that -50 hills of potatoes shall be planted under the direc- tion of a committee of the proposed society, and the product gathered under their inspection — that each bill shall contain four potatoes most distinct in color and shape, and if there shall be one hy- brid or mule produced, I will give 50 dolhirs to the smtioty to be distributed in premiums. But it .should be understood that the supposed mongrel, mule, or hybrid, shall be replanted, and shall be jby the same committee, at the end of tne second I In Cook's book we have the following descrip- ycar, pronounced to be a new variety, or, in i tion of " A Witch-Elm in Sir Walter iiaggots' other words that its change is constant, and materi- al. Sports in color occur in every sort of natural production, and I have often seen a white stripe in a red potato without any apparent cause — and without any permanent change. Roxbury, Feb. 24. A FARMER. FOR THE MEW ENGLAND FARMER. ANCIENT GARDENING. Mr Fessenden — I have had the curiosity late- ly to peruse a work entitled The Art of Garden- ing, by J. Woolridge, printed in London in 16S8, and another on Forest Trees, by Moses Cook, London 1675. I wished to coinpare the old method of cultivation with the improved systems of t'.ie present day. As might be expected all the advantage is in favor of the very valuable system puhlished by you the last year, which I hope and trust is in general circulation. Woolridge thus eulogises the art of gardening. "Since gardeuing was the first and best vocation, And Adam (whose all are by procreation) Was the first Gard'ner of the world, and ye Are the green shoots of hiin the original tree : Encourage then this innocent old trade, Ye uoblc souls that were from Adam made ; So shall the Gard'ner's labor better bring To his country profit, pleasure to his king." I searched with the hope of finding something relative to the subject of my favorite insects, the bees, but at that period, our fathers were uiiae- quainted with any method by which they could ODtain the honey vvithput deijtroying the be>s. — Their irietliod was to suffocate the industrious in- sects, by the fumes of burning brimstone, which differs but little from that of skinning a favorite horse for his liide. The author noticed one in- stance of culpable selfishness in a man who pois- oned all the flowers in bis garden, lest his neigh- bor's bees should extract honey from them. I was amused with a paragraph designated, " an ingen- ious method of destroying caterpillars." It is first to apply a ring of tar round the trunk of the tree, then suspend among the branches a bag full of ants, having an aperture for their escape. As thej' are prevented from coming down the tree by the ring of tar, the unhappy inserts will in a few days Park. " Two men five days in felling it. It lay forty yards in length. The stool five yards two feet over. Fourteen loads of wood brake in the fall. Forty-eight loads in the top. Eighty thousand six hundred and sixty feet of boardi and plank. Eighty pair of naves were made from it. It cost ten pounds seventeen shillings for sawing. The whole substance was conceived to be ninety-seven tons. It was felled in the year 1674. " Reader, if thy faith hold out, read on ; But if you find you can 't believe, be gone: For with more case a man might undertake To bring brute bear unto the fatal stake, ' Than him to teach, whose inlidelily Does demonstraUon, reason, truth defy." Cook. The author closes his long chapter on the Oak, with the following eulogium. " O stately tree ! who right can speak thy praise. Doth well deserve the laurel or t'.ie bays. Ask but our Thames what burdens thou hast bore Of gold and silver fine, aod in their ore. Of Rubies, Diamonds, and Pearles most rare. With others, v.bich past valuation are : Of silks anil sattins fine to clothe the back ; Of wines, Italian, French, and Spanish Sack : Of spices, fruits, and many a rich dye, Tosausfy and feas* the cuiest eye : Of ma^ticlV,' myrrh, auJ i.iai.y a rich gum ; Aloes, and drugs which from the Indies come. Ho who loves this thy burden, and not thee. He deserves never to be worth one tree." Plymouth, Feb. 1829. MEDICUS. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. QUERIES ON FRUIT, &.c. Mr EniToii — I wish for information on several subjects through the medium of your useful paper. First ; as I have several thrifty, handsome bodied pear trees, which now jjioduce very poor fruit, I wish to know whether they can be engrafied or inoculated with good success. I have thought of cutting off the tops of the trees, and engrafting The trees are about 25 or 30 years be com])elled bv the want of food, to feast upon i the caterpillar^^ and thus annihilate the whole | the limbs. tribe. Now, Mr Editor, which should be our 'old, and eight or ten inches m diameter at the choice, to spend a few days in the early part of trunk. the season in our orchard, and destroy the cater- i Secondly. I wish to know whether quince pillars with Pickering's brush, and hy crushing I scions will grow and come to maturity on apple them and their eggs, or to tar our trees, and then ; tree stocks. If they will, I wish to know the best spend some weeks in catching bags of ants, for a large orchard would require at least a bushel, and several yards of canvas for bags, and then compel the ])0or creatures by starvation to wage an ex- terminating warfare with the caterpillars ? Yon have imiformly recommended to your readers to bo made to flourish or not, as mme at present are time for cutting tiie scions ; also the best time to engraft them. Thirdly. I transplanted in the spring of 1824, an orchard on the same ground where an old one had decayed. I wish to know whether they can practise the former method, and assured them of success. By that method I have within a few years past almost entirely exterminated the eater- pillar tribe from a large orchard, and at the ex- (jense of very little time or trouble. not in a very thrifty comlition. 1 want to know, likewise, the best manner to cultivate the orchard, and the best kind of manure to put round the f any at all. If any person will take the trees. trouble to give me information on either of the 258 NEW ENGLAND m FARMER, March 6 1829. subjects above mentioned, it will very much obhge a young and inexperienced person. Yours with respect, A SUBSCRIBER. Taunton, Feb. 21, 1829. Remarks hy the Editor. — We shall briefly ans- wer some of our correspondent's queries, and will be obliged to any experienced cultivator, who will furnish hiui with more full and explicit informa- tion relative to the topics of his inquiries. And first with regard to gnifling or inoculating pear trees. Although the general rules for proi)agating tlie apple tree may be applied to the pear tree, we will give Dr Thacher's directions on the sub- ject. " The propagation of particular species of the pear tree is efl^ected by grafting or budding, and by this method any desired variety may be obtained and perpetuated. Considerable attention is necessary in the choice of scions for grafting. Suckers from other trees should never be emjiloy- ed, as they will have a constant tendency to gen- erate suckers ta the injury of the tree. It should be observed to graft or bud summer pears upon summer pear stocks ; autumn pears upon stocks of the same kind ; but never graft a winter pear upon a summer jjear stock, for the sap of the sum- mer pear will decline or diminish before the win- ter fruit has sufficient time to mature and rij)en. The season for grafting or budding, and the man- ner of performing the operation are the same as for the apple. The i)ear tree will succeed very well when grafted on a quince ; in which case it is preferable to graft under ground in the root, as the tree will be more strong and vigorous ; where- as if grafted above the surface the produce will be a dwarf tree." If it is intended to engraft the whole or the greater part of the limbs of trees of a considerable size, care should be taken not to cut off all the branches at once, but leave some of the lateral branches to draw up the sap till another seasoij, as occasion may require ; otherwise the trees will die for want of a proper ])roportion being i>re- served between the roots and branches. With regard to grafting quince tree scions on apple tree stocks, we doubt whether a permanent and flourishing union could be efl^ected. Quinces, say the writers, may be increased by grafting, ci- ther on their own stocks, on pear stocks, or haw- thorn stocks. But we doubt whether there is a sufficient degree of affinity between the quince and apple tree to unite them beneficially by graft- ing. Modern botanists consider the quince tree, and the apple tree as belonging to distinct genera. The apple is a pyras, the quince a cydonia. They are, however, of the same family, and probably, may be made by grafting or inoculation, to form a temporary, but not a permanent or flourishing union. Planting fruit trees in the site of an old or- chard, is a practice, which is attended with disad- vantages. Indeed it has licconio )iroverbial that "whfre an old orchard has stood, a young one will not thrive." But, by careful cultivation, and renewing or chnuging the constituents of the soil, about tlie trees, by compost, loam from a neigh- boring field, or other source, and suitable manure a flourishing now orchard may be made on the place where an old one has stood. With regard " to the best manner to cultivate an orchard, and the best manure to put round the trees" to give full information would require a long treatise. Our (lorrespondont may find some condensed information on thi^ subject in the 6th volume of the JVew England Fanner, page 394. — Likewise in Thacher's Orchardist, Forsyth's Trea- tise, Fessenden's TVew Americnn Gardener, SfC. FOR THE NEW ENGl-AND FARMER. CITY AND COUNTRY. Mr Editor — No better proof of the reliance that we of the city, are obliged to place upon the country, can be adduced, than the fact that during the non-intercourse occasioned by the late storm, MILK (that inestimable luxury in life, which is said to be the only article affording both meat and drink to man) became so scarce, that twenty-five cents a quart could have easily been obtained for it. The market, no doubt, experienced a scarcity in other articles for which we are accustomed to look to the husbandman's garner. This shows how entirely dependant the wealthy capitalist is upon the farmer, and how entirely in- dependent the fiirnier is of the capitalist. Let neither then despise this honorable enjploj'inent. The farmer for this exalted characteristic of his occupation, and the capitalist for his incessant ob- ligation to look to it literally for his verv existence. BOSTON. FOR THE NEW ENGLA.ND FARMER. ISABELLA GRAPE. The cultivation of this grape has increased to an unexampleen — If you think She following sy- noptical view of agriculture, partly abstracted from Rozier's Dictionary, would afford amusement, or, what is more desirable, a useful hint to New Eng- land farmers, it is at your service. S, D. Agriculture is the art of cultivating the ground, of fertilizing it, and of causing it to produce the grains, the fruits, the plants and the trees which are subservient to the necessities of man. To this definition shoidd be added, that it embraces also the art of multiplying and of attending to the keep- ing or management of useful aninials, — in fine, it is the first, the most extensive and the most es- sential of all the arts. Theoretical Agriculture ; or, Preliminary JVolices. Soils. Process of Vegetation. Botany. Chem- istry. Implements. Manner of multiplying plants, &c. Transplanting [in quincunx] Pruning ; Graft- ing, &c. Practical Agriculture. Manures taken from the mineral kingdom : mix- ture of soils, sands, lime, plaster of Paris, [gypsum] marl, &c. From the vegetable kingdom : turf, peat, ashes, decayed plants, &c. From the ani- mal : of the horse, cow, sheep, hog, night soil, poultry, horns and piths, bones, &c. Culture of Trees. Forest Trees. — Oak, elm, plane tree, maple, [sugar tree] chesnut, larch, pine, [hemlock, Sec] willows, poplars, &e. Ornamental Trees. — Horse chesnut, lime silia or linden, tulip tree, [liriodendron] locust, catalpa, ailanthus* or taloo tree, Szc. Ornamental Shrubs. — Althea frutex, kalmia or laiu'el, lilac, rose tree, colutca arborescens or bladder sena, holly, mock orange, l>rivet, broom, snow ball or guelder rose, hawthorn, buckthorn, &c. Fi-uit Trees with stones : plum, peach, apricot, cherry. With shells : walnut, filbert, &c. Fruit Trees with seeds : pear, apple, quince, mulberry white and black, grape vine. Culture of Grains. Maize, rye, wheat, barley, buckwheat, oats, spetts. Somewhat farinaceous articles : peas, beans, millet, broom corn, &c. Oily seeds : flax, hemp, sunflower, colzat, benne, ])'j\tpy, ricinus or castor oil plant. Culture of tleshy, plump plants : radish, turnip, ruta ba"ga, potato, sweet potato, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, &c. Meadows. Artificial : clover, lucerne, sainfoin. Natural : bent, sweet scented vernal grass, orchard, timothy, &:c. Fruit Shrubs and Plants, for Kitchen Garden. — Strawberry, raspberry, currant, gooseberry. Onion Tribe : garlic, onion, cives, shallot, leek, ciboid or Welsh onion, potatoe and tree do. Culture of Cabbage : broccoli, hold rabi. Artichoke. As- paragus. Beet : mangel wurtzel, and sugar beet. Parsnip, Carrot. Salsify, &c. Salads: celery, lettuce, cresses. Pickles: capsicum, nasturtium, cucundier. Medicinal herbs should have place ; and some Jlowcring plants, attractive by their grace- ful foliage, or the rich colors and fragrance of their flowers. Miscellaneous Articles. Hops, poppy for opiimi, teazels. Plants for coloring, &c : madder, woad, indigo, weld. Agricultural Operations. Ploughing, harrowing, hoeing, sowing, reaping, threshing, mowing, hay- making, draining, paring and burning, manuring, fencing, rotation of crops, rolling. Fcmiomical Agriculture, or Rural Economy. — Conservation of grains, fruits, &c. Method of tnaking wine, perry, cider, beer. Manner of mak- ing oil of seeds of flax, sunflower, ])alma christi or castor oil plant, benne, [sesamum] &c. Pre- paration of butter. Manner of maldng cheeses of different sorts. Bees, — their management, taking the honey, &c. Silk JVorms, — their management, &c, &c. * A lall, ornamental tree, of quick growth,^said to yield good coal, — may be cultivated for fuel. Manner of preparing flax, hemp, and even net- tles, for dilTorent uses. The rearing and general management of all sorts of live stock, as cattle, horses, sheep, hogs, poultry, pigeons. So multifarious are the concerns of agriculture. FOR THE NEW ENGLAMU FARMER. REMEDY FOR POISONED SHEEP AND LAMBS. These animals are sometimes poisoned by eat- ing common low laurel, or lamb-poison as it is sometimes called. The cure is very easy and simple, and is as follows : I take an onion and split it in two with a knife ; and put one piece under each fore leg, with the flat side next to the breast. If the animal is so badly poisoned as not to be able to stand on its feet, the onion may be so placed as to remain in its proper situation a sufficient lime ; if not, hold the onion in its place 15 or 20 minutes, which will be Kufficient to effect a cure. I have, sometimes, pounded the onion soft and applied it in that state, which, I think answers quite as good a purpose. I have known and practised the above medi- cine more than 15 years ; and have never known it fail of effecting a cure in a short time, if prop- erly applied, whatever might be the degree of sickness occasioned by eating poison, with this preference over other remedies, viz : The sheep, cured by this method, appear to become as healthy as if they had never been poisoned ; whereas whenever we used clay, oil, grease, &c. they, gen- erally, shed their wool, and sometimes die before shearing time. CARROTS AND PEAS. My method of raising carrots and peas is as fol- lows : I prepare my ground by spreading some good manure, plough it in, and make the ground mellow, by ploughing deep, and several times. I then mark it oiit with a plough, from 3 1-2 to 4 1-2 feet, according to the size of the peas I in- tend to plant ; fill up and level the furrows, so as to lay the ])ens but a little below the common lev- el of the ground (which I think of importance in planting all seeds.) Then plant the peas in double rows, which when covered form a ridge about eighteen or twenty inches wide. Then, by drawing a stick, or some convenient instrument near each edge of the ridges, make a furrow about three-fourths of an inch deep, and drop in the car- rot seed. Then, by shoving a common hoe, length- wise of the fiirrow, cover the seeds, and, in that state leave them to take their chance, only taking care not to entirely destroy them, until the peas have arrived at maturitj', and are fit to gather. — At this time clear oft" the brush and vines, and if convenient plough between the rows with a horse. Hoe, clear out the weeds, and thin the plants to a projier distance. At this time they will appear small and meagre, but will soon change their ap- pearance. By this method I have raised fine car- • rots at little expense, on the same ground on which I raise my peas, I Ijelieve sometimes being equal in value to the crop of peas ; and have my. ground in a much better situation for a crop the next season, than if left for the weeds to grow and bear seed after the peas are ripe, as is the practice with some. JOHN MACOMBER. Weslport, 2d mo, 1829. Pride is as loud a beggar as want, and a great deal more saucy Saville.. 260 An Initiatory Discourse, delivered at Geneva, 27//i JVovember, 1828, btfure an assembl;i,from WMch, on thai dill/, was formed the Domestic Horticullural Society of the iveslerii jiarts of the slule of J^ew York. By Mtron Hoi.ley, Esq. friends and Felloiv Citizens : The impulse which has brought together, at this place, so iiitelligent and respectable an assem- bly, aft'orJs a happy omen for the instiiiitioii here intenJeil to he formed. We are now making the first attempt, in tliis ^ icinity, to associate numbers in the work of informing, refining and extending a ta^te for horticulture. And, while it is natural for all of us who delight in the beautiful and use- ful productions of the garden, and the orchard, to rejoice in this public manifestation of favor for the cultivation of them, it may be both agreeable and appropriate to introduce the more specific business of this address, by some references to the past. Forty years ago the country which we now oc- cupy in such full and secure enjoyment, presented a widely different scene. Then, the wealth of nature, so profusely lavished upon this goodly re- gion, lay all secluded and luivalued. In vain our plains teemed with fertility, our streams ri[ipled over their declivities, and our lakes stretched their beautiful surfaces along the most safe and accessi- ble shores. The rude and imbroken forest ; the wild and lonely waters, covered and concealed everything, and the whole land was shared by the • deer, the bear, the wolf, and the panther, with the savage man, who hunted, and fished, and fought, and suffered in it, but who could not piopeily be deemed either to possess, or to enjoy it. The Fathers of the Genessce Country are not yet mentioned witli the same emphatic respect which accompanies every allusion to the veneja- ble pilgrims of Plymouth ; but by their high prac- tical virtues, by 'heir brave enterjjrise, their under- going fortitude, aiul their prevailing faith, they in-oved themselves to be truly derived from tlie same stock. Since the date of their bold advance into the wilderness, we have become so familiar with new NEW ENGLAND FARMER, March 6, 1829. torus of dissolution under the old confederation. Such wsre some of the repidsive circumstances under which the small band of our adventurous predecessors, in the fall of 1788, and, in this very spot, first planted that broad and spreading tree of life, which, by so many and such vigorous branch- es, now adorns and gladdens the land. With what unshrinking resolution, with what bold hope, did they sustain themselves ! The character of their undertaking, in their own estimate, included much privation and personal hazard. These they met with wary prudence and manly firmness Continual and unmitigated labor they expected, and cheerfully encountered. , They were often subjected to hunger without food ; to sickness without the aid of nurse or physician, and to bloodshed from the savage. But they had great and beneficent objects, and they succeeded. The civil and social good which they intended, is made certain. And though they had to struggle much, and to endure much, they also enjoyed much. No associations among men create stronger ties of friendly regard than those which necessarily exist between the first adventurers into new and dangerous settlements. And the sincerity and constancy of this regard, in respect to real enjoy- ment, often makes up, and more than makes up, for all the loss of ease, and luxury, and formal courtesy, which are usually found in long estab- lished, populous, and wealthy conmiunities. This was eminently the joy of our predecessors. But this was not all their joy. Their spirits were per- petually refreshed by glowing anticipations of the future. They knew the importance of their exer- tions. They labored, and suffered, in perfect as- surance that they were laying the foundation of the great blessings which we enjoy, and of yet greater blessings to come. And like affectionate Fathers, they rejoiced in the foreseen joy of their descendants. And now, if in the land of their hopes,lheir trials, and their toils, the most useful and creative arts have set u|) their dominion, and are already ex- ibiting their most desirable trophies : if Agricul- Bettlements growing prosperously and secure, that ture has placed her axes, her ploughs, and her we can hardly estimate the disregard of ease, and all the soft enjoyments of life, which they must necessarily have entertained. For, since that pe- riod, what transformations have we witnessed ! — How far beyond us the tide of cultivated popula- tion has flowed ! How many new and powerfid states have been founded, in place of the gloomy woods, and their fierce ])Ossessors ! Then, the In- dian title to our countr)' was lirst extinguished, though it still remained in full and acknowlsdgeil force, to an extensive territory between us and the nearest limits of civilization. Then, a foreign nation, recently at war with ours, was in posses- sion of all the military posts within our limits, as well as its own, upon our northern frontier; where it kept strong garrisons, and maintained an inter- course with the Indian tribes which inflamed their barbarous [)ro])eiisities towards om- citizens. And the Indiaus themselves, having been arrayed on the side of our enemy, in the same war, and having seen their crops destroyed, their orchards cut down, and their dwellings given to the flames by our successful soldiery, were unusually prone to vengeance. Then, too, our own government was notable to interpose the ample shield of its estab- lished power, for the protection of the dissevered settlements of hs remote interior; for it was tot- tering with debility, and showed frightful symp- flails into the strongest hands for our advance- ment, and made the fertility of our plains to fill in- numerable granaries : if Manufacture, with her wheels, her lathes, and her spindles, has alreatly jteopled the banks of our streams, and is rapidly drawing all the weight of their waters into our service : if Internal Trade, with her hosts of ac- tive, clear-sighted, and diligent agents, is filling our lakes with her various and ingenious craft : Then, while with devoted homage, and pious gratitude, we ascribe the praise and glory of these results to our Heavenly Father, let us also often recall, to the most respectful memory, the distinguished men who first opened the great theatre on which they are dis])layed. Holding such views of the character and de- serts of those who have gone before us, and de- siring the continued advancement of the country which they left us, so exid)erant in the bounties of physical nature, and so replete with all the substan- tial comforts, and many of the elegancies of life, some of us have supposed that a Horticultural So- ciety might 1)0 rendered one of the ineans of its further improvement. And, conscious that such an institution would increase our Own enjoyment of one of the most appropriate and delightful of human occupations, we gave the notice which has been the occasion of this assembly. Horticulture is the most ancient of the useful arts. It was tlie great employment assigned to man by his omniscient Creator, before guilt had invaded his heart, or sorrow had wrinkled his brow. In the first freshness of the world, as it was called into being, clothed with every ornament of which it was susceptible, when every herb and tree that grew u|)on it, every bird that flew in its air, every fish that swam in its waters, and every animal that walked upon its earth, was pronounced, by perfect Wisdom, to be " very good," — then a Carden was the crown of its attractions, and " to dress it, and to keep it," was an employment wor- thy of its only rational inhabitants. An employment suitable to the jjure enjoyments of Paradise before the fall, has always been es- teemed useful and desirable since. And it is prob- able that Adam, after he was sent forth from the garden of Eden, to till the ground, and had sought to regain the favor of his Maker by re])entance and submission, still cherished a fond attachment to it. It is certain that a taste for it has been nearly the imiform inheritance of his children. — For, in every age, those nations which have been most conspicuous for knowledge, and power, and refinement, have been most remarkable for their love of Horticulture. During their Egyptian bondage the Jews were accustomed to an abundance of garden vegetables: for, in the book of Numbers, we find them in the wilderness, complaining for the want of " the cu- ciunbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlicks," which they were ivont to eat in Egypt. If the Jews, in their servitude, were habituated to the enjoyment of these articles, which have always been among the most prized garden escidents in warm climates, we may rea- sonably infer that the state of Egyptian Horticul- ture was far advanced. Moses himself, in setting forth the attractions of the land of Canaan, for the purpose of more effectually exciting his nation to obey God, represents it as producing vines, fig trees, and pomegranates, jjlants of the garden ; as well as wheat, barley, oil, and honey. And he directs, that, when they shall have jilanted all maimer of trees, for food, they shall not partake of their fruits until the fifth year, the fruits of the fomtli year being devoted to the Lord, and the earlier fruits not being permitted to ripen ; doubt- less for the benefit of the trees. In later times tlie Jews are represented, in the scriptures, as having delighted themselves with eating in gardens, under bowers and shady places. And the most striking images by which they ex- pressed a state of great national security and pros- perity, are drawn from a garden, where every one ate and drank under his own vine and fig tree, with none to molest him. In the Song of Solo- mon, the wisest of men is addressed as having a thousand vineyards, with two himdred persons to keep their fruits ; and as dwrlling in the gardens. In the first book of Chronicles, those who wrought fine linen, and potters employed by tife king, are mentioned as having lodged in his gardens. To be continued. Ferundity of Rats — Rats multiply so prodigious- Iv, that were it not that they are universally a proscribed animal, and receive quarter from nei- ther man nor beast, nor even from one another, it is calculated the world itself could not contain them. From one pair, 1,000,000 may be pro- pagated in two years. Vide Buffon, Querhoent, &c. VII.— No. 33. From the New Yo, k Gardener. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 261 IMPORTANCE OF KITCHEN GARDENS. " As the spring will now soon open, and call us to commence making provision for anotlier wiji- ter, it may not be amiss to invite the attention of tlie ploiigli boys esj)ecially, to a snbject of impor- tance, l)otli in a nsefnl and economical sense. I moan the cultivation of a kitchen garden. There is no need of inviting the attention of such as cul- tivate a garden, either for oruanicut or profit ; their pleasure or thi;ir gain will not permit them to be negligent. But the great mass of citizens do certainly deprive themselves of much conven- ience, saving, and perhaps health, by not |)0ssess- ing a liberal supply of vegetables from their own gardens. To a farmer or meriiariic in tlie coun- try, the expense of cultivation is trifling ; the con- venience and saving, especially during the long winters of our climate, are great. " Many persons, sensible of the utility, are often dissuaded from constant attemjits in cultivating a | kitchen garden, because tliey have experienced j some failures in particular plants. But there will never be a failure of vegetables enough for a fam- ily's use, if the following requisites be well regard- ed : — Richness of soil ; due care in the selection of seeds; proper cultivation ; and a sufficient va- riety of vegetables, that if one kind fails, another may be a substitute, " It is a general complaint among persons who pay only little attention to their garden, that the seed often fail. Tliis usually happens because due care is not taken in discriminating between ripe and nnri])c seed ; between blighted and sound seed. Or in some cases it happens by using old seed instead of fresh. Onion seed is often use- less after the first year ; and parsnip seed is so delicate that I believe we can ])laee no confklenoe in its vegetating principle after having been kept a year. Having generally purchased these more deli- cate seeds annually, of professed seedsmen, I have rarely failed in any planting. The expense is in- deed something, but it is overbalanced by the cer- tainty of a growth. " But our gardens do not generally present vari- ety enough to be profitable and convenient to the owner, throughout the whole year, even if all the planting succeeds. There is frequently no provis- ion for the winter, and many a long month, when the vegetable kingdom is locked in frost, is passed, with no variety on our tables, to excite the lan- guid appetite, or satisfy that which is pleased with rotation. But surely it is as easy to store our cel- lars with the heet, the carrot, the onion, the pars- nip, and vegetable oyster, as with the dull monotony of the potato ; and however nutritious the potato be, still its utility cannot be hostile to the claims of other productions of the garden. " We do not invite the plough boy from the utility of his farm, to the pleasures of a garden ; ■we do not wish him to sacrifice his grain fields to the culture of a tulip bed ; but we wish to call his attention to the utility, convenience, and economy that can bs found in the culiivation of a substan- tial kitchen garden, from which his healthful fami- ly can draw many of those really innocent luxu- ries, which a bountiful Providence has, with so iajish a hand, spread around him." The above remarks from the Albany Plough- boy well deserve your attention. Let them be im- pressed upon the tablets of your memory, and form your horticultural text-book. Before the end pf this rrionth, yovir inclosures should be completed. Have you brought home the materials ? If your fence is to bo made of wood, now make ready the posts; they should he large, if you wish them to stand firm and durable. They must be seven feet long, and jplaci'd two feet into the earth. If they are set only ten (cet apart, the -^^irts or rails may be an inch and a half thick, and if they are well fraHied into the posts, will make a strong inclosiu-e. The lowermost girt must be placed sixteen inches from the sur- face of the ground, and a bank should be thrown up upon each side, to fill the space. Or, if yon have stone upon the farin, make a wall three feet high ; let the foundation be laid six inches below the surface ; and in the centre of this wall put small posts, into which the girts must be framed. The posts for a fence of this sort, shoidd be five and a half feet long, and sawed an inch and a half thick, six inches wide at the foot, and fi>ur at the top. About a foot and a half from the bottom, make a two inch hole, which should be filled with a piece of good timber, two feet long. This will greatly strengthen the position of the posts, with- out weakening the wall. Above the wall, two girts, the one eight, and the other six inches wide, will be amply sufficient. Take care that your wall is laid with art, and that the timber is well fitted to it, and I will insure safety to whatever you may jilant in the garden. Or, if you fear depredation from hens, let the girts be perforated with inch holes, and place in them turned i)ickets, two feet long. You will need two gates, one of ten feet wide, to admit the cart, and another of three feet for daily use. This should turn with ease, and must be effectually secured by a weight, or you will he liable to much vexation and loss, from careless- ness. Your fence finished, select a proper place for the small kind of fruit shrubs, as gooseberries, cur- rants, and raspberries ; for although yon admit no trees within this inclosure, these useful shrubs must have a place. They should not be planted around the fences, nor through the centre of the garden, as is too commonly the practice, hut in a continued plantation, that they may have suitahle attention, and yet not obstruct the plough. Gooseberries require a deep and rich soil. The ground between the rows must be well manured, and kept free from weeds, and you shonid be careful to plant none but those that are of a good kind. A good mode of propagating gooseberries, is by cuttings or layers. For cuttings, take shoots of the' last years growth, froin shrubs that are knowft to bear choice fruit. Let them beat least ten inches long; cut off all the buds, except three or four at the tops, and insert the stein six or eight inches into the earth ; tread the ground firmly around, and keep them free from weeds. When they have grown here a year or two, they should be removed to the plantation as soon as the frost is out of the ground in the spring, or in the au- tumn, -which is, particularly for the gooseberry, the best season. Currants may be propagated in the same way. They are, however, more hardy, and do not re- quire so rich a soil. They should be placed in rows, six or eight feet apart, and kept free from weeds. Between these rows, you may raise a crop of dwarf or bush beans, (taking care that there are no runners, or vines among them) with- out the least injury to the shrubs, for several years. There is great choice in currants, as well as in other fruit ; select only the large red and white currant, for no art will change the original nature of the fruit, although by skilful cultivation, tlie ([uality may be improved. The gooseberry and the currant both claim the faimer's attention, and are much wanted in every family. They furnish a cheap and early sauce, and the latter a wine equal to the best Lisbon or Teneriffe. As you will doubtless wish to plant other trees, and be desirous to know the best season for that woili, I would, observe as a general rule, that all kinds of trees or shrubs, shonid be moved or Bet in the spring, as soon, at least, as the buds begin to swell. The apple tree, the cherry, and plum, will grow, if set with art, when the leaves begin to open, but not with health and vigor. ON THE CULTIVATION OF BEETS. By the Editor of the Southern Agriculturist. I Concluded from page 250.) The remarks made above respecting the fork- ing of Beets, iirincipally apply to the Long-rooted varieties. The Turnip-routed (so called from its resemblance to the Turnip, in shape,) sends dovvn a small root in search of food, and like the Turnip forms a bulb near the surface of the ground, there is, therefore, very little to be feared from its form- ing ill shaped roots, by an improper application of manure. Although we have been successful in beds, yet we ])refer planting on ridgelets, which is done by making deep furrows with the spade every twelve or eighteen iiaches, spreading the manure in the bottom, and forming small ridges above them. There are several reasons in fiivor of this plan. 1st. Less manure is required, which very often, among our farmers, is a matter of some con- sideration. 2d. Fresh manure can be applied. — 3d. The forking of the roots, is, in some measure, if not altogether obviated. And 4th. The roots can more readily expand than when sown on the level ground, where, in order that they may en- large, the earth around them, must be pressed into a smaller space. The principal objection against this plan is, that in time of droughts, the plants suffer more than when on a level surface, but, we think, that the advantages are greater than the dis- advantage, and therefore recommend the ridge system, especially if the ground be inclined to clay. I knew a gentleman, who could never raise beets, until he adojUed this method, and after- v/ards he had very fine roots, and found no diffi- cuky. In manuring we have used salt mud alone, with great success, spreading it along in the drills as recommended above ; this mud is such as is usually found at the head of salt water creeks, having a little more of vegetable matter than that of the marshes, but fully as salt, being overflowed every tide. We prefer having a compost made of it with stable or other manure, which we think produces roots of as great size, and decidedly of a much finer flavor, than they are, when raised on manure alone, especially where an excess of ma- nure has heeruused. About the middle of January, or beginning of February, [March or April in the Northern States] the first crop may be planted ; the ground being prepared, commence by dropping two or three seeds every nine inches, (to be afterwards thinned down to one plant,) and cover them about one 262 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, inch deep. Should the weather be cold they will lay dormant, but should there be about that time, as we usually have, a spell of very mild, warm weather, the plants will show themselves in the course of ten or fifteen days. le, French, Cluster, Swiss, German, Variegated, Burgundy, Dou- ble and Single While. Dah/ias, seven varieties of Double, viz : Crimson, BufT, Yel- low, Red, *Scc. Single do. Tulips, a great number of varieties, viz: Bizarres, Bibloems, double and single, of different colors. Parrot Bills, &c. fliiacinflis, a great variety. Persons are invited, when the Tulips and Hyacinths are in blpom, to call and make their se- lections. White Lilies, Pink roots. Phlox, Polyanthus, three kinds Honeysuckle, Chinese, Trumpet and Sweet Scented;— handsome Snow Bali trees. Quince do.. Red and White Lilacs, growing on same stalk ; Lagerstreoemia, India or Crape Myr- tle, Spira Syrengo, Fringe or Smoke Tree, Siiowberry Bush, Strawberry Tree. C«rrani -Bus/iPS, White Dutch, Red do., common white and red. Gooseben'ies, difltirent kinds. Raspberries, Antwerp white and red. Tliimbkberries, white and red. Straivherries, viz : Wilmol's Superb, Downton, — red and white English Weed — Roseberry, three kinds native. Wanted^o purchase, two to three thousanarn, and poultry house, &c. are in the best order. It is 3 miles li-om Concord, one lialf^ mile from Concord river, where is good fishing, and 10 miles from Lowell. The above premises weic completely repaired within and without last spring. The dwelling house has had three coals of paint in- side and out. It has a southern aspect, several laige Elm trees in front, a handsome and extensive fence and circular avenue. Inquire at the New England Farmer Seed Store. HulVs Trusses. The undersigned, agent for Doet. Hull, has recently received and has for sale, a complete assortment of this useful instrument, adapted to the relief of^ persons afflicted with ruptures of every description, from the adult to the infant, and which will in all cases where it is required, be fitted and applied with the utmost care. Testimonials relating to the utility and excellency of this ar- ticle, are abundant, and deposited with the agent, but have be- come a matter of too much n'ltoriely, and too well admitted, to need publicity; as numerous instances of perfect cures have re- sulted from its application. EBENEZER WIGHT, Milk street, opposite F'ederal street, Boston. Feb. 27. St Fresh Hemp Seed. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market Street, a few barrels of American Hemp .Seed, of last year's growth. — Also, one barrel of fresh Riga Flax Seed, well known to be suuerior to the common American Flax. JVctf Pear Scions. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market Street, a collection of very choice and rare scions of the following fruits, all cut from bearing trees, in Mr Downer's gar- den : Pears. Mr Knight's presents, and most of them Van Mons' seedlings. Caprimont, Urbaniste, Marie Louise, Florelle, Beurre Knox. Bergamot de Basque, Bon Creiien de Williams, Charles d'Antriche, Doyenne Gris, St Galen. Epargne, Bartletl, Seckle, Green Gage, Apricot. From the London Horticultural Society. Downer's Mazard. Plums. Cherry. Seeds fur Country Dealers. Traders in the couiiti v, who may wish tokee[) an assortment of Garf'en .Seeds for sale, are informed they can be furnished at the New England Farmer office, No. 52 North Market street, Boston, wiiti boxes containing a complete assortinent of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as fa\orable terms as they can be purchased in this country, neatly done up in small papers, at (i and 12 cents each — warr.Tnted to be of the growth of 1328, and ol tUe puresl qiialily. Ohnamestal Flower SeI':ds will be added on the same terms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Eaklv White Sweet Corn, &c, of dif- ferent sorts. (nf The Seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on a new plan this year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and packed in the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and examine for them- selves, eptf Jan. 23. For Sale, In the southeasterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, containing about J20 acres, consisting of every kind of land that is desirable to the enterprising farmer, a large portion of which is of the first quality, having a constant stream of' water running through it ; and the land is so situated that a number of acres are capable of irrigation. On the premises is an upright two story House, with four rooms on the floor, in good repair j a large Barn, 80 by 30, and in common seasons is filled with good hay. There are also on the farm, good Orchards, a part of which are in their prime ; togetht r with an abundance of Wood, the best of white oak, lit lor wheelwrights' use, or for ship timber. There are few farms capable of more improve- ment, or which can be carried on at iess expense. The place will be sold al a fair price, with or without the stock and uten- sils, at the election of the purchaser. The payments made easy and accommodating, and possession may be had on delivery of the deed. For further particulars, please inquire of William Draper, Esq. of IMarlborough, of Benjamin Weld of Rox- bury, or of Samuel H. Weld, on the premises, J»n. 16. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. FKOM TO APPLES, best, .... barrel. 3 00 3 75 ASHES, pot, first sort. Pearl, first sort, - - - ton. 135 00 140 00 *' 132 OO 137 SO BEANS, white, - . . . bushel. 1 00 1 37 BEEF, mess. barrel. 10 00 10 50 Cargo, No. 1, " 9 00 9 50 Cargo, No. 2, " 7 50 8 00 BUTTER, inspected. No. l,new, - pound. 14, 16 CHEESE, new milk. " 7 9 Skimmed milk. it 2 S FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 8 75 9 00 Genesee, - - - - " 8 75 9 00 Rye, best, - - - - " GRAIN, Corn, .... bushel. 63 65 Rve, .... ti 75 80 Barley, - . . . *t 67 Oats, .... It 37 40 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, pound. 9 LIME, cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at Ion. 3 50 PORK, clear, .... barrel. IG 00 16 50 Navv, me.ss. (( 13 00 13 25 Cargo, No. 1, tt 13 00 13 26 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - bushel. 2 00 Orchard Grass, (t 300 Fowl Meadow, ... tt 400 Rye Grass, ti 400 Tall "Meadow Oats Grass, . tt 400 Red Top .... '• 1 00 Lucerne, .... pound. 50 White Honeysuckle Clover, " ao Red Clover, (northern) " 7 9 French Sugar Beet, - " 1 so Mangel Wurtzel, tt 1 50 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - It 35 4S Merino, full blood, unwashed. tt 22 26 Merino, three fourths washed. tt 30 35 Merino, ht.lf & quarter washed " 28 33 Native, washed, - . . tt 23 28 Pulled, I^amb's, first sort. tt 37 41 Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. It 25 30 Pulled, " spinning, first sort, " SO 33 March 6. PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVEBV WEEK BY HR. HjyWiRD, (Cle^k of Faneuil-hall Market.) BEEF, best pieces, .... pound. 10 1 PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, MUTTON, . - . - POULTRV, .... BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lump, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, . Indian, retail, i'OTATOS, CIDER, [according to quality,] pound. 10 5 5 tt tt 5 tt 2 It 8 tt 14 tt dozen. 20 Susliel. barrel. 2 00 0) J.* 8 7 6 1? 20 20 2.^ •70 70 .V) 2 M NEW ENGLAND FAHMER. MISCELLANIES. THE FARMER'S SONG. Away wilh grandeur, pomp, and gold : Away widi childish ease i Give me but slronglh my plough lo hold. And I '1! find means lo please. Tis sweet (o toll for those we love ; My wile and darling boys, Bod^ tend to make my labor prove The sweetest of ray joys.. The humble morsel I procure. When labor makes it sweet. Is eaten with a taste more pure Tiian meats that monarchs eat. 'Tis mine — yes, "tis my happy lot. From cares and avarice free. To own but this secluded cot. Sweet friends and liberty. Thus I no monarch on the throne Can grudge his destiny, Let him his weitrhl of care bemoar.; Whilst I am truly free. When labor wearies and grows dull, I with my dog and gun. Set forth, the finest game to cull, Aud thus all sorrows shun. Now tell me, all ye gouty train. Who have what fortune gives; Is not the clie?rful country swain The happiest man that lives. LAMENT FOR BURNS. BY T. GRAHAM. •Air, Highland Watch, Tc heath-clad hills, ye sparkling rills. Deep glens and flow'ry plains, To you, no more, your bard shall pour His soul-enehanting strains. Ah! Bonny Doon, no more he'll tune. His infant lays to you. Where genius bright, enthroned in light. Her mantle o'er him threw. While Freedom's fire flash 'd on his lyre To blast the tyrant foul, And glory's rays beam'd o'er liis lays To fire the warlike soul ; 'Twas when its strings cauglit fancy's wings. To waft each witching strain, With cupid's dart, to ev'ry heart, And fleet o'er ev'ry scene. But flowing Clyde, thy silver tide May gild ihy valleys green, ^'o more again liis melting strain He '11 pour to Bonny Jean. Ayr's gentle wave, no more he '11 lave O'er holiest vows of love, While Mary's charms blush'd in his arms. And Heaven smiled above. But nature's lore, still, slUl shall pour. In strains her minstrel sung. Though with him laid in death's cold shade, His hallow'd 1} re unstrung; For dark decay, the deathless lay Thy dull dominion spurns, Willie time shall roll, 't will charm the soul. And sound the fame of BuR.fs ! FOU Tllli NEW ENGLAND FAKMER. INFLUE>-CE AND EDUCATION OF FEMALES. If at iiiiy time any improper di.^course should be atldiT.ssi'd to young Ittdies, which litis a tenden- cy to indecency, immorality, or irreliyion, they should be taught to e,\press a marked disapproba- tion both in words and countenance. So great is the power of the softer sex in meliorating the characters of me:i, that if such was their uniform behaviour, I doubt not liut that it would much con- tribute to reform the morals of the age. Dr Darwin says that young ladies who continue at -school to a later age " should be formed into a class and property instructed in domestic economy, each of them superintending the business of the family a week, or a month, by turns ; not only pro- viding for the table and directing the cookery, but they should also be taught other parts of domestic employments, as cutting out linens, and making them up with plain and strong needle-work, either for their own families, or to be given for clothing for necessitous infants and mothers." The art of economising and rendering all kinds of food as palatable and nourishing as possible, by different modes of cookery, will repay the misU'ess of a household for the investigation, and should indisputably form a part of the regular instruction of young females. To this, as they advance to- wards maturity, may profitably be added the knowledge of the value of all the necessary arti- cles consumed in the family, wlietlier for the table or the wardrobe, as well as the quantitio.-i of each which are requisite for their respective uses. As theory is of little avail unless exemplified by prac- tice, they should be habituated to fill the depart- ment of housekeeper, under the inspection of their mother, not only by purchasing the different com- modities wanted for the use of a family, but like- wise by keeping'an exact account of the dcmestic expenses, which will afford opportunities of teach- ing them a judicious application of money, and giving them distinct ideas, where frugality may be properly e^^erted, and where greater latitude may bo allowed. In educating a young woman, care should be taken not to raise her expectations above her rank and fortune ; for many have paiildeaily for having aspired too high ; and what would other- wise have rendered them happy, became disgust- ing through lookii.5,' up to a stiperior station in life. March 6, 1829. shook his chains, then, after a Short pause, while bis hands were rtiiscd towards heaven, began the fteeman's song — " Hail Culumbia, happy land." Some time ago, Dean H — , who was a very ex- e!n[ilary and popular clergymtm in Dublin, and who interested himself much in public charities, sent a message to Miss Catley, an actress at the Dublin Theatre, requesting her, lo give him a nig|it for that ))urpcse, in one of the public gardens. Miss Catley, who found from the variety of her engagements, that she could not comply, pretend- ed to understand him in a different light, and in consequence, wrote him a note, of which the fol- lowing is a copy, " Miss Catley iiresents her compliments to Dean B — , and acquaints him, from the nature of her present connexion, she cannot (agreeable to his request) give the Dean a night. She begs leave at the same time, to acquaint him, should this con- nexion be dissolved, she does not know any gen- tleman of the doth, she would sooner indulge ; but, hopes that decency will prevent the Dean from- ' fixing on a public garden for the rendezvous." Bequisitts, — There are five requisites for a pro- fessed drunkard : — a face of Brass — nerves of Steel — lungs of Leather — her.rt of Stone — and an hicombustible Liver. Farmer Wanted, A faithful man is warned to lake charge of a small place ill Roxbury, comprising a garden, orchard, &e. O^ It must be e.xpressly understood that no ardent spirits will lie allo^^■ed on the place. Persons who are unwilling to ac- cede to ll'.is, need not make application to the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market St. Boston. ,1ssorted Seeds for I'amilies, For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store small boxes- of assorted Seeds for Kitchen Gardens. Each bo.\ contains a package of the following Seeds: As Ihe late king of Prussia was one day review- ing his troo])S, he observed a soldier, who had his face much disfigured with scars ; — he walked up to him, and asked him in what public house he got those sears? To wliich the soldier reiilied, " Please your Majesty, it was at a place near Machsen,^ where your Majesty paid the reckoning." The king was pleased with the reply, and j,ave the soldier a Lieutenant's commission. LIBERTr. Some time since, 15 or 20 negroes were driven through Washington city in chains towards t'leir place of destination. As the drove passed along before the driver through the street, some gentle- men, members of Congress, stood at the gate of the Capitol, looking at them. One large negro walked out from among the others towards the' gentlemen, stopped a moment, raised his hands, l-ong Dutch Parsnip Large Cabbr.ge Lettuce t.onj; Green 'i'urkey Cucumber i'iiie-applc Melon Long, or Round Watermelon Nasturtiutn Large White Onion Large Red Onion Curled Parsley Flat Squash Pepper E^arly Scarlet Short-top Radish While Turnip Radish Salsafy Early Bush Squash Early White Dutch Turnip White Flat Turnip Yellow Stone Turinp Winter Crook-neck Squash, POT HERE SEEDS. Thyme — Sage — fliarjoruni. Early Washington Peas Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Lale i\larrowf(,l Peas Early ftiohawk Dwarf string B.'ians China Dwarf string and shell lieans Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Long Blood Beet fc^arly Turnip-rooted Beet Early York Cabbage Large late Drumhead Cabbage Gape Siivoy Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage (for pidc ling) Early Horn Carrot Long Orange Carrot White Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Cucumber Early Silesia Lettuce The above list, it will be seen, comprises ail Ihe common ve- getables, besides se-.'eral new varieties of recent imroduction, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is warranted of the very first quality, as to fi eshness and purity. Each bo.v contains directions lor the management of the different sorts. Price §3 per box. Pressed Culinary Herbs. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52, North Market street, Culii.ury Herbs, dried, pressed, and neatly packed, in parcels, at the following prices : — Sweet Marjoram, 50 cts — Summer Savory, 25 cts— 'I'hyme, 33 els — Sage, 17 cts — Celery, (in bottles for soups, &,c,) ^5 cts — Balm, 33 cts — Rose Flmvers. 51,00. epif Early Potatoes. For sale by the subscriber 30 or 40 bushels of superior earl/ potatoes, price Ji;i.25per bushel. SETH DAVIS. Newton, Feb. 13, 18'29. Steop Published every Friday, at ^3 per annum, payable at the end of the yrar-i-bnt those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifly cents. Printed for J. H. Russell, by I. R Butts & Co.— by whom all descriptions of Printing can be cxecuied to meet the wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B. Russell, ' A town in Silesia, near «hich the king lost a great battle. ■ at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. .52 North .Market Street PuUished by John B. Russeli., at JVo. 52 JStorth Market Street, (at the Jlgricultural H'arehouse). — Thomas G. Fesscnden, Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MAIICH 13, 1829. No. 34. AGIIICUL.TUR.E. FOR THK NEW ENGLAND FARMER. REMAUKS ON THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE ESSEX AG- RICULTURAL SOCIETY. JIr Editor — I liiive read in the New EnglaiiJ Farmer of this week the report of a Coiiiinittee of the Essex Agricultural Society, who were ap- pointed to examine the fonns in the county, pro- posed for premiums ; an,i who have here given the result of such examination. I have no per- sonal interest whatever in this matter ; but as a public j)aper, I consider it open to remark, and thin'i that it should not pass witliout notice. — Re- ports of the committees of all puhhc bodies, should, in my humble opinion, be grava papers, based exclusively on facts ; and not vehicles for rhetorical flourishes, for wit, or " what looks like it." 1 ; subjects, and to be talked of in the saui'; report I ty ; at least from individuals, some of whom can with our domestic cattle and swine, it should be lia-.e had little practical concern with agriculture spoken of as it deserves. 3 I in any of its forms. I oliject in the last place to the unworthy and I hope, Mr Editor, I shall be excused if I have low prejudices, which the rejwrt seems to me to been betrayed into too much warmth. I intend exhibit. The Committee speak of visiting a farm no disrespect to the Committee ; nor do I come at West Newbury ; and after some left-hand coin- pliments to the tenant, and admitting that the re- sult of the improvements there hitroduced cannot be at present determined, they go on with some most uncandid and unwarrantable remarks as to gPiitleinen being at liberty to farm for display and to indulge in their fancies for dogs awd horses ; aud then they prate about innovations upon Yan- kee husbandry. This is unworthy of them. The forward as the advocate of the West Newbury farmer, with whom I have no connexion whatr ever, and no acquaintance than that of having oc- casionally visiteil ills farm. 1 feel, however, that I owe an apology to him for thus bringing his name before the public. But, sir, I thought the covert attacl; upon this gentleman ungenerous, and do extremely dislike any want of liberaHty and candor towards industrious and mtelligent for- gentleman who occupies this farm at West New- eigners, who settle among us, and \yho are cer- ought to be composed. Tiie Committee speak of the remarkable improvements of some farms, but do not give a sutficiently particular account of what these improvements consist in ; and tell of the extraordinary produce of some of the farms, but furnish very few items as to the nature cr amount of the crops. These things should be mi- nutely s;)ecified by one who proposes his farm fo" a premiutn, aud by a committee, who undertake to award that premium. We ought not to be satisfi- ed with generalities ; we want particulars. Everj' careful farmer should keep an exact account of Lis cn)[)s, and the amount of labor expended on them ; otherwise it is difficult to form a correct judgment of his skill or success. 2 I protest in the next place in the report to a want of delicacy, and a violation of propriety, in the remarks of the Committee concerning the lady of one of the successful competitors, whom they have extravagantly comjili.mentcd. This para- graph, must, I thiiilv, have been penned by some forlorn bachelor, or widower, in the Conmiittce, if there is any such one, who seems to have been awakened to a sense of his melancholy condition. I dare say the lady in question deserves all these encomiums. I have not the pleasure to know her. Be this, however, as it may, Mr Editor, if a com- mittee shouhl visit my farm for the purpose of in- specting it, and should see fit to make my modest and good wife the subject of such fulsome pane- gyric in the newspiipers, I will not say I should feel myself insulted, because I dare say their in- tentions are well enough ; but I should be much hurt, and am persuaded it must be very offensive to a sensitive and ditiident woman. Our manners in this respect have already become quite indeli- cate and ridicidous. What is cheaper than ne.vs- paper adulation ? It is offensive enough to on> selves ; but when our wives al-e to be mat'o its bury, is a foreigner, recently come among u Every candid man will admit that he is much more of a practical than a theoretical farmer ; and thoroughly skilled in the best methods of Scotch „, . . • ,1 /- . I husbandry. He is a working farmer ; and can do Ihe report seems to me, in the first place, very, , j t i i i „i. „r „.„.-„ ,£.'.., '. . . 1- ,• 1 : as much, and I apprehend does as much ol every deficient m those exact statements of wluch it ,.,„„• i, • »i „t., kind of farming labor as any man in the county. He has managed his farm according to the hus- bandry of the most improved districts in Scotland; and the Scotch farmers are universally acknowl- edged to be second to none in the world. We have seen tliis man's skill in sowing and plough- ing, and various operations of husbandry with ad- miration. We believe and his neighbors admit the iiict, that there is no farm in the vicinity where more effective labor has been done by the sair.e number of hands, or a greater produce raised iff proportion to the expense and the facilities, which were afforded. Without having ever seen Indian corn cultivated, he produced as good and as well cleaned a crop, the condition of the land and the amount of manure used being considered, as has been grown in the county. We think he has much to learn in regard to the nature of our climate, and other circumstances of the country, and to adapt his cultivation to them. We believe that he will be compelled for various reasons to abandon some modes of cultivation and manage- ment, wiiich are not suited to our country and habits ; such for exam[ile as the use of horses in- stead of oxen for farm ]iiirpofes. Yet his experi- ence in the one case is entitled to as much consid- eration as ours in the other. But on none of these localities, if we may use the term, could we ex- pect to find him informed, when as yet he had hardly been a year in the country. Still whether his management succeeds or fails, the experiment is certainly conducted with great skill and labor ; and in either case will afford as much useful in- struction. Compared with the experience and im- provements of Scotch agriculture (the country of Sir John Sinclair, and Robert Brown) loe are as yet in our infann/ ; and to hold up to ridicule, what ;he Committee choose to term ^^innovations upon Yankee Husbandry,''^ is illiberal ; and shows either a want of knowledge or judgment. If this gentleman had done no more than to give us an e.xample of an Improved Threshing Machine, he would be entitled to the thanks, and most certain- ly ought to be spared the sneers of the communi- 3 Ladies, however, are awarded preuuunis al uur cnule shows. A good housewife deserves praise as much as her hus- baudmau. See Proverb?, chap. xxxi. Nctrs I'y the Ef/itor. — 1 This observation is corrocl, uut we do not perceive ih&l il lias any applicaliou to the Report in question, in wiiicii vve can perceive ro attempts al wit, 2 Perliaps we may yet be favored with those *' exact state- ments," tlie want of which is a topic of complaint. The Com- mittee say that "a particular description of them" (viz. Ihe farms) "together with an account of their productions the present year, will be found in the statements of the several claimants annexed to this report." taiuly capable of teaching us something, if even their methods serve no purpose but to evince the superiority of our own. We talk as though the meridian sun was shining upon us, when as yet in regard to agriculture, as well as many other of the practical arts, it is scarcely day-dawning ; and that self conceit, which would prejudice us against any and continued improvements is^ deserving of reiuobation. I am sick, likewise, Mr Editor, of all sneers against what are termed gentlevien farmers ; these are the men among ourselves, and in other coun- tries, who by their liberality, experiments, puldic spirit, and real knowledge, have taken the lead in all the agricultural improvements, which have been effected. I ask, with no small confidence, to whom are.-tlie farmers of Essex more indebt- ed thanto-,:ie la-c Col. Pickering ; and the county of Worcester than to our present chief magis- trate ? Who have dine more for the agricultu- ral interests of Virginia than Washington, Tay- lor, Jefferson, and Madison ? Who for Pennsyl- vania than Peters, and Mease, and Powel ? Who for New York than Armstrong, and Featherston- hangh, and Buel ? Who have done more for the interests of practical agriculture in Massachusetts than Lowell, and Quincy, and Welles, and Pora- roy, and Prince, and Derby, and Parsons, and Sullivan, and Brooks, and their honored associ- ates, in jiresent and past years, in the direction of the Mass. Agricultural Society ; and many other disinterested and practical, indefatigable, and pub- lic sjiirited farmers, whom it might be invidious to mention. These are all, in the proper sense of the term, gentlemen farmers, many of thenv men of property, and high iiolitical and literary standing, who have freely given their time, and labor, and money, to advttnce the agricultural welfare of the state. It is to the public spirit and munificence of such men, that we owe in a great measure all our agricultural institutions and im- provements ; but had the matter been left with our common farmers, there can be little doubt that in agricultural knowledge and imiirovement, they would have been now, as is exemplified in the case of the Canadian farmers, where their fathers were " two hundred years ago." 4 Feb. 27, 1S29. ESSEX. 4 An excellent eulogy on gentlemen farmers. We believe, however, that the wriiers of ihc " Report' did not mean to be understood as leflecting or saying anything in disparagement of a class of men so highly, respectable, and to whom the world is, so much indebted. 266 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, March 13, 1829. FOB THE KEW ENGL.AND FARMEU. RURAL ECONOMY. It is among our youtliful reiiiiiiisceiiees that hav- ing a moJicimi of money in ])ossi.'ssion \vc became anxious to invest it, anti finding one ready to re- lieve us of the burden ami to offer us security in exchange, which we deemed by its outward ap- pearance and bulk to be very cheap, we parted with our money, and at oiu" leisure discovered, we had indeed paid too denrjor our wliistte. The practice of buying things because they were cheap has grown up with us, and we arc, even at a considerably advanced stage of om- earthly pilgrimage, apt to do the like foolisli thing for which we reprimand our children, not having the fear of our own example before our eyes. You would not suppose, Mr Editor, that a man who had shivered tiirough forty winters would be so led into temptation by the example of others while smarting under the twinges of past impru- dences. But so it is, and we find, our natural propensity to indulge in buying what we do not want, because it is cheap, as strong as ever, while prudence loudly admonishes us to desist. There are some things, sir, that are not so gen- erally known, or so generally in use as they would be if they were known, that are not only cheap but useful, and do not therefore come under our rule of exceptions. We once became the posses- sor (and still retain it, and value it as a very con- venient article in our household establishment,) of your newly invented patent lamp boiler. " Many a time and oft" have we with the aid of a small quantity of high wines, performed for ourselves the culinary act, that would in the ordinary way have cost us half its price in fuel, and we have thus been regaled with our stewed oysters, inde- pendent of the aid of other hands, the exercise of the inventive genius of our domestic operator. — AVe believe that no one who has laid out his money for the lamp boiler has ever thought he paid too dear for his whistle. But, Mr Editor, we have often laughed in our sleeve when we have been indulged the pleasure of roaming through the shaded walks, and ad- miring the improvements made by a friend of ours, in his extensive, and well stocked grounds, to perceive that with all his determination to avoid the evil that is so besetting — he had too un- wittingly beconir the purchaser of a very consid- erable quantity of what were sold for grape vines, but which in reality were only layers of one year's preparation, and with which our market was in- onduted the last year. He had taken great jjains to set them out, and great care to jjreserve them alive. But when I saw them in autumn, nearly one-half of them were dry as oven wood, and would have ignited as freely as chop sticks, thinks we to ourself, for we did not like to recall unpleas- ant recollections, you have paid too dear for your whistle, aWtough he bought them chenp. We would therefore hereby admonish all and sounding names — that if they produce fruit at all, will produce such as will set their teeth on edge, and cool their regard for the delightful employ. growing more vigorous than the others, and show- ing longer and handsomer leaves, induced him to let it remain — it has been in bearing twenty years FOR THE NEW ENGLAXD FARMER. ment a well ordered garden, of j)roperly selected j he has likewise suckers from this tree, which have fruits, would furnish tlnmi. CAUTION. come into bearing. Last fall all his trees hung as I full of handsome pea^-s as those of Mr Wij.liams. The land is now under cultivation. MiNOT Pear — size middling, very fair, not sub- NATIVE PEARS. jcct to blast, formed something like the Ambrette, Mr Editor — The New England Farmer of j not indented on the top, steuj long, skin yellow, October 31st, 1828, contains an excellent article Ic'sh white, buttery and juicy, a pleasant and on fruits, by the Roxbury Farmer, giving an invi- 1 rather sweetish pear, has been in good repute in tation for every one to contribute his mite, in fur- j e try and \he products of every clime— purchases 1 taken to keep the fap from all tilth as riiuc.i as a home on the land, transplants his exotics into possible, and to cleanse the syrup of such as will his native soil, and prefers that his last rest should , unavoidably accumulate in the process of manu- 270 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Marcli 13,1829. factuiing. Sap-tubs should never be apiuopiiated to other uses; but at the close of the sugar season, after being well cleansed, should be kept in a clean place, uutil another season. In this way, maple sugar of the finest quality, may be made, superior to any which is nianufaitiucd froui cane. Maple molasses may also be manufai uied of a quality much better than wc obtain from the south, and it cau be afforded with a handsome protit to the manufacturer, at a less price. Any quantity that can be made in this state, if well cleansed and rendered pure, will find a ready mar- ket in almost any of our villages, at fifty cents a gallon, whicli it is thought, will give to the nuniu- facturer more net profit than is generally realized upon sugar. We do hope that those who have it in their power, will in future e.\'ert themselves to increase and improve the manufacture of both sugar and molasses. We know by experience that sugaring is extremely laborious, but it is most certainly a sweet employment, and in a good season it is also very profitable. — JVal. Standard. lands, 150 bags will be produced from an acre so that 6000 lbs. of flour may be obtained from an acre of land. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MARCH 13, 1829. HORTICfJLTURAL SOCIETY. 05^ Subscribers are hereby notified that a meeting will be holden at the oflice of Zebedee Cook, Jr. "i Congress street, on Tuesday lie 17th current, at 12 M. for the purpose of organizing the society, by the adoption of a constitution, and the election of officers. March 10. Erratum. — On page 258 of our last paper, in the 13lh subject of the proposed work on Horti- culture, for proportions, read propositions. Greeiiirich Flower Garden. The subscriber has lately leceived his annua! irapoilations of Garden Seeds, Bulbous Flower Roots, &c, in excellent preservation of the growth of 182S, from the wuil known houses of Messrs AVarnei', Seaman &, Warner, and Mr Charlewood, Lcndcn, ind Mr Van Eeden & Co., Harla-m, Holland, who have guaranteed them good and genuine, and no doubt vpi!l give the farmer, horticulturalist and florist, the same general satis- faction that former importations have done. Also on hand, a choice collection of greenhouse and hardy herbaceous plants, (many of which are very rare ;) rose bushes and olher shiiibs, in great variety, Iniit trees, white mulberry, &c. Plants of artichoke, asparagus, sea kale, early frame potatoes, mushroom spawn, &c, with directions for cuUivation. The Hyacinthus, Crocus, Nar- cissus, &c, are in bloom, and will continue in succession a great part of the year. Catalogues may he had at the garden. Orders left at the scarden.the post olfice,orwith Mr Molyneaux, corner of Broadway and Ann street, will be strictly attended to. GenUemen supplied wi!h expe- rienced Gardeners. DANIEL KENNEY, Carmine and Varick streets. New York. 8i3=- The nearest route to the Garden, Greenhouse', and Seed Store, is from Broadway, by St Thoma>'s Church, along Houston street, or along Canal and Varick streets. eopSw Scions of ^pj/le and Pear Trees. For sale, at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market street, Boston, a large collection of Ap- ple and Pear Scions, — among which arc the following : — .Apples. Gardener's Sweeting, Non;^uch, Grand Sachem, Cat-head, or Large Sum- mer Russet, Rhode Island Greening, Ue.Tthcot, St Germain, Rushmore's Bon Cretien, Spice Rousselet, RfJ Bergamot, Moor Fowl Egg, Jargonelle, 33 short born cows, 12 two yr. old hfs. 11 yearlings do. 10 heifer calves, 11 bulls, 5 calves. Avcrajre MR CHAMPION'S SALE OF STOCK. The sale of the stock of this eminent breeder, which was announced in the N. E. Farmer, page 7, present volume, took place at the time appointed. The following account of it, is taken from Evan and Ruff'v's Fanner's Journal, (London) September 22, 1828. » Mr Champion's Sale.— Th went off with great spirit. Our agnndtura! read- ers will no doubt be gla^' to know some parlicularo of tlie sale, and we have accordingl}- made the following calculations of the averages of the sale of short horns, for their information. Brought from 20 to 60 gs. each. 20 to 51 gs. each. 15 to 31 gs. each. 22 to 32 gs each. 22 to 60 gs. each. 10 to 30 gs. each. "The total of the 82 lots of short horns, lirouglit the sum of £2234 18s. 6d. The sales of sheep and horses, were made at what may be called a fair, full market price ; and the total of the three days' sale may be estimated at n])wards of £6000. There were upwards of 500 individuals jircsent, among whom were Lord Apthorp, Sir Tatton Sykes, Mr Harrison, and^ither eminent breeders from Ireland, Mr Christopher Mason, Mr Wether- ell, Mr Bearles, &c, &c." Fruit Trees, Sfc. N. DAVENPORT has for sale, at his Nursery in Mil- ton, a large collection of Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Green House Plants, &c. His collection of Peach, Plum, and Almond Ti-ees, he considers not excelled in this vicinity : and (he collection of other fi-uits is good. Orders sent to his ivursei V m iMmuu, or Icit wun J. 13. Russeli., at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. .52, North Market street, Boston, where a list of the trees can be seen, will be executed at the customary prices. c'tiiw For Sale, A very superior Young Jack, imported from Malta, 1 about 18 months since, in the U. S. 7i gun ship the mpoiiant s:iie North Carolina. Said Jack is four years old this month, is over 14har-is hi^h and \:3' not yet attai:ied '-is grow"). He is r^mu«a'oiy t" u;'''\il. and has all the life ar^i; spirit of a blood horse. He was particularly* siiDcted for ths owner by the American consul at Malta, from the best breed in the island. Said Jack has stood one year in Conneclicul, and proved himself a good foal getter. If he is not sold, he will he hired out for the season. For farther information, apply at the office of the New Eng- land Farmer, or direct through the post office, post paid, to M. C. 2vv. £30 9 29 2 20 3 15 12 36 15 16 18 Potato Ftuur. — A Dorsetshire farmer, wlio ha; recently made some experiments in the prej)ara- tion of this article, states as tlic result, that a bag of potatoes (240 bis.) will produce 60 lbs. of flour ; and that phiin puddings made with two-thirds po- tato flour, and one-third wheat flour, are sujierior to those made wholly of the latter. On ordinary Mill Privilege, Sfc.for sale. For sale in West Cambi'idge, six miles from Boston, a valuable Mill Privilege, with about one ac'"*^- and a half of land, with the buildings now standing thereon, consisting of a good dwelling house, two factory buildings very con- veniently built, and other out buildings, and would answer well for a fulling mill, (one being in operation now,) or carding factory ; aid being situated on a good stream of water, would pi'ove a valuable situation for any similar business. It has been heie'ofore used as a carding fac- tory, the machines for which are now on the spot, and will he sold if desired, with the buildings. An indisputa hie title will be given, and payment made easy. Apply to THOM..ks Ri-TssELL, West Cambridg^, Captain Ab.-ver Stearns, Bedford, or J, B, Russell, New England F'armer S?.''d Store, 52 Norih Market street, Boston. — It will be sold at auction, April 1, if not previously disposed of, 3t March 6 Pressed Culinary Herbs. For sale at iho New England Farmpr Seed Store, No, 52 North .'\larkel slrcet, Culiiiarv Herbs, dried, pressed, and iieally packed, in parcels, at the following prices : — bweel Marjorrun, 60 els— Summer Savory, 23 cts — Thyme, 33 els— Sage. 17 cls — Celery, (in hollies for soups, &c,) 25 els — Balm, 33 els — Rose Flowers, ^1,00. eplf Koxbury Russet, New York Pippin, Baldwin, Gilliflower, White Sliropsavine, or ) Early Harvest, j &c, &c. Pears. Large Iron, or Pound, Gansel's Bergamot, Brown Buerre, Early Juneting, St Michael's, Broca's Bergamot, Bartlett, &,c, &c. In addition to the above, we are daily procuring fine varieties, from responsible sources, and hope to extend the collection so as to comprise all the esteemed fruits raised in the vicinity of Boston and New York. The scions are in line order, and the utmost depen- dence can be placed upon their genuineness, as they are all cut from bearing trees. eptf Aldemey Heifer, Saxonii Bucks, and Calves of the Short Horn Breed. For sale, three full blood Alderney Heifers, two years old, two expected to calve in August next, by a full blood Short Horn Bull— three full blood Saxony Bucks, one, two, and three years old— a full blood Heifer Calf, of the Short Horn Breed, four weeks old— a very fine Hull Calf, 3-4 Hood, six weeks old, his dam from an excellent native cow, sired by the well-known imported bull Holderuess —the sire of this calf, a full blood Short Horn Bull— the lasl calf is thoU!.ht very superior. For terms and further particulars, inquire at the New England Farmer office. March 5, 1829, Fruit Trees. Messrs WINSIIIPS respectfully request those of the public who may incline to favor them with Iheir orders the ensuing season, for fiuit aud ornamental trees, fancy shrubbery, herbaceous plants, whether indigenous or ex- otic, to forward their orders immediately, and they will be executed with every possible despatch. They also have several hundred genuine Isabella Grajie Vines, by. the hundred or single plant, with the supeiior European kinds in ciiltivalion in this country. Letters directed to '^. & I Viui'.iip, Brighton. P, S. .\r"; .iragus roots fiom ora to four years old. {0' All orders left with J. B. Rlssell, at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, will be executed at the Nursery piices,ai.d the trees delivered in Boston, free of expense for transportaUon, Brighton, March 11, 1829. .Assorted Seeds for Families. For sale al the New En^^land Fanner Seed Store small boxes of assorted Seeds lor Kitchen Gardens. Each box contains a package of the following .Seeds: Early Washington Peas Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Latii Marrowfat Peas Early Rjohawk Dwarf string B.^ans Cliitia Dwarf siring and shell Beans Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Lung Blood Beet Karly Turnip-rooled Beet Early York Cabbage Large late Drnnihead Cabbage Cape Savoy Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage (for pick ling) Early Horn Carrot Lnn"^ Orange Carrot White Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Cucumhpr Early Sdesia Lelluce Long Dulcli Parsnip Large Cabbage Lettuce Long Green 'I'lirkey Cucumber Fine-apple Melon Long, or Round Watermelon Nasturtium Large While Onion Large Red Onion Curled Parsley Flat Squash Pepper Early Scarlet Short-lop Radisk While Turiiij) Radish Salsafv Early Hush Squash Early Wliitit Dutch Turnip Whiie rial Turnip Yellow Stone Turnip Winter Crook-neck Squash. POT HEKB SEEDS. Thyme — Sage— Marjorum, The above list, ii will be seen, comprises all the common ve- getables, liesides several new varieties of recent iutroduction, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is warranted of the very first quality, as to freshness and purity. Each box contains directions lor the management of the. diflijrent sorts. Price $3 per box. Vol. VII.— Nn. 34. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 271 Grape Vines. The subscriber offers for sale, Grape Vines of several varieties, the produce of his garden, in Dorchester; — among them are the following: Isabella, White Muscat, Sweetwater, lilack Hamburg, Black Cape. Elba, Queen, White Chass«las, Earlj- Oval, Muscatel. They are principally of one year's £;rowth, from cuttings only^ (wliicli are much better than layers of two or even three yeirs old,) — were planted under his direction and superintendance, are warranted genuine, and are in a healthy and vigorous state. The subscriber purposes to continue the cultivation of such varieties of the foreign and native Vines as are suited to this climate, and that will thrive in the open ground in town or country. Application may be made to the subscriber at his office, No. 7 1-2, Congress street, or at the garden to Patrick Kennedy. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Boston, March 13, 1829. iiw JAMES BLOODGOOD & CO.^s JsTurseryy at Fiushing, Lung Island^ near JVew York, The subscriber will receive and transmit orders for any «iuantily, or variety, of Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Slnubs, and Plants, and the same will be delivered here, at the rfsk and ex- pense of the purcliaser ; the bills may be paid to him. Messrs Bloodgood &. Co. attend personally to the ino- culating and engiafling of all tlieir fruit trees, and purcha- sers may rely with as much conlidencc as iliey can upon any nursery, that the trees and shrubs they order, will prove genuine. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. 7 1-2, Cougtess sti eet. Boston, March 13, 1829. 6t A Gardener ff'ants Employ^ Who has a perfect knowledge of Grape Vines and Trees of every description ; in particular. Green House Plants. He served a regular time in Eurupe, and has travelled in different cliurdtes ; and through much experience is ena- bled to call hi[nsulf a good gardener ; and leels capable of making profitable improvements. Can j,ive reference of nis ability to several gentlemen of re^pec taljiliiy in iicit- ton. A line left at the N. E. Farmer otfice, will be at- tended to. Direct lo C. B. Boston, March 13, 1S29. 3t Kenrick .Vurseries in JVewton, near Boston. For sale, at the Kenrick Nurseries, in |S Newton, an extensive assortment of Apples, Pears, Peaclies, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, White Mulberries, Grupe Vines, Goosebeiry and Currant Bushes, &.C. Also, about 150 varieties ot the most ornamental hardy trees and shrubs— including nearly 50 superb varieties ot hi^.rdy roses, comprising white and red moss — single yelluw, double do— yellow Austrian— red and yello'v Austrian- black mottled, sable, Tuscany, and other vaiielies of the blackest roses — Unique Wliite Provence, &c. Also, Greville Uoses, and Wilmct's Superb Strawberries. ^]>ple Trees of extra sizes— also Flowering Horse, and some other sorts. Written orders directed to John or William Ken- rick, Newton, will be received by the daily mail, and promptly attended tc— or they may be left at Mr Joi^eph Badge's Grocery and Seed Store, No. 00, Court street, Boston, where, on application, catalogues will bedeliveied gratis — or, catalogues may be obtained of Mr J. B. Rus- s*;!!, at the New England Farmer office. epSw L'trgt Scotch Gooseberri/ Bushes and Hatvthorns, ^'c. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, by the ship Camillus, from Gree- nock, and Napuloon, from Liverpool, 15,000 Ilartithorns, for live i'encing, and about 500 superior Scotch and Lan- cashire Gooseberry Bushes; — the Hawthorns 05 per thousand ; the Gooseberry Bushes, put up in lots of six roots, of the largest and finest sorts, with names — speci- mens of the fruit, as large as Egg Flums, American groiothj from the imported roots, in sealed bottler, may be seen at the store — price $ 1 50 per lot of six roots. Likewise, two barrels of superior fresh Lucerne Seed, warranted ; one cask of large Potato Oats ', and one cask ■of line London SpUt Peas, lor cuUnary purposes. Pear Trees and Grape Vines. For sale by Uufus Howe, at the phce of Samuel Downer, in Dorcliesler, ^00 Pear Trees (if ihe choicpsl varieties, viz : 20 kinds from the London Horticuliural 8iiciety ; aUo, large and very hanosome Scckles, Ambrelies, Barllplts*. and r.leF.kt'r ftlea- dnw ; 20 handsome black 'J'artnr^ans and Remington Cherry Trees, Plums. &:.c. 300 Native Grape Vi7ies, via: .50 three years old Calawbas. 80 three years old Isabellas, dO lilamrs Vir- ginia, 30 Alexander, 20 Elsinghorougli; also, 200 Sweet Water, £lack Hamburg. &.c. 30 varieties Poses, v\z : Grevllle Rose, White and Red Moss, Grand Ouke of Tuscany, Unique, Mulliflora, Provence or Cab- bage, Hundred Leaf, Four Seasons, Red Damask, Marble, French. Cluster, Swiss, German, Variegated, Burgundy, Dou- ble and Single White. Dahlias, seven varieties of Double, viz : Crimson, Buff, Yel- low. Red, &LC. Single do. Tulips, a great number of varieties, viz: Bizarres, LSibloems, double and single, of different colors. Parrot Rills, &c. Hijaciiiths. a great variety. Persons are invited, when the Tulips and Hyacinths are in bloom, to call and nialte their se- lections. While Lilies, Pink roots, Phlox, Polyanthus, three kinds Honeysuckle, Chinese. Trumpet and Sweet Scented j — handsome Snow Bali trees, Quince do., Red and White Lilacs, growing on same stalk ; Lagersirca;mia, India or Crape Myr- tle. Spira Syrengo, Fringe or Smuke Tree, Snowberry Bush, Strawberry Tree. C«rra7(t i?«s/)('.9, White Dutch, Red do., common white and red. Gooseben-ies, different kinds. Rosphernes, Antwerp white and red. Thimbleberries, white and red. Slraivberries, viz: Wilmot's Superb, Downlon, — red and white English Weed — Roseberry, three kinds native. l^'antlaio purchase, two to three thousand small and middling size Pear and Plum Trees, suitable for budding and grafting, Scedlin£;,s would be preferred. Apply as above, or at No. 5, Central Wharf. Rose Water. 20 demijohns double and single distilled Rose Water, made entirolv from Damask Roses. The above Rose Water is con- sianlly'fnr sale at Mr (^ Wade's Porter Cellar, No. 12, Mer- chant's Row, by demijohn or less quantity. Jan. 30. 2linF4inMlinA Farm for Sale. In Bedford, 15 miles from Boston, on tlie post road from Lowell (o Concord, Mass., and one mile from the post road leading through Lexington to Worcester. It contains 80 acres, has 3 pastures, a wood lot of about 8 acres, an inexhaustible peal meadow, and about 3G acres of mowing. The dwelling house hfis two pari rs, a large China closet, an excellent kitch- en, and six chambers, and there are two wells of water. The barn, corn barn, and poultry house. &c. are in the best order. It 1$ 3 nirles Crom Concord, one half mile from Concord river, where is good fishing, and 10 miles from Lo\\eIl. The above premises were completely repaired within and without last spring. The dwelling house has had three coals o( paiiU in- side and out. It has a southern aspect, several large Elm trees in front, a handsome and extensive fence and circular avenue. Inquire at the New England Farmer Seed Store. HidVs Trusses. The undersigned, agent for Doct. Hull, has recently received and has for sale, a complete assortment of this useful instrument, adajjied to the relief of persons alliicled with ruptures of every description, from the adult lo the infant, and which will in all cases where it is required, be fitted and applied with the utmost care. Testimonials relating to the utility and excellency of this ar- ticle, are abundant, and deposited with ihe agent, but have be- come a matter of loo much nitoriety, and too well admitted, to need pnblicily j as numerous instances of perfect cures have re- sulted from its application. EBENE7ER WIGHT, Milk street, opposite Federal street, Boston. Feb. 27. St Fresh Hemp Seed. Just received at the New England Farmer S'-ed Store, 52 North Market Sueet, a few barrels of American Hemp Seed, of iasl year's growth. — Also, one barrel of fresh Riga Flax Seed well known to be superior lo the common American Flax. J^tw Pear Scions. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market Street, a collection of very choice and rare scions of the following fruits, all cut from bearing trees, in Mr Downer's gar- den : Pears. Mr Knight's presents, and most of them Van Mons' seedlings. Caprimont, Urbanlste Marie Louise,Florelle Beurre Knox. P>ergamol de Pasque, Bon Creiien de Williams, Charles d'Autriche, Do^'enne Gris, St Galen. Epargne, Barllelt, Seckle, Green Gage, Apricot. Downer's Mazard. From the London Horticultural Society. Phims. Cherry. Seeds for Countnj Dealers. Traders in the country, who may wish to keep an assortment of Gan'rn Seeds for sale, are informed ihey can be furnished at the New England Farmcroff.ee, No. .^ji North Market street, PiO.^ton, wlih boxes conlaining a complete assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they can be purchased in this country, neatly done up in small papers, at G a.id 12 cents each — warranted to be ot the growth of 1828, and of y\\e. purest tjuali/jj. Ornamkntal Flower Skkds will be added on the same terms, when ordered, as well as Pkas, Beans, EAtiLV White Sweet Corn, &c, of dif- ferent sorts. [Ij^ The Seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on a new plan (his year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and packed in the nealesl style. — Traders are requested to call and examine for them- selves, fptf Jan. 23. For Sale, In the southeasterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, containing about 120 acres, consisting of every kind of land that is desirable lo the enterprising farmer, a large portion of which is of the first quality, having a constant stream of water running through it ; and the land is so situated that a number of acres are capable of irrigation. On the premises is an upright two story House, wiiii lour rooms on the floor, in good repair ; a large Barn, 80 by 30, and in common seasons is filled with good hay. Theie are also on the farm, good Orchards, a part of vvhich are in their prime j together with an abundance of Wood, the best of wliite oak, fit for wheelwrights' use, or for ship limber. There are few farms capable of more improve- ment, or which can be carried on at less expense. The place will be sold at a fair price, with or without the stcck and uten- sils, at the election of the purchaser. The payments made easy and accommodating, and possession may be had on delivery of the deed. For further particulars, please inquire of William Draper, Esq. of Marlhorougii, of Benjamin Weld of Rox- bury, or of Samuel 11. Weld, on the premises, Jan. 16. PRICES OF COUjYTRY PRODUCE. APPLES, besl, - . - - ASHES, pol, first sort, rearl. first sort, - - - BEANS, white, - - - . BEEF, mess, . - . Cargo, No. 1, Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, - CHEESE, new milk, Skimmed milk, FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - Genesee, - - - - Rye, best, - - - - GRAIN, Corn, .... Rye, - - - . Barley, . _ - - 0:ils, . . . - HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME. ...... PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, clear, .... Navy, mess, Cargo, No. 1, SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, - - . R^e Grass, - _ . Tall Meadow Oals Grass, - Red Top - - - - Lucerne, - - - - White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Beet, - Mangel Wurlzel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - Merino, full blood, unwashed, fllerino, three fourths washed, f.IeriHo, htilf &. quarter washed Nal've, washed, - - - Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, J'ulled, Lamb's, second sort, Pulled, " spinning, first sort. barrel, ton Ibushel barrel pound. barrel bushel poimd cask. ton. barrel, bushel. lound. FROM To 3 00 3 75 135 00 140 00 132 00 137 50 1 00^ 10 00 9 00 7 50' ]4| ■^ 8 73 8 75' 1 37 10 60 9 50 8 00 16 9 3 9 00 9 00 G3 6fl 7.-5 80 67 37 40 9 85 90 3 50 16 OC 16 50 IJ 00 13 25 13 00 13 25 2 00 300 40S 400 40O 1 00 50 50 7 , 9 1 60 1 50 35 4S S!2 26 30 35 HH 33 as 28 37 41 as 30 30 33 March G. PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVERY WEEK BY MR. HAYWARD, (Cterk of Faimdl-halL Market.) REEF, best pieces, - PORK, (Vesh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, MUTTON. - - . - POULTRY, - - . . BUTTER, keg^ and lub, - Lump, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - Iiuliaii, relail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according lo quality,] pound. 10 12 1-S •' 5 8 It 5 7 " 5 6 " 2 19 11 it 1. 12 20 20 dozen. 21 25 bushel. 70 7« it 50 liarrel. 2 onj 25U 272 MISCEIiLANIES. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Think not, dear Inez, that I grieve O'er pluasurcs past, anil hopes o'erlhr(>\\ n j Or, hecLiit'ss onci ur.a:iaioruI, pa5s The sweets with which my path is slrown ; For many a sweet slil! lin/^ers there, In spite oCtiinc, disease, nini caie. And do not think I eiivv iliose Whose brighter lotcchpses ininej For well I know, what briglilesl shows. Not aiiraijs most deserves lo shine. And well I know it is ;he heart Where happiness must live — And well I know how small the part External things can give. Think not I mourn la " discontent, That life is not what once it seem'd j That all its goods and ills are blent, And darkness shows, where light had beam'd- It is not so. — Though 't was myself, That led your thought astray ; And now, perchance, you will not heed Whaie'er the muse may say. I did what njight not seem so kind Upon a transient view — I smiled on those not half so loved, And '• kept my tears for you." 'T is sweet to hearts by torrow prest, (Who has not sorrow known ?) To lean upon a gentle breast, We know is all our own. Our ()'t!7i.'— ah no — I did not mean What such a word would prove — 1 only meant, — 't was sweet to lean. Upon the breast we love. NEW ENGLAND FARMEIl. ii neighlioriii!; house of eiitpi-taimiioiit, with a view, as tlipy suiil, to '■ break a boitle of wine logethei-, and bid farewell to tlicir bacheloiry the linshel. pound, or paper, on (avorable terms. Eacli package tiir retail is accompanied with short directions on its tnanage- nient. The Ibllowing comprise some oi our most prominent ?oiis, rainphiel catalogues gratis. SELECTED FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. CAUSES OF INTEMPERANCE. Mr Fessenden — The following extract from » y/je Yankee" may not be consideredinappropri- ate in your valuable paper. " It is not enough that our youth have congre- gated together to encourage temperance. Our very children must do so, or their mothers for them : fur who after all, tire the chief tempters of posterity? Our women — our mothers — our wives. They mingle the taste of strong litiuor with the child's pap ; — their soups and sauces tire flavored with it — their pi'.ddings and jjies. The appetite of the babe gives way, and he is stimulated anew. If he will not take wine openly, a.? wine, sitting up to the table and throwing oft' a bumper like a man, he must be cheated into swallowing it — it must be sugared and spieeil, and flavored with ormige peel— anything to make a drunkard of him. Hence the danger of preparing a child's appe- tite for relishing the fiery plagues that are one day or other to eat his heart away." •'' Behold, liow great a matter a little fire kindletli." Some years ago, a young gentleman, Mr L — , paid his addresses to the sister of Mr B — , with whom he lived in the habits of intimacy and friend- ship. And it so hapj)ened, that, at the same titne Mr B — paiil his addresses to the sister of Mr L — . At length these atteniiors ripened into nearer con ne.xions, and the marriages of both the young gen- tlemen were soletnnized at one and the same time place. While the company were together. ECONOMY. " By fixed and permanent principles of economy estates are acquired.'' Doctor Wheelock, first President of Dartmouth College, made a visit to England to solicit pecti- niary aid to enable him to carry into effect, his benevolent object of eilucating a few children of the wilderness. He received considerable sums from generous individuals, and was advised to call on a certain wealthy gentleman for further assist- ance. He was received by a servant, and while waiting for the getltleman, he heard him in the adjoining room, sharply upbraiding a female ser- vant, for having thrown a small remnant of a can- dle into the fire : — On bearing this, the Doctor said to himself, " I shall get nothing here." — the gentleman, however, soon appeared, and when the object of the Doctor's visit was made known to him — he approved of the plan, an.d handed him a bill, which the Doctor received without examina- tion, expressed his gratitude and retired. Having arrived at his lodgings, on looking at the bill, he found, to his astonishment, that it was for 50 pounds — presuming his economical benefactor htid made a mistake of 50 for 5, he, as an honest mitn, returned v/ith the bill to the donor, who assured hiin, that he had made no mistake — "But," said the gentleman, " it is you, who have made the mis- take— the conversation which you overheard, res- pecting the remnant of the candle, gave yon a wrong impression — it is that system of habitual economy, which enables mc to contribute liberally to the promotion of benevolent and charitable ob- jects." Jslethod of fading the Course of the Air when the JVhid is Slilt. — Place a basin of water in a free exposure, throw a red hot cimler into it, and ob- serve how the smoke which it produces inclines. Sailors throw a live coal into the sea for the same purpose, and al-o wet a finger, hold it up in the air, and then by feeling which part becomes (by evaporation) cool, they judge of the direction of the current of air. An instrument on the last principle has been invented by Dr B. M. M. Fos- ter.— Mec. Mag. The Ellsworth Courier states, that there is in Washington county. Me. a farmer 70 years of age, who carries on the farming business on a and large scale, and who, to ascertain when )iis bodi- ly energies begin to fail, is accustomed to jump over a four feet fence on his premises, several times a year. This is what Shakspeare calls a the two young men, now brothers, stepped out to [ green old age— frosty, but kindly. A'dchokf, Green Glotie Asparagus, Devonslnre Graviseiid Hattersea barge white reading Beans, {26 varieties,) including the English broad beans ilwarfs. pole, ifee. Beets, true bong Blood Early hlnod 'J'nrnif) Early White Scarcity French Sugar, or Ambei Orange Green, {for soups, &c.} Borerote Broroli. Early White Early Purple barge Cape Brussels ^prmtts Cabbage, Early York Early Dutch Early Sugarloaf Early Lou. Baliersea Early Emperor Early Wellinglon Large Brrgen, &e. Large Cape Savoy Large Scotch Large Geeen Glazed Large Laie Drumhead Tiee.or IflOO headed Green Globe Savoy Red Dutch Yellow Savoy Turnip Rooted, &c. Russian Late Imperial Late Sugarloaf Cardoon Carrots, .\!tringham Early Flora, (for table) ninoll Red Lemon Long Orange Canlijloir-'r , Early and Late Celerij, While solid Rose colored solid Italian Celeriac.or turnip rooted riirrril Chirrs Corn Salad, or Vellikost Cress, Cnrled or Peppergrass Inroad leaved or Garden Water Cucumber, F'arly Frame E.irly "Green Cluster .Siiort I'rickly Long Prickly I^ong Green Turkey Long While Turkey Long White Spiiied Small Girkin, t^'C. Egg Plant, Purple White Endire, Green While Curled Pn-oftd leaved Batavian Garden [iitruet Gai lie ^rlts Indian Corn, (several varieties) Purple curled Green curled Scotch Xeei, London Large Scotch ■Ldtuce, Early Curled Silesia Large Green head Royal Cape (fine) Imperial liardy Green Brown Dutch Grand Admiral Tenn^sball, or Rose Drumhead IVIagiium Bonum Cos Bath Cos Ice Cos ^Vhi^e Cos, or Loaf Green Cos Melon, Pino Apple Green Cilrou Persian Nutmeg Large Canteleupo Pouiegrair.ue, or Musk Carolina Water Long Island Waaler Afiplc seeded Water Marjoram Mns'ard, While r.ad Brown IVaslltrtinni Mangel Wurt!:el Olcra Onions, Potato Tree White Portugal Y^ellow Large Red Pttrs/fy, Siberian DwarfCurled Curled or Double Parsnip, Large Dutch swelling Peas, Early Washington Early double blossomed Early Frame Early Golden Hotspur Early Charlton Early Strawberry Dwarf D\varf Blue Imperial Dwarf Blue Prussian D\\arf Spanish, or Fan Dwarf Marrowfat Dwarf Si:gar RJatchless.orTali illarrow Knighi'sTall Marrow Tall Crooked pod Sugar Peppers, Long or tJayenne IVinato, or Squash Cherry. (West India) Pnmphiits, Fine Family Connectieul Field Mnmmolh Radish, F.atly Frame Shori top Scarlet Long Salmon Purple Short Top Long \vhile,or Naples Cherry Violet colored White Turnip RoolM Black Fall or Spaoisli Rhubarb Roots, (for taits) Ruta Ba^a Salsafy, or vegetable oyster Sea Kale Skirret Saffron, Spinach, New Zealand Prickly, or Fall Roundleaved summer Sage Squash, Early bush summer Long Crook Neck Vegeiable Marrow Acorn &c. To7natos Turnij>s,eiiv^y white Dutch Early Garden Stone W hilc Flat, or Globe Large Eng. NorlblK Long Tankard Long Yellow French Yellow iMaltese Yellow Aberdeen "iVllovv Sione Yellow Swedish Dedham Thyme — Sweet Basil— Btme- set — Lavender — Rosemary — Hyssop — Wormwood — Sum- mer Savory— -Penny royal- Spikenard— Dill— Balm-Tan- sy— Bene, &e. Jl Situation Tf'anted, For a young man and his wife in a private family. 41 febjt' Nf:W EN€}L.AMB FARMER. Published by John B. RnasEiL, at M. 52 JVoHh Market Street, (at the Agricultural Warehouse).— Tnomxi^Q. Fessenden, Edilnr. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MARCH 20, 1829. No. 35. ^^1 HORTICULTURE. Mr FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. THE ORCHARD. Fessenden— It is much to be regretted, way apples of the best kinds may bo produced in j or three arms on each; more might have been left, a short time with comparatively little trouble or expense. I have stated that the trees which I took from iTrlr Kenrick's nursery appear better and more promising than any others I have growing. Al at so little attention is given to the cultivation of though such is the fact it is not on account of any apples, as it is well known that thosa of a good quality, especially winter apples, generally find a ready market at a fair price. But, strange as it may seem, only here and there a farmer, or any one else, makes any exertion to rear an orchard, or even a small number of valuable apple trees. And in most instances, where any effort of the kind is made, it is in such a way and manner, as to present very little prospect of success. Mow often is it the case that shrubby unpromising trees are procured and set out, because they cost Kttle or nothing, and when those more thrifty and superior management, or more ^rticular attention paid to these than to others, as 1 pnrsue substan- tially the same course with all my young trees. — The cause I attribute mostly to their tlirifty and healthy state when taken from the nursery. I am jtarticularly careful in taking up young trees to break and injure the roots as little as possible, and in setting out equally cautious to have the roots properly adjusted. I make the holes about four feet in diameter and from twelve to eighteen inches in depth into wliicli I place the roots of the ., — , tree, I then put in a small quantity of compost ma- flourishing are chosen, they are frequently torn i r.ure, then replace what was taken from the hole, in a barbarous manner, and set out under such j l)Utting the best or loamy part firsts or at the boX- annuallydig about the trees the samedis- circumstances as to give very little chance for fu- ture growth or prosperity. And, should thty in some instances live and grow, they are frequently mangled and destroyed by cattle, which are occa- sionally turned in upon them,or left to dwindle snd die for the want of suitable care and cultivation. It is said that 75 or 100 years ago, apple tiees I thrifty appearance torn. I tance as was dug for setting them out, and plant potatoes, applying yearly a little more manure, and in this way keep the ground loose and in good or- der, so that the roots spread rapidly around, the trees grow fi.st, always presenting a healthy and grew almost spontaneously, being properly set out, notliing more was necessary, the work was roni- pleted ; and in a few years they arrived at matu- rity and jnoduced plentifully. But the cours« of things has materially changed. Now we miirh.as well think of raising a field of corn without ^^ ; use of the plough or hoe, and the applicetion of manure, as to rear an orchard without labor ard cultivation. From the little experience I h.-.ve had, I find particular care and attention indisien- sable, especially during the early growth of the tree, as its future prosperity greatly depend} on the outset. I have tried different methods in rear- ing apple trees for bearers. I have several now in a productive state, which were raised from the seed, but none of them producing apples lit fur any other use than to make into cider. Others I have which were produced by setting out small trees, and letting them stand one or two years and then grafting them at the ground. These have giuwn very well, bearing earlier than those raised from the seed. A third class I have, which were taken from Mr KenricU's nnrc!f.r\. at Wa^rf^., :„ I A FARMER. County of Worcester, March, 1829. QUERE RESPECTING APPLE TREES. Mr Editor — Between sixty and seventy years ago my grandfather came into possession of the rariii wliich I now occupy, .ind finding Uifvoontiie remains of a nursery, he took from it such of the trees as were suitable, and sot out an orchard These trees all produced apples exactly of the same kind, and as they were raised from the seed I have never been able to discover a satisfactory cause for the occurrence of such a circumn-tanee. Could you or any of your correspondents show the cause of this novel circumstance, the curiooity of one of your constant readers would be somewhat gratified. A FARMER. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. TRANSPLANTING AND GRAFTING PEAR TREES. Mr Fessendej* — I notice in your last number ""■■sery, at Newton, in some inquii-ies by a correspondent, respecting fruit the spring of 1826, being then of two years growth ] trees, and in answer to his first inqniVy whether a jrom the moculation, and although taken from ' pear tree 25 or 30 years old can be engrafted or land in a high state of cuhivation, and planted on! inoculated with good success, I beg leave to state, that of an ordinary quality, have done remarkably j that I have a tree in my garden which I had trans- well, and appaar better and more promising than I i>lauted thither about seven vears ago ; and which any others I have growing. Should no calamity ! was then, I should think, about 30 years old— a befall these trees, they will probably in a (e^v year^i ; sound thriftv tree, but of a very ordinary kind of doubly repay all the labor and expense devoted to fruit. It was taken up with much care, and after ' ^™- depriving it of a large part of its top, I set it in its 1 have several others taken last fall from the 'present situation in the same position in which it fine nursery of Dr Fiske, in Worcester, which, formerly stood, but without much expectation, I judging from their thrifty appearance, will flourish confess, of its surviving this operation, on account equally as well if the same care and attention be of its age ; but the second year it began to show paid to them. I am now entirely satisfied that it Isigns of renewed vigor, and the third or fourth IS the most economical and expeditious way of lyear 1 had it engrafted with the seckle pear. I rearmg apple trees, to take them directly from the had, as before observed, taken off many of its nursery already gisafted or inoculated. In this ibranches, leaving only two principal ones with two but as this was an experiment, in the success of which I had not much faith, perhaps less care waai taken about it than would ha\e been proper.— However, (he grafts succeeded perfectly and grew very rapidly — the natural shoots were all rubbed off as tliey appeared, except in places where they would he wanted to fill u[) the tree. These shoots I inoculated in July and August of the same year, with buds taken from the grafts before mentioned, which now had come to sufficient maturity for the purpose, and in this I succeeded perfectly, and out of about twenty buds inserted, scarcely one failed, and the following spring, the branches above them being cut off, these grew and filled their place, and I have now a large, thrifty, and handsome tree entirely renovated. And instead of being \i. cumberer of the ground, it now pro- duces the best pears which our country affords. Having -succeeded so perfectly to my satisfac- tion in this instance, I should not hesitate to pro- ceed in the same way under similar circumstances — grafting and bud;ling in the same year. Grafts, will, no doubt, produce fruit sooner than buds, but by budding in the manner I have mentioned, a bett'jr formed tree may be produced. I have also " unequivocal evidence" that trees of considerable size and age may be as safely transplanted as those of smaller size, by cutting off the top to corres- pond with the reduced root. Yours respectfully, D. F. Charlestown, March 9, 1829. Jol.nE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BROAD WHEELS. Mr Fessenden — I saw -in a late number of your useful paper an article wiitten on the subject of broad wheels, from which I understood tliat wagons with wheels, the tire of which being of a greater breadth than five inches, were required by law, and in general use m one or more of the New England States. I have long considered the regulation of the breadth of wagon wheels, a .'^ubject worthy of le- gislation, as nothing would, in my opinion, con- tribute so much to improve the condition of our roads. In our state, Pennsylvania, broad wheels are confined to the turnpikes. I am well convinced that the general adoption, though at first attended with some additional expense, in pre- paring the roads for their use, and a loss from casting away those at present used, would, on a few years trial, be found to contribute to the ad- vant.ige, as well as comfort of the inhabitants, of any country, where they were in general use. I have entertained the opinion, that in the con- struction of wagons, there might be, in addition to the advantage derived from the width of the wheel, another from the axles being of a different length, so tliat the wheels would not follow exact- ly in the same track, but that the hindmost might track about five inches nearer together than the two foremost. The adoption of this plan would be attended viith some expense, but would event- ually be found highly beneficial, as the highways instead of being cut dee]) as at present with the narrow wheels and prepared for to be washed into 274 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, March 20, 1829. gullies, would be kept eveu, smooth, and comiiact as if it weie by rollers. I would be very thankful if you would be pleased to communicate by private letter, or through the medium of your paper, a sketch of the law on the subject ; with information of the place and time of its origin, and also its effects. Yours respectfully, J. A. CALDWELL. Harrishurg, Feb. 16, 1829. The following is a copy of the act, to which the above has reference. An Act providing for the use of Broad Rim- med Wheels. Sec. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives in General Court assembled, and by the authority of the same, That from and after two years from the passage of this act, the wheels of every wagon, carriage or vehicle built or rimmed anew, and drawn by two beasts (excepting pleas- ure carriages) passing upon or over any turni)ike or commoa highway, within this Commonwealth, Bhall have felloes not less than four inches in width, and if drawn by more than two beasts, the said wagon or other vehicle (excepting as afore- said) shall have felloes not less than five inches in width: Provided, that the wheels of stage coaches passing as aforesaid, may have felloes only four inches in width. Sec. 2. Be it further enacted. That the owner or owners, and also the driver of every wagon, car- riage, or other vehicle, having wheels contrary to the provisions of this act, who shall drive or suffer the same to be driven, upon or over any turnpike or common highway within this Commonwealth, shall forfeit and pay for each offence, a sum not less than five dollars, nor more than twenty dol- lars, to the use of the Turnpike Corporation, City, Town, or Disfict liable by law to support the turnpike, or common highway, upon which the of- fence shall have been committed, to be recovered before any Justice of the Peace within and for the l county within which the offence shall have been committed, not being a member of the Turnpike Corporation, or an" inhabitant of the City, Town, or District liable for the support of the Tm-npike, ] or connnon highwav as aforesaid : Provided, how- j ever, that the provisions of this act shall not ex- I tend, or be applieil to either of the counties of Dukes or Nantucket, nor to any carriage passing upon or over any of the roads aforesaid, solely for the purposes of common husbandry. And pro- vided further. That no prosecution shall be sustain- ed under the provisions of this act, which shall not be commenced within ninetydays from the com- mission of the offence, upon the complaint of the Treasurer of the Turnpike Cor|ioiation, or one of the Surveyors of Highways within the City, Town, or District liable for the support of the road upon which the offence shall have been committed, to a .lustice of the Peace having cognizance of such offence. Sec. 3. Be it further enrfted. That this act shall be published in the months of January and Octo- ber in each year, for the term of two years, in all the newspapers in which the laws of the Com- monwealth are published, and shall also be read at the annual town meetings in March and April, for the same term of years. Approved by the Governor, March 8, 1828. To the extreme South, the late storm and sub- sequent cold, are spoken of as severe. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. I was gratified to learn by the notice in your paper, that the public would be favored with an abridgment of Duliainel's celebrated Treatise on Fruit Trees, and still more pleased that it was to be accompanied with additions and remarks adaiit- ed to our climate by a very cxi)erienced cultiva- ""^i am not aware that Duhamel's Treatise has ever been translated into our language, nor do I know of any abridgment of it, unless it be tluit ot Coxe. It is true that Coxe does not mention Uu- hamel, yet the arrangement, names and plates ol his pears would seem to indicate, that be had the benefit either of Duhamel, or of the Abb6 Rozier, who avows, that his Treatise is a simple copy from Duhamel. Duhamefs work is at this day esteemed the first in France, preennnently the country of fine fruits —and the learned members of the London Horti- cultural Societv, superior to national prejudices, assign him the highest rank. Duhamel, united to more science than any other writer on fruits, pos- sessed most minute practical knowledge accpnred during almost as long a period as can be boasted of by the venerable Thomas Andrew Knight. Permit me to say one word on the o|)poituiu- ties and acquirements of the publisher of the pro- posed work. I know of no person in this vicinity who has had so much experience or success. For ■25 years he has superintended an extensive collec- tion of fruits with consummate skill. He has al- ways enjoyed the advantage of the first edition of Duhamel "colored under that enlightened man's own inspection ; and few persons have made more extensive experiments suggested by their own minds. I should consider such a work, the fruit of so much experience, of great importance to the cause of Horticulture. It is to be hoped, that the publisher will be encouraged by a liberal subscrip- tion, to give Duhaniefs figures, at least of the fruits, if not of the foliage and flowers. My known enthusiasm for the improvement ot our horticulture is the only apology which I can offer for these remarks. JOHN LOWELL. Roxbury, March 14. FOR THE NEW ENGUAXD FARMER. difficult to ascertain as a component part of sub- stances, is yet admitted to be highly productive of nutrition. It is for these the swine so diligently search, as well as the poultry. But any further than may be derived from the saccharine matter in the seed in pomace, it would seem improbable that much animal nutritive mat- ter could be obtained from a substance so abound- ing with acidity. I find in your Journal, under date of October 6fli, 1826, that one of your correspondents by turning his hogs into his orchard, thought that he experienced some benefit. So also with his horse. But as there was nothing very precise in his ex- periments as to other food, nor any means of judging how the sweet apple might have prevail- ed,'there did not seem to be anything decisive on the sjbject. The sweet apple tree i)robably docs not exceed one in forty. This is, however, mere coiijocture. Tiie spirit with which fruit abounds, and the foniluess of animals for it, as noticed by your cor- respondent, are not entirely conclusive as to the prevalence of nutritive properties therein ; many things which are agreeable to taste produce an opposite effect to this ; more especially where aci'dity prevails. So also others are highly dis- agrcuible, which when often recurred to conduce to ijreat thrift, viz. oil-cake, &c. The late General Derby, of Londonderry, N. H. had a favorable opinion of pomace, and of its [ire- scrvation by (Irving for winter's use. But the trouble of curing, and the great difficulty of prc- ser inff it free from must, and acid fermentation coild not have been, it is apprehended, sufficient- ly c^nsiilered. The time too, taken herein would, prokiblv, be better compensated by mcreasiug ve"etab'le products of more certain effect. One or more instances of cattle that have sup- IHTted a good condition the most of the time about these heaps has been stated in your paper. But those are too" indefinite to be wholly relied on.— For, first, the cattle had access to other food, and, secondly, the prevalence of sweet fruit in the pom- ace wni'ild doubtless produce such a result. It is therefore submitted, whether, for these and other reasons that might be urged, the little value which ; is ataibuted to this article by our farmers needs ' correnion ? Nothing has been said of the posi- tive disadvantages herein to stock ; although many are fill in the belief of its injury : such as swelling the bowels, setting the teeth on edge, exciting an aversion to dry food, &c. It seems then, that in the application of pomace as far as the .seeds go, the bcif- APPLES AND POMACE AS FOOD FOR STOCK, &c. Mr Fessenden— I have observed in the course of vour useful labors, that you have suhimtted to your readers occasionally, some inquiries, remarks, .^ animal supjiort, nd experiments on " the convertibility of pomace I ^^^ .^ ai)parent— a..., „ cumstances of some uncertainty, and that promise, at best, nn verv essential advar.tafjf ■ .-. ,. ent is apparent— anvthing farther depends on ci to some useful purposes." First " of nutrition lor ^ animals," seo^ndlv as " an article in itself condu i cive to the enrichment of soil, or as a component material in the Compost Heap." On these points some opinions are herein sug- gested, rather as matter-^ of conjecture than other- wise : nut having gone into any accurate analysis, and the result of some exj.eriments on the subject are likewise submitted. And first, as to nutrition, there can be no doubt that sweet apples are conducive to the fattening of cattle as well as horses and swine. This is affirm- ed by many observant fiirmers. The pomace, i therefore, as far as these prevail, is doubtless nu- I tritious in some degree. j So also in the seeds of the apple. In these j there is much gluten, saccharine matter, oil, ar- . omatic flavor, &g. It will be perceived that the whole subject is proposed for discussion by your correspondents.— The considerations, which belong to utility in the enrichment of soil will be next offered. W. Dorchester, March, 1829. Remarks by tht Editor.— We conceive the ob- jects of inquiry embraced by the preceding com- munication are of considerable consequence to ag- riculturists. The principles which the questions involve are imiiortaut, and applicable to other art- icles used as food for animals and plants, besides apples and pomace. We hope that " W."' will pursue his inqUb-ies, and thiit both practical and ^:i:rr.Xr^:ou;^lp.:ilo^;h.;;i .ihiv^to. wm a^o contribute their Vol. VII.— No. 35. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 275 aid in the investigations connected vvitii the topics which lie is so ably discussing. We insert ihe following in order Ihai Joih parlies may he heard in a controversy, which we hope will be closed with this document. — Editor. FOR THE NEW ENGL.iND FARMER. Sir — The remarks of" Essex" in your paper of the 13th inst, upon the Report of a Committee of the Essex Agricultural Society, are in a style and of a character, "that should not pass without no- tice." Taken in connexion vvitli the Card that appeared in your paper of the 7th inst, it is high- ly probable, at least, that they originated directly or indirectlt/, from the same source. Believing this to be so, notwithstanding the affectation of apology made by " Essex," I think it a duty the Committee owe themselves and the i)ublic, to state some ad- ditional facts, in explanation of what has been published. When those facts shall be properly considered, I shall cheerfully submit to the public to determine, whether the Cnmmittee are justly charged with making an " ungenerous and covert attack" upon this gentleman and foreigner.' or, on the contrary, whether he did not in the first place, attack the Committee and the Society, in a manner altogether unbecoming a gentleman, and entirely without provocation ? " So liir as the remarks of " Essex" contain rules for forming reports, or strictm-es upon the style in which reports should be written, I have no dispo- sition to question their correctness. I am willing that the paper criticised should be tried by these rules. The insinuations and misrepresentations of " Essex" on these points are well and ,;atisfactori- lyanswered, in your notes annexed to the re- marks. But so far as they charge the Committee witji being influenced by " unworthy i.nd low preju- dices,"— '- with a want of knowledge, or judg- ment,"— with " Wiiut of delicacy," or " violations of propriety," — with " uncaudid and unwarranta- ble remarks," with " prating," with " illiberaiity," and with " little practical concern with agricul- ture in any of its forms ;" — it is proper to inquire whether or not these charges are well founded. — These accusations relate, almost exclusively, to that part of the Report, which speaks of the In- dian Hill Farm. Because the Committee spoke in relation to this farm, as they felt it to be their duty to speak, olTence is taken. The Committee would have passed this faim iti silence, if they could have done so with juopiicty. But it being gen- erally known in the county, that they had Visited this farm, and that it had been entered for | ^enii um, they thought it wculd be shrinking from their duty, to omit to say, what they did respecting it. Much more might have been truly said, which would probably have been still less acceptable, to the courteous, sensitive, and delicate " Essex." I will state, sir, some facts within my own knowledge in relation to this farm. I regret that duty requires this to. be done. I regret also the necessity of animadverting upon the condnct of a gentleman, whom I have, at all times, been dis- posed to treat with respect and civility ; and from whom I have at all times, personally^ received a corresponding treatment. Mr G. early in the last season entered the In- dian Hill Farm for premium. The'Committte visited it in June and in August, as they did other farms ; — and also on the 24th of Septemlier, at tl e special request of Mr G., to see the first operation of his new threshing mill. I believe, that no in- timation was given by the Committee, or any one of them, at either of these visits, of their opinion in relation to the management of this farm. Mr G. was informed, both by the form in which the premiums are proposed, and by the Committee l)ersonally, that a detailed account of his opera- tions upon the farm, of the quantity of labor em- ployed, of the expenses incurred, of the crops, [)ro- ducts, stock, iSic; &c. upon the farm, would be ex- pected from him by the Committee. Mr G. prom- ised to furnish the same. At the meeting of the Committee on the 29th of Dec. last, to award the premiums — this statement had not been furnished, nor any reason given why it was withheld. The Cjmmittee addressed a line to Mr G. soliciting this statement, that the same might be published in connexion with their Report ; — and at the same time informing him, that his farm having been en- tered for jiremium, and having been repeatedly visited by the Committee, they could not, consist- ently with their duty, omit to speak of it. They received an answer addressed to the Secretary of the Society, in the words following, viz. •' The letter from the Committee on Farms was duly received, in reply to which, I would observe, that for the visit of the Committee I am much obliged — but after the decision of the Committee on Plougliing at the Cattle Show, I determined not to give the result of my farming — fully be- lieving that prejudice would predominate." As Mr G. has repeated in his Card, addressed to the public, that he withheld his statement of the result of his farming, on account of the decis- ion of the Committee on Ploughing, at the Cattle Show, I will briefly state what I believe to be the facts, in relation to this point ; — though I had no voice in it, or knowledge of it, until it was made public by the Committee. There were eight douhle teams in the ploughing match, of which Mr G. had charge of one, and was himself plough- man. There were four ])remiums to be awarded. The Coimnittee, five in number, were all prac- tical farmers, with inucii experience. They did not award a premium to MrG. — not because he did not plough well, as I learn from them, but be- j cause others, in their opinion, ploughed better than he did. It is possible, that they did not judge j correctly in this iratter ; and it is equally possible that they did. We have the opinion of five, com- petent, disinterested witnesses on the one side ; I and the opinion of one, interested (but modest) j witness on the other. But whether they did judge correctly or not, how it follows from this, that an- other committee, on a subject entirely different, would allow " Prejudice to predominate," is not easily understood by the rules of logic to which I have been accustomed. It should also be stated, that Mr G. had a pair of horses in the ploughing field, which performed their work exceedingly well, to the admiration of all who saw thein, and which were spoken of in the highest terms of ap- probation liy the Committee. As no premium was offered i()r work done by horses, the Commit- tee awarded to this team a gratuity, equal to the lowest premium offered. Whether Mr G. is dis- satisfied with the noh'ce that was taken of his horse- team — or the omission to take notiee of his ox-team, I am not advised — but presume it must be the lat- ter. Says " Essex," " we believe, and his neighbors admit the fact, that there is no farm in the vicini- ty where a greater produce has been raised in proportion to the expense, &,c." than upon the In* diaii Hill Farm. Then why withhold a statement of the produce and the expense ? On this point I am ready to join the issue, and if the testimony of neighbors is to be taken, I have no fear of proving, that the expeiises upon this farm the past season would far exceed the gross amount of all its products, estimated at their highest value. But sir, I forbear, at this time stating particular- ly, those things in the management of this farm, which the Committee thought of doubtful expedi- ency ;— (and more than this they have not said in their Report.) From the remarks of " Essex" himself, it would seem, at least, that some experi- ments have been made, and that some of the plans [lursued wore of a doubtful character. If "Essex" will condescend to annex his name to his commu- nications, I will engage to examine the subject upon its merits. And though I may not be able to enumerate high sounding names, or wield "rhe- torical flourishes" as he does ; — and though I may be as wanting in that practical knowledge of ag- riculture, as he would intimate the Committee are ; — still, I believe I can satisfy a candid public, that the operations upon the Indian Hill Farm, the past season, were neither worthy of premium, of approbation, or of imitation. That my brethren of the Committee may not labor under the aspersioiis cast upon them by " Essex," of " want of delicacy, or violations of propriety," of " aiming at wit, or what looks like it," &c. I will simply say that the language of the Report is mine, — (that it was written in haste, in one evening, and perhaps with too little care ;) but that the opinions therein expressed were unan- imously approved by the Committee ; and that after a reexamination of the same, with the benefit of the mild and civil remarks of " Essex," we do not find occasion to alter what is there stated- Respectfully yours, &c. JOHN W. PROCTOR. ■ Danvers, March 16, 1829. SILK. We tender our thanks to our agricultural friend who last week presented us with two specimens of American silk. These although (as we are in- formed,) produced from the common mulberry of our forests, are beautiful indeed. We do hope our agricultural friends generaUy, will call in and view our specimens of silk. These well demonstrate the |)racticabihty of the cultiva- tion of this valuable material. — Delaware Advertiser. Great attention is now paid in Delaware to the culture of silk. We have been favored with a copy of the following resolutions which have pass- ed the Legislature. Resolved hy the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the State of Delaware in General Jlssemhly met, That all lands within the limits of this State, which now are, or futurely shall be, actually em- ployed and occupied in the growth of silk, shall be exem))t from taxation for the space of ten years, from the time of planting such trees. Resolved further, That to each and every indi- vidual who shall plant and bring to perfection within the limits of the State, two hundred such Mulberry trees, within the space of five yeer.s from the first day of May next, there shall be given by the State, a silver medal of the value of five dollars. Attest, WILLIAM HUFFINGTON. .Clerk of the House of Representatives o^'the Slate of Delaware. 276 NEW ENGLAND FARMEU, March 20, 1829, An Initiatory Discourse, delivered at Geneva, -llth November, 1828, hefore an assembly, from which, on that day, was formed the Domestic Horticultural Society of the tccslern parts of the state of Mw York. By Myro.n Holt,ey, Esq. (Continued from page 268.J The produclious of the garden are affected, ei- ther for evil or for good, in the diflerent stages of their growth, by the most minute and the most magtiificent otijects in nature, by tlie bugs, by the worms, by the flies, by the birds, by the clouds, by the air, by the sun. The knowledge of these ob- jects, with all their means of favor or annoyance, and the superadded knowledge of all the other ob- jects and means by which the effects of these, so far as they are good, may be promoted, and so far as they are evil, may be prevented, should be era- braced within the scope of his acquirements. The science of Horticulture, therefore, does not merely admit — it demands, excites, and favors the most extensive and diversified intellectual attainments. But, it has pleasures to bestow which amply repay all its demands, both upon the body and the iuind. It gratifies all the senses. The feehng is gratified, by its smooth walks, its »oft banks, the touch of many of its leaves, and fruits, and flowers, and by the refreshing coolness of its shades. The smell is agreeably excited, from unnumber- ed sources. From the lowliest pot-herb to the stateliest tree ; from the humble violet and mign- ionette to the splendid tulip and the queenly rose, a garden is the unrivalled repository of fragrance. The gratification of the ear, in a garden, is ad- ventitious, not of man's procurement, but never- theless certain and real. The most tasteful of the animal creation, in their flight, from one end of the earth to the other, discover no spot so alluring to them as a well replenished garden. The birds are fond of its shade, its flowers and its fruit. — Amidst these they love to build their nests, rear their young, and first win them to that element which seems created to be their i)eculiar field of Joy. And if they sometimes commit unwelcome inroads upon the delicacies which we prize, they more than compensate us by their cheerful and continual songs, and by destroying innumerable and more dangerous intruders in the air, in the trees, upon the plants, and on the ground. The taste finds its choicest regalement in the garden, in its sweet roots, its crisp and tender sal- lads, its nutritious and acceptable pulse, its pun- gent and salutary condiments, its fragrant and de- licious fruits, with a countlens list of other palata- ble productions, all existing in such inexhaustible variety, that the art of cookery takes more than half its subjects from that overflowing store- house. But the eye delights in a garden, as if all its la- bors, its cares, aud its knowledge had been dedi- cated to that single sense. From every quarter, and border, and arbor ; from every bank, and walk, and plant, and shrub, and tree ; from every single object, every group of objects, and every combination of groups, spring forms of beauty, fresh, living, well proportioned, graceful beauty, natural though cultivated, innocent though gay. Horticulture gratifies the higher facidties of our rature, the intellectual taste, the reason, the heart. • Doctor Aiken has justly remarked, that " no pleasure, derived from art, has been so universal as that taken in gardens." And from the remark we should infer, what the history of every enlight- ened people will demonstrate, that, on no subject have men exerted themselves more, for the dis- play of taste, than on this. That delicate power of gifted and cultivated minds, v^hich almost iutu- itrvely discerns, and nicely enjoys, all the genuine beauties of nature and art, and turns with sudden disgust, from eveiy species of deformity, has al- ways regarded a well stored, well arranged, and well dressed garden with peculiar satisfaction. — And this is undoubtedly, owing, not solely or chiefly to the numberless and exipiisiie gratifica- tions of sense which such a garden aftbrds, hut also to the pleasing effect which it naturally pro- duces on the imagination, and other faculties of the mind. All desirable objects which excite the mind without fatiguing it, are the sources of agreeable emotion. And the senses, which we have seen are all brought over to he the advocates of Horti- culture by most of the wealth of nature, of which they can appreciate the value, are, in a garden, constantly soliciting the mental faculties. The eye particularly, by its delicate susceptibilities, its great range, and the number of objects which it can embrace at a single glance, is forever exciting the imagination by the most agreeable appear- ances which it presents, of color and form, each considered singly in all its varieties, and both blended into combinations more diversified and more beautiful than even those of the kaleido- scope. And the imagination yielding to the ex- citement, calls up the other intellectual powers to jjartake of her pleasures. Then, the higher joys of taste commence ; then, the exalted beauties of order, design, intelligence, are disclosed : then, objects are viewed in reference to their congruity, their contr.nst, their regularity, their proportion, their simplicity, their variety, their novelty, their beauty, their sublimity, their adai)tation to an end, and tiie value of that end. Each of these views introduces a broad theme of agreeable contempla- tion. Collectively they comprehend all the charms and glories of the external world ; every thing but the moral sense, and the sympathies of the heart. And I shall endeavor to show, that they are of vast importance to the highest improvement and proper enjoyment of these. But, before entering upon that exhibition, which necessarily refers to the most comprehensive and permanent benefits of which man can be made the partaker, permit me to advert to several of the subordinate benefits of Horticulture. The proper objects, and pleasures, and uses of Horticulture are all beneficial, and are acknowl edged to be so, universally. And it may well be thought extraordinary, with this acknowledgment, that societies for its promotion were not earlier es- tablished. It is not surprising that they did not exist among the nations of antirpiity, because, among them, there was not, in general, indulged to private people sufficient freedom of conmiunication and concerted action to permit such institutions. Besides, if the inclinations of the common people were ever so much in favor of the fruits and pleas- ures of gardening, it was impossible for any to cul- tivate or to ei^oy them extensively, but the great ones of the earth. They were of too costly a rel- ish for general participation. Kings, and princes, generals, and senators, ay)plied to them their pow- er, with emulous devotion. How would the inter- ests of humanity have been promoted if their power had never been worse applied ! But considering the more enlarged diffusion of wealth and freedom, in modern times, it might have been expected that associations, in aid of their rational pleasures, and beneficial uses, would have been sooner commenced and more generally adopted. It is believed that no such associatioa existed in the world before the latter end of the last century. Though if their rise was late, it was honorable. It is certainly creditable to human nature that the first of these institutions proceed- ed from the exalted aud libernl motives originating in the love of science. Botanical societies paved the way for rioiticultura'. societies, and for associ' ations, in which the objects of both were happily united. Soon after the great northern light of the world of natural science shed its benignant beams, with peculiar brilliancy, upon botany, revealing all the recesses of that science to the admiring obser- vation of man, societies were instituted for its pro- motion. Several of these exist on the continent of Europe, under the patronage of men illustriou* for science and philanthropy. (To be concluded next week.) DISEASES OF TIIE TEETH AND GUMS. Bad teeth are sometimes the effect of {1st) gen- eral bad health ; but they are more commonly the effect of local causes. One of the most fruitful sources of diseased teeth is (2d) the alternate ef- fect of heat and cold — breathing cold air, drink- ing hot tea, eating hot victuals, and taking water into the mouth immediately after. In the West India Islands, where the climate is uniformly warm and the water not cold, the inhabitants are re- markable for their fine teeth,except in the Island of St Croix, where the water issuing from the sides of the mountains is very cold, and of course a great luxury and much used, the inhabitants have bad teeth. (.3d) Unskillul dentists frequently occasion the destruction of teeth by filing or in other ways destroying the enamel, but more commonly by the use of acid dentifrice, washes, and powder. These whiten, but wound and create a morbid sensibility in the nerves and corrode the enamel, in both ways insuring their de«ay. (4th) Biting hard sub- stances is extremely hurtful, not from the mechan- ical injury done to the bone of the teeth, but from its aflecting the fine organization of their vessels and jiroducing internal diseases and decay. {5lh) Permitting the teeth and gums to become foul, the accumulated matter growing acrid and corroding the teeth or irritating the nerves. (6th) Remedies applied for the toothach, such as the metalic salts and the essential oils. (7th) One diseased tooth, by internal sympathy, or by the deposition of mat- ter externally, injuring others. (8th) The scurvy; which is occasioned by the irritation of tartar, that is suflered to accumulate on the teeth. (9th) By the gums becoming soft and spongy from not be- ing sufliciently rubbed. (10th) Tartar is produced by the neglect of cleaning the mouth. These are some of the principal causes of diseased teeth. Good teeth contribute to beauty ; to health, by en- abling us to masticate our f(fod well ; and to pleas- ure, for a person whose mouth is filled with de- caying bones, must be disagreeable to himself and others. Avoiding the causes will do much. A few preventive and curative remedies will be men- tioned. 1. The mouth ought to be rinsed, and the gams and tongue rubbed with a brush early in the morn- ing, to remove the accumulation of the preceding I night. 2. The mouth should in the same man- Iner be washed after meals with water not cold, and Vol. VTI.— No. 35. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 277 all extraneous matter removed from between the teeth hy a tooth pick not made of mtlul. 3. To «ase the pain of n decayed tooth, the best remedy is powdered camphor, introduced into the cavity on the poiut of a tooth pick, and secured by put- ting raw cotton over it. The tooth must be made clean, so that the camphor can come in contact with the diseased nerve, and the camphor must lie so lightly on it as not to produce pain by its pressure. This will relieve the pain, correct the ietor of the decaying tootli, and do no injury to tlie sound teeth, whereas oil of cloves or cajuput are less certain to give relief, and always do mis- chief by roughening the other teeth, and favoring the accumulation of tartar. 4. Tartar is produced by the neglect of washing and cleaning the mouth. Where teeth are naturally smooth and the gums sound, mastication alone is often sufficient to pre- Tent the accumulation of tartar ; but if from tooth- ach or other cause, the teeth of one side are not nsed, tartar will collect without the greatest care. This substance injures the teeth by its direct effect upon them, and by its irritating the gums, and pro- ducing scurvy. It may be prevented by washing the mouth often, or picking tlie teeth with a pin of dry wood. If these are not sufficient, and pow- ders are necessary, beware of those which have a rough grit, or acids in thera. The best tooth powder is finely levigated charcoal. Tlie best brush to apply it with, is a small stick of the al- tbea shrub, made into a small broom at the end by biting it between the teeth, but better than this to rub between the teeth is a piece of seasoned oak wood, made pointed and broomed by biting it. If, however, the tartar has been long fixed, and adheres firmly, it will be necessary to remove it by instruments. Tlie point of a penknife will for the most part be sufficient, but the process will be aid- ed by u small sharp hook, which scraping towards the end of the teeth are less liable to injure the gums. 5. The scurvy is cured by removing the tartar, by rubbing tlie gums with what is called a tooth brush, but which more properly might be called gum brush. The powder of Peruvian bark is ex- celL'nt to j-ub into the gums ; it should be kept ■ between the cheeks and teeth, and the gums should also be washed with a decoction of it. If the scurvj is bad and has continued long, the whole system becomes tainted with it. In this case, or if the system is feverish, it will be ncces- sarj'' to take half an ounce of bark, and 60 or 70 drops of elixir vitriol daily. If it is objected that the gums are too tender to permit the use of the brush, this is an evidence that it is needed. A brush and tumbler of water not cold, or suds of old Windsor soap, if assiduously used, will for the most part, keep the gums hard. If, however, the gums show a disposition to become soft and spongy, bark may be used as a preventive. RAIL ROADS. The good cause, of Rail Roads, seems to be finding more and more favor in the eyes of the community. We are ourselves among those who never doubted their superiority as a means of in- tercourse in this eountrj', over canals. And it is pleasing to observe the prejudice which at first was excited against them, giving way to common eense views of the subject. In prosecuting our systems of intercommunication, we have had the opportunity of profiting by the experience of otiier and older nations — particularly of England. But if we are many degrees behind that nation in the affiiirs of internal improvement, it is not a neces- sary consequence that we should follow her step by step. It is our policy rather to seize antl |>rofit by the last result.s of her magnificent and costly ex- periment in this department. A few years ago,there, as here, Rail Roads on anything of an enlarged scale, were unknown. The canal system and policy were triumphant, and extended to every vvork of im- provement of a general character. At the pres- ent day the thing is widely different. After great experience in canals, and not a little in Rail Roads, the people of Englond have given suflicient indi- cations of a decided preference for the latter. So far as we are disposed to derive benefit from the experience of other nations, this is a useful fact. It might have been more useful, had it been earli- er attended to. The effect should have been, to prevent the spread of the canal system to some sections of our country no ways calculated for its favorable prosecution: and in the place of ca- nals, substituted Rail Roads, as the last and best trophy of experience. But, as we observed, the cause of Rail Roads is advancing. In New York a company of en- gitieers had been instructed to survey a line fiir a Rail Road from Schenectady to Albany. The engineers have reported : — their report has been accepted by the Board of Directors, and we un- derstand that the work will be commenced early in the spring. Massachusetts, too, is determined not to be idle. She proposes to take up the line of Railway at the Hudson, near the termination of the above mentioned Road and carry it to Boston. Thus opening a continued communica- tion by Railways, between her metropolis and the western parts of the State of New York. And consequently exhibiting herself as a competitor for her share of the trade of that country and the lakes. A part of this line, must of course be un- dertaken in conjimction with the authorities of New York. At a great meeting of citizens at Faneuil Hall a few days since a resolution was submitted, declaring the expediency of construct- ing this Road by the commonwealth. It was carried by a rote of 3158 to 24. Another reso- lution was submitted to the meeting — declaring that if the Legislature should deem it inexpedient to engage in the measure, " the city government be authorised and requested to apply to the Le- gislature for an act to enable any cities, towns, or bodies corporate, or individuals to subscribe to such portion of said stock as may not be taken by the state, on such terms and conditions as may be deemed expedient." The vote on the latter resolution wa.s taken nnd carried by 3055 yeas to 29 nays. The re- sult of these proceedings, and votes, show a unan- imity of purpose, at the head quarters, that gives a pretty earnest promise of ultimate success to the proposed undertaking. Convinced as we are that the Railway system is the true one for this coun- try, we rejoice to witness its develojjnient wherev- er the increased demands of society require new facilities of intercourse. — Baltimore Patriot. DOMESTIC ECONOMY. On looking over your valuable paper of AVednes- day last, my attention was arrested by the obser- vation of a person recommending to farmers and housekeepers how to cure their meat ; but fear- ing it is not definite enough in one important par- ticular, (the time the meat should remain in the pickle,) I ant induced to recommend a pickle that I have been in the practice of using and recom- mending to others for a quarter of a century, with complete success, viz. Recipe for curing a hun- dred pounds of Hams or Beef. Take 7 lbs. of coarse salt. 2 lbs. of brown sugar. 2 ozs. of salt petre. J oz. of pearlash. 4 gallons of water. Boil all together, and skim the pickle well-— when cold put it on the ineat. Hams to remain in pickle eight weeks — Beaf four weeks. — Western Farmer. To Cure Pork. — Cut up the meat the same day the hog is killed, if practicable, and pack it well in a cask, with plenty of best coarse salt ; when the cask is full, have strong pickle that will bear an egg, ready, and immediately put it on the meat, so as to fill up all vacancies and to exclude the air.— U. S. Gazette. From the New York Commercial Advertiser. LIVE FENCES. Messrs. Grant Thorburn &f Son, Gentlemen — I perceive by your advertisement in the last number of the " New York Farmer," that you have imported 75,000 hawthorns for " live fencing," and I cannot deny myself the pleasure of communicating to you, the experi- ment that I have made with this beautiful, cheap, and valuable fence. About seven years ago I purchased a few thousand from you, and set them out, forming a line of fence of about forty rods. The soil on which they were planted was a mix- ture of clay and white sand, unfavorable to their rapid growth. They have never been cultivated except to trim them the last season — every plant flourished, and they now form a fence sufficient to turn any cattle, and the cheapest, handsomest, and best fence upon my farm. I have saved a bushel of the berries and intend to have a nursery of hawthorns. If our farmers are fully apprised of the prefer- ence, in all respects, due to this kind of fencing, you will find a ready sale for all you have import- ed, and I venture to assert, that every gentleman, who will make an experiment with them, will be highly gratified with the result. I remain yours very respectfully, JONATHAN FISK. Mwburgh,J^. Y. Feb. 17, 1829. Q^ A part of the Hawthorns alluded to above are for sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, Boston, at $5 per 1000. From the N. E. Farmer and Mec. Journal. Mr Editor — As Bacon is an article of Domes- tic manufacture, and when good is generally es- teemed, and, as most persons have a rule of their owti, or, I should rather say, none at all, for tho benefit of all, I send you one that I have follow- ed several years with entire satisfaction ; and only request l^rother farmers to give it a fair trial. — For eight hams, take 2 pounds of salt, and five ounces of salt petre, both finely powdered ; mix the salts with a pint of molasses ; with this com- position rub them thoroughly ; pack them closely in a tub five or six days ; then take them up ; rub on the remainder of the coin(]OBition, if any be 878 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, March 20,1829. left sprinkle them over with fine salt. In repack- ing, take care to turn them ; — let tjiem lie five or six days ; then cover them vvilli a briiio that will bear an ejrg. Let tliuii lie thus covereil, a month, and they are fit for smoking. It is thought by some, that corn cohs for bnrniri!,', give thcMn the V>est flavor. If the smoke-house is good, and jirop- er attention is paid to them, tJjey will smoke abun- dantly in a few days, and need nr)t be smoked from 3 to 6 months, as it is said Westphalia Haras '""^- RUMFORD. J^^EW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MAllCH 20, 1829. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO- CIETY. A meeting of the subscribers was held on Tues- day last by adjournment. The Hon. john Low- ell, who presirled at the previous meeting, was prevented by illness from attending. William H. Sumner, Esq. was chosen Modera- tor. . The Committee appointed for the jiurpose of preparing a Constitution, and By-Laws for the gcvernmentof the Society, made a report ofEheir proceedings, which was unanimously accepted. The meeting then proceeded to organ, ze the Society by the choice of officers, when the follow- ing gentlemen were chosen. President, 15. A. S. DEARBORN, Roxhurn. Vice, Presidents. Zebedee Cooh, Jr, Dorchester. •ToHN C. Gray, Boston. Robert Manning, Salem. Ekocii Bartlett, Roibim/. Treasurer, Cheever Newhall, Boston. Corresponding Secretary, Jacob Bigelow, Boston. Recording Secretary, Robert L. E.mmons, Boston. Council, Jclin Henrrl, .Ir, B't^ton (Si ii. Jnq^leii,^^. Cliarler-town .Siimuel Downer, Dorcltester Thomas biirrtL^i. jiu'hury Charles T.ippan, Bui^ton Oanie! U';)!i!o, li'oi center f^iver Fiskc, do' Eiias Phiiiney, Lexington vVin. H. .Suinner,&'/c/ifs(ec Jacob Tidd, Roxbury .7. M Gourj;.!-, M t'ttnt J.W.WebB'er.M d V-inb. ge M. A. Ward. m. d, Salem J.G Cof'wf'l..\''f)i-/ /lampoon A. Aspinwall, Brookline Bkiij. V. Fiench, Boston John B. Russell, Boston Willia 1 ..u.Loin, H ur< ester Willia II Jackson. Pltir omh .'ona. vVinohip, Bii:rhi,„i H-niy \. Breed, Lyn A. D Williams, Roxbury Samuel Wai'd, do Charles Senor, do T. V/. Harris, m. d. .Miltnn Thomas Nuttall, Cambridge William I arter, do Willian 'Kenrick, .'Ve!ii/0!» W. W'on\iin^ion, Dorchester Joseph G. Joy, Boston L. M. Saigeiit, do Joseph Curtis, Roxburt/ Tho's Dowse, Cambridge p' t J. P. Leiand, Sherburne B.W.Crowninshield, Salem v.. H. Derby, do John Lemist, Roxbury N. Davenport, Milton The talent and industry of those who compose this Society are not to be hid under a bushel ; what the capacity, and industry, and perseverance of men can accomplish, in aid of ihe products of the garden, and the field, we believe will be done by the influence and efforts of the members of this Society. There are comprised among its associ- ates, many of our scientific and opulent citizens; and many of our highly respected practical cuUi- vators. We hope that none who are desirous of joining ,lhe Society will be deterred, by the belief that its ranks aie full. There is yet room, and wc do not doubt, that before the anniversary meeting in Sep- temlier (the month of fine fruits) its present num. ber will be doubled. It IS desirable that those who wish to become members should signify their intentions to some one of the Society, that they may be i>roposod at the next stated meeting. The Constitution and Laws of the Society with the names of its officers and members will be published in a few weeks. William Prince, Esq. proprietor of the Lin- nsean Botanic Garden, at Flushing, Long Island, has with a promptitude and liberality that is high- ly appreciated by the Society, proposed to present for its use, fifty trees of the finest varieties in his Garden, so soon as any one shall be designated to receive them. An official notice which we trust will be render- ed acceptable to Mr Prince, will be made in due time. C. Scions of Apfde and Pear Trees. For sale, at the New England Fanner Seed Store, No. 52 Noith Market street. Boston, a large colleclion of Ap- ple and Pear Scions, — aiiion^ which are tire following : — Apples. It is a source of real gratification to us, that M'e ; re enabled to state, that upwards of one hdn- OB.ED and SIXTY have become subscribers to this institution. No extraordinary exertions have been made to induce gentlemen to become members. — 'I'he objects of the Society are pretty generally known, and appreciated. That it will have a de fided influence upon the horticulture of the State generally, wc feel certain ; anrellns, liarUelts". and Bli-ekn- iMea- Hr)w; 20 handsome black Tarlareans and Remington (-'herrv Trees, Plums, ifcc. 300 Natire Grupe Vims, viz : .50 tlni'e years uhl Calawhas, 80 three years old Isabellas, .'iO Uland's Vir- gmia.30 Alexander,20Elsingborough; also,2C0Sweel VValer Black Hamburg. &c. * jO varieties Poses, viz : Greville Ri>se, While and Red Moss, Granil Duke of Tuscaiiv, Unique, Multiflora. Provence or Cab- bage, Hundred l,ea(, Four Seasons, Red Damask. Marlilc, French, Cluster, Swiss, German, Variegated, Burgundy, Dou- ble and Single While. VaUius, seven varielies of Double, viz ; Crimson, Buff, Yel- low. Red, &LC. Single do. TultpSj^a. great nuiniier of varieties, viz: Bizarres, Llibloems, donf>lo anil simple, of different colors, Parrot Bills, &.c. Ihjacititlts, a great vancly. Persons are imiled, when the Tulips and Hyacinths are in bloom, to (.-all and make their se- lections. While Lilies, Pink roots, I^hlox, Polyaiuhus, three kinds Honeysuckle, Chinese, Trumpet and Sweet Scented; — handsome Sjiow Bali trees, Quince do., Red and While Lilacs, growing on same stalk; Lagersireoemia, India or Crape Myr- lle, Spira Syrengo, Fringe or Smoke Tree, Snowberry Bush, Strawberrjv Tree. Currant Bushes, \Vhile Duich, Red do., common white and red. Gooseberrii^s, ditrerenl kinds. Raspberries, Antwerp white and red. Thimbldierries, while and red. Stramtierries, viz : Wilmot's Superb, Downton, — red and while English Weed^Roseberry, three kinds native. H-'.OT(fSlo purchase, two to three Ihousandsmall and middling size Pear and Plum Trees, suitable for budding and gralling, .Seedlings would be preferred. Apply as above, or at No. 5, Central Wharf. Rose Water. 20 demijohns double and single distilled Rose Water, made entirely from Damask Roses. The above Rose Water is con- stantly for sale at Mr <;. Wade's Porter Cellar, No. 12, Mer- chant's Row, by demijohn or less quantity. Jan. 30. 2iinF.lmM-finA Seeds for Connln] Dealers. Traders in the cnnnlry, «1k> may wish lo keep an assortment of (Jan'en Seeds for sale, arc inliorined ihey can be furnished al the Nevv England Farmer oliice, ^'o.S^.^orlh Market street, lioslon, widi boxes cnnlalning a conipleie assorlnienl of the seeds mostly u.sed in a kilclnn garden, on as favorable terms as Ihey can be purchased m this i-ounlry, neatly done up in small papers, at fi a. id 12 cents eadi— warr.uncd lo lie of ihe growth of 1S28, and i.l the p«/cs( qiiaiilij. Ornabuntai. Floweb Si:j:ns will be added ou the same terms, v\ hen ordered, as well as Peas, Beaks, Early Wmrt Sweet Cork, &c, o( di* ferent sorls. tnr The Seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on B new plan this year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and packed in the neatest style.— Traders aic requested to call anrl examiue lor them- selves, epif Jan. 23. Farm for Sale. In Bedford, 1.5 miles from Boston, on the post road from Lowell to Concord, Mass., and one mile from the post road leading through Lexington to Worcester. It contains 80 acres, has 3 pastures, a wood lot of about 8 acres, an inexhaustible peal meadow, and about 36 acres of mowing. The dwelling r.ouse has two parlors, a large China closet, an excellent kitch- en, and six chambers, and tliere are two wells of water. The harn. corn barn, and poultry house, &e. are in the best order. It is 3 miles from Concord, one half mile from Concord river, where is good lishing. and 10 mites from Lowell. The above premises were completely repaired wilhiii aiuf wiihout last spring. The dwelling house has had three coals of paint in- side and out. ll has a southern aspect, several large Elm trees in front, a handsome and extensive fence and circular avenue. Inquire at the New England Farmer Seed Store. For Sale, In the sou'hcasterly part of old fllarlbnrough, a valuabte Farm, conlaining about 120 acres, consisting ol every kind of land Ihat is dosrratiie to the enterprising farmer, a large portion of which is of the, first quality, having a consiant stream tf water running through it ; and ihe'land is so silualed that a number of acres are capable of irrigation. On Ihe premises is an upright two story House, wiih lour rooms on the floor, in good repairi a large Barn, 80 by 30, and in coinmeni seasons is iilled with good hay. Theio are also on the farm, good Orchards, a part of which are in Iheir prime; together with an abundance of Wood, the best of while oak, fit lor wheelwrights' use, or for ship timber. There are tew farms capable of more improve- ment, or which can he carried on at less expense. The placs will be sold at a lair price, wiib or without the stcck and ulei>- sils. at the election of die purchaser. The payments made easy and accommodating, and possession may be had on delivery of the deed. For further particulars, pleasn inquire of WlLl.lAU Draper. Esq. of Marlborough, of Benjamin Welij of Ro» bury, or of Samuel H. Weld, on the premises, Jan. 16. PRICES OF COUjVTRY PRODUCE. HuWs Trusses. The undersigned, agent for Doct. Hull, has recently received and has for sale, a complete assortment of this useful iuslrumeni, adapled to the relief of persons afflicted wiih rujitures of every description, from the adult to the infant, and which will in all cases where it is required, be filled and applied with the utmost care. • Testimonials relating to the ulility and excellency of this ar- ticle, are abundant, and deposited with the agent, but have be- come a matter of loo much notoriely, and loo well admitted, lo need publicity; as numerous instances of perfect cures have re- sulted from its application. EBENEZER WIGHT, Milk street, opposite Federal street, Boston. Feb. 37. St Fresh Hemp Seed. Just received al the New England Farmer Seed Store. 52 North Market Street, a few barrels ol American HempSeed,of last year's growth.— Also, one barrel of fresh Riga Flax Seed, well known lo be superior lo the common American Flax. Large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes and Hawthorns, S,-c. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, by the ship Cainillus, from Gree- nock, and Napoleon, from Liverpool, 15,000 Hawthorns, for live fencing, and r bout 500 superior Scotch and Lan- cashire Gooseberry Bushes; — the Hawthorns $5 per thousand ; the Gooseberry Bushes, put up in lots of six roots, of the largest and finest sorts, with names — speci- mens of the fruit, as large as Egg Flums, American growth, from the imported roots, in sealed bottles, may be eeen at the store— price $1 50 per lot of six roots. Likewise, two barrels of superior fresh Lucerne Seed, warranted ; one cask of hirge Potato Oats ; and one cask of fine London Split Peas, for culinary purposes. JVew Pear Scions. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market Street, a collection of very choice and rare scions of the following fruits, all cut from bearing trees, in Mr Do^vnc^'s gar- den : Pears. Mr Knight's presents, and most of them Van Mons' seedlings. APPLES, best, .... Ibarrel ASHES, pot, first sort, - - - ' ton. Pearl, first sort, - - ~ \ " BEANS, while; .... [bushel. BEEF, mess, - - - jbarrel Cargo, No. 1, - ! '' Cargo, No. 2, - • ; " BUTTER, inspected. No. 1, new, - pound, CHEESE, new milk. Skimmed milk. FLOUR, Baliimore, Howard-street, - barrel, Genesee, - - - Rye, best, - GRAIK, Corn, - - . . bushel Rye, - - . Barley, - . - Oats, HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, . pound.] LIME. c,ask. PLAISTER PARIS retails at - ton PORK, clear, .... barrel Navy, mess. Cargo, No. 1, SEEDS, Heril's Grass, - - - bushel Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow^ - Rye (irass, ... Tall Meadow Oats Gra.5s, - Red Top - - . - Lucerne, .... |)ound White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Beet, - ' - Mangel Wunzel, WOOL, Meriiio, full blood, washed, r Merino, fulfblood, unwashed. Merino, three fourths washed. Merino, half tfe quarter washed. Native, washed, . . . ' Pulled, Lamb's, first sort. Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, Pulled, " spinning, first sort. from I TO 3 00 3 75 125 00 I:jO 00 125 00 130 00 1 00 10 no 9 no 8 00 11. 7 2 8 75 8 75 63 60 35 85 16 00 13 00, 13 00; I 35 22 30 28 23 37 25 301 1 37 10 60 9 50 8 SO 16 9 .'J 9 00 9 00 63 66 67 38 9 90 3 50 16 50 13 50 13 25 2 CO 3 00 4 00 4 00 400 1 00 SO so 9 1 SO 1 SO 44 28 35 33 38 41 30 33 Caprimont. Urbaniste, Marie Louise, Florelle, Beurre Kno.x. Bergamot de Basque, Bon Crelien de Williams, Charles d'Aulriche, Doyenne Gris, St Galen. Epargne, BartleU, Seckle Green Gage, Apricot. Downer's JIazard. From the London Horticultural Society. Plums. Cherry. March G. PROVISION MARKET. CORBECTED KVERV week by MR. HAYWARD, (Clerk of Faneuil-hall Market.) BEEF, best pieces, - PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hojrs, VEAL, - - . . - MUTTON, .... POULTRY, .... BUTTER, keg and tub, . Lump, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, . liulian, retail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according to quality,] pound. 10 12 1 ! •' 7 iO '■ 5 7 " 6 12 4 |2 S 14 It 14 20 20 dozen. 16 20 bushel. ti 1 00 70 50 barrel. 2 Ool 2W 280 NEW ENGLAND FAKMER. March 20, 1829. MISCELLANIES. SONNET TO THE CAMELLIA JAPONICA. BT W. ROSCOE, ES(i. Say, what impels me, pure and spotless flo%\cr, To view llice wiiii a aecrel syinpalliy ? Is lliere some living spirit slirined in Iliee ? That, as tliou bloom'st witliin my hunilile bower, Endows tlice witli some strange, mysterious power, Waking liigli tliouglils 7 As tliere percliance might be Some angel-form of truth aiid jiurity. Whose hallowed presence shared my lonely hour ? Yes, lovely flower, 't is not thy virgin glow, Tliy petals whiter than descending snow, Nor all tlie charms thy velvet folds display j 'T is the soft image of some beaming mind, By grace adorn'd, by elegance refined, That o'er my heart thus holds its silent sway. Wonders of a cup of Tea. — A cup of tea, though a small article and a cheap one, is capable of per- foimmg wontleis. As a mine, beneath the wall of a beleaguereti city, oiily requires the match to blow the iuliabitants of earth to the moon, so a cup of tea wants nothing but opportunity to pro- duce the most signal effects ; and many a matcli is begun, advanced, or concluded, under its in- spiring uifluence. When the " hissing urn throws up a steamy colunm," fragrant with hyson, pow- erful with imperial, strong with gunpowder, or block with bohea, it may be considered as a warn- ing of the consequences to be expected from the wonderworking beverago within. But when the cups have received it, when the sugar and cream have softened it ; in fine, when rosy lips begin to imbibe the delicious draught, then look for conse- quences. Father of Ho Whanghi ! -how does a cup of tea unloose, invigorate, nay, almost create, the faculty of speech ! Beliold a spiritless, silent, solemn company, sitting in a semicircle, staring at one another, having thrice exhausted that most in- exhaustible topic, the weather, and despairing in what manner to introduce it a fourth time — in this sad, this most uncomfortable dilemma, the siglit of the tea tray is better than a plank to a drowning man, or the voice of pardon to acoudctnned crim- inal. Glance your eye over the company, and see how other eyes begin to sparkle ; the solemn gloom disperses like mists before the morning sun. But no sooner have pretty noses began to inhale the fragrance, no sooner have pretty lips began to sip the delicious, tongue-inspiring beverage, than silence is thrust aside, the weather banislied iVom " good society," and tongues (as Virgil gays about elm trees that bear ajjples) begin to be astonished at fruits not their own. — Berk. Am. History, antiquities — in cities, towns, cliurclies, castles, ruins, &c. Natural history — in plants, earths, stones, min- erals, animals, &c. Picturesque taste — in landscape scenery in all ifs boundless combinations. Cultivate good humored contentment in all the little inconveniences incident to inns, roads, weath- er, &c. Cultivate a deep and grateful sense of the pow- er, wisdom, and goodness of God, in creation and providence, as sitccessively presented to your no- tice from place to place. Keep diaries and memoranda of daily events, places, persons, objects, conversations, sermons, public meetings, beauties, wonders, and mercies, as you travel. Be minute and faithful. Ask many questions of such as can afford use- ful information as to what you ese. Write your diary daily ; — delays are very preju- dicial. You owe a diary to yourself, to your friends left at home, and to your father, who gives you the pleasure and profit of the journey. Prayer. — Strive to preserve a praying mind through the day ; not only at the usual and stated periods, but every where, and at all times, and in all companies. This is your best preservative against error, weakness, and sin. - Always think yourselves in the miidst of tempt- ations ; and never more so, than when most pleased with outward objects and intercourse. Pray and watch, for if the spirit be willing, yet the flesh is deplorably weak. Behaviour in Company Be cheerful, but not gigglerg. Be serious, but not dull. Be communicative, but not forward. Be kind, but not servile. In every company, support your own and your father's principles by cautious consistency. Beware of silly, thoughtless speeches ; although you maj^ forget them, others will not. Reinember God's eye is in every place, and his ear in every company. Beware of levity and familiarity with young men : a modest reserve, without afiectation, is the only safe path— grace is needful here ; ask for it ; you know where. Journeyings — Cultivate knowledge as you trav- el. Jhnencan Freemen contrasleil uith the largest class cf European population. — There do not exist in America, in the same degree those eirciunstances of a dense and degraded population, which occa- sion in the old nations of Europe such au infinite difference of knowledge and ignorance, of wealth the most exuberant and indigence the most horri- ble. No man in America need be poor if he has ii iiatchet and arms to use it. The wilderness is to him the same retreat which the world afforded to our first parents. His family, if he has one, is .wealth ; if he is unincumbered vrith wife or chil- dren, he is the more easily provided for. An im- mense proportion of the population of the United States consists of agriculturists, who live upon their own property, which is generally of moder- r.le extent, and cultivate it by their own labor. — Such a situation is peculiarly favorable to republic- an habits. The man, who feels himself really in- dependent,— and so must every American who can use a spade or an axe, — will please himself with the mere exertion of his free-will, and form a strong contrast to the hollowing, bawling, bluster- ing rabble of a city, where a dram of liquor or the moiiey to buy a meal, is sure to purchase the ac- clamation of thousands, whose situation in the scale of society is too low to permit their thinking of their political right as a thing more valuable than to be bartered against the degree of advan- tage they may procure, or of hcence which they may exercise, by placing it at the disposal of one candidate or anether. — ScotVs Life of J^apoleon. The Traveller states that during the last year, in liuBton, about 400 dwelling houses and stores were built, besides three meeting houses, a splen- did hotel, and a number of mechanics and other shops. SEEI?S WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. For sale at the Seed Establishment, connerlrd vrith the office of the New Enghmd Farmer, rVo. bl North Market Street, Bos- Ion, the largest variety of seeds to be found in New England— of the crops of 1S28. The greatest care has been taken to have them raised by our most experienced seed growers, and to have the sorts perlectly genuine. They are ofi'ered for sale by the bushel, pound, or paper, on favorable terms. Each package for retail is accompanied with short directions on its manage- merU. The following comprise some of our most prominent sorts. Pamphlet catalogues gratis. Artichoke, Green Globe Asfura^us, Devonshire Gra\'cseiid Baltcrsea l,arge while Reading Bcitiis, {~G varieties,) including the English broad beans, dwarfs, pole. &,c. Beds, true Long Blood Early blood 'I'urnip Early While Scarcity French Sugar, or Amber Orange Greeu, (for soups, &-c.) Bnreco/e Bm-oli, Early While Early Purple Large Cape Brussels Sprouts Cabbage, Early York Early Dutch Early Sugarloaf Early Lou. Batlersea Early Emperor Early Wellington Large Bergen, &c. Large Cape Savoy Large Scotch Large Geeen Glazed Large Late Drumhead Tree, or 1000 headed Green Globe Savoy Red Dutch Yellow Savoy Turnip Rooted, &€. Russian Late Imperial Late Sugarloaf Cardoon Carrots, Allringham Early Horn, (for table) Blood Red Lemon Long Orange Caulijiowei-, Early and Late Celery, White solid Rose colored solid Italian Celeriac.or turnip rooted Cheitril Chires Cam Salad, or Vettikost Cress, Curled or X*eppergrass Broad leaved or Garden Water Citcumher, Early Frame Early Green Cluster Short Prickly Long Prickly Long Green Turkey Long White Turkey Long White Si)ined Small Girkin, SfC. Errs Plant, Purple White Endive, Green While Curled Brosd ieaved Batavian Garden Burnet Garlic Setts Indian Corn, (several varieties Purple curled Green curled Scotch Leekj London LarjjR Scotch Lettuce, Early Curled Silesia Large Green head Royal Cape (fine) Imperial Hardv Green Brown Dutch Grand Admiral Tfcunisball, or Rose Drumhead Magnum Bouum Cos Bath Cos Ice Cos M''Iiite Cos, or Loaf Green Cos Melon, Piue Apple Green Citron Persian Nutnu'g Large Canteleupe Pomegrauoie, or Musk Carolina Water Long Island Water Apple seeded Water Marjoram Mus'ard, White and Browa Nasturtium M(7is;el Wurtzel Okra Onions, Potato IVee White Portugal Yellow Large Red Pars/f J/, Siberian Dwarl' Curled Curled or Double Pars7ijp, Large Dutch swelling Peas, Early Washington Early double blossomed Early Frame Early Golden Hotspur Early Charlton Early Slrnwberry Dwarf Dwarf Blue Imperial Dwarf lilue Prussian Dwarf Spanish, or Fan Dwarf M arrowfat Dwarf Sugar Matchless, or Tali Marrow KnigliL's Tall Marrow Tall Crooked pad Sugar Pepi'ers, Long or Cayenne Tomato, or Squash ■ Cherry, (West India^ Pumpkins, Fine Family Conneciicut Field Mammoth Radish, Early Frame Short top Scarlet Long Salmon Purple Short Top Long white,or Naples Cherry Violet colored White Turnip Rooted Black Fall or Spanish Rhubarb Roots^ (for taits) Ruta Baga Salsafy, or vegetable oyster Sea Kale Skirret Saffron Spinach, New Zeahnd Prickly, or Fall Roundleaved summer Sage Squash, Early bush eummer Long Crook Neck Vegetable Marrow Acorn &c. Tomato s Turjnps^ early white Dutch Early Garden Stone White Flat, or Globe Large Eng. Norfolk Long Tankard Long Yellow French Yellow Maltese Yellow Aberdeen Yellow Stone Yellow Swedish Dedhani Th3'me — Sweet Basil— Bone* set — Lavender — Rosemary — Hyssop — Wormwood — Sum- mer Savory — Penny royal — Spikenard— Dill— Balm-Tan- sy— Bene, &c. A Situation Wanted, For a young man and his wife in a private family. 4* febST NEW EWCJEiAMD FAKl Published by JoHiT B. RussELt, »t JVo. 52 JVorth Market Street, (at the AgricuUiiral Warehouse).— ThokaTg. Fe SSENDEN, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MARCH 27, 1829. No. 36. AGRICULTURE. FOR THK NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ON STALL FEEDING CATTLE. ■ Mr Editor — Most persons are willing to com- municate the result of those experiments only, in which they have been successful. Those in which we fail may be made equally u.seful, as pointing out to others the rocks on which we have been wrecked, and giving fair and seasonable warning of the dangers of the navigation. Under pecuni- ary loss and disappointment, we ought, at least, to be allowed the consolation and relief of making liave been less, but still it would have been a losing concern, as may be seen by a calculation. Cost of the o.\en, Hay, J bushel of corn per day, for 88 days, is 44 bushels, at 60 cts. 65,00 11,00 26,40 Proceeds of the sale, Loss by this feeding, 102,40 92,30 $10,10 But it is by no means certain. that by this mode our mistakes adn>onilory an.l beneficial to those, °/ ''•'"^'"" ^^'^^ would have gaiwed as much as by who might be otherwise in danger of suflW ''lTi!...".'^°'!'''^-:„.®'^ 'b ' from the same causes with ourselves. 1 have • been curious to know, since the great articles of agricultural produce this year have been as cheap with us in this vicinity as they ordinari- ly are far back in- the country, why we could not stall-feed cattle 7iere to advantage, if it is true that the farmers in the country find it for their advan- tage to fatten beef by stall feeding for the market .' I exchanged a yoke of oxen in low condition in the fall, for a yoke of larger cattle, in such a tliriv- ing condition as several good judges pronounced most favorable to success in the experiment. My own cattle were sold again by the pur- chaser, in the way of trade for sixty dollars ; but lie estimated the cash value at fifty-five. 1 give in exchange for the cattle to be fatted, ten dollar.?, which made the cost of the oxen stall-fed, sixty- five dollar.s, when their C?eding began. This wii* tlie first of Di'cemher, and they were slaughtered the 26th of February. They were kept clean , daily carded, and fed at regular hour.s witli as much care and fidelity as possible. They w'eie eighty-eight days in the stall, being turned iStit tfiice or twice a day for watering; and the feod consumed, and the result, arc as subjoined. 73 bushels of turnips, or mangel wurt- zel, at 10 cents per bushel. lCfe4 qts of Indian, or oil meal (at 28 ; qts to a bushel, deducting the toll,) ': ■ equal to 36i bushels, at 60 cents per bushel, 65^ bushels of potatoes, at 25 cents per bushel. Hay not ascertained, but estimated for both, at 25 lbs. per day, at 50 cts per 10^Ub4y2200 lbs. '€ost of feed, Value of the oxen when jiut up. ,30 21,95 16,31.1 ,11,00 Weight when killed lB46Jbs. for which the butcher allowed mc 5 cts per lb. 56,56^ 65,00 121,561 92,30 Loss on the oxen, $29,20.^ Such is the result of the experiment, conducted for aught I see, as fairly as possible. Some id my neighbors, upon seeing the issue, told me thai the mistake was in using so many vegetables, and that I should have given them only hay anil Indlim meal ; — say as much hay as they would eat, and a peck of meal each per day. The loss then would lowever, I am not able to form an opinion. The cattle fed as well as possible from the beginning. This result, though by no means agreeable, cor- responds perfectly with the statement on the same subject, of a " Gentleman of Columbia," in vol. ii. p-. 221, of the New York Memoirs of Agriculture, which I should be glad to see republished, in part, in your useful paper. I have been solicitous, in the next ])lace, to as- eijjtain as near as practicable, what are the ordi- nary profits of the butcher in such cases. Sev- eral have admitted that the advance which they receive is from one to two cents jier lb. Tlie butcher, to whom my cattle were sold, an honor- able and fair man, said that he should be satisfied with the hides and tallow for his profit. The hides at 5 cents per lb. and the tallow 5J, (the Ciirrent pricies) would have given him $18"77. Or rating his profits at one cent and a half per 11). he receives $27,69. This seems to me a large commission, and very disproportionate to the re- sult with the farmer, who loses above 29 dollars, while the butcher gains, probably above 27 dol- lars, with comparatively little trouble. I leave all remarks in this case to others, and am, Mr Editor, Yours respectfully, March 7, 1829. S. X. Remarks by the Edilor—Thc following is a part of the article alluded to above by our correspon- dent, and which he would « be glad to see re[)ub- lished," &c. « We all know that selhng lean cat- tle, either in spring or fidl, is a poor business at best, even when they can be sold at all ; and the only way to obtain anything like a fair price, is to get them ready for the butch(!r as early as possi- ble. If they are in good pasture trom the middle of May to the middle of August, they will sell, as there is generally a demand by those who retail them in the country villages and towns ; poor enough to be sure is the meat, but it goes by the name of beef. To keep on hand this kind of stock for three months longer, that is to the mid- dle of November, when the markets are so fully supplied, they will seldom pay for their keeping. As an article of agricultural profit, it will never do ; as a matter of convenience and necessity, we must make use of it. If then, in a domestic way, this turns to so little profit, let us next examine whether, on a large scale, it can be made better. In the sining, lean cattle, as steers and oxen, may generally be purchased low, and in six months, being kept in good pasture all that time, they will in."- ' he far, or at least in good order. Now what hav» they cost.' An ox, on the 15lh of May of mod- erate size, will cost, on an average, $25 ; keeping till the 15th of November, will not be less than $1 per month, that is $6 ; expense of sending to mar- ket, 100 miles di.staiit, $2,50 ; interest on the pur- ciiase money, including risk, at 10 jier cent, is §2,50 — then your ox has cost .S36. He will not sell at that season for more than $40— a poor profit indeed of^i. This article will then seldom answer, unless where land is at a low price, and very distant from market. I have known several trials made, and by attentive experienced farmers, who hare, after a year or two given it up. Let us next examine whether winter stall feed- ing will do better. If cattle are in very good order, or half fat, the 1st of December, they may be made lit for market in three months, and feed- ing for that time will cost $25. If they are in or- dinary store order, it will require six months, feed- ing, which will cost at least $30. Now it is easy to calculate whether the price you will then ob- tain for them will pay the first cost, risk, interest, and expenses ; if so stall feeding will do, other- wise not. My own experience has taught me that it will not do — others will judge for themselves. » * « * * " When the firmer or grazier itndertalces to make the fattening of cattle his business, the first prerequisite is, that he be a judge, and a good one too, of the worth of cattle in all their tliflerent stages, of which he judges by the eye, and hand ; next be must have at command a capital in cash, to enable him to buy with most advantage ; and then he must have provided food in sufficient quantity for whatever mode of feeding he under- takes. Fattening on grass, or in the stall, are the two modes of managing this business ; on grass tlie best way is to buy young cattle, particulvirly three or four year old steers, in the month of No- vember ; to keep them in the yard all winter, fed partly with straw and jiartly with hay, but so as to have them in good order in the spring ; and these cattle should not be of the largest sizes, rather midilling, such as will come to about six luindred weight the four quarters when fattened. Such may generally be bought fw $20 or $25 They must have good pasture for four months, for if tliat fails, the profit is gone. But as we cannot control the seasons, in case a severe drought takes place, the only remedy is a little grain, or rather meal, given daily. Provided they are thus fci3, they will be ready for sale by the middle of Sep- tember, and generally at this time cattle of the above size are in good demand ; if kept later, the market* are glutted, and the price always lower. " The middle of September, such cattle, weigh- ing 600 lbs. the quarters, will not sell for more than $36, or $6 per 100. They have cost, firsi 120, next, winter keeping, hay $2,50, .straw $2,50, four and an half month's grass $4,50, interest for ten months on $20, at 7 per, cent. $1,16 — then the [uufit is about $5,— besides the risk. This is no great encouragement, yet I can make no more of it, and have often made less. '• In pursuing this subject, we now inquire what is the most economical and profitable v.inti'r feed- We must first know what an ox requires to, 282 fatten him, suppose he will give 800 llis. of beef. It has been already said that he may be made Cut in three months, or 100 days, it' in good store or- der when put up. Let this time be allowed. He will eat every twenty-four hours, 14 lbs. of hay, cost 6 cents ; half a bushel of potatoes, 12 J cents, and eight quarts of Indian meal, 1 2 J^ cents ; being 31 cents a day, or $31 for the 100 days. This I have verified by many trials ; and the interest $1,75, together making .$32,75, which added to the first cost, !j-25, then the ox has cost $57,75. If the beef is sold at $8 per owt. in March, i- leaves only $6,25 profit. There are several other articles of food on which cattle may be fatted ; but the above is the tnost economical that I know. — Oil cake is the quickest to fatten with, and where it can be hail, it is advisable to use it instead of Indian meal ; the price is about 56 cents per bushel, ground, and the quantity from 4 to 8 quarts per day. " To fatten an ox on turnips will require two bushels a day, with 10 lbs. of hay. Carrots an- swer well, but are more expensive still — cabbage the same. From all these we exemjit premium cattle, and tliose made up for show. Sure I am that the feeder never gets paid, unless he is grati- fied with seeing his oxen dressed up with ribbons, and his name in the papers. It \vas told me as a fact, that one gentleman from Orange county, who had just sold in New York ten very fine cattle, being asked how nnich profit he had made by these, as they had been fed eighteen months, an- swered,he had just made a loss of $30 a head, al- though they were sold at a high price. Where then go all the jirofits, for beef is still at a good price when cut up 1 The answer is to the butch- er, who realises from 25 to 30 per cent, on good cattle." We doubt very much whether stall feeding cat- tle can ever be made profitable in the vicinity of large markets ; for this plain reason, the articles of produce, which are required for fattening the cattle, would command more money in market than their value when turned into beef by any mode of feeding with which we are acquainted. But when farmers live at such a distance from market tliat their ])otatoes, turni|'s, and other arti- cles of that kind are of too great bulk and too lit- tle i)ro|)ortiunal value to bear transport to some place of profitable sale, they may advantageously change those articles into beef by fattening cattle with them. Likewise where farmers are in pos- session of rich [)asture grounds, it will often hap- pen that their produce can scarcely he turned to good account in any other way but by its use in fattening cattle. Besides a small farmer even in the immediate neighborhood of a good market may profitably fatten his old oxen without their consuming any considerable quantity of marketa- ble produce. By parmitting them to have the first run of his spring pastures, and of his rowen, or aftermath ; the first bite at tlic balks of his corn field ; the tops of his garden and field vegetables ; the thinnings or extra plants or leaves of Indian corn, turnips, mangel wurtzel, &t. with sin^li ad- ditions of Indian meal, green corn, grass cut with the scyllie and fed out green, refuse pumpkins and squashes, sweet ap|)les, &c. &c. as prudence may suggest and ecoiiojny ju.stify, a small farmer may fatten a yoke of o.xen, or a cow or two, at an expense so trifling as to realize a palpable profit. The best way is always to keep your working oxcu pretty good beef, and a small expense will NEW ENGLAND FAUMER, convert them into fat beef But lo iuy produce to fatten cattle, is like jmniping up water to carry a grist mill — the thing may be done, but will cost more tliau it will come to. FUR THE NHW KNGLANU FARMER. NATIVE GRAPES. Mr Editor — As new fruits are presenting themselves, and information respecting their qual- ities desirable, I hope a few remarks, on our na- tive grapes, tliose varieties suitable for the table, and for wine, will not be ill timed.* We recom- mend our remarks to those wlio cultivate fruits in open situations. The Black Ilaniliurg in my garden, does not ripen successfully, once in six years in open ground — the Sweet Water has fail- ed six years in succession — latterly they have done better, but are still a very uiicerlain fruit. The hardiness and certainty of the native grape crops, urges us strongly, to cultivate them largely. In a few years, I have no doubt, in the country, we shall find the greater proportion of cultivated grapes native sorts. I noticed last fall, that the cultivators of fruits, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, were giving up foreign varieties, owing to their frequent disappointments in good crops, exchang- ing them for our native varieties, particularly Al- exander's, or Schuylkill Muscailelle — their gene- ral market jirice was nineteen cents the pound. Bland's Madeira, or Virginia, or Palf. Red. This variety has been raised last season, on the rich farm of Eben. Seaver, Esq. in Roxbury, pre- sented in our market and sold readily for twenty- five cents the pound. Their fine np|iearance was such, as seven out of eight would have declared them a fine, foreign, table grape. A handsome bunch of" the same, was at the time, to be seen at the New England Farmer office. It was only my positive declaration, that I knew them to bo nu- tive, that could convince a noted gardener in Bos- ton they were so. This fruit has the credit of standing, first as a dessert grape, and is also a sii- [lerior wine grape. The vine is vigorous, hardy, and a good bearer — bunches large, six or eighi inches long, with handsome slioulilers or branches, berries good size, claret color, thin skin, very lillle pulpy, good flavor, juicy, sweet, and lively, a very little of the native taste about them. Isabella — Much has already been said in fa- vor of this variety, which is a valuable acquisition, when we consider its many good (pialitics, its great yield, (more so than any others known here) \igorous growth, hardy, ami certain crops — a good wine grape ; many will like it, as a dessert grnpe, as it is ascertained that by hanging them in a room, they lose the foxy taste attached to them, becoming juicy, and more palatable. No one, I tliink, could withhold from their gardens in liie country, these native varieties, when they are so certain to bear well, requiring no trouble, except keeping them well pruned. No protection is ne- cessary from the cold. Let every one witness, as I did last fall, Messrs Winship's, of Bri.;fhton, five years old vine, on which were three hundred fine bunches of grajios. Also in Mr Shaw's fine gar- den in New York city, a nine years old vine, cov- ering the whole front and top of a piazza, loaded with fine grapes, estimated to be over two thous- and bunches. Likewise in Brooklyn, Long Island, a nine years old vine, sjireading over a tree with ^ 111 spcnkinl^ nf iKilive vniiiuies, we c.tliiml liniik nl (Ij^i-inc inff llic richrr fiiri*ion kinds, as llie siiperinr IJl.'ick Haniluirjr. OnlHen Chnssplas, and While Swcel Wfiler. raised hv" ihese possessing grape houses,sijulh walls,and fine sheltered situations. March 27, 1829. more than a thousand bunches, without any re- cent pruning. I should think all would be de- sirous of trying for similur success in their own grounds ; we must, however, remember they grow in proportion, bs the soil is good, where they are |ilaied. This variety was only introduced since 1816. Catawba — This variety I have not seen, but those whom I consider good judges speak very fa- vorably of it. Mr J. Adlum, one of the greatest cultivators of native grapes, gays " I look ujion this as one of the best wine grapes in the United States ; and I say the very best. It is a very tol- erable table grape. Those that ripen in the sun, are of a deep purple color; where they are par- lially shaded, they are of a lilac color ; and where they ripen wholly in the shade, and are perfectly ripe, they are white, rich, sweet, and vinous.-— When tiny are colorcil, they have somewhat of a musky tiiste, resembling the Frontignac — they are vcrv great and certain bearers." Elsinburg, or Elsinborough — This grape Mf Prince describes as follows — a very sweet, juicy fruit, of a blue color, very hardy, and very pro- iluitive — free from pulp, and musky taste, &c. I have heard it spoken of as a fine grape, and suita- ble for the table. S. DOWNER. Dorchtsler, March. 23, 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGLAXD FARMER. TO THE LOVERS OF GOOD FRUIT. A synopsis of a work on fruits and fruit trees, wliith was published in the New England Fann- er t le week before last, princijially drawn from the Treatise of Moiis. Duhamel du Moneeau, has projably (tillen under your view. The motive for pu'ilishiiig this work is two fold — first, a desire to siive to the cultivators of fruits the trouble many of them are now at in inquiring weekly of peri- odical writers, what course they ought to pursue ill the treatment of their fruit trees, under differ- ei t circumstances, as well as the management of- their fruits ; and, secondly, from a desire which vve have long felt of remedying in some measure, if possible, an evil which now pervades this coun- try, in regard to the nomenclature of fruits gener- ally, and particularly [lears, which have of late years become an object of considerable interest amoDg a large and respectable class of our citi- zens. Almost every man who has land of his own, on wliicli he wishes to raise fruit trees, is desirous of establishing such sorts in \\\c first instance, as will be permanently acceptable to his family and fiiciids, or profitable as a means of support. It is' tlierefi.re of much importance to him that he be supplied in the outset with such sorts as will an- swer one or both of these objects. Hitherto the confusion of names has been so great, and the care of individuals so small, that many gentlemen have been led into great expense, and have experienced great disappointments by inserting grafts and planting trees that have been sent them as one kind of fruit, while they were in fact of a distinct and entirely different sort. The expense, which is to many persons an oliject of importance, is noth- - ing, however, in comparison with the loss of time which follows before the error is detected. Three or four, and sometimes five or six years pass away before we have ascertained that we have been nourishing and cherishing a being in which wo, have no interest, and which, as soon as its charae« ter is known we devote to destruction. Vol. VII.— No. 36. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. This loss of time, and this waste of our labor and money, is owing almost altogether to the want of a correct, well established, and generally ac- knowledged nomenclature of fruits. It is true that errors and mistakes will sometimes occur in nurseries where the gardeners are well acquaint- ed with the proper names of the various fruit trees they raise. But it is much le.-s likely to occur with them, as well as with every one else, when names are not confounded and the varieties are general- ly known. If, therefore, we can in a considerable measure accomplish these ends by the contem- plated publication, we may save to the farmers, as well as to gentlemen, who have small fruit gar- dens, and to horticidturists generally much trouble and much loss of time, temper, and money. As, however, I caimot afford to take any risk on myself in the publication of this work, I shall 283 judgment. Many of the testimonies below given j don Horticultural Society. Mr Turner the under are, however, fiom persons wholly disinterested, j Secretary, pronounced it the very best' of all the 1 have been m doubt whether to collect the re- | new Flemish pears, and Mr Braddick coincides marks as to each variety and arrange tliem sei)a- | with Professor Van Mons, and Mr Turner in this rately, or to give them as they have from time to | preference. Time ofripenins from the middle of lime appeared in the above mentioned works. On j October to the middle of Nov^ember. I have nol the whole 1 have preferred the latter course, as received this pear from Europe. Ilii; same letter often refers to several difi'crent vn d • ji /j i ■ ,„ ,• ,■ , . ,, , , ^'■" i^'i'iiem: va- Poire d' Ananas— late wmter pear. Th s new ies,and , would be embarrassing to myself ,, ear (whose name is synonymous with pine a,"Z LritvT nr" ''y''"'''' '-;k;o.hesan,e „ear)Mr Brad.lick in the sa.ne letter "^justetld' sul i « V, l \ ' " '' ''""*'^"'hay« i« nearly alhed in appearance and flavor to subjou. a list, with son.e short character o. each. U,„ p,e,e„t de Malines and Passe Colmar. JOiliN LOWLLL. irity for ditrerent fruits. >in a list, with some shoi Roxbury, March 20, 1829. John Braddick, Esquire, to whose letters fre- quent reference will l>e made, is, as Loudon, Editor of the Gardener's Magazine, assures us. a man of ofl^erto the public a subscription paj.er, with a fortune, intelligence, and zeal— his own architect, view to obtain a sufficient number of subscribers jagronome {or practical laborer) and gardener— in' to enable me to proceed with the work. The j short precisely the sort of person to whom we subscribers will beheld to take and jiay for the J should look for correct information. His letters number of copies they subscribe for without de-jconlirm his title to confidence. In a letter to Mr fault, as on this condition alone can the work be Loudon, of 30th Nov. 1828, he gives the following published. interesting history of a new pear called the PreseiU The subscribers may have the work with, or de Malines. [This pear lias not been receivei' ' without plates, of which there will be fifty uncol - Mr Ored impressions, taken from the original work of Mons. Duhamel, of the most valuable fruits that were in his day, and are now cultivated in France . — the great nursery of fine fruits. These fruits are represented of their natural size, and on their respective liranclies, showing buds, leaves, bljs- soms, and seeds, which belong to them, and which characterize the several sorts ; and a particular description of each will be given from the original work. Those who have s«een the original prin's need no farther evidence of the beautiful manner in which they are executed, and the copies, (of which we have lodged a specimen with Mr Rus- sell, the publisher of the N. E. Farmer) we tliinii do great credit to our artists. The subscribers will designate in the subscrip- tion paper whether they take the book with plaes or not. The copies with the prints will be fMirjde Malines," which that I recollect. La Bonne Malinoise from its being named from tLe same city, will be in great danger of being confounded with it. This last pear is living from a sciim of Mr Knight, though very feeble at present.] Present de Malines. — The history of this pear,Mr Braddick says, is as follows. " The late Count Coloma of Malines, [a Flemish city, or town] amused himself in raising new varieties of pears, by impregnating the blossoms ; the idea of so do- ing struck him 50 years ago, on his reading the works of the English author, Bradley. During 5 years that I annually visited the continent lor the purjiose of collecting buds of new fruits, I used every year to receive buds from the Count's gar- den." (Among the rest he received the bud of the pear in question, wliicli at the request of the Count Coloma's friimcis, Mr Braddick called " Present dollars each, and those without wi and fifty cents each. The subjects on which the work will treat may be seen by referring to the New England Farmer of the 6th inst. page 253 of the current volume. means a " Gift from Malines.' be two dolarsi This letter, received in December, was accom- panied by the fruit, of which Loudon (himself a most competent judge) thus speaks — VV(! received the fruit which has a good deal of the Bon Chre- tien shape, large at one end, smooth, and of a FOR THE NKW ENGLAND FARMER. THE NEW VARIETIES OF PEARS. Mr Fessenden — I thought I could not render a more acceptable service to horticulturists than to condense in one article all which has ajipeared in the London llort. Transactions — in Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, and in the Annales of the Parisian Hbrt. Society with respect to the new va- rieties of pears eitlier raised from seed or discov- ered since the time of Duhamel and Miller. It will be seen, that the catalogue of fine table pears has been doubled in number within 30 years, and if any reliance can be placed on the opinions be Seckle iMarip Ciirlshen Beuric S[>eiice IVIarie Louise Napoleon *'Aremhorn Names of ap- ) proved pears. \ Imperalrice il' Ele beautiful yellow color. We tasted it' ourselves, R^uii-'wur'teniberg and sent it to three eminent fruiterers [fruit sel- f>ro5 Dillen lers.] It is agreed, that they are of most excellent quality, melting, and of a rich musky flavor. Mr Grange, one of" our first fruiterers, knows the pear, calls it a melting Bon Chretien, a good bearer and excellent keeper. [It must not be understood that Grange meant to say that it was a good Christian, but only that he called it such from a folly preva- lent in Europe and America, to call unknown fruits by old names on account of some resem- Idanee. Thus we have Mr Bartlett's pear called the Summer St Michael ! !] Beurrc Spence—fa\l pear. Mr Braddick in a letter dated March 1, 1826, speaking of the pear Braddick sent two of the pears to Mr Loudon, who pronounces them excellent. This was on the first of March. Braddick says he kept them back as long as he could. He adds his own ideas as to the mode of keeping pears well. " They should be preserved in an equal dry temperature ; under the fermenting point from whence they should bs brought out just at the time of using thein. Act- ing upon this experience I have iirepared a fruit room 32 feet under the surface of the earth in the solid (fey rock." We would not recommend oth- ers to follow this expensive example, but the opin- ion of a very experienced cultivator as to keeping fruit at a low and unvarying temperature is of great value. On the 8th of April, 1826, Mr Braddick sent to Mr Loudon three pears of the year before, of course excellent keeping pears, of which the only notice is as follows. Surpasse St Germain — large brown and green pear. Loudon remarks, an excellent fruit, the best of the three. Grande Breiagne dorce — middle sized yellow pear. Loudon says, an e.xcellent fruit with tere- binthinate flavor. Prince de Priniems — small green pear, sugary, and inciting. July 29, 1826, Mr Braddick writes as follows. " I think it necessary to jiremise that the following list is the cream skimmed off of some thousands of new pears which I have been getting together for many years past, from various parts of the world ; the fruits of some of which I ho]ie will gladden the hearts of horticulturists for centuries to come. Time of ripening. 5 I'ouiie Malinoise, or } } Coniie de ftlii lines ^ noise, or M:i lines Present tie Malines Passe Colmar Poire t ihoiiph aad, the respite of that day 'I'hat mtist he mortal to us both. O flowerc, That never will in other climate grow, My early viMilation, and my last At even, which I bred up with tender hand Krom the first op'iiinf; bud, and gave ye names ! Wiio now shall rear ye to the sun, or rank Your tribes, and water from th' ambrosial fount f Thee, lastly, nuptial bowei I by me adorn'd, With what to S'ghl or small was sweet ! Irom Ihee How fchall I part, and whither wander down Into ■ lower world ; to this obscure And wild ? How khall we breathe in other air Less pure, accuslom'd to immortal fruits ?" To old age the employments of Hortictihure are elightfiil and appropriate. They afford a secure retreat frotn the noise, turbulence, ingratitude, and sential to comfort, as well as those which minister | ^pr,.g contentions of a stormy world ; and inspire to luxury, are not natives of our cotintry. O"'' | serenity and cheerfulness. Cicero, in his letters potatoes, peaches, pears, and the better kinds of" ,,, Atticus, speaks of them as the best remedy for plums, cherries, and apples, have beeti all hrousht | „j.;|,c .,,„| cuncern of mind. In a thousand way* to us from abroad. And we are not yet in pos- " session of a tithe of the nutritious and desirable fruits and plants with which the earth is stored. — In relation to all these, inquiry and competition, suggested and aided by the combined intelligeiiee, applause, and other rewards of |)ublic associations, will be beneficial. By these means an extensive acquaintance with the most esteemed Hortictiltu a garden serves to keep fresh and elastic the siiiings and symi)athies of life. The heart finds interesting remembrances, and soothing society, in all its objects. That shade is most refreshing, which is aflbrded by trees of our own planting : that fruit is most delicious, which we have most fieqtiently participated with otir friends : those flowers have the brightest bloom, which have 1 |)roductions, of every country, will he obtained; ^^^^^^ j|,g j^^.^ a„j ,jig ornament of our wives and are computed to be 500 acres, occupied in the same way, of which the annual produce is worth near 100,000 dollars. For the supply of the New York market with vegetables, fruits, and flowers, there are cultivated several thousand acres of land, of which the aggregate annual proilucc, iti the market, is supi)osed to he near $400,000. — The portions of earth thus ctiltivated, are far more productive than any other equal portions of land in the countries where they are situated. And they give a healthy and virtuous employment to great tnultitudes of human beings. They (n-omote important practical knowledge, by the itiquiries which they stitnulate, and the competition which they inspire. They lead to the institution of an immense number of more skilful and carefid processes of cultivation than are pre- viously followed, from some of which advanta- geous results may be reasonably anticipated. And by conversation, by writing, by public addresses, and every other method of coinniunicating knowl- edge, every advantageous result will immediately be shared by the whole community. and the most sagacious and persevering tise of a the means necessary for their acquisiiion, will he adopted. Calling in the aid of men of science, of amateurs, and cultivators, both at home ami abroad, such societies may become the fortunate instrtimi'nts of disseminating, universally, every valuable seed, and platit, and tree, which is borne upon the prolific bosom of the etirth. The tendencies of such associations are all lib- eral, and philanthriqiic, and social. By muting I gentlemen of all classes, professions, and opinions ^1 ' in the prosecution of interesting and conunendalile objects, the amiable and elegant courtesies of life will be extended. Their stated meetings will be embellished by taste, intelligence, and ft'stive re- finement ; and all will go away from them with a keener relish of the beautiesof nature, and a more cheerful devotion to rural employments. By inomoting the knowledge and tlic love of nature, they are calculated to improve theconiliict of life, and the sympathies of the heart. The pleasures of gardening are retireil, peaceful, calm. They .ire equally suitable to the gaiety of :idv;inc- ins:, and the gravity of declining, lif(3. How much the pure attachment to home is streiigtheneil, m the hearts of children, by tmiting their exertions, their solicitudes, and their tastes in the variotis dec- orations of the garden ! Impressions formeil at home, decide the ftiture character. And can it be that these sympathetic im|)ressions, upon the domestic affections, are not beneficial to moral conduct ? Ask the sons and daughters of those who have been able to indulge their taste for orna- mental shrubbery and gardening, when they are withdrawt) from the paternal roof, what objects are most vividly and ten.lerly associated, in their minds, with those whom they most love, iind yoti will soon learn the value of the shady walk, the ihildren. Horticulture is favorable to universal charity, to virtuous reflection, and to the highest attainments of which the soul of man is capable. Surround- ed with fragrance, and harmony, and beauty, and order, all giving witness to the attributes of their Great Cretitor, that heart nmst be dreadfully per- verse which is not spontaneously filled with glad- ness and gratitude for such accumulated blessings. And these sentiments naturally dispose us to re- I sard, with the most cordial comphicency, all the works of the same hand. Of all organized beings, trees, and leaves, and flowers, appear to me to aftbid the most obvious traces of the intelligence and goodness of God. — A very small portion of knowledge and curiosity is siiflicient to discern the marks of design in their strticture ; and still less, to apprehend the tenden- cy of that design. They minister to so many of our essential wants, our habitual comforts, and our innocent enjoytnents, that their signature of ffoodness is lei>i!ile to all. And whoever reads it must feel himself summoned, not violently and clatnorously, hut silently and most attractively, to those rcficctions which improve the heart. The best precepts of e; try, in connexion with a profitable business in which he is engaged. The gentk'inan, observing my partner indisposed, inquired the cause ; and on ascertaining it, immediately offered to cure him by a very easy and pleasant process, in less than an hour. The offer was accepted ; half an ounca of citric acid was sent for, which cost only a few j)ence ; three or four small lumps, each the siza of a pea, were dissolved in cold water and drunk. The beverage is an agreeable one, very like the taste of lemonade, being, I believe, used in making this pleasant cooling liquor. In less than half an hour the patient was able, without any inconven- ience, to attend to his business again as usual, and in another half hour he was well as ever. ALBANY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. A correspondent writes, that the Society is like- ly to receive the countenance and ])atronage of the most wealthy and respectable citizens of that place ; and its members are flattering themselves vvitli the hope, that the coriioration of the city will consent to appropriate the ground of Washington Scpiare for a Botanic and Horticultural Garden. — This scpiare comprises thirteen acres, and is beau- tifully situated on the height of ground, half a mile west of the river ; and extends in a parallelogram from State to Lydeus streets. Should the antici- pations of the members, in obtaining the ground, he realized, the results would, undoubtedly, be highly beneficial, not only to Albany and its vicin- ity, but to the State at large. — Ibid. The Cinnamon tree, (Lurus Cinamomum) we learn has been raised in the open air, in France. M. Boursalt made a report to the Horticultural Society of Paris, on the subject. The young plants had been kept in the Conservatory for a short time. They had been sent, at the time of the report, to Toulon, where it was thought the probability of succeeding would be greater. Improvement in Lamp Oil. — Those vegetable oils, which can be obtained sufliciently cheap for light, have not, heretofore, been used on account of their glutinous qualities, and the smoke produc- ed m combustion. A recent discovery has been made in freeing it from its glutinous properties, so that it burns as free and clear from smoke and smell, as the best of lights now in use. Among the vegetable productions that may be profitably cultivated for this purpose^ are the large white poppy, one bushel of seed yielding two gallons of oil ; the American rape, producing fifty bushels of seed to the acre, and five quarts of oil per bushel ; the sun flower, growing about five feet high, and very abundant in seed and oil : and the cotton .seed, vast quantities of which are known to be raised to the south, and hitherto of little value, but now, by tliis improvement, may be made to pro- duce an income to the planter. Siberian Rice. — In Russia, a kind of Rice is used which grows in Siberia, and is more succu- lent than that of America. It may be useful, and I am desirous of inquiring about it. — Rusticus in Urbe. The .Manufacture of Sugar from the Beet Root is said to be on the increase, and though the Sugar of the Colonies is always somewhat cheaper in the Netherlands than in France, is said to pay the manufacturer. It is stated, however, that a profit is more certain where the manufacturer is also the grower. A part of the advantage arises from giving the leaves and the refuse of the inaiiufiic- ture of the root to cattle, and from the quantity of manure produced. — Jour. d'Agncullure dis Pays- Bos. Exportation of Bones.— Some idea may be form- ed of the value placed on manures by English larmcrs, from the fact that all kinds of bones, ex- ported from this country to Great Britain, aftbrd a great profit. We are not able, at present, to state the quantity that is exported, but presume it must be considerable, as they are brought from a dis- tance up the North River, and shipped at thi» city. There are bone mills in various parts of Eng- land, i)articnlarly in Derbyshire, where the farm- ers are distinguished for their intelligence and en- teri)rise. These mills are " composed," says Lon- don, " of ratchet-like iron wheels and rollers, be- tween which the back bones of horses, with their adhering ribs, pass with facility, and are crushed into small pieces." Lnpland Coiw.— The cows in most parts of Lapland are all of the same white color, and very httle larger than .suckling calves in England ; but exceedingly beautiful, aiid yielding milk of so su- perior a quality, that it becomes almost wholly cream, and that of the most deVcions sv/eetness, while, when even fresh, it is so coagulated, that a spoon will nearly remain ui)right after it has bectt plunged into it. — Imperial Magazine. Hops. From the rcf ort of E. A. Le Breton, in- spector of hops in Albany, made to the Legisla- ture, it appears that during 1828, he inspected 1,263 bales of hops weighing 277,502 lbs., raised ill the following counties ; Madison, 151,268 ; 0«- 286 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, March 27,1829. ■ego, 18,467 ; Onondnso, 16,962 ; Herkimer, 4,329 ; Coluiiihiu, 2,616 ; Monroe, 2,369 ; Frank- lin, 2,336 ; Oneida, 76,366 ; Saratoga, 990 ; Che- nango, 925 ; Oswego, 347 ; Beninjjton, Vt. 527. The amomit of fees is $277,50. Tlic inspector says the raisers have done their work much bet- ter the present season, and the hops have gone into market a much better saniple than for years tliey urc called in our German neighborliood) arc superior in richness lo any I have tasted, when stewed and served up at diinier, with pork, bacon, &c. as is rriucli the practice among our farmers. — Should they arrive in good order, and, from the descri|)tioii, be a kind you are not aheaily in pos- session of, 1 desire, if acceptable, that you give two or three grafts to the Hon. Joh.n Lowell, and back. The average price of bops has been about i after helping yourself, if you cultivate fruit, dis- 9J cts. per pound. This low price has partly been i pose of the rest as you see proper, perhaps, not occasioned by the large quantity reni;:inii]g in forgetting Doct. Harris, to whom we are likewise store, of the previous year's growth, and partly ; already under obligations, for his publications on from the depression of tlie brewing business in \ Entomology, &c. this state. — Jllb. Mv. JVEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MARCH 27, 1829. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO- CIETY. The members of the Massachusetts IIorti- CDLTURAL Society, are herebj' requested to pay to the Treasurer of said Society, their/(f of admis- sion, being five dollars eacli, agreeably to a pro- vision of the Bv-Laws. CHEEVER NEWHALL, Treasurer, No. 15 South Market Street. To Select Jlppic Graflings. — Apples containing a large portion of saccharine matter, will make ci- der, that will preserve the longest. This property can be easily distinguished, by plunging them in a strong solution of salt and water; the poorest sort will keep nearest to the surface. In this manner graftings can be taken from the best sorts. NOTICE. A special meeting of the Massachusetts Hor- TictJLTURAL Society, will be holden at the ollice of Zebedee Cook, Jr, on Tuesday the seventh day of April ne^t, at 12 o'clock, for the admission of members. R.L.EMMONS. Recording Secretary. Mr Loudon, the indefatigable author of the En- cyclopedias of Agriculture and Gardeniiis:, is pre- , . . , , _„ •„ , „„ 1 ■., , ,, 1 ]■ „i faclion thai loiiiier imporlalions hsve done. paring a new work, entitled an Encyclopedia of ^,,„ „^ f,^„j^ ^ ^^y^^^ collection of ?,• Plants, in one large volume, with 7000 engrav- ings. Dr Richardson is preparing Notices of the Quad- rupeds, Birds, Fishes, and Insects, inhabiting Brit- ish North America, and the country traversed by the late expeditions under Cajit Franklin. Sir Walter Scott has in press, a new work, en- titled E.' Tree. Cnrrafit Bushes, White Diilch, Red do., common while and red. Gooseberries, tlifierenl kinds. Raspberries, Antwerp white and red. Thimbleberries, white and red. Strawtterries, viz: Wilmot's Superb, D«twnton, — red and while English Weed — Roseberry, three kinear's growth. — Also, one barrel of (resh Riga Flax Seed, well known to be superior lo the conmion American Fiax. Fruit and Ornamental Trees. SAMUEL HYDE offers for sale at his Nursery, in Newton, near Boston, a good assortment of Fruit and Forest Trees, Ornamental Shrubs, &.c, comprising apples, [)ears, peaches, chei-ries, apricots, nectarines, plums, black mulberries, English black .pun ants, English walnuts, but- ternuts, horse chesnuts, filberts, (French and Spanish) catalpas, silver firs, spruce, larch, weeping willows, al- theas, lose acacia, lilacs, daphnes, senna, roses, honey- suckles, &e. Orders directed to Samuel Hyde, Newton, will be promptly attended to. Trees will be delivered in Boston free of expense for transportation. Catalogues furnished gralis by J. B. Russell, No. 52 North Market Street, Boston, and at the Nursery in Newton. March 27 4t Bees. Just published by MARSH & CAPEN, 362, Washing- ton Street, A Practical Treatise on the Management of Bees; and the eslablishment of a Piarie, with the best method of destroying ami preventing the depredations of the Bee Moth. By James Thatcher, M.D., Fellow of tile American Academy of Arts and Sciences, &c. Extract from the Author's A^lvertiscmenl. " The destructive raiages of the Bee Moth have in many places almost annihilated our Bee cstablisliments, and discouraged all attempts to renewed trials. Not less than one hundred hives have, the past season, been en- tirely destroyed by that enemy, williin a few towns in the county of Plyinoiitb, and in places where a single iiive has yielded one hundred pounds of honey. From a parliciil.ir investigation of this subject, the c.impiler is now able, with, much confidence, to announce, Ibit an effectual preventive of such depredations will be found recorded in this production." Price 75 cents. March 27 3t Red and White Cover Seed. For sale at the New Fngland Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Maiket Street, 5000 lbs. Red Clover Seed, 500 \b^. Diilcb White Honeysuckle Clover, (imported.) Also, Herd's Grass, Red Top, Oich;ird Grass, Lucerne, Foul Meadow, Hemp and Fla.x Seed, &c, &c. March 27 tf Seeds for Country Dealers. Traders in Ihc couniry, who may wish to keep an assortme«» of Garden Seeds for s.de, are inlbrnied ihey can lie furnished at the New England Farmer olbce, No. 52 North Market .street, lio.slon, wldi boxes cnniaining a complete assortment of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they can be purchascti m this couniry, neally done up in small papers, at G a.id 12 cents each — warranted in be of the growth of 1828, and "f the purest qualily. OnNAMKuxAL Flower .Seeds will be added on ihe same terms, \\h*-n ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early White Sweet Corn, &c, of dif- ferent sorts. O" The Seeds vended at this eslabllshmeni , arc put up on a new plan this year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and packed in the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and examine lor them- selves, eptf Jan. 23. For Sale, In the soulhcnsterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, containing about 120 acres, consisting of every kind of land ihat is desirable tn the enterprising farmer, a large portion of which is of the first qualily, having a cons;anr stream of water running through it ; and ihe land is so situated that a number of acres are capable of irrigaliou. On the premises is an upright Iwo slory House, wiih four rooms on the floor, in good repair ; a large Barn, EO by 30, and in cninmon seasons is filled witfi good hay. Theie are also on ihe farm, good Oithards, a part of which are in their prime j together with an abundance of Wood, the best of while oak, fit for wheelwrights' use, or for ship limber. There are few farms capable of more improve- ineiil. or which can br; carried on at less expense. The place will be sold at a fair price, with or without the sleek and utei>. sils. ol the election ol die purchaser. The payments made easy and accommodating, and possession may be had on delivery of the deed. For further particulars, please inquire of William Draper. Esq. of Marlborough, of Bhnjami.n Weld of Ro]l- bury, or of Samuel H. Weld, on the premi.ses, Jan. 16. PRICES OF COUJVTR Y PRODUCE. FROM 1 TO APPLES, best. barrel 3 00' 3 75 ASHES, pot, first sort, ... Pearl, first sort, - - Ion. 125 00 130 00 " 125 Ot, 130 00 BEANS, white, .... bushel 1 OOi 1 37 BEEF, mess. barrel. 10 oo 10 50 Cargo, No. 1 , '' 9 no 9 60 Cargo, No. 2, tt 8 00 8 SO BUTTER, inspected. No. 1, new, - pound. u IS CHEESE, new milk. ft 1 1 9 Skimmed milk. " 2 1 3 FLOLTR, Baliimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 8 7.5 : 9 00 Genesee, - . . - (f 8 7S 9 00 R\e, best, . - - - tc GRAIN, Corn, .... bushel. c: 63 Rye, .... *< er C6 Barley, .... tt 67 Oals, .... ct 35 38 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new. pound. 9 LIME. cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at ton. 3 60 PORK, clear, .... barrel. 10 00 16 60 Navv, mess. " 13 00 13 60 Cargo, No. 1, tt 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - jusliel. 2 00 Orchard Grass, tt 3 00 Fowl Meadow, ... tt 3 00 R\c Grass, tt 4 00 Tall Meadow Oals Grass, - tt 4 00 Re.lTop .... " 1 00 Lucerne, .... lound. 60 While Honeysuckle Clover, " 60 Red Clever, (nnrlliern) tt 8 9 French Sugar Reel, . tt I 50 Blangel Wurlzel, tt 1 60 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - tt 35 44 Merino, full blood, unwashed. tt 22 2.6 JMeiiiio. three lourihs washed. tt 30 36 MeiiHo, h.'.ll & quarter washed tt 28 33 Nal've, washed, - . - tt 2.5 2« Pulled, Lamb's, first Sort, . tt .37 i\ Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. tt 25 30 Puilerl, " spinning, first sort, " 3C 33 PROVISION MARKET. corrected EVKFV week EY MR. IIAYVVARD, (Cle.k of Fimeuil-hail Mirket.) BEEP, best pieces, - POKK, fresh, besl pieces, whole Imgs, VEAL. MUTTON, .... POCLTllV, .... BUTTER, keg and Inb, . Lum[>, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rye, reiail,- Indian, retail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according to quality,] pound. 10 ** 7 It 6 " 6 tt 4 tt 8 " 14 tt ■lozen. 16 lusliet. tt tt liarrel. 2 00 12 1 S 10 n 12 l2 14 20 20 20 1 00 79 50 S 50 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. MISCELLANIES. From Ihe N. Y. Enquirer. THE WOODPECKER. The pyc-bald woodpecker, with sturdy beak, Will, liuoyant, pierce Ihe lieerh in quest of prey, And make ihe hamlcl echo wilh the stroke. Yet not the hcollhlul trunk w ill he assail, But one that 's girdled, thunder-smote, and dry, Whose vital sap is neutralized and thin, Extracts from rottenness unnumbered worms. Behold yon oak, the victim of a blast, It fell when Boreas in a partial rage Condensed his force to lay the giant low ; While shrubs, less arrogant, though less renown'd. Escaped th' appalling terrors of the gale. So 't is with man, who envies those more high, More palpable to demolition's dart. While he, in insignificance,'Js safe. Humility 'slhe sentinel of peace. Look at Jove's tree, now withering at its length ; The fallen Polyphemus of the grove, How like a prodigal bankrupt he appears. Crushing the sapling 'neath his ample sides. SELECTED FOB THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr Editor — If the following splcction is wor- thy a place in your paper, you will pU^ase to s've it room, and oblige ' "' Wtston, March 3, 1829 A SUBSCRIBER. Ruies and Maxims for Promoting Matrimonial Happiness. — The likeliest way either to obtain a good husband, or to keep one so, is to be good yourself. Never use a lover ill whom you design to make your husband, lest he should either tipbraid you with it, or rettirn it aftorvvards ; and if you find at any time an iiiclinutioii to play tlic tyrant, remeju- ber these two lines of truth and justiee : " Gently shall those be ruled, who gently sway'd, " Abject shall those obey, who haughtily were obcy'd."^ Avoid, both before and after marriage, all thoughts of managing your husband. Never eji- deavor to deceive or imiiosc on his tinderstandini, nor give him uneasiness, (its some do very foolish- ly, to try his tetnpcr) — btit tieat him always be- forehand with sincerity, and afterwards, with af- fection and respect. Be not sanguine before matriage, nor promise yourself felicity without alloy ; for that is iiicpossi- hle to be attained, in this presetit state of things. Consider belorehaml, that the person you are go- ing to spend your days with, is a man, and not an angel; and if when you come together, you dis- cover anything in his humor or behaviour that is not altogether so agreeable as you expect, pas^s it over as human frailty ; smooth yotir brow, com- pose your temper, and try to amend it by cheer- fulness and good nature. Remember always, that whatever misfortunes may happen to either, they are not to be charged to the accoutit of matrimony, btit to the accidents and infirmities of human life ; a burden which each has engaged to assist the other in supjiorting. Mid to which both parties are equally exposed. — Therefore, instead of murmurings, reflections, and disagreements, whereby the weight is rendered abundantly more grievous, readily put your shoul- der to the yoke and make it easier for both. Resolve every morning to be cheerful and good natured that day : and if any accident should Lappea lo breali that resolution, suffer it not to put you otit of temper with everything besides, and es- pecially with your husband. Dispttte not with him, be the occasion what it will ; but much rather deny yourself the tnvial satisfaction of having your own will, or gaining the better of an argument, than risk a quarrel, or create a heart burning which it is impossible to know the end of. Be assured, a woman's power, as well as hap- piness, has no other foundation but her husband's esteem and love ; which consc(inently, it is her undoubted interest, bv all means possible, to pre- serve and increase. ])o you, therefore, study his temper, and command your own ; enjoy his satis- faction with him, share and soothe his cares, tind with the utmost diligence conceal his infirmities. Read frequently, and with due attention, the matrimonial service, and take care, in doing so, not to overlook the word obey. In your prayers, be sure to add a clause for grace to make "a good unfe ; and at the same time, resolve to do your utmost endeavors towards it. Always wear your wedding ring, for thoiein lies more virtue than is usually imagined ; it you are ruffled unawares,assaulted with improper thoughts, or tempted in any kind against yonr duty, cast your eyes upon it, and call to mind who gave it you, where it was received, and what passed at that solemn time. Let the tenderness of your conjugal love be ex- pressed with such decency, delicacy, and pru- dence, as that it may appear plainly and thorough- ly distinct from the designing fondness of a harlot. Have you any concern for your own ease, or for your husbami's esteem ? Then have a due re- gard to his income and circumstances, in all your e.\;)enses and desires ; for if necessity should fol- low, you run the greatest hazard of being deprived of both. Let not many days pass together, without a se- rious e.xainiiiation how you have behaved as u wife ; and if, tipon rellection, you find yourself guilty of any foibles, or omissions, the best atoiie- jneiit is to be exactly careful of your lutnre con- duct. March 27, 1829. Scions of Jlpple and Pear Trees. For sale, at the New Kni;land Farmer Seed Store, No,. 52 North Market street, Boston, a large collection of Ap- ple and Pear Scions,— among which are the following : — Jlpples. Gardener's Sweeting, NonBuch, . Gi-and Sachem, C.it-head, or Large Sum- mer Russet, Rhode Island Greening He.nthcot, St Germain, Rushinore's Bon CretJen, S|iice Roiisselet, Red Borgatnot, Moor Fowl Egg, JjrsroneUe, Roxhtiry Russet, I New York Pippin, ! Baldwin, Gilliflower, White Shropsavioe, or Early Harvest, &c, &c. Pears. Large Iron, or Pound, Gangers Eergamot, Brown Buerre, Early Juneting, St Michael's, Broca's Beigamot, BarUett, In addition to the above, we are daily procuring fine vniielics, from responsible sources, and hope to extend the collectiiin so as to comprise all the esteemed fruita raised in the vicinity of Boston and New York. The scions are in fine order, and the utmost- depen- dence can be pl.iced upon their genuineness, as they are all cut from bearing trees. cplf .'■ Jldcrncy Heifers, Saxony Bucks, and Calves of iht Short Horn Breed. -"' For sale, three full blood AUlerney Heifes, two years old, two expected to calve in August next, by a full blood Short Horn Bull— three full blood S«oiiy Bucks, one, two, and three years old— a full blood Heifer Calf, of the Shot t Horn Breed, four weeks old— a very fine BiiJI Calf, 3-4 blood, six weeks old, his dam from an excellent native cow, sired by the well-known imported bull HoldernesJ —the sire of this calf, a full blood Short Horn Bull— the last calf is thouf-ht very superior. For terms and further particulars, inquire at the New England Farmer office. March 5, 1S29. Political Fanaticism.— MM\;in)e Roland relates a singular instance of party spirit, exhibited during the French revolution. It being the pur|)osc lo rouse the i'ears and sjiirit of the people, and direct their animosity against the court party, Grangen- euve agreed that he himself should be nnirdercd by persons chosen for that purpose, in such a man- ner that a suspicion of the crime should attatih it- self to the aristocrats. He went to the place ap- pointed, but Chabot, who- was to have shared the same fate, neither appeared himself, nor made the necessary preparations for the assasinatiou of his frientl, for which Madame Roland dilates on his poltroonry. — Scott's Life ofJViipokon. " If Brittannia rules the waves," said a qualm- ish writing-master, going to Margate last week in a storm, " I wish she'd rule 'em Btraighter." Fruit Trees. Messrs WINSHIPS respectfully request those of the public who may incline to favor J^ (liciii with their orders the en=uir]j; season, for fiuit and ornamental trees, fancy shrubbery, herbaceous plants, whether indigeoptis or ex- otic, to forvvaid their orders immediately, and. -they >yil,I be executed with every possible despatch. Thcy also have several hundred genuine Isabella Grape Vines, by the hundred or sinu;le plant, wilh the supeiior European kinds in cidtivalion in this country. Letters directed to F. & I. Winship, Brighton. P. S. .Asparagus roots from one (o four years old. OCj- All orders left with J. B. Russkll, at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, will be executed at the Nursery prices, ai.d the trees delivered in Boston, free of expense for transportation. Brighton, March H, 1829. Assorted Seeds for Families. For sale at the New England Fnniier Seed Store small hox«» of a.ssorieil Seeds lor Kitchen Gardens. Each box contains a package of ihu following .Seeds; Kett, in his FInwers of Wit, gives an outrageous specimen of pulpit punning, published in a sermon written and preached in the rcigu of James I. — " Tiie dint (says the [rreacher) shows that we must die all ; yet, notwithstanding, all houses are turned into ale hoitses ; Paradise is a pair of dice ; our marriages are merry ages ; matrimony is a matter of money ; our divines are dry vines ; wa:j it so in the days otJVoah ? — Ah no .'" — Liverpool Kaleidoscope. ' per boit. Long Dutch Parsnip Large Cablijigc Letluce I.oii^ Green Turkey Cucumber Piiie-apple l\l<-loir Long, or Round Watermelon Nastui lium Large While Onion Large Red Onion Culled Pai-sley Flat Squash Pepper Early Scarier Short-top Radi«k While Turnip Radish Salsafy Early Bush Sqiia=h Early While Dulch Turntp White Flat Turnip Yellow Stone Turnip Winter Ci'ook-neck Squash. POT HERB SEEDS. Thyme— .Sage — Marjoruro. Early \\"ashington Peas Dwarf Line Imperial Peas Lale ftlariowfal Peas Early Mohawk Dwarf siring H.^aiis China Dwarf siring and shell I leans Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Lung Blood Beet Earlv Turntp-rooled Beet Early York Cabbage Largo late Driiniliead Cabbage ('ape Savoy Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage {/or pick- ling) Early Horn Carrot Loll"' Orange Carrot While Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Curnmher Early Silesia Lettuce The above lis!, it will be seen, comprises all the common «• gelables, besides severnl new varieties of recent inlrmluclion, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is warranted of the very tirsl qiial'ly. as lo fieshness andpiirily. Each boxconlains ilireciions fur the management of the diflerent sorts. Price gS NEW ENISLiANl> FARJf ER. Published by John B. RussEiL, at A'b. 63 Mrth Market Street, (at the Agricultural IVarehouse). — Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor. — 7* VOL. VII. iOK BOSTON, FRIDAY, APRIL 3, 1829. ■■ No. 37. AGRICULTURE. sisted eye, it appears only as a red atom, but it is furnished witli a pair of long whitish wings, long antennaj or horns, 6 legs with appropriate joints, and 2 filaments or bristles terminating the tail. — This minute insect perforates the middle of the case covering the female, and thus celebrates its nuptials with its invisible partner." The rest of the history may be gathered from what is known of other species. After impregnation the female deposits her eggs beneath her body, and dies ; and the young Cocci, or lice, leave the shelter, under wh.ch they were fostered, by. the natural crevice at tlie posterior part of the shell which covers the mrther. FOR THE HEW EflaLABD FARMER. ADDITIONAL REMARKS ON THE BARK- LOUSE, OR COCCUS. Mr Fessenden — Agreeably to your intimation I have examined the specimens sent you by Mr Bartlett ; and offer the following remarks on those in the ]uiper numbered 3. These are the insects which have been the sub- ject of some speculation and queries in your Jour- nal, and prove, as I have conjectured, to belong to the genus Coccus, though a distinct species from the oblong one of Perley. The insect itself was new to me, but the figure was familiar, and I have, for some time, been endeavoring to ascertain where I had seen it. At last, in tlic Transactions of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Stockholm, for 1825, 1 have discovered a little memoir by the naturalist Dahnan, with figures of several new species, one of which greatly rfesembles that which is before me. Dalman's memoir is, principally, jU the Swedish language, and therefore unintelligibe to me ; but the scientific part is in Latin, and fron that with a reference to his figures, 1 propose !o make some extracts, as tending to illustrate oir insect, and proving it to be, at least, congenerc and closely aUied, if not identical. The Swedish insect is called Coccus cryptoga- mua ; the specific name being derived from tw) Greek words which signify concealed nuptials Dalraan observed the twigs of a kitid of Aspen D be covered with numerous scales some of which were larger than others ; the former were discov- ered to be the habitations or pupa-cases of the fe- males, and the latter those of the males. ■• The case (puparium) of the female is of an irregular ovate form, pointed at one end, and dilated at the other, or similar in shape to our oyster-shell. It is of a silky or membranous texture, of a whitish color, with an oval dark speck at the pointed ex- tremity. This dark portion is the cast-skin of the former larva. Beneath tliis habitation the female resides, and from it never emerges j" she is there- fore entirely concealed from her mate, a fact which is equally true in other species, as has been previ- ously intimated. " The female herself is minute, of an oval form, wrinkled at the sides, flattened above, of a yellowish red color, with a pair of black eyes, and a proboscis" apparently one-third the length of the body. The feet are not discov- erable. "The proboscis is constantly inserted [imperfect and dead specimens of the puparia) must into the bark, and through it the sap, which nour- ! determine or disprove its identity with the Swedish iahes her, is imbibed. The puparium of the male j species. Those gentlemen who are familiar with is of similar color and material with that of the fe- our species, will readily perceive the close resem- male, but much smaller, very narrow, and oblong, j blance, and, I hope, will excuse the attempt to ex- and surmounted at one end by the oval shell of i plain one by reference to the other. Fig. 1. A piece of Aspen twig with the habita- tions or puparia of Coccus cryptogamus, of the natural size. 2. Puparium of the female magnified, bearing the shell of the larva at its apex. 3. Puparium of the male magnified. 4. Female magnified. The line in the circle above shows the actual length. 5 & 6. Male magnified. The cross in the cir- cle represents the natural size of the male with the wings expanded. It will be distinctly recollected that I do not as- sert the insect, mentioned by your correspondents M., Judge Buel, Mr Bartlett, and others, to be the Coccus cryptogamus of Dalman : further observa- tion of the American insect (which is now for the first time known to me, and that only from a few the larva. The metamorphosis takes place under this case, and on the 17th of July the perfect male escapes at the posterior end, coming out back- wards ; the wings, with which it is famished, are reversed over the head in the operation, and are the last to be extricated." The male is nearly as minute a&a point, but a powerful magnifier shows its body to be divided into segments, and endued with all the important parts and functions of a liTlng anltnal. Dalman says that, ' to the unas- The extent to which the punctures of these mi- nute insects affect the color of the bark and albur- num, corroborates the suggestions which have fre- quently been made on the poisonous influence ex- erted by larger insects on our Tegetable produc- tions, and which is somewhat exemplified by the effects, on the human subject, of the biles, stings, and punctures of bees, wasps, musquitoes, spiders, and scorpions. By a law of nature, when an im- portant end in the economy of the insect is Jo be attained, as in providing for a succession of tho species, the effijct is much greater than where tho injury is inflicted merely by organs furnished for self defence or temporary nourishment. Yours, &c. T. W. H. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. SELECTIONS OF NOTICES OP THE NEW VARIETIES OF TABLE PEARS. (Continued from page 283.J In the year 1820 the following pears were pro. scnted to, tasted, and examined by the Council of the London Horticultural Society, and the follow, ing notices inserted in their Transactions, vol. i7. part iv. 1. Marie I/ttiise. " This pear (says the Editor) has far exceeded the highest ex[)ectations formed of it. Its geteral form is like that of the St Ger» main, but tapering less towards the stalk. The skin is of a gieenish yellow, deepening when ex- posed to the sun, or when full ripe to a rich yel» low, clouded with light brown russet. Flesh in- clining to yellow, perfectly melting, with abun- dance of sweet juice. It is in favorable situations sometimes five inches long, and three inches wide, weighing 8 ounees. Its period of maturity from the middle cf October to the middle of November. It is a new seedhng Flemish pear, said to have been raised by the Abbe Duquesne, who alsp raised the Ntpoleon. [The desciiption is so minute, that any persons can readily krovv whether any pear which they may have received for that, be the same or not Persons, who i.nay have fruit under that nama, which shall differ essentially from the above, aro earnestly requested to give notice of it, and of the differences, and to state from whom they received the trees or grafts. This is the only mode by which the introduction of false names can be pre- vented. Already great confusion has taken place in Europe as to these pears of recent production, although the eyes of scientific horticulturists have been constantly upon them. Thus for example, the Napoleon has, by some heedless person, beett called L' Empereur, and it now appears in some catalogues as two different pears. — J. Lowell.] 2. Charles Z>' Autriche pear — received from Db Van Mons. This is a large variety, three inches and a half by three inches. Stalk an inch long — eye in a confined cavity not deeply sunk. Skin greenish yellow, profusely sprinkled with brown spots, and partially russeted. Flesh melting,white — very juicy, with a rich high flavor, but with httla or any perfume ; a beautiful and fine fruit. Period of maturity about the middle of November. Mb Knight thinks it will be prculuctive. [Remarks— By russeted is meant a roughness such as is seei» in the Russeting apple and the Monsieur Jean.— By perfume, as distinguished from flavor, is meanj the peculiar aroma, which is perceived in the Seckle — the Gibson, or Amory — and eminently in the Moor Fowl Egg, or Echasserie.] 3. Tillington. 3. A. Knight, Esq. sent speci-. mens of a pear raised from a seed of the autumn Bergomotte, impregnated with the pollen of th» Jargonelle. It is the size and shape of the Doy- enne Oris, but was rounded at the head. Stalk 290 ]\EW ENGLAND FARMER, April 3, 1829. short with a disposition to fleshiness at its inser- tion. Skin dull green on the shady side, with a dull brick-dust red where exposed — the whole a good deal nisseted. Hesh white, nearly beurre or buttery, with a little grit, [or stoniness] at the core— particularly sweet and rich, though not very juicy. It ripeus in the middle of November, but remains a considerable time without spoiling. In the London Hort. Transactions, vol. v. part i. is a notice of the Ilardeupont de Priutems, or Beurre Ranee as the French call it. 4. Beurre Ranee. This is a very superior seed- ling raised by Mr Hardenpont, of Mous, and call- ed the Hardenpont de printenis, (so called because it does not ripen till April — the English name would be " Spring Hardenpont.") Mr Turner of the London Hort. Society says he believes it to be the same which Mr Noisette calls ni the " Jardin Fruitier" Beurre d' hyver. [If this conjecture he right we have it in this country under both names —for trees of the Beurre d' hyver have been often imported and sold in Boston, though I believe neither these, nor the Hardenpont de printenis, have yet borne. I beg gentlemen who may have the Beurre d' hyver, to give notice when it bears, that we may know whether it is a synonyme of the Hardenpont. Hardenpont is the right name J. Lowell.] The Hardenpont resembles, says the London Hort. Society, the Colmar in form — !i it it is larger, and not so blunt at the insertion of the stalk. — The eye is large, very little sunk — stalk long — skin green, never becoming yellow, n')r partaking of red, sprinkled with many minute hrown spots. Flesh greenish white, melting, with a little grit at the core, very juicy, sweet, and high flavored. — Specimens of this very excellent pear were re- ceived from Mr Parmentier of Eighien. The tree bears well as a standard, and tlie fruit keeps well till March and April. [Probably this pear will be the most valuable of all. There is a beau- tifully colored figure of it in the above cited work. It is exceedingly like the St Germain to my eye. — J. L.] 5. In the London Hort. Transactions, vol v. part ii. notice is taken of a pear called the Bezy Vaet pear. [We would remark here that the pre- fix Bezy is very common to French pears, and it may be useful to our readers to know that it sig- nifies " wilding," or wild pear — thus the Chau- inontelle is called Bezy de Chauniontelle, meaning the wilding of Chaumontelle.] " The Bezy Vaet pear is one of the numerous new Flemish varie- ties, the general cultivation of which will add ma- terially to our stock of winter pears. The Bezy Vaet resembles a very large Swan's Egg pear, both in form and color, but the skin is smoother. The flesh is yellowish, perfectly melting, with abundance of rich sweet juice, and most agreeably perfumed. Mr Parmentier states that in Flanders it bears freely as a standard, and that the fruit keeps till March and April. It is a great acquisi- tion to our gardens." [This is the language of the Council of the Lon- don Ilort. Society after trying the pear. I do not know that it has reached our country. — J. L.] 6. Colmar Epineuse — or (translated) Thorny Colmar. This is another of the new Flemish pears. It is a free bearer as a standard though it does not attain a large size. It is of the Colmar form, though rather more pointed at the insertion of the stalk. The skin is greenish yellow, much covered with russet — flesh yellowish, melting. sweet, and extremely rich— it keeps well till De- cember and January, and probably still later. 7. Delices Hardenpont, another new Flemish seedling. This name imports the " Delight of Hardenpont." It requires a wall to bring it to perfection, but to which its excellence well enti- tles it. [It may do well as a standard here. — J. L.] Under favorable circumstances it attains to three or four inches in length and two or three in breadth. The skin is bright yellow intermixed with green, and sprinkled with many green spots — flesh very white, melting, juicy, and sweet, but with very little perfume— ripens in November and December. — London Hort. Transactions, vol. v. part V. [When this selection shall have been completed I shall send you some admirable remarks from tliis number, on the subject of the names of fruits, to which the attention of all cultivators is invited.— Nothing can equal the licentious and heedless abuse of the names of fruits which has heretofo-e existed in this country, but we are beginning .o reform. If it were only a matter of curious acci- racj', or a mere love of order which leads us ,o wish a reform in our names, we might be justly ridiculed, but it is of the last importance to hor:i- culture. I have waited ten years for the bearing of a pear tree, and at last found myself deceived, because forsooth it pleased formerly the New York cultivators to call the St Michael, the Vergalieu — J. L.] 8. Beurre Capiomont, or Capiaumonf — first raised by M. Capiaumont of Mons. It is as large as a St Germain, pyramidal tapering very nnich | towards the stalk, which is long and slender — skin smooth, light cinnamon color with a rich gold color showing through it — in some specimens the skin is darker and rougher — the flesh is white, perfectly melting, with a rich sugared juice. We have not observed that it has any jjerfume, but it is a high flavored and valuable fruit. It has not kept with us beyond the end of November. [The Capiaumont has repeatedly borne with me. It fidly answers the above description, but in the two last hot summers it has not kept be- yond the 1st of October. I will say here once for all, that I apprehend that both the winter and au- tumnal pears will ripen with us from 6 to 8 weeks earlier, than the same varieties do in England, Flanders, or even in Paris. — J. L.] To be eoniinved. REARING LAMBS. Mr. Fkssenden — I woidd, with pleasure, give your correspondent, Mr. Barstow, of Maine, men- tioned in your paper of the 13th inst. [page 267 of the current volume of the New England Farmer,] any information in my power, respecting sheep ; but, as I have had but few years experience, and get my information from books, and verbal inquiry, i would have my suggestions taken with caution. I do not think that there has any injury come to his sheep from the hay of last year's growth, nor that it is the cause of the lambs' dying, which were dropped in February, which has been the worst month in the late winter for lambs. But I should presume, from his own account, that he has been, and is now, injiu-ing them by nursing. Yet I sympathise with him, for I too have a hun- dred ewes, which, contrary to ray intention, began to drop their lambs the first of January, and they did well that month. The winter is a wrong time of year for lambs to come. If they are not under cover, they will die of exposure ; and when under cover, the lambs will be crowded in cold nights, and smothered by the old ones. 1 think that sheep which do not begin to drop tlieir lambs until the last of March, may be kept through the winter in health and good order, up- on such hay as he describes, with, or without vegetables; a little corn may be given at yeaning, just to cause the milk to spring ; but I have always ' heard it considered as heating and inflammatory, so much as to cause the common sheep to shed their wool, when given freely. A few oats are good, given occasionally, from the middle of April to the middle of May, to correct the scouring which the young grass occasions ; the eflecls of which may be seen in their dirty breeches. Instead of tar, turjientine, rosin, or si>irits of turpentine, in mid winter, and towards sj)ring, when they are looking for some green thing, and finding none, I give my sheep elder boughs, which they feed on with sufficient avidity for medicinal purposes, and thus, I think, very much promote their health and appetite. If any of the above things are absolutely necessary, though I do not know for what particular cou'plaint they are in any case reconuneuded, I should prefer the rosin ■ai jiowder, as that may correct the cough, which o'"ten prevaUs among the old and poor sheep ; and I know it to be a remedy for the heaves, by giiing to a horse a table spoonful, with the same qtantity of nitre, finely powdered, and given once a day in his mess. I have several times stopped thi disease, when coming on, in three successive divs. But I should be cautious how I used boiled nilk for young lambs, as recommended in an edi- torial note; as it is considered, in our neighbor- liood, as certain death to a calf within 24, and nenerally in 12 hours.* If there is any informa- ton in the foregoing, which you deem worth pub- lishing, it is at your service. Yours respectfully, B. Bridgeport, March 17, 1829. * N»te by the Editor. — Boiled milk, however, is more easily digested in the human stomach, than raw milk, and reasoning fnun analog)', one would suppose ihat the same thing would take j)lace with respei^t to brute animals. We have, more- over, the authority of Deane's N. E. Farmer, in favor of the opinion suggested. In that work it is asserted, [page 55, Wells & Lilly's Ed.], " If skimmed milk is given to calves, it should be boiled, and suftered to stand till it cools to the temperature of that just given by the cow. It i? better boiled than warmed only." FOR THE NEW ENGLAXD FARMER. QUEEN BEES, CURCULIO, AND APPLE TREE BORER, &c. Mr Editor — As the New England Farmer of- fice has become the depository of many articles of I curiosity, besides the beautiful copies of handsome f prize Tulips, Polyanthuses, Hyacinths, Camelliaa, ' Dahlias, and the large Wilmot Strawberry, iScc. I take the liberty to send to you, for the inspection and gratification of the curious, two large glasa bottles, and five smaller ones, containing as fol- lows— jYo. 1. A large piece of honey condj, with about fifty dead bees on it, in the centre of which is the Queen Bee* — all in a good .state of preservation. * Mr Rufus Howe lins tor sale swarms of noes, also Honey in while comb— and will have for sale llie blossom Honey, in while comb, Iweiily days after llie apple Iree buds appear. Vol. VII.— No. 37. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 291 The swarm, from which this collection of bees was taken, starved to death ; came late in the season, and the unfavorableness of the weather, which was unusually wet, did not enable them to make a sufficient supply of food, for their own preservation. JVo. 2 Contains a Queen bee, a Working bee, and a Drone, or Male bee, not in a good state of preservation, on account of their moulding last summer, and again drying. JVo. 3 Contains three Drones, or male bees, three working bees, and a full sized apple tree borer, all in a good state of preservation. The borer was taken the moment of eating through the bark of the apple tree, after three years annoy- ance to it. jVo. 4 Contains a number of Queen bee cells, detached from the old comb, not in a good state of preservation, as they also moulded last sum- mer. JVo. 5 Contains a number of the Bee Millers, not in a very good state of preservation, moulding in the sunnncr likewise. JVo. 6 Contains some earth with a number of excrescences or warts of the plum tree. In these warts are the maggots which produce the bug [ called " Curculio" that destroys the plum fruit, and the branches ; one of the grubs in this collection has made its appearance, the glass having been put in a sunny place ; and after remaining a day in sight, has secreted itself in the dirt, there to turn to a chrysalis state. The grub^esemliled somewhat the female or wingless canker wcrni grub, but in size, less. I presume more are in ihe warts, and in a few days, the bug curculio will be produced from the chrysalis.f JYo. 7 Contains five moth worms, such as des- troy the comb in the hive. I have taken out tvo quarts of such this season from one hive. Wiat few bees were left, were drove in the corner and there perished. I intended to have sent some pear tree liorers, (if I may so call them) but they have eaten through a gooil cork that confined them in a bottle, and consequently made their escape. Last Septem- ber I took from two pear trees, the above borers, from under the bark of the body of the tree ; the trees had been very thrifty and healthy, but were then reduced to one branch each, the others hav- ing been sawed off on account of their being stung and dying. These borers are found in round spots, in size, from half a cent to a dollar ; by white washing the tree, the stain comes througli, and they are easily found. I should think I des- troyed fifty, besides eight or ten I preserved in a bottle. They are a little longer than a barley corn, but not quite so large round ; full of little bristles, which extend fro[u the body, and a black head. When I extracted these from the tree, 1 observed three or four on the outside, lowering themselves down by their web, and presume they were going into the ground, (for I can now find none in tlie trees,) there to change to a chrysalis state, and next sununer appear in a bug shape {as the plum curculio) and stinging and poisoning again the branches with their eggs. When the branches are stiuig the bark turns rcil, cms atul looks something like liver — a red water runs from it. Tile sooner it is cut off and burnt the better, as we are then sure none will escape. When the body of the tree is diseased, the sooner also, that is dug u[), and served in the same manner the bet- ter. It ap])ears to me the only way to destroy this insect, is to destroy their eggs in the tree. — My reluctance to dig up my trees, before they were so much affected, has proved much to my cisadvantage.f If the above observations, will assist to put a stop to these great depredators of our pear trees,it will be a great satisfaction to the writer of this ar- ticle. S. D. Dorchester, March 30, 1829. t Tlif- warts should bp cie.sliovfid before this time, in June and July would he best. Be careful to go far cnou2;l) below ilie excrescences, not lo leave a black spot in the sap wood. It would be still better lo jar the tree a little, and then the punc- tured phuiis would fall ; then lake the fallen ones and hum Ihem. If you have near neis^lihors recommend the same to them. The maggot leaves the fallen plums in less than twealy- four hours, and goes into the ground, and there changes to the chrysalis slate. Some varieties of plum trees the cnrcjiio avoids; I presume the gum does not suit them ; fruit is llieir first choice, as plums, apricots, fcc. liy following these rules ^•ou can keep them under, if not exterminate them. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr Editor — We have no inclination to engage b a newspaper controversy ; but in our own de- fence we beg to make one or two remarks on the communication of Mr J. W. P. in your last Farm- tr. The remarks on the Report of the E.Ag.Soc'y, vere written neither at the suggestion, nor with tie privity of the tenant of the Indian Hill Farm ; nir with any intentional disrespect to the Com- mittee ; but from a sense of wrong, which Mr P.'s defence has not lessened. Nor is this feeling con- fined to oil I selves. We know but little of the proceedings at the Essex Cattle Show. We are ready to believe that the Committee designed on that occasion to act with judgment and impartiality ; and it is difficult in such a thankless office to avoid complaint, or ever to satisfy a disappointed competitor. In the decision, upon farms, Mr G. having entered his farm -for premium was justly liable to censure in not complying with the conditions prescribed and furnishing an exact account of the labor and pro- duce. The Committee were bound to notice the farm and state the facts in the case, which had come to their knowledge, whether they made for or against the competitor. But beyond this we hold they had no right to suggest anything against this individual's private character, by insinuating that such a fondness for dogs and horses on his part as must lead to a foolish and wasteful expen- diture ; an inference in respect to him, though it might be unintentional on the part of the Commit- tee, which would be likely to be made on every one, who read the report. In common with the Committee we should be hapiiy to see the result with respect to this farm for the year ; and we still believe that the produce, in proportion to the labor employed and the facil- ities oflered, has not been surpassed by any farm in the county. In this, however, we may be mis- taken ; and we rely much on the judgment of those, who have had more favorable opportunities of observation than we pretend to. But then in comparing the expense with the produce, certain- ly it would not be fair to charge to the current year all that has been expended for stock, utensils, and permanent improvements. Tiiese make a part of the capital stock of a farm. On the side of expense is to be placed, not the cost of these arti- cles, but the interest of their cost, with a proper allowance for loss, or injury, or deterioration.— Nor is the full cost of the manure purchased to be placed to the expense of the /)rcsc7!( year, since Its benefits will be felt for some time to come. On tlie other hand, the tenant is lo be credited not merely with the amount of produce raised, but likewise with the permanent improvements, such as walls built, hedges formed, trees planted, thresh- ing ii:ill erected, &c. &c. together with some al- lowance for tlie better condition of the estate. — We should be glad to see this account fairly stated, and we believe that the result would be creditable to the tenant. This, however, is matter of judg- ment merely, in which we have no disposition to set U|) our own opinion in opposition to the judg- ment of the Committee. We cannot but hope that the exact statements of the different claimants for premiums, as to pro- duce and management of their farms, will.be forth- coming. The public will be benefited by such stateitients ; the more particular the better. Our remarks on the general character of re- ports, and the attempts at wit in them, had no ref- erence to this case, but to the reports of a neigh- boring county, on swine, &c., which were indeed very amusing, but we think out of place. We as- sure you, Mr Editor, that in regard to the Essex report, we are indeed not guilty even of suspect- ing that there was any wit in it. Like other wise men, upon review, we firmly adhere to our opin- ions, and beg leave with all due " mildness and courtesy" to subscribe ourselves. Respectfully yours, March 20, 1829. ESSEX. J Pear trees which are very thrifty and have smooth branches, are the choice of the bug. The first tree that was attacked in my garden, was near a manure heap. I have not seen a pasture, or slow growing pear tree atlacked yet. SITUATIONS FOR BOYS. Mr Editor — It frequently happens, in my in- tercourse with the poor, as a minister at large in this city, that parents apply to me for jilaces for their children, and especially for their boys, for whom they are not able to provide food and clothing at home. And as I should be particular- ly glati to send these children into the country, I will beg the favor of you, either by publishing this note in your paper, or in any other way which you may think to be better, to give notice that, if a farmer or a mechanic in the country, is disposed to take a boy from the city, to be brought up either in his shop, or on a farm, I shall be ready to give him any assistance which is in my power in obtaining one, who may at once meet his own wishes ; and by taking whom into his family, he may perform an important act of christian charity. Respectfully, JOSEPH TUCKERMAN. March 18, 1829. CASTOR OIL. Dr D. A. Reese, of Monticelio, Geo. made about 600 bottles of Castor Oil last year, notwithstand- ing the dry season. The best Castor Oil now used is made in this country. Several years since this medicine was a very nauseous one ; it not un- fiequently caused the throats of luitients to smart, by reason of its rancidity. It is now sold desti- tute of every unpleasant smell, and as transparent as water. Old associations still cause many per- sons to shudder at its name : yet we hear of some who regard the flavor of it as similar to that of walnuts, and one in particular declares that he could relish it on bread. — Bast. Pat. Apples grown on dwarf trees, are brought to. the fruit market of Paris in December. 292 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, April 3, 1839. COMMUNICATIONS. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. LARGE PE.AR. Mr Fessenden — I observed in your paper, No. S4, page 267, an article signed A Sueschiber, stating that the author did not know if the pear, mentioned in a New Yorlv journal, also in yours of the 9th of January last, was an eating or a baking pear. Not being much acquainted with the Eng- U«h language, I thought that when I said it was of an excellent quahty, as well for its size as for its flavor, which were the words of a member of the Committee of the Royal Horticultural Society of Paris, who sent me six trees of this kind, that I ehould be understood that it was for eating ; as it is not the custom in France to use the word Jiavor, ■when speaking of the baking pear. I did not wish to profit by the error made in the circumference, tlie height, and the weight of the pear, by saying that I have received the kind of pear, mentioned in your paper of the 9th of January ; but not being fond of puffing, I thought proper to correct this error and give the real di- mensioDS of this large pear. With much esteem, Respectfully yours, ANDRE PARMENTIER. Horticultural and Botanic Garden, Brooklyn L. I. March 15, arden, 1 1829. ] FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. DISEASED BEET ROOTS. Mr Editor — Last April I planted Mangel Wurtzel, and some blood beets, about the middle of April. They came U|) well and appeared promising until the middle of June, when the un- der leaves began to wither. As I sjpposed some insect preyed upon the small roots, I put lime on a part and harrowed it in, but it answered no pur- pose ; as those without the lime grew as well as those which had it. I planted some about the 12th of May, that shared the same fate. There were a few leaves on the top that kept alive : but I had not more than one third the quantity that I raised on the same ground the year before ; and what I raised began to rot in January. If some of your correspondents will point out the disease, and a remedy, it will confer a favor on AGRICOLA. East Bridgewater, March 16, 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. CANINE MADNESS. Mr Fessenden — If you think this paper will be useful to the public, you may insert it in your valuable repository of information. The wTiter has never seen a case of hydropho- bia in the human species — a disease the most frightful of all maladies; almost invariably ending in distressing death. The few cases of canine madness in domestic animals, which have come under his observation, warrant the following re- marks. The disease originates in the canine family, and is communicated to other animals by inoculation. The mad animal has a strong disposition to bite, and the poisonous slaver, being brought into eon- tact with the wound, is absorbed, and produces, sTjoner or later, the disease, which, like other dis- eases, is progressive. There are two stages. In the first stage, tber» is sufficient lime, and the symptoms are sufficient- ly marked, to ascertain the nature of the disease, and confine the animal ; but, unfortunately, this stage is generally overlooked, perhaps for the want of information. The symptoms in the first stage, are, sluggish- ness, thirst, swelling about the eyes, especially the eyelids, the eyes inflamed, a refusal of food, an ap- parent soreness in the jaws, dulness in executing the commands of his master, a disposition to be alone, a propensity to ramble, frequently starting up from his slumbers and changing his place, with- out any apparent cause. These symptoms coa- tinue for a longer or shorter time, and the second stage commences, in which, the dog is of all ani- mals the most dangerous. He now leaves his home for the last time, becomes fierce beyond des- cription, his eyes have a greenish hue, he fearless- ly seizes every animal in his way, slavers much, and sometimes with heavy breathing, hastens from place to place, snapping at, or biting and poisoa- ing every creature in his power ; and so continues to do, (unless he should be killed) until his strenglli be exhausted ; and then seeks some obscure place and dies. The duration of this stage is, probably, different in different subjects. Every owner of a dog should have a knowledge of the symptoms of the disease ; and carefully watch his dog ; and in case, that any of the symp- toins of the first stage should appear, he ought, ijn- inediately, either to kill, or confine the animal. The following case of Natural Canine Madness will corroborate many of the foregoing positions. In the year 1813, I lost a valuable dog by the disease. He was of a smaUish size ; and whatev- er is desirable in a dog as to usefulness, was to be found in him — a faithful sentinel, both by night and da}-, possessing a large share of good nature and pleasantry : hence, he was a favorite with the family, to which he was strongly attaclied, es- pecially to his master. He had performed upon him, in his youth, a well known operation, wliich etfectuallj' prevented a disposition for rambling ; and of course, he rarely went from home, e.xccpt with his master. Such was his attachment to his master, and to his master's property, that an arti- cle left in the field, or elsewhere, and committed to his charge, he was wont to guard ; and any person, out of my family, would meet with some difficulty in taking it from him. These remarks seem necessary, as they have some relation to tiie facts in the case. On September the 24th, in tlie afternoon, I wanted ray dog, but he was not to be found, — this circumstance being singular, immediately led to sus])icions of the disease. However, before eve- ning he returned, ajiparently without disease, rx- ce])t dulness. I was led to believe, (erroneously however,) from the assurance of others, that, a " dog laboring under the disease would refuse water, and that as long as ho would drink, there was no danger." I immediately offered him drink, and he received it as usual. I then offered him food, which he refused. On my urging him to eat, he would take a small piece and then drop it. His jaws appeared to be sore. From his taking water so freely and vvithout apparent difficulty, I concluded not yet to confine him ; but to watch him closely. On the 25th in the forenoon, I found his eyelids swollen, and his eyes inflamed — drank water freely, but refused food. He was in a slug- gish state, slOpt the greatest part of the forenoon in the door yard, now and then starting up and looking about, as though he had heard somethis at a distance, but seeing nothing, would he dov again, frequently shifting his place. But notwith- standing our vigilance, he, in the afternoon, eloped, and I could not hear of him. At that time my suspicions gained strength ; and I prepared a sta- ble, 10 by 6 teet, for his reception, placing therein a plenty of food and water. He did not return, as in the day before, nor have I any reason Co think that he returned in the night following. The 26th being Sunday, on going to church with my family, I requested my young man to keep dil- igent watch for the return of the dog, and that if he should come home to confine him. We had not proceeded one-fourth of a mile, before we met the dog. He was much pleased to see us, and it was with some difficulty that we kept him from soihng our clothes. He was very wet, having travelled through wet grass, or waded in the water. The appearance of his eyes and eyelids were the same. After two or three minutes he left rne, and made his course directly for home. — Presuming that my young man would secure him, I attended at church. But, to my surprise, on my return, I found that the dog had not been home. Inquiry was made, but it was fruitless. Just at evening, I had occasion to walk about a mile to a friend's house. Having proceeded about half the distance, I again saw my dog coming towards rac, ill a very slow trot. I did not appear to notice him — he passed me, without his usual expressions of attention, went a small distance, then took my ptth and followed me, making some of his usual si^ns of gladness. It being near a wood, and as li! had been fond of game, I repeatedly tried to send him into the forest, as usual, but he would not obey my cotumands, or he would just enter tie brush and return. I then flattered him, but h? did not regard it as he was accustomed. He followed me to the house, and, not wishing that he should go in v/ith me, I laid down my hat, and gave V\m the charge of it, as usual, when I wish- ed him to guard anything. I immediately finish- ed my errand and returned to the door, expecting to find my dog waiting as he was accustomed to do. I fouiid my hat ; but, the dog was gone. I hastened home ; but the dog was not to be found. Night came on and prevented further search. — Hovvever, on the 27th, about 8 o' clock, A. M. he returned for the last time. The symptoms were the same, perhaps increased. He received water, but refused food. I think, at that time, his attach- racnt to the family had become nearly extinct ; yet, with a little flattering, he was induced to go into the jdace prepared for him. He soon became very uneasy and peevish ; and in the afternoon all the symptoms of the second stage appeared. Ilia eyes put on a greenish appearance, and his coun- tenance was inexpressibly ferocious. To him, his master and a stranger were alike. He was in a rage, all the time, wheii any person was near ; snapping, biting, and tearing to pieces, whatever I came ^nthin his reach. His strength seemed double to what it was in health. Although natu- rally clumsy, he was then all spring and activity. There were spaces between the boards, through which he could see, and it was astonishing, how steadfastly he would fix his eyes on a person, standing near, and watch him for a long time, with looks of desperation and vengeance. In this situ- ation he continued till the evening of the 29th, during which he occasionally took water with greediness. I have no cause to believe that ho slumbered during the last stage, or that he received Vol. Vn.— No. 37. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 293 any food after llie commencement of the disease In the morning of the 30th he was much exhaust- ed, not able to walk, and his breathing, laborious. I then took some water in a vessel, and fearlessly entered the stable, on which he made some feeble signs of gladness. He was in a sitting posture, supporting himself on his forelegs. I stood be- fore him and poured the water in a small stream, holding up the vessel ; and instantly he was seized •with excrutiating convulsions, which in a very few minutes, ended his life. On a slight examination of the body, the high- est marks of inflammation were discovered throughout the system. I have been thus particular, presuming that the case would afford useful hints to those, who are fond of, and keep these animals. Although the dog may be useful to many ; being the only ani- mal, known to us, which will leave his own spe- cies and associate with man ; and in some ir- stances a uscfid protector, both of property and life ; yet, every dog is liable to this disease, terrific beyond expression in its effects : therefore, all pos- sible care should be taken in season to prevent the disease from spreading, which will not be done, unless the owner have some knowledge of the symptorps, which mark it. This is not considered a medical paper ; yet, it may be useful to state, that should any creature be bitten by any animal laboring imder the canine disease — the first step to be pursued, is, thorough- ly to wash the wound and parts adjacent, with warm water, and wipe them clean, with a view to remove all the poison that may adhere upon, or about the wound — then cut out, or destroy th( part to the bottom of the wound with some atronj caustic, and dress it with mercurial ointment. — This practice should not be neglected, should the wound be made two or three days before it is dis covered ; as it is thought that the virus is not readily absorbed ; but, the sooner it is done, the better. Mansfield, Feb. 26, 1829. roil THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER OBSERVATIONS ON SOME SUBJECTS OF CULTIVATION IN LONG ISLAND. DEEP PLODGniNG. Mr Fessenden — Having observed that in dif- ferent places the ploughings were not of a suf- ficient depth, I spoke about it to a gentleman, owner of large estates, at Bedford, Long Island ; and asked him to try the experiment on one acre only ; and to begin by ploughing one inch deeper than before ; for if it was ploughed very deep at once the ground would become sterile for some years, until the influence of the atmosphere, ma- iiuring, and other subsequent i)loughings should have mixed the soils together. This gentleman told me since, that he had succeeded beyond his expectations. His corn was visibly larger and stronger than that of the other side, which was ploughed in the ancient manner. I do not doubt hut that his example will have much influence ; so that the ploughings will be bye and bye from 8 to 10 inches deep ; and be done by gradually deepening one inch each year. The ground thus gradually ploughed would preserve some njoisture, very beneficial in dry summers ; the soil having been able to concentrate a much greater degree of humidity ; and in wet seasons, the ground be- ing more porous, the water would not remain on the Burfaee and rot the roots of the crops. I have taken notice that the furrows of dccliv itous lands are very often made in the direction of the descent, instead of making them transversely or crossways, in such a manner as to preserve as much of the soil and manure as possible on the top, and prevent them from coming down by heavy rains. Corn and potatoes, ought, there- fore, to be planted and kept in transversal lines, following the same principle. MANURE. The manures which are brought beforehand upon lands, which are to be planted in the spring are, most generally, spread out on the ground without being heaped together. The more ma- nure is spread the more the atmosphere and rains take from it its nutritive parts. Manure may be heaped together in the form of a cone, which should be covered with ground ; or if the ground is frozen too hard, the heaps could be covered with mats, very easily made by tying straw be- tween small poles, six or eight feet long, which being put away afterwards, in a dry place will be good for another year. In this manner none of the fertilizing salts can escape. But speaking of this interesting matter, I must say that I am as- tonished that no composts are made, which are the means of trebling the mass of manures, with- out occasioning any other expense than that of mixing earth with the manure by layers one above another, and by adding all kinds of vegetables, leaves of grass, sods, &c. ; and instead of leaving the dung to dry and be spoiled by the scratching of fowls in the yard, it should be successively car- ried when it comes out of the stables on the fields, where it is to be used for the fall or spring. For this purpose a small corner might be left, where it could be deposited. It would be convenient, if possible to make a few heaps of earth, and have them ready for mixing with the manures.* It will be objected that this would be an increase of la- bor, but it will be repaid an hundred fold. PLOUGHING IN GREEN CROPS. Next year I shall be able to give the result of some experiments made by Jonathan Thomson, Esq. Collector of the New York Custom House, who, on his large farm at Islip, L. I. at my re- quest, had the goodness last year to have sown and ])loughed in, thrco successive crops of buck- wheat in blossom. He has great hopes of success in this experiment, the soil being entirely changed, and seeming to contain a quantity of rich mould, and all that which is necessary for having a fine crop this year. I hope that the example will be followed in places at some distance from large towns. This sowing three times repeated, only took nine bushels of buck wheat seed per acre, which is a very cheap manure. Respectfully yours, ANDRE PARMENTIER. Horticultural and Botaiiic Garden, ) Brooklyn, L. I. March 16, 1829. ) FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. QUERIES RESPECTING FOOD FOR STt)CK. Mr Fessenden — A few weeks since, several queries from a you '.g shepherd, in regard to root ^ Layers of new dung one foot thick, and those ofearlh from 3 to 4 inches. If made of old manure dung one fool ihick and earth 6 or 7 inches. The heaps should be made in circular or square forms, and some eartli put around llieni to prevent the access of the atmosphere lo the layers of manare. cultivation, were inserted in your paper. Ai no answers have appeared, this same young shepherd is led to believe either that the cultiva- tion is found unprofitable, or that no one has prac- tised it so far as to be able to furnish answers ; of that the queries were not sufficiently definite, or not worthy the notice of the owners of flocks of sheep. On the supposition that one of the two last may be the cause of the silence, I beg leave to substitute the following. 1st. What quantity is a fair average product to the acre of mangel wurtzel, ruta baga, carrots, and potatoes, and what the expense of cultivating an acre of either of the above roots .' 2. How many bushels of either of the above roots are equal to a ton of good hay for feeding stock of any kind ? 3. Are either of the above cheaper for feeding stock in part than hay, valuing it at $6 per ton ? ^P— ^M— BMBWmnMII I I ■IMIMII^MmM^—IMMMglg IVEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, APRIL 3, 1829. COBBETT'S CORN. A friend has obliged us with a copy of Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, of Jan. 10th, 1829 This, according to Mr Cobbett's statement, was printed on i)aper made from the husks of Intlian corn, raised by him in England. It has been here- tofore supposed that the temperature of the clim- ate of Great Britain would not admit of the culti- vation of this plant ; but it seems that Mr Cob- bett's success in its cultivation has been complete ; and that he has found it well adapted to uses to which it has rarely if at all been applied in this country. Mr Cobbett says " I am certain tliat the husks of this corn will make as beautiful printing paper, and even writing paper, as ever was made from any rags in the world, and much better than can possibly be made from any other thing than very fine linen rags. Of the brown paper, or rather olive colored paper made from the stalks of the corn, a specimen of that you have, as a wi-apper to'the bunch of corn which I have now the honor to send to you. Compare it, sir, with anything of the kind you have ever seen before. You will find it as easy to write on as any white paper is ; what a difference in paper made from this materi- al, and the rugged stuff' made from hemp, or old ropes ! What a difference between paper made from corn stalks, and white brown stuff', which grocers and others make use of, and which is so easy to tear, while it cannot be written on at all. The " Treatise on Cobbett's Corn," is, as you are aware, published and sold, bound in boards ; and all that have been sold of late, have had boards with this olive corn paper for a covering, and very handsome you will find it to be : and I send you a second book, in order that you may have this further proof before your eyes, of the estimable value of the corn plant." The writer then asserts that Mr Rowland Hill, of Chillwortb, first suggested the thought of mak- ing paper out of the husks of corn ; and that it was owing to his enterprise that the specimens were jiroduced ; and continues, " Reflect, sir, on the vast importance of producing on our own land the n;aterials for such an immense branch of mnn- ufactiu'e ! In a very few years all the paper used by grocers, seedsmen, liuendrapers, haberdashers, and, in short, all this immense mass of goods, bulky, costly, and yielding a great revenue from a 294 NEW ENGLAND FAKMER, April 3, ]S'2!1. pretty fair and jrtst source, will be made out of the corn plant. All tlie stained paper, where tough- ness is so necessary anil rarely now to he found ; indeed paper of all sorts, for nothing can be so cheap and nothing can he better. The manufacture of paper from the busies of Indian corn is not altogether a novelty, Dr Wil- lich's Domestic Encyclopedia slates that " from the leafy stalk of this fruit, according to Plancus, the most beautiful post paper is prepared in an Italian mill, near Kiinini. SchaefFer made an ex- periment with the whole plant, and obtained a greyish paper ; but, after steeping the pulp four days in lime water, the sheets acquired a greenish shade. « Dr Mease saw a book, printed at Regensburg, in Germany, in 1771, upon paper from a variety of substances, and among others, there was one leaf made from the Ijidian corn, or maize husks." SUBSTANCES WHICH MAY BE MANU- FACTURED INTO PAPER. The following are some of the different sub- stances belonging to the vegetable kingdom, which have been employed in the manufacture of paper. The pith of the various species of Thistle have been employed in Germany. The stalks were stripped of their cuticle, bruised, and the inner spongy substance extracted and worked in the mill. Hemp. Dr llalde asserts that the inhabitants of Nangha, in Japan, macerate hemp in lime water, beat it, and then immediately prepare their paper. Guettard asserts that the shaws, and other refuse from the stalks of hemp, may be made into a good and strong packing paper. Hop i-mes.— Dr Schaeffer plunged them for fifteen minutes in boil- ing water, then separated the rind from the woody substance, cut the latter into small pieces and sent it to the engine. After being worked eight hours they became fibrous, pulpy, and were fit to be formed into paper : on adding rags the sheets as- sumed a whitisii appearance ; but without them had a brownish shade, and were uniformly of a firm consistence. The dry down of the C'atstail ; wooly catkins of the Jfldie Poplar ; the Straws of Flax ; the stalks of the Siuifiower ; the straw of Barley, and other kinds of grain have been used in Europe for making paper. The jVational Ga- zette likewise informs that " we have three speci- mens of yellow paper made, respectively of oat straw, blue grass, and n/e strau: Its texture is firm, and on the whole it appears to be superior to the common wrapping pa])er." FOR THE NEW liNGLAND FARMER. DISEASED SHEEP. Mr Fessenden — In your paper of last week, I noticed Mr Barstow's account of his diseased sheep, and hasten to suggest to him, what I think the cause of the misfortime. From the brief state- ment he has made of the case, I have no doubt in my mind, that tlie feverish habit in his sheep, has been created by the bad quality of his hay, or rather to the ^^ plenty of salt strewed wpon the ha;/ when put into the ham." Sheep, sooner than other domestic animals, will become sickly, when fed entirely upon hay, too much impregnated with salt. They delight, and thrive well, when per- mitted to go often to the salt trough, but when any considerable quantity is adde P^r bushel. Hotisehold Furniture Cheap. Pbo?nix Furniture Warehouse, near the Square, Main Street Charlestown. FOSDICK & CARTER, inform llieir friends and the pub- lic, that ihey have on hand, and for sale, an exiejisive assorl- nieni uf Furniture, viz. Bureaus, Secretaries, Beds, Bedsteads, Tables, Chairs, Sofas. Couches^ Carpeting, Wash Stands. Brass Fire Sets, Waiters, Knives, Forks, Bellows, and Brushes. — Also, a constant sujjply of Live Geese and Common Feathers, liy the bale or otherwise. Also, they manufacture and keep constantly for sale, a general assortment ol Looking Glasses, by wholesale or retail, with almost every article for house keeping, all which they will sell extremely low' for cash. Purchaseis are iavilc'i to call aiid examine. P. S. Portrait and Picture Framing, executed In the besi manner, and at short notice, as above. 6t Charlestown, April 3, 1829. lAnncean Botanic Garden ajid J^urserics, nearJVew York. — William Prince, Proprietor: The subscriber, Agent for this establishment, has just received the new Catalogues of 1829, which he will distribute giatis to applicants. The collection of Fruit Trees, Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Plants, Green house Plants, &c, now offered for sale, is nearly double the extent of what it Itas been heretofore, and the most celebrated new fruits introduced to notice by Mr Knight of London and Professor Van Mons of Brussels, are now included. The prices have been greatly reduced for a large num- ber of articles. Mr P. has about 20,000 Grape Vines, of his own rear- ing, and guaranteed genuine, — and 100,000 imported from France. Vines will now be supplied by Ihe 1000 at 15 cents, and by the 100 at 25 cents, assorted by himself, and including the Imperial Tokay — White, Red, Black, and Gray Burgundy — Teinturicr, Black Orleans — Petit Rach- ling, Kniperle, Black Cluster, Black Sweetwater, Chasse- las^ Large Morocco, St Valentine, Riesling or Clarelte of Limotix, Bordeaux Purple, — and in lees quantities at the reduced catalogue prices. The collection of Roses comprises 600 splendid varie- ties, of every shade and form. Every department has re- ceived the utmost care, and Ihe whole is under Ihe most careful personal attention of the Proprietor. J. B. RUSSELL, ^igent. March 27 • 3t To CoRRESPOSDENTS. — We have received, we regret loo laie for this week's paper, a valuable article on the Culti;re of Farm for Sale or Let- In Saugus, 6 miles from Charlestown Bridge, known by the name of the Boynton farm, containing about 100 acres of Land, a good House, Barn, and other out buildings —well watered, and equally divided into mowing and til- lage— usually cut from 40 to fiO tons hay. For parliculajs, inquire of C. Felton, Warren Bridge Toll House, Charlestown. March 27 If F-uit Trees, &,-c. N. DAVENPORT has for sale, at his Nursery in Mil- ton, a large collection of Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Green House Plants, &.c. His collection of Peach, Plum, arril Almond Trees, he consideis not excelled in this vicinity: and Ihe collection of other fruits is good. Orders sent to his Nursery in Milton, or left with J. B. Russel!., at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52, North Market street, Boston, where a list of the trees can be seen, will be execuled at the customary i)rices. ep6w Crockery, Glass, and China Ware. Ephraim !'.. McLaughlin, 4 Dock Square, has for sale, an elegant assortment of newest patterns in the above line, w hich are offered at low prices (or casli. Country merc&nnts and others are invited to call. eptf mar27 Goodwin^s Town OJJicer. In press and will bo published without delay, a nexvapd much improved edition of the above work, containing all the laws rel- niWe to the power and duties of Municipal officers, together with the decisions nf the Supreme Judicial Court upon thrse subjects. Orders for the above work may be adtlressed to Rich- ardson &, Lord, Boston, or to the publishers, Dorr & Howland, Worcester. 3l April 3. Vol.VII— No. 37. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. Grape Vines. The subscriber offers for sale, Grape Vines of several varieties, t!ie produce of his garden, in Dorchester; — among (hem are the following: Isabella, White Muscat, Sweetwater, Black Hamburg, Black Cape, Elba, Queen, White Chassulas^ Early Oval, Muscatel. They are principally of one year's growth, from cuttings only, (which are much better than layers of two or even three yeirs old,) — were pluntetl under his direction and .superintendance, are warranted genuine, and are in a healthy and vigorous state. The subsciiber purposes to continue the cultivation of such varieties of the foreign and native Vines as are suited to this climate, and that will thiive in the open ground in town or country. Application may be made to the subscriber at hisoffice, No. 7 1-2, Congress street, or at the garden to Patrick Kennedy. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. ' Boston, March 13, 1829. 6w JAMES BLOODGOOD & CO.'s JVurseri/, at Flushing, Lung Island, near JVew York. The subscriber will receive and transmit orders for any quantity, or variety, of Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs, and Plants, and the same will be delivered here, at the risk and ex- pense of the purchaser; the bills may be paid to him. Messrs Bloodgood & Co. attend personally to the ino- culating and engrafting of all their fruit tiees, and purcha- sers may rely with as much confidence as they can upon any nursery, that the trees and shrubs they order, will prove genuine. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. 7 1-2, Congress street. Boston, March 13, 1829. 6t Cow for Sale. A fine cow, half binoded, Coelebs breed, is ofTered for sale at the House ly might easily be furnished by planting orchards of this tree, the same as we do with the apple — or by planting them along avenues and highways, and there is no doubt they would as well rejiay the iiroprietor as an orchard of any other kind. The Madeira nut may be planted in the same manner, and would yield also an ample remunera- tion, as the nuts are sold, when green, for a dollar llie luuidred, for pickling ; and when ripe, are in great request for the table. HORTUS. dJ^Tiees of the Spanish Chesnut, with large eatable fruit, can be delivered at the New Eng- land Farmer Seed Store, Boston, at from 50 to ^5 cts each, or $40 per 100 — with the addition of (he cost of freight from New York, which is but tt-ifling. The Madeira nut at the same price. rOK THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. DEGENERATION OF POTATOES BY IN- TERMIXTURE. Mr Editor — I expres~!ed a strong conviction in a late number of your .Fournal, that there was not the slightest fnimdation for the opinion that jiotatoes degenerated by juxta-jjosition, or being planted even in the same hills. I remarked that I had never seen it suggested in a Eurojican work. 1 would now ask leave to state, that in Loudon's Magazine, No. xi. is the following paragraph in a communication to Loudon. " I observed in Coh- bett's American Gardener an assertion respecting early potatoes, which appears to me an extraordi- FUR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. MUSTARD. Mr Fessenden — I wish to make inquiry tlirongh the medium of the New England Farmer, (t)f any gentleman who may jiossess the informa- tion) relative to the cultivation of fllustard, (Sina- |fs.) Answers to the following questions through tlie New England Farmer, as soon as convenient, tould be verj" gratefully received. 1. Vfliat soil is best adapted to its culture .' 2. Its preparation and time of sowing — quanti- ty of seed per acre, if sown in drills ? ! 3. What attention to weeding and hoeing is ijequisite ? Vol. VII.— No. 38. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 4. How is the seed best gathered and secured; and what must be the appearance of the crop at the time necessary to harvest ? Respectfully yours, J. N. H. Bennington, Ft. Remarks by the Editor. — Perhaps the following from the Farmer^s Assistant may be of service to our correspondent. " Mustard requires a soil sufficiently strong for bered 299 many of the recipes for killing botts in horses. Having from my youth been fond of a good horse, I have paid much attention to the an- imal ; and have long since been fully convinced that It was folly to wage open war W'th botts in a horse's stomach ; believing that there has noth- ing yet been discovered that will kill ihem in the stomach without killing the horse. I should al- most as soon think of setting fire to my barn to kill the rats and mice. Many things, which you turnips. Let the ground be well prepared by j have heretofore published, I think good, such as ploughings and harrowings early in the spring, | bleeding to prevent inflammation. Yet, I think, and sow of well ripened seed at the rate of two the most sure way is to keep the horse free from' quarts to the acre. When the i)lants are a fevi the nits. inches high, thin them so as to stand about ten j Some years since I had a very valuable mare inches apart, and destroy the weeds with the j that was attacked with botts, and to appearance, ''°'^- ^'^''y fe'" gone. I set the following trap for them, "When the lower seeds are rjpe, the middle which more than answered my expectations. I seeds green, and (he tops of the plants in blossom, j took of bees' wa.\, mutton tallow, and loaf sugar, cut them with a sickle, bind them in moderate j each 8 ounces, put it into one quart of warm niilfc' sized sheaves, and put these in small stacks, for a and warmed until all was melted. Then put it ic-^w days. In this situation the green seed will j into a bottle, and gave it just before the wax, &c. soon ripen. Carry the sheaves to the barn, hav- " ... iug a large cloth under them, to prevent wasting, and in a few days they will be fit for threshing. " The ground for raising this plant should be previously well cleared of weeds." There are two species of mustard, Sinapis alba, or White mustard, anfl Sinapis nigra, or Black mustard. The cidture of both sorts is, we believe, similar ; but have no experimental knowledge on the cultivation of either. The White Mustard is celebrated for its medicinal properties, being at once a tonic and an aperient ; cleansing the stom- ach and bowels, and at the same time bracing the system. We should be happy to jjublish any in- formation with which we may be favored by pat- riotic cultivators relative to this subject. terminating the nuisance; for a knowledge of the properties, habits and propagation of the in- sect is indispensably necessary to lead to some method of preventing their depredations, or of effecting their destruction. Yours &c. Plymouth, April 2, 1829. P. began to harden. About two hours after gave physic. The effect was that the botts were dis- charged in large numbers, each piece of wax hav- ing from one to six or eight sticking to it, some by the head, but most by their legs or hooks. Yours, Z. NEW TABLE PEAR. We acknowledge the receipt of a package of scions from Lovett Peters, Esq. of Westboro' Ms. who gives the following account of their char- acter, in a note to the publisher of the New Eng- land Farmer. " This is considered a native fruit, and is called the Lyscom apple, from the person who raised it— is very large, striped, flesh white, spicy taste, fit for the table in October, and I think second to none for excellence." The scions have all been gratuitously distributed. FOR THE HEW ENGLAND FARMER. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. WEB WORM ON FRUIT TREES. Mr Fesse.vden — Your repeated exhortations to the orchardist to attend to the clearing their fruit trees from that disgusting and destroying in- sect the caterpillar, I believe have not been with- out effect ; but there is another insect, jierhaps of the same genus, and equally noxious, which among the various commimications on the arboreous in- sfects, I do not recollect to have seen described, or noticed by any one. It is here (without reference to entomological science,) designated as the IVeb iBorm. It is about the size, and in some measure in appearance, but f GRAPES. ' Mr Fessedden — Mr Downer in his communi- cation respecting grapes, has not noticed the White Muscadine, the best of all the foreign table : ''esembles the Canker worm grapes, in our climate. I imported it from a Nur- ""^t in its habits or origin. It does not make its seryman at Havre, several years since, and it has appearance until about August, when the fruit is borne fine fruit, without care or protection during about half grown, and then resorts indiscriminate- winter, and is not subject to blight or mildew, like 'y *o the apj)le, pear, quince, plum, and cherry. — the common Sweetwater. I have a plant from J^t is found on the very extremities of the branches, Vilmorin & Co. of Paris, marked " Barsuraube," where it is with difficulty approached ; and there and one from the justly celebrated garden of Blr , it forms a v/eb or nest, at first quite small, which Prince, marked "August Sweetwater." No. 3 extends over the branch to which it attaches it- of his last catalogue which appears to be the same j selfj as a cover or defence, as is found requisite to as the White Muscadine, and by persons having extend its quarters for food ; for unlike the cater small gardens, shoidd from the excellence of the fruit and certainty of bearing be preferred to every other foreign grape. It is, I believe, identical witl) the variety mentioned in the Gardener's Magazine, as having produced fruit in the open ground, in the climate of Denmark. For a description of this grape, I refer to the lately published Treatise of W. Prince, who can furnish plants to any gen- tleman disposed to try the cultivation. Salem, April 6, 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER, BOTTS IN HORSES. Ma Editor — Among the many good and use- ful things that are discovered and by you publish- ed, it would be strange if there were not some hardly worth ])ublisliing, and some worse thiiu nothing. Among the last, I think may be uuni- pillar it never leaves its nest in quest of forage. — If left undisturbed, it does not often extend its depredations more than two or three feet, within which it devours the foliage, and what I believe is peculiar to them, the branch on which they depredate seldom vegetates again. Whether this is owing to something poisonous in themselves, or to the season when they strip the branch of its leaves, I am ignorant. I think I recollect but one instance, of seeing any branch, on which they had built their nest, vegetating again ; and that threw out some feeble leaves, but has never blossomed or bore fruit. Tlie object of this communication is not to in- quire what is to be done, for it is obvious it only ■remains to amputate the limb and l)urn it. But if any of your correspondents know, or can discover the Procreator of this worm, so that we can attack it hi embryo, he may facilitate our means of ex- BURNS. In looking over the Alleghany Democrat, of th© 29th December, I discovered a small paragraph on burns, stating that the immediate application of the simple article of wheat flour to the ])art affect- ed was discovered by Dr Michael Ward, of Man- Chester, England, to be a speedy and efiectual cure. I bore it in mind, that the first opportunity offered I would test the virtue of the remedy. On last evening, my little daughter, about 11 years old, was unfortunately badly scalded on one leg and foot, by the oversetting of a small vessel of scalding water. I immediately ai)plicd a hand- ful of wheat flour, to the scalded part, and wrap- ped it up with a cloth ; the child was in great agony ind pain ; in about 20 minutes she began to be a little eased of pain ; I then removed the first aiiplication of flour, and as directed by Dr Ward, covered the affected part twice more, at in- tervals of about 15 minutes, by sjirinkling on by a flour drudger. The pain was entirely removed in half an hour ; the patient slept sound all night, and, as she expressed herself, she did not recol- lect she was burned, until she went to rise in the morning. My reasons for stating these facts are, that I wish every family to know this speedy and effectual cure, as in every house the remedy is at hand, and much misery may be prevented by its use. — Pittsburg Gaz. The last number of the North American Re- view contains articles on the following subjects — The New Theory of the Earth — College Educa- tion— Ancient and Modern History — Pollok's Course of Time — Civilization and Conversion of the Indians — Pohtical Economy — llistoiy of the Louisiana Treaty — Pelham — Webster's Dictiona- ry— Americ-m Annuals — Elementary Instruction — Clerical Manners and Habits — Massachusetts Rail Road. Published by Frederick T. Gray, cor- ner of Washington and School streets, Boston, and G. & C. Carvill, New York, — at $5 per an- num. Extraordinary Growth. — An elm tree nearly op- posite the house of Hemau Day, Esq. in West Springfield, was (ilanted by him on the 8th of January, 1775, — 54 years ago. At the time of transiilantiiig, it was a sapling carried in the hand. The trimk is now 18 feet hi diameter, to the height of 12 feet above the surface of the ground, where it divides into branches, which overhang a circle of more than 300 feet in circumference, covering 7,500 square feet of surface — Con. Mir.. 200 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, April 10, 1829, COMMUNICATIONS. FOR THE HEW ENGLAND FARMER. OAT GRASS. Mr Editor— Allow ine, through the mediutn of your paper, to suhtiiit, for the consideration of my brother fanners, a few remarks on the culture of the Tall Meadow Oat Grass, (Avcna elalior.) I have not been able to discover its origin. It dif- fers from the Meadow Oat Grass, Jlvena pratensis, mentioned by Sinclair, and other English writers. Of this fact I am satisfied from an inspection of the Avena pratensis exhibited in Sinclair's cele- brated work upon grasses, (HoHus Gramineus H'o- hurnensis, page 312) as well as from the descrip- tion therein given of the same. The latter grass, is, no doubt, a native of England. And some of the English writers describe it as rather coarse, and possessing nutritive qualities in a lesB degree titan some others. The resemblance of the Eng- Lsh Meadow Oat, (Avena pratensis) to the Tall Meadow Oat, (Avena elalior} cultivated in this country, may be considered perhaps as the cause, why the indifferent qualities of the former have been ascribed to the latter by some writers on the subject in this country. From the circumstance of its having been first introduced among the Ger- man farmers of Pennsylvania, I am inclined to be- lieTe, with Justin Ely, of AVest Springfield, that the Tall Meadow Oat Grass, cultivated in this country, is of German origin. I am confident it is not contained in the list of grasses described by Sinclair, and doubt if it was known in England when he wrote. The attempts which have been made in this part of the country to cidtivate the Tall Meadow Oat Grass, I suspect have not been iipoii a scale sufliciently large, nor under circumstances which furnished a fair test of its qualities. As far as 1 have been able to learn, the experbiients in this vi- cinity have been made upon small patches of rich and highly manured soil, thinly sown, and suffer- ed to stand in the field for some weeks after fiow- ering, for the purpose of ripening the seed. The produce has therefore been what might under Buch circumstances, have been expected, rather coarse and " strawlike." With similar treatment the result would have been the same, every form- er must be aware, with any of our common grasses. I have cultivated this grass for seven years past, mostly tipon a thin soil, liahtly manured, in fields of from one to four acres, and am fully sat- isfied of its excellent qualities, cither as a hay crop or for grazing. I was induced to make the trial from an account of it, givi^ji by Col. Taylor, of Virginia, a very distinguished practical as well as scientific farmer. After fifteen years experi- ence. Col. T. states in a communication to the Virginia Agricultural Society — " It is the hardiest grass I have ever seen, and bears drought, and frost, and heat, and cold, better than any I have ever tried. It keeps possession of the land in spite of severe grazing. It furnishes better graz- ing early in the spring, late in the fall, in drought, and in winter, than any grass known to me." — "Alone, cut before the seed ripens, its hay is as nutritive and pleasant to stock of all kinds as any I have ever used." Dr Muhlenhurg of Pennsylvania, says " This grass is of all others, the earliest, latest, and best for green fodder or hay. It blossoms about the tniddle of May, (with us the first of June) and rises to the height of from 5 to 7 feet. Horned cattle prefer this hay to all others, but some horses do not like it green. If suffered to grow old be- fore being cut, it will become strawlike." The character given of this grass by the above writers is fully sustained by the exi)erience I have had, both as it relates to its qualities as hay, or for grazing. From its e.irly flowering it is pecu- liarly well suited to be sown with red clover. It is fit to be cut just at the time the clover ia full grown, coinmoidy about the first of June. In the spring of 1827, I sowed with barley a field of four acres, and put on 2J bushels of oat grass seed, (3 would have been better) 5 pounds of red clover, and 2 of white clover seed to the acre. The soil was thin and had been exhausted by long crop|)ing. I intended it for pasturing, but in the spring it looked so promising, I concluded to mow it the first season. On the 3d of June, 1828, it was cut, and gave me two tons, to the acre, of the finest and best hay, either for cattle or horses, I have ever had in my barn. When sown in the spring either alone or with a grain crop, of barley or rye, it should be har- rowed and rolled in, and not less than three bush- els of seed to the acre. It vegetates freely and does not suffer by a sudden exposure of the ground to the sun, by taking otTthe crop of grain in the hottest weather. It is peculiarly well adapted for grazing on jtoor and exhausted lands, as well as upon those of a richer ipiality. It comes forward in the spring as soon as the frost leaves the ground, at least a fortnight earlier than our common grasses, and through the dryest weather of the summer exhibits a green and inviting appearance. It yields an abundance of seeds. I took the last season from ^ of an acre (sown in the fall of 1824) of ground, in tolerably good heart, over 20 bushels of well cleaned seed. Respectfully yours, E. P. Lexington, April, 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER THORN BUSHES ; TOBACCO ; CABBAGES, AND FRUIT TREES. Mr Fesse.nden — I have a small farm of about 75 acres ; and all my fence is of wood, and going to decay very fast. Indeed the repair of my fences yearly amounts to more than 6 |)er cent, on the whole produce of my land. I have, per- haps, about stone enough lo make what fence I sh.Tuld want for the whole farm, but they lie scat- tered through a fine young wood lot, and cannot be come at but by digging and blowing, which would, I think, spoil my wood lot. In this state of affairs I had concluded to sell out, and go to the land of promise in the western country. With these notions in my head, about two years ago I took a pretty long ramble in the state of New ricty of soil, will answer for hedge or live fence ? If it will, is it by planting the seed or by cuttings? At what time should they be cut ? Or if by seeds, at what time sown ? What distance should they be set apart in the rows, and what distance the rowp ? Is the manner of treatment the same as with the English hawthorn ? Or any other in- formation would be thankfully received. We have in this part of the country, large tracts of land, where stone for fence cannot easily be pro- cured, and timber has become too valuable to make fence of If we can ]n-ocure from our own for- ests a good live fence, we may hope in time, some of our farmers will make the experiment. But I fear it will be a long time before we shall have good fences here, on our pine lands, if we must pay money (though but little) for the cuttings, and wait six or seven years for their growth. I have been very much troubled for some years, with lice on my cabbages and turnips. By the advice of an old gentleman, last season, I set out a fev'/ tobacco plants among my cabbages and tur- nips, say the plants about one rod apart. I had no lice in my garden that I could find. The to- bacco grew well, and were fine plants. Had I known how to cure it, I think i could have raised my own tobacco, which costs me about five dol- lars per year. I find nothing in your paper about curing tobacco, and my neighbors are as ig- norant as I am. Now, sir, if you will give us such directions about raising and curing tobacco, as to enable us to furnish our own from our own farms, we shall be much obliged to you, and I will prom- ise to lay out seventy-five per cent, of such saving in books of agriculture, at the New England Farmer oflice. Quere, would a few tobacco plants set amdhg our melon and squash vines prevent the bugs from destroying them ? What would be the effect on the vermin, which destroy our young fruit trees, to ])lant tobacco at their roots, and leave it on the ground all winter, or by cutting it I np anri curing it (if we know how to do it cheap) I and spreading it round the tree in the spring, or anv other season of the year. MERRIMACK RIVER. March 21, 1829. Remarks hy Vie Editor. — We will make a few observations on the foregoing ijueries and sngge*. tions of our corres|)ondent ; premising, however, that we sirall not attempt fully to satisfy all his in- quiries, nor fully to investigate all the subjects which he proposes for discussion. And first with regard to Hedges. We do not believe that live fences will be fiiund useful except in a thickly populated part of the country, where stone cannot easily he obtained, and timber is scarce and dear; or, perhaps, in some instances, to inclose gardens and barricade them against human as well ae brute animals. The following are some of the din- York, spent money enough to have rc])aircd my ^ fences for one year,— satisfied myself that by pru- j advantages, which attend the cultivation of live dence and industry I might be full as hapjiy, if not quite as rich here as in the western country — came home and sat down more contented — sub- scribed for your valuable paper, and have read it as I think, to niucli advantage to my farm and to myself. I see, sir, in your paper, that my brother farm- ers when they want advice or iidormation go to you, nothing doubting. Will you, or .some of your corresjiondentp, be so good as to inform whether our common thorn bush, that grows wild, I believe throughout the country, and on every va- fences Live fences talce from cultivation viW the land on which they grow, and when at maturity send their loots in search of uourishmen* ti each side of the low at least five or six feet ; exhau.sting the soil »nd shading that part of tlie crop, which is near ihem. Live fences generally require dead fences, such a.s posts and rails, what is called Virginia fence, or something of the sort for several years* 10 protect the young hedge plants while growing 10 sufficient maturity to form a barrier against th» inroads of cattle. MrTibbets,of Renssellaer Coun- Vol. VII.— No. 38, AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 201 ty, N. Y. says " It is indispensable, that plants put in live fences, whether with or without a ditch should be kept free from weeds and grass for at least the three first years, otherwise they become stunted, mildewed, and die, or have a very unequal «nd slow growth, and never make tolerable fences. They are also to be protected against cattle of all kinds ; cattle, horses, and sheep, would bite off and tread them down ; hogs would root them up. They must, therefore, have a fence on both sides of some kind, sufficiently strong and tight, howev- er, to exclude animals of all kinds, until they be- come a strong fence of themselves, which may re- quire from six to ten years." The expense of such protecting fences, may, however, be avoided by not suffering cattle, hogs, &c. to run in the field, which is to be fenced with a hedge, till the latter is fully grown ; and plant- ing a live fence within a dead fence already stand- ing on the j)reniises. Another disadvantage attending thorn fences is, that they are liable to be destroyed by the apple tree borer, and are annoyed, we believe, by the caterpillar. Breaches in hedge fence, made by these or by other means, can only be repaired by a dead fence, or by setting other plants, which are many years in acquiring the requisite growth and strength to stand without protection. Moreover the young plants never thrive well between the old ones. We believe, likewise, that there are very few hedges, which present an adequate bar- rier against swine. Another very strong objec- tion against live fences is that they cannot be Oioved. This may be important, not only in con- sequence of the changes in form and disposition of lots, itc. which the owner might wish to make during his life, bat after his death ^t may become necessary to divide the farm among his heirs, and in that case a live fence prevents or renders very difficult the partition, which circumstances may require. A consideration of these objections to hedges has made us almost a convert to the opin- ion of Dr Cooper, who, in the last l*hiladel|)hia edition of Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia, says, " I greatly doubt whether any hedge is so profita- ble as a good post and rail fence, with the bot- toms of the posts well charred." There are, however, no doubt, situations and circumstances in which hedge fences are eligible. But to give directions for rai-ing them would be rejjeating what we have heretofore published, and to which our correspondent, who it seems has " subscribed for our [)aper," may direct his atten- tion. We will, therefore, refer him to the New England Farmer, vol. v. pages 41, 174, 182, 209, 237, vol. vii. 53, 166, 206, Fessenden's New American Gardener, page 156. If our correspondent is not in an error relative to tobacco ])lants proving a protection against lice on cabbages and turnips, his information is very yaluable. It sometimes happens, however, that insects die, or disappear in a course of nature, and we erroneously attribute such effects to our agency. We will, with pleasure, give such information as our books afford relative to curing tobacco. Cut off the tops of the plants at the height of about three feet more or less, as tbey may be more or less thrifty, except those designed for bearing seed, and let those be the largest The cutting should be done so early as to let the upper leaves acquire a size equal to the lower ones ; and let all the plants be cut at the same time, whatever ibe size, in order that good thick leaves may be afforded. Let the suckers, which shoot out from the foot of the stalks be also broken or pinched off as they appear. The ripeness of tobacco may be knovi^n by small dusky sjjots appearing on the leaves, and by their feeling thicker than usual. Then cut them down at the roots, on the morning of a sunny day, and let them lie .singly to wither ; but be careful not to let them get sunburnt. When withered, lay them in close heaps, under cover, to sweat, for about forty-eight hours or more. After this hang them up under cover to dry. The way to do this is by running two stalks on the sharp ends of a stick, and thus suspending them across a pole, at proper distances from each other. As the plants become dry and brown, place them nearer to each other, when the air is damp, so that the leaves do not crumble. When they have hung till all the greenness has left the leaves, and when they are a little damp, strip them off', pack them in casks, well pressed down, and keep them in a dry place. They will be better for use after the first year. FOR THE NKW ENGLAND FARMER. NOTICES OF THE NEW PEARS. (selected from foreign works.) ( Continued from page 2S3.J 8. Beurre (V Aremherg — " It is as large as a Brown Beurre, but more irregular in form. Skin rough, and of a dark cinnamon color, with a few large spots of yellowish green showing through it : the flesh is perfectly melting, juicy, and sweet. — Specimens from the garden of John Ludlow, Esq. did not keep beyond the last of October, but some received from Mr Parmentier, at Enghien, ke])t till the end of November. Mr Parmentier, in some manuscript notes says that it will continue in eat- ing from January till the beginning of May. — Lon- don Hort. Trans, vol. v. part iv. [The following remarks cf the Secretary of the London Hort. Society, merit attention, as show- ing the extreme difliculty of preventing confusion in names even of recent fruits, the origin of which can be certainly traced.] " This is sometimes called the Due D'.iremberg, and the Poire D'Jlremherg. It is also called by Dr Van Mons, the Colmar Deschanjps, having been raised, as he says, by Mons. Deschamps. A pear of this name is described by M. Noisette, in the Jardin Fruitier, ]>age 170, and is there stated to have been bought by him in 1806, from the gar- den of the Prince D'Aremberg. Specimens oftliis pear have been received from M. Noisette, but it proves to be not the Beurre D'Aremberg, but the Gloux Morceaux of which I shall speak hereafter. Mr Braddick and others have grown this latter pear under its erroneous name." [It is probable from the above account that our nurserymen who imported the Beurre D'Arem- berg of Noisette from France, recoived the Gloux Morceaux instead of it. To be sure they have got a fine pear, but still not the Beurre D'Arem- berg. I presume that the tree sent to me by Mr Knight is the true one. — J. L.] Bezy Vuet — oftliis pear notice is taken above. We shall only add, that Mr Parmentier stated that it woidd keep till April, but Mr Turner, Secreta- ry of the London Hort. Society, never found any remaining good after the end of November — a wide difference indeed ! The tree bears abun- dantly. La Bonne Malinoise. Some account of this J pear has been given. We now add, that it has since been produced in England, and maintains the high character before given of it. In the former notice it was said to resemble the Chau- montelle, but the description was not so accurate as it might have been. It has in fact more the shape of a Colmar — ripens towards the end of No- vember— flesh melting, and extremely rich and sweet. 9. 7%e Forelle. This is the same as the pe^ called here the Florelle. It was probably a slip of the pen in the catalogue sent by Mr Knight. It is a German variety brought into Flanders. It is named Forelle (or Trout) from its bright color, which resembles the bright spots in that fish. It is given in the Genevan, and some French cata- logues under its translated name. Poire truite, [qr , Trout pear.] It is the size and shape of the Doy. enne Blanc, (St Michaels) though perhaps a little more oval. Skin bright yellow, very deep red on the exposed side, surrounded by a brown or red* dish ring, giving to the whole fruit a remarkably beautiful appearance. The flesh quite melting, without grit — juicy and very sweet but without perfume. It ripens in November and will proba/- bly keep longer. It is not a pear of the first class, although possessing very considerable excellence, but its extraordinary beauty will always recom- mend it for the dessert. 10. Riehe Depouilk. It resembles the St Ger- main in shape and size — it is well rounded at the eye, which is somewhat prominent, and tapers considerably towards the stalk, which is rather thick, and about an inch and an half long. The skin is of a clear citron (or lemon) yellow, with a slight tinge of scarlet on the exposed side, a httle mottled with russet, and the whole rough like the skin of an orange. The flesh is white, melting, not perfumed, but sweet and very pleasant. [Time of ripening not noticed. I have not heard of thi» pear in this country.] 11. Passe Colmar — raised by M. Hardenpont of Mons. Dr Van Mons also calls it " Fondante de parisel." It is as large as a Colmar, but more ta- pering towards the stalk. Skin pale green, slight- ly marked with red on the exposed side, and sprinkled with minute green spots. Flesh yellow- ish, melting, though not buttery, very juicy, and extremely sweet. It keeps well to the end of De- cember, and even later. 12. Hie Passe Colmar gris de Precel — (thatig the Grey Passe Colmar of Precel.) This pear was raised by M. Precel, of Enghien. It is larger than the Colmar, and more irregular in sliape. The skin is dull yellow, with a tinge of brown red on the exposed side, and is spotted with a few patches of brown. The flesh is white, of the tex- ture of the Colmar, and juicy, extremely sweet, and agreeably perfumed. I have not tasted it, says the Secretary of the London Hort. Society, later than November, hut Mr Parmentier has pre- served it good till June .'.' 13. Beurre Diet — raised by Mons. Van Mons, and named in honor of Dr Diel, author of a cele- brated work on Pojnology, or Fruits. It is as large as a fine Sunmier Good Christian, and re- sembles it in shape. Skin is smooth — flesh white and melting, with a rich sweet juice — ripens in November, but will keep through the whole of De- cember. 14. Urhaniste — raised by Count Coloma, and has been fruited by Mr Braddick and Mr Knight. Egg shaped — very even in form— eye a little sunk 302 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Api'il 10, 1829. — stalk about an iiicli long, inserted in a cavity of but moderate depth — skin pale green, inclining to yellow, profusely spotted with greenish spots, and having small patches of thin russet dispersed over its whole surface, but more abundantly round the eye and stalk. Flesh is white near the outside, but deepens to a reddish yellow next the core, which is large and possesses a small quantity of grit. It is quite melting, juicy, and . very sweet, but without perfume. The specimens we have received have not kept beyond October. (To be continued.) NEW ElVGLAJfP FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, APRIlT 10, 1829. NOTICE. Mr J. B. Rdssell, the publisher of the New England Farmer, has been aitpointcd general Agent for the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Any trees or scions of superior fruits, seeds of rare and fine vegetables or ornamental plants, drawings of fruits, hooks for their library, and donations in- tended for the Society, may be consigned to his care. Scions of valuable fruits, and seeds of rare vegetables, thus presented, will be distributed g-ra- tuitously among the members. And it may be suggested as an inducement to join the Society, that the gratuitous distribution of all such articles will be limited to its members, as those who support such an institution must be the first to enjoy its benefits. The expenses of membership are two dollars per annum, in addhion to the admission fee of five dollars. Bee Moth, PhaljE.na (Tinea) Cereanea, according to Dr Harris. Dr Thacher has devoted a chapter to the " Best method of destroying or pre- venting the depredations of the Bee Moth." This chapter alone, we should suppose to be worth ten times the cost of the book to all, who have or pro- pose to possess bees. We shall not quote the chapter, nor any part of its contents, lest we should infringe on the copy right of the publishers, or lessen the inducements to pinchase the treatise. Dr Thatcher, in this work on Bees, has given proof, in addition to that exhibited by his •' Or- chardist," that he has a rare talent at conveying useful information on scientific topics. His ar- rangement is methodical, his selections judicious, and his original information clearly expressed. He does not indulge in useless details, but is suffi- ciently copious and circumstantial to be perspicu- ous, at the same time so concise as not to be tedi- ous. We hope his Treatise may be extensively circulated ; and if so, we think it will save more money to New England than the price of all the agricultural books, which were ever printed in the United States. DR thacher's treatise on the management OF bees. The generality of mankind do not appear to be sufiiciently aware of the importance of the ho.xet bee to the interests, health, convenience and com- fort of mankind. Wax and honey, either in sim- ple substance, or in their numerous and useful comi)Ounds are so nearly indisjjensable that they will be obtained by civilized people, though the cost were ever so disproporlionate to what ought to be their standard value. If, in consequence of our indolence, ignorance, or inattention, we do not keep and properly manage Bees in the United States, we must, or, at any rate, wc shall, pay a very considerable trilmte to foreign countries, for the produce of these industrious and valuable insects. The profit derived from the cultivation of Bees is little less than clear gain to the community, and to the individuals who raise tliein. The insects consume scarcely anything except that fragrance which would otherwise he " wasted on the desert air." But very little capital is necessary to enable any person to set up the business of an Apiarian or Bee Manager. The chief requisite is knowledge, or that kind of information, which will enable every person of connnon capacity to direct and take advantage of the instincts and endowments of the little, artists. This inf-jrmatinn it appears to us, may well be acquired from Dr Thacher's Treatise. Time was when almost every farmer in New England kept Bees. Now they are almost as rare as roses in January. An enemy has arisen and has nearly expelled the " little friends" of the cul- tivator from the country. This foe, so despicable, but at the same time so destructive, is called the The Garget. — A correspondent of the A'ermont Watchman states that an experienced farmer hav- ing told him that tar, put upon the ridge between the horns of cows, and on the nose, would cure the garget — he has tried it on many cows, and has never known it fail of a cure. For Sale, A valuable Real Kstate in Milton, 9 miles from Boston, on the road leading from Boston to Taunton, Bridgowater, and New Bedford, containing upwards of 200 acres of the variety of lands and fruits suitable for a good farm, well watered, with good substantial buildings. Said farm is calculated to suit a gentleman of taste, or an enterprising young man for a milk establishment, being an excellent grass farm. The purchaser may have, including the build- injTS, from 100 acres to the whole. As the above desciibcd property contains a large portion of valuable wood land, the purchasermay be accommodated Willi more or less of that part. The place will be sold at a lair price, with or without a very valuable stock and fanning utensils. Also, for sale, or to be let, opposite the above named premises, a large, convenient Dwelling House, wi;h a good Bake House and out buildings, very pleasantly situ- ated for a country seat or a good stand for a store or country baking, with as much land as may be wanted for the accommodation of the same. For further information, inquire of the Editor, of Parker H. Pierce No. S)o State street, of Nathaniel Blake at Indian Queen Tavern, Brora- field street, of A. M. \Mthinglon, Koxbury, or Nathak- lEL Tucker on the premises. April 10 tf Household Furniture Cheap. Phoenix Furniture Warehouse, near ilie Square, Main Street, Charlestown. FOSDICK ifc CARTER, iiiform iheir friends and the pub- lic, that ihey have on hand, mill for sale, an extensive assort- ment of Funiilnre, viz. Bureaus, Secretaries, Beds, Bedsteads, Tables, Chairs, .Solas. Couches, Caipeting^, Wash Stands. Brass Fire Sets, Waiters, Knives, Forks, Bellows, and l!rn.djcs.— Also, a constant siijiply of Live Geese and Common I'ealhers, by the bale or otherwise. Also, they manufacture .ind keep constantly tor sale, a general assortment ol Looking Glasses, by wholesale or retail, with almost ^\Gry article forhou.se keeping, all which they will sell extremely low for cash. Purchasers aie invited to call arid examine. P. S. Portrait and Picture Framing, executed in the best manner, and at short notiee, as above. 6t Charlestown, April 3, 1829. Linnwan Botajiic Garden and JVurstries, near JYew York. — Jf'illiam Priiice, Proprietor. The subscriber. Agent for this establishment, has just received the new Catalogues of 1829, which he will distribute o->a(is to applicants. The collection of Fruit Trees, Oinamental Trees, .Shrubs and Plants, Green house Plants, S:c, now offered for sale, is nearly double the extent of whit it has been heretofore, and the most celebrated new fruits introduced to notice by Mr Knight of London and j Professor Van Mons of Brussels, are now included. ! The prices have been greatly reduced for a large num- ber of articles. Mr P. has about 20,000 Grapn Vines, of his own rear- ing, and guaranteed genuine, — and 100,000 imported from France. Vines Avill now be supplied by the 1000 at 13 cents, and by the 100 at 25 cents, assorted by himself, and \ including the Impciial Tokay — White, Ked, Black, and Gray Burgundy — Teinturier, Black Orleans — Petit Rach- ling, Kniperle, Black Cluster, Black Sweetwater, Chasse- las, Large Morocco, St Valentine, Riesling or Clarette of Limoux, Bordeaux Purple, — and in less quantities at the reduced catalogue prices. The collection of Roses comprises 600 splendid varie- ties, of every shade and ibrtii. Every department has re- ceived the utmost care, and the whole is under the most careful personal attention of the Proprietor. J. B. RUSSELL, jjgeni. March 27 3t Scions of Superior Fruits. Just received at the Seed Store, connected with the New England Farmer, No. 52 North Market Street, aa extensive collection of scions, of the finest fruits cultivated in this country, and comprising also many of the superior fruits of Mr Knight and Dr Van Mons. They are all cut from bearing trees, from an extensive fruit garden in this vicinity ; and the utmost reliance can be placed on the genuineness of the sorts, as they are all cut, and packed, personally, by the proprietor. The following comprises a part of the list : PEARS. Vert Longue, Marie Louise, Forclle, Urbaniste, Fon- danto d'Ete, CapiaumonI, Napoleon, Passe Colinar, Har deijpont, Bartlett, Charles d'Autriclic, Ambrette, (a fine winter table pear) Crasanne, Chaumontel, Broca's Ber- gamot, Messire Jean, Seckle, Swan's or Moor Fowl Egg, Ecliasserie, Epargne, Green Catharine, Brown Beurre, Viigoleuse, Aiuhews or Gibson, Jargonelle, Green Chisel, Iron, Dr HuntWine baking pear, Beurre de Roi, Rush- more's Bon Cretien, Gansel's Bergamot, Early Juneating, &c. APPLES. Ribstone Pippin, Priestley, (• targe st«CfO Early Harvest (finest early table ajiple) Koyal, (large and fine) Maty- gold, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Swaar, Imperial Tabic Ap- ple, (from Germany) Garden, Gardner's Sweeting, Grand Sachem, R. I. Greening, Roxbury Russet, N. \ . Green- ing, Baldwin, Gilliflower, &c. The above scions are all well packed in earth, and are for sale in any quantities, distinctly labelled, at 6 cents each. April 10 Crockery, Glass, and China Ware. Kjihralm B. McLaughlin, 4 Dock Sqn.nre, has (or sale, on elegant assortment of newest patterns in the above line, which are olTcred at low prices for cash. Country merchants anil others are invited to call. epti mar27 Farm for Sale or Let. In Saugus, 6 miles from Charlestown Bridge, knoivn by the name of the Boynton farm, containing about 100 acres of Land, a good House, Barn, and other oulbulidings — well watered, and equally divided into mowing and til- lage— usually cut from 40 to 60 tons hay. For particulars, inquire of C. Felton, Warren Bridge Toll House, Charlestown. March 27 tf Fruit Trees, fyc. N. DAVENPORT has for s.de, at his Nursery in Mil- ton, a large collection of Fruit Trees, Grape Vin,";s, Green House Plants, &c. His collection of Peach, Plum, and .Vlmond Trees, he considers not excelled in this vicinity ; and llie collection of other fruits is good. Orders sent to bis Nursery in Milton, or left with J. B. Russeli,, at tilt) New England Farmer Seed Store, No. .'52, North Market street, Boston, where a list of the trees can be seen, will be executed at the customary prices. ep6w Goodivin's Town Officer. In press and will be published w iihoui delay, a new and much improved edition oi the abo\ e work, containing all the laws rel- aii\'e to the power and dntits of lilunicipnl officers. logelhcr «'ith the decisions of the Supreme Judicial Court ujioii these sntijects. Orders for the above work may be addressed to Uich- ardson &. Lord, Boston, or to the publishers. Dorr ifc Howlaud, Worcester. 3i April 3. Tali Meadoto Oat Grass Seed. This day received at the New England Farmer Seed .Store. 52 North Market street, 20 bushels ol Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed, at ^2,30 per bushel. Vol.VJI.— Nn. 3S. AND IIORTJCULTURAL JOURNAL. 303 Grape Vines. The subscriber oilers for sale, Grape Vines of several varieties, the produce of his garden, in Dorchester; — among them are the following: Isabella, White Muscat, Sweetwater, Black Hamburg, Black Cape, Elba, Queen, White Chassslas, Early Oval, Muscatel. They are principally of one year's growth, from cuttings only, (which are much better than layers of two or even three ye^rs old,) — were planted under his direction and superintendance, are warranted genuine, and are in a healthy and vigorous state. The subscriber purposes to continue the cultivation of such varieties of the foreign and native Vines as are suited to this climate, and that will thrive in the open ground in town or country. Application may he made to the subscriber at hisofiice. No. 7 1-2, Congress street, or at the garden to Patrick Kennedy. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Boston, March 13, 1S29. 6w JAMES BLOODGOOD & CO.'s JVursery, at Flushing, Long Island, near Aezo York. The subscriber will receive and transmit orders for any quantity, or variety, of Fruit and Forest Trees, Flowering Shrubs, and Plants, I and the same will be delivered here, at the risk and ex- pense of the purchaser ; the bills may be paid to him. Messrs Bloodgood & Co. attend personally to the ino- culating and engrafting of all their fruit trees, and purcha- sers may rely with as much confidence as they can upon any nursery, that the trees and shrubs they order, will prove genuine. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. 7 1-2, Congress street. Boston, March 13, 1829. 6t Coiv for Sale. A fine cov.'. half blooded, Cceicbs breed, is offered for sale at tl^e House of Indiislry farm, .South Bosloii. — Also, a ihree- fourllis blood Calf. Iiiqulre of Wi*!. STONE, Superintendent. April3,18-J9. 4t JVew Vegetable. Just received ;jt the New England Farmer Seed Slore, 62 North IMarkelSlrce!, a small quaiiiilyuf Sir John Sinclaii'.'s New Bef.t, from Loudon. 'J'his is prf^sumed to be llie first seed of this fine vcgelahlo, ever brouglu into New England. — For sale in papers ol 12 1-2 cents each, or in larger quantities. Kenrick JVurseries in JVewton, near Boston. For sale, at the Kenrick Nurseries, in Newton, an extensive assortment of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, While Mulberries, Grape Vines, Goosebeiry and Currant Bushes, &.c. Also, about 150 varieties of the most ornament.il hardy trees and shrubs — including nearly 50 superb varieties of hardy roses, comprising white and red moss — single yellow, double do— yellow Austrian— red and yellow Austrian — black mottled, sable, Tuscany, and other varieties of the lilarkest rosts — Unique White Provetice, &c. Also, Greville Hoses, and Wilmot's Superb Strawberries. Apple Trees of extra sizes — also Flotrering Horse Chestmtts, and some other sorts. Written orders directed to John or William Ken- BICK, Newton, will he received by the daily mail, and promptly attended to — or they may be left at Mr Joseph Bridge's Grocery and Seed Store, No. 60, Court street, Boston, where, on application, catalogues will be deli\'ei"ed gratis — or, catalogues may be obtained of Mr J. B. Rus- sell, at the New England Farmer office. epSw Large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes and Hawthorns, S,r. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, * S2 North Market street, by the ship Camillus, from Gree- nock, and Napoleon, from Liverpool, 15,000 Hatvlltorns, for live fencing, and about 500 superior Scotch and Lan- cashire Gooseberry Bushes ;^the Hawthorns $5 per thousand ; the Gooseberry Bushes, p\it up in lots of six roots, of the largest and finest sorts, with names — speci- mens of the fruit, as large as Egg Flums, American growth, from the imported roots, in sealed bottles, may be seen at the store — price $1 50 per lot of six roots. Likewise, two barrels of superior fresh Lucerne Seed, warranted ; one cask of large Potato Oats ; and one cask of fine London Split Peas, lor culinary purposes. Pear Trees and Grape Vines. For sale by Rufus Ilowe, at the place of Samuel Downer, in Dorcliesler, ^00 Pear Trees of the choicest varieties, viz : 20 kinds from the Loudon Horticultural Society; also, large and very handsome Seckles. Ambreiics, llartlelts, and Bleeker Mea- dow ; 20 handsome black Tariareans and Kemingion Cherry Trees, Plums. &.C. 300 Niifive Grape Vinfis, viz : .50 three years old Catawbas, 80 three } ears old Isabellas, .00 island's Vir- ginia,30 Alexander, 20 Elsingborough ; also, 200 Sweet Water, Black Hamburg, &c. 30 varieties Poses, viz ; Greville Rose, White and Red Moss, ! Grand Duke of 'I'uscany, Unique, Mulliflora, Provence or Cab- bage, Hundred Leaf, Four Seasons, Red Damask, IVIarbJe, j French, Cluster, Swiss, German, Variegated, Burgundy, Dou- ble and Single While. DolUias, seven varieties of Double, viz : Crimson, BufT, Yel- low, Red, &c. Single do. Tulips, a great number of varieties, viz: Bizarres, Bibloems, double and single, of different colors, Parrot Bills, &c. Hijacinihs, a great vjiriely. Persons are invited, when the Tulips and Hyacinths are In bloom, to call and make their se- lections. While Lilies, Pink roots, Phlox, Polyanthus, three kinds Honeysuckle, Chinese, Trumpet and Sweet Scented j — handsome Snow Bali Irees, Quince do., Red and While Lilacs, growing on same stalk ; Lagersireoemia, India or Crape Myr- tle, Spira Syrengo, Fringe or Smoke Tree, Snowberry Bush, Strawberry Tree. Currant Bashes, While Dutch, Red do., common while and red. Gooseberries, different kinds. Raspberries, Antwerp white and red. Thimbkherries, white and red. Strawltern'es, viz : Wilmot's Superb, Downlon, — red and while English Wood — Roseberry, three kinds native. IKiH/t'f/ to purchase, two to three tliousand small and middling size Pear and Plum Trees, suitable for budding and grafting, Seedlings would be preferred. Apply as above, or at No. 5, Central Wharf. Rose Water. 20 demijohns double and single distilled Rose Water, made entirely from Damask Roses. The above Rose Water is con- stantly for sale at Mr C. Wade's Porter Cellar, No. 12, Mer- chant's Row, by demijohn or less quantity. Jan. 30. 2linF'!inM4inA Fresh Hemp Seed. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market Street, a lew barrels of American Hemp Seed, of last veer's growth. — Also, one barrel of fresh Riga Flax Seed, well" known to be superior to the common American Flax. Fruit and Ornamtntal Ti'ees. SAMUEL HVDE olTers for sale at his Nursery, in Newton, near Boston, a good assortment of Fruit and Forest 'Trees, Ornamental Shrubs, &c, comprising apples, pears, peaches, cherries, apricots, nectarines, plums, black mtdberries, English black currants, English walnuts, but- ternuts, horse cbcsnuts, filberts, (French and Spanish) catalpas, silver firs, spruce, larch, weeping willows, al- theas, rose acacia, lilacs, daphnes, senna, roses, honey- suckles, &c. Orders directed to Samuel Hyde, Newton, will be promptly attended to. Trees will be delivered in Boston free of expense for transportation. Catalogues furnished gratis by J. B. Russell, No. 52 North Market Street, Boston, and at the Nursery in Newton. March 27 4t Bees. Just published by MARSH & CAPEN, 362, Washing- ton Street, A Practical Treatise on the Management of Bees ; and the establishment of an apiary, with the best method of destroying and preventing the depredations of the Bee Moth. By James Thacher, AL D., Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, &c. Extract from the Author's Advertisement. " The destructive ravages of the Bee Moth have in many places almost annihil.ited our Bee establishments, and discouraged all attempts to renewed trials. Not less than one hundred hives have, the past season, been en- tii'jly destroyed by that enemy, within a few towns in the county of Plymouth, and in places where a single hive has yielded one hundred pounds of honey. From a particular investigation of this subject, the comp'ler is now able, with much confidence, to announce, that an effectual preventive of such depred,itions will bo found recorded in this production." Price 75 cents. March 27 3t Red and If kite Clover Seed. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, 5000 lbs. Red Clover Seed, 500 lbs. Dutch White Honeysuckle Clover, (imported.) Also, Herd's Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, Lucerne, Foul Sfsadow, Hemp and Flax Seed, &c, &c. aiarch 27 tf Seeds for Countiy Dealers. 1'raders in the country, who may wish to keep an assorlmeni of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed ihey can be furnished at the New England Farmer office, No. 52 North Market .street, Boston, widl boxes containing a complete assorlmeni of the seeds mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as ihey can be purchased in this country, neatly done up in small papers, at 6 aad 12 cents each — warranted to be ol the growth of 1828, and of {W. purest qualilij. Ornamental Flower Sleds will be added on the same terms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early White Sweet Corn, &c, o( dif- ferent sorts. (nr The Seeds vended at this establishment, are put up on a new plan this year, each package being accompanied with short directions on its management, and packed in llie neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and examine for them- selves, eplf Jan. 23. For Sale, In the southeasterly part of old Marlborough, a valuable Farm, containing about )20 acres, consisting of every kind of land thai is desirable to the enterprising farmer, a large portion of which is of the first quality, having a constant stream cf water running through i! ; and the land is so situated that a immber of acres are capable of irrigation. On the premises is an upright two slory House, with four rooms on the floor, in good repair : a large Barn, 80 by 30, and in common seasons is filled with good hay. Theje are also on the farm, good Orchards, a part of which are in their prime ; together with an abundance of Wood, the best of white oak, fit lor wheelwrights' use, or for ship timber. There are few farms capable of more improve- ment, or which can be carried on at less expense. The place will be sold at a fair price, with or without the sleek and uten- sils, at the election of the purchaser. The payments made easy and accommodating, and possession may be had on delivery of the deed. For further particulars, please inquire of William Drafer, Esq. of Marlborough, of Benjamin Weld of Ro»- bury, or of Samuel H. Weld, on Ihe premises, Jan. 16. ^'PRICES OF COUJ^TRY PRODUCE. FROM TO APPLES, best, . barrel. 2 00 2 50 ASHES, pol, first sort, Pearl, first sort, - . ton. 123 00 130 00 - 125 00 130 00 BEANS, while, . bushel. 1 00 1 37 BEEF, mess, . barrel. 10 00 10 50 Cargo, No. 1 , " 9 00 9 60 Cargo, No. 2, - 800 850 liUTTEK, inspected, No. l,iicv/. - pound. IJJ 16 CHEESE, new millt, - " 7 9 Skimmed milk, . CI 0 3 FLOUR, Raltiaiore, Howard-street, - barrel. 8 75 9 00 Genesee, - . tt 8 75 9 00 Rye, best, - _ ti GRAIN, Corn, _ bushel. G3 65 Kve, . *' 6Q 66 Barley, - _ ti 67 Oats, - it 3.^ 38 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, . pound. 9 LIME. . cask. 83 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at _ ton. 3 50 PORK, clear. _ barrel. 16 00 16 50 Navy, mess, . 13 00 13 50 Cargo, No. I, - 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - . bushel. 2 00 Orcliard Grass, _ 3 00 Fowl Meadow, - - 3 00 Rye Grass, - 4 00 Tall Meadow Oats Grass, . 2 50 Red Top - - 75 1 00 LiKPrne, - - [round. 50 White Honeysuckle Clover, SO Red Clover, (northern) 8 9 French Sugar Beet, - . 1 .50 Manuel Wurtzel, . 1 50 WOOL. Merino, full blood, washed - 35 44 Merino, full b!ood, unwash? d. 22 26 Merino, three rourlhs washed, SO a5 Merino, holt^ quarter washed. 28 33 Native, washed, - . 25 28 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, . 37 dl Pulled, Lamb's, second sor 25 30 Pulled, " spinning, first sort. 30 33 PROVISION MARKET. corrected EVKFV week by MR. HAYWAF (Clerk of Fiimml-lmll Market.} BEEF, best pieces, - PORK, Ire^h, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL. MUTTON. .... POUI-TRY, .... BUTTER, keg and Uib, . l..unip. best, EGGS, - - - MEAL, Rye, retail, - Indian, relail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according to quality,] pound. 10 7 It (J s dozen, bushel. 16 barrel. 2 on 12 1 f 10 7 13 l2 11 20 20 20 1 00 70 50 2 30 204 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. April 10, 1829. MISCELLANIES. The IVinttrs of Mw England.— 1141. The winter of this year was bitter, and its severity widely felt. The follovTing paragrajjhs from the Pennsylvania Gazette, will show the distress which was exijerienced even in the regions now visited gently by the winter's cold. " Pliiladclphia, March, 1741. Our accounts from all jiarts of the country are filled with complaints of the severity of the winter, no one remembering the like. The cattle are dying daily for want of fodder : many deer are found dead in the woods, and some come tamely to the plantations and feed on hay with Other creatures." " New York, Feb. 3, 1741. By our accounts from the country, the people here are in so great want of fodder for their cattle, in eeveral places, that four cows are given to have one delivered in May, and that the cold has been so severe, that even deer, squirrels, and birds have been frozen to death, and great quantities of sheep have perished, and this day wood has been sold for 40 shillings per cord." 1764. The snow fell in great quantities during February and March. It is within the recollec- tion of some of our ancient inhabitants that during the month of April, oxen and sleds heavily loaded with the materials for the Old Soulh Meeting House, in this town, passed upon the surface of the snow, frozen into a thick crust, over the places ■where fences were buried in the drifts, without ob- Btruction. 1772. The Boston Gazette states, that the winter had been more severe than had been known for many years. Great storms of wind and snow came until April. 1780. The snows of this inemoralile winter commenced in November, and continued storms accompanied with violent winds frnni the N. East, occurred during December. About the first of January, a period of steady and severe cold com- menced. During forty days even on the south and sunny side of buildings in warm situations there were no indications of thaw. The light and dry snow drifted and eddied with incessant mo- tion on the wind. P;iths, if opened, were imme- diately filled, and communication v/as almost en- tirely interrupted. The Spy, then published in this town, contains the following notice " Worces- ter, Jan. 6. For twenty years ]iast the travelling lias not been known to be worse than at present. The mails due last week have not yet arrived. We therefore give our readers but half a sheet this week." " Jan. 13. A gentleman who arrived here yesterday from Boston, which place he left Friday last, (Jan. 7,) informs us that the storm was very severe there, and that between this and the capital, not less than 80 teams were stop- ped." "Jan. 20. Travelling has not been so much obstructed by the snow for forty years past. Except the great post road from Boston to Hart- ford, all are filled, and no passing without snow- shoes." " Jan. 27. Wood is now sold in this town at the rate of sixty dollais the conl, owing to the roads being filled with snow. A poor man be- longing to a town near Providence, began to re- move his family, consisting of his v/ife and nine children, to a place called New Providence, about a hundred miles from this place, the day before the beginning of the late storm ; he had got only as far as Mendon, where he was obliged to re- main three weeks, and having expoudcd all his money, was drove to great necessity. The road from Mendon to this place remaining impassable for cattle, a number of men on snow shoes assem- bled and dragged his sled, on which were his wife and family, and the few eflects he was possessed of, as far as Grafton ; from that place sixty-one men belonging there, brought them in the same manner to this town ; some of the charitable in- habitants set on foot a subscription for tlieir relief, and in about two hours collected £150, and hav- ing procured a team, on Monday last, they con- tinued their journey. So singular a circumstance is not remembered in this part of the country." On the 27th of February, Mr Thomas, the printer of the Spy, " returns his sincere thanks to those gentlemen in this, and a few of the neigh- boring towns, who have continued to take his pa- pers during the late tedious weather ; as the roads in many parts of the county, still remain impassa- ble on horseback, and too many of his customers think it tedious to come for them, unless they could ride, it has reduced the late impressions of this pa- per to such small numbers, that the cost of print- ing them has been three or four times as much as the printer has asked for them when printed. — This only, and not a want of interesting intelli- gence occasions the appearance of half a sheet, and obliges the printer to suspend the publication of this paper until Thursday, the week aftfer next." In the MSS of Mr French, cited in Abbot's His- tory of Andover, it is stated the snow was four and a half feet deep, in the woods, on a level — The roads were so filled as to be impassable fur a long time, except with the aid of snow shoes. — Fences, and low buildings were buried beneath deep drifts, and the inhabitants of contiguous houses conmiunicated with each other through Scions of J)pple and Pear Trees. For sale, at the New Knglaiid Farmer Seed Store, No» 52 North Market street, Boston, a large collection of Ap-" pie aad Pear Scions, — among which are the following:—' Apples. Gardener's Sweeting; Non.iiich, Grand Sachem, Cjt-hc!>d, or Large Sum- ) nici- Kusset, ) Rhode Island Greening, Healhcot, St Germain, Rushiiiore's Bon Cretien, Spice F.ousselet, Red Bergamot, Mooi- Fowl Egg, Jargonelle, arched passages, hollowed under the drifts. After the surface was frozen, instances are stated where the dead were taken from the chand)er windows to be carried to the grave. The sufferings of the inhabitants were great. The scanty supply of fiicl for many days could only be brought on hand sleds, and the stumps of trees which were cut even with the surface of the snows, on their dissolution stood many feet above the earth. A row of shade trees which ornamented the north end of the street in this town, were destroyed to supply the necessities of the people. The streams were so much choked as not to flow in their usual chan- nels, the rivulets disappeared under the drifts, and great distress was felt for water. All travelling was for a long time on snow shoes, and burthens were carried on small sleds. — J^ational JEgis. Koxbury Russet, New York Pippin, Baldwin, GilliBower, White Sliropsavine, or ) Eaily Harvest, ) &c, &c. Pears. Large Iron, or Pound,. Gansel's Eergamot, Brown Buerre, Eaily Juneting, St Michael's, Broca's Bergamot, Bartlett, &c, &c. In addition to the above, we are daily procuring fin» vaiietics, from responsible sources, and hope to extend the collection so as to comprise all the esteemed fruits raised in the vicinity of Boston and New York. The scions are in fine order, and the utmost depen- dence can be placed upon their genuineness, as they are all cut from bearing trees. eplf Frnil Trees. Messrs WINSHIPS respectfully request those of the public who may incline to lavor them with their orders the ensuing season, for fiuit and ornamental trees, fancy shrubbery, herbaceous plants, whether indigenous or ex- otic, to forward their orders immediately, and they will be executed with every possible despatch. They alsp have several hundred genuine Isabella Grape Vines, by the hundred or single plant, with the superior European liinds in cultivation in this country. Letters directed to F. & I. Winship, Brighton. I'. S. Asparagus roots from one to four years old. 8C?- All ordei'a left with J. B. Russell, at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, will be executed at the Nursery prices, and the trees delivered in Boston, free of expense for transportauon. Brighton, March 11, 1S29. ^issorted Seeds for Families. For sale at lire New England Farmer Seed Store small bnires of assorted Seeds r'cir Kilrhen Gardens. Each box colitaias a package of llie following .Seeds : Early Washington Peas iLong Dutch Parsnip Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Large Cabbage Lettuce Late Marrowial Peas 'Long Green 1 urkey Cucumber Early Blohawk Dwarf siring Beans China Dwarf string and shell Beans Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Long Blood Beet f'arly Turnip-rooted Beet Early York Cabbage Large late Drumhead Cabbage Cape Savoy Cabbage Pine-apple IVlelon Long, or Round Watermcloa Nasturtium Large \Vhite Onion Large Red Onion Curled Paisley Flat Squash Pepper Early Scarlet Short-lop Radish White Turnip Radish Salsafy Red Dutch Cabbage . vVilh respect to Lepidopiera, (butterflies and mohs,) it is necessary to disable them immediate- ly d'ter their capture. To effect this, give their breasts a strong pinch with your finger and thumb, beliw the wings. But though nipping the breast willkill many small Lejildoptera, the larger ones willlive long after it ; as will likewise many J^exi- roptra, (Dragon flies, &c.) Hymenoptera, (wasps, beei, &c.) and Diplera, (flies, &c.) ; and besides this, in some moths, the thorax presents a very consiicuous and interesting character, which ren- ders it desirable, in order to avoid the damage or dernngement occasioned by pressure, to transfix them without it. There is a simple mode of doing this, the apparatus for which may be found every- where. Fix a piece or two of elder, willow, or any soft wood, with the bark on, across the bot- tom of a mug, and on this stick your impaled in- sects ; ijivert the mug in a deep basin, into which pour boiling water till it is covered, holding it down with a knife, that the expansion of the in- cluded air may not overturn it. In two minutes, or less, all the insects will he found quite dead, and not at all wet. Butterflies, moths, and some other insects must not be allowed to get wet, for it essentially injures them. Professor Peck, who used to put minute insects into the hol- low of a (piill stopped with a piece of wood made to fit, killed them instantaneously by holding it over the flame of a candle. Insects nuiy be killed by exposing them in a tin box with a little camphor in it to the heat of a fire, which treatment will greatly add to their preservation. Having killed your insects, .your next object should be to prepare them for your cabinet — orif you have no cabinet, you may put them after they are thoroughly dried, in a tight wooden box — and if the pins are thrust firmly into the bottom, they may be transported any distance without injm-y. With respect to Coleoptera, and Hemiptcra, the pin should be stuck through the middle of the right hand wing-case, and about one-third of its whole length should emerge above the insect. — Some insects are so minute that a jiin camir.t be put through without injury. For such, the best mode is to gum them on small triangular pieces of Vol.VH No. 3d. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 307 card or stiff paper, which may be stuck upon a pin. Other insects may be transfixed through the thorax, or iip])er side of the trunk. Having impaled your insects, the next thing to be done is to set them, or display their parts. — The best time for doing this is not till they have begun to stiffen, but before they are become quite stift. If attempted soon after they are killed, the parts, unless you keep them in the intended posi- tion by means of pins or braces, will not retain it: and if after they are become too stiff, they are liable to be broken. Not only should the anten- nce (horns) and palpi (feelers) be extended so as to be readily seen ; but the legs and often the wings, ought to be placed in their natural position ; all of which tends much to the beauty of your speci- mens, and adapts them for more ready examina- tion. For setting-boards you may use cork, or a spe- cies of fungus, sometimes called pith-wood : this last will answer a good purpose, if you select such pieces as are soft. When sufficiently dried, your insects should be transferred from the setting boards, either to their place in your cabinet, or to your store-box. Caterpillars and other larvse of insects may be preserved in spirits. As certain mites, moths, &c. prey upon dead insects, you may wish to know how they may he kept out of your drawers or boxes, or banished when detected there. Camphor is the generd remedy recommended. Scatter some roughlj^ powdered over the bottom of your drawers, an(l be careful to renew it when evaporated. It fe necessary, however, sometimes, to bake yourspee- jmens in an oven ; — the heat must not be so great as to scorch. The specimens sent you by S. D. of Dorchester, seem to have been injured by moulding. This may be prevented by having them thoroughly dried before they are stored in boxes, and by keeping them from a damp atmosphere. If done in season, mould may be removed by gently brush- ing with a camel's hair [)encil, dipped in spirits of wine. L. . Pelerhorovgh, A*. H. April 14. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMEK. NEGLECTED GR.AVE YARDS. Mr Editor — I wish to call your attention to the subject of repairing, clearing, and ornamenting the burial grounds of New England. These enclosures are cotiiuionly neglected by the sexton, and ])re- sent to the curious traveller, an ugly collection of slate slabs, of weeds, and rank or dried grass. A small effort in each sexton or clergyman, would suffice to awaken attention, to bring to the recol- lection of some, and to the fancy of all, a scene which every village should present, a grove sacred , to the dead and to their recollection, to calm re- ligious conversation, and to melancholy musing — 1 inclosed with shrubbery, and evergreen, and dig- 1 nified by the lofty maple, and elm, and oak, and I guarded by a living hedge of hawthorn. Every sexton should procure some oak, elm and locust seed, and make it a part of his voca tion to scatter it for chance growth. PHILOSOPHY. SOWING GRASS SEEDS. (By the Edilor.) -A. diversity of opinion exists relative to the best time for sowing grass seeds. Some prefsr the fall ; but the nuijority of those who have wristen on the subject reconunend sowing in the spring ; and that season, so far as our acquaintance ex- tends, is most generally chosen. European writers direct, even when grass seed is sown on the same ground with winter grain, to sow the grass seed in the spring, and harroiv it in. They say that the harrowing will on the whole be of service to the grain, though a few of the plants will be torn up by the process. The Hon. Richard Peters, like- wise directed to " harrow your winter grain in the spring, in the direction of the seed furrows, or drills, and be not afraid of disturbing a few plants ; manifold produce will remunerate for the destroy- ed." The Farmer's Assistant says, " Clover may be sown with barley, oats, or spring wheat, when that article is raised ; or it may be sown with winter wheat in the fall, if the land be dry, and warmly exposed ; or in the spring when it should be lightly harrowed in." The Domestic Encyclo- pedia asserts that " experienced farmers generally prefer sowing clover with wheat rather than with barley or oats, as in dry seasons the clover fre- quently over])owers the oats or barley, and if it be sown late in order to obviate this evil, it often fails and the crop is lost for that season. Proba- bly the diversity of opinion respecting the l)roper time of sowing clover seed may arise from the difference in the nature of the soil on which trials have been made. An experienced agricul- turist, (Edward Dufficid, Esq. of Philadelphia County) assures Dr Mease that he repeatedly fail- ed in obtaining a crop, when he sowed his clover in autumn, or winter ; and he is uniformly suc- cessful when he sows in the spring. His soil is a light loam." On the other hand, an experienced and scien- tific cultivator whose suggestions on this subject were published in the New England Farmer, vol. vi. p. 238, dated Weston, and signed J. M. G. says "dear bought experience has taught me the inef- ficacy of sowing grass seed in spring with grain ; it was a custom imported with the ancestors of the country from old England, where the cloudy sunnners, and moist climate will warrant a prac- tice, which under our clear sky, and powerful sun, is altogether unsuitable. I must add that grass sown in the fall itnperiously requires to be rolled in the spring as soon as the ground is in fit order ; otherwise the small plants, slightly rooted yet, and heaved up by the frost, will suffer much, perhajis total destruction ; and truly among the many uses to which the roller may be applied, none, perhaps, would be more valuable than to roll all grass lands in spring. The plants suffer from the wind and from the heat, and this being the case more or less every spring, it must necessarily bring on a pre- mature decay, which the yearly use of the roller at that season, might prevent." We cannot reconcile these authorities ; but it is probable that both in fall and spring sowing of grass seeds there may be successful and unfavora- ble results, according to circumstances of soil, season, &c. Fall sown grass seeds are hable to be winter-killed, or destroyed by frost ; spring sown grass seeds may perish by drought and heat. But, whenever sown, there will be less danger either from frost or drought, if the seed is well covered with a harrow, and the ground pressed on it with a roller. Young's Farmer's Calendar, under the date of August, says " This is the best season of the whole year for laymg down land to grass ; and no othTr IS admissible for it on strong, wet, or heavy soils. Spring sowings with grain may succeed, and do olien, but that they are hazardous, I know from forty years' experience." There is likewise a great ditPerence of opinion as respects the quantity of seed to be .sown when land is laid down to grass. Sir John Sinclair says, " it is a great error, in laying land down to grass, to sow an insufficient quantity of .seeds. In general, 12 or 14 lbs. of clover is the usual aver- age allowance. But that quantity it is contended, ought greatly to be increased, and in many cases doubled." The Farmer's Assistant tells us that " the quantity of red clover seed to be sown on the acre is about fourteen pounds, and none but clean seed ought to be sown." The " Memoirs of the Board of Agriculture of the State of New York," vol. ii. p. 30, in giving an account of the methods of culture adopted by farmers in Rensselaer County, state that " Farmers differ in opinion in regard to the most suitable quantity of seed. S. Germond, H. Worthington, C. Porter, C. R. Colden, and some others say that eight quarts of the mixture of clover and timothy seed should be sown on every acre. And Col. J. Cai))enter sows sixteen quarts on an acre. He says when the grass and clover grow very thick, it will be more tender feed, and more fine hay, and that it will not run out so soon. But J. Phil- lips, G. Eddy, and many others, consider four quarts as sufficient. " All agree that the proportions of the mixture of the seeds should be governed by the nature of the soil. That in a sandy soil three-fourths of the seed should be clover — in clay loam it should be equal parts, in clay soil but one-fourth clover seed. " There should beat least a bushel of plaster sown on every acre of clover and grass land of a sandy, gravelly, or loamy soil. Also on all upland natural meadows. Two bushels per acre arc much better than one on sandy or gravelly soil." Payson Williams, Esq. of Fitchburgh, Mass. who received a ])remium from the Mass. Agr. So- ciety, for the greatest quantity of spring wheat, raised by him in the summer of 1822, in giving a description of the mode of culture by him adopt- ed, says, " the quantity of grass seed, used by me is never less than twelve pounds of clover,and one peck of herd's grats (timothy) to the acre. Here, permit me to observe, that innumerable are the in- stances in tills country, where the farmer fails in his grass crops by not allowing seed enough ; and what is wors^, the little he does give, with a spar- ing hand is s.iffered to take its chance under that pest of agriculture called the bush harrow, which not only drags stones and other loose matters into heaps, but leaves the soil dead and heavy, and does not cover the seed deep enough to strive with our July drought effectually." We have, however been verbally assured by very correct and scientific agriculturists, that 6 or 7 pounils of clover seed, tehtre the ground is highly manured is amply sufficient, and that by exceeding that quantity, the plants so shade and stifle each other, that there is little substance in the hay made from them. No doubt much depends on the qual- ity and richness of the soil. The poorer the soil the greater the quantity of grass seed. Clover seed of a bright yellow, with a good quantity of the purple and "brown colored seed among it (which shows the maturity of the seed) should be preferred. 808 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, April 17, 1829. 7)^M M U N I C A T^ON^^^ s, which have lieeii pub- have seen noih.iig superior lo Among Ihe many excellent produciions, lished against intemperance, we the following.— Editor. KOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER TO ALL AVIIOM IT MAY CONCERN. In yutcUc.ticm of .nyself, a.td the fa.i>.ly to whicit I belottg, I cottte before the pubhc antl shall, without e.i.iivocation or rcservat.o.., make a statement of lacts. I have sotne ettetn.es, and many of n.y f'iends misrepresent the truth. As- Boeiatiotis, ridicule and satire, poetry and prose paragraphs and pamphlets, have been employed to render itiy character intainons. I am accused of.beiti" the cause of nearly all the pauperism that now exists ; and not only of destroying the peace, harmony, and prosperity of tatmles, rendei-ing them wretched and tniserable beyond description, but destroying the human race by thousands. But notwilhstandins, 1 lion while Jiving. I deform beauty, expel reason, drown the memory, destroy the understanding, and convert the man of science into a disgusting idiot. And to complete the climax, I destroy by untimely and shameful death, sometimes directly ; but generally by inflicting some itaitiful disease, beginning with tremor in the hands, noises in the head, inflamed eyes, headach, languor, sickness at the stomach, vomiting, dyspepsy, bloated visage, &c., and ending in gout in all its forms, obstinate gores in the extremities, pain and stiffness in the limbs, obstructions in the liver, consmnptioti, drop- sy, palsy, or apojtlcxy : — but in any ease, my friends are ever ready to acquit nic, and to assign some other cause foreign from the truth. Now, all this 1 acknowledge, yea more, yet, I plead innocence. As before observed, I intrude myself on no person ; but I am forced into com- pany, and abused by those who know tne, even by tliose, who believe me to be a poison to the body, a devil to the soul, and indirectly, a thief to the purse. I have been abused by all orders of men, from the Prince on the Throne to the slave, more or less. Justices, Lawyers, Sherifts, Farmers, Me- chanics, Physicians, Priests, and People. On all as a siotis ing water, would you withdraw it by degrees? — • The continuance of a practice, fraught with so much evil in tendency and effect, is not necessary in any of the common concerns of life. ]t is true, that a stimulus, at times, creates artificitd vivacity and strength ; but they are invariably followed w itli depression ; and of course, injurious to the cuiistitmion. The farmers, the favored children oi heaven, whose profession is the most important of any, and as ancient as time, should instantly abandon every stej), which has a tendency to in- temperance ; as incompatible with their interest, unil the high station in which they are jilaced. Could the inebriate behold himself in the mir- ror of truth, and there see, pictured in true colors, his folly, degradation, filthiness, and acquired in- fauiy, in consequence of his wilful course of in- t(iii|ierance, he would be ashamed, and like the bird of night, seek obscurity ; hut unfortunately, intemperance envelops the understanding with a dark cloud, and renders him incapable of -anything worthy of a being, so dignified as man. It is a their refusal, that some omer person wuu.u uu..... , truth, that inebriation effectually ruins the huiTian the base reward. Will they sell arsenic to their ! constitution, alienates the affections of fi-iends, des- ■ troys the peace and prosperity of families, over- whelming them in distressing penury, and invites public days tny friends are intruding upon me.— Sometimes, when an officer was to ba elect- ed, I have been use.l as a bribe— even m some towns, I doubt whether a represeyitative was <;ver chosen, but, that, I was introduced (call it bribery if you please,) and, frequently, so shamefully abused, that in vindicating my power and punty, I have laid, even some of my best friends, prostrate in tie streets ; while others were stimulated to commit indecencies, unworthy of rational beings; retributive punishment for their iransgres- Wherc is there a town meeting, a military review, or any collection of men assembled for business, and I am not abused ? Too often I am called upon in the chambers of the sick and dying, and at funerals ; but most of all abused in tippling houses. Retailers of drams from interested motives ap- pear to be my friends, but abuse me most shame- fnlly : They seem ready and willing to assist in destroying a man's good name, his property, and his life for a trifling sum ; and all this, for fear, on I.eir refusal, that some other person would obtain insane neighbors, for the known purpose of sui- cide, because on refusal, the poison might be pur- chased at another place ? The two cases are par- allel. The wise of the land, the Law makers, are careful to im|>ose on me, only a small tax — wheth- er front a knowledge of my power and influence, or from interest, or because I rid the world of a vast number of useless beings, who are a plague to themselves, a curse to their families, a nuisance in society, and a heavy charge to the inhabitants, or some other cause, let them answer for them- selves. In the nature of things there is no evading my punishment for every abuse, whether great or small. You may as well eclipse the sun by hold- ing up your Itanci, or stop the foam of Niagara, as to arrest my power and tendency to disgrace, af- flict, and punish offenders ; yet, such is the infatu- ation of my friends, that the Lawyer, and the Clown, the Farmer, and the Beggar, the Phy- sician, and the Tinker, meet on equal terms at dram shops, the sinks of society and pollution. — The truth is plain, they are their own destroyers, both of soul, body, and estate— they commit a lin- gering suicide, and involve their families in the ut- most wretchedness. Hence sottish idleness, pain- ful disease, loss of reputation, lying, fraud, theft, obscenity, infamy, bruises, quarrelling, fighting, swearing, debt, rags for clothing, premature old age, stupidity, disgusting idiocy, confinement in hospitals, in work houses, and in prisons, ttun-der, suicide, and the gallows, are but the effects of their own wilful abuses of my power, and " eternity will unfold the consequences." It must not be forgotten, however, in the whirl- wind of excitement, that, I am to some in a state of exhaustion and great debility — after exposure to wet and cold— to the aged, and those who are " ready to perish," a valuable and salutary assist- ant, affording much relief. And now, gentlemen, as I punish every offend- er by laws, which are established by the reason and nature of things, according to the magnitude and number of offences against my dignity and power, you will do well to adopt this motto : abuse nol, "touch not, taste not." There is no com- pounding in this case — no middle course to be pursued. Should you plunge your hand into boil- ihe neglect and contempt of all, except those iin- iiersed in crime. Every tippler has entered the broad road to in- fimy and unlamented death, and has enrolled liiniselfiu the black catalogue of drunkards, now amounting to more (according to estimation) than ;:5,000 hrthe New England States. In the com- nonwealth of steady habits, Uassa.c\\a^ens, tbera me 3,500 paupers, reduced by inebriation, and supported at the annual expense of 180,000 dol- lars. Honest men sometimes fail by unforeseen losses and misfortunes, and rise again ; but the man who flxils in couse()uence of tippling, falls to rise no more. When a man is frequently seen at the dram shop, it is high time for his creditors to call for their money. As intemperance is contagious and easily ac- quired ; and as it unhinges the mind and unfits' the man for every iHirpose, for which he waa made — shun every infected place — shun the "ap- pearance of evil." Every appearance of intoxica- tion in a man is sufficient to stamp him with sua- picion. What trust can be placed in that man, who has no regard for his own character ? The inebriate forfeits all confidence ; alienates hi» place in society, and in the scale of beings, sinks into disgrace, becomes a corrupter of youth, a teacher of wickedness, and follows the path of crime " to the chambers" of shameful " death ;" leaving behind him a name, which his friend», would wish to forget. If what has been said will not convince you, look for a moment, into that temple of corruption, the ti[)pling house, where crime is taught in " ter- rible perfection ;" and where the atmosphere il charged with vapors, as black, and offensive, as those ascending from Vulcan's furnace :— There you may see men, once of reputation and afiltt ence, now sunk into the depths of depravity and poverty, drinking deadly libations, worshipping nl the altar of their idol— a consuming god :— Thera you may see a motley group of beings, in the shape of men, with reddened eyes, clothed with rags, enveloped in filth, calling upon Bacchus ip broken accents, with nicotianic slaver blackening their blasphemous lips, performing their midniglu Vol. VII.-— No. 39. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 309 orgies ! But I forbear — the picture is too appal- ling— I turn from it with abhorrence. To coiH-kide — you all know me, and know the consequences of transgression ■; and you know that I punish for every abuse — therefore be wise, and observe the motto : abuse not, " touch not, taste not.^' To pursue the thorny way of intemperance is crime, poverty, disease, and death ; but, to walk the smooth path of temperance is virtue, wealth, health, and life — pursue it, and victory is yours — a glorious victory over the disordered appetites. Your obedient servant, SIR RICHARD RUM. Mansfield, Feb. A. M. 5S29. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. HEMP. Mr J. B. Russell — When I made you the com- munication on the subject of liemp, it was my in- tention to have inserted a note, jfiving an extract of a letter which I received in 1824, testing the comparative strength of our hemp with the Rus- sian. Will you jilease to insert what follows in a note referring to that part of my communication which states the comparative strength of the two kinds of hemp, and oblige yours, &c.j SAM. LATHROP. M^est Springfield, 6th April, 1829. Extract of a Letter from F. C. Tucker, of JVew York, dated Dec. 7, 1824. " The following statement is intended to exhib- it the comparative strength of Connecticut river and Russia hemp, made into ropes of 4 J inches in circumference, based upon the result of an experi- ment made upon ropes of 2J inches in circumfer- ence. A rope of 2J inches, made of Con- necticut river hemp, broke with 3209 lbs. One of the same size, made of Rus- sia hemp, broke with 3118 ' Difference in favor of Connecticut river hemp 91 ' A rope 4^ inches in circumference made of Connecticut river hemp, would require to break it 12,836 ' And a rope of the same size, made of Russia hemp, would require 12,472 ' Difference in favor of Connecticut river hemp 364 ' This difference would allow a deduction of full one-eighth of an inch from the size of the rope made of Connecticut river hemp, and it still would have equal strength to the 4J inch rope made of Russia hemp. A 4J inch ropo, 120 fathoms, weighs 660 lbs. at 10 cents $56,00 A 4g inch rope do 532 lbs. 53,20 Difference or equal to half a cent per lb." 2,80 rOR THK .NEW ENGLAND FARMER. GRAFTflVG CHERRY TREES. Mr Fkssekdf..-* — I do not recollect that any person has described in your paper the best mode ef grafting cherry trees. I have a mode, hut do not know whether it is the best, and wish to know if any one has a better. Cherry and plum trees are alike difficult to graft on, as the bark does not split freely, but tears like cloth. In the spring of 1825, I procured many kinds of plum scions of Capt. Hyde, of Newton, which I set in ?tlarch. Scarcely one has failed ; and all kinds have borne except the Canada plum. I also grafted many cherries, which took and lived well. Last spring I liad ahout nine trees, headed and grafted. The scions all lived and did well, except two trees, the scions for which were cut 4 or 5 days before using. Of these none lived. The scions of cherries, like twigs for bud- ding, ought to he cut the day they arc used. I have the Tartareans, Oxhearts, &c. growing on wil^' ™*e acacia, lilacs, daphnes, senna, roses, honey- such varieties of the foreign and native Vines as are ' ^"c'<'''s, &c. Orders directed to Samuel Hyde, Newton, suited to this climate, and that will thrive in the open | '^'" '"' promptly attended to. Trees will be delivered in ground in town or country. j Boston free of expense for transportation. Catalogues Application may be made to the subscriber at his office, [ the dozen, with directions lor planting, &c, or at 75 cents a piece, sepa- rately— such as they are described in his catalof;uc. He also offers for sale Vines at 2-5 cents each, for vineyards, warranted to grow. They can be had from the 1.5lh Oe- lolier to the 15th December, and from the 15lh March to Ihe ISthMay — a great many have borne iVuit this summer. He has a choice assortment of 242 kinds of apples, 190 kinds of superior pears, 71 cherries, 61 peaches, 15 nect»- riiies, 85 plums, 18 apricots, 20 gooseberries, &c, some of very large size and in a tine bearing state. Also, apple trees paradise stock, full of fruit. His collection of orna- mental and forest trees, and of ornamental shrubs, is of 3:56 kinds, and more than 200 rose plants, and a fine coU lection of green house plants. A. P. will imdertake to lay out pleasure grounds and gardens, and will be happy in showing his port folio to "mateuis, at his establishment of nurseries, which consists of 24 acres. Orders should be directed to A. Parmenter, ill his establishment, or to Mr John B. Russell, New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street. Boston, where catalogues may be had gratis, — and of hi» other agents, in dilTerent cities in the Union. March 27 3t Fruit Trees. Messrs WINSHIPS respectfully request those of the public who may incline to favor them with their orders the ensuing season, for fruit and ornamental trees, fancy shrubbery, herbaceous plants, whether indigenous or ex- otic, to forward their orders immediately, and they will be executed with every possible despatch. They also have several hundred genuine Isabella Grape Vinejs, by the hundred or single plant, with Ihe supeiior European kinds in cultivation In this country. Letters directed to F. & I. Wiuship, Brighton. P. S. Asparagus roots from one to four years old. CCI- All oideis left with J. B. P.ussf.ll, at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, will be executed at the Nursery prices, ai.d the trees delivered in Boston, free of expense for transportation. Brighton, March 11. 1829. Assorted Seeds for Families. For sale al the New England Farmer Seed Store small boie« of assorted Seeds lor Kiuiieii Gardens. Each box contains* packagi^ of ihe following Seeds; Early Washington Peas Dw.ni f Blue Imperial Peas Lale Mariowl'al Peas Early Mohawk Dwarf siring B.:ans China Dwarf siring and shell Beans Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Long Blood Beet Karly Turnip-rooted Beet Early York Cabbage Large late Dnimlu-ad Cabbage Cape Savoy Calili.ige Red Dulch Cabbage (for pick- li„g) Early Horn Carrot Long Orange (,'arrol White Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Cucanihtir Early Sdesia Leiuirc Long Dutch Parsnip Large Cabbage Lettuce * Long Green 'I'll rkey Cucumber Pine-apple Melon Long, or Round Watermeloa Naslurliurn Large White Onion Large Red Onion Curled Parsley Flai Squasli Pepper Early Scarlet Shorl-lop Radisk White Turnip Radish &ilsaly Early Bush Squash Early While Dutch Turnip While Flat Turnip Yellow Sloiie Turnip Winter Crook-neck Squash. POT HERB SEEDS. Thyme— Sage— Marjorum. The above list, il will be seen, comprises all the common ve- getables, besides .several new varieties of recent inlrodurbon, and uncommon excellence. E»ery kind very (irst qiialily, as to fieshness and piirily directions lor the management of ''- ■'■""' per box. ^ warranted ol the Each box contains the difierenl sorts. Price §3 A gentleman in New York and his family have been made very sick by eating partridges ; which are found often poisonous at this season of the year. Pressed Culinamj Herbs. For sale al the New England Farmer Seed Slore, No. Bt, Norlh Market slrcel.'Culiiiarv Herbs, dried, pressed, and neatly packed, in parcels, al the foliouinff prices :— Sweet Marjoram. 50 CIS-Summer Savory, '2b els-Thyme, 33 cls-Sage.^1 / cu —Celery, (in hollies for soups, &c,) 25 cts— Ealm,3o cis— Rose Fl"o« ers. .5 1 ,00. ep'f TuWishr^d "every Friday, al g3 per annum, payable al Ibe end of ihe year— liul those who pay within sixty days from the lime of subscribing, an- enlillcd to a deduction of hliy cents Primed for J. B. Russell, by I. R BfTTS-hy wliora all descriplions of Priming can be execiUed to meet the wishes of customers. Orders for priming received by J B. Russell, 1 at Ihe Agricultural Warehouse No. m Norlii Market Slreal. J NEW ENOL-ANB FAMMEM. Published by John B. Russell, at M. 52 Mirth Market Street, (at the Agricultural Warehouse). — Thomas G. Fessemden, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, APRIL 24, 1829. No. 40. HORTICULTURE. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FINE NATIVE PEAR. Epargne Pear, in the vicinity of Boston, is by most persons considered a native ; the tree having thorns is thought to be further proof This pear is one of our finest summer fruits, and is much cultivated by a few of our best farmers. It will not keep long, decaying sometmies soon at tht core ; size and form like a middling sized Jargon- elle, neck not quite so long, flesh rises a little on one side of the stem — color dark green, covered with some russet ; a brovvu blush on the sunny side ; as it ripens turns yellow, flesh whitish, very melting and juicy, flavor between our Jargon- elle and Seckle. A great favorite with the mnr- ketmen, sells high ; a great and constant bearei where the tree has age — scions will not bear for five, six, and seven years, then increase with their age. Thfe character of the tree is strongly mark- ed. You may know it at a great distance ; makes very vigorous wood, tolerably firm, branches grow strong and very upright, resembling the Lombardy Poplar more than any other tree — blossom large, and open — comes in eating the first of Septem- ber. Among others, I have myself doubted if this fine fruit was a native variety. I have lately vis- ited tlie farm of Mr Goddard, in Old Cambridge, and examined the trees. Mrs Godbard stated, she had eaten fruit from the old tree in the pas- ture sixty-five years since, which is now dead ; suckers from it have sprung up, and shoots from the first suckers are now growing and bearing the same fruit as the old tree. Mrs G. also said, the pears increased in size and quality every genera- tion, (this is probably owing to their being placed in richer land.) I cut fine, fair, and large scions from a sucker ten feet high, growing under the last generation, (probably will bear this season) have compared them with the parent tree, and find no difference in the wood. This evidence I think so conclusive, a.-, tu leave no doubt with me, in its right to be ranked a native fruit. Mrs G. in- fiarmed me it was eall>d the Sugar pear. Differ- ent marketmen have presented them in our mar- ket for twenty years, calling them by names most likely to produce a good sale for them. One of them being told by a gentleman who had eaten the fine Epargne pear of France, that the above fruit resembled them, they immediately adopted this name, and it is now only known by it in our market, and abroad, as the Boston Epargne As this appellation appears to be established, prob- ably it is a good name for it, but our country must claim the credit of producing this superior pear. Dorchester, March 27, 1829. S. D. FOR THE KEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRUITS, &c. [Ejlract of a Letter from York Counly, Pennsylvania, lo the Editor of the New lingland Farmer.] A description in the New England Farmer, of the newly originated varieties of jiears, as you he- come acquamted with them would be accept- able. And Mr Buel, or any other gentleman who has a number of newly originated varieties of apjjlcs, varying in their time of ripening, would confer a favor by giving a short description of them, in the Farmer. It is the opinion of many persons here, and particularly further up the Susquehanna, that orchards of natural fruit, last much longer than where grafted trees are planted. But it appears to me that if a good variety of newly originated kinds, such as to keep up a succession in ripen- ing could be |)rocured, that grafted trees of such kinds would be found to make as lasting orchards as when the seedlings or natural fruit is planted. The date of the origin of many of the best kindS of apples now cultivated is not known — and in the orchard they may fail from the age of the variety being great — and I think it is high time attention was paid, by those capable, to provide a succes- sion from new kinds. What is meant by boiling pears or apples ? What is the most proper and easiest manner to proceed in planting an orchard, after the triangle, diamond, or quincunx form — and what number of hands, or what help does it require ? Your friend, York County, Pa, April, 1829. M. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. DISEASED SHEEP AND LAMBS. Mr Fessenden — Your correspondents, Messrs Heynolds, and B. will please accept my thanks fur their communications in your paper of the 3d inst. I nnist beg leave, however, to difier in opin- ion from them, in regard to the cause of the mal- ad/ which affects, not only my own flock, but a great proportion of the flocks in this region. Tln> hay salted when put in the barn, was all expeniled before yeaning comtnenced. While fed on that, my sheep were in good condition. The man who assisted in dividing the flock into the several yards, at the commencement of winter, having occasion to handle a part of the flock some of the last days of January, observed, the sheep were as heavy, and in as good condition, as when driven to the barn. There is little doubt but too much salt may be forced on animals ; but these sheep licked it, when offered them, when fed on the salted hay. Two years ago, my flock was kept, on experiment, through the winter on 1 lb. of hay and a gill of corn to each sheep daily — they came out in good order, with heavy and tight fleeces. Every lamb was reared. Soon after my salted hay was gone, many of the sheep began to grow poor and feeble ; too large a numlrer of the older ones died ; several of the lauibs, yeaned last, may, and some in the prime of life. Dissection showed, that death was caused by what, ive farm- ers, call drying up of the manifolds ; it will amount to dyspepsy in the human subject. Having be- come satisfied that a change of food was absolute- ly necessary to preserve the lives of the flock, and not having a supply of succulent food ; the next best substitute, in my opinion, was Indian corn. About one-half the full allowance of hay was dis- continued, and for nearly four weeks H gills have been given to each sheep daily, with occai^ionally a mess of potatoes. Since this change in diet, the sheep have evidently improved, but one or two having grown feeble since. No success atteudetl the eflbrts made to save the lambs disowned by the dams. Yeaning is nearly completed, and al- though there is a less proportion of hard udders for some days past, there is lack of nourishment for the lainbs, and a great proportion die. Nearly all the flocks in this region are affected in the same way as mine. No man has tcld me his flock, fed oti hay, is in usual good condition. — Almost the only flock which has done well on yeaning, to my knowledge, has been kept on a gill of corn to each daily, and so much clover that the stalks have been left. A near neighbor with a small flock has improved it of late by a quart of potatoes to each sheep, and so much clover that the stalks are refused. Those who have fed most on other food than hay, so far as my inquiries have extended, have had the best success. Although there are some few, who have escaped hard udders with hay, but have poor and feeble sheep with great loss of lambs, and more or.less sheep. The young cattle in this region are many of them af- fected with the hair falling oft" from various parts of the bodj', about the head have appeared warty excrescences, and eruptions similar to the ring worm on the human body, and are to be seen in a great part of the farm yards. The stock, though bountifully fed, is not in the usual good condition, at this season of the year. The above are facts which hare been learned by sad experience, and the most diligent inquiries in my power to make. They are offered for pub- lication us \v-;ll to receive as to give information. If among your numerous correspondents, any one is able to assign a better reason, than the one of- fered by me, tliat the malady is occasioned by the unwholesomeness of the hay grown and cut in a very wet season, and in great abimdance, the pub- lic as well as myself will be benefited by receiv- ing it. The prorimate cause of all this evil is dcrange- iTient in the digestive organs ; whatever may be the exciting one. JOHN BARSTOW. Anson, 1th April, 1829. P. S. April 8th — I have this morning examin- ed a small flock of native and mixed sheep. The owner says his hay was all secured in good weath- er, yet there was but one day that any gum was found on the scythe. The sheep were full fed on the hay alone, until they grew so poor that extra food was necessary to preserve their lives. More than half his lambs are dead. Several udders are in a stale of ulcci-ation, with small pustules, not unlike the chicken pox. Several of the lambs have very sore moutljs, and the blood was drop- iiing from the mouth of one about 8 weeks old. B. FOB TUE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. INDIA RUBBER USEFUL IN PRUNINCS AND GRAFTING. Mr Fessf.nuen — The following fact, disco»- ered by me, may not, perhaps, be useless to ait;- riculture. Last year I cut ofT a native grape vine, v/hich had been set out four years, and wa.i vigorous, in several places, on the first ascending of the sap, about the first of May. I bound tli« 814 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, April 24, 1829. cut ends over with thiu strips of India rubber, and in every case prevented any escape of sap. I imagine this substance to be preferable to any oth- er for binding in buds for grafting, &c. Yours, &c., BENJAMIN BELL. Charlestown, April 16, 1829. From the American Farmer. THE GRAPE VINE. Mr Editor — As the season of the vine is now at hand, I think it may be of some use, or at least some interest, to many' of your readers, to have a few short rules and observations to direct them in the culture of that valuable and beautiful plant. — These I have e.xtracted from French books, and especially from the " Ecole du Jardin J'ruitier," a work of considerable merit, and of great authority in France, where the grape is raised of so fine a quality, and in such abundance. I have added some remarks of ray own, or from other sources, when the subject seemed to require them. AN AMATEUR. NOMENCLATURE. Our language is somewhat deficient in definite terms for the Tarious operations performed upon the vine. It will therefore be proper for me, be- fore proceeding further, to establish the meaning of the words I shall have occasion to employ. The words pruning, lopping, and trimming, are commonly used indifferently to e.\press the same thing and difierent things. There are various dis- tinct o])erations to which they may be applied, and are applied ; and much confusion is the con- sequence. In the course of this paper, I shall use the terra pruning, for that cutting which the vine receives in the fall, after it has shed its leaves, or in the spring, before it has recovered them. Lopping I reject altogether, as meaning a more violent op- eration than those regularly performed upon the vine. Trimming I shall apply exclusively to the operation, performed several times during the summer, of plucking off the useless or injurious shoots. Thus, pruning will corres])ond with the French word tailler ; and (rimming', with ehourge- ouner. PROPAGATION. Of the modes of propagating the vine I shall say nothing, as they are generally well understood. 1 will observe, however, that my own experience has convinced mo, that a cutting with one bud or eye is as likely to succeed, and will produce at least as fine a [ilant, as a cutting a foot or eight- een inches long ; especially if it be i)lantcd in a j)0f, early in March, and placed in a hot bed until the warm weather. In July it may, with perfect security, be turned out of the pot into the place, in tlie open ground, where it is to grow. But hot beds and flower jiots are not indispensable. It will do as well to plant the cuttings in boxes at tlie usual time for the open ground, and place them in some situation where they may be shel- tered from the e.\cessive heat of the .^im. In the fall they can be transplanted to their destined places. One of the advantages of this mode of propagating by cuttings is, that an ordinary cut- ting will supply you with ton or twelve plants in- stead of only one ; a consideration of some impor- tance when you have only one cutting of a rare species of grape. The proper time to prune the vine is in March, earlier or later in the month, according to the state of the weather. To prune too earlj% is apt to make the buds shoot prematurely, before the frosts are over ; and to prune too late exposes the plant to an injurious bleeding, or loss of sap. If you prune in the fall you run the risk, should the win- ter bo severe, of having most of the bearing branches destroyed. In this city and neighbor- hood, people commonly prune too early in the spring. Most persons have already pruned theirs a week or a fortnight ago, before the late hard frost* and heavy falls of snow. Mine are not yet pruned, (March 23d,) and may not be if the weather continues unfavorable, for a week or ten days to come. In pruning, cut half an inch above the bud, to prevent the branch that will sprout from it from being easily blown or broken off. The little stump that remains may be removed the next year. — Also cut slopingly, and on the side opposite to the bud, that the sap which exudes may not run down upon it and injure it. A vine should be pruned according to its age. 1st year ; leave one bud. 2d year ; leave two buds. 3d year ; leave three buds. 4th year ; leave four buds. 5th year, and afterwards ; leave five or six buds. I speak only of those vines that grow in the open vineyard and are staked, and not of those spread on trellises ; although most of these rules are apiilieable to the latter also. But they requirt other attentions, and deserve a separate notice In the third year, vine dressera generally leave a short side-shoot to the principal stock, with one bud on it ; in the 4th year, a side-shoot with two buds ; in the 5th year, one with two or three buds. Indeed, if the vine be of mature age and exceedingly vigorous, they often leave the princi- pal branch from three to five, or six feet long, ac- cording to its strength, with all its buds ; and, at the same time, a side-shoot a foot long. In some soils and situations, the vine is so vigorous that it would exhaust itself in barren length of limbs,and produce no fruit, if you pruned it to so few buds as those prescribed for ordinary cases ; and you must therefore weaken and tame it, as it were, by loading it with fruit. Each one must judge for himself, from observation, when these precautions become necessary. When a vine betrays too much luxuriance, it is often brought into bearing, by leaving five or six of the largest of the last year's branches, one of them five or si.x feet long, and the others with from one to five or six buds upon each, according to its apparent strength. In those cases, on the contrary, where the vine is feeble, two or three branches, with from four to two buds on each, will be enough. It is the opinion in France, that the vine should be kept lotv, in order that its fruit may receive the benefit of the heat reflected from the ground ; and that it should be suffered to grow and bear high, only in the hottest ehmates. In some countries it is trained U|)on the trees. I have seen it, in the plains of Lombardy, hanging from the elm or the poplar, in festoons from tree to tree, for great dis- tances, covered with loads of fruit. But the trees are there regularly trimmed and topped for fire wood, and therefore give so little shade as not to injure the grape. STAKING AND TYING. As soon as the vine is pruned, it must be staked with poles of the height which you intend to al- low the vine to attain ; and the vines must be tied to them. By staking later, after the buds have shooted, you may break off many of the young branches. TRIMMING. Mout the middle of May, or somewhat later, ae- cording to the season, it will be necessary to trim your vines. You will find that they have produced many young branches, and that in some instances several shoots have sprung from a single bud ; and you must therefore reduce each vine to that allowance of branches which you had assigned it at the time of pruning, according to its age, or its age and strength both considered. If this be its first year, carefully pluck or pinch off all the shoots but one, leaving that which appears most thriving ; if ita second year, of all but two ; and so on, according to the age and vigor of each. This operation must not be performed too soon ; for, if it be, the vine will throw out a still greater number of suckers or shoots than it had before. It is not difficult to ascertain, by inspection, when the shoots have attained the size at which they may be securely removed. Do not hesitate to remove some that show fruit ; for if that fruit were left, it would only diminish the quality, and perhaps even the quantity, of the whole crop. After trimming, immediately tie the shoots to the stakes. About the first of June, or somewhat later, accord- ing to the season, and to the precocity and vigor of the plant, you must again tie the shoots to the stakes, for they will have grown much longer thaa when you tied them last ; and give them a second trimming, by pinching off such as have started from the axillas of the leaves. About the first of July, or somewhat earlier or later, according to the circumstances above alluded to, give them a third trimming and tying, taking off all useless shoots. In France, it is usual at the same time to break off the top of the vine, at a joint, I about the height of the stake, or espalier, or wall. But many experienced persons think it had better not be done in this country. If done at all, it should be done late ; and I may say, generally, of the various trimmings, that they had better be done later than earlier than I have indicated ; for vegetation is so luxuriant in this climate, that the vine is much more apt, than in Europe, to push new shoots after being deprived of the first. It will be necessary, during the whole summer, to remove from time to time, any new shoots that may appear. TRELLISES. To prune a vine trained on trellises or espali- ers, or walls, you untie and loosen from the trellis all the younger branches, leaving the older and principal branches attached. Then cut off all the dead wood, knots, little stumps, useless twigs, &c. and remove dead leaves, cobwebs, snails, insects' nests, &c. The best way of training a vine, is to stretch out its two princij)al hmbs, like arms, hor- izontally, to the right and lefl, about a foot from tiie ground. This, I will suppose, has been done in former years, and that the vine remains divided in that way. You will permit each of these arms to advance, every year, from three to six Vfll.VIL— No.40. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 315 feet, according to the strength of the viue, and you will prune to the proper length, accordingly, the extreme or leading shoots. If those shoots, or one of them, should he killed or materially injur- ed, suppress the failing one entirely, and cut off the principal hranch itself, where it affords the next shoot, thereby making the latter the leading one. On each of these principal branches, or arms, retain a row of upward shoots at the dis- tance of about a foot from each other, each of which prune to three, four, or five buds, according to circumstances. Those that are very strong and spring from a vigorous plant, may have a side- shoot also left upon them, and sometimes two, one upon each side, with one or two buds each. All the upward shoots, between these that are to be left at a foot's distance, must be cut off, as also all downward and lateral shoots. The same rules for trimming apply to trained vines as to staked ones. If the espalier, trellis, or wall, be long and high, and there be several vines planted against it, each must be trained in the manner just prescribed. — But that they may not interfere with one another, they need not be permitted to spread so much.' It will be necessary, also, to give ther different degrees of elevation, so that they may be one above another in stories, as it were, and thus each perform its part in covering the trellis. ORCHARDS. During the spring months of past years, our fair State has been overrun with a troop of stroll- ers, the lineal descendants of the pedlars of hick- ory nutmegs and pine pumpkin seeds, with a cara- van of fruit tree sprouts, and a cart-load of wax, turpentine, and tallow, professing skill in the mys- tery of engrafting. When the invaders fastened upon an orchard their ravages have been more in- jurious than the depredations of all insect enemies of the cultivator. Saw, hatchet, and knife, were busy in the extermination of tree-top and trunk, until the apple groves became as bare of green leaves as if a combined incursion of cankerworms and locusts had wasted their verdure. Then the marauders mounted their long tailed steeds, and disappeared to the Green Mountains, leaving the employer at a loss which to admire most, the ex- tent of their devastations, or the apparent disinter- estedness of their operations. On the latter point, all uncertainty was removed when the itinerant pruners reappeared with the closing sunmicr to take the census of sticks, and enter into computa- tion of costs swelling to a pleasant aggregate of dollars. The operation of engrafting, although one of the most curious, is aiiiong the simplest operations of art. Slight observation and experience will give to any one who can use a knife and saw sufficient skill to perform the process, with his own hand. By entrusting the safety of the or- chard to the itinerants who swarm over the coun- try, the life of the tree is risked, and the value of the productions, if it survive the terrible amputa- tion, endangered. If the leisure or inchnation of the farmer do not permit his own practice, it were bester to enijjloy those whose skill or fidelity was more known than that of wandering strangers. Without intending to trespass on the hereditary territories of the sages of the almanac, we would venture to note that the present month is the prop- er season for the insertion of scions. Experience has shown that the operation may be most suc- cessfully performed by allowing the stock to have the advantage in progress of vegetation over the graft. Being gathered several weeks before they are to be used, the buds are checked in their ad- vance, and are ready to swell when inserted at a period when the circulation is active. It is direct- ed that they should be taken from the growth of the preceding summer, on the outside horizontal branches of healthy bearing trees. These are pre- ferred, as the shoots are less likely to run to wood than those cut from the ascending and central branches, and they become the best bearers and produce the truest specimens of the parent fruit. In cutting from decaying trees, the central shoots, however, are to be preferred as retaining most vigor. A mode of engrafting has been practised which is said to be easier and much more successful than the method of operation in common use. The stock is cut into a v/edgelike form, having the sides approaching by a gradual and regular slope: the scion is spht up and each half thinned with the knife to a tongue shape — it is next placed on the wedge, embracing it on each side, and the in- ner bark made to meet. It may then be secured by bandages and surrounded with clay. The ad- vantages of this method are the great certainty of the operation, the quick joining of the graft to the stock, and the perfect union which scarcely leave a scar to mark the point of contact after a few years have passed. — Worcester Mgis. From the Hampshire Gazelle. HEMP. By the report of the Commissioners of the Navy to Congress, on the subject of Hemp, it appears that exijcriments have been made to ascertain the quality of American water-rotted hemp, compared with Russian hemp. The American hemp, before spun into yarn, was found the strongest, and after made into cordage and tested on board of ships, its strength and durability were ascertained to be fully equal to cordage made of Russian hemp sim- ilarly exposed, and if there is any difference be- tween the best American and the best Russian water-rotted hemp, when brought to our market, the Commissioners unhesitatingly say it is in favor of the former. The Commissioners say, they never have entertained a doubt of American water-rotted hemp being equal to Russian hemp. Cordage made of American dew-rotted hemp, after a year's wear, was found inferior to Russia rope, which had been used the sanie length of time. One reason why American hemp has been es- teemed inferior to the Russian arises from the im- perfect mode of curing. The gummy or glutinous substance not being sufficiently cleared away, the tar does not penetrate the fibres equally, and by use the cordage is liable to become loose and spongy. But it is conlidently believed that hemp, dressed by the Hemp and Flax Machine, and after- wards immersed in water and exposed to the ac- tion of frost, will be free from the gluten complain- ed of. Hemp is considered a very hardy plant, resists drought and severe frost, is easier cultivated, less exhausting, and more profitable than many other vegetable crops. It may be grown year after year on the same ground, well manured, and has been cropped from the same ground in England seventy years in succession. The usual quantity of seed sown on an acre of middling laud should be two bushels to the acre, and on very rich ground three bushels. Early sowing renders the coat heavier and stronger, the growth being early shades the soil and preserves the moisture. The seed, having been sown as even as possible, should ho well harrowed, and a roller or bush passed over to smooth and level the ground, so that the hemp may be cut close to the roots. When sown ■jarly it may be cut about the first of August ; the time will be indicated by the blossom stalks be- coming yellow-spotted, and dropping the leaves ; and when the wind is still, a cloud of dust from the blossom stalks or male hemp will be seen to hang over the field. If allowed to stand longer, the stalks of the male hemp wither, become dark colored, and the coat will be of little value. The way to secure seed for the succeeding year, is to sow a patch thinly for that purpose, at the rate of half to three-fourths of a bushel to the acre, but the better way is to sow in drills or rows. Cut- ting is preferable to pulling ; a man will cut from half to an acre per day, but can pull only about one-fourth of an acre ; and cut hemp will bring more by the ton than pulled. In gathering the hemp, it should be sorted into long and short. — Fine and sofi: hemp is the best ; the American is frequently the reverse, owing to the seed being sown too sparingly. It is said that the usual mode of water-rotting on Connecticut River is very imperfect. It is found that the crop of hemp varies accord- ing to the richness of the soil, quantity of seed sown, gathering, rotting, and dressing. Some es- timate an average crop per acre by water-rotting, in America at 400 lbs. (others say from 500 to 800 lbs.) in England 650 lbs., in Russia 500 lbs., but it is acknowledged that hemp dressed by the improved machines, yields a much larger quantity. Let not Children be Rocked. — A foreign writer finds fault with the prevalent practice of rocking children, and considers it as the cause of many diseases. He asks, and with much reason " When the human offspring first begins to make use of its faculties, and to give proof of its being sensible to existence, even should this be done by infantine cries, is it right to stop those cries and to prevent its paying that tribute to nature ? The rocking of the cradle brings on sleep only through the stupor it produces on the senses. Such a motion cannot but offend the delicate fibres of the brain of an infant, injure his digestion, sour the milk from which it derives its nourishment, and turns it into curds." Physic for a Horse. — A friend informs that the herb called Motherwort, is an excellent cathar- tic for the horse. A strong decoction may bo made and mixed with Indian meal, or given with a horn or other means, if the horse will not eat tlic meal when mixed with the decoction. It is an excellent remedy against worms in horses, as our informant has verified by experience. Sick Headach. — A teasjioonlul of finely powder- ed charcoal, drank in half a tumbler of water, will in less than fifteen minutes give relief to the sick headach, when caused by a superabundance of acid on tl;e stomach. — JVewhiinjport Herald. Hops. — The young shoots when three or four inches in height, are sometimes boiled like aspara- gus, and said to be little inferior. 816 * NEW ENGLAND FARMER, April 24, 1829. From the New York Farmrr. The Climate of the Middle States compared with that of Great Britain, in reference to the productions of Horticulture. By J. Uuel, Es(i. Tlie Middle States embrace a latitude of five degrees, from 38° to 43°. Euglaiid is comprised ill about the same extent of latitude, from the j British Channel, in 50°, to the Scottish Border, in j 55°. There is, therefore, between the two coun- 1 tries, a differeuce in latitude of twelve degrees. — I Local causes condiine, however, to render the dif- [ ference in climate, far less than the difference of, latitude would seem to indicate. Great Britain is an Island, surrounded by the ocean, the tempera- ture of which never being below 32°, serves much to mitigate the severity of the cold which ! is experienced in corresponding latitudes upon ' Continents. The same cause contributes materi- ally to moderate the heats of summer, and to ren- der the an- humid at all seasons. The extremes , of heat in summer, and cold in winter, consequent- ly, are much less severe in England, than in the Middle States, taking the months of vegetation, from the first of April, to the first of November, the mean heat in the Middle States, may be twelve degrees greater than in England ; of the summer months, June, July, and August, eighteen degrees greater ; while the mean tem|)erature of the win- ter months is probably fifteen degrees colder here than in England. These estimates are conjectur- al, Bot having data to render them accurate. In testing the adaptation of the climates of the two countries to the various productions of the garden, I shall assume as a general rule, what I believe will not be denied, that plants flourish best, and most fully develope their valuable properties in the temperature and soil in which they were originally jdanted by the hand of nature, and that they deteriorate in proportion as they are removed from their native location. " The American and African plants, saj's Macphail, (Gard.'s Remem- brancer, p. 54,) which are said to be famous in medicine when of the growth of their native soils, yet when they are removed and brought into our climate, (England) though they grow, and even produce their flowers, and ripen their fruit, which is the last jierfection of a plant, when put to trial, it is said by skilful men, they have always been liuind to want their mediciiuil virtues.'' Heat is - as necessary an ag mt in jierfecting the fine flavor ; of American and African fruits, as it is in maturing rJie medicinal virtues of their jilants. Hence, in ' cultivating the fruits of warmer clunates, the Eng- lish gardener is obliged to resort to artificial and ! expensive means to supply the nece.«sary heat ; ' and as these means can only be afforded by the j atti'iient, (he great mass of the English people are necessarily precluded from many vegetable pro- , (luctions whicli rifien here in the open ground.s, } and which are common to oiu- gardens. This will more fully appear in the comparison, which I am about to make of the mode of culture in the two countries, of some of the most piominent products of the garden. I will begin with The Jpplc, which, though not strictly a garden production, is one of the most abundant and val- uable fruits in comiiiun use. The apple tree, if not indigenous, has become naturalized to both i-ountries, and grows in the Orkneys as well as on the St Lawrence. The varieties are many, and differ in their habits somewhat, according to the tlioiates in which they originate. The splendid Alexander from Russia, and the beautiful little Crab, from Siberia, grow and produce well, both in England and America ; while the Mala Carla, a native of Italy, an apple of high repute, it is thought will not matiue its fruit in England, and the experiment remains to be made with what success it can be cultivated in the Middle States. In Latitude 42° 40' its growth is very little be- fore midsummer, when it becomes strong and vig- orous. The beneficial influence of a dry and hot temperature in maturing the generality, and par- ticularly the higher flavored varieties of this fruit, seems to be generally admitted. In any climate, or in any neighborhood, the juices of the fruit be- come more concentrated and refined in a dry and warm location, than in one which is hunjid and cool. The best ciders come from orchards situat- ed upon dry and hilly lands. Accurate experi- ments, I think, would demonstrate, that the Must of the same apple, say of the Styre or Downton Pippin, is richer in saccharine matter when grown in the Middle States, than when grown in Britain. I have frequently been told by Europeans, and among others by Mr Douglass, the Collector of the London Iloiticultural Society, that our apples greatly excel those of Efigland ; and this is con- firmed by the high price which the former bear in the English Market. Loudon's Gardener's Magazine for March, mentions the importation of a large supply of Newtown Pippins which arrived in bad order, but the best of which, however, sold at 2.S. and 3s. per dozen, equal to four and five cents the apple. Some of the finer kinds do not ripen well in the north of England. That either the quantity or quality of this fruit is deficient there, is evidenced by the vast importations from Ameri- ca and France. Salisbury estimated that there were 40,000 bushels of French apples, at onetime in and about Covent Garden Market. I have never heard that apples are cxpoHed from Eng- land. The Pear. — All the kinds that grow in England, are believed to do equally well in the Middle i States ; while many varieties which mature their fruit well here in the open grounds, in England require the aid of expensive walls of stone or brick. ! " To bring the finer sorts of pears to perfection in this country, (England) says Macphail, they re- quire to be planted in a border close to a high wall, and to have their branches trained against tlie side of it, about nine or ten inches apart." — (Gardener's Remembrancer.) The Peach. — Persia is supposed to be the orig- inal country of the peach, which lies in 30° to 40° north Latitude, and whose climate is some- what similar to that of our Southern States " The best peaches in Europe are grown at pres- ent in Italy, (Lat. 40 to 45°) and next may be cited those of Montreuil, near Paris, (L. 48.) In England there are but two sorts that come to tol- erable perfection inUhe open air,"(Eiic. of Gar. p. 799.) Macphail makes a like remark, (page 13,) i and affirms, that the peach can only be brought' to perfection by wails, glass frames, or peach- 1 houses. With us the poach grows freely and j matures its fruit in the open air; and the earlier varieties, which ripen during the heats of August, ' attain to as high perfection at Albany and Bos- ton, as at Philadelphia and Baltimore. 1 The .Yectarine. — The remarks I have made in I regard to the peach, apply equally to this fruit. — ! It grows freely with us, but the fruit is very liablS to rot on the tree ere it is ripe. Managed as wall fruit, as it is in England, it might succeed belter ; though Loudon observes, that it suffers much more from insects, than the peach, and requires greater attention. The .flpiicot. — This tree is said to be natural in Asia, b^-tween the 40th and 46th deg. of north Latitude. The Breda and Brussels are occasion- ally planted in England, Loudon tells us, as stand- arils or esjialiers, in warm situations ; and in these States, in fine seasons, produce more highly fla- vored -fruits than when on walls. The other va- rieties are generally planted against walls, (Euc. of Gar. ]). 808.) The stamlard trees do not come into bearing, says Abercronibie, sometimes under ten or twelve years ; hut then the fruit, in a con- genial situation, is abtmdant and of the finest fla- vor. The apricot thrives here where the peach does, and no artificial means are used to ripen its fruit. It fruits when young, but is a shy bearer until it acquires age. The Plum, was originally brought from Syria, (Latitude 30 to 35) to Greece, and thence to Italy. Varieties of this fruit are also indigenous in high- er Latitudes, and are found growing wild, in the hedges of England, and the woods and fields of America. Like the apple, the varieties of the plum seem adapted to different climates and Lat- itudes. In England, " the plum is cultivated like other indigenous fruit trees ; the hardier sorts as standards, and the finer varieties against walls." (Eiic. of Gardening, p. 812.) With us the plum, in all its varieties, succeeds well without any arti- ficial aid, and perhaps it does not attain higher per- fection in any part of the world than in the vicin- ity of Albany. It may be remarked, that none of the fruits which I have enumerated are trained upon walls in the Middle States, the climate being sufficiently warm to mature the fruit in an open exposure. The peach is occasionally grown in houses to ensure an early crop of fruit. The Cherry, of the cultivated varieties, came first from Pontus, (Lat. 40 to 42°,) on the southern border of the Euxine. It is a hardy tree, and perfects its fruit both in England and the United States. In the former it is often trained to a wall ; yet most kinds, we are told by Loudon, do well as standards. The Gooseherry grows wild in Piedmont, (Lat. 46 to 47°,) and in America as far north as 68°. — It has been greatly improved by culture in Great Britain, and I believe by artificial varieties ; and we are indebted to that country for all the fine kinds at present cultivated in our gardens. This fruit is grown to greater size, and in finer perfec- tion in Britain, than in America ; and I think the former has deciatch is to an Irish cottager. The cabbage, in its varieties, therefore, occupies a large portion of an English kitchen garden, at least an eighth of the open quarters, according to Loudon. With the exception of the good people of Bergen, our countrymen are not celebrated for raising great quantities of this vegetable. The cauliflower and broccoli are of but comparative modern culture among us ; but they promise to furnish a cheap and constant delicacy for our ta- bles. I will make a remark here which will ap- ply to most of the garden products of the two countries ; the period of culture is longer in Great Britain than iti America, and of course involves more labor and expense. Thus for the early sum- mer crops of cabbage, the seed is sown in Eng- land in Sept., the plants subsequently ])ricked out, and protected during the winter ; and for the au- tumnal crop, it is sown in February and March. While with ns, the seeds of the early kinds, are sown in Biarch and April, and those for the main crop, the last of May and first of June. The Bean forms an important article of sum- mer diet in both countries ; but the varieties cul- tivated are very different. In England the culti- vation is principally confined to the Broad Pods, ( Vicia Faba) siivh as the Windsor, &c. and to some of the hardier Dwarf Kidneys. With us the Dwarf Kidneys are preferred to the Vicia Faba, and both give precedence to some of the runners, particularly to the Lima, which is esteemed above all others, and which, I believe, is not attempted to be cultivated in England, and certainly cannot come to maturity in that climate. The Pea, Beet, Carrot, Parsnip, Onion, Salad, ami many other esculents, are common to the gar- dens of both countries, and I will not pretend to j the gooseberry in this neighborhood, being stimu- say in which they succeed the best, under the like lated thereto either by a spirit of emulation, or the of the bean, (phaseolus,) the onion, squash, pump- kin, tomato, water melon, sweet potatoes, okra, egg plant, and pepper, than the climate of England is ; that on the other hand, the gooseberry, cauli- flower, cabbage, and broccoli, thrive best in the cliniate of tiie latter. For other productions of the garden, I do not know that there is any ma* terial preference to be given to either. From Luudon's Gardeuer's Magazine. On the great Height to which the Culture of tht Goostbejry has arrived, with some remarks on their different Peculiarities. By iVlr Joseph Clarkson. Sir — One of the most surprising subjects in modern gardening is the improvement which has taken jilace in fruit during the last fifty years, es- pecially in that of the gooseberry. By consulting the gooseberry-growers and their records, 1 find that the heaviest berries at the conunencement of the above period seldom exceeded 10 dwts. It was about that time that people began to cultivate culture. I have noticed a remark of Mr Knight'.s, that the onion is of less size in England than in Spain and Portugal ; and he makes a suggestion, that the Pennsylvania practice would be an im- provement in the English culture, \iz. to plant the second season the small bulbs which form the first. This practice is not known in the State of New York, where the prevalent fear is that the onion will grow too large in one season. There are several other garden jjroductions which enter somewhat extensively into our com- mon diet, that the natural climate of England can- not produce, and which are there consequently limited in their cuUure and use. Of this class is the water melon, tomato, pepper, okra, sweet po- tato, pumpkin, squash, egg plant, maize, &c. The superiority of our climate for these productions, over that of England, is unquestionable. There is another consideration entitled to weight value of the prizes. The perfection of gooseberry fruit owes noth- ing to men of scientific knowledge, being cultivat- ed scarcely by any but the lowest and most illiter- ate part of society, at least in this neighborhood ; but, by continued experience, and perseverance in growing and raising new sorts, they have brought the fruit from 10 to upwards of 30 dwts., and that, too, under the greatest disadvantages, not having the privilege of soil, manure, situation, fec^ like the gardeners of their more wealthy neigh- bors, but oftentimes limited to a few yards of land, either shaded by trees, confined by buildings, or exposed to the most unfavorable winds, and so barren that they have frequently to carry on theil shoulders a considerable way the soil in which the plants are to be set ; yet so resolute are they in overcoming every obstacle, and so successfully in- genious in assisting nature in her efforts, that in settling the question at issue. TTie amount of l they are enabled to produce fruit surprisingly labor required in the two countries to bring the pj-o ducts of a garden to a state of maturity. In the Middle States, gardening is a business, in general, of six or seven, and in no case more than nine months, in a year ; in England it seems to form a continuous round of employment. Our sununer heats accelerate the growth and maturity of gar- den vegetables, with ordinary labor ; while it is necessarj', to produce the like results in England, to aid the climate by protracted and expensive op- erations. We have very little occasion for the ar- tificial soils, forcing pits, fruit walls, and grape and peach houses, which occupy most of the Eng- lish books upon horticulture. The finest produc- large. I have made inquiry of the oldest growers I could meet with, some of whom are upwards of eighty years of age, but I have not been able to ascertain the time when, nor the place where, the improvement of gooseberry fruit first commenced. I have met with lists of several meetings which took place in 1786, in which I find the fi-uit di- vided into four classes, red, yellow, green, and white ; each class containing four sorts, making sixteen sorts at one meeting, no one sort being al- lowed to win more than one prize at the same show. The classification of the fruit, the number of meetings held at different places, and the vari- tions of the garden are within the reach of our ely of sorts cuhivated at the above time, suflicient- most ordinary farmers, and mechanics. And yet , ly piove that meetings must have been held for we cannot withhold from our parent country, our admiration of her successful efforts to remedy the defects of her climate. Science, hidustry, and perseverance, have combined to elevate her horti- cultural character above that of any other nation. VVe have learnt much from her excellent example, and there is ample room for us to profit further by it. From the foregoing considerations and facts, I am induced to believe, that the climate of the Middle States is better adapted to the culture of tte apple, pear, peach, plum, nectarine, apricot. cxlubiting the fruit several years before. Tlie attention of the growers was early directed to the raising of new sorts, being encouraged thereto by the liberal price given for each sort that was deeined to be a large one, all other prop- erties being of a secondary nature ; so that we are now furnished witli an extcMisive variety, pos- sessing excellei.t qualities, both for size, quantity, beauty, and flavi r. I would here observe, for the information of those who have no experience in gooseberry-growing, nor any knowledge of the peculiarities of the diflerent sorts, and there is con- grape, cucumber, and melon; the finer varieties jsiderable latitude in the properties of this excellent 318 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, April -24, 182^. fruit, some sorts being remarkable for tlieir large size, such are the Roaring Lion and Eagle ; oth- ers, again, are remarkable for tlieir beauty, such are the Lancashire Lad, Top Sawyer, Rockwood, Sovereign, Bonny Lass, and others ; some, again, are remarkable for their rich flavor, and others for producing large quantities ; some sorts have their fruit large very early, while others are small until nearly ripe ; some, again, bear large bei lies, but only a few of them, while other sorts bear both large and numerous berries ; some sorts are ripe early, as Top Sa'wyer, Huntsman, Rockwood, &c. ; some, again, continue to grow much longer than others before they are ripe, such are the Printer, Duckwing, and several more. Now, unless a per- son knows the names and peculiarities of the dif- ferent sorts of gooseberries, he is not hkely, when he gives an order for plants, to be suited accord- ing to his wish, as there are several sorts not worth growing. I am sir, &c. JOSEPH CLARKSON. Blackley, near Manchester. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, APRIL~24, 1829. NOTICE. A special meeting of the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society, will be held on Tuesday, 28th inst, at 11 o'clock, A. M. at the office of Zebedee Cook, Jr, in Congress street. R. L. EBIMONS, Record; g SecSj. NOTICE. The Board of Counsellors of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society are hereby notified that their meeting stands adjourned to Tuesday, the 28th inst, at 12 o'clock, A. M., then to bo holden at the oflBce of Zebedee Cook, Jr, in Congress street. R. L. EMMONS, Record'g SecY THE LATE MR WEBSTER. The notices of the untimely decease of this good and eminent man, which have appeared in our newsjiapers, are already before our readers ; and we can add nothing of importance respecting this melancholy subject. We are not willing, how- ever, that our columns should be destitute of some testimonial of regard for a man whose merits were so conspicuous, and whose loss is so greatly and so widely deplored. In the afternoon of the 10th inst, the Hon. EzEKiEL Webster, while addressing a Jury, in the Court House, in Concord, N. H. with every appearance of full health, and that ability for which he was justly distinguished, fell deprived of sensation and of life. To give an eulogy, or biograjihical sketches of the worthy deceased, is not our province ; but we are happy to perceive that diis duty has been ably performed by the accomplished Editor of the Afic Hampshire Statesman, in that paper of the 18th inst. From this we shall quote a paragraph, which describes some traits in the character of Mr Webster, which agriculturists are more particular- ly called on to imitate. " lie was a practical and skilful farmer. Living in the country — enthusiastically attached to the healthful and virtuous pursuits .f rural life, and the quiet and hr.npiness, and siniiilicity, of domes- tic scenes — he was strongly inclined to he con- cerned in and to cherish tliat £,veat interest, whicli was the priucijial concern of l;i:i neighbors, the cultivation of the soil. He was the most active founder, a very efficient member, and subsequent- ly the President of the 3Ierrimack Agricultural Society — the associates of which will deeply feel and lament his loss. By exciting attention, in his vicinity, to improvements in the breed of animals, in fruits, grasses, grains, and the various valuable productions of the earth, and by examples of bet- ter modes of husbandry, in draining, reclaiming, and other agricultural processes, Mr Webster sought to be useful, without regarding the ex- pense to himself of what he foresaw to be ulti- mately serviceable to the farmer and to the com- munity. His own farm, inherited from his father, became, under his care, one of the most improved and best cultivated, as it is one of the most pleas- antly situated and valuable, ifl this county." DISEASE IN PEAR TREES. E. Hunt, Esq. of Northampton, Mass. an intelli- gent horticulturist, has sent us a branch of a Ber- gamot pear tree, bearing the marks of a disease with which we are unacquainted. It is covered with a black coating resembling rust or mildew in wheat, and appears as if it were partly dried, and in a degree scorched and slightly charred by heat. We should be glad to submit this branch to the inspection of connoisseurs in the diseases of veg- etables, and hope thus to ascertain the cause and the remedy of the evil. WEB WORM. In our paper of the lOtli inst, page 299, we published remarks respecting an insect on fruit trees, called the Webworm, from a correspondent with the signature " P." In this it is advised, when a branch is infested by the insect, to " am- putate the limb and burn it." A friend, who is a cultivator of fruit trees, assures us that it is not necessary to cut off limbs infested with this in- sect ; but that it will answer quite as good a pur- pose to jiluck off and burn the leaves on which it is found. SPRING WORK. FENCES. The first object of a farmer's attention in the spring after the frost is so far removed as to per- mit driving stakes into the ground, should be his fences. This work should be done thoroughly. — An insufficient fence is worse than no fence, be- cause it not only fails to protect your crops, but gives your cattle practical lessons in the art of jumi>ing. When a fiirmer i:- conscious that his fences are such as do not afford full security, he cannot sleep in peace, nor quietly enjoy the fruits of his labors. It is, therefore, better to take a lit- tle extra pains with this part of rural econoni}', and rather exceed than fall short of what a correcl fence viewer might deem indisjicnsable. Post and rail fences, are, probably, more used in New England than any other ; and are, per- hajis, in most cases justly preferred. Mr Preston of Stockport, Pa. recommends to set posts with the top part in the ground ; and asserts that they will, in that situation, last three or four times as long, as when they are set with the butt-ends down. He also advises in making fences always to place the rails with the heart side up. Dr Deanc observed that " the best timber tor rails is cedar : It is easy to split, light to carry and to handle, sufficiently strong, and the most ■hinble of any. A rail of cedar will last an age. Next to cedar, rails of chesnut, white pine, and ash are best. But, for want of better, some use rails of oak. Cedar is also best for the post, in this and in board fence. The locust tree is said to be excellent. But posts of white oak, which in most places are more easily got, will last aboul fifteen or twenty years. If the lower ends of posts are scorched in a hot flame, before they are put into the ground, they will last the longer Also soaking them in sea water will tend to keep them from rotting." EARLV POTATOES. The best time to plant potatoes for winter's use, feeding stock, &c. is said to be about the latter end of May, or the first of June ; but it would be good economy, generally speaking, to plant an early sort on early ground, to feed swine before Indian corn becomes sufficiently grown for that purpose. These should be planted the last of April or beginning of May. Coarse manure answers best for potatoes.— Fallon leaves taken from the woods are recom- raandod by a correspondent of the Bath Society in England. This kind of manure, says the writer, causes potatoes to be much more mealy, and of a finer flavor than when they are produced by the application of ashes or dung. The following judicious observations on this subject are from the 2d volume of " Memoirs of the Board of Agricidture of the State of New York." " Potatoes should be planted the first ten days in May, or a little before the planting of Indian corn. But it is better to postpone the planting of potatoes than of corn. Therefore in the hurry of spring work, farmers often leave their potatoes to be planted in the last week of May. To plant tlieni early will never injure the crop at any season, and if the season happens to be very dry about harvest time, the crop will be much better if plant- ed the first of May. " Seed potatoes should never be cut — one large whole potato is sufficient for a hill. The outside skin of the potato, called the caticle, is the most durable part, and retains the moisture for the use of the young plant, until it is all exhausted. If potatoes are cut the nutritive juice is absorbed in a great measure by the earth. The evil of cut- ting seed potatoes is more manifest on a dry soil than if moist. It is a mistaken opinion that a whole potato is not good, on account of bringing the plants too near together ; for the roots will yield all we seek for, spread in all directions, and fill the hill. " Potatoes, if planted in a sandy or loamy soil will yield one third more, if a table spoonful of plaster be thrown upon the naked potatoes in each hill, after they are covered. " Yard manure is very useful, if laid over the potatoes in each hill, and after an inch of soil has been laid upon them ; and then the hill covered as deep as usual. But if the manure be laid di- rectly upon the seed or under it, a drought will injure the crop. " The most convenient method of raising pota- toes is to plant them about the margin of corn fields. Then a horse may turn upon them, when ploughing among the corn, without injury." The Editor of the Delaware Advertiser, under date of April 2, says that he has received from an agricultural friend, a few hundred Silk Worms, for gratuitous distribution. Vol .Vn.— No. 40. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. OZF VVe have received from Hon. Oliver Fiske, of Wor- cester, for Ihe Massacliusetls Horllcullural Society, a quantity of the seed of the genuine Cuba tobacco, for gratuitous distribu- tion,— Also, from tilr Bartlett, of Newburyport, several scions of Ihe fine Yel/ow Gage Plum, — of the English Pearmain apple,— aail of a fine native Apple, planted by Mr B. 34 years since. Boston, April as, 1019. Scions of Superior Fruits. Just received at the Seed Store, connected with the New England Farmer, No. 52 North Market Street, an extensive collection of scions, of the finest frui ts cultivated in this country, and comprising also many of the superior fruits of Mr Knight and Dr Van Mens. They are all cut from bearing trees, from an extensive fruit garden in this vicinity ; and the utmost reliance can be placed on the genuineness of the sorts, as they are all cut, and packed, personally, by the proprietor. The following comprises a part of the hst : PEARS. Vert Longue, Marie Louise, Forelle, Urbaniste, Fon- dante d'Ete, Capiaumont, Napoleon, Passe Colmar, Har- denpont, Bartlett, Charles d'Autriche, Ambrette, (a fine •winter table pear J Crasanne, Chaumontel, Broca's Ber- gamot, Messire Jean, Seckle, Swan's or Moor Fowl Eg<', Echasserie, Epargne, Green Catharine, Brown Beurrei Virgoleuse, Andrews or Gibson, Jargonelle, Green Chisel' Iron, Dr Hunt's fine baking pear, Beurre de Roi, Rush- more's Bon Cretien, Gansel's Bergamot, Early Junealing &c. *' APPLES. Ribstone Pippin, Priestley, (large sweet) Early Harvest (finest early table apple) Royal, (large and fine) Mary- gold, Hubbardston Nonsuch, Swaar, Imperial Table Ap- ple, (from Germany) Garden, Gardner's Sweeting, Grand Sachem, R. I. Greening, Roxbury Russet, N. Y. Green- ing, Baldwin, GilUflower, &c. The above scions are all well packed in earth, and are for sale in any quantities, distinctly labelled, at 6 cents each April 10 Crockery, Glass, and China Ware. Ephraim B. McLaughlin, 4 Dock Square, has for sale, an elegant assortment of newest patterns in the above line whicli are offered at low prices for cash. Country merchant"! and others are invited to call. eptf mar27 Apple Trees Ofthe first quality, engrafted, labelled, and for sale, from the nursery in FraminghamV illage. J ADAMS April 17 3l Imported Horses. Barefoot, and Cleveland, the two English horses will stand for the season at their stable in Brighton. Barefoot at S25 and Cleveland at glO, with gl for the groom. aM ' A Farm, on a Lease. To let, a valuable Farm in Newton, in a high stale of culti- vation, on liberal terms— apply at this office. a24 3t 319 Household Furniture Cheap. Phoenix Furniture Warehouse, near the Square, Main Street, Charlestown. FOSDICK & CARTER, inform their friends and the pub- lic, that they Imve on hand, and for sale, an extensive assort- ment of Furniture, viz. Bureaus, Secretaries, Beds, Bedsteads, Tables, Chairs, Sofas, Couches, Carpeting, Wash Stands, Brass Fire Sets, Waiters, Knives, Forks, Bellows, and Brushes. — Also, a constant supply of Live Geese and Common Feathers, by the bale or otherwise. Also, they manufacture and keep cunslantly fur sale, a general assortment of Looking Glasses, by wholesale or retail, with almost every article for house keeping, all >■ hich they will sell extremely low for cash. Purchasers are invited to call and examine. P. S. Portrait and Picture Framing, executed in the best manner, and at short notice, as above. 6t Charlestown. April 3, 1829. Large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes and Hawthorns, Sfc. Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, by the ship Camillus, from Gree- nock, and Napoleon, from Liverpool, 15,000 Hawthorns, for live fencing, and about 500 superior Scotch and Lan- cashire Gooseberry Bushes ; — the Hawthorns $5 per thousand ; the Gooseberry Bushes, put up in lots of six roots, of the largest and finest sorts, with names — speci- mens of the fruit, as large as Egg Plums, American growth, from the imported roots, in sealed bottles, may be seen at the store— price $1 50 per lot of six roots. Likewise, two barrels of superior fresh Lucerne Seed, warranted ; one cask of large Potato Oats ; and one cask of fine London Split Peas, for culinary purposes. For Sale, A valuable Real Estate in Milton, 9 miles from Boston, on the road leading from Boston to 'Taunton, Bridgewater, and New Bedford, containing upwards of 200 acres of the variety of lands and fruits suitable for a good farm, well watered, with good substantial buildings. Said farm is calculated to suit a gentleman of taste, or an enterprising young man for a milk establishment, being an excellent grass farm. The purchaser may have, including the build- ings, from 100 acres to the whole. As the above described property contains a large portion of valuable wood land, the purchaser may be accoinmodated with more or less of that part. The place will be sold at a fair price, with or without a very valuable stock and farming utensils. Also, for sale, or to be let, opposite the above named premises, a large, convenient Dwelling House, with a good Bake House and out buildings, very pleasantly situ- ated for a country seat or a good stand for a store or country baking, with as much land as may be wanted for the accommodation of the same. For further information, inquire ofthe Editor, of Parker H. Pierce No. 95 State street, of Nathaniel Blake at Indian Queen Tavern, Brom- field street, of A. M. Withington, Roxbury, or Nathan- iel Tucker on the premises. April 10 (f This very elegant, full Roman. blooded horse, imported with a hope of improving the breed, will stand this season at the farm of Mr Stephen Williams, in Norlhborough, County of Worcester, where some of his stock may be seen. Roman was purchased in England ofthe Earl of Warwick and his pedigree has been traced in the New Market Studbook from Childers, the swiftest horse that ever run over New Mar- ket course, through eight (renorations ofthe highest bred horses and mares in England without a single cross of inferior blood. At 4 years old he won 5, and at 5 years old he won 4 prizes,' and lias since beat some of the fleetest horses in England, over the most celebrated courses. His color a very bright bay— black legs, mane and tail- walks and trots well — is very good tempered — high spirited active— 15 1-2 hands high, and is considered by judges as handsome and well formed a horse as can be found in the coun- try. Mares have been repeatedly sent to him from Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, as well as from the remote counties in this Slate, and the neighboring towns, and his colts are hand- some and command high prices. Terms— JJ20 the season, to be paid before the mares are taken away. Northborough, Mass, April, 1829. Fruit Trees, $fc. N. DAVENPORT has for sale, at his Nursery in MU- ton, a large collection of Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Green House Plants, kc. His collection of Peach, Plum, and Almond Trees, he considers not excelled in this vicinity : and the collection of other fruits is good. Orders sent to his Nursery in Milton, or left with J. B. Russell, at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52, North Market street, Boston, where a list of the trees can be seen, will be executed at the customary prices. ep6w PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. Farm for Sale In the town of Scituale, 18 miles from Boston, and the same from Plymouth. It is pleasantly situated on the Mail road.— Contains about 30 acres otgood land, partly wood a two story House, and out buildings, and will be sold at the low price of aI200, if applied for soon. More land can be had in the im- mediate vicinity, if wanted. Apply to John Collamore, Esq. near the premises, or the subscriber in Pembroke ^* 3' HORACE COLLAMORE. Benjamin Poor if Co. Importers and wholesale dealers in Woollen, Linen Cotton and Silk Goods, No. 160 Pearl St, New York. ' N. B. Merchants ordering goods from New York, or selcct- mg them, have a decided advantage of those purchasing inoth- ercities- inasmuch as the variety is greater, and the facilities of .mporling and also of forwarding by the numerous lines of well regulated Packets to all ports ofthe U. S., enables them to receive the latest fashions, and at very short notice. 2t a24 Red and White Clover Seed. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, 5000 lbs. Red Clover Seed, 500 lbs. Dutch White Honeysuckle Clover, (imported.) Also, Herd's Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, Lucerne, Foul Meadow, Hemp and Flax Seed, &c, &c. March 27 tf Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. toTi"^ ''^.^ received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, 20 bushels of Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed, at g2,50 per bushel. Sweet Potato Slips, Cauliflower Plants, S,-c. Just received at the Seed Store connected with the New England Farmer, No. 62 North Market Street A few bushels Carolina, or Sweet Potato Slips, for [,laM- Aiso, Early Cauliflower Plants MSi,OOpevm,m fine or- hundred '' ""^ ^'^ Calbage plants, 75 cents per V„,^H?» r^R,^K°'l' V° * >'«?",°'^. ■75 «nts to one dollar ppr hundred. Rhubarb Roots-the large Dutch Currant Bushes one dollar per dozen. Grape Vines, Hawthorns, &c &c Any ofthe above roots that may require it, will be well packed in moss, to ensure safety in their transportation. '^ tf Wanted to Hire, To the 1st Nov. a middle aged woman from the country, to do the work of a family about eleven miles from Boston, where other help is kept. Plain cooking, washing, and the care of a small dairy, will be required, and to a steady, industrious per- son, good wages will be given— no other need appl^' to Mr J B Russell, at the New England Farmer office. North Market street. Early Potatoes, Sfc. Just received at the Seed Store, connected with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market Street, Boston, several barrels Early English Frame Potatoes ; also, Chenango, and the true English Kidney Potatoes- several varieties of tlie finest Field Corn for pla.iting— Asparagus Roots, 75 cents per iW. in fine order for transplanting. French Grapes. .4 few bundles first quality Vines, for sale at COPEI AND'R POWDER STORE, 65 Broad St. ^"^-J^LAND b Also POWDER, SHOT, BALLS, FLINTS, &c as usual at wholesale and retail, on the most favorable terms ' April 17 4t APPLES, best, - - - barrel. ASHES, pot, first sort, - - - ton. Pearl, first sort, - BEANS, white, - - - bushel BEEF, mess, - - barrel. Cargo, No. 1 , Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, inspected. No. 1, now, pound, CHEESE, new milk. Skimmed milk, FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - barrel. Genesee, - . - Rye, best, - . . GRAIN, Com, .... bushel, Rye, Barley, Oats, HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, . pound LIME, cask PLAISTER PARIS retails al - ton. FORK, clear, - . . barrel Navy, mess, Cargo, No. 1, - . SEEDS, Herd's Grass, . . bushel. Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, - Rye Grass, Tall Meadow Oats Grass, • Red Top .... Lucerne, ... - peund. White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Beet, . Mangel Wurlzel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - Merino, full blood, unwashed. Merino, three fourths washed. Merino, half &, quarter washed, Native, washed, - - - Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, - Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. Pulled, " spinning, first sort. PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVKHV WEEK BV MR. HilWARD, fCte^i of Faneuil-hall Market.) FROM 1 TO 2 00 1 2 SO ,25 00 130 00 .25 00 130 GO 1 OC 1 37 iO Ot 10 50 y OC 9 SO 8 00 8 SO 14 16 7 9 2 3 8 75 9 00 8 75 9 00 63 U m 6S 67 35 38 9 85 90 3 50 16 00 16 50 13 00 13 50 13 00 13 23 200 3 OO 3 09 400 2 50 62 1 OO 50 50 7 8 1 60 1 50 35 ♦4 22 26 30 35 28 33 25 28 37 41 25 30 30 33 BEEF, best pieces, PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL. - - - MUTTON, - . . . POULTRY, - - . . BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lumtv, best, EGGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - Indian, retail, POTATOS, - - CIDER, [according to quality,] pound. 10 •' 7 ti 5 " e " 4 It 8 n 14 dozen. 12 bushel. barrel. 2-00 12 1-2 10 7 12 l2 14 20 £0 16 1 00 70 80 2 50 220 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. April 24, 1829. MISCELLANIES. FOR THE WEW KNGLAWD FARMER. SINGULAR FACTS. Some few years since, a young gentleman of Massachusetts, Mr S— , then a student at College, happened in company with a young lady ; the con- sequence was a mutual affection took place. Each was conscious of the deep rooted passion, but neither knew the sentiments or affection of the other. Mr S— being at that time under no cir- cumstances to marry, thought not proper to pursue his inclination, or reveal his affection to the lady. She, on her part, not imagining that Mr S — had an affection corresponding to that of her's and not exiiecling ever to be addressed by him, was court- ed by Mr B— , and shortly afterwards engaged to marry him : — They were published, and the time for marriage appointed. The lady happened to have her nuptial suit making near where Mr S — ■was — he fell in company with her again, and un- derstanding that she was on l\\e point of marriage, let her know, that it had been his design ever since his first acquaintance with her, to offer him- self to her in marriage, as soon as his circum- stances would admit. She asked him whether he was sincere in what he said — he assured her he was, and that he had an affection for her from the first time he saw her, which, instead of being lessened by time, was increased. Hereupon she frankly owned to him, that from that time she had to the present moment an affection for him, and that had she known that he had a similar one for her, she never should have admitted the addresses of Mr B — , nuich less have made him a promise of marriage. But what could they do ? The day appointed for the marriage ceremony was near at hand. All was consternation. However, on consultation, they agreed that Mr S — should go and state the affair to the father of the lady. He rode with the speed of a post, found the old gen- tleman at home, and opened the case to him without delay. He had scarcely ended when Mr B entered the house. Afier coinphments, the old gentleman informed Mr B — of the errand of Mr S . Upon which, they both requested the old gentleman's advice in the matter. He told them the ease was new, unexpected, and surpris- ing to him ; he knew not what to say ; tliat at present he could give no other advice than that they should both go to his daughter, and that they should there endeavor to settle the matter amica- bly among themselves. The young gentlemen then set out together to visit the lady, on this all important business. The one could, with pro- priety, claim Iw solemn promise, the other by pre- vious affection. On the whole, tlicy agreeii that Mr B — should vi.sit her first, and that Mr S — should come at a time'dgreed. The<«ader is left to judge of tlie anxiety in the minds of Mr B — and the lady at their interview, and of Mr S — in his absence, when minutes moved on with tlie pace 9f a snail. Mr S — waited impatiently tor the apiiointed moment, and then attended. .The lady told Mr B — that as she had proceeded so far, if he insisted on .her being married to him, she should not refuse : But at the same time told him, .that Mr S — had a greater share in her af- fections than he had. Mr B— had more good sense than to insist on her giving him her hand. whan Mr S — had her heart. Mr B — returned home (tud shook off the effects at' the disapjioitit- ment. Mr S— married the lady and lived hap- pily. But mark the sequel— Mr B — and the sis- ter of Mr S— being on a distant visit, chanced to meet, began an acquaintance which issued in their marriage. They all lived in perfect harmony — and Mr B — in his humor, often said, that he had a wife as much better than the other, as she had a husband better than himself Remains of the Mammoth.— Oo Saturday two tusks of the Mammoth brought home by Captain Beech, were exhibited, and described to the Wer- nerian Society, by Professor Jameson. They are in fine preservation, and not bent in one direc- tion, but twisted spirally, like the horns of some species of cows. The smallest, which is quite entire, is 9 feet 9 inches in length ; the largest, which wants a small part of the point, must have measured originally twelve feet. Judging from analogy. Professor Jameson stated, that the Mam- moth to which the largest belonged, must have been 15 or 16 feet high, and consequently larger than the elephant, which is an animal of the same species. They were found on the west coast of America, near Behring's Straits, at Escholz Bay, latitude 66, in a very remarkable bluff, which has been described by Kotzebue. The bluff" has a covering of earth and grass, but Kotzebue, while encamped on it, having cut through the surface for some purpose, was surprised to find, that what he took for a portion of terra firma, was in reality a mountain of ice, a hundred feet in height above the water, but attached to the land as such ice- bergs generally are. This discovery led to anoth- er still more interesting. It was found that this mass of ice had imbedded in it a vast mimber of the tusks, teeth, and bones of the Mammoth, of which the objects we have described were a part. These remains must have been enclosed in the ice by the same catastrophe that buried the Mam- luolh, which was found entire in a similar envel- ope on the banks of the Lena thirty years ago : and that catastrophe beyond a doubt was no oth- er than the general Deluge, which extinguishei! the race of animals the remains belonged to. The bones, tusks, &c. were numerous, and some parts of the ice near the place where tliey were depos- ited had a smell of decayed animal matter, arising no doid)t trom the decomposition of the flesh. — The tusks are in their natural state, but of two teeth which accompanied them, one seems to be petrified, having doubtless been in contact with stone. The Mammoth seems to have been an in- habitant of nearly the whole northern hemisphere, its teeth or bones having been found on both sides of North America, in Siberia, in England, Scot- land, Italy, and other European countries. The remains, "however, found in Ayrshire, and in vari- 1 ous parts of England, belong to a smaller species than that which furnished these tusks. The Ed- inburgh Museum is indebted for these valuable relics to Lord Melville, who has never been im- mindful of its interests, when his official station enabled him to do it a service. — Scotsman. . Siciness.— Health is certainly more valuable than money, because it is by health that money is procured ; but thousands and millions are of small avail to alleviate the protracted tortures of the gout, to repair the broken organs of sense, or re- suscitate the powers of digestion. Poverty is, in- deed, an evil from which we naturally fly ; but let us not run away from one enemy to another, nor take shelter in the arms of sickness. — Dr Johnson. Kenrick JVurseries in jVewton, near Boston. For sale, at the Kenrick Nurseries, in Newton, an extensive assortment ol Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, White Mulberries, Grape Vines, — Goosebei ry and Currant Bushes, £tc. Also, about 150 varieties of the most ornanienUl hardy trees and shrubs — including nearly 50 superb vaiieties ot hardy ro'^es, comprising white and red moss — single yellow, double do — yellow Austrian— red and yellow Austrian — bbck mottled, sable, Tuscany, and other vaiieties of the blackest roses — Unique White Provence, Sic. Also, Grevh-le Roses, and Wilmot's Superb Strawberries. Jpple Trees of extra sizes— also Flowering Horse Chestntits, and some other sorts. Written orders directed to John or William Ken- rick, Newton, will be received by the daily mail, and promptly attended to— or they may be left at Mr Joseph Biidc;e's Grocery and Seed Store, No. 60, Court street, Boston, where, on application, catalogues will be delivered gratis or, catalogues may be obtained of Mr J. B. Rus- sell, at the New England Farmer office. epSw JVew Vegetable. Just received at the New F.ogland Farmer Seed Slore, 5Z Nonh Market Sireet.asmallquauliiv of Sir John Sinclair's New Beet, from London. This is presumed lo be the firs! seedof Ibis fine vegelahlc, ever brouglil into New England.— For sale in papers ol 12 1-2 cems each, or in larger quaniiUes. Cow for Sale. A fine cow. lialf blooded, Coelcbs breed, is offered for sale at the House of Ijiduslry farm. South Boslon.— Also, a Ihree- fourihs blood Calf. Inquire of WM. STONE, Superimeiidenl. April 3,1829. 4t Fruit Trees. Messrs WINSHIPS respectfully request those of the public who may incline to favor Ihem with their orders the ensuing season, for fiuit and ornamental trees, foncy shrubbery, — herbaceous plants, whether indigenous or ex- otic, to forward their orders immediately, and they will be 'executed with every possible despatch. They also have several hundred genuine Isabella Grope Vines, by the hundred or single plant, with the supeiior Euiopean kinds in ciillivatioii in this country. Letters directed to F. & I. Winship, Brighton. P. S. Asparagus roots from one to four years old. Ot^-All orders left with J. B. Russell, at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, will be executed at the Nursery prices, ai.d the trees delivered in Boston, free of expense for transportation. Brighton, March 11, 1829. Assorted Seeds for Families. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Slore small boxeJ of assorted Seeds lor Kitchen Gardens. Each box contains a packagi; of the fnllovviiig Seeds: Early Washington Peas Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Late Marrowfat Peas Early Mohawk Dwarf siring R.ians China Dwarf string and shell Beans Lima, c.r Saba Pole Beans Lung I'llriod Beet Karly Turnip-rooted Beet Early Yolk Cabliagp Large late Driim'.iead Cabbage Cape Savny Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage {/or pick- ling) Early Horn Carrot Long Orange Carrot White Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Cucumber Early Silesia Lettuce Long Dutch Parsnip Large Cabbage Leituce Long Green Turkey Cucumber Piiie-apple Melon Long, or Round WalermeloB Naslurtium Large While Onion Large Red Onion Curled Parsley Flat Squash Pepper Early Srarlei Sliori-lop Radish While Turnip Radish Salsaly Early Bush Squash Earlv While Duich Turnip While Flat Turnip Yellow Stone Turnip Winter Crook-neck Squash. POT here seeds. Thyme— Sage— Marjorum. The above list, it will he seen, comprises all the common ve- eetables, besides several new varieties of recent inlro.lucl.on, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is "■''r""'^^^ "'.';,« very first qualily. as lo fi e jhness and punly. Each bo.x coniains directions for llie management of the difierent sorts. Price JiJ per box. ^s^^i^^^i^^ 'publ,shcd~eTerv>r'iSV^MT3^er annum, payable at ihe end of the year-hut those who pay wilhinsixtv days from the lime of subscribing, are entilled to a dednction of hliy cents Primed for J."b. Russell, by 1. R. BuTTS--by whom all descriplions of Priming can be executed lo meet 'he wishes of customers. Orde,^ for prmlnig received bv J- «• K^^^^^i" « iat the Agricultural Warehouse No. 32 Nonh Mai kcl Su-eet- i NEW ENCilLrAWD FAMMEM. Published by John B. Russell, at JVo. 52 J^Torth Market Street, (at the Agricultural Ifarehouaej—lHowAS gTfe^^e^ei,, Editor.' VOL. VII. AGRICULTURE. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MAY 1, 1829. No. 41 FOR THE NEW ENGF.AKD FARMKK. GYPSUM, MOISTURE IN PLANTS, &c. Mr Fessenden — In your papt-r of the 2d of January last. No. 24, you Uave given us an excel- i lent essay on the " Use of Gjjpsum in Asfriculture," \ by J. Buel, Esq., written for the ATeic York Farm- ' er ; and to illustrate his opinion as to its absorbent [ and retentive qualities as to moisture, he has given us one of Johnson's tables, exhibiting tlie absorb- ent and retentive powers of diflerent substauces. And, although he has sufficiently demonstrated I that it does not absorb and retain moisture equal I to other manures, and has come to the most rea- 1 sonable conclusions, and given the best advice and j directions as to the use of it, yet it should seem to I have the quality (where the soil is suitable) of procuring moisture to the plant, from the general opinion that crops dressed with it do not suffer so much by drought. And Mr B. himself says that it is not good on moist grounds, but gives another reason why it is not. A gentleman of the Slate of New York, who had been long in the prac'ice of using it, assured me that a field of corn dressed with plaster would have the dew dropping from the leaves of the plants much later in the day tlian one immediately beside it without jKaster, - though in other respects equal, and even when there was but little dew, the first would be loaded ! with it ia the morning, when the other would be ' dry. i Tiiat gentleman, or some other, who has works on philosophy and science to resort to, would, no doubt, be doing a service to us green firmcrs, in general, by informing us also whether they have any other moisture than that wlwch is furnished them by rains and dews, and A-om what depth they are capable of drawing up that moisture, after it has soaked into the earth ? And if they have any and what assistance to draw it up for them after it has settled beneath their roots, at limes when there is no rain.* And whether the water is by any and what means drawn up from the level of the springs which furnish our Wflls to; the surface of the ground, supposing that surface ' be 16 or 20 feet above said springs ? f Or if ^ plants on land, having a clay subsoil, or bo;tom, ' are furnished with any other moisture than that which comes of rain and dews; and whetheisuch soils are the best in general both in wet anl dry seasons ? { A knowledge of these facts vould ' assist to correct or confirm many various ophions respecting soils and situations, breaking ip of ijard pans, &c. Nicholson's Encyclopedia of Arts, Ame-ican edition, under the head of Evaporation, inforns us of some experiments tried in Manchester, Eng-' land, by Mr Dalton and Mr Hoyle, in 1796, o as- certain the quantity of water raised by evajora- tion in a year, and estimates the amount to be rom these experiments from 30 to 35 inches, praluc- e"e beds with the digging and ! the beginning, and so long as the seedlings cannot ploughing necessary for immediate sowing ; and,; have thrown their roots deep ; the second reqmres ation they would have in a state of nature, and perhaps even being in a state of forwanlness ; but in the transitions and vicissitudes of our climate, otherwise so favorable, there is a danger of three untoward cases cold, and late frosts in this experiment of attempting to stock the country with an infinite number of these valuable trees, we think it would be unwise to trust to means of protection, such as mats. bers, could extend these practical and useful rem- 1 those slight .„..„, r>r the - have twigs, dead leaves, dung, chopped stiaw, or the like which can but poorly counterbalance adverse edies, and, in this view of the subject I thought it my duty to recommend them. With great respect I remain. Your obedient servant, ANDRE PARMENTIER. David Hoosack, M. D , President J of the Hort. Society of JVeio York. J INSTRUCTIONS FOR SOWING THE MUL- BERRY SEED. We have often heard it said, that there are White Mulberries enough in the United States, in- digenous or imported, to supply us with seeds, which would be better adapted to the soil and climate than even fresh ones from abroad. We answer that there are no facts on record, in this or any other country, establi^-hiiig that this plant when raised from foreign seeds, is of a quality in- ferior to the same species more anciently import- ed, or supposed indigenous. On the contrary, we Bee that all the silk countries keep up a constant interchange of the jdant, to perfect or improve its varieties, either from seedlings or by grafting. — And also we think it very ([uestionable whether the business of gathering the seeds of the white mulberry, which requires important care and choice, and jireparations, is followed up in any part of the United States, or, if it is, whether enough could be obtained for a whole district, and we be enabled to present to our fellow citizens a chance for more than a million of trees. The seeds we ofl^er, which ajipear uncommonly fine, have been selected from a latitude, which, as a wintry one, is very similar to our own ; and this circumstance does away the only exotic character which niiglit be apprehended. As for the soil required for them, we have saidf that any refuse land, in a farm, which was un- propitions for ordinary sorts of (jroduce, might, it not altogether sterile, be turned into a profitable mulberry orchard. This remark is, however, not applicable to the propagating of the plant for seed- lings. The seed must be sown in some small spot of grouiul possessing every requisite principle chances. In fine, in silk countries renowned for the equal temperature of their winters, the spring season is, after all, [ireferred for sowing. DIRECTIONS. The ground for the seeds, being of good soil, and having a warm aspect, requires to be plough- ed one foot or more in depth, and spaded up sev- eral times ; to be freed from old roots, stones, and pebbles ; and to be lightly mixed with old manure. If the soil is in a hard condition it should be soft- ened with ashes, soot, or old mould. Towards spring after another ploughing and harrowing, it should be divided and raised into as many beds as are wanted ; especially for the convenience of v/atering, if there is water at hand ; these beds to be done whenever any of the old herbs, sponta- neous on that ground, come up in the drills or be- tween them ; the last, thinning, should not be long deferred, because mulberrr seedlings grow the better for being as much as two inches apart, or even three in the second year. Delay in thia operation would render it diflicult to conduct it witliout injuring the roots of those left behind ; anl when too near to each other, the plants will ceitainly suffer by spindling. Any delay in thin- niig is iiropcr which might in a few days show tlie°best seedling of the two or more in a clus- ter. Budding, the next thing necessary, consists in clipping or j.iiiching off all the lateral buds from the slock of the seedling, leaving only the middle one, which thereby profits by the whole sap, and streogtiiens the plant. Tliis, Iiowever, should al- ways be done before the leaves unfold, lest the pulling or twisting of the bud should injure materi- ally the \eiider bark. Topping, the last attention necessary, must be should never be so wide but what the centre can I j,,,,^ ,,.,,.1^ ■„, ^|,g s|„-ii,g of the second year. It is easily be reached by the hand. The time for sow- .pQ^med by cutting down every seedling with ins should be the first of April; or immediately Lj^^^p gilged nippers, which give no strain to the after the equinoxial storms in this climate, and a 1 ^p^,; The |)lants are cut level with the ground. few weeks later on highlands. At such a time, in ; -pi^jg process is principally intended for the benefit fine, as there is no danger of long deep frosts. — j ^j- tl,e root, and the enlargement of the stem or The seeds now on hand, are mixeil with equal ! gj.,i|. „ hich by the next fall will he more than a quantities of sand ; before sowing they should be j f^^^ ;|jg|,^ ^.,,,(1 ^g tjjjpk as tlie finger. steeped several hours in water, and left todiy;j •j'^^ seedlings, to be in a good condition at the the next day they must be sown by the hand, in , g|,j „(• ti,g second year, require nothing but a straight drills, an inch and a half deep, and ti^'c or [|g.jij,y i,(,^iy ^f roots, and a strong stock; any- six inches asunder, and be covered over with the | j|^j|,„ j-^|r(|,pr for the trimii/ing and shaping of the hoe or rake.* This mode of sow- i h^gi', part will he done in the nursery by graft- hand or a small * My Inle respected friRinl, Mr Bnsr, Director of llie Kiiis's Garden of P.iris, after seeinj; several worms, which M. flli- fhaux tiroughi home from America, proiiouuced them to be the Jarvce of the Cailidia Flexuosa. t Vid. the Report of the Institute, Evening Post, Nov. H, present year. * The following mode of laying mulberry seeds in the ground is recommended in a late German work, translated anil [mblishcd last year by order of government, vid. Document 226, letter from .1. Mease, &c, p. 57, taken from the work of Mr De Hazzi. " Two days before the sowing, the seeds must be steeped in water, and afterwards rubbed upon a packthread, which must be laid in thrf bottom of the drill, and covered with earth, the drills being made two inches deep," &c. Something like this singular mode is related by the Mht Sauvaa:es in his treatise on the mulberry, 1763. He add-s without recommending it, that it had anciently been used. Be it as it may, the method is obviously very dangerous to the safety of the seedUngs, exposing all alike to be shaken by the least impression communicated to one, or , part will ing (T pruning : of all which we will take care to inforii culturists in good season. F. P. Mlu) York, Dec. ith, 1828. roB THE NEW ENGLAM) FARMER. SOVING GRASS SEEDS IN THE FALL. Ml Editor — In your valuable ))aper on the sowiig of grass seeds, imblished in the Farmer of the I7th inst, you are pleased to refer to an article, torn from their tender roots by weediti" near the drill!, or by a quadruped accidentally crossing the jed ; or by some mischievous boy in search of a )iece of line ; or by the innocent inattention of sime jicrson treading upon a drill. There are man; evils which cannot always be guarded agaiist, but this mode seems to invite risks with a grealwant of common foresight ! Vol.VII— No.41. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 323 written in February, 1828, wherein the sowing of grass is alluded to ; not being, however, tlie main subject of the article, I request that you will al- low nie a further, and more full explanation, on this very ini|)ortant operation in agriculture. The sowing of grass seeds in spring, may take place, either with, or without grain ; if they are sown with grain, the young grass will suffer greatly by the interference of the roots, and of the straw of the grain ; the roots will rob it of a great portion of its nutriment, and the straw will deprive it in a great measure, of the benefits of the atmosphere, air, sun, dews, and rains. Grain and grass thus striving together, are drawn up faster and slimmer, than they would, if sown separate and alone ; tliis forced growth injures the roots of the grass, which at the time that the grain is mowed, is left ex- posed, weak, and exhausted, to the ardent heat of the sun, deprived on a sudden of the shade, which before, was forced on it by the gram. Upon new lands, or srich as are richly manured, these inju- ries may not, perhaps, in connnoji years, prove destructive, but upon our old fieMs, the chance is truly a deplorable one, and has got to be more and more so, for ten or twelve years past. Should tlie farmer prefer to sow his grass seeds alone, and without grain, then a crop of weeds, of various kinds, will start up, more or less overpow- ering, acconfmg to the state of the land ; the care- ful farmer will mow them, make them, and carry them into his barn, and console himself with the idea that it is better than nothing ; although the growth of these weeds exhausts the land, and so far injures the young grass, yet, unless they should be very abundant and thick, the grass will have a better chance than when sown witli grain, which of all methods, I am apt to consider to be the worst in this climate, especially if sown with oats, wliich of all grains used with us for that purpose, are the most exhausting and over|)owering. It is evident that in the contest between grain a/id grass, when sown together, although grain is always tri- umphant in the main point, which is life, yet the quality of the produce suffers greatly ; the roots of the grain are obstructed by those of the grass, and the soil being more or less covered and clothed by the grass, the roots of the grain are de- prived of the fullness of the benefit of air, and heat, dews, and rains which they would otherwise have enjoyed. The result is, that out of twenty samples of barley thus raised, nineteen, I expect, upon an average, arc slighted by the brewers, look- ing more like hulls than grain, and the price which ought not to be less than one dollar per bushel, to afford a fair etnolument to the farmer, has ranged for years past at thirty per cent., or more, under that mark. We may conclude, therefore, frotn the exposi- tion of these facts, if correctly stated, that the re- sult of so wing grain and grass is to injure both crops, and very often to loose the grass entirely. Such loss and vexation may be avoided by sowing the grain alone, early in the s[)ring with such majiure as has been allotted for the field ; and as soon as pos- sible in August, after the crop of grain has been lioused, to plough the stubble in, turning a good furrow, tliat the stubble may have a chance of monlilering away, which the showers usually taking place about that time, and the heat of the weather, will generally bring about in the course of 12 or 1-5 days ; before the end of August the field should be cross ploughed, the grass seeds * 'i'he opinion ol our respected oorrespoiideut reliiiive lo sow- ill' grass seeds iu August is corroborated by respcclabie wrJiCi-i sown on the furrow, harrowed, and rolled.* It is of nuich importance in this part of the process to avoid any delay, an. JOHN W. PROCTOR, Sec'y. Danvers, April 12, 1829. Among the donations to the Philadelphia Ag- ricultural Society, were some beautiful speci- mens of silkithe proilnce of ,^00 silk-worms, raised iind ])rescnted by Mrs Adams, wife of JohnQuin- ry .Adams, Esq The silk was wound by herself) without baking the cocoons. — Litchjidd Enq. 324 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, May 1, 1829. From the New York Farmer. The Planting of Timber in Europe — and lite culti- vation of the Sugar Maple, and of Live Fences in the United States. «' I am but one year old," was the response of an aged Persian to the interrogatory of his mon- arch— " for it was but hist year that I began to live for posterity by planting out a tree." Wljen we consider that all the woods of Great Britain have been sown or planted by the liand of man, and witness the rapid diminution of our primitive forests we cannot but appreciate the sentiment of the old Persian, and feel the propriety of imitating his example. The planting and preservation of timber, forms now, in Europe, an important branch of national economy. This highly com- mendable feeling of planting for posterity, particu- larly distinguishes the Pomological associations of Germany. An idea of their labors and usefulness may be formed from the declaration of Mr Lou- don, the enlightened Editor of the Encyclopedia of Gardening and Agriculture, that in October last he travelled "for six days along a winding avenue of fruit trees, upwards of 250 miles, (from Strasburg to Munich,)" consisting of the ap- ple, cherry, pear, ]>lum, and black walnut. What a delightful feature nuist this form in the rural Bccnery of the country, during the seasons of blos- soms and fruits. And how easily it might be im- itated in the old settlements of our country. The people of Massachusetts are entitled to much cred- it for their early attention to this subject. While a laudable emulation prevails in transforming their highways into avenues of trees, useful as well as ornamental, the State Agricultural Society is en- couraging the cultivation of live fences, and the sowing and planting of forest trees, by the distri- bution of liberal premiums, furnished in jiart by munificent appro[)riations from her State Treasu- ry. New York is great in everything hut hsr ag- ricultural policy. Here agricultru'c, like -a forsaken orphan, is left to struggle without parental care. There is more truth than patriotism in the remark once made by a member of the Committee on ag- riculture, in our Legislature, that he was opposed to any appropriation from the treasury for agricul- tural improvements because he was too old to profit by it, and because he wished to keep things to his own level. I began these remarks with the view of recom- mending to our farmers the cidtivalion of the eugar maple as a means of embellishing and en- hancing the value of their estates, of multiplying their personal comforts, and in fulfilment of a duty to posterity. The subject was suggested by re- flecting on the conunendable beginnings which I witnessed last summer in difl'erent parts of the State, and particularly in the county of Lewis, of making plantations of this valuable tree. The at- tempts to preserve the forest growth of this tree have been unavailing. The trees are soon pros- trated by winds when the other wood is taken away, and the lands around cleared. Hut when set out, of projjer size, their habits early conform to their location. I saw many acres planted at regular distances, besides avenues of them on the highways. The only faults I noticed were, in se- lecting tall trees from the forest, instead of more humble ones from the borders and fields, and in divesting them too much of their branches. The sugar maple is one of our most valuable trees for use and ornament. Its «op aflibrds an ar- ticle of indispensable family use, which is manu- factured at the most leisure season of the year. — Its timber is valuable for the cabinet maker and the carpenter, and ranks ne,\t to hickory as fuel ; its shade is umbrageous and refreshing ; its form symmetrically beautiful ; and its growth is perlc'Ct- ed in almost every soil. A plantation made upon the north or bleak side of the farm buildings, or the fruit orchard, or in belts around permanent en- closures,is highly useful as a protection ; constitutes a most interesting feature of rural scenery, and will idtimate in substantial profit to its proprietor. The grounds planted are but very little injured, at least for years, for ordinary ])urposes of tillage or grass. In districts where the maple is not of in- digenous growth, or where suitable trees cannot be obtained fora plantation, the defect might soon be remedied by planting a nursery. Seeds may'be gathered by bushels at the time of the early au- timnial frosts, or obtained from seedsmen iu our cities. They should be sown in the fall or spring, after gathering, uj)on a bed of good mould, slight- ly covered, and kept free from weeds. They gen- erally will not grow until the second season. Af- ter standing in the seed bed two sumjners, they should be transplanted into nursery rows, and there nursed till they have acquired size for fiual |>lanting. Another subject interesting to the present, as well as to the rising age, is the cultivation of live fences. It is evident that the practice in Great Britain of planting these upon a bank of earth, and on the border of a ditch, is adapted neither to the dry summers nor cold winters of our climate. Nor has our experience yet indicated, with any degree of certainty the plants best adapted to gen- eral use. Yet if the information upon this sub- ject, which ex])erience has suggested to individu- als, was collected and concentrated, a tolerable system of management might be formed. I would therefore res|iectfully invite gentlemen who pos- sess [)ractical knowledge, to communicate to the Farmer every information which may tend to ac- celerate our progress in this useful branch of im- provement. J. BUEL. Albany, March 13, 1829. From (he New York Farmer. Foreign Plants that have withstood the present severe winter at the Linnwan Botanic Garden, near JVeto York. Dear Sir — The past winter having been very severe, it is interesting to know what foreign plants, heretofore considered tender, have become so acclimated as to have withstood its rigors ; and 1 have therefore to state, that the following ar<> among the lunnber : — Pceonia inontun Banksii, rosea, and pupaveracea, without any ])rotection. — Camellia japonica the single, and some double va rieties, in mere wood frames without glass ; the groiuul froze round tliem ii)ur or five inches deep without injury. .Izulea indica purpurea plena with- stands the severest cold, which is a curious and unexpected circumstance ; Glycine vel Wisteria sinensis, Magnolia purpurea anil Conspicua of Chi- na, Geranium macrorhiion all withstood the cold perfectly, and the Lavandula d:ntata were planted in a dry soil. French Grape Vines of three years growth are uninjured ; those of less age it is pru- dent to cover with earth, though not always ne- cessary. The English Laurel Primus Lauro-cerasus is killed nearly to the ground, but in such cases it throws lip strong shoots again from the Voot». Nearly all the varieties of China Roses stand our winters, and even the most delicate will sup- port the cold if three or four inches of tanner's bark is spread around them. Tlie Chinese Evergreen Honeysuckle, Lonicera Sinensis is as hardy as an oak, it holds its foUage throughout the winter, and blooms profusely with delightful striped flowers in April ; the Lonicera Japonica is much more tender, and was killed nearly to the ground ; Lonicera implexa stands the cold well. I think the Chinese Honeysuckle one of the most valuable novelties our gardens can boast. GrevilWs Superb Rose is among those that hava withstood the cold best. It is at the south side of the house, and seems perfectly uninjured. I will at another moment continue these re- marks. Yours respectfully. WM. PRINCE. Linnaan Botanic Garden, near } J\"ew York, March 14, 1829. \ From the New York Farmer. BOT FLY, OR NITTER. By Professor Eaton, of Troy. While preparing a Zoological Text-Book for Students, I had occasion to examine the Nitter with considerable attention in the summer of 1826. The Genus to which this fly belongs contains more than a dozen species. Two species are common about Troy, New York, and probably iu all the Northern States, which I will here des- cribe. Class — Insecta. Order — Diptera. Genus — Oestrus. Generic Character — Antenna (horns) disjointed, very short, sunken ; face broad, dcprussed, vesic- ular ; mouth a simple orifice ; feelers two, two jointed, sunken ; tail infiexed beneath. Equi{\eu: nitter) wings whitish with a black band in the middlo and two dots at the tip. Deposits its eggs on the hairs of horses legs, iu the month of August. Froui observations made during the three last summers, I believe this species to be harmless. I do not lielieve the Bot is ever caus- ed by it. Velerinus, (throat nitler, bot fly) wings without spots; body iron rust color; sides of the thorax and base of the abdomen furnished with white liairs. A little smaller and nuich more agile than the leg nitter. Deposits its eggs in the skin un- der the throats of horses in the month of Septem- ber, and with them an acrid liquor which gives the horse the pain of a bee's sting, at the instant of contact ; hence, this swift-winged species is the dread of horses. So far, I think, I am justified in giving the nat- ural history of this insect from personal observa- tions. One farther trial is necessary, to complete my |)roposed account of it. This I have not been able to complete ; and take this method to ask the aid of some of the readers of the Farmer.^ Whoever has an opportunity to see the Bot in the recentyeccs of a horse, should put a quantity of it into a close tin or wooden box, of the capacity of a quart or two, and keep it in a warm jilace, until some of the larva? become flies. Then determine the species, by accurately comparing them with the descri|>iions here given. Should it prove to be the sjiecies veterinus, we could safely adopt the following conclusions. 1. That the Nits deposited in the skiu under Vol. VII.— No. 41. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 325 the throats of horses, become minute larvse 'mag- gots) iinil iniike tljeh- way into the ])assage to the Stomach fuliis, until tljey are of a size to destroy that organ, unless they are passed off by some for- tunate cause. 2. Should it be thus demonstrated, that the Bot is the larvae of the throat-nitter, common sense would suggest an effectual preventive. A piece of oil cloth fastened under the throat, for three or four weeks commencing the last week in August, must be a perfect defence. AMOS EATON. Renssdatr School, Troy, March 16, 1829. FRUIT TREES. Mr W. Hill, of Comb Hay, near Bath, in his letter lo the Bath and West of England Society, on the subject of Orchard Plantation, states, that he had for several years past directed his atten- tion to the cultivation of various sorts of apples, princip.illy table fruit ; and he had so far succeed- ed as to receive from trees of a first year's crop 4, of a second year's crop 12, and of a third year's crop 1-5 |)ecks of fruit. His method of planting was, after clearing the land, and pre- paring it for planting, to throw out the soil to the depth of 18 inches, and loosen it about 10 inches deeper still ; the soil so thrown out he suffered to remain till it became pulverized. When reduced to that .state, he then proceeded to planting, raising the trees occasionally and shaking the roots, by which means they acquired a firm and equal standing. He much reprobated the common prac- tice of throwing the soil aroimd the roots of the tree in heavy lumps as it was dug up, and then treading it in ; contending that this process must nece.ssarily tear the roots, and deprive them of their bark or rind. Most people, he observed, were aware, that if a tree were stripped of its bark, it would die ; but planters of trees in many instances appear to forget that the more tender bark of the roots might bo destroyed in the same inatuier. By adopting the manner of planting which he had reconunended, he had last year on Bonie plants half a peck, and on others a peck of fruit. The land on which he nia7 Apple Trees Ofthe firsi quality, engrafted, labelled, and for sale, from the nursery in Ftamingham Village. J. AU.\.MS April n 3t Imported Horses. Barefoot, and Cleveland, the two Kinlish horses, will stand for the season at their stable in Urighlon, Barefoot at S'lb, and Clevelanfl at ,^in, with gl for tiie gniom. a2't A Farm on a Lease. To let, a valiiahle Farm in Newlon, in a high stale of culli. walion, on liberal terms — apply at this nfiire. a?4 3l Farm for Sale In Iho town ofSeltuatp, IS iniles from Boston, and the same from Plymouth, ll is pleasantly situated on the M^il road. — C^ontains about 30 acres o( good lanri, partly wood —a two story House, and out buildings, aiul will be sold at the low price ol gl2W. if applied for soon. More land cm be h.id in the im- mediate vicinity, if wanted. Apply to ,Iohn Collamore, Esq. near the premises, or the subscriber in Peint»rnke. ai4 jl HORACE COLLAiVIORE. Household Furniture Cheap. Phoenix Furniture Warehouse, near the Square, Main Street, Charlestown. FOSDICK & CARTER, inform their friends and the pub- lic, thai they have on hand, and for sale, an extensive assort- ment of Fnrnilure, viz. Bureaus, Secretaries, Beds, Bedsteads, Tables, Chairs, (Sofas, Couches, Carpetin», Wash Stands. Brass Fire Sets, Waiters, Knives, Forks, Bellows, and I'.ruihes. — Also, a cnnstaiitsniiply of Live Geese and Common Feathers, by the bale or otherwise. Also, they manufacture and keep constantly for sale, a general assortment ot Looking Glasses, by wholesale or retail, wilh almost every article for house keeping, all which thev will sell extremely low for cash. Purchasers are invited to call arid examine. P. .S. Portrait and Picture Framing, executed in the best manner, and at short notice, as above. 6t Cbarleslown, April .•!, 1829. For Sale, A valuable Real Estate in Milton, 9 miles from Boston, on the road leading from Boston to Taunton, Bridgewater, and New Bedford, containing upwards of 200 acres ofthe variety of lands and fruits suitable for a good farm, well watered, with good substantial buildings. Said farm is calculated to suit a gentleman of taste, or an enterprising young man for a milk establishment, being an excellent grass farm. The purchaser may have, including the build- ings, from 100 acres to the whole. As Ihe above described property contains a large portion of valuable wood land, Ihe purchaser may be accommodated with more or less of that part. The place will be sold at a fair price, with or without a very valuable stock and farming utensils. Also, for sale, or to be let, opposite the above named premises, a large, convenient Dwelling Hou-e, wi'h a good Bake House and out buildings, very pleasantly situ- ated for a country seat or a good stand for a store or country baking, with as much land as may be wanted for the accommodation of the same. For further information, inquire ofthe Editor, of Parker H. Pierce No, 95 State street, of Nathaniel Blake at Indian Queen Tavern, Brom- fiehl street, of A. M. Withington, Roxbury, or Nathan- iel Tucker on the premises. April 10 If Red and Jf'hite Clover Seed. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, 5000 Ihs. Red Clover Seed, 500 lbs. Dutch White Honeysuckle Clover, (imported.) Also, Herd's Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, Lucerne, Foul Meadow, Hemp and Flax Seed, &.C, &c. March 27 t Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This day received at the New England Farmer Seed Store. 52 North Market street, 20 bushels of Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed, at ^2,50 per bushel. Wanted to Hire, To the 1st Nov. a middle aged woman from the country, to do the Avork of a lamil.v about eleven miles from Boston. v\'here other help is kept. Plain cooking, washing, and the care of a small dairy, will be required, and to a steady, industrious per- son, good w ages will be gi\'en — no other need apply lo Mr J. IS Russell, at the New Eiigland Fanner oflice, North Market street. French Grapes. .\ few bundles first qualiiv Vines, for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER S TORE. (55 liroad St. Also POWDER, ! 4 years old, 75 cents to one dollar per hundred. Rhubarb Roots — the large Dutch Currant Bushes, one dollar per dozen, Grape Vines. Hawthoms, Alc. &lc. Any ofthe above roots, that may require it, will be well packed in moss, to ensure safely in their transportation. If Roman, This very elegant, full blooded horse, imported with a hop* of improving the breed, will stand this season at the farm of Mr Stephen Williams, in Northborough, County of Worcester, where some of his stock may be seen. Roman was purchased in England ofthe Earl of Warwick, and his pedigree has been traced in the New Market Sludbook from Childers, the swiliest horse that ever run over New Mar- ket course, through eight generations ofthe highest bred horses and mares in England without a single cross of interior blood. At 4 years old he won 5, and at 5 years old he won 4 prizes, and has since beat some of the fleetest horses in England, over the most celebrated courses. His color a very bright bay— black legs, mane and tail- walks and trots well — is very good tempered — high spirited — active— 15 1-2 hands high, and is cmisidered liy judges ai handsome and well formed a horse as can be found in the coun- try. Mares have been repeatedly sent lo him from Maine, Rhod« Island, and Connecticut, as well as from ihe remote counties in this State, and the neighboring towns, and his colts are hand- some and command high prices. 'I'erms— ^20 the season, to be paid before Ihe mares are token away. Northborough, Mass, April, 1329. Fruit Trees, ffc. N. DAVENPORT has for sale, at his Nursery in Mil- ton, a large collection of Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Green House Plants, &.c. His collection of Peach, Plum, and Almond Trees, he considers not excelled in this vicinity : and the collection of other fruits is good. Orders sent to his Nursery in Milton, or left with J. B. Russell, at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52, North Market street, Boston, where a list of the trees can be seen, will be executed at the customary prices. ep6w PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. FROM TO APPLES, best, barrel. 2 00 2 60 ASHES, pot, first sort. Pearl, lirst sort, - ton. 125 00 1.30 00 . " 125 00 130 00 BEANS, while, . bushel. 1 00 1 37 BEEF, mess, . barrel. 10 00 10 SO Cargo, No. 1, ** 9 00 9 60 Cargo, No. 2, tt 8 00 8 60 BUTTER, inspected, No. I, new, pound. 14 16 CHEESE, new milk, " 7 9 Skimmeil milk. 2 S FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-slreel barrel. 8 7.5 9 00 Genesee, - - - u 8 75 9 TO Rye, best, - GRAIN, t'orn, bushel. 63 65 Rye, " 60 CG Barley, - *i 67 Oats, ti 35 38 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, pound. 9 LLViE, cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at ton. 3 50 PORK, clear, barrel. 16 00 It; 60 Navy, iness, a 13 00 13 60 Cargo, No. 1, " 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - bushel. 2 00 Orchard Grass, ti 3 00 Fowl Meadow, - " 3 00 R\c Grass, - " 400 Tall .Meadow Oats Gratss, _ li 2 60 Red Top - . " 62 1 00 Lucerne, - - )iound. 60 While Honeysuckle Clover, «' SO Red t~'lover, (noiilieni) . " 7 8 I'rencli .Sngar Reel, - . ct 1 60 Mangel Wurtzel, . " 1 60 WOOL, .'\lerinu, full blood, washed . '* 35 44 Merino, lull blood. unwa>h* d. li 22 26 Merino, three lourlhs washed. ll SO 36 Mei iuo, hall &. quarter was led " 28 33 Nal've, washed, - . *< 2.-) 53 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort. . It 37 41 Pulled. Lamb's, s*^cond sort, ll 2o 30 Pulled, " spinning, first sort, " 30 33 PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVKFT WEF.K BY MK, HAVWABD, (Cle.-k of Faneuil-hall Market.) BEEF, best pieces, - - - - pound. lOl 12 1-2 PORK, fie^h, best pieces, - " 7 10 whole hogs, - - " 5 7 VEAL. " 6 12 MUTTON, " 4 l2 POCLTRY, " 8 14 BUTTER, keg and tub, - . . " 14 20 Lump, best, - - - " Jio EGGS, dozen. 12 16 MEAL, Rye. retail, - - - - .uslicl. 100 Intlian, retail, . - . " 70 POTATOS, . . . . " 60 CIDER, [according lo quality,] - (iiarrel. 2 00 2 60 828 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. May 1, 1829. MISCELLANIES. SPKING. Again rejoicing nature sees The l>Iest re urn ufSpring ; Ambrosial odors in eacii breeze, Her sweetest incense I'ring^, Dread Winter's icy reign is o'er. His frost, his snows aie gone; His ruthless pouer is fear'd no more, And joy invests the lawn. Th' industrious bee, with sober hum. Each hour her task completes ; And to o'ercharge the well wrought comb, Robs nature of her sweets. Yon murm'ring brook, that gently flows, Bleand'ring through the green, Was late o'erlaid by Winter's snows, And envious frost unseen. Yon wood, the mountain's brow that crowns, Enrobed in gayest luie ; And late deform'd by U'inter's frowns, In Spring enchants the view. Where'er we turn our wand'ring eyes, Fresh beauties rise in bloom ; And let 's enjoy the bounteous prize. For soon they seek the tomb. Let moderation gild each scene With charms ihal cannot clov ; She 'II wisely take the golden mean, And bless without alloy. Seize harmless pleasure while she lasts. Be joctmd, blithe, and gav ; For soon December's chilling blasts Shall freeze the springs of tlay. The foIlDwini,' story of Poison is in Barker's no- tices of Dr Purr: — " There was a large company, and the Doctor addressed Porson nearly in these words : — ' Mr Poison, pray what do you think about the introduction of moral and physical evil in the world ? ' This was a knotty question. — Conticucre oinnes iiitcnii(itie ora tenebant. Por- son, after a moment's |)aitso for reflection, answer- ed, with great solemnity or dryness of manner, ' Why, doctor, I thinl^ we sliould have done very well without tliein.' " ing that the crops were thus injured, resolved to extirpate the wUole race, and offered a price for their heads. The proscription was very success- fully carried into efTect, but the farmers, instead of being gainers, were severe suflferers. The crows, it should appear, like the rooks of our own country, did not frequent the fields so much f r the sake of the grain as to feed upon grubs, which, after the universal massacre of the crows, increas- ed so numerously as nearly to destroy the entire crops, and threatened a famine. When the error was discovered, the crows were as anxiously pro- tected as they had been formerly persecuted. — Similar instances, in the case of rooks, have oc- curred in Great Britain. — London Mag. ofJVatural History. Grog Drinkers, reflect ! — A very young man once got addicted to the use of tobacco, and was entirely cured by a friend who desired him to cast up the sum total of the expense, should he live to the age of 70, at only one cent a day, including the interest annually. The young man found it amounted to upwards of One Thousand Dollars ! lie at once threw a way his tobacco box. Let those who expend from 5 to 10 cents a day in ar- dent spirits, sit down and count the cost. Nine- tenths of them would have cash on hand to pur- chase good farms, and enough left to stock them handsomelv. — A'eene Sentinel. Phenomenon. — In boring for salt water in Cum- berland, Ky, a fountain of Petroleum, [bittiniinous oil] was struck upon at the depth of about 130 feet. When the auger was withdrawn, the oil rushed up, 12 or 14 feet above the surface of the earth, and it was supposed that abotit 75 gallons were discharged per minute, and in fotir or five days bad not perceptibly diniinished. British oil, which is extensively used in medicine, is manufac- tured from Petroleum. Milton has the following remarks upon misspent time : — " Hours have wings, and fly up to the Au- thor of time, and carry news of otir usage. All our prayers cannot entreat one of them either to return or slacken his pace. The mispence of every minute, is a new record against us in Heaven ; sure if we thought thus we would dismiss them with better report, and not stifferthem to go away tnipty, or laden with dangerous intelligence. How happy is it that every hotir should convey up, not only the message, but the fruits of good, and stay with the Ancient of Days, to speak for us before His glorious throne." Surgical Examinations. — We hear much of the screwing system made use of at the examination of surgical students, and the methods taken to en- trap the unwary. Dr Abernethy lately asked a candidate who was undergoing an examination, what he would do if a man were blown up with gimpowder .' " Why," coolly answered the tyro, " wait till he came down again." " True," said Abernethy, " and suppose I kicked you for such an im|)ertinent reply, what muscles should I put in motion ? " — " Why," saitl the yoting man, " the Jlexors and extensors of my right arm, for I should Jioor you directly ! " Food for Birds. — To the sportsman, to the gen- tleman fanner, and to the horticidturist, the knowl- edge of the habits and the food of birds is indis- pensable, inasmuch as ignorance on the subject may often give rise to most serious injury and loss. For example, in New England tiie cultivated grounds were some years ago much frequented with a species of crow, and the farmers, suppos- ed Question. — Can those who have been for a long titne in the habitual use of ardent spirits, safely abandon them ? Let facts answer the inquiry. In the prison in the State of Maine, an important experiment has been made of cutting off habitual drunkards at once, froui the use of ardent spirits in every An-m, and confining tlietn to water. It has been tiiuiid invariably beneficial. They soon renew their youth, and a more hale, healthy, mtiscular bodv of men caimot be found, in prison, nor out of prison, than the cold-water convicts, in the prison of Maine. la New Hampshire the satiio valuable cx- l)eriment lias been made, with the same result. In the new prison at Siiig-Sing, New York, among 2.50 convicts, the men neither die nor suf- fer from abstinence, though tlicy have been for- merly intemperaie. — -Kennehcc Courier. Kenrick JVurseries in JVeiclon, near Boston. For sale, at tlie Keivrick Nurseries, IW Nf.vvton, an extensive assortnicnf of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plurus, Cb'Tries, ^pricot9y Nectarines, While Mulbenic<, finipe Vines, Gooseheiry and Currant Hu-he-:, &c. Also, about 150 viirieties of the most ornatnenl.il hardy trees and shrubs — including nearly 50 supeib vaiielies of hardy ro«ps, roinpiising white and red moss — single yellow, double do — yellow \ustrian— red and yellow Austrian — blnck mottled, sable, Tuscany, and other v.iiieiies of the bUirkest rfses — Unique White Provence, &c. Also, Greville Roses, and Wii.Mor's Superb Strawberries. Jlpple Trees of extra sizes — also Flincering HoTSS Chestnuts, and some olliet sorts. Written orders directed to John or William Kew- RICK, Newton, will be received by the daily mail, and promptly attended to — or they may be hft at Mr Joseph Biidge's Grocery and Seed Store, No. 60. Court street," liosion, where, on application, catalogues will be delivered i:;ratis — or, catalogues may be obtained of Mr J. B. Rus- sell, at the New England Farmer office. epSw JVcif Vegetable. Just received at the New England Former .Seed Store, 52 IVorih .Market Street, a small qu?intitv of Sin .luHN Sinclair's . !Sf,w Bhkt. from London. This is presumed to he the first seed of this fine vegetable, ever brought into INew England. — ■ For sale in papers of 12 1-2 cents each, or in larg-er quantities. Cow for Sale. A fine cow, iialf blooded, Coelebs breed, is offered for sale at the House of Industry farm, .Souih Boston — Also, a three- fourths blood Calf. Inquire of W31. STONE, Superintendent, April 3. ]8'3. 4t__ Fruit Trees. Messrs WINSHIPS respectfully request those of the public who may incline to favor them with their orders the ensoiiig season, for fruit and ornamental trees, fancy shrubbery, herbaceous plants, whether indigenous or ex- otic, to forward their orders immediately, and they will be executed with every possible despatch. They also have several hundred genuine Isabella Grape Vines, by the hundred or single plant, with the supeiior European kinds in cidtivalion in this country. Letters directed to F. & I. Winship, Brighton. P. S. Asparagus roots from one to four years old. Oct All orders left with J. B. Russell, at the New Engl.ind Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, will be executed at the Nursery prices, ai.d the trees delivered in Boston, free of expense for transportation. Brighton, March 11, 1829. Jissortcd Seeds for Families. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store small boxe« of assorted Seeds tor Kitchen Gardens. Each box contains a package of the following Seeds: Early Washington Peas Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Late Marrowfat Peas Early Wohawk Dwarf string B.ians China Dwarf string and shell Beans Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Long Blood Reel Early Turnip-rooted Beet Early York Cabbage Large late Drumhead Cabbage Cape Savoy Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage (for pick- linfi) Early Horn Carrot Long Orange Carrot White Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Cucumber Early .Silesia Lettuce Long Dutch Parsnip Large Cabbnge Lettuce Long Green i'urkey Cucumber Piiie-apple Melon Long, or Round Watermelon Nasturtium Large White Onion Large Red Onion Curled Parsley Flat Squash Pepper F.arly Scarlet Short-lop Radisk White Turnip Radish Salsafy Early Bush Squash Early While Duich Turnip White Flat Turnip Yellow Stone Turnip Winter Crook-neck Squash. T'OT HERB SEEDS. Thyme— Sage — Warjorum. The above list, it will be seen, comprises all the common ve- getables, besides several new varieties of recent introduction, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is warranted of the very first quality, as to fiesltness and purity. Each bo.\ contains directions for the management of the different sorts. Price %S per bo.x. Published every Friday, at ^3 P*^!* annum, payable at the end of the year — biiv those who pay within sixty days from the lime of subscribing, are enJitled to a deduclioo of lifiy cents. Primed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. BuTTS-^by whom all descriptitins of Printing can be executed to meet Ihe wishes, of customers. Orders for printing received by J- B. Russell,, at the AKrieullural Warehouse No, .52 Norih ftlarkct Street. ^jf No pa[ier will be seiil lo a distance without payment be- ing made iu advance. Wi:W EWCJE.AMB FAMMER. Published by John B. Rdsselj,, at JVa. 52 JVorth Market Street, (at the Agricultural Ji'arehouse).— Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MAY 8, 1829. No. 42. COMMUNICATIONS. FOR THK SEW ENCr.AND KARMEK. FOREIGN GRAPES IN THE OPEN GROUND. Mr Editor — Without entering into the qites tion, whether any native grape is to be compared with the imported ones, upon which if I should state my opinion frankly, I should be charged with a want of patriotism, and after stating my own conviction, tliat tlie native grapes of the South ex- cepting the Isabella, will be found to be in com- mon years as tender as the European ones, I think I shall find all horticulturists agreeing with me in the opinion, tljat, if we could ripen the European grapes in the open air without walls or terraces it would be a great desideratutn, and worth many exertions and sacrifices. In 22 years, I have ob- tained not more than 6 good crops of well ripened fruit, on a dry and warm soil. Under the hope of attaining this desirable end, I published a translation of the Thomery practice of raising the hardy Chasselas bliinc, (Sweet Water of our gardens as I believe.) The prac- tice essentially consists in checking very severely the growth of the grafie, and compelling it to hear in a small compass. Permit me now to add an English experiment founded on the same principle. I have this year prepared ground to try this ex- periment rigorously and strictly. Of its fate [ shall give fair notice. The article I refer to is published in Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, No. 1, page 43, and was written by R. A. Salisbury, F- R. to. L. S. H. S., &r.c. To those who are ig- norant of Mr Salisbury's pretensions, it will be proper to say, that he is an eminent botanis:, and cultivator, and one of the highest attainments. — Premisitig that his situation was in one of the most cold, unfavorable climates, and in a barren soil, and that he has failed for years even in ripen- ing the hardy Miller grape, in a ratio of more than 20 bunches in 2000, he proceeds to give the fol- lowing history. "A Scots nobleman, who often tisited the place, made the- following remarks, ' When I was a young lad I remember eating ripe grapes from a vine in the open air, in Stirling, (north of Edinburgh) which was brought to ripen half its fruit in cold summers, and a whole crop in warmer ones, by the following treatment. On the 20th of September prune the vine as you would in December, taking off all the leaves and grapes, ripe and unripe, and shortening the shoots to 1, 2, or 3 eyes at most. In the following spring it will push its buds a few days earlier tlian any vines pruned in winter. Pursue the same system annually, and in the course of seven years you will be rewarded for your patience and expense with half a ripe crop in most summers, and a whole one in warm summers.' Mr Salisbury adds, this plan was immediately adopted by him, and five years afterwards some excellent wine was made from the g.-^apes. Permit me to add, that though in Scotland it required seven years, yet in Yorkshire it took but fire, and it is highly probable that with us, suc- ces.s would follow the next, or at farthest the thlril year, because MUler's burgundy, which Mr Salis- bury could never ripen, invariably succeeds with us. I have frequently expressed to my fellow culti- vators the conviction of the hazard of leaving the Isabella and other southern grapes exposed with- out covering through the winter. The last win- ter, though far from severe, (probably owing rath- er to its mildness) has been fatal to foreign and native grapes, even in Philadelphia, and to the peach, and vine, in New Brunswick, New Jersey. With me it has destroyed the. Cane Raspberry, which had stood five winters of greater general severity. Yet there are some anomalous facts, while the peach has lost its fruit, and the Ameri- can raspberry has perished, a delicate Chinese Ailanthus has not been injured. Roxhury, April 28. A FARMER. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. ENGRAFTING GRAPE VINES. To Ihe Corresponiling Sec'y of ihe Mass Hort. Society, Sir — A few days past, in conversation with Brig. Gen. Armistead, on the cultivation of grapes, he mentioned his complete success in en- graft ng the foreign Sweet Water Grape on the native American stocks, ten years past. I thought it very important, and requested a communication in writing from him for the purpo.se of presenting to your Society, which he has obligingly furnish- ed me. A copy i? inclosed. It is now rather late, still had I any natfve stocks, I should be in- duced to adopt it — as with my own bad success in the cultivation of foreign grapes, in open, airy, ami fat grounds, 1 should expect better success. With every good wish for the success of the Society, I am your obedient servant, JOHN PRINCE. Jamaica Plain, April 26, 1829. JoH.v Prince, Esq. — In answer to your note requesting me to state the success from grafting the Sweet Water grape on native stocks, I will briefly state that it resulted in complete success. The cause of the experiment originated in my fond- ness for horticultural pursuits. Arriving at my native place in 1819, I found our old family garden in a state of decay ; and in the enclosure I found running several very lux- uriant grape vines, while those of the former had almost entirely disappeared. The Sweet Water was the only imported grape we had, (and those under the best culture when I knew them,) were frequently failing. Seeing the far stretched vine of our native soil clindjing and regaling in rich uxnriance around the old paling of our garden, determined me at once to make the experiment. \fter searching for proper sli [is, I found as many as I required. This was in the montb of March in the year above stated, before any appearance of the flow of the sap. I picked out four native vines, and headed them down as low as the turf, and after going through the common process of in- serting the graft, I bound them with woollen yarn, and covered them with proper grafting clay ; and to make the process doubly sure, I cut large sods and inclosed the grafts completely, and covered them in this way about four inches, leaving two eyes exposed. The experiment proved the utility of thus preserving them from sun and air, for three out of four took, and on the head of the largest vine, I put two grafts, both of which sur- vived, which made it equal as if all had taken The result of the first year was, that the grafts av- eraged a growth of from nine to twelve feet. The .second year they bore many bunches of grapes The third year my mother wrote me that they had gathered upwards of two barrels from my four vines. The succeeding years the neighborhood was in part supplied, and from others following the example, no failure of fine fruit I believe, exists in that neighborhood. I communicated the result of my experiment to Major Adluh, near Washington city, and I believe he has ))rofited by it. The result was likewise communicated to Col Gratiot, of the Engineers, and was successfully jiroved, even to rearing to great perfection the Portugal grape, such as we receive in jars,on the common Fox grape growing in our swamps, the roots of which were taken up in the fall, and headed down, and planted along the trellis. In the month of March they were grafted, the result of which is a growth of a i grape never heretofore cultivated in our countiy, [ and as to flavor and size, superior to the import- I ed. The vines on which I made the experiment, were our small Virginia blue grape, in size not larger than a buck shot, growing in bunches, and averaging from one hundred to one hundred and fifty in each bunch, and diffeiing from the Fox grape essentially. But I am of opinion that any of our native grape stocks would answer equally well. 1 am, dear sir, respectfully Your obedient servant, W. R. ARMISTEAD. Jamaica Plain, April 29, 1829. P. S. The Portugal grape, raised by Col Gra- tiot, was, I believe, laid down in winter, being supposed to be of too delicate a nature, to stand the climate of Virginia. They produce better, and in no instance have I known the rot* to affect the Sweet. Water grajje, engrafted on the native vine. W. R. A. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr Fessenden — By request of the Lyceum in this place, I send you the fi)llowing questions, re- questing you to give them an insertion in your pa- per. What causes the circulation of sap ? We know that heat affects it, hut how ? What makes it flow earlier in one kind of trees than in anoth- er ? Is there any lateral or oblique circulation, or is it wholly perpendicular ? What becomes of the sap in winter .' Does it retire to the roots or remain in the tree ? As it appears that a greater jjortion of the carbon con- tained in the sap is converted into the substance of the tree, than of the other constituent princi- ples, what becomes of the remaining oxygen and hydrogen ? Are they all thrown ofl" by the leaves or docs some portion of them return to the roots? * Blight, probably. 830 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Miiy 8, 1829. Is the circulation of sap permanent during the warm season or not ? Doctor Waterhouse asserts that for a fortnight about inidsuinuier, vegetation in trees is at a stand. Is this true ? If so, what is the cause .' Why does the wind have so much influence on the running of sap ? Why is it necessary that it should thaw in the day and freeze in the night, in order that maple Bap shouhi run well ? Why do those plants called evergreens, remain gresn through the winter.' Is there a difference between the power of con- ducting heat possessed by different trees ? If so, which are the best conductors ? Is there any correspondence between the solidity of the wood and the conducting power ? Does this affect the running of the sap ? We should be glad to see an answer to any or nil of these questions. They have given rise to several theories widely different from each other, and in regard to some of them we can hardly find data, on which to form a theory. Respectfully yours, R. A. COFFIN, Secretary. Jishjield, Jpril 23, 1829. FOR THE SEW ENGLAND FARMER. POTATOES. Mr Fessenden — I often see much in your very useful paper on potatoes. I will add a few remark?, after more than twenty years experience in farming, having cultivated, some seasons, more than a dozen sorts, and never less than five or eix. I fully agree with Mr Lowell on the subject of the sorts never mixing, from being planted near each other. I have occasionally seen red and white potatoes in the same hill, but perfectly dis- tinct ; having accidentally planted a set of each, always having intended, however, to plant by themselves, but carelessness sometimes tal.es place. New sorts or mixtures, I presume, are never pro- duced, only by sowing the seeds contained in the apple and in the blossom. As to planting whole potatoes, or cutting in halves, or quarters, if large, I have not perceived any difference in the crop. I rather imagiiu that too much seed may be planted, as often as too little. Why do we want more stocks fi)r a hill than we do of corn, say four or five ? I believe beyond that number is unnecessary and prejudicial. In Ire- land it is often practised by the lower class of fanners, and mnre especially in scarce seasons, during the winter to scoop out the eyes (as they inform me about ibree-fburths of an inch in di- ameter, and one-eighth thick) every day before cooking the rest of the roots. These pieces are saved till ))!anting, the outsides become dry and do not rot as soon as planled, as many pieces do when planted immediateUj after being cut. I think it al- ways well, two or three weeks before planting to cut the pntatORS intended for seeil, that they may get dry — or if put off until the day of planting, I would then rccomtiiend, that plasttr of Paris, or lime, shoulil he sprinkled over them so as to cover and dry up the moisture before drojiping in the hills or rows. I have sometimes, to obtain early potatoes, adopted the plan recommended by Mr Derby, of Salem, of putting whole potatoes close together in a hotbed, and covering them, say one or two inches, when the sprouts get five or six inches above ground, take up the roots and break off the sprouts close to the potato. These shoots, have roots like a cabbage plant, and may be planted three or four in a hill, or if in rows nine to twelve inches apart — they produced potatoes very equal in size, and generally large. I think this proves they do not require any further nonrishincnt from the old potato, as Mr Derby has returned the same potatoes to the hotbed, and taken fresh shoots from them four, and I believe, five times. Yom's, &c. NORFOLK. Remarks by the Editor.— The following obser- vations on some controverted points connected with the best mode of projjagating potatoes, are from writers of high authority, and appear to us to be such as the exercise of our reasoning fac- idties would lead us to assent to, if they had been derived from sources of less respectability. They may, perhaps, serve as an useful appendix to the remarks of our correspondent above. Potatoes may be propagated from sprouts or shoots. Loudon says " In default of genuine early sorts ; or, to save the tubers for use in seasons of scarci- ty, the sprouts which are generally found on store potatoes in spring, and |)icked off and thrown away as useless, will, when carefully planted in loose well prepared soil, yield a crop, and this crop loill he ft for use a little sooner than tubers, in which the buds are not advanced. Almost every- thing, however, depends on the fine tilth, and good state of the ground." Potatoes may be propagated hy sets, sections or cuttings of the roots. Mr Loudon asserts that this is the only method fit for general purposes. "In making the sets or sections, reject the extreme or watery end of the tuber, as apt to run too nioch to haulm, and having the eyes small, and in a cluster ; reject also the root or dry end, as more likely to be \..n\y in growth, and produce the carl. Then divide the middle of the potato, so as nut to have more than one good eye in each set. — Where the potato scoop is used take care to apply it .so as the eye or bud may be in the centre of each set which this instrument produces of a semi-globulat form. The larger the portion of tu- ber left to each eye, so much the greater tvill be the progress of the young plant. The scoop is only to be used in seasons of scarcity, when the portion of tuber saved by it may be used for soups for the poor, or for feeding cattle. " iSize of the sets or cuttings. Knight has found that for a late crop small sets may be used be- cause Ihe plants of late varieties always acquire a considerable age before they begin to generate tubers ; but for an early crop he recommends the largest tubers and he has found that these not oidy uniformly afford very str(mg plants, but also such as reailily recover when injured hy frost : for be- ing fed liy a copious reservoir beneath the soil, a reproduction of vigorous stems and fdiage, soon takes place when those first produced are des- troyed by frost, or other cause." The apparent clashing of authorities and opin- ions, wirh regard to this sidiject, may, perhaps, in some measure, be reconciled by taking into con- sideration the following circumstances. 1. The poorer the soil the greater the quantity of seed necessary, because the seed serves as nour- ishment or a sid)stitiite for manui'e for the young plants in a poor soil. 2. The earlier the variety the larger should be the seed potatoes, for the reasons assigned above by Mr Knight, and because early varieties have less time to obtain nourislmieiu from the soil than those which come to maturity late in the season. 3. Sprouts, shoots, or )portions scooi)eil out to- gether with the eyes of potatoes, will answer ih times of scarcity, but require a riclier soil and a lunger time to grow in than if whole potatoes or large cuttings were used. 4. If uiuipe potjitoes are best for seed, as some a?sprt, the smallness of such potatoes can be no objection to their use. As respects cutting seed potatoes, or planting them whole, we have conflicting authorities enough to fill a volume. But we are inclined to the opin- ion of Mr Loudon, who says " tolerable sized cut- tings of pretty large j)otatoes with two or three good eyes or buds in each are probably to be pre- ferred. Indepencst ycarjinjjs, 2 For the best bull over one year old, owned and kept within the county, 5 next best do do 3 next best do do 2 For the best bull calf, 3 next best do do 1 For the best Milch cow, 4 next best do do 3 next best do do 2 For the best 3 years old heifer, 3 next best do do 2 For the best 2 years old heifer, 2 next best do do 1 For the best stud horse, owned and kept within the county, 5 next best do do 3 For the best mare and colt, 4 next best do do 2 For the best Saxon or Merino buck, 4 next best do do 2 For the 5 best Saxon or Merino ewes, 4 5 next best do do 3 For the best boar, 3 For the best sow, 2 For the 2 best spring Jiigs, 2 2 next best do do 1 On Domestic and Household Manufactures. For the best ])iece of fulled cloth, not less than 3 yards, $3, next best do do 2, next best do do 1, Best jiiece Cassiinere, not less than ten yards, 3, next best do do 2, Best piece carpeting, not less than twenty- five yards, and not less than 3-4 yard in width, 3, next best do do 2, Best jiiece flannel, not less than ten yards, 3, next best do , do 2, Best pair blankets, 2, next best do 1, Best piece linen cloth, not less than ten yartis, 2, next best do do 1, Best |)iece table linen, not less than ten yards, 2, next best do do 1, Best woollen hose, 2 pr, 1, next best do do ,50 Best silk ho.se, I pr, 2, Best woollen coverlet, 1,50 next best do do 1, Best cotton and woollen coverlet, 1,50 next best do do 1, Best counterpane, 1,50 next best do do 1, Best straw or grass bonnet, 2, next best do do 1, Best mnnufacturevise been thought to be valnubh! fur its stimu- lating and fertilizing qualities. (See New England Farmer, vol. v. page 316.) Copperas dissolved in water has likewise been highly recommended as a steq) for seed corn. A writer for the N. E. Farmer (see vol iv. p. 284) stales that he " useu about one and a half pounds of co;>|)cras in three pecks of corn. I made the water warm, and soaked the corn full 48 hours before planting, jMit- ting in copperas as we used it out. It is not easy to use too much copperas. I believe the more the better." See likewise N. E. Farmer, vol vi. p. 358. This preparation for seed corn has been much used, and, so far as we have learned, with uniform success. A writer in the Richmond Enquirer, with the signature Agricultor, says " I now from a small spot of poor ground, raise the greatest profusion of melons, whereas, until lately, 1 could not raise enough on four or five times the same space of rich land. I dig square lioles ten feet ajiart, each way, for watermelons, and about six feet for musk melons ; for the first, two feet deeji, for the last, eighteen inches deep, and eighteen inches wide. The roots run but a short distance in a horizontal direction, but striking dee)) into I he earth, they are secure from the eflx'cts of drought; and by filling the holes half full of manure, and finishing them to a few inches above the surface with a mixture of manure and soil, or which is better, a composition of vegetables, and other substances, commonly to be met with around out houses and pig pens, a depth of soil, of fine and light tilth is formed. I have not attempted to raise pumpkins in this way, but have no doubt that it will answer for them." The same plan may be adopted with advantage and economy, as to manure, in raising Lima beans, especially in cold situations. — Penn. Ag,-\. Almanack. SWEET POTATOES. \Vc publish the following account of the meth- od of cultivating this vegetable, which we derived from a source that may be relied on. We have no doubt that it would be a profitable crop for our farmers to raise on a large scale. The yield is equal to that of the common potato, and the price is more than double. It is not to be expected, however, that our farm- ers will comtnence the cultivation on a large scale, until they have made an experiment upon a small one. " I raised the last season a bushel and a half of sweet jiotatoes from thirty bills — an average lot o( them were exhibited at the Cattle Show in Mans- field. They were from six to eight inches in cir- cumference, and from six to twelve inches long. I planted them in hills, which were about the size ol a hnshfl bas,ket, and made as near together as the soil would iiermit ; so that the bases of the hills nearly touched each other. The sli|;s were cut in two, and thre-e pieces were put in each hill, about eight iiiches .Tpart, and covered an inch or so with ibe fartU. All Ibe atlcjitioii which w.ts pn.id to tlicni nflcr^ planting was merely pulling u|) the weatjs wiilil May 8, W29. the fingers until the potatoes made their appear- ancc. The vine grows with great rapidity, and soon cover.-* the hills, so that no further attention ia necessary. The best soil for the potato is a light sandy loam, mannreil with compiisl, spread and plough- ed in ; or a soil composed - vented a cement for the outside of buildings, which is a very good imitation of marble. It i» said to resist moisture, smoke, and severity of climate. In the interior of bouses it precludes the necessity of oil painting, as it bears washing as well as the natural marble. We have seen sev- eral houses covered with tliis cement ; and wa think a'strujiger might easily be deceived by the beauty of its appearance. — Mass. Jtnirnat. Great Ox. — An ox v, as drivi-ii into this town last week, which weighed when alive, 1828 lbs. and 1247. lbs. when c'rcsseu. We unclc;rstaiid it was raised by Capt. Wcy;ii(.mh, of Bj-dipont. — Alaiiie Farrair, Vol. VII.-N...42. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 335 Cure for Musquilo Bites. — The time luis nut yet arrived for the seiifiatioii of " |jer.-oiial wrongs " inflicted hy lliiise little reprohaks, the Muscniitoes. There is a remedy, and fur fear we might forget it, we give it ia advance, recommending to the reader to have this paragrajili framed and hnng over hi.s mantle piece. Put a little ammonia on the bite, and you will he iiititantly out of trouhle. We charge no fee for tliis prescription. — A'. Y, M. Courier. MAS.SACHU.-stil l.s IIOICI lcUi,U;ltAr. SOriETY. We have received tlie past week, from Mr Rob- ert Manning, of Salem, as a donalii>n to the Li- brary of this Society, tlie tollov\ ing works. A Treatise on the Culture and Management of Fruit Trees; in which a new method of Training is fully described. With observations on the Dis- eases, Defects and Injuries of Fruit and Forest Trees ; and an account of a particidar method of Cure, made p;ihlic by order of the British Govern- ment. By VVni Forsyth, — with notes ada|)ting the Rules to the Climates and Seasons of the United States, by Wm Cobbett. New Ijujirovements of Plantirjg and Gardening, both philosDphical ami practical, explaining the Motion of the: Sap anil Generation of the Plants, &c. &c. By Richard Bradley, Fellow of the Royal Society. The Clergyman's Recreation, showing the Pleasinc and Profit of the Art of Gaidening. By John Lawrence, A. M. (a rare work, with plates, edition of 1716.) An Introduction to the Knowledge and Prac- tice ol Gardening. By Charles Marshall, with notes by Dr Anderson, in 2 volumes. Vinetnm Britannic um, or a Treatise on Cider, and other Wines and Drinks extracted from fruits growing in this kingdom : with the method of propagating all sorts of Frui, Trees. With a Dis- course on the best way of Improving Bees. By J. Worlidge. (a rare copy, with plate.s, edition of 1691, London.) NciTICK. A Sppolal Meet! 11": of ilie Mtissarhiispiis Horltniliural soci- ety, will l,p hcililen at (he nlli.e of Zchedee Cook, Jr., on Tui^s- dav (111- I'iili iiisl. at 11 o'clock. May 8. R. I, EMMONS, Rec. Sec'y. NOTICE. The Siaullnj nomrniilpi" o; ih,^ Ma«<3'liu=cli5 Iloriiouhural Society, on the Cul'ureauii P nUiicts of f'le K'chjt fr.inlr-n, are requested to meet at the oIHcc of liie N.*w En^l.tiitl Fanner, on Saturday, Dili iiist, at II o'clock, A. ;\1. Per order of J. 'I'lDD, Chairman. A Farm on a Lease. To let, a valuable Farm in Newinn, in a high slate of culti- vation, on liheral terms — applv at this olfii-e :t!24- 3t Farm for Site In the town of Scituate, IM in;!fs from Poston,and the same from Pl\nuiulli. ll IS iilcasaiitly siiwutrtl on the Mail road. — Contains alioul 30 arres of good land, pattlv wood -a tuo sior\ House, and out liuildino-s. and will he sold at the low prire ot $1200. if' a|i|;lied for soon. Moio land can be had in the im- mediate vieinily. if wauled. Afiplylo .lolin ('ollaniore, Esq. Dear the premises, or the suhscriber in Pemiirnke. a2ld he won 4 prizes, and has since Inat some of the fleetest horses in England, over the most celebrated courses. His color a very liright bay — black legs, mane and tail walks and trots well — is very good tempered — high spirited — active-7-15 1-2 hands high, and is considered by judges as handsome and well formed a horse as can be found in the couqi- li-y- Mares have been repeatedly sent to him from Maine, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, as well as from the remote counties in this Slate, and the neighboring towns, and his colls are hand- some and command high prices. Terms — $20 the season, to be paid before the mares are taken aw'ay. Northborough, Mass, April, 1829. Crockery, Glass, and China Ware. Ephraim B. McLaughlin, 4 Dock Square, has for sale, an elegant assortment of newest patterns in the above line, which are olfereti at low prices for cash. Country merchants and others are invited to call. epll mar27 Imported Horses. Barefoot, and Cleveland, the two English horses, will stand for the season at their stable in Brighton. Barefoot at J5f26, and Cleveland at J^IO, with ,^1 for the groom. a24 PRICES OF COUJ^TRY PRODUCE. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, first sort, - . - Pearl, first sort, - - - BEANS, while, BEEF, mess, Cargo, No. 1, Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, inspected. No. 1, new, CHEESE, new milk, Skimmed milk. FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - Genesee, - - - - Rye, best, - - - - GRAIN, Corn, .... Rye, Barle}', - . Oats, .... HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME, PLAISTER PARIS retails al PORK, clear. Navy, mess, Cargo, rvio. 1, . . SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orchard Grass, Ft'Wl Meadow, - . - Rye Grass, . - - Tall Meadow Oats Grass, . Red Top .... Lucerne, . . . - White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sngar Beet, - Mangel Wurizel, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - J\lerino, full blood, unwashed, IMcrino, three fourths w ashed. Merino, hi;lf'&. quarter washed. Native, washed, . - . ' Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, Pulled, " spinning, first sort. FROM 1 TO barrel 2 0( ' 3 00 ton. 125 00 130 00 " 125 00 130 00 hushel 1 OOi 1 37 .barrel 10 25 10 SO { " 9 0( 9 SO 1 (' 8 00 8 60 pound. 14 16 " 7 9 ll 2 3 barrel 7 0( 7 12 K 7 00 7S0 bushel. 60 62 " 70 80 67 " 34 37 pound. 9 cask. 85 90 ton. 3 50 barrel. 16 00 16 50 13 00 13 50 li 13 00 13 25 bushel. li 2 00 3 00 300 n 400 It 2 50 ll 62 1 00 pound. 38 50 " 33 60 ;i 7 8 1 60 1 50 " 35 44 " 22 26 (( 30 35 " 28 33 ti 25 28 it 37 4U u 25 30 tt 30 33 PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVKFV WEEK BY WR HAVWARD, . (Cle. k of Faiteuil-haU Market.) BEEF, best pieces, .... jiound. 10 12 1 ! PORK, l're>h, best pieces. •■' 7 10 whole hogs. '• 5 7 VEAL, " 6 n '\!UTTON, " 4 l2 I'Ol'LTRY, It 10 16 BUTTER, keg and tub, . ti 14 20 Lump, best, ... it 20 EGGS, dozen. 12 16 MEAL, Rvc retail, .... bushel. 1 09 Indian, retail, ... it 70 POTATO.S, .... tt 60 ClUER, [according to quality,] 'liarrel. 2 00 2*) sale NEW ENGLAND FARMER. May 8, 1829. MISCELLANIES. From ihe Evening Post. SPRING. The lovely Spring— llie joyous Spring Comes o'er our clime again, A welcome lo ils blossojning, Its fleet but smiling reign. This morn a carol from the I'ale, Light hearted, soft, and free, Came freighleJ on the gentle gale. Whispering of Spring to me. The blessing of the showery skies Has fallen on the grove, And peeping from their low disguise, 1 see the flowers I love. The yellow, mottled, crimson, blue. Their thousand tints display. And all of balm and brilliant hue, Meet in the fair array. The south, the south, the balmy south, How breathes it o'er the heart. Each flowret ope's ils silken mouth. And feels new fibres start. It gives a life to dormant powers, 'i'heir fetters off it flings, And bears away the laughing hours More gladly on ils wings. Now brightly glows the freshen'd sky, The clouds are gaily blent, Fringing their fleecy tapestry, With golden garnishment. The rills flow purer, and they fling A gush of music out. Whose cadence is, 't is Spring, 'l is Spring, — 'T is Spring, my pulses shout . 3f7»e J^tsl of an Ostrich, found in South Africa by Mr Broadbent, a Missionary. — The eggs were forty-two in number, including the two which liud been taken away before, and were arranged with great apparent exactness. Sixteen were close to- gether in the middle of the nest, and on these the ostrich was sitting when we arrived : they were as many as she could cover. The remaining twenty-six were placed very uniformly in a circle about 3 or 4 feet from those in the middle. The 8ggs which were in the circle we found to be quite fresh, at which I expressed my stirprise. — The Hottentots inforineil me tliat these had been provided by the ostrich against the hatching of those in the middle, v^hen she would break them one after another, and give them to her young ones for food ; and that by the time they were dis- posed of in this manner, the young ostriches would be aWe to go abroad with their mother, and pro- Tide for themselves such things as the desert af- forded. I have seen large flocks of these crea- tures in South Africa. The fact which I have just stated, relative to the |)reservation of a quan- tity of eggs for the subsistence of the yotmg ones immediately after they are hatched, affords as striking an illustration of a superititending Provi- dence, perhaps, as the whole circle of natural his- tory affords. M'Neil, who went to England to examine the rail roads there, which are of a very satisfactory char- acter, and will tend to give more and more confi- dence in the complete triumph of the great enter- prise that we have now in progress between Bal- timore and the west. — U. S. Gazelle. Why dots a razor cut bdttr after having betn dip- ped in hot water? — The brief article below on this subject has been condensed from a recent London publication ; and may not be unacceptable to those who delight in a " close shave." ' This cutting question has been frequently agi- tated ill newspapers and other periodicals ; aud in answer to it, the following remarks have been dictated " by a thinking man, with a small portion of chemical knowledge." Hair, horns, hoofs, and nails, are principally composed of hardened gelatine : now, gelatine possesses the property of becoming softer, or more easily divisible into parts, either by being soaked in hot water, or by caloric applied in any other way, but not in so great a degree in the latter case, as in the former ; it follows, there- fore, that to proiluce a maximum of effect, the hair, horn, &c. should be as wet, and the cutting in- strument as hot as possible, short of burning the animal stibstance. If one desires an experiment to convince him that this is a property of gelatine, let him dip two fingers into warm water, and two others into cold ; upon cutting the nail upon one of each, with a cold knife, he ^ill find that on the warm finger cut easier than that on the cold, and both of them easier than that on a dry one. If, now, the knife be warmed in any way, the effect will be more visible on all three. This is precisely what is done ill shaving; lather is first applied, whicli can never continue hotter than 98 deg. because that is the temperature of the human body, and it is rapidly brought down to that by evaporation from its surface ; the hair is not sufficiently softened by this heat for some jiersons' feelings, therefore they increase ihe heat of the razor to 150 deg. ; if they go much farther their sensatiops tell them to stop. It is by no means essential that the razor should be dipped into hot water; heated mercury would do as well ; but we use water because its tempe- rature is more equable, and because it is more common and convenient than tlie other. The old barber's fear of dipping his razor into hot water, surely showed, that though a shaver, he was no cutter, and his apiirehension of altering the temjier of his tool, could not have been ex- cited, bad he known that, in tempering it, it hud already been exposeil to a temperature of 480 deg. or thereabouts — 168 deg. higher than he was frightened at. — Traveller. For Sale, A valuable Real F.state in Milton, 9 miles from Boston, on the road leading from Boston to rauiitoii, Bridgcwater, and New Bedford, containing upwards of 21)1) acres of the variety of lands and fruits suitable for a gooil farm, well watered, with good substantial bnildings. Said farm is calculated to suit a f^entleinaii of taste, or an enterprising yoimg man for a milk establishnieni,, being an excellent gra?s faiiii. The purchaser may have, including the build' ings, from 100 acres to the whole. As the above described properly contains a large portion of valuable wood land, the purchaser may be accomniodated with more or less of that part. The place will be sold at a fair price, with or without a very valuable stock and farming utensils. Also, for sale, or to be let, opposite the above named preiiii^^es, a laige, convenient Dwelling Houe, with a good Bake House and out buildings, very pleasantly situ- ated for a country seat or a good stand for a store or country baking, with as much land as may be wanted for the acconmiodation ol the same. For turther informadon, inquire of the Editor, of Parker H. Pierce No. 95 State street, of Nathaniel Blake at Indian Queen Tavern, Brom- field street, of .A. M. Withington, Koxbury, or Nathan- iel TucKKR on the premises. April 10 tf Household Furniture Cheap. Phceni.x Furniture Warehouse, near the Square, Main Street, Charlestown. FOSDICK & CARTER, inform their friends and the pub- lic, that they have on hand, and for sale, an extensive assorl- meiit ol Furniture, viz. Bureaus, Secretaries, Beds, Bedsteads, Tallies, Chairs, Solas, Couches, Carpelni^, vV'ash Stands. Brass Fire Sets, Waiters, Knives, Forks, Bellows, and Brushes. — Also, a constant supply of Live Geese and Common Feathers, by tlie bale or oiherwise. Also, they manufaciure and keep consiaiitly for sale, ageneral assorimeni ol Looking Glasses, by wholesale or retail, with almost every article for house keeping, all which they will sell extremely low lor cash. Purchasers are in\ iled to call and examine. I*. S. Portrait and Picture Framing, executed in the best manner, and at short notice, as above. tit Charlestown. April 3, 1829. Rail Road. — We learn that letters have been received from Jonathan Knight, Esq. and Captain The Editor of the New York Evening Post ap- plies to Dr Holyoke, the following lines from Cowper's translations from Vincent Bourne : Ancient man, how wide and vast To a race f ke us appears, Rounded to an orb at last. All thy uiultiiude of years ! A man's best fortune, or his worst, is his wife. Beware liinw you choose her. Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This dav received at the New F.ngland Farmer Seed Store, o2 North Alarket street, 20 bushels ol Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed, at Si,50 per busheL Wanted to Hire, To the 1st Nov. a middle aged woman from the country, to do the work of a family about eleven miles from Boston, where other help is kept. Plain cooking, washing, and the care of a small dairy, will be required, and to a steady, industrious per- son, good wages will be given — no other need appl}' to Mr J.B. Russell, at the . 52 JVorlh Market Street, (at the ^^cullural Warc/iouM^.-THOJiATGrF^ VOL. VII. ssENDEN, Editor. J50ST0N, FRIDAY, MAY 15, 1829. No. 43. COMMU]?fICATION§. FOR THE NEW ENCI.iKD FARMER. LOSS OF CUD IN CATTLE. Mr Editor— 1 would \vi.*li, thiouirh the medi- um ofyoiir papLT, to solicit iiilbnuatiuii respecting the following iiio,uiry, viz : Whether it is a fact that horned cattle do and die.' cow-leeches' diseases, it is less a disease than a syniptoni of some other affection ; indeed it is evident tlint any attack sufficient to destroy the appetite, will generally occasion the loss of the I cud. It is possihie, however, that an occasional j local aflection, or paralysis of the paunch may oc- Icur, particularly when it is distended with un- , healthy substances, as acorns, crah apj)les, the tops , ,, . , ,. ever ; of some of the woody shrubs, &c. The trealmeiit, lose t.ien- curf, and in consequence of that are un- 1 i„ such cases, consists in stimulating the stomaci, able to raise another, and unless they are seen to, by tonics, aloes, pej.per, and gin, mixed. Though provided with one, they wdl consequently 1 these, as hquid-, may not enter the stomach in T, , .. k'J'iii'ion case.s, yet in this disease or impaired ac- it appears to be a generally received opinion '■ tion of the rumen, they will enter there " among common farmers and graziers that cattlo Mr Lawrence, an English writer, s; says, in loss I The grafting wax recoinmeuded by Miller, and also in .several Cyclojieciias is composed of the fol- lowing niatcrials, 1 lb. pitch ; 1 lb. rcsip ; -I lb. bees wax ; i lb. hogs hu-.l ; 1 lb. of turpeiitiiil. Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn leconuneiids the fol- lowing recijie, which he states " the late E. Pre- ble, Esq. one of our most distinguished horticul- turists gave me for a composiiion to cover tho wounds occasioned by pruning trees. " Three pints of tar and one pound of bees-wax ; melt them together, and while cooling, stir in a pound of red or yellow ochre." " This admixture I have ever since used with the best eflects, as the wounds occasioned by the removal of limbs, or from any other cause, have hei;e Ito on n us, d t def' f ' t "' "" '''' "" "'''"'■" ''''' ^°"" "'"'^' ""^" ^ive ' speedily healed over, wnliout ,,roducing rot or de- dXI .1^. ™^ ^■'/'''f!^'"^««ft'"sliy.^ a warm bran, or pollard mash, with good bay and cay." This gentleman also states that he has poth.s.., they aigue that ruminating annuals are « arm water with salt. This treatment alone niay , used this coni^.si.i.n, exclusively in grl^^ngl'le! succeed with patience, even should the maw be pear, plum, and cherry trees ; and^hree or four obstructed with acorns, or crab apples. An aloes stocks can be engrafted with this material, as soon tincture made with brandy and ginger, or capsi- , as one can with clay. The wound is thus kept cum, [red pepper] niigiit be of use in this case.— completely covered until the wood and bark closes After coiKpicring the obstruction, bitter infusions : over it. made of camomile, hoarboniid, oak bark, &c. in j " The quantity above named I have found hcer, may be reipiired, as restoratives, although, would last mc a year, and would be enough for perhaps, good dry nourishing feed, will bave an ; niost of our farmers. It is always ready fur use, endowed with the peculiar faculty of only partially chewing their food and swallowing it, and when they liave leisure, they raise it up in a suffictem quantity to form a cud, and after they have suf- ficiently masticated it, swallow it into another apartment of the stomach ; which process of swallowing, say they, so actts on the stomach as to cause them to raise another ; but if they, by coughing, or any other accident, sliouhl throw out the cud from ihoir mouth, they would he un- able to raise another. There are others, whom I am inclined to think are the most correct, who ridicule the above idea, and say that such a thing is inconsistent with .sound reason and common sense, as well as n-en- eral observation ; and that ruminaling animals that ! are in jiealth possess the faculty of raising their cud whenever they are inclined to chew it— or that it is as natural for them to do so as to eat ; and that if an animal ceases to chew its cud, it must be owing to its being out of health, provided the fault is not the want of good and wholesome foorl. The reason of these remarks are in consequence of iny having a cow that sudder.ly stopjied chew- ing her cud and, would not eat her hay as usual, and in ten days fell away from la state of gooii case to be very gaunt and lean, and .so weak thai she could hardly go without staggering. I couK' not suggest the cause. Finally 'a neighbor wht examined her, said he could tell me what was the matter with my cow ; says he, " she has lost hi- cud, and unless you can jirocure one, or substitut' something for one, she will surely die— you \\\i lose her." I replied, that I did not give iiiuci credit to that hypothesis. Says he, " it is matte- of fact— my neighbor S. T. a few weeks ago had a very valuable cow that suddenly sto))ped chew- ing her cud, and refused to eat the best hay. II suggested she had lost her cud, and inimediatel; set himself about procuring a substitute for one, and put it into her mouth — she chewed it siif ficiently — swallowed it, and by his repeating tli. oiieration several times, she began to chew he cud as usual, and quickly recovered her forme appetite." I. STEARNS, Jr. Pawlucket, R. I. .flpril 21th, 1S29. equally good effect. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. COMPOSITIONS FOR GRAFTING. QUERE RESPECTING BLACKhNG. Mr Fessfnden — As your columns are always open to fr''.e inquiry, I avail myself of the privilege to solicit inf irmation on the following sulijects ; winch if you, or any of your correspondents can giv?, you will greatly oblige at least one of your subscribers. CONNECTICUT. I have noticed in Massachusetts, that in graft- ing, a kind of cement is used, which is certainly muc.i more convenient, and said to be preferable to clay. How is it made .' You have given us this spring, recipes for black- ing jf almost every description. I would ask bow that which is usually called sponge blacking is made .' Remarks by the Editor.— Wc have seen, and from time to time have i>ublished a very great variety of recipes for forming a composition for grafting, which is more easily apiilied than the common graftin and is applied with a small, flat, round pointed knife, or wooden spatula, with great facihty. Quite a thin coat is sufficient."* Mr Buel, of Albany, recommends the following. " Take one part of tallow, two parts of bees' wax, and four pans of rosin. Blelt the whole together ; turn the mixture into water, and work it in tho bands as thCfhoe ^naker does his wax, to incorpo- rate the parts. The warmth of the hand will soon bring it to a proper consistence when wanted for use, and a little grease will prevent its adher- ing to the fingers. A small piece is broken off, flattened in the hand, and covered over the cleft or wound. If of the thickness of a shimng it will ncitlier melt, crack, nor peal off."} We are not able to furnish a recipe for sponge blacking, l.nit would be much obliged to any cor- respondent who would give us one for publication, which is handsome, easily made and ajiplied, and not injurious to leather. FOR THE NEW ENGLANU FARMER. Mr GRAFTING. Editor — I have been reading in your pa- y. We shall here republish several of'per of the I7th of Ajiril, an account how to graft tho.serecipes,i)i-emisingiliat,they are recommend- 1 cherry, iiluiii, or peach treef=, by s|)litting the ed by respectable horticulturists, but we have had stocks with a broad, thin knife. That writer wishes to be inforii rmed if there is a better mode There certainly is, for I have practised both. Mv Remarks by the Editor. — Loudon asserts tha allhough • loss of the cud enters the list of mos no practical ex|ieriei)ce of their qualities. Mr Abner Lanilrum, of South Carohna, after objecting to those comjiositions for grafting, which mode is to split the bark with the point of a sharp contain one-third turpentine, which he .says in- ! knife, before I sjilit the stock. After I open the jiires the scion and stock, especially in a warm ! stock with a wedge, I shave out the sides of the climate, states " After many experiments to ascer- [split with the point of a sharp knife, and fit in the tain the best composition for a grafting wax, I j scion very exactly. By that mode any kind of prefer the following :— One measure of olive oil, [tree may he grafted, and will live and" grow as or bogs lard, 3 do of melted beeswax ; mix while I late in the season .as while the sap is running up, lot, to be worked after it is cool, till sufficiently j "ith using another precaution to have fine, light pliant. J eihaps sweet gum resin might form the |f'''iy Iiressed round the stock below the sjilit to re- basis of a more ductile wax, without imparting a j '"i" the sap to feed the scion. ilestructive quality."* | I have now on my farm three flourishing, bear- • N. E. Farmer, vol. i. p. M. I ' N. E. I'a.mer, vol. iii. p. 369. t Ibid, vol. iv. p. 21C. 338 ing apple trees, that I grafted for experiments, tvvo on the 1.5th of June, and one on tlie 20th.— As the harU was then loose 1 split it as above, be- fore I did the stocks. Respectfully, SAMUEL PRESTON. Stockport, Pa,, May 2, 1829. roBTHK NEW tNCl.ANU FARMER. Mr Fessenben — It a|)pears not to have been sufficiently noticed that they have latterly intro- duced into Europe a new and most valuable spe- cies of Mulberry, capable of sustaining the rigor of the coldest regions, and of course rendering the rearing of silk available in any northern clime. This species was obtained from Tartary, and is known as the Morus lartarica, or Tartarian Mul- berry, and has been latterly introduced to our country, where it thrives and flourishes beyond any other, and promises great advantages to the eastern and northern section of our country. HORTUS. NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Mav 15, 1820. Fiom llie Columbian Reporter. AGRICULTURAL REPORT. Adjourned Meeting of the Board of Ojjuxrs of the Bristol County Agricultural Society, at Taunton, April 8, 1829. The Committee on Agriculture award the fol- lowing premiums in addition to those awarded at the Annual Cattle Show, in October last, viz. To Scliuyler Shejiard, of Mansfield, for the best crop of Indian corU) being 85 3-4 bushels on one acre and eight rods of land, $10 To Roland Howard, of Easton, for the best crop of English turnips, being 117 1-2 bushels on half an acre, 3 To the same, a gratuity for an e.ttraordlnary crop of Ruta Baga, 5 JACOB DEAN, ELLIS HALL, HEiNRY WASHBURN. regulations of the Bristol Co.mty Agricultural So- ciety, I send you the amotmt, together with the manner of culture, &c. of half an acre of Flat Turnips, and also the amount, &c. of 37 rods of ground sown with Rnta Baga seed, both the growth of 1828. The quality of the soil sown to Flat Turnips, is a sandy loam, and much more natural to grain than grass. The laud had been in grass for the last four years, and produced but small crops of fine top hay. It was mown in July last, and soon after jdoughed, taking care to turn the furrows flat. About the close of the month, there was nineteen loads of ordinary compost manure (28 bushels to the load) carted on and evenly spread over the said half acre, and the ground once har- rowed. On the 4th of August the clods were raked in heai)S, and the turnip seed sown with a hand drill machine, in rows 16 inches a|)art, and fronf 3 to 4 inches in the row. When they were well up they were thinned, calculating to have them stand at least 6 inches apart in the row. — They were afterwards hoed twice, at intervals suited to keep down the weeds. They were gath- ered Oct. 31st and Nov. 1st, and the produce of the half acre was one hundred and seventeen bushels and a half. EXPENSES or CULTIVATION. Ploughing — two small yoke of oxen and a horse, half a day, $00,83 Driver, and ploughman, half a day, 00,75 19 loads manure, and spreading, 14,25 Harrowing once, 00,30 Baking sods, 1,50 Sowing the seed — one man half a day, 00,50 Thinning and hoeing twice — equal to six days' work, 4,50 Gathering the crop — 5 dajs' work, 3,75 Amount brought up, Harrowing, Sceil, sowing, and picking some small stones, Thinning and hoeing twice — five work, Gathering — 4 days' work, days' VALUE OF THE CROP. 104 bushels at 25 cts per bushel, $6,75 0,25 0,60 3,75 3,00 $14,25 $26,00 Leaving a profit of $11,75 I beg leave here to remark, that I consider Ri ta Baga a very valuable esculent, especially for cattle ilurii.gour long winters, when they are fed principally upon fresh hay, of whiprehen- sions that iby pbin of planting so largely, adopted sixteen years ago, would |)rove a failure, unless a remedy could be fomid for so serious an evil.— With this view, I had, for several years, been care- Id to wash with lime and water, the stems and Iranclies of my trees, but this I found ineffectual ftr the destruction of those insects which prey on tie young buds and leaves. I, therefore, procured (Uin cannister of a conical form, a short handle Attached to the small end, and the larirest one be- ing perforated with a number of small h'des, like tie spout of a common watering pot. Qincklime pdverized, and often sifted through a fine sieve, ias put into the cannister, and I had it shaken (tver the young fi)liage just as it was expanding. The fiist season I used it, the fresh-hatched cater- pillars had connnenced their depredations, but so easy was the application of the lime-dust with this machine, that I soon efi^ected the destruction of Jmost the whole of them ; fiir although they shel- frred themselves as long as they could, iheir food was rendered so unpalatable that they either died, dro])ped off in search of other food, so that the $0,75 turing shoots of my trees were preserved in full $1,75 5,00 Vol.VII.— No.43. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 339 vigor, a circiiinstaiice which liad not occiirreii for ' pains to observe the difTerence. In the American | team is swamped, the forward oaltl several preceding years. Tlie next season, as j mo.ie, the oxbow in a strong dranght, presses -.vitl soon as the young caterpillars were discovered, 1 great force, against parts that are tender and commenced llie same opuratioiis with the lilxe [ (leshy, against the passage for the breath, and success, and tlie foliage was tlicn so fine that I against bones and joints of but secondary strength, had very few bitten leaves, and the whole of my I This pressure must, in some measure, affect the orchard put on such a perfectly different appear- wind ; and if it do not excoriate, it must render ance, tliat persons, who were iu the habit of see-, fiesh and skin tender ; and we actually observe ing it two or three times in the year were aston- : the animals after resting awhile, sliriiikiiig from ished at the change. The *oi:soqucnce of thus the touch of the bow, as a blistered breast from preventing the destruction of the leaves, was a the touch of the nurse. Jf tiiis is a correct state- most abundant crop of fruit, (from 3 to 4000 ment, it will account for the greater indocility of bushels,) and my trees are now in a most prornis- the American oxen, and for, wliat I believe to be ing stiito for as great a bloom as ever. The time the honest fact, their drawing less than those for using the j)ovvder is in the dew of the morn- ■ of Cuba. ing, or. whenever the leaves are damp; and if The yoke, in the Spanish mode, is made fast to there should be a gentle breeze, sufficient to carry the horns near the root behind, so that it does the dust obliquely through the head of each tree, not |)lay backward and forward, and give to the it is the more quickly performed. Under favora- oxen, a sunilar, but better chance of backing, (as ble circumstances of this sort, I found that three in teamster's phrase, it is called.) I have lieen men, provided with the powder in a large box on astonished at the power of these oxen, in holding a liglu wheelbarrow-, could dress from two to back. There is a short hill, in one of the streets three thousand trees in a, day. When the wind of this city, at an angle, nearly of 45°. Stand- changed I had the trees dusted on the other side, ing at the foot of it, I saw a cart and oxen ap- Although used ever so freely, no perscm need fear preaching at the top with three hogsheaplars which were also planted about the same time in 1796. I had no idea that the poplars were the cause of it, until some years age, and, in some instances, before the animal has been shod, the disease might be put on a footing, as to the soundness of the horse, with the thrush- es. If there be only the exhibition of a corn, with- out any material change in the form of the hoof^ or ])rcvious lameness, I should not hesitate to pro* nounce him sound : but, on the contrary, if tha furin of the foot is changed, and the horse express* es soreness when pressed by a i)air of pincers, I should consider him unsound. It mny be object"- ed to this, that a disease once exhibited consti- tutes unsoundness ; but I think a distinction should be made when there is only a trifling appearance of disease, without lameness, ;ind when, by prop» er care, it gradually and wholly disajijiears. AVIien lameness proceeds from conis, it gener- ally comes on by degrees. When there is no reason to suspect the cause of lameness to be in any part above the foot, the shoe should be re^ moved, when the drawing knife and ))iiicers will soon ascertain if it is occasioned by corns. Corns, as was observed before, may result from the horn taking a wrong direction in its early growth, or by the pressure of the shoe : thosO which arise from the latter cause are by far the mo.st numerous. The increased pressure given repay, in their healthfid a|)pearance and growth, ! ^f^^^^ ^^,i,g„ g^ English farmer informed me, the and their beautiful foliage, the little labor they p^.p^ie ^ere cutting them down in Italy, and the have cost their owners — and, moreover, thousands south of Europe, becau.se they destroyed the fruit I bj the shoe to the internal sensible heel, cau.seS of them will be kept from perishing. After read- (,.^^5^ j ,|,g|, recollected that the first jippearance j an extravasation of blood into the pores of the horn of the distemper took |)lace shortly after the intro-jof the hoof; and if the pressure is ctmtinued, and duclion of the poplars, and it could not but appear more blood extravasated than can be readily takea evident that they were the cause ; the only effect-; into the circulation by the absorbent vessels, in» ual remedy, I think, is to cut down and destroy ! ffanimation follows, and suppuration often suc- ing this, let each one examine his trees for a ino- Sient, and we feel .satisfied they will at once see the necessity of giving them their immediate at- tention. them. Besides uM, if sown in the Genessee country, pro- duce s."rt flour. last of the mouth, by this time the earth, and the air have become warm, and the herd of insects plenty, so that when the cabbages first break through the ground they are attacked by a swarm of little insects, not larger than a cabbage seed, which destroy many totally, and poison the others so nuich that they grow very slow through the season, and in fall are not so large as they other- wise would be, while by my plan of sowing early, the plants come forward so rapidly that they are suits of practical observation, may not be uninter- esting to some of our readers. Potatoes should never be planted whole, whatever may be their size, as they all produce the same number of shoots, almost invariably five, which is too great a number to be together, in order to make a good crop. As the whole potato, however large, or however many eyes (or buds) it may have, never produces more than five shoots, which are all from the end adverse to the stem, care should be taken up and so large that they are out of the reach of ' that they are cut longitudinally, vvhicli, when insects entirely, and will grow much faster than | halved or quartered is likely to divide the produc- those planted later, and be larger in the fall. A | tive buds among the several parts. One third of piece of groiuid five feet long, and three or four, the stem end should first be cut oft" which is with- wide, is sulhcient for a cabbage bed for my fami- ly, and will produce some thou>ands of plants, the transplanting of which I shall notice hereafter. ELLSWORTH. EARLY POTATOES. To all those who wish for early potatoes I re- connnenil the following method. Take as many potatoes as you wish to plant for early ones, put them in a box or barrel, well mixed in with dry loam and horse manure mixed together, then put them into an ash hole or some warm place in the sun covered from the rain, there let them remain until the sprouts are froni an inch, to two inches long, by which time the grouml will become warm as well as the season — have your ground prepared, made light, and well manured, then take your ))o- latoes very carefully, cut or plant whole, as you plea e, but do not injure the sprouts, and be care- l"ul to cover with light earth, and as soon as they are up an inch or two, hoe them carefully, ane that a mere hint upon this suliject will serve found this mode to answer the purpose : my crops to awaken the energies, of the nniiiy intelligent i have been good — I have hoed less than formerly, fiirmeis of our county, to a just sense of the ini- and had more corn and potatoes — I have mowed poitance of scientific, as weli as practical ciilliva- j less and had more hay. I have followed this tion ; and judging from the character and ener- ; course of farming for fifteen years. I plough gies of the gentlemen already engnged in the af-' grass ground every year, and sow with oats upon fiiir, no doubt remains of their succeeding in their the furrow, what I mean to plant the next year, object. Those gentleirien who vvcre incorporated. After my oats are t.aken ofl^, I plough it and cart bv our late Legislature, as a Society, met on the on my fall manure, that I mean for iilantmg 27lh ult., at the Court Hou.-e, f.ir ijie purpose of ground, and my spring manure in the spring ; organizing. Ebenezer Everett. Es(i. of Moiitville, spread it very even, and plough it in. It is better was chosen President, and James White, Esq. lant Indian corn in drills. The rows may be about 4 feet apart, and the corn about five or six inches asunder. This method is re- commended by Dr Deane, who observed " I have ' found by experiment, that a greater quantify of corn may be proihicerl in this method, than in hills, and the labor is but little if at all increased. In a small field, where the dimg had been everdy spread, and ploughed in, I planted onf row thus, the rest being in the common way ; and it yield- ed at harvest, one-eighth part more corn by meas- ure than either of the two nearest rows, the corn being equally ripe and good." Other cultivators have succeeded by the same mode of planting. Mr Stevens, of New York, raised 118 bushels on an acre, flir Ludlow, of the same State, 93, and Mr Hunnewell, of Mass. Ill, in the drill method. Mr Stevens planted double rows only 8 inches apart, and the seed in rows also 8 inches asunder, but |)lanieil diagonal- ly, so that no one stalk should be opposite to an- other. The double rows were distant from each others 1-2 feet. Mr Ludlow planted in single rows, the grains at 8 inches apart in each row. — Many similar instances of successful culture in the drill method might be cited. If, however, tlie land be somewhat rough, and for that, or any other reason it is determined to plant in hills, it will be expedient, in placing the kernels to take care that each is left at lour or five inches from the other, lest the plants interfere with and rob each other. Dr Deane directed to let the gronnil be cut into exact scjnares by shoal furrows made with a horse j.'Iongh, from three to four feet apart, aci-ording to the largeness or BSiallness of the kind Ki be [)lanted,and to put five corns in the i>laces where the furrows cross each other. In the Southern States thp corn is gener- ally planted at tlie distance of seven, or seven and an half feet from hill to hill in every direction, when four or five stalks are suffered to srow in each hill ; or four feet apart, when two staiks only are permitted to stand in each hill. But, it is well knov^fn that the Southern corn is larger, and con- sequently requires more room than any kind which is commonly cultivated in New Kngland. Mr Buel, of Albany, observed that " a gentle- man in Madison county, who is said to have rais- ed the greatest crop of corn ever grown in this State, ascribes his success principally to the cir- cumstance of his having ])ut four bushels of seed on an acre, instead of six <|uarls, the u.-ual quanti- ty ; and jiulling up all but the requisite number of most thrifty plants at the first dressing of the crop; and that no slalk produced less than three ears. — I do not know that the facts have been correctly stated to me; hut I confess they ap|iear to be ra- tional. We scarcely ever notice a hill of corn, v/iihout observing a spear more vigorous than the rest, which maintains its ascendency, and is al- ways more prolific in its return. ' On the contrary those plants wliijh are pale and sickly when young, seldom proiluce much under the best care. My experience warrants me in the belief, tb.at seed taken from a stock, which has produced two or three eais is more prolific than seed from a stock, which has produced but one ear.* We doubt, however, whether it will often be thought expedient to plant seed corn with quite so nuich profusion, though we believe it might not be annss to ]ilant about 7 or 8 kernels in a hill, at proper distances, and at weeding, pull out the smallest plants, leaving but four or five in a hill. Dr Deane directed to shell seed corn gently by hand, that it may not be torn or hiuised, rejecting about an iu<:h at each end of the ear. And if any corns ap))ear with black eyes, let them also be re- jected, " not because they will not grow at all for the contrary is true ; but because the blackness in- ilicates either some defect in drying, or want of perfection in the grain." It has, however, been advised by later cultivators to select seed exclu- sively from the largest end of tlie ear. " The nearer the seed is taken from the butt-end," (say some experimentalisis,) the larger will be the cars." This is a subject which appears to us de- serving of attention and further experiments. FINE SHEEP. We have seen exhibited for sale in Boston mar- ket, the carcase of a sheep, which for its size, and the apparent quality of the flesh, deserves particu- lar notice. This sheep, raised by Ctd Jaques, of ChaVlestown, Jlass, was, we are informed, mostly Dishley, or Bakewell, but part Lincolnshire, and partly of the common breed of this country. It was four years old, fattened by Mr Thomas Wil- liams, on Noddle's Island, and weighed when alive 218 llis. The carcase weighed 123 lbs. and sold for §21,56. An English writer observes of the breed of sheep from which the above mentioned animal was principally derived, that " Mr Bakewell select- ed from his own flock, and liom the flocks of oth- ers those slice]) to breed from, which possessed in tlie greatest degree that jicrfoction of form he was desirous to i-etain and perpetuate. Byju- (liciously crossing them, and selecting the most ]ierfuct of their progeny, he at length succeeded in forming the breed, which has been distinguished ly the name of the New Leicester, or Dishley breed ; and having attained his object, he careful- ly guarded against future intermixtures with other breeds. This breed exceeds all others in its pro- ))ensity to fatten ; and by crossing by rams with this breed a very considerable portion of the long woolled sheep in England have been greatly im- proved in this respect." — Luccock on Wool. The following article has appeared in several newsjia^jeis, and erroneously attributed to the " Fanner's Almanack.'" It was written for " The * N. E. Farmer, vol, iii. p. 21. New Enuland Farmer's Almanack," by the Editor of the New England Farmer. It should, ill its republications, have been introduced with the following title, to wit : From the JVeiv England Farmer's Jilmanack. The avocations of the husbaiulman are now be- coming niultifarioiis, and he must attend to every- thing or something will suffer. Soak seed corn in copperas water, according to advice given in our last year's calendar. Good fruit is raised as easily, and is often worth five times as much as bad ; you will therefore graft such trees as bear fruit which is worth but little for cider and less for the table. " Graft always as high as possible, to guard against cattle, and to raise the head of yoiH' tree, so as to admit tlie sun and air as freely as possible upon your under growth, whatever it iiKiy he ; it will also improve your fruit, both in sizi! and quantity." Do not undertake to graft too many limbs at a time, lest you kill the tree, des- troying the requisite pro))Ortion between the roots and the top. Now is the time, with your wife's leave and co-operation, to grow rich by your dairy. Where high flavored milk and butter are prefer- red to quantity, then pasturage on dry bottomed uplands is to be preferred ; but where flavor and rithness are the objects, soiling with clover, lu- cerne, &c. and two or three hours pasturage each day, for the sake of exercise, is the [ireferable sys- tem, where the labor can be spared. It is said by some foreign writers, in substance, that a field of mowing ground, in good heart, mown, and the grass eaten green, will produce treble the quanti- ty of milk it would have done if pastured, and four times as nuich as it would do in the form of dry hay. TANSY PUDDING. A lady in Roxbury has sent us the following recipe for an edible article which ought to be as indispensable to the table of the New England yeoman, as it was to the board of his ancestors, when " They deemed it sabbath-breaking to dine without a PUDDING." Take four eggs, twelve ounces of flour, one quart of milk, and half a tea spoonful of salt — stir the flour gradually into the milk, carefully dis- solving all the lumps. Beat the eggs very light, and add them by degrees to the milk and flour. — Add a large handful of tansy, finely chopped. Put in the salt and stir the whole well together. Take a very thick pudding cloth, dip it in boil- ing water and flour it. Pour into it the mixture, and tie it up, leaving it room to swell. Boil it hard, one hour, and keep it in the pot, till it is time to send it to the table. Serve it up with sauce. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO- CIETY. At a meeting of this Society on the 12th inst. for the admission of members, and to hear the Reports of the Standing Committees on the Pro- ducts of the Kitchen Garden, and on Ornamental Flowers and Green House Plants, the following donations were received, and distributed among the members. From N. G. Carnes. Esq. of New York, seeds of the Green Globe Artichoke, from France, a fine variety for the table. From Capt. M. C. Perry, of the U. S. Navy — seeds of the fine Cassabar melon, brought by him Vo).VIt.— N...43. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 343 from Asia Minor — these melons are of inicottitnon ridiness, green fleshed, and often attain tlie length of 18 to 24 inches. Also, seeds of the fine Per- sian melon, introduced into New Jersey by Joseph Bonaparte, — and seeds of the small Tunis On- ion. From Mr Samoel Walker, of Roxbiny, seeds of a singular variety of Spinach, which attains the height of three feet, the origin of which is un- known,— the leaves are very succulent, and the sort considered ei|ual to any cultivated. Members who were not present at the meeting can be su[iplied with these seeds, by calling at the office of the New England Farmer. We should have mentioned some time since the receipt of a large variety of scions, from Mr N Davenport, of Milton, which are pretty much all distributed among the members. Votes of thanks, were passed to the above gen- tlemen, as well as to Mr Robert Manning, for his donation of books, tnentioned in the last New England Farmer. BRIGHTON ftlARKET. On Monday last, about 150 iiead of cattle (on the hoof) for market beef, were offered, most of which were taken at prices which fully support our (piotations. Some few extra cattle brought 37 shillings. About 400 store pigs were offered — part sold — the best at 6 cts per lb. Best cattle for market beef, 33 a 36 shillings. Second best do do 32 Best cattle do mess do none. do do do No. 1 do none. do do do No. 2 do none. Sheep, do Store pigs, 4^ a 6 cts per lb. Asparagus Roots, Sfc. Aspamjiis Ronis. 2 i , 4 vpars old, Id cents 1o one dollar per huiitliwl. Rliuharti Rci.iis— Ihe large Diiuh Curraiil liuslics, one dollar per diizeii, Grape Vines, l^awliiniiis. &.C. &c. Any ■of the ahovo rtiois. llial n'ay requiie it, will he well packed ni tnoss. to ell^^L^^e safety in iheir tiaiisporlalKni. tf Red iind Jf'hitt Cover Seed. For sale at the New Kngland Fanner Seed Store, No. 62 North Market Stieet, 5000 II)?. Red Clover Seed, 500 lh<. notch White Honeysuckle Clover, (iinpoili'd.) AUo, Herd's Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, Lucerne, Foul Meadoiv, Hemp and Flax Seed, &.c, &c. M.ircli 27 t Greenvnch Flower Garden. ' The suhscriber has lately leceived his annual importations of Garden Seeds, Biilhons Flower Roots, &c, in excellent preservation, of the firovvlh ^^& "' ''^28, from the well known houses b%{f "( Messrs Warner, Seaman &, Warner, and Mr C'hailevvood, London, and Mr- Van Eeden & Co., Harlsm, Hollarrcl, Mho have giraiantced therir oood an bloiires, Phrms, Raspberries. Strawberries, Nirts, &c. j By Geoifre Brackshaw, author- of ibe " Pomona Biitlanni- { ca." — In 2 octavo vol -.r iocs, wiiii l-'t-I lar-^e color eri engrav- ings— pr'ce .^7 per volrurre. lire original cost of the work was .fl.- 32,00. Roma7t. This very elegant, full l.lnotled horse, imported wilh a hope of rrnprnvirig lire breed, will smnd ihisscasnrr al the larw of Mr Sleplren Wriliairis. in Norrhburoush, County of Worcester, where some ol tiis s;ock may lie -iei-n. Roman was purchased irr England of Ihe Earl of Warwick, arrd his pedigree has been traced in rhe Now IVIarkel Sludbook from Clrilders, rlre swiftesl horse that ever run over New Mar- ket cour-se, thr-ougtr eight generalrons ofllre highest bred horses ami marcs irr England wrihoul a single cross of inferior blood. Al 4 years old Ire won 5, and at 5 }ears (>ld he won 4 prizes, and has since beat sonre of the flecu-sl horses rri Englarrd, over ihe most celebrated cour-ses. His color a very hrrght bay — black legs, mane and larl^ walks arrd trots well — is very good lemper-ed — high spirited — active — 15 1-2 harrrls high, and is considered by judges as handsome and well fbrnied a horse as can be found in the corrn- iry. Mares have been repeatedly senl to him from Mairre, Rhode Islarrd. arrd Corrrrecricul, as well as fronr the r-enrole counties in this Slate, and the rreighhoring lowrrs, and his colls ate harrd- some and command high prices. 'J'erms — ^"iO the season, to be paid before tire mares are taken away. Norlhborough, Ma.ss, April. 1829. Crockery, Glass, and China Ware. Ephraim B. McLaughlin, -i Dock Sqrrare, has for sale, an elegaiU assorlnienl of newest patterns irr rhe above line, which ar-e ofTered al low prices tor cash. Country merchants and others are invited to call. eptf irar-27 Imported Horses. Barefoot, and Cleveland, the two P'.nslish horses, will stand for the seasiu) at their stable in lirighton. Barefoot al S^> and Cleveland al g 10, with $ i lor irre groom. a'24 PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. Seed of ihe Spn7i{sh CItesnvt. For sale al the S'-'^d Store coriiie;-'cd willithe New Eng- land Fanner No. 5-2 .\oiih .Market Sliecl. A few birshels of Sparrisli Chesnuts {Ci-ttanea resra) for planl- , irrg. 1'hese nuts were irrrpot lerlli) a o^etiliernarr of Salem, for } llie purpi se fit irin-c<-u(-it ^ the rnllure r.f llnMreps into New I Kngland. London des(-nl)es iliis as -■ rlre most rnacrnificerrt o( l-".trropeari irer's, I xceediiig ihi'oakin hi'if;ht. arrd eqrialiiirg il in bulk and exlerrl '" " Ir is rrsed Iiy rhe caliirn-l maker and j cooper— makes an excellent (-oppicp tree lor poles arrd lio.-ips — rlre bark is equal in aslrirr^eircy to rliat of larclr, arrd momrtain aslr, ttir larrnnrg — and lire lea^-es arrd nuts (about six limes the size of rhe coniiiion (-hesiiiil) aflbrd food tiorlr for man arrfl deer, arrd are desirable in aulrrnm arrd w-inii-i." Price 8 cts perdoz- err. Also, Cnrlon Seed, for rhose who w-ish to cultivate the plant as a cni-iosily — price 12 els n na;>Pr A few trees ol die Adinir.tlde A Iberge Rareripe, packed in moss about ten days since, and in good order lor transplant- ing. APPLES, best, ASHES, pot, first sort, Pearl, til si sort, - - - PEAKS, while, BEEF, mess, Cargo, No. 1, Car-go, No. 2, BUTTER, inspecled. No. 1, new, CHEESE, rrew milk, - Skininred milk. FLOUR, Baliim(a-e,IIowai-d-slr-ec!, - Genesee, - - - - Rye, besl, - - - - GRAIN, Corn, ... - Rvc, - - ' Barley, - Oats, .... HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME. PLAISTER PARIS rclarls at FORK, clear, Navy, mess. Cargo, No. 1, - - SEEDS, Herd's Gi-a.ss, - Oreiiai-'l Grass, Fowl Meadow, - - - Rv< Glass, ... Tail .Meadow Oats Grass, - Red Ti.[. - - . . Lurerrre, . - - - While Hone^sur-kie Clover, Red t.'lover. (noilliern) French Sugar Beet, - Mangel W urrzei, WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, . Merirro, firll b!^iod. rrrrwashed, Mei-ino, three lourlhs washed. J^Iei iwo. licli & quhrier washetl Nat've, washed, . - - Piilh-d, Lamb's, fir-sl sort. Pulled, I.,anrb"s, secoird sort. Pulled, " spina. ng, firsl soil barrel. ton. [bushel barrel. 'pound barrel. bushel pound I cask. I Ion. barrel. bushel FRO.M I 3 00 125 00 125 00 1 go! 10 25 9 00 8 00 14 7i 2, 7 00 7 CO I CO 70! I round ^1 85[ if> col 13 oo: 13 00 fi' 3«j 33i 7! TO 5 00 l.-JO 00 130 00 1 37 10 50 9 50 8 50 16 9 3 7 12 7 50 62 80 67 37 9 90 3 50 16 50 13 .W 13 25 2 WJ 3 CO 3 00 4 00 2 SO 1 00 60 60 8 1 50 1 50 37 24 30 26 25 .37 28 30 PKOVISIOrf MARKET. CORRECTKn KV>:PV WETIC by MR H,4VW'ARD, (Vir.k of Famicil-luitt Market.) BEEF, besl pieces, . POKK, fresh, tiest pieces, whole hogs, VEAL. MUTTON. . - . - I'OrLTRY, - . . . BITTER, keg and rrrb, . Lump, besl, EGGS. MEAL, Rye. relail,- In ban, r-elarl, I'OTATOS, CIDER, La.iordiirg In quality,] Iiouiid. 10 .* 7 i( 5 '< 6 •' 4 " 10 " H Inzpn. 12 'ushel. tt harrel. 2«.| 12 1 2 10 7 12 I'-! 16 20 20 16 1 m -"■, ao £ ao 344 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. May 15, 1829, MISCELLANIES. MAY. BY T. G. FESSENDEN. The hashful spring at lenjjlh begins To make some slight aclvaiices, But shows us, while her wn)' she wius. Her wajward freaks and fancies. One day, perliaps her ladyship Looks (air and coiidesccndiiiff, Next day she pouts, lier under lip Like parasol distending. Ti)e bard who sings tlie cliarms of May Must be a fool, or groggy ; With now* and then a pleasant day, tSlie 's mostly foul and foggy. For now a dull Nortli Easier blows, From horriijle iee islanfis J Now blasts from everlasting snows, Wiiich crown the polar higliljuds. And when tliese blasts arc made to tell For zephyrs by a rhymer, The llnklings of a crack'd sheep bell Sound sweeter and subWmer. JUGGERNAUT. Mr SuUon''s account of the Festival in 1827. Just as I came witliin siglit of the card, the storm came on violently: the tlaiiidei- roared, the lightning flu.shcil, ami the rain [lotired doun in tor- ren's. In ahout an hoitr the storm stihsided : the scattered nuiltitiide, whicli dispersed in every di- rection at the bitrsting of the stortn, again assem- bled at the deafening sound of tom-toms, and the discordant clanging of their barharotis trumpets. Here I beheld a promiscuous multitude jn-os- trate before the all-commanding Mahaniah (glory) of Jiiggenutut ; unre.-itrained by the mud, or even the water, though knee deep, which the late soak- ing stortn liad left. There was seen a zealous mother bowing down her infant's bead before the idol, and thus early initiating her tender offspring into tlie degradaticjn of iilolatry. Iti another place, was a gronj) of meti, woiiien, and childron, bowing down with profound reverence, so thtit they might touch with their foreheads the ropes of the dilfer- eiit cars — and in some cotispicuous spot, a devo- tee, eager to distinguish himself, advanced with cla.sped bands and steady eye toward tlie idol, till a clear space being afforded Itiin, he threw hitu- self flaton bis face, and worshipped : he lay a few moments — then half raising hitnself, lie stretched forth his hands toward the idol, nuittered a vnin repetition, and then prostrated hitnself afresh be- fore his god. But suddenly the scene changed. A shont was heard, a body, of perliaps, 2000 men, armed with sticks and boughs, rushed toward the cars. A louder sliout was heard — the jieople siezed the huge ropes, the clanging of the insrritmcnts sound- ed with a more vehement jieal, and the car moved on ; but it moved with a lardy pace ; and, to ani- mate the draggers of the |ionderous vehicle, one of Juggernaut's adorers stepped forward at the extreme front of the car, and [iractised the most licentious gestures that an impure imagination can conceive, and then exerted his stentorian lungs in expressions as abominable : agniti be turnetl to- ward the god and rejieated liis abominations — the god was pleased— the draggers were fired with fresh zeal — and the enormous load "grated harsh thunder" as it rolled on its sixteen wheels ; but they ran foul of a house and crushed the falling ruins. They still [iroceeded — women and men of all descriptions and castes uniting to drag the ponderous wain. Presently two miserable wretches were seen, one with bis shattered arm, ami another with his writhing back, bleeding and torn by the destructive car, whether accidentally or intentionally I know not. All seems infernal revelry — the wretches in the ruths with their obscenity — the woniler gazing mob with their vociferations — the crowds of women with t'leir jarritig hoot — the indescribable noise of their harsh-sounding instriimetits — the gay colors and long streamers of the cars — the ugly shape and great staring eyes of the idols — the mad en- thusiasm of the vast multitude — and a thousand things which can scarce be described — all tend to impress one with the idea, of a holiday in hell, with its blaspheming monarch led in triumph throngh his fallen associates ! A heart rending description of an evening near this temple is contained in a communication of Mr Lacey's : — The shades of evening are now prevailing — tlie sun is sinking in the western waters, ami leaving me iu darkness. A feeling of deep horror, that I cannot suppress, steals across my mind, aiid irre- sistibly drives me aw'ay. The jackallsare leaving their jungles, and are repairing hither for their nightly rcjiast — the eagles are flying to the neigh- boring trees for the night, filled with the flesh of man — the din of idol jiooj-ili assails my ear from every direction, and the work of blasphemy now commences. A Dilemma. — A man the other day, speaking of the backwardness of the spring said — " V\'e shall never have warm weather as long as the snow continues on the mountains — and I 'in certain the snow will never get oflT the mountains until it is warm weather." — Bennington Journal. Coal Gas. — Some experiments have been made on the combustion of coal gas, by the Rev. VV. Taylor, of York, the results of which are worthy of notice. They are related in the London Phi- losophical Magazine. A piece of wire gauze be- ing placed on the chimney of a conmion argatirl gas burner, it had the effect of enlarging the size of the flame to twice the original size, and fully doubled the light. In an cxjieriment made at the rooms of the Mechanics' Institute in the city of York, it was found that one hundred feet of gas were consumed in three hours and twenty-five minutes, by six argand gas burners in the ordina- ry state, while the same gas burners jirovided with wire gauze ca])S to their cbimiiies, yielded an equal light for an equal time, but consumed about fifty feet of gas. — Eve Post. I once had a constant and troublesome vi.siter, whom I tried many ways to disoblige. First, I essayed smoke, which he bore like a badger ; then fire, whi;-h he stood like a salamander. At last, I lent him five dollars, and have not seen him since. Sallads. — Washing for three or four minutes in sea or stdt water, is recommended as an effectual means of getting rid of all insects. Vegetables of every kind ought to be so cleansed ; and after- wards washed in the usual way in fresh water. for Sale, A valuable Real F.slate in Milton, 9 miles from Boston, on the road leading from Boston to raunloii. Bridscwater, anil New Bedford, eoivlaiiiiijg upwards of 200 acres of the vaiiety of lands and fruits .suitable for a good farm, well w;^ienil, with good substantial buildings. Said farm is ralcul.ited to suit a gentleman of taste, or an enterprising young man for a milk establishment, being an excellent e rass farm. The purchaser may have, including the build- ings, from 100 acres to the whole. As the above described property contains a large portion of valuable wood lami, the; purchaser may be acrommodated wiih more or less of that part. 'I'he place will be sold at a lair 111 ice, with or without a very valuable stock and iaiiiiiiig uteiisiU, Also, for sale, or to be let, opposite the above named premises, a large, convenient Dwelling Hon e, with a good Bake House and out buildings, very pleasantly situ- ated for a country seat or a good stmd for a store or country baking, with as much land as may he wanted for the accoiiiinodatioii ol the same. For turtlier infuiniation, inquire of the Editor, of Parker H. Pierce No. 95 Stale street, of Nathaniel Blake at Indian Queen Tavern, Brora- field street, of ,A. .^L V ithiiiglon, Koxbury, or Nathan- iel Tucker on the premises. April 10 tf Household Furniture Cheap. Plicenix Furniture Warehouse, near the Square, Main Street, Charlestown. FO.SniCK & CARTER, inform their friends and the pub- lic, that they have on hand, anil (or sale, an extensive assorl- iiii'iu ol Furniture, viz. Bureaus, Secretaries, Beds, Bedsteads, Tcil-irs, Chairs, Solas. Couches, Carpeting, Wash .Stands. Brass FiictSets, Waiters, Knives, Forks, Bellows, and brushes. — Also, a ciihstant supply ol Live Geese and Common Feathers, by llie bale or otherwise. Also, they niannl'acture and keep cniHtantly for sale, a general assortinent ol Looking Glasses, by w linlesale or retail, with almost every article (or house keeping, all « hich they will sell extremely low lor cash. Purchasers aie iii\iled to call and examine, P. S. Portrait and Picture Framing, executed in the b«sl manner, and at short notice, as above. Gl Chiiilestowii, April 3, 1829. Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This day received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, .W North Market street, 20 bushels of Tall RIeadow Oat Grass Seed, at S-,50 per bushel. JVanted to Hire, To the 1st Nov. a middle aged woman from the country, to tlo the work of a Inmil.v about eleven miles Ironi Boston, where oilier help is kept. IMain cooking, washing, and tlie care of a sniitll dairy, will be required, and to a steady, industi-lous per- son, good wages will be given — no other need apply to Mr J.B. Russell, at the New England Farmer office, North Alarket street. Assorted Seeds for Families. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store small boxes of assorted Seeds 1(ir Kin-hen Gardens. Each box contains a package of the following Seeds; Long Diitcli Parsnip Large Cabbage Lettuce Long Green 'I'lirkey Cucumber Pine-apple Melon Long, or Round Watermeloa Nasturtium Large White Onion Large Red Onion Curled Parsley Flat Squash Pepper Rarly Scarlet Short-top Radish White Turnip Radish Salsaly Earlv Bush .Squash Rarly White Dutch Turnip Wliiie Flat Turnip Yellow Slone Turnip Winter Crook-neck Squash. POT HERB SEEDS. Thyme— Sage — Marjorum. The above list, it will be seen, comprises all the common ve- getables, besides several new varieties of recent introduction, and uncommon excellence. Every kind is warranted of tha very Hrst quality, as to freshness and purity. Each box contains directions for the managenienl of the difl'erenl sorts. Price g3 per box. ^.^^^___^^^^_^^_ Early W^ashington Peas Dw-arl'Blue Imperial Peas Late IMarrowfat Peas Early Aiohawk Dwarf string B.^ans China Dwarf string and shell lieaiis Lima, or Saba Pole Beans Long Blood Beet Karly Turnip-rooted Beet Early ^'oi k Cabbage Large late Driimliead Cabbage Cape Savoy Cabbage Red Dutch Cabbage (for pick- Early Horn Carrot Long Orange Carrot White Solid Celery Curled Cress Early Cucumber Early Silesia Lettuce Published every Friday, at ^.3 per annum, payable at the end of llie year — hut those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing, are eivlitled to a deduction of liliy cents. Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. BuxTS-^by vvhom all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B. Russell, at Ihe Agricultural Warehouse No. fit North Market Street. 03° No paper will be sent to a distance w-iilioul payment be- ing made in advance. NEW JitfR« Published by John B. Russell, at M. 52 JVorth Market Street, (at the Agricultural Harehouse) Thomas^gTfessenden, Editor. VOL. YII. COMMUNICATIONS. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MAY 22, 1829. No. 44. FOR THE NEW ENGT.iiND FARMER. INSECTS ON VINES. rVeslon, nth jMay,\S^Q. j From tlie torpid state in which wc find sai'l Mr J. B. Russell— III coiiiphancc witli your; hugs in the morning, / doubt much whether it would request, to state the substance of our conversation, i answer any purpose to light a blaze of an if kind, ia last Saturday, on the cuhivation of squashes and the night, near the planted spot, loith an expectation otiier plants exposed to the devastation of bugs, ! that the bugs ivould be attracted by, and jlii into it. an.l llie best method to prevent it, I will say brief- ] The chill of the night renders them stitiVand de- ly, that It IS a matter of great difficulty to protect ; prives them almost eiitirelv of the power of mo- such plants against said insects, especially in hot i tion. The nocturnal insects, whose appointed dry seasons. And the more so yet, if the planta- [ time of activity, is the night, are attracted by the tion IS maile successively from season to season light ; accordingly, we find, in summer evenings, upon the same s|)ot. I expect that they deposit the various species of moth, the lar^e brown beetle, iheir seed in the soil, and that it is the cause why and-smaller black ones, attracted^ by the li-ht of much fewer insects are seen the first year, that a candles, and fly into it. These rest, and are tor- spot of groniid is appropriated to that culture, and pid, in the day time. We never find butterfiies that they multiply alterwards, from year to year, nor any otiier kind of insects, which are active in until It becomes almost impossible to save the the dav, to make their appearance in the evening plants liom destruction. It is owing also to the in our dwelhmrs and about our lights, same cause J expect, that we meet with much The piaster^ I have used for the dressing of less trouble Irom the bugs, by raising squashes in ' squashes an I melons, is that kind preferred by the a held in the remote part of the farm, than any farmers of Pennsylvania, being streaked with red, wliere near to gardens, or to pieces of old culti- and I have prepared it according to the method of vate.l grounds. Ihe choice then of a field, new- Europe, by getting it calcined and then ground, ly broken from the sward, is a very desirable ' which I have been assured, renders its powers measure of prevention. Another, I have found much more active. I have used it with success by experience, IS to place the squash bed in a fiekl , for corn and potatoes, but shall not enter on the ot potatoes, or have it surrounded by several rows subject at present. In the mean wliile, as it may ot Ihcm, inasmuch that the small black and yel-: be pleasant to some members of the Horticultural low striped bug feeds occasionally on the leaves | Society, to try what a degree of efficacy it may ot the potatoes, and by that arrangement boM- I have for the object of our inquiry, which i^ the provided with a choice of food, the mischief ho- protection of vines, I shall do myself the ijleas- comes divided between the two plants, and pro- , ure to send you, soon, a few sn all packets of the tection is much easier bestowed on the squashes. ! same, for their acceptance, and remain sincerely Pumpkins planted in a potato field, sticking the | your friend and servant, J. M. GOURGAS seeds in the hills, and led to their own chance, I i Mr J. B. Russell [the bugs are under the torpid influence of the ; It was formerly recommended to wear the skin 1 night's chill, and destroy them with the fingers, i of a hyena round the neck to prevent the hydro- ! But when a plantation is extensive, it is a consid- ( phobia, or to eat the hver of a mad doy I era'ile undertaking, and in such a case the use of | edy against the poison of its bite, the plaster is valuable. j It appears that the writer of the article referred to has c.iloptcd the method recommended by some as a rem- have seldom known to be materially injured. Mil- 1 linet frames may answer a good purpose, but it j would be expensive for a large cuhivation, besides j tbey dejirive the plants of some portion of air, and ] heat, and cannot protect beyond certain narrow j limits, which the vines will soon outrun I ha Member of the Council of the Mass. Hort. Soc. apiarians of elevating his hives by supports under the corners to prevent the depredations of the bee moth. But in this instance as in many oth- ers the method has proved ineffectual. A treatise recently published by Messrs Marsh & Capen, on the management of bees, and the prevention of the ravages of the bee moth, will be found to contain the requisite information on the subject. There is one fact observable in the economy of bees, which to my mind is inexplicable. In the cold weather in the month of March, before a tree or shrub was in bloom, or any signs of vegetation was manifested, these industrious insects were seen returning to their hives, with their legs load- ed with balls of a substance resembling the pollen which they procure from flowers and blossoms in their season. If any curious observer can ac- count for the manner in which this substance is manufactured, the information would be very ac- ceptable. MEDICUS. Plymouth, May 11, 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FOR THE ICEW ENGLAND FARMER. BEES Mr Fessenden — I observed in the Centinel of ,,™ ,,.: . „, „ •.-.,. I the 6th inst. an article taken from the American comnenTd «s l/TT '"■"'^: "'""•^'''^'t^ f"- i Daily Advertiser, headed Salt your Bees, which se t u h as s,.i2 ?f '' ""^ '" ;'"''" , '"" 1 "'"''"''' "'^ '="'-'-"-V- The writer of th; article sects, sucn as spirit ot turpentine iilaced in rinm ,i„ i ■ , , • ■ shells nrnnn.r tL =n„ I '"= '""'^^ 1"'"=^'^ '" Clam , describes minutely his interview with '• a itoW/.w sneiis among tne squash and melon vmp*! • «iwli /^ 71 u , , . . ^ nffain •.« pl-,^„= „1 .. I • < ■ , ' , ' <^'^""n«> hy whose advice he [iiit a teaspoonful of again, as clams placed in number round the 1) ants <-r,n ,,.,,i.,,„ 1 /■ u- u i- •' . '' in the expectation that the effluvia of their e" J n"L 1 r\ " ""'' "' ,'' V''^'""''' would drive the insects awav, hut thi was d? n f H """"'^"" "[/'" ^^°'™^' T^' f'*^'" " ''"" , ,. o".>Y, ijui inis Hd» all in of this quantity was blown awav bv the wnrl 22 u'lef^ Z" rr' ■ 7;'"" "Tp; ' "-'"' ''""' ^^"-viUistandiJlg this diLIter how^C nioT Ld oTerrvvaid sooner. But a bed with- out glass will answer every jiurpose, and be suf- ficiently early. When your plants are four or five inches high they will be fit for setting out, which should he done in the following manner. After making your ground perfectly mellow, furrow and cross it four feet each way. At the crossing of the furrow place a shovel full of fresh manure from the horse stable. Level your manure and cover it six or seven inches with earth, leaving it flat on the top, 8 or 10 inches. It would be well to have your hills made a few days previous to planting, so as to be in readiness to embrace the first favorable season for setting your plants. Now take your potatoes out of the bed, and on examining them you will find a sprout coining from the eye, and a little above, several coming from the first, all vtith small roots. Three of these plants are sufficient for a hill. I have planted twenty-nine hills from a single potato, which pro- duced a good yield in the fall season. After cut- 846 N E W E ^ iit!<, |>liint your potatoes us fori', iiud tbey will, alt.T this, send Cnrlli many good slioots. Set your plants drep in tlie lull, nearly down to llie manure. This niainire not only furnishes nutriment for your plants, hut will deterniiue the length of the pot:iloes, which will be from the top of the ground to the manure.— This is an important cousiileration in raising this species of potato. Many kinds of the sweet pota- to are inchned to grow long and shni, hut by the hut not a word of th method, which I have laid down and followed lor many years myself, any person with a little c.\i)e- ricnce may raise these roots to any given leu^'th, by leaving the earth at bis last hoeing as deep over the manure as be chouses to have his pota- toes lon^. One thing more in relation to the size of your bills, and I have done with the planting part. In warm countries they may be large, hut in New England they shoulil b(! Ysmall in order that the sun may thoroughly warm them through, as this kind of plant is fond of beat. Let one heaping bushel of earth be a rule, a little over or under may answer. ibr tiie .Vcio EnfyUiiii F.iinici: I5ut few i;apers come to hand, helore I found something \ery en- i-ouraging about the heel. It was btated that lilty cstahii^hnients were already erected in Frame for making sugar from the beet, and present .-iiipear- uj on them, about one ihird in height above the roots. In ihi.s thi'y sh(;uld ii main for about three luiuis, stirring them at dilicrent times wiib a wo(iilcn |. addle. At the end ol'tbi.s time, the same inimber of ( lean dried roots should be put into the ances indicate.l that their home manufacture of | second tcdi ; and the sweet liipior u the fresh roots iii the hist ; a much greater quantitv than anv of the other then draw the liquor from the second tub, and plants. M. Achard, of' Berlin, fi"i>t iutroiluced pour it (Ui the third. The roots of the second tub this subject into general notice, and recommended will now be cxliansted, and may be given to the that the su-ar should be procured by boiling the cattle. After three hioved, tl'iat, When dried and rubbed, it becomes a fine, white powder sugar. The separated syrups should be again carefully boiled, and more sugar will be ob- tained from thein by crystalization. If the sugar procured from the first pressure be dissolved iii^as much clear water as will form a syrup, and placed again in a warm room to crystalize, it will yieM a much purer and harder sugar : the syrup "may then be sejiarated without pressure from the sugar, merely by incMiiing the vessel, and allowing "the syrup to run ofl" from the crystals. All the syrups thus prepared are fit for family use, and are much superior in taste to those prepared from the pres- sure of the rav/ or boiled roots. The remaining thick syru|is may be used as treacle, or molasses', and will serve to distil for rum or spirits. The proiluce of beet roots, and their quality for yielding sugar have been variable, and of course the profit accruing from them. From M. Acii- ard's account we learn, that 24 measures of roots, each of which weigh about 00 pounds, (in all 2100 pounds,) produce 100 pounds of raw sugar; that is 20 pounds of roots produce nearly one"pound of sugar. One hundred pounds of raw sugar give 65 pounds of refined sugar, and twenty-five poimds of molasses. Another statement inliirms us, that U pounds of raw sugar gave I a pound of lump 347 vated, would produce white beet sulficieni to fur- nish the whole Prussian domihions willi sugar. Loudon's li;iicycl(ipedia of Gardening, in Uiein- ilex, under the head " BlI,!,' has the following re- marks. " It is from the roots of the beta eicla that the French and Germans obtained sugar with so much suci-.ess during the late war. The fol- lowing was the ordinary process :— Reduce the roots to a |)ulp by pres.,iiig them between two rough cyfindeis : put the pulp in bags and press out the liquor it contains ; boil this liquor| prejipi- tate the saccharine matter by quick lime, pour off the hquor; add to the residuum a solution of sul- phuric acid, and boil again ; the lime uniting with tlie acid, is got rid of by .straining, and the'ljcpior m.-iy then be gently evaporated, or left to granu- late slowly, after which it is ready for uiidiugoing the (•(Uimion jirocess for reliuing raw sui'ar." The foregoing contains all the informaiion on this subject, which we can at present readily ob- tain. Should anything fintlier occur of impor- tance, we shall be gratified in publishing it. In forniii!g an opinion of the expediency of attempt- ing to maiiufactufe beet sugar in this country, many things are to be taken into consideration, which would vary circumstances connected with' an establishment of the kind in the United States, from those existing in France and Germany. The price of labor in this country, the price of sugar obtained from the cane, and from the inajile, are among the items which deserve to be well ean- va.ssed before a large manufactory is attempted. We believe about twenty tons of sugar beet to an acre may be raised with facility in the United States; and if, as M. Achard supposes, 20 |iounds of roots will give 1 ponfid of sugar, we may have at least 400 pounds of sugar from an acre of roots. Besides the refuse matter of the roots containing starch, mucilage, &c. wouUl prove valuable for feeding cattle, &c. The tops would also be ser- viceable for the same purpose. But we must be careful to obtain the pro|jer variety of beet ; and if a person accustomed to the manufacture of beet sugar in Europe, could be found, and induced to superintend an establishment for that purpose, in this country, it would save much labor in experi- ments, and give a nuieh fairer jirospect of eventu- al success. near y coiupleted their growth, it is advisable to break off tie leaves wherever they shade the fruit, ni order that it shouhl bave the uninterrupte.l benefit of the sun, and to cut off freely the stra-- ghng vines, so that ii.uie should be left but those which bear fruit ; this will hasten their maturity and perlcetion. The same .system of pruning is still more needful for musk melons ; it will im- prove the flavor and the size of the fruit, and is, I believe, universally practised in the old coun- tries. The French always pinch off the small top of the heart, at the earliest period, which they call chnlrer, and which encourages the growth of the slender side shoots, which are the fruit bear- ers. The ripening of melons is much hastened by plating under them, when about the size of an *-'??. large pieces of slate stone, or a shingle ; the melons are also ke.pl from ground worms by thia process. Although our soil and climate are mora powerful and finring, and might dispense in some measure with these refinements of the gardener's art, jet they will repay well for the little time and attention required, and 1 have always found it my pleasure, and iny advantage, to attend to it regu- '•■"■'>'• J. M. G. If'cston, May 1.3, 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FOR THE NL'W ENGLAND FARMER. sugar, Ig pound of v>'!iitc powder sugar, and 1; of a darker colored powder sugar, and 8 pounds of brown .syrup ; from which more sugar might have been obtained. It is computed in M. Ach- ard's aceonnt, that a German square mile of land, (that is 16 square miles English,) properly culli- CULTURE OF SQUASHES AND MELONS. Mr Editor— Squashes, melons, and all other vines require good oM manure ; nothing suits lliem better than vault manure, kejit one year after it is taken out ; hog's manure is excellent. There should he, for squashes, five or six .shovelfuls to each hill, distance about six feet; as the vines e.\- I'and it will be very useful to check their growth for the benefit of the fruit. It is getierally placed on the side shoots, and only one squash should be permitted to grow on one side shoot, and as soon as the blossoming is over, the shoot should be stopped by pinching off the head of it. The main vines should also be stopped after they have a suf- ficient number of side shoots and squashes. This kind of pruning will have a tendeucv to improve the size and the quality of the fruit ;'it is advisa- ble to take off late blossoms and small squashes which have no chance of coming to maturity be- lore the white frosts take place, and which would injure theearherand better fruit, by dejiriving it of some of the nourishment. When the lattcl- part ol the season comes on, and the squashes have GRAFTING THE VINE. Mr Editor — After making many fruitless at- tempts to cultivate the vine by grafting, I have, the [last season, succeeded to my entire satisfac- tion. The result of my experience I wish to com- municate to the lovers of horticulture, through your useful paper. Early last spring I took two wild vines from the trees, where they grew naturally, which I sup- pose were an hundred years old. I dug a trench about six inches deep, lioni the roots to a conven- ient place, where I had trained the vine to graft. In this trench I buried the vine in suitable branches for grafting, and there inserted the grafts, which were also covered, leaving only one eye >»)ove ground. At the usual time for such buds to break, mine burst forth, with a degree of esu- berancc, which I had never before witnessed, in- somuch that I had to prune them every ten days throughout the season, to keep them in tolerable order. Some of these grafls grew nearly twenty feet long, producing fine bearing wood for the next year, and several fine bunches of grapes the first sea.son. I think, on a moderate calculation, I shall have the ensuing season, several bushels of grapes from my two vines. CALVIN iMORRELL. Hamilton County, Ohio, Marcli 25, 1829. ~ CARROTS. The following mode is recommended of ren- dering the cultivation of this valuable root less ex- pensive and trnuhlesome, viz. — to sow the seed on some very rich mould under a hovel, about a forrnight before the field is ready, and then drill, mould, and seed altogelher, having had it well stirred every second day, r.tui kept snflicieiitlv wet to cause it to vegetate. This operation enablea the grower to clean his land, and to pulverise it, So as to make mcst of the .•ronblesome annual weeds, and give the carrot a considerabie start The crop is much prclerable to mangel wurtzel or Swodiah turni|is, for feeding oxen, and as a winter food for milch cows ; for the latter pur- pose, its siiperimily is very evident in improving the quantity and quality of the milk and butler.-l a estfitld Register^ 318 From ihe Daily Advertiser. BEES. In an article written by Mrs Griftitli of New Jersey, vvliich appeared in the Nortli American Review, for October last, an anecdote is related, which is in substance as IWIlows :— An old French bishop, in paying his annual visit to his clergy, was afflicted "l)y the representations they made of their poverty, which the appearance of their houses and faniihes corroborated. Wldlst he was Jeiilorin" their sad condition, he arrived at the house of a curate, who, living amongst a poorer set of parishioners than any he had yet visited, would, he feared, be ni a still more woeful plight than the others. Contrary, however, to liis ex- pectations, he found appearances very much im- proved. Everything about the house wore the as- pect of comfort and ple/ity. The good bishop was amazed. " How is this, my friend," said he, "you are the first man I have met, with a cheerful face and a plentiful bourd. Have you any income in- dependent of your cure ? " Yes, sir," said the clergynjan, " I liave ; my family would starve on the pittance 1 receive from the poor people I in- struct. Come with me into the garden, and I will show you the slock that yields me an excellent in- terest." On going to the garden, he showed the bishop a range of bee hives. " There is the bank from which 1 draw an annual dividend. It never stops payment." Ever after that memorable visit, when any of his clergymen complained to the bishop of poverty, he would say to them, " keep bees, keep bees." We dare say that our readers will entertain a very favorable opinion of this jiiece of advice, on reading the ensuing paragraph from the Worces- ter Spy : Remarkalle Increase. — We have been fn nished by a friend with an account furnished by David Royce, of Ripley, Chatanquc county. New York, of a remarkable increase of Kees belonging to him ; the correctness of which statement is certified by the Postmaster and jiublic officers of the town. — In the course of something less than seven years and a half, from a single swarm of bees, lie had taken u]i 31 swarms, from which he obtained for use 1705 [louuds of honey ; ten swarms had es- caped to the woods and were lost ; and eiglity- eight swarms remained in their hives, in which there was, by the estisnate of intelligent and im- partial men, not less than 7664 jiounds of honey, making a total of one hundred and Ihirtij-nine swarms of liees, and nine Viousunl three hundred and sixty-nine pounds of honey. The honey, at the price it is usually sold in this vicinity, would amount to more than fificni hundred dollars. We know not why bpes, with pro])ir attention, may not do as well in this section of the country as in any other; but, if they will, with the best of care, yield half as nuich increase as the above, to what more profitable business can the farmer turn a portion of his attention ? ^*^_y ji^^jl^^ FARMER, with regard to size and number growing in 1832. The trees which furnish food for the busy spin- ners of the native silk, are more beautiful in ap- pearance than most of the pampered exotics which are jiermitted to lurk about houses and gardens. They would form the appropriate oriuiments of our highways, and while they covered from sight those bonlers of gravel, rock, and bramble which dishonor our roads and disgrace the proprietors of the soil over which they pass, woidd furnish a healthful and innocent employment to the mem- bers of the farmer's family whose occupations are at present limited. The gathering of green leaves, the feeding of the insect weavers, the processes of manufacture, might well supply the place of the card sotting and the straw braid which were once almost the universal employments of the fe- males of a family. On the hab.ts of domestic in- dustry and economy each are few ; but with this delicate tree it may often be noticed that the exuberance of blossoms is no certain indicatioti of the abundance of au- tunuial products, and that when its branches are most thickly covered with flowers much of the fruit falls innnature. The pear and apple are full of buds, and i)romise to fill the basket and barrel to overflowing — Ibid. RYE COFFEE. One reason why this article is not more used is, thiU Cew know how to make it. We know a lady who after several vain attempts to suit her- self wiih it, happened to recollect, that when rye is sown, the operation of heat and moisture cause what is called the saccharine fermentation to take place, by which sugar is formed ; after which, the sprout immediately begins to show itself. She therelbre i;ept her rye moist, and moderately warm, till the swelling of the sprout showed that the fer- mentation had begun, and then dried and burnt it with all possible despatch, in order to arrest the process before the rye should become som-. Her success was complete, and her knowledge of chemistry was of use to her husband's pocket. — Maine Farmer. Farmers might easily save the flesh of Horses and Cows, and confer a great kindness on their iuiimals, in preventing the usual annoyance ot Flies, by simply diling the ])arts most exposed. — Flies will not alight a moment on the spot, over which an oiled sponge has been pressed. Proba- bly either fish or flaxseed oil would answer ; but what I have known used with success was the Tanner's oil. Every man who is compassionate to his beast, ought to know this simple remedy, and every Livery Stable, and Country Inn, ought to have a supply at hand for the use of travellers. Ibid. The liberality of the Legislature has again af- forded to the Agricultural Societies the means for extending those encouragements to industry and skill, which have heretofore been found so prac- tically valuable. Among the objects marked with peculiar favor, is the manufacture of Silk, and in accordance with the direction of the donors, the Society of this County have offered a premium of sixty dollars for the best nu/icry of nnilbtrry trees, AGRICULTURAL. Tlie Middlesex Agricultural Society, in the r list of [iremiums, just published, otior fur the best plantation of White Rlulhcrry trees, not less than 150 in numbsr, which shall be in the best condi- tion in the autnnm of 1830, a i)reuiiinn of S?2.5 ; next best S15 ; for the best specimen of silk, not less than 5 lbs. $9 ; next, $7 ; next, $4. They also oflfer preinimns for various kinds of fruit and forest trees. The Society in this county, a few- years since, offered premiums for plantations of White Oak trees, but we have not understood that ihcy were «ver claimed. — Mass. Spy. Fertilizing effects of Chlorine on Seeds for Sow- ing.— The employment of chlorine, or oxynnniat- ic acid, in preparing seeds for sowing, is recom- mended by M. Rcmord, as ca|>able of increasing the product three and fijur fold what it wouM be in ordiiiury cultivation. The process is as fid- lows : — The grain to be first steeped fortivehe boms in water from a river or fountain, never from a well ; then to be added to the water six- teen or seventeen drops of oxynniriatic acid for every quart — the whole to be shaken together, iu Sulphui-ic Jicid Springs.— The second number, vol. XV. of the American Journal of Science, con- tains an account by Prof. Eaton, of certain springs of water, im])reguated with sulphuric acid, in the town of Byron, Genessee county, N. Y. One of the springs emits a ])crpnnial stream, sufficient to turn a light gristmill, and is so acid as to coagu- late milk, 'i'lie fact is the more remarkable, as I)ut two other instances of the kind are known, and both of these in volcanic region.s. Antidote against the Poijon of Verdigris.— M. J. Charles Gullet, late apothecary of the first class, in the armies of the North, and Italy, had by a. mistake poisoned himself with verdigris. He was vomiting with great efi'orts. During the time some persons around him had gone lor some oil which he had sent for, but feeling extremely ihirsty he drank a glass of water with a great deal of sugar diluted in it. His pains diminished. He tlien ate sugar and was perfectly cured. The remedy often reiieated since with success has proved that sugar is the true antidote against ver- digris. Extract from the Practical Manualof the Scour- er, by L. Sable Normand. Vol. VII.— No. 44. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 349 Oyster Sheils in the Southern States.— There are also v:ist quantities ol" shells, aii''> very sli^'ht foundations; and he niaintailis.j vention, for in opening the dwellin^r of a sur^'eon in short, that there are, strictly S|.eal!ing, no he-! among the ruins of that overwheime.l city'^the reditary maladies; but only hereditary disposi- 1 identical dilator anil extractor here alluded to, was tions to contract maladies; and that by proper | foun.l nmotig a variety of other instruments with precautions, individuals born of parents subject to j which that dwelling abounded. The I'onjpjian any of the maladies mentioned, may be secured, extractor is made of bronze, from bain;,' themselves aftecterl by tliem. The im- portance of this view of -a subject on which there exists so many pernicious |>rejiidices, and on which the fatality is .sometimes so great as to cause the neglect of lejnedies that might be efficacious, is obvious — .V. Y. Courier. Cultivating Fruit Trees. — Instruction in tliecul ture of fruit trees, forms pait of the education of cs ,niiil Mills (hIiciiiI six limes llie size iiflllc cnniiiiiui i licMiiil) all'iinl (ii.,(l lioili Ihr m.Tii and d.-cr, niiil are ttesiiahle in iiuuiinii iiiitl uiiiit-i." IVice 8 els per doz- en. Also, Cnltnii Seeil. for lliose who vvisil lo cuilivale the plant as H enriosiiy — ].rire I'J els a rajier. A lew u-ri-s ul ihe Arhnir.'ilile Alhrrj^e Rareripe, packed in miiNS nlinul len I'ays since, and in good order for Iransjilaiit- JVew China Tea Sets, and light blue Dinner Ware. Il^eeeived. a eieal variely oflhe itbovp ; uhirli. wldi a com- I piele assorinieni el C'lotkeiy, (^hiiia. and (jiass W'aie, are of- From the New V'lnk Gardener. THE BL.\CKBERKY, the ordinary semiiniries in the States of iMeeklen- j fereil for sale. low. ai No. 4 boek .Square burg Schvveiin. No schoidmaster is admitted to exercise that function without a certifn alo of his capacity to teach the management of fruit trees. The same masters are obliged to take care of fruit gardens ; and tliose who. previously to the pro mulgation of the law on the subject, were iguo Or Bramble, one of our native shrnh.s, well de- i '"'" "' ''"' *""'' '■•='='='^« '''« J"*^ instruction at the serves a place in the farmer's gurilen, and will liberally repay the expense of "ciillivaticm. It should be propagated and pruned in every respect like the raspberry, hut being somewhat larger, re- quires more room. It is very nnich disposed to tlirow off young shoots from the roots, and unless great care is taken to destroy them, they will spread, and fill the ground, uud soon niak(! an im- penetrable wild. But this is no diiiicult task, if the .s))ace between the rows is well wrought, and kept, as it ought to be, (piite Uiin from grass roUj:b. ftls, at ,t^^n the S'-as-n, to be paiti bef(M*e the mares are taken away.— See l\ew Kiigland Fanner. .May 15. Imported Horses. Barefool, and Cleveland, llie two Knslish horses, will stand for the season at ilieir stable in Urighltai. Baretool al $t5f and Cleveland al ,'^10, with "Jl lor tne groom. a'24 PRICES OF COUjYTRY PRODUCE, FROM 1 To ArrLKS.hest. barrel 3 OC 5 00 A^)HL:?>, 11(11. RrsI sort. ton. ii'5 00 \m CO I'carl, liisl soil, - *' 125 00 130 00 HKANS. white, bnsliel I 00 I 37 IjEEF, nicsis, barrel. 10 23 10 30 Ci'ryo, No. 1, " 9 no y 50 Cai-o, No. 2, " 8 CO 8 50 lUJTTKK, insiiccU'tl. No. 1, new, pound. 14. 16 CliEESt:, new milk, . • ' 7 9 SkiiiHiit'tl milk. . " 2 3 FLOUR, n:i!iiin.,rc, llowiucl-hlrect, . barrel. 7 00 7 12 GlMlf'ift', ... - " 7 00 7 50 H}!', I>est, - . " GRAIN, Cnni, , bushel (iC 62 Rvr. . •* 70 80 li.rlcy, - - - " 67 OtK. - " 3c Gia^s, - 11 ' 400 'J'hII Mt-adow Oats Grass, . 11 2 50 R.-JT.-p . - " 62 1 00 I.UMTIH*, ... pound. SB 50 W lull* ilnneysurkle Clover, " 33 50 JicJ (.'lover, (iiorlliern) - ti 7 8 Frt'iMli Sugar Beet, - . tt 1 50 Manuel Wurlzel, . tt 1 50 WOOL, IMeniio, full blood, wnsliPtl. . tt 30 37 flieriiio, lull blood, unwashed. tt 22 24 Mei ino, three (ourths waslie .1. tt 23 30 flleriuo, hc.ir& quarter waslied tt 22 Sfi Native, washed, - . tt 2U 25 Pulled, Lainh's, first sort, . tt 35 37 Pulled, Lamb's, seeoiid sort tt 22 58 Pulled, " spinning', first sort, " 27 30 PKOVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVKRY WliEK BV JIR. llilWAKD, (Cle.k of FaiKiiil-hoil Market.) TIEF.F, best pieces, - POUK, fie^Ii, best pieces, whole hogs, VF.AI,. IMtri'TON, .... l'Ot!I.TKY, .... liUTTEll, keg and tub, . l,un)[>, best, EGCiS, MEAL, Itye, retail, - Indian, retail, POTATOS, ClUER, [according In quality,] pound. in 11 7 tt 5 " 6 11 4 tt 10 tt 14 dozen. IS bushel. Iiarrel. 2 00 12 I J 10 7 12 l2 16 20 20 16 1 00 70 50 A 352 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. M;iy 22, 1829. MISCELLANIES. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMET. MILTON HILL— SUNDAY. My soul, look abroad oji il^is pure, hr.ivenly nioruing ; Lei ihe cares and conlenlioris cl' vvorldiiiiess flee : See its calm, holy peace, every object adoruiug ! — Beueficenl auihor, O, shed ii on me ! How I love lo repose ou the prospect around ; On tlie wide water's blue, and the rude mountain's green : On the trees, and the flowers — the valley, and mound. And the hills, aud the fields, with the sli'eaniiet between. Yonder isle in the ocean, iliuni'd iVoin the sky. Seems it not I.ke the place of the dying man' prayer ? Oh yes, there is one lie hath hopeti for on high. The home ol the blest — where the beautilul are ! Then submit, anxious heart, ^m} doubt not the Power That sends the affliction, doth order it right ; And will fit thee to welcome that trembling hour. When the soul, disencumbered, soani fiee into light. Go kneel at the altar in thankful devotion. Be at peace, troubled bosom — resigned to Ilis will — Let the murmur of cares there be calm as that ocean. Which has listened to Him who commanded — be still! Look abroad then, my soul, on this pure, heav'nly morning, Bid the struggles and sorrows of vvorldliness fiee, And that calm, holy peace, every object adorning, lo mercy, and bounty, will come upon thee. ESBF.ES. THE RETURN OF SPRING. BY J. MALCOMB, ESq. Dear as the dove, whose wafting wing The green leaf ransom'd from the main, Thy gemal glow, returning Spriiig, Comes to our shores again ; For tl.ou hast been a u.utu. ror long, On many a fair and foreign strand, In balm ajd beauty, sun and song, Passing from land lo land. O'er vine clad hills, and classic plains ; Of glowing climes beyond the deep j And by the dim and mouldering fattes Where the dead Ciesars sleep ; And o'er Sierra's brigh:ly blue, Where rests our country's fallen brave. Smiling through thy sweet tears, to strew Flower ofl'erings o'er each grave. Thou bring'st the blossom to the bee. To earth a robe of emerald d^e) The leaflet to the naked tree ; And rainbow in th'j sky ; 1 feel 1 1^ b'esi, bengn control The pulses of my youth rt;slore ; Opi^ning the spring of sense and soul 'I'o love and joy once more. I will not people thy green bowers. With sorrow's pale and spectre band ; Or blend with ihijie the faded flowers Of memory's distant land : For thou wert surely never given To wake regret from pleasures gone ; But like an angel sent troin heaven, To soothe creation's groan. Then, while the groves lliy garlands twine. Thy spirit breathes in flower and tree, Bly heart shall kindle at thy shrine. And worship God in ihee ; And in some calm sequestered spot. While listening to thy choral strain, Past griifs shall be awhile forgot, And pleasures bloom again. Musk of Sabbath Bells.— There is something exceedingly impressive in the breaking in of elmrcli bells on the stilhiess of the Sahbatli. 1 doubt whether it is not inore so in the heart of a popiildiis city than anywiiere else. The presence of any single, strong feeling in the midst of a great [leople, has something of awftihiess in it, which exceeds even the iin|iressiveness of nature's breath- less Sabbath. I know few tilings more iiiijtosing than to walk the streets of a city when the peal of early hells is jii?t beginnitig. The deserted pttve- ments, the closed windows of the |)laces of busi- ness, the decent gravity of the solitary passenger, and, over alL the feeling in your own bosoms, that God is brooiling like a great shadow over the thousand hnman beings who are sitting still in their dwellings aroinid vou, were enotig if ther were no other circumstitnce, to hush the heart into a religions fear. But when the bells jieal out suddenly with a sttmmons to the temple of God, and their echoes roll on through the desolate streets, and are unanswered by the sound of any human voice, or the din of any human occupation, the effect has sometiincs seemed to me more sol- emn than the near thunder. Far more beautiful, and perhaps quite as salu- tary as a religious influence, is the sound of a dis- tant Sabbath bell in the country. It comes float- ing over the hills like the going abroad of a spirit, and as the leaves stir with its vibrations, and the drops of dew tremble in the cups of the flowers, you cotild almost believe that there was a Sabbath in iiattire, and that the dumb works of Gud ren- dereil visible worshif) for his goodness. The ef- fect of nature alone is ])urifying, and its »liotisand evidences of wisdom are too eloqtient of their Maker, not to act as a contintial lesson ; — but com- bined with the instilled piety of childhood, and the knowledge of the inviolable holiness of the time, the mellow cailences of a church bell give to the hush of a country Sabbath, a holiness, to which only a desperate heart could be insensi- ble. Vet, after all, whose ear was ever " filled with hearing," or whose " eye with seeing ? " Full as the world is of music— crowded as life is with beauty which snriiasses, in its mysterioits work- manship, our wildest dream of faculty and skill — gorceous as is the overhung and ample sky, and deep and universal as the harmonies are, wliich are wandering i)erpetually in the atmosphere of this spacious and beautiful world — who has ever heard music, and not felt a capacity for better ; or seen beauty, or gramleur, or delicate cunnittg, without a feeling in his inmost soul, of unreached and unsatisfied conceptions ? — Amer. Monthly Mag- a-ine. Mangel Wurlzel, Sugar Beet, i;c. For sale at the Seed Store connected ivilli the New England Farnier, 5*2 North Market street, 200 lbs. ]\Iani;el Wurlzel. ■200 lbs. French Sugar Beet, raised expres.sly for this eslabli~binoTit, by John Prince. Esq. Roxbury. — The .superiority of this seed and the excellence of the roots lor cattle are too well known lo need coniineiit. Also, roots of the Pie Pliiit, or Tait Rhubarb, in fine Older for transjihiiitins, — '25 cts per root. Double and Single Dahlia', from 25 cts to one dollar each. The col- ors and form of lliis llower are iiiagnilicent.aMd are of the e.i'ie.-t culture, requiiiiig llic poorest >oil, in tvhii:h they bloom in the highest perfection. The roots arc tuberous, n ■enibling a sweet potato — can be packed for transporta- tion to any part of the uiiioi^. Also, Double Tiibeioses, Tiger Flowers, Amaryllises, Foruiossissiiua, iic, beautiful bulbs now in seasoQ to plant Also, White Mulberry Seed, 30 cts per ounce. Lucerne, or French Clover, While and Red Clover, Panloin, Tim- otbv, Orchard Grass, Oat Grass, Herds (Jrass, &.C. Also, several varieties ol held coin, viz. the Early Gold- en Sioux, Gilnian, Red, Turkey Wheat, Early JetTerson, (for the table) Sweet, or Sugar (for the table.) The Early Tuscarora Corn, a fine sort for the table: _ The .Appaliisia Melon— a new variety from Illinois, in- tioiluced by Doct. Green.— This melon was originally derived from the western Indians, by E. Warren, Esq. —is in eating from the 1st of September to the 1st of No- veaiber— melons small, remarkably sweet, with red flesh, and a very thin rind— 25 cts per ounce. ANo, the Apple Seeded Melon, a very early variety. The Star Melon, a very late variety, of the Nutmeg species. Agricultural Boolcs. The third edition of Fcssenden's JVei/i Jtmerican Gar- ilcner ; this work has been pronounced by the most ju- dicious horticultuiisls in New England and the middle st.ites, to be the best treatise on Fruit Trees, Vegetables, Grape Vines, &c., to be found in this country— price •ft 1,25. ^ The Vine Dresser's Theoretical and Practical Manual, on the Culture of the Vine ; and Making Wine, Brandy, and Vinegar. By Thiebaut de Berneaud. The Young Gardener's Assistant, containing Directions for the ouhivalion of Culinary Vegetables, and Ornament- al Flowers. By T. Bridgeman, gardener, New York- price 37 1-2 cts. A practical Treatise on the Manageirient of Bees ; antj the Management of Apiaries, with the best method of des- troying and preventing the depredations of the Bee Moth. By' James Thacher, M. D.— price 75 cts. Also, one copy of each of the following rare works: — Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gar- dening: with the theory of Draining Morasses, and with an improved construction of the drill plough. By Dr Dar-.uJ win, (Dublin edition, price three dollars and filty cts.) 'M D.trwin's Botanic Gardeu— (price three dollars, a fine, correct copy. The Horticultural Repository, containing Delineations of the best varieties of the dilTercnt species of English Fruits ; with delineations of its blossoms and leaves, in those instances in which they are considered necessary, with descriptions and coloicd drawings of all the promi- nent Apples, Apricots. Cherries, Currants, Figs. Filberts, Gooseberries, Grapes, Melons, Nectarines, Peaches, Pears, Pines, Plums, Raspberries, Strawberries, Nuts, &c. By George Brackshaw, author of the " Pomona Britlanni- ca."— In''2 octavo volumes, with 104 large colored engrav- ings—price $1 per volume. The original cost of the work was 932,00. Rait Road Carriage.— Henry Chew, of Baiti more, has obtained a patent for another appli- cation of friction rollers, to facilitate the opera- tion, and to diminish the resistance of rail road carriages. . ■ .■ : .;. J;*.. ..i.liiMT a'-3i:' There is a pine tree in Gore, Upper Canada, which is 200 feet high, and measures at the base 20^ feet, and appears but little less at the height of sixty feet. — Keeiie Sentinel. Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This dav received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North Market street, 20 bushels of lall Meadow Oat Grass Seed, at .^-.50 per hushel. Asparagus Roots, ifc. Aspara=-us Roots. 2 n 4 years old, 75 cents lo one dollar per huntiied. "Rhubarb Roots— the large Dutch Currant Bushes, one dollar per dozen. Grape Vines, Hawlhoilis, &,c. &,c. Any of the above roots, that may require it, will be well packed in moss, lo ensure safely in their transpoilation. " "Publi.shcd every Friday, al 53 per annum, payable ai the end of the year— but those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing, are eiUitled to a deduction of hfiy cents. Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by wbiMn all descriptions of Priming can be executed lo meet the wishes of customers. Orders for priming received by J B. Kussell, at Ihe Agricultural Warehouse No. .52 North Market Streel. Xr No paper nill be sent lo a distance without payment tw- ing made in advance. NEW EM FAMlIEn Published by John B. Russell, at M. 52 Mrth Market Street, (at the Jgricullural IVurchouse) Jjiomas G. FessknDi v, UA'for. VOL. VII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, MAY 29, 1829. No. 45. COMMUNICATIONS. FOn THE NCW ENGLAND FAIiMEK. COMPARATIVE STATE OF THE SEASOiV. Mr Editor — I have purposely delayed tliis .■;<•- customed pidilication, iii order tliat it may I)e leii- dered more complete. I have heen iiidticed to do it, because persons who keep no minutes liavc been led into the very erroneous opinion, that tliis season is late beyond any former example. I have more than once remarked in rendering tliesi- annual accounts, that the difference between what is called an early and late season is practically \ev\ small — tliat if vegetation is delayed, nature pos- sesses powers to remedy the defects — that the dif- ference between one season and another is e>fery day diminishing as the season advances, and at the close of May there is rarely a dift'erenc)! of more than one or two days, between an garly season and a late one. The disastrous seastn ci 1816, whicli I have often remarked cost ma-e to Massachusetts, and Maine than the whole expmses of the last war, is of course to be excepted. As the present season has been the object of special notice, I shall make my comparison more full ant! complete, at the risk of being deemed too minute. I repeat, what I have often said, that this is u, comparison, not of my trees and plants with those of any other person, (for such a test would he of little value,) but of the same rrees and jjlants in the same spot, throughout the whole period. l First cutting of a mess of asparagus, from \Jie same bed, now 40 years old. In 1815, May 6. In 1823, May 5. ' 24, April 28. ' 25, ' 20. ' 28, ' 26. ' 29, Bfay 1. So that the asparagus plant was rather more forward in this abused season than in the average of eleven years. It is difficult to jet rid of this natural proof, far stronger than the most retentive memories. First opening of the blossom of the apricot. In 1815, May 1. In 1S23, April 20. ' 16, A|)ril 29. ' 28, ' 20. ' 17, May 2. ' 29, May 3. » 18, ' 9. ' 19, ' 3. ♦ 20. April 20. ' 22, ' 21. The apricot was therefore more late than usual this year in opening its flovvers; but not remarka- bly so. First opening of the blossoms of the cherry. In 1813, May 10. In 1822, May 1. 16, .5. 17, 5. 2(', 1. 21, 9. 22, ' 1. First: cjieniiig of the pear blossom.s. lu 1813, May 20. In 1820, May 13. ' 16, ' 12. ' 22, ' 5. ' 17, ' 7. <• 24, ' 4. ' 18, ' 24. « 25, April 30. ' 19, ' 17. « 26, May 5.' ' 20, ' 4. < 29, ' 14. First opening of the apple blossom.s. In 1813, May 23. In 182 1, May 17. ' 16, ' 16. ' 22, ' 9. ' 17, '12. . ' 23, ' 19. ' 18, ' 25. ' 24, ' II. ' 19, ' 20. • 25, ' 8. ' 20, ' 11. < 26, ' II. ' 29, ' 15. It will be thus seen that the lateness of the •spripg had very little effect upon the apple tree, and that the present season as to that tree must be classed among the early ones. GENER.IL REMARKS. The peach tree has suffered extremely from Massachusetts to New Jersey. In the latter State an intelligent cultivator has lost a croji for which iiC was offered 4000 dollars. It has been as fa- tal to the vine, where it was left exposed. The promise of the pear tree is smaller than usual, n;id ill some estates it has failed almost wholly The promise of the apple is not great, though It i.i too early to decide with confidence. Grass has .•^■..t well, and the prospect of a very abundant crop, must lie taken as an offset to t!:e deficiency of ..iu'ri. Tii.i i.w..;:?c v'"cherri-s is. fa'i ■ o.-';. Roxhmj, May 17, 1839. J. LOWELL. ' 15, ' 10. ' 23, ' 7. ' 16, ' 6. < 24, ' 1. ' 17, ' 6. ' 25, April 2t. V 18, ' 17. ' 26, May 4. ' 27, April 2.. ' 29, May 9. It will be seen that cherries were not this ear more backward than usual. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. LOSS OF CUD IN CATTLE. BIr Fessenden — The writer, who has read a little and wcrked a little, and moreover raised and kept, fur about half a century, as many horned cattle as most of our farmers, begs leave to offer to Mr J. Stearns, Jr, of Pawtucket, the residt of his experience and observation.* There is, however, some difficulty in this, as Mr S. speaks of " the opinion of farmers and gra- ziers, that cattle do soinetimeslose their cud,"&c. as a matter of ridicule. In which latter opin- ion he (Mr S.J unites, and offers an ingenious ar- gument to show how " inconsistent it is with sound reason and common sense, as well as general ob- servation, that ruminating animals that are in health should not possess the faculty of raising their cud whenever they are inclined to chew it." The philosophy of opinions will be lightly ad- verted to. Mr Stevens' neighbor gave gooil ad- vice i.e. when a " cow had lost her cud, to procure one, or a substitute for one." Though Mr S. says " he did not give much credit to tiie hypothesis." Though his prejudices are adverse, yet we submit to his good sense our experience. To trust to na- ture in the cure of disease and difficulty, is some- times well ; but too great a confidence in this principle has produced many evils in worldly af- fairs. • See p. 337 of our current volume. The Editor's remarks and ijuotaliuns as to "the loss of the curl," arc well. It seeuis as if it waa indeed a " local disease." But the means of cure [iroposed by foreign writer,-, are too complicated, such as no farmer would be likely to have. They woidd reijuire an apothecary's sho]v, " aloes, cam- omile, hoarhouml, &c. Ihiw the tl;roat or stom- ach may be affected in the rase of "the lossoftho cud" (so called) it is iiiurr^itrrial to inrjuire, as to any practical good. As tr) i lie reined}-, experienco furnishes several very simpli', and ahvays at hand for the farmer. In nearly a score of instances I have by passing a frog into the throat of the ani- mal, by opening the month imd passing it below the grinders, jn-oduccd itunii^diate relief. I, too, once deper.ded ii|ion nature, so far as that a fine young animal was so reduced as not to be able to be removed 40 or 50 rods, only but by a board being ijlaced uiuK :■ him, with a man on each side as si;pi)ortPrs. 1 he frog (for delicacy's sake, a sjieckled one) was placed as before men- tioned. In a few moments the jaws wore in mo. lion, and in a very little time the animal began to crop t!ie "grass, and was as it were forthwith well ! ! But though my success has been perfect in every instance, {except as relates to the unfortu- nate frog) I yet do not consider even this sacrifice as absolutely i-idi.-pensablo. I have seen and known several iiistances of success by the use of a. small piece of salt fish. Qlhnrs may from dif- ferent applications find equal relief. Rut when we can do well we are cautioned by an old prov- erb not to St- .v- to do better. With much res- pect for yotir correspondent, I Km, sir, vours, May 20, 1829. ' W. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. POTATOES. Mr Fessenden — In the American Traveller of the 12tli inst, I have observed an article on the culture of potatoes, from Caleb Stark, of Dunbar- ton, which corroborates Mr Quincy's experiment, an account of which was published in the Ameri- can Farmer, vol. ii. page 294. Mr Stark says ha made a trench in his garden 39 feet long ; tliat ho planted one potato weighing 13 oz. in the middle, that he then cut two potatoes weighing 8 oz. each, iito 53 ])ieces, and planted them in the trench 6 inches apart, beginning at 4 feet 3 inches iVom the whole potato on each side. The result was 46 lbs. 4 oz. of crop from the two cut potatoes. The argest weighing 15 oz. ; and 6 lbs. 10 oz. from the whole potato. The laigest weighing 13 oz, Mr Stark merely gives the facts, and says he ab- stains from further comments. I will suggest those which occur to me, though ])rohably differ- ent from what might have teen made by Mr Stark. The row was 39 feet long. The whole potato was planted in the middle, a space of four feet intervening between it and the pieces on each side. It therefore occupied a space in t!ie trench 4 feet 3 inches long, as the cut pieces on each sido would occupy with their roots at Icart half the space intervening between them and the whole potato, if not more, as they would be r Urictedin room on the otlier side. The cut poliitoes then B54 NEW ENGLAND FAUjMER, May 20, 1S20. tlic trench 34 fuet 9 inches , says lou? ; to this I adJ one foot nine inclies more at occupied a space ug; -- — . .- .1 eacli end of the row, for the extension ot then roots. We then liave 38 feet 3 inches as the ground occupied by the cut pieces, nine times as Ions as that occupied by the whole potato. The vvliole potato produced 6 lbs. 10 oz. ; which mul- tiplied by 9 would give 59 Ihs. ]0 oz. The cut potatoes produced only 46 lbs. 4 oz. leaving a de- ficiency of 13 lbs. 6 oz. An acre planted in this manner in rows three feet three-tenths of a foot apart, would give 13,200 feet of rows. The pro- duce of an acre of cut pieces yielding at the above rate would be 22S bushels, at the rate of 70 11»-. to the bushel. The produce of an acre of whole potatoes yielding at the above rate would be 294 bushels, difference of crop in favor of the whole potatoes 66 bushels. It would take about 6 bush- els of potatoes to plant an acre in the above man- ner with pieces, and 36 bushels to plant it with whole potatoes, leaving a net gain of 30 bushels of crop seed being deducted. This accords with an experiment I made some years since, conmmni- cated to you, and the rcsidt I then came to, was, that if potatoes were plenty and cheap in the S[)ring, I should plant whole ones — if dear, then I should cut them. ' NO THEORIST. Ellsworth, Me. March 22, 1829. Remarks by the Editor.— A note from the author of the above (which we hope he will excuse our publishing) informs that he is about making ex- periments on the subject of seed potatoes, &c., in which he will " try one of seed ends, root ends, middle pieces, and whole potatoes, the result of which shall be communicated to you. As I am neither the champ'-.m of whole, or cut potatoes, seed ends, root ends or middle pieces, the experi- ment shall be fairly made. One experiment, how- ever, is not sufficient to establish which is the best, nor even a number of experiments in the same year ; different seasons, whether wet or dry may give different results. Those interested in the de- cision of this interesting agricultural question, arc challenged to a course of experiments for three years, the result to be communicated to you." We are much gratified in observing so much enlightened zeal in so good a cause, and hope the party " challenged " will not shrink from the am- icable contest. rOK THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. WORM OR BORER IN APPLE TREES. Mr Fessexde.n — I have read your useful paper for a number of years, and do not recollect read- ing much about loorms in apple trees. I have from three to four hundred apple trees on my farm, princijially youi:g ones, and have taken all possible I)ains to cuhivate them ; but am almost . discour- aged. I should think nearly two hundred of them are infested by those unwelcome visitors. If any one can give .some information how to commence war against them, I should be exceedingly thank- ful. By giving tliis a place in your pajier you will very much oblige one of your subscrihcrs..^ JOL'N WALES. Remarks hi/ the Editor. — The worm above men- tioned, is, probably, what is called the Ajjple Tree Borer, Saperda bioitata. Professor Say, of Phila- delphia, in a letter to Jesse Buel, Esq. of Albany, You state that it leaves the pupa, and be- comes perfect in the latter part of April, and that the eggs are deposited beneath the surface of the soil. These two circumstances ascertained, I would recommend the application, early in May, or the latter part of April, of common brick lay- mortar, around the base of the tree, so as to cover completely the part, and its inmiediate vi- cinity, where the deposit is made. This preven- tive was successfully employed by IMr Sholwcll, against the attacks of the peach tree insect (see American Fanner, vol. vi. p. 14,) and I see no reason why it should not be equally efficacious in the jireservation of the apple tree." — Mem. M Y. Board of .Hgricullure, vol. iii. p. 479. Previous, however, to any attempt to guard against the ravages of a future generation of these iirsects, it will be necessary to extirpate those which now infest the trees. The Mass. Agr. Re- pos. vol. V. p. 360, contains a paper on this insect, by John Prince, Esq. by which it appears that worms of this kind are gotrid of " by digging round the tree, and clearing av> ay the earth to the roots, and then with a sharp pointed knife, a chisel, or a gouge, (and a small wire to probe, if they are deep in the tree,) th(!y may easily be destroyed." After taking out the worms, the wounds should be covered over with grafting clay and a large proportion of dry wood ashes mixed, and the earth then returned to the tree. The process for cleans- ing the trees from borers should be performed in the spring, as soon as the frost is out of the ground, or at least before the month of June, as the per- fect insect escapes before that time. A writer for the New England Farmer, vol. iv. p. 289, advises as follows: "The last of May, or early in June, remove the earth from about your trees that are attacked by the borer, and rid the tree of the insect as far as you can do it without lacerating the bark too much. Assoon as the body of the tree is dry where the earth had covered it, apply two good coats of white wash [clear time and water) from the insertion of the great roots to about a foot or eighteen inches above the earth when it is replaced. Let this be done every suin- mcr at the same time, and I think great advan- tage will be derived from it. I do not mean to say that you must not go higher tlian eighteen inches, if you have time and money to spare ; for I believe lime to be very useful if applied in the form of white wash to the whole body of the tree, the fust of June, or earlier, if the weather be warm, as it destroys the insects, of which great numbers always lodge in the cracks and openings of the bark, and make their way under it, if not removed in season. It is, however, jiest, if it can be done, to scrape the rough bark off before the wash is applied, bv which means you remove the shelter as well as the insect itself, and prevent oth- ers harboring in your trees." From Ihe Trausaclions of Ihe Lomlon Horl. Society. ture to lay the following experiraentB and their re- sults before the Society. The garden I superintend is a very wet, stifT soil, ujion a strong clay, and without any declivity. For several years my crops of onions were nearly all destroyed by a grub, and by mouldine.-ss coining on about their roots at various stages of their grov.lh ; sometimes when they were about the size of what we call srallions, at other times when they were beginning to form a bull), and even when the bulb was funned. As soon as the dis- ease takes place it may very readily be perceived by the onion blade assuming a glaucous green col- or, but very soon after changing to yellow, and the leaves at the same time rather flag. I tried various quarters in the garden, and found that there was a diflerence in them, some of them pro- ducing more of the disease than others. I also tried several experiments to prevent the disease takng jilace ; but none had the desired eflect, un- til '. made use of charcoal dust spread upon the to[ of the ground intended for onions, about half an inch thick, before the seed is sown (the ground being previously well dug and manured,) and mccly scuffled in with the point of a sjiade, so as t) "mix the top soil and charcoal dust together. Notl'ing more is after required beyond managing the -rop in the usual way. For these last six years I have had most excel- lent crops of onions, and not the least appearance of my infection. My first experiment I made on a bed fifty feet long and five feet wide, ])rcpareil in the usual way, one half the bed was dressed with charcoal dust, and Ihe other half without it, the part on which the dust was laid had an ex- celle It cro)) of onions, it remained quite clean and free from any disease, while the part to which the duft was not applied was entirely destroyed by tli! grub and by mouldiness. I subsequently resolved to try the effects of the dust on a larger scale ; I therefore had the whole of the quarter prepared for onions, and divided it into eight beds of the same size as before ; four of the beds were treated with dust, the other four re- mained without it. The result was the same as before, the beds where the dust was ajiplied bore a good clean crop, whilst the others were affect- ed. Having had two years proof of the good ef- fects of charcoal dust in preventing the disease from taking place upon the onion in one quarter, I have since tried it upon difiereut quarters, with the best success. The charcoal dust ought to he kept quite dry, which is easily done by placing it in around heap, and covering it closely over with turf till it is wanted. I have also found that the application of char- coal dust eflcctually prevents the clubbing in the roots of cabbages, &c. I had been accustomed to use lime fresh from the kiln for that purpose, and always with consiilerable advantage ; but since I have made use of the charcoal dust upon, different quarters of the garden, and any of the On the Use of Charcoal Dust as a Top-Dressing for grassjea kind has subsequently planted there the Onions, and as a Cure for the Clubbing in Cab- piyi^i^ing has entirely disappeared. I planted, some bages, i-c. Communicated in a letter to the Sec- jj^^^g |^gp|.^ ^ quarter with cauliflower jilants, which rctary. By Mr Tliomas Smith, Gardener to ^^^^.^^ anived at maturitv, being very much injur- Matthew Bell, Esq., F. II. S. at Woolsinglon, J\'orthiimberla n d. Sir— Having seen some papers in the Trans- actions of the Hort. Society upon the cultivation of onions, but none that took any notu-e of a dis- ease to which these roots arc very subject, I ven- ed with the club. In the spring of the following yeu- I had the same quarter prepared for onions, "will charcoal dust upon it ; as soon as the onions vve;e cleared off in October, I had it well dug ovo, and planted it immediately with early cab- bags, which all arrived at maturity the eusuin'' Vol. VII.— Nn, 45. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 355 spring, without the least appearance of club- bing. Remarks bi/ the Editor of the A*. E. Farmer. — Charcoal is not only uscliil as an antidote against insects, hut is a valuable manure. Dr Deaiie stateil that he had long observed where coal kilns have been bumf, the ground has discovered a remarka- ble fertility for many years after ; and more es- ))ecially when it has been a cold and wet soil. — The dust of the coals and that of the burnt turf have conspired to produce this effect. Hence I have concltnlcd the small coals, or the dust from coal kilns, spread over sour meadow lands woulil Miswer the end of a good manure. Being extreme- ly porous, the pieces of coal imbibe much of the superlluous water, as well as increase the heat on the surface, as all black substances do. And when the weather becomes dry, they discharge the moisture, partly into the soil, when it grows dry enough to attract it, and partly into the air by the action of the sun upon it. It is stated in the last Philadelphia edition of Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia, vol. i. page 655, that " a friend of Dr Mease informed him, that some years since, nearly all the cucumber and melon vines in New Jersey were destroyed by a fly or hug. One day he had occasion to ride past a miserable hut in the woods, and perceiving a very flourishing ])atch of cucumbers, he was in- duced to dismount and examuie it. On approach- ing the spot he found it had formerly been a charcoal heap. He took the hint, and by strew- ing powdered charcoal round about the vines, when they first come up preserves his cucumbers effectually." DECAY OP TREES. An opinion has been advanceil, that the gcu- era! decay of the Lombardy poplar in this coun- try was owing to the circumstance of its being cultivated from cuttings, and not from the seed ; the principle being assumed, that a tree, so raised, will not long survive the natural life of the parent stock. The same principle is a|)])lied to grafted trees. To this theory, and of course to the con- sequence derived from it, we, on another occasion, expressed our dissent. We have seen no reason to alter our 0])iiiion. Still, as it is a controverted point, and one which may, ere long, be of impor- tance to cultivators of fruit, and of oruumental trees, we should like to turn the attention of the public to the subject, in order to draw forth su.ch facts as may have fallen within the observation of any one, having a bearing upon it. The Lombardy poplar was introduced into the Middle States, many years before it was in this vicinity, and we very well recollect, as much as fifteen or twenty years since, while they were jet in full vigor and luxuriance here, of hearing a man from New Jersey give an account of their decay in some |)Trts of that State, which exactly corresponded with the ajjpearance which the trees now present in this vicinity. If the ])rinciple as- sumed be correct, should not the decay have been simultaneous, or nearly so ? Another fact which may have some bearing upon the subject, is, that the IJalm of Gilead, which belongs to the siune genus with the ))oplar, is very generally decaying in the same manner that that tree does. The na- tive poplar, also, in many places, presents a simi- lar appearance. It has been said, wo think by the Editor of the Massachusetts Journal, that no instance can be found, where the poplar has grown from cuttings, for several years past. Is it true that attempts have been made to cidtivate it in that way, which have failed ? Or, has the tree fallen inlo such disrepute that no attempt has been made to pro- pagate it ? If any of our readers can furnisli us with any facts to this point, they will he gladly received and laid before the public. We have a number of cuttings, from a very old and decayed tree, which now look healthy and vigorous. How long they will continue so, remains to be ascer- tained.— Mass. Spy. From the Taunton Advocate. CATERPILLARS. . Brother Jo.xatha.n — Your attention will soon he put in requisition to destroy the caterpillar — that most destructive enemy to the well doing and beauty of an orchard. A few more warm days will bring them forth in numbers sufficient to des- troy the foliage, and consequently a greater part of the fruit. But fortunately, there is hardly a grievance without its remedy — which is in watch- ing your trees daily, for a short time, and when you see the caterpillar nests forming, to twist them oft" with the famous Pickering brush, made fast to a long pole. This brush was invented a few years since, by tlie Hon. T. Pickering, of Salem, and the construction is very simple and effectual in the oljject designed. Now I am thinking, and I will ventm'c to write it, that if your sons, and your neighbors' sons, will furnish thetnselves each with a long pole and one of those brushes, on Electioji day, and do their utmost to destroy these destroy- ers, they will he doing a good dead — altogether hctter than to nuirder the thousands of little in- nocejit birds, that is in contemplation on that day. If the towns in the State would take the matter in hand, tin-n out en masst, for two hours on three successive days, and follow this practice fur thrcs years, there would not he a caterpillar in the State. A thing so desirable is not likely to take place, therefore individuals must do their best to protect their own orchards, and leave the general destruction to some future generations to accom- plish. The history of the caterpillar is very well known — and from that knowledge I have no hesitancy in averring that the annihilation of that insect is made easy. But it must be done in the month of May — their nests, together with the contents, must be taken off the trees and rubbed under foot. If they are suffered to remain undisturbed till June, it will be out of the power of man to effect much towards their destruction — for they begin at that time to leave their nests and scatter upon the trees, having nearly acquired a full growth. It is not only necessary to examine every ap- ple tree on your farm; but also every other tree that seems to be the favorite of these vermin — the wiltl cherry tree stands first in their estimation, after the apple tree. VERITxVS. Tauntan, May 14, 1S29. pounds of hemp or flax in an hour." This ma- chine has been tried in New York, Vermont, Ohio, &c., and according to the certifitrates published in the newspapers, is everywhere approved. The hemp or flax is broken by the niacliine, and if un- rotted, the fibre is then immersed in water a kv; days, dried, and again run through the machine, which makes it fit for use. The Hon. Samuel Lathrop, of West Spring- field, in a communication in the N. E. Farmer, says, the hemp raised in his neighborhood, when xcdl dressed, commands in market the highest price of the best Russian hemp — from $10 to $12,50 per hundred. He lets out his land upon shares, and in one instance, received more than 45 dollars an acie clear profit. The price of other agricul- tural products is so low, that he thinks it deserves the consideration of farmers in different parts of the country, whether their interest does not re- quire them to turn a part of their land, and to ap- ply a portion of their labor, to the cultivation of hemp. The hem]) in West Springfield has hith- erto been water rotted, and dressed by the brake and swingling board. — Hamp. Gaz. HEMP MACHINE. nines & Bain's machine " is so constructed as to operate 112 times on every inch of the stem ; and when running at full speed, rising of 200,000 flutes operate on hemp, or flax per minute, in sufficient force to crack and dislodge the stem, and at the same time, preserve the coat or fibre unimpaired. When well tended it will break 300 A dentist in New York lias invented an instru- ment which he calls the " patent lever tooth ex- tractor." It is said to draw teeth with very little pain. Those whose teeth give painful evidence of ■a necessity of " I'cform," — we mean, of being " turned out," will bail with gratitude the discov- ery of any means of ])erforming the disagreeable o[)cration, with niore than customary delicacy ; for no one sees, without a pang, these faithful ser- vants dismissed from office — even though their place should be immediately sujiplied by that friend of such new appointments, Rlr Plantou. — The fact is, we know, when they are dismissed, that they have been so long in that particular ser- vice, they are fit for no other ; and apprehensions are entertained, not without cause, that those ^^■Ilich succeed them, may rather take their place than discharge their duties. Troubles frequently arise, we are aware, by painful experience, from old incumbents ; but gratitude for services done, and a fear of hurting our own feelings by eject- ing them, often induce the sternest of us to retain ihem in their situation, against the opinions of our constitutional ad\isers. Nay, we even support their reliets when their services have ceased — though we are aware that such lenity must be of- fensive to those who approach their pailicular de- [lartment. — U. S. Gazette. Prince''s Botanic Garden, at Flushing, L. I. — There are few persons who have not heard of this establishment, and perhaps few who know its extent. It covers mere than forty aci'cs and con- tains about ten thousand sjiecies and varieties of trees and plants. The green house contains from twenty to thirty thousand plants in pots. In the collection of fruit trees there are 2S7 varieties of apples, 390 of pears, 98 of cherries, 183 of plums, 33 of ajiricots, 197 of peaches, 407 of grapes, 10 of (piincos, 57 of gooseberries, &c. There are 601 varieties of roses, vvbieli occupy an acre of ground. The whole establishment requires the constant attention of about 40 gardeners. — Salem Observer. Essence of Pennyroyal, recommended at the south as a preveinive, will cause nmsquitoes to kcej) at a respectfid distance. This herb is callett flea-bane in some places. 356 I Extracts from an Jl.l Inss delivered before the Berk- shirt Associdtion for the Promotion ofJli^ricullnre and M'uufadure:!. ni Pillsfiild, October 2, 1823. Bi/ George N. Kiuggs, Esq., P'ice President of the Society.] Blessed wT'li lir:ilil), suiroiinded with plenty, Biid ill tlie luidrit ot'sMiiliriu' peace, we have assem- bled to conclude the irreinoiiies of the seventeenth anniversary of the l?eiks!iire Agficultural Society. The degree of succe s w!ii. li has attende- flowing harvest. The witnesses of his success J plication, by long and laborious experience. It have been aroused to new enterprise and energy. I should then be one of the first and most impor- Thus, the impulse first given by the Society, has tsnt objects of the farmer, after having familiar- dilUised its benefits far and wide throughout the whole community. The iinprovcinent in the breed of domestic ani- mals, of the sty, the pasture, and the stall, has ad- ded much to the beauty of our flocks and Jierds, and essentially augmeiited the wealth of the coun- ty. If any evidence is still wanting of the ad ized bis son to habits of industry, and instriicied him in those branches of labor fitted to boyhood and early youth, to provide for hiin the means of a regular and systematic education. And when he shall have finished his course of education, in- stead of indulging the delusive hope of deriving honor or success by entering into those learned vanced condition of the various interests of the professions which are already crowded to over- county connected with the Society, let him who flowing, and dividing the profits of a dunning let- doubts, repair to the place where are exhibited ter with some hungry brother of the bar, or mount specimens of the luxuriant productions of the earth, and tho golden fruits of the dairy. In these, and in the rich and varied articles of domestic and household industry, the works of the needle, the spindle, and the loom, with the elegant specimens from the finishing shop, he will find the most in- contestible proof, that in articles of necessity, of convenience, and of taste, improvements have been made, at once flattering and useful to their authors, and honorable to the county. ng the same steed with some half starved disciple of jEsculapiiis, let him return to the pursuits of early life, and become the industrious, intelligent, and independent farmer. (To he continued.) From the New York Gardener. MAY. The sluggard is known by the neglect of his But it would be unjust in us, and ungenerous garden. Inaitentive to the proper season of plant- towards our neiglibors, to jiretend that the bene- ing, and too idle to perform the necessary tillage, fits which have resulted from the institution of i he but lightly stirs the surface of the ground, and which we are speaking, are confined within the without art, sows his seed " ti/ Mc ipffi/ ^I'f/c" His narrow limits of our own county. A numerous ! plants, as might be expected, are immediately im- prcgeny lias risen up and gone forth from this poverished with weeds, or devoured by hungry parent Society. In our own. and throughout our ; iu-ects, if they escajie the depredation of larger sister Slates, societies of this kind have been ' animals. And there is another class of men, who formed, and enrolled ainong their founders, and ! take much pains to manure and make their gar- supporters, and oflicers,the names of the most val- j den, and then desert it altogether, seeming to ex- urtd, talented, and honored citizens of our Rcpiib-'pect a crop without any further attention. These lie. Ill their origin and progress, tliey have given ' men will never derive cither pleasure or profit a new impetus to industry and enterprise, increas- 1 from a garden. Vol. VlI.-^No. 45i AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNyVL. 357 " Tlia man of iimlei'standiiig " kiinws full well ihat when liis garden is plaiiteii, altlioiigli it may be done in iIjc nsnst skilfnl manner, iiis care and labor is hnt lialf acconiplislicd. It is foliy in the extreme, to plant a garden, without a full deter- mination to protect it from weeds and insects. All horlicnitiiral plants are feeble in their ori- gin, ami most of tliem continue so a length of time. Care nmst be taken that they do not stand too thick, and starve f)r want of food and air; and it would be eipially improper to have their ranks too thin, and any considerable portion of the ground, with which you have taken so much pains, lie waste and unproductive. Busiiles all this, the health and vi^or of your plants require that the ground arouuil them s'.njuld be often stir- red and jiulvcrized. And licre ihe appearance of weeds nniy be properly considered as timely mon- itors, that your vegetable infants want the bosom of their mother earth raised and opened for them. Without them we nuLjht forget that plants, as well as animals, must have their daily food, and that in proportion to their wants or cravings, or they must certainly become stinted, feeble, and un- fruitful. If showers are frenuent, the earth settles and t becomes firm and unyielding anumd their stalks, and requires as frequently to be moved and loosen- ed ; if the weather is dry, stirring and making the soil fine will do more to prevent the iiijnrious ef- fects of drought, than the most copious artificial watering. Indeed artificial watering is seldom useful, and when applied injudiciously is always hurtful ; but if your ground is not too wet, you can never hoe or stir the surface without advan- tage. Besides, frequent hoeing is the easiest and cheapest mode of tillage. Wo had rather hoe three times than once. If, previous to ])lanting, the ground has been put in good m-dcr, and the roots of weeds are not permitt^nl to gain strength with age, a very trifling attention and labor will efiectually prevent them from starving and injuring your garden. In a particular manner do not permit weeds to stand in the neighborhood of your plants in very dry weather, for they are generally strong drinkers, and will imbibe all the moisture within the reach of their roots, while your tender plants are droop- ing and sickening for want of it. PENNSYLVANIA HORTICULTURAL SO- CIETy. At the meeting held on the evening of April 4th, the Society was favored with two bottles of currant wine, made on Pont Reading Farm, in 1825, presented by Miss Humphreys. It was con- Bidered a very good wine, but a little overcharged with sugar. A valuable communication was re- ceived from Edward H. Bonsall, of Germantown, tjpon the best mode of ripening wine for use, in which both from theory and experience, he shows " that currant wine as strongly requires age, and is as certainly benefited by it, as that made from the grape ;" he adds, " In fact, as there is gener- ally more saccharine matter in it, it nmst require a still longer period to complete the vinous pro- cess, which I con.sidcr is still going on until a v/ine which was at first comparatively sweet, h;.s ar- rived nearly at a state of dri/ness. Evaporation and deposit will equally take place, and with the same beneficial tendency as in othrr wines." Re- garding wines in general, he nuiintairis the ]ms\- tion, that there is a lunit to their improvement, which is attained in much less time than is gen- erally si!p|]OS(!d, especially where wine has been k(^pt in a suitable place fur ripening. A Parker produced 12 varieties of daisies, not before exhibited. His collection of this llower is very extensive. Messrs Landrcths brought forward : Azalea indico, two .sp : the flowers of the one large and single, of a fine scarlet ; the other pro- ducing clusters of compound floretsV\he color light pur()Ie, assuming a darker shade by candle light. This Azalea is a native of China. Another specimen is now in bloom at Mr Hibbert's, Thir- teenth street, near Lombard, by whom it was in- troduced. Pceonia moutan, v rosea (Chinese tree Poeonia,) of this a beautiful S|)ecimen was exhibited, having on it a number of buds and fidl blown flowers ; this ])Iant withstands our winters unprotected, and would form a valuable acquisition to our city gar- dens. Messrs L. have twelve varieties of superb PoEonias, in their collection, all hardy. A speci- men of a beautiful Indigofera in full bloont — also, Ixia, Eupatoriuni, elegans Amaryllis ^obtisonii, large crimson flowers, with light colored longitu- dinal stripes ; this sp. is considered one of the most splendid of the Amaryllis tribe — also, Rhodo- dendron arborca ulgida ; this is thought to be one of the most magnificent plants yet introduced into this country ; the flowers as in all Rhododen- drons, are formed in clusters at the extremity of its branches — those on this plant were about the size of those of Rlio. maximum — color, most brilliant crimson ; this ])lant flowered two years since, with Messrs L., and was sujiposed to have been the first blooming in this coimtry ; it is a na- tive of the mountains of Nepaul, in Indostan, and it is hoped may prove hardy enough to stand in the open air, in which case its value will be much enhanced to those who do not possess green- houses. We also owe these elegant pla.ts to Mr Thom- as Hibbert, who, in the year 1822, brought these each two feet high, from London, in the viciinty of which they grew from seeds sent from Nepaul. The plants severally bear white, purple, and scar- let flowers. The species now in bloom, flowered in 1827, and 1828 ; the other two have not yet flowered. An improved planting machine invented by A. H. & Levi Robbins, Jr. Denmark, Lewis County, New York, was examined and thought to be a useful invention. It is highly recommended by many farmers who have used it in the State of New York. This machine, which is patented, is left for examination at the store of D. & C. Lan- dreth. No. 85 Chesnut street. A quantity of perennial cabbage seed, imported from France, and presented to the Society by our patriotic fellow citizen Elias Duraiid, was receiv- ed, and a jtortion of it distributed. The remain- der is placed with Messrs Landreths, by whom it will be distributed to applicants. The seed should he sown thin, and the plants set out in October, 20 inches apart, to remain out all winter. This is the practice in Maine and Brittany, but in this country a cover may be found necessary. The leaves are to be used the following spring, as wanted, always observing to leave fiv'e or si.x leaves on the top. After November no more leaves are to be pulled, but the young sprouts used which appear in the place of those detached. The cabbage stalks last 4 years in France, and the leaves are extensively used for feeding cattle Aurora. The little reptile counnonly known by the name of peeping fiog, which is now causing ourswampa and meadows to resound with its spring proclaim- ing melody, is not a frog according to modern nat- uralists, but a nondescript species of Hyla, or tree toad. Our common tree toad, the Hijla versicolor of Le Compt, is much larger, and of habits entire- ly diflerent from this. The peeping frog, improperly so called, is not much larger than a common crii ket ; hut its smallness of body is amply compensated for by its loudness of voice, which is a shrill wbiiilc, and may be distinctly heard at the distance of a mile. Tliey ])ass the winter in the nuid of our swamps and ponds ; deposit their eggs there i;i the S])ring, and live on the trees and shrcdis during the sum- mer months. The power of changing their color at will, and in conformity to that of the substances on which they happen to be situated, which is en- joyed in couitnon by all the species of this genua, is possessed by the pee;'ing frog in a degree e , I ' ,. . . " , , .. with descriptions and coloied drawings of all the promi- sccular emjiloymcnts of mimslers ; and while we „,„( Apple.i, Apricots, Cherries, Cutnmts, Figs. Filberts, pursue them, wc should take care, and not giviM Gooseberries, Grapes, Melons, Nectiiines, Peaches, any unnecessary offence. This last seed time 1 I'e.ir'^, Pines, Plums, Raspberries. Strawberries, Nuts, &c. w^as in the field along with a young g,,n,ie,),„„ | ISy.t'Corge Brackshaw, author of the " Pomona Biitlanni- who looks after my farm, and lie was digging a PS water furrow across a land. It was a strong clayey soil, and he groaned, so that in pity I took the spade and went into tlie ditch, which was very dauby, and presently groaned too, at which lie fell a laughing, In 2 octavo volun'cs, with 104 large colored engrav- ings— price $7 per volume. The original cost of tha work was $-32,00. Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This day received at the New Flngland I'aimer Seed Store, ,,,, , ■ , ., „ I .jJ North Market .streei, 20 bushelsof Tall Meadow Oat Grass « What do you laugh at .' "~ \ geed, at S"fiO per bushel. NEW ENGl-AN© FAMMEK. Published by John B. Russeli,, at JVo. 62 JVorth Market Street, (at the .Agricultural Warehouse) — Thomas G. Fessekden, Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JUNE 5, 1829. No. 46. COMMUNICATIONS. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BEES. BIr Fessenden — In your 44tli No. a writer over the signature of " Medicus," says there is a fact observable in tlie ecouomy of bees, which to his mind is inexphcahle. This mystery is, how the bees in the month of March, before a tree or shrub is in bloom, or any signs of vegetation are manifested, can procure the substance resembling pollen, which they obtain from flowers and blos- soms in their season. I make no pretensions to the appellation of a " curious observer," but if I am not greatly mistaken, the witch hazel is in blossom all winter. And Fessenden's New Gar- dener, tells me the " Mezereon is a beautiful shrub, blooming in the month of March, loaded with flowers of delightful fragrance. It is as hardy as a shrub oak." And it is probable there are many other blossoms in the winter, that these sagacious and industrious insects can procure pollen frojn. L. May 25. I fat tbey are said to yield sometimes as much as I 150 pounds weight ofiaJioif. The latter is so im- I portant an article of commerce, that, in many in- stances, the hunters cut out only the tongues and tallow, leaving the remainder of the carcase to be devoured by wild beasts. Powder flasks are made of the horns. The skins oxe capable of being con- vened into an excellent buff" leather ; and when dressed with the hair on, the ligliter skins serve the Indians as beds, and for clothes, gloves, and shoes. Some persons use them as blankets, and find them a very warm and pleasant clothing. — The hair is spun and woven into various articles ! of clothing, which are both durable and useful, and are peculiarly soft and pleasant to the wearer." Perhaps some of our correspondents will oblige us with further information respecting this animal ; and whether he can be rendered useful as farm stock, or in any way more subservient than at present, to the convenience and comfort of civil- ized man. FOR THE SEW ENGLAND FARMER. THE BISON. Mr Fessenden — I should like to bo informed through the medium of your paper, if there has ever been an attempt made to domesticate ;ho bison, or the breed crossed, and what were the re- sults ? I httve been led to this inquiry by SU])po9irig that the bison, from the extraordinary size of his bones, and the depth and formation of his chest is far superior to our domestic ox, for agricultural purposes. I think it will be admitted that this powerful inhabitant of our prairies possesses a double por- tion of strength and agility compared with our do- mestic cattle. We have been in the practice, since the first settlement of our country, of importing our neat stock from Europe, frequently at a great expense, and have wholly neglected that noble animal, which formerly moved over the greater part of our country, but is now scarcely to be seen east of the Mississippi rivor, and will in a few years probably beconio extinct. Yours respectfully, F. Remarks by the Editor. — Willicli's Domestic En- cyclopedia says that the " Bison (Bos Atiiericanus) ie a large species of ox, with round and distant borns, which point outwards, a long and woolly mane, and a large fleshy protuberance on the shoulders. " As they are capable of being doineh^ticoted, and in this state are sufficiently tractable for the purpose, they arc sometimes rendered useful for ag- ricultural labors. 'Vht'ir Jlcsh is used as food, and the fatty protuberance on the shoulders is esteem- ed a great delicacy. The tongues which are reck- oned superior to those of oxen, aro frequently transported to New Orleans, where they always have a ready sale. When these animals are quite FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. QUINCES. Mr Editor — In the perusal of your well con- ducted paper, I have seen but very littl* on the subject of the cultivation of the quince. Whetlirr there is much attention paid to the cultivation of this valuable fruit in the New England States, oreven in the United States,! am unable to say. But, in the ag- ricultural works, that I have perused, I find but very little said upon the subject, either in relation to the ■lultivatioii of the rjuince from the seeds or cuttings, the value of its productions or deliciousness of its fruits. In this conmiunit)', there is but little attention paid to the quince, and but few iudividuals, have any trees or bushes of this description. Whether the quince is to bo ranked among other fruits for goodness, I must leave to the judgment of those, whose knowledge of the subject best enables them to determine. I would, therefore, make a few inquiries, through the medium of the New England Farmer, in relation to the subject. 1. Should they be raised from tho cuttings or from the seeds ? 2. Should they bo planted in beds, or on the grounds where they are iutended to remain ? 3. What kind of soil is best adapted for the trees or bushes to be cultivated upon ? 4. \V'liich season of the year should tho seeds or cuttings be plauted, sjiring or aututnn .' 5. When placed where they are intended to re- main, at what distance should they stand to be most ])roductive or profitable to the cultivator, beautj' and taste made a subject of consideration ? 6. In Avhat way should they be treated to be kept in bushes, or to be pruned up into trees ? 7. If pruned, at what season of the year should the o|)eration be performed ? — And any other val- uable information, in relation to the subject, which may he thought beneficial or useful to the pub- lic, would at least bo acceptable to oue of your readers. In relation to the soil, I would further suggest that the land here is a low, gravelly, heavy, moist loam ; more adapted to the cultivation of the grasses, than to be worked with the shovel and hoe ; and the frost iias considerable eftijct in the cold season of the year, with the roots of the grass, and trees, in removing the soil about them, which causes, in some instances, the winter grain to be injured very much by this meons. It is, therefore, more particularly the object of this com- nnmication, to ascertain whether the frost would affect the roots of the quince so much as to be very hurtful to them, or not. You are, sir, at hb- erty to use this as you think most proper and beneficial. I am, sir, very respectfully, yours, &c., JOSEPH W. CAPRON. Altlehorough, May 11, 1829. ~ *■ Remarks by the Editor. — There is not much in books on cultivating the quince, and the reason, we believe, is because there is little peculiar in its culture, which is nearly, if not precisely, the same as that of the apple tree. Mc Mahon says " as soon as you find your ground in a dry state in the spring, sow the kernels of apples, pears, and I quinces, to raise stocks for budding and grafting on : the sooner this can be done tho better. It will be necessary to have these kernels preserved, either in eand or earth, from the time they were taken out of the fruit, till the time of sowing; or I to take them immediately fresh out of the fruit ; for when long exposed to tho dry air they lose their vegetatiie quality." Prince on Horticulture states that " This tree may be cultivated by scions and layers, or by bud- Iding o:; storks of tho same, or on the pea"-, haw- tliorn, &c. It flourishes best on a moist soil, where it produces the greatest crops, but will thrive on almost any good upland soil. It requires little attention as to pruning, but must bo kept clear from suckers at the root ; an occasional thinning out, however, of superfluous upper blanches, where too close and interfering with one another, would be advantageous." Loudon asserts that the quince is propagated " generally by layers, but also by cuttings, and ap- proved sorts uiay be perpetuated by grafting. In propagating for stocks, nothing more is necessary than removing tlie lower shoots from the larger, so as to preserve a clean stem as high as tha graft ; but for fruit bearing trees it is necessary to train the stem to a rod, till it has attained four or five feet in height, ai;d can support itself up- right. The quince prefers a soft, moist soil, and rather shady, or at least sheltered situation. It is seldom planted but as a standanl in tho or- chnnl, and a very few trees arc sufiicient fijr any family. The time of planting, mode of bearing, and all the other jjar'iculars of culture aro the sauje as for the a^iple and paar." As the quince tree is smaller than the apple or pear tree, we presumo quince trees may stand nearer together than those other fruit trees, with- out interfering with each other. But tho common practice is to raise them singly, in iiorders of gar- dens, fields, lanes, «Scc. wherever chance or cliolce may place them. '• The fruit of tho quince (says Loudon) is not eaten raw ; but etswed, or in pies, or tarts, along 862 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Juiie 5, 18-29. with apples, is much esteemed. In conlectionary it forms an excellent marmalade and syrup. — When apples are flat and have lost tlieir flavor, Forsyth observes, a quince or two, in a pie or pud- ding, will add quickness to them." Dr Willich observes " Quince trees are highly esteemed, as stocks on which pears may with great advantaije be grafted or budded. This operation greatly im- proves the taste and flavor of those pears, which arrive at maliirity in the summer and autunm ; but is by no means proper for winter fruit, which is thus rendered hard and stony. This fruit is gen- erally boiled and eaten with sugar, in which form it may also be usefully employed in cases of dys- entery five gallons of the juice of quinces, mixed with twenty-five pounds of sugar and fermented, afford a delicious wine. By boiling the kernels of quinces in water, a mucilage is extracted, which is often used in medicine, as a proper substitute for that of gum arable. Quinces are excellent in apple pies, in the proportion of one-fourth quince to three-fourths ajjple, with some thin slices of candied lemon peel or citron." so- MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL CIETY. The Standing Committee on Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Flowers, and Green Houses, beg leave respectfully to report the following subjects for premiums, viz. For the most successful cultivation of the American Holly ; the number of trees, not less than four, which have been transplanted at least three years, the sum of ten dollars. For the four best flowering jilants of the Mag- nolia Glauca, which have been transplanted at least three years ; the sum often dollars. For the most successful cultivation of the Rho- dodendron Mnxirnmn, the nuiTiber of plants not less than four, which have been transplanted three years, the sum of five dollars. For the five best plants of the Kalmia Latifo- lia, which have been transplanted not less than three years, two dollars. For the best seedling [-.lants of either of the above, not less than ten in nimiber, of three years growth, and upwards, five dollars. For the best specimens of Chinese Chrysanthe- mums, not less than *ive varieties, three dollars. For the best half dozen of Tulips, flo do Hyacinths, 'lo do Ranunculus, For the best pet of Auriculas, do do A;icmonies, do flo Piiik.'i, ■ «!o do Carnations, For the best half dozen cultivated native flow- ers, For the finest Roses, not less than five va rieties. For the best bunch of dou!)lo and single Dahlias, 2,00 For the greatest number and finest kinds of the Camellia J;iponica, ;5.00 Discretionary premiums to be awarded on plants, or flowers, not enumerufed above, but no p.remiums will be awarded mitil the year 1S30. Of the times when, and the places where, due no- tice will be given by the Committee. la the selection of objects for premiums, your Committee have had chiefly in view, the introduc- tion into our gardens of some of those indigenous shrubs, whose rare beatity (in their ojiinion) de- serve, and which they confidently hope will ob- tain the notice of the Society. They have no doubt that our own country is rich in ornamental trees and shrubs, which if more generally ktjown and cultivated, would be as generally admired and a])preciat.ed ; and they cannot but regret, that while so much labor and care have been bestowed upon exotics inferior in beauty, our native plants, have literally been left " to waste theh fragrance on the desert air." Feehng confident that many if not all the indigenous shrubs abounding in our vicinity, may be naturalized to an upland soil, and even improved by cuhivation, they have been in- duced to ofler premiutns for such as they think will well repay the labor of cultivation. All which is resjjectfuHy submitted, by order of the Com- mittee. R. L. EMMONS, Chairman. May 29, 1829. M. Achard. $2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 2,00 4,00 From the Boston Courier. SUGAR .FROM BEETS. It is with pleasure that we lay before our read- ers the annexed Memoir on the JVIaimfacture of Sugar from Beets. It is from the pen of a French gentleman, now residing in Brighton, and was po- litely sent to us in consequence of a suggestion which appeared in the Courier about a month since. M. Isnard is now chiefly engaged in chem- ical pursuits, and was extensively so in France be- fore be took up his residence in our neighborhood. He has still some interest in the making of sugar from beets in France ; a fact which we learned from several letters which he placed in our pos- session from the French Minister of the Interior, and from the Minister of Manufactures and Com- merce. Memoir on the Sugar from Beets. Bij the Sieur Max'n Isnard, chemist ; formerly direclur of one of the four imperial sugar manufactories, insti- tuted by JVapoleo7i. The existence of sugar in the beet was discov- ered by Margraff, a Prussian chemist, about sixty years since. Some time after, 31. Achard, an- other Pnissian chemist, resumed the investiga- tions of M. Margraft", and announced, that by means of a process of his own invention, there could be obtained from the beet a sugar equal to that of the cane, and at the price of only six cents a pound. A fa^t so important, and announced by so distinguished a chemist, induced the first class of the Institute to make an exi)eriment of the process of M. Achard, and a committee was chosen for that purpose. .According to the report of this committee, it appeared, that a great quan- tity of sugar could be obtained from the beet ; that the process of M. Achard had not entirely suc- ceeded ; and that everything induced them to believe that M. Achard had been deceiveil, in say- ing that the sugar could be made at six cents a piiimd, but that it could be made for eight. Al- tliciugh this price was yery low, this first experi- mei:t was nut the cause of any immediate under- taking. In the year 1311, while at Paris, engaged iji researches in c'.iemistry as applied to the arts, I conceived tlie idea of examining, more thorough- ly than had ever been done before, into the ques- tion concerning sugar from beets ; and, with this design, I associated myself with M. Barruel, pre- The result of our labor was a great y four girls, whose atten- tion was rcijuired but for a small portion of the year. Before the culture of silk was introduced into the less fertile parts of Languedoc in France, the peasantry were miserably poor, — they are now among the richest of the kingdom. In some parts of France a single mull)erry tree has been known to yield a guinea annually to the owner, from the sale of its leaves. When it is recollected that the cultivation of the mulberry tree is neither difficult nor laborious, and that the collection of the leaves, the feeding of the worm, and the reeling of the cocoons, can all be advantageously performed by women, children, and decrepid persons, it will certainly require no arguments to induce the farm- ers of the Miami county to turn their attention to the culture of s:!k. The results of this business are much more immediate tlian is generally sup- nosed. By procuring during tiie present .season a supply of the eggs, and feeding the worms upon the leaves of the common black mulberry of our woods, which are found to be a pretty good sub- stitute for the wliite, a return in profits may be had next year. If the need of the wliite muliicrry be sowed this season, the young trees will next year afford leaves for the worms. There are three modes pursued in the cultiva- tion of the white mulberry tree : The first is to sow the seed broad cast, and when wanted for food, to mow down the young trees annually, com- mencing on the second year. The second is to transplant them from the nursery, and sutler them to attain to the size of trees. The third, and per- haps more preferable mode, is to sow tlie seed in drills, aud allow the shrubs to attain to the height only of three or four feet, which may be done by cutting of the top limbs, the tender parts of which will answer as food for the worms. More mul- berry foliage may bo produced ia this way, from the same quantity of ground, that can be obtained if it were occupied by full grown trees. The la- bor of gathering thu leaves is "also much less than is required after the trees have attained their full size. From the experiments made in France, it has been ascertained that ground which has a sandy or gravelly soil, is best adapted to the growth of that kind of mulberry leaves, which atfords the finest quality of silk. The leaves of those mulber- ry trees which grow in a very rich soil, ai-j found to be too luxuriant and too full of juice, for the production of the better kind of cocoons. The mulberry seeds ni:'.y be sown at any time from the last week of April until tha first week of June. The safer plan is to sow the seeds at dif- feient periods, say the last of April, the middle of JMay, and the first of June. When the ground is iiroperly dressed, and drills prepared, the seed is to be sown after the manner of sowing lettuce seeds, and should be covered with fine light dirt. Those of the young shruks which it is wished should attain the size of trees, must be transplant- ed from the drills the second year, and the most suitable time for this removal is immediately after the fall of the leaf in autumn. The side tiuds should be stripped off, leafing only such as are necessary in the formation of a suitable head for the tree. At the time of removal of the young trees, they should be cut off within seven or eight inches of the ground, and if they do not shoot well, the first year after they are transplanted, they should be cut in a similar manner, the following season. The ground around the roots of both those in the drills and those transplanted, should be dressed several times a year, which will great- ly assist their grovrth. It is advisable to plant out a few of the trees in sunny situations, that a sup- ply of the leaves may be had for the worms of such eggs as may bappon to hatch before the usual season. The heads of such as are intended to attain the size of trees, should be hollowed out in a manner that will render it easy to collect the leaves, and such branches as may be broken in that process should be carefully removed. It may be pro]ier to remark, that in France the cultivation of the mulberry tree for the sale of the leaves, is a sepa- rate business from the rearing of the worms ; and it is particularly recommended to the farmers of the Rliaini county, to lose no time in filling some portion of their farm» with this valuable tree, inas- much as the day is not distant when the demand for its foliage will give them annually a handsome profit. It has been ascertained that the second crop of leaves, which comes out after the first, have been stripped off for the v.'orms, furnishes a nutritious food for sheep, and is eaten by them with greediness. When intended for this object, the leaves should be strip[ied off a little before the time that they would naturally fall, and laid by for use in the winter season. This experiment is worthy of a trial by our farmers, inasmuch as, after the first year, the mulberry tree requires lit- tle or no attention ; thus annually yielding a sup- ply of food, without any cost save that of gather- ing it SILK. The raising of silk properly commences with the hatching of the worms. This will take jilace generally when the mulberry foliage is sufticiently matured for their consumption ; or, when the spring is advanced enough to make the tempera- ture from 70 to SO deg. of Falireuhcit. The first preparation to be made for them is that of a dry, airy room, or small building, in which stages of a oouvenieut height and breadth for feeding them should be erected. Care should be used to exclude the enemies of the worms, viz. cats, jioultry, rats, mice, auvl ants, from the room and stages in which the worms are placed. The farmer may be ex- cluded by ordinary precautions, and the ants, by keeping hot lime around the posts of the stages. — The eggs nuist not be br.iught out for hatching till the weather is settled ; and if, atlcrwards, there should be a change to cold, a' little fire may be kojit in the room to presiirvo the temperature at its proper height. The eggs, when brought out, may be laid on the stages, or tables, and no smoke or effluvium of any description permitted to enter the apartment, as the worms are very sensi- tive. Vv'hcn the worms first apjiear they will be black ; those which are red are bad, and should be thrown away, for they will produce no co- coons. In four days, most of the worms will be hatch- ed, and those which come out after that time are generally too weak to produce silk. The produc- tions of each day should, when large quantities are raised, be kept separate, in order that they may form cocoons at the same time. When they are first hatched, they must be fed with fresh and tender leaves of the mulberry ; not more than half a dozen leaves to 1000 worms will then be re- quired ; but, afterwards they will each devour a leaf. When the leaves become dry, or are eaten up, fresh ones must be given them, taking care not to put on so many as to smother the worms, or obstruct their motions. For the first twenty days, they must be fed three times a day, and after that, as often day and night as their food is destroyed or wilted. The worms must be kept free from dampness, whether in their food or rooms ; and they must not be too much crowded ; a thousand full grown ones will be sufficient for a table three feet by twelve. About the 6lh, 10th, IGth, and 22d days, the worms will shed their skins and become sickly — At these periods, they abstain from food, and should be fed scantily at first, and then not at all, till they recover. Sometimes they become afflict- ed with incurable diseases, in these cases they will be known by voiding a yellow liquor, and must be immediately separated, and as well as the dead ones, thrown away. The disease is infectious, and therefore particular care should be taken in preventing its progress. Throughout the whole period of feeding them, their litter should be carefully taken away ; at first, this need not be done often ; but, during the last stage of their growth, it must be done as frequent- ly as possible. Indeed, the utmost care should^al- ways be taken to keep them clean, and give tfi'em fresh food, aud pure air. When the worms are ready to spin, they will cease to wander about, become of the color of a new egg, nearly transparent, and will search for things upon which to fasten their cocoons. — When a considerable number have this apjiearance, branches, twigs, and leaves, must be put up round the stages or tables, upon which they will mount and siiin their balls. This generally happens from the 30th to 3Gtli days. Various substances ar« used for the worms to spin upon, but Mr G. B Smith (from whose circular we have taken much valuable information) considers chesnut leaves the best. These, when dry, curl up, and thus fjrm a place of deposit for the silk ball. Twigs must bo broken off; with the leaves on them, and placed around the stage. The worms, after beginning to spin, require no further attention till the cocoons are completed. — The worms that begin to spin each day should tw kept separate, an I in eight days from the cum- meiu-euient of spimiing the cocoons, they tiiuuid be removed. Those from whicii eggs are expect- ed, niu-st be placed in a dry room, upon white prper, in rows about a foot apart. The worm will 366 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Junes, 1829. remain in its chrysalis state ten or twelve days, and then come out a gray miller. In a short time the females will commence laying upon the paper, each one laying about 450 eggs, which are at first of a sulphur color, but soon turn to a dark lilac ; those which remain of the yellow hue are useless, and may be thrown away. The good ones must be kept in a dry, cool place, in a temperature of 40 or 50 degrees. In a high temperature, they might hatch. ^ The cocoons, from which silk is to be obtained must be stripi)ed of the floss, or loose outer coat- ing, and the insect destroyed ; otherwise, it would soon pierce the ball and destroy the silk. The in- sect may be killed either by baking the balls for half an hour in a half heated oven, or, which is the better mode, by steaming them for a few min- utes in a common kitchen steamer. After the co- coons are thus prepared, from thirty to fifty of them, in proportion to the size of the thread in- tended to be spun, may be placed in a kettle of water heated to such a degree that the hand may be barely kept in without scalding, at which tem- perature it must be constantly kept. Twigs are then to be stirred about in the vessel till a suf- ficient number of fibres is caught to make the thread you wish, and as the fibres break they are to be renewed, so as to keep the thread even. In this manner the silk may be reeled oflT with a common reel, and afterwards twisted in the man- ner required by a conmion spinning wheel. After this it should he boiled four or five hours in soap and water, and rinsed with clear water, to disen- cumber it of the gum, which naturally adheres to it. The silk is now ready for use, and may be dyed any color to suit the consumer. In this report the Committee have not aimed to make an elaborate, or novel treatise on the culti- vation of the mulberry, or, the rearing of the silk worm ; but merely to exhibit, in |>lain language, the more general and important directions in re- lation to those subjects, for the aid of the farmer, and beginner, who may desire to embark, on a limited scale, in this, to our country, new and profitable branch of business. Other more minute rules will be easily learned by experience ; and others, of a nice and more abstruse character, may be gathered from books, written upon the subject in other countrici. B. DRAKE, F. D. MANSFIELD. )■ Committee CHARLES FOX White mulberry seed, and some eggs from a stock of the Italian silk worm, belonging to the Hamilton County Agricultural Society, may be had upon application at the office of B. Drake, on Fourth, near Main street, Cincinnati. Cincinnati, .'}pril 1st, IS'28. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. > Con BOSTON, FRIDAY, JUNE 5, 1829. WOODBRIDGE SCIENTIFIC AND PRAC- TICAL SCHOOL. Messrs J. Ely, and D. R. Austin, propose to open a school at South Iladley, Mass. This is in- tended as well for physical as intellectual educa- tion, and to convert " tlu; ordinary exercises of a Gymnasium into some useful and lucrative chan- nel." The " Course of Instruction," as stated in a Prospectus, with the signatures of the above men- tioned gentlemen, will embrace the following oh- jects. "1. To inculcate upon the pupils the prin- ciples of sound moi-ality and religion. 2. To pre- pare those designed for professional hfe to enter any of our colleges, or if preferred, to fit them to commence their professional studies. 3. To pre- pare those designed for mercantile, or agricultural pursuits, or any of the useful arts, to enter upon their occupations well furnished with useful knowledge, and acquainted with their business as far as possible by practical experience. A due proportion of time will be devoted to chemistry and the natural sciences in connexion with other studies, which arrangement we have found from experience in a great measure obviates that aver- sion to books which sometimes is manifested by youth who commence their course in early life The government of the institution will be mild and parental. The instructors will reside in the same family with the students, ajid associate with them both in their exercises and studies. From one to two hours a day will be devoted by those of sufficient age to practical agriculture, or to the construction of plain and useful materials in a workshop, provided for the purpose. An eligible site for an extensive garden has been selected, where those pupils who may desire it will have an opportunity of acquiring a thorough practical knowledge of the science of Horticulture, under an approved and skilful gardener. The advan- tages of this system will be obvious to all. Hab- its of industry and economy will be formed in early hfe, and the intellectual powers gradually invigorated and i)repared for more intense and continued application. Suitable encouragement will be given to any who may wish to contribute to their support by labor. The annual charges for each scholar will be $150 including tuition, boai-d, room, lights, ftiel, and washing. Bedding, stationary, books, &c. will be furnished if desired. A strict and sacred observance of the Sabbath will be required. The interval of public worship wil.l be devoted to the study of the scriptures, and the evening to biblical instruction and sacred music. The French language will be taught without any additional expense," &c. &c. The plan of the seminary and the qualifications of its instructors have been recommended to pub- lic patronage by the following gentlemen, viz. Andrew Gates, D. D., Principal of the Poly- techny, in Chittenango ; Eliphalet Nott, D. D. LL. D., President Union College ; R. Peoitdfit, D. D., Professor of Languages ; F. Wayland, Jr, D. D. President of Brown University ; Rev. Ly- man Beecher, and Hon. Samuel HnsBARD, Bos- ton. Respectable and numerous references are given, and the auspices of the proposed institution are as favorable as could be wished by any per- son who may have an interest in the correct and efficient education of those who are preparing to " act well their part" in the grand drama of life. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. * LUCERNE. Mr Editor — Being fully convinced, that the Lucerne* grass will be a most important and val- uable substitute for clover, I think it a duty, to add the further experience, which I have had in relation to it. I have now four distinct species of it. One is now in its eighth summer. Two in their third, and one in its second. While orchard grass and clover perished in our late trying win- * 1 always use Ihe French orthography for this grass, be- cause I know no sutKcienl reason for clianging it to Lucern. tcr in considerable quantities, the Lucerne is more vigorous than ever. Those who know the great depth, to which this root extends, will not be sur- prised at this result. I cut Lucerne for soihng (even this late season) on the tenth of May, and the new shoots after cutting, are at this time eight inches high. I have it growing from seed sent to mc by the Society of the Georgio-fili at Florence, (a name which signifies friends of agriculture) from seed brought home from Chili, by Commo- dore Hull, and from American seed. They are all the same plant, the Jl/erfiCrtg-o saliva of the bot- anists. The grounds of preference of the Lucerne to the clover, are the following : 1. The clover is a biennial plant, and like all biennial plants it furnishes a poor, or no crop the first year, and dies at the end of the second. If uninformed minds should oppose this lust asser- tion, because they find clover always in their grounds, I reply, that this is, because its seeds are abundant in our soil, and manure, and there is a constant succession of plants — but let any one sow clover only, and in the third summer his field will present a most desolate appearance. 2. The next superiority of Lucerne over clover is, that it will give three crops, often four, at least, in good land, in the same season, in which it is sown, provided it be sown in April. In this re- spect, I am able to assert from experience, that it is better adapted to our climate, than even to that of France, for reasons, which I think, in addition to the FACT, woulil be satisfactory. 3. The Lucerne is not so coarse a grass, as the clover — its stalks never become so woody, and yet mey are stiffer, and less liable to lodge. As to curing it for hay, it is about as trouble- some as clover, but if got in half cmed, and, salt- ed, it makes a better bay. Now, let me not 6e misunderstood on this subject. There is nothing, which is so injuriotis to the prevalence of sound opinions on all sulijects, as exaggeration. It has done more nsischief in all arts, and sciences, than iuiy other cause. Lucerne is only to be compared with clover. It is no sort of substitute for the culmiferous arasses. It cannot be put, for a moment, in competition, with herds grass, as we call it, or timothy, as the southern people term it — or for orchard grass, or for pratiyisis, or red toj), or the meadow foxtail, or the excellent grass recommended by Mr Phinney, the tall meadow oat grass. These grasses are, and must be, forever, our cliief dependence for e.x- cellent liay. I recommend the Lucerne solely as a substitute for Dutch clover, and it ought io take its place, and, within twenty years, it tvill take its place, everywhere, in America. I say it, without fear of ridicule. The Lucerne is the favorite grass of France, south of the river Loire, of Spain, Portugal, and Italy — of Rio Janeiro — of Buenos Ayres, and Chili. Why does it suit these climates ? Because its long tap root enables it to sustain the long droughts and excessive heats of these climates But we, in Massachusetts, are subject, in an emi- nent degree, to these same evils. When our crops fail, it is chiejly owing to these causes. The Lucerne is calculated for early, and late pastur- age— for small farmers, yielding at least double the quantity of food, which any other plant can do. I may be called a speculative farmer, and I am so, if 25 years close attention entitles me to the name. But practical farmers will find, that so Vol. VII.— No. 46. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 367 far as it respects this iiroduction, niy experiments Lave not been without their practical use. GRAFTING MATKRIALS. Not discouraged, by all, which lias been written on this topic with us, I am induced to give the latest improvement in England on this subject. — As an experiment, derived and recommended from such a source, it would have its value, but it, at once, reconunended itself to my notice, for its simplicity, neatness, and reasonableness. I shall subjoin my account of its success with me. The new method is thus described in a letter from David Powel, Esq. inserted in the London Horticultural Transactions, vol. v. I shall only in- troduce the essential directions. " Grafting wax properly prepared, when in a melted state, is spread evenly on sheets of mod- erately thin brown paper, which when cold is cut into strips about three-quarters of an inch wide. When one of these strips is to be used, warm it with the breath, and bind it round the stock and scion, pressing it gently with the hand, when it will be found to adhere^ so closely as totally to exclude both air and moisture. No further care is necessary, though it may be as well to look over the grafts occasionally, pressing the paper close with the hand where it may have before been occasionally missed." This plan of applying wax cements instead of clay, struck me at once, as not only exceedingly simple, but admirable for its neatness. I accordingly treated 100 grafts in this mode. I procured some coarse, but strong and flexible brown paper, made of tarred cordage, and having prepared the grafting wax, by the recipe subjoin- ed, I spread it witli great facility, by a common table knife, over the paper evenly. It cools in- stantly. I then cut it into strips of about an inch wide. In a warm sun, it requires no heating but in a cool day, the breath will warm it suf- ficiently. As soon as the graft is inserted and tied with matting, or twine, tlie strip is wound round from the bottom of the cleft, to the inser- tion, and sawed end, and doubled over that. The operation requires/ye seconds only, and the air is most effectually excluded. I put in grafts with . clay, and with this 7ici(' method, and the success of the last was much greater than with the clay. Six weeks have now elapsed, and the covering is perfect. Neither rains, nor sun affect it. There is one other great benefit. The paper is made , stronger by the grafting wax, and may be unwound, and taken off without injuring the bark. 1 have applied it to green-house jilants — to the Camellia. Here per- mit me to add, for the benefit of florists, that the Camellia, heretoi"ore grafted only by approach, is found to siiccecd equally well, if grafted in the manner nf approeich grafting, the scion cut off, and the end loft long: enoiigli below, to insert it, into the neck of a phial of water, or into a tun)i|i, or potato. The grafting composition recommended in England, and which 1 used, was 1 lb. of pitcli — 1 lb. of rosiii— S-2 lb. of bees wax— 1-4 lb. of hog's lard — 1-4 lb. of turpentine. I hold, how- ever, veiy cheap, all these specific nostrums ; great variations may be made in them, taking care to see, that the compound is neither tro stiff to use, nor too soft to melt, under the solar heat. I have been very tedious, but could not well abbreviate my remarks. J. LOWELL, Roxbury, June 1, 1329. N. B and to see with their own eyes, the result of my experiments on both subjects. The last niimber of Silliman's Journal contains aJetter from Professor Griscom, in which an in- teresting fact is disclosed, in relation to the Sara- toga water. From actual experiment, it appears fliat the water of the Congress Spring contains a portion of Iodine, the presence of which, the Pro- f 'ssor rationally concludes, adds to the efficacy of the fluid, especially in scrofidous aflections. Canal Tolls. — On Saturday the 9th ultimo, there wi«5 received for tolls, by John B. States, collector at A]haBy,three thousand five hundred and seven dollars, which is one thousand dollars more than was ever collected before in one day at the same oflice. — JV. Y. Gaz. NOTICE. A staled meeting of th^ Massachusells Horticultural Society, will be held, by adjournment, at Ihe Sociely's Room, over the office o( Ihe New England Farmer, on Tuesday, .lune 9, at 11 o'clock. R. L. EMMONS, Rec. Sec'i/. Seed Potatoes. For sale, at No. 26 Foster's wharf, 200 bushels of superior Nova Scolia Potatoes. A fine opportunity is here offered to farmers, who wish to improve the quality of their seed pota- toes. June 5 Millet Seed. ^ For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New England Farmer, No. o2 North fliarket street. 50 bushels of Millet Seed, — clean, aud of superior quality. Also, a very extensive variety of Ornamental Flower Seeds, ill papeis of '6 els each, or 100 varieties, one paper each, for ,>o,00. ROMAN— This elegant, full blooded horse, a bright hay, with black legs, mane, and tail, of high spirit aud good tem- per, will stand at the farm of Mr Stephen Williams, in North- borough, Ms, at ft'20 the season, to be paid before Ihe mares are taken away.— See New England Farmer, May 15. Potoder at 2s per lb. DUPONT'S POWDER, quality warranted, for sale at Copftand's Ammunilion Store, C5 Broad st, at relail. A'tsn, SHOT, CAPS, &,o. of the liest qualily— cheap for cash. If Greenwich Flower Garden. The subscriber has lately leceived his annual importations of Garden Seeds, Bulbous Flower Roots, &c, in excellent preservation, of the growth of 1S2S, from the well known houses of Messrs Warner, Seaman & Warner, and Mr Charlewood, London, and Mr Van Eeden & Co., Harlcem, Holland, who have guaranteed them good and genuine, and no doubt will give the farmer, horticulturalist and florist, the same general satis- faction that former importations have done. Also on hand, a choice collection of greenhouse and hardy herbaceous plants, (many of which are very rare ;) rose bushes and other shrubs, in great variety, Iruit trees, white mulberry, &c. Plants of artichoke, asparagus, sea kale, eaily frame potatoes, mushroom spawn, &c, with directions for cultivation. The Hyacinthus, Crocus, Nar- cissus, &c, are in bloom, and will continue in succession a great part of the year. Catalogues may be had at the garden. Orders left at the garden, the po,-t office, or with Mr Molyneaiix, corner of Broadway and Ann street, uil! be stricljy attended to. Gentlemen supplied with e.'spe- licnced Gardeners. DANIEL KENNEY, Carmine and Vaiick sfreets-. New York. OG* The nearest route to the Garden, Greenhouses, and Seed Store, is from Broadway, by St Thoma?'3 Church along Houston street, or along Canal and Yarick streets eopSw I invite gentlemen to visit my grounds, Red and IVliile Clover Seed. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No, 52 North Market Street, 500 lbs. Dutch White Honeysuckle Clover, (imported.) Also, Herd's Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, Lucerne, Foul Meadow, Hemp and Flax Seed, &c, &.c. March 27 t Seed of the Spanish Chesnut. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New Eng- land r« f'f.''^^';^;^,'^' Le solid components of the vegetable textures, all, or son.e of which, he wshes to have ans ver- '^„^j fibre-from which are formed ed ^^--'"'^T''"' VTJ^lel\^<^ — W"- structures, the cellular and up by some one better acquamted w.th he sub ti^.^^es, and the various combinations of ject than 1 am ; hut as they reman> -gleeted, I a^c ^,^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ hope my imperfect attempt to answer «°'»« " ^,^, olutions of the soluble materials of the them, and to investigate others, w,l bo received vate y ^^ ,^^,,,, ^f which, and the with indulgence; and that h-eafter any e ro,» ^J^ ^,^.^^^^^ components, by which I may run mto, may be pomted out by .^^^ , „,3,l,^,„i,^, ,„d chemical agency, influ- some of the learned readers of your valuable pa per. The questions are. 1st. What causes the circu ueans of mechanical and chemical agency, influ need by the principles of life, solid components, extures, and secretions, are formed." The size ,,r J u , rt'o„. it? o'lk these cells varies in different plants, and in dif- lation of sap? How does heat aftectit? 2d. j the same plant : so much so that What makes it flow earher .h one ^md of tree ^ ent , („ the naked eye, while others than in another 3d. Is there any obhque c^rcu- - -. -^^ ^,^^^ .^ .^ ^^.^ ^ ^ ^.,,„„ lation, or .s n wholly perpendicular ? 4th. What .^^^^ ^^^ ^,^^ becomes of the sap in the winter, does it return to » --r a ^^^ ^ g^„^^ the roots, or does it remam '"'"=, "^^'Lhic;' ihysiologists cot tend that these are chatinels What becomes of the oxygen and hydrogen which ^^^^ "^^j^,^ ^^^ ,;,,, „,h,r3 i;,p,ne it.- constituted a portion of the sap, after the carbon j ^^V' j ,^^,.^P ^^^^ ,,, contain proper is se,,arated from these substances into wood .'- ^^^^ "» - ^ ^^^ ^/^ ^^^^^^i^ ^^ij, 6th. Is the -'-■'=^"ono sap i«.rn«nent during ^^ .The cellular tissue," says a modern tlie warm season, or not ? ith. Why does the ,^'> 'M J physiology, "besides contain- wind have so much influence on the running of ij'j';'- J" ^ J J ^^^»J;„ ,,,i„ou., sap? 8th. Why IS it necessary tha it should ^.w-, , ,^^.^_^^,, ^ S^ .^ ^^^^ ^,^^ tJiaw in the '1-3'- -^'l f-- '"the n.gh , in-order "'y.^_^^ - ^^ .^,^ ^^^ ^^^^^^^.^^ proper juice, or that maple sap should run well ? ^'h. Why J« ^^ is difltused sideways through the evergreens remain green through the winter.'- eiauowuua i, _■'... 10th. Is there a diflTerence between the power d" conducting heat jiossessed by different trees? II so, which are the best conductors ? Many of these questions have not, I believe^ been answered to the satisfiiction of physiologists up to the present day, although some of them have been the subject of speculation and experi plant ; and many changes, effected by electro chemical agency, occur in the juices which fill its cells." If this opinion be correct, the third ques- tion of Mr Coffin seems to be answered. From experiments that have been made, it ap- pears that if a tv/ig be cut, with the leaves ex- panded, by putting the cut end into a watery so- have been the -^ject o s cn.a ion ana exper. ^V^^^^ ^^^^-^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^ ^^^^^^. ^^. ment for more than a •^^'''''T^. Jf 'f'^^.^^^^'^'^^lend into the leaves, and to the top of the shoot, they been entirely able to satisfy them.ehes o" ^^^^^ ^,^^^^ ^^^ ^j^^ ^^p^ ^^. many of the points, or phenomena that aie '" ,.^„j,f^^.„„ ^..^.l^ of the plant. This is said to volved in the economy of vegetable nature, aU co"J'^«n= v- P.^ ^^ transpiration though they have all adopted certain theon<^ , he - , !„,, P,,^,, j^, leaves are fresh which seem to enlighten but not to -tisfy tl. whic . t g ,^ ^^ l^^ ^1 i,,^ minds of investigators It cannot be expected j on ^ '^wiy e J^ ^^^ ^^ ^ therefore, that I can throw any new light on th ^^ ';'«;; ^^'^.^ ,eason,!if we make a transverse subject ; but I .nay bring together some of the oU , laterje^i ^^^^^^_^^ ^^^^ ^^^,. ^^^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^,^^ ^^^^ **"'^^- . , , ,1 „-„^, i bark near the wood is filled with fluid. This is The first questions are, what causes the eirci- • of a different description from lation of sap? And how is ,t -^'^^';'^l^^^\Z^t.U^cU the sap rises; the first behig To enter into all, or even many of the t! eo cs , ^^J^ ^,^^^^ ^^^ j .^^ ^,,^ which exist on these points, is no m my P"^«'' i^^.^ trees, and are called proper vessels, even if I had the inclination, tor it woul,l mvdve ,h '1^ o, y " t ^^^^.^ ^^^^P^.l_^ ^^ more time than I have to spare, and more reseach , ^J - ^^^^ ^^.^^ ^,, elaboration in the than my habits will permit. I must, therefore, in^ .io\\ nwaius u.c j ^ _ confine myself to some general views, which, al though they can afford no proof, they may indjce others to investigate the subject. To this enl it may be necessary in the outset to look into'he construction, or organic conformation of plaits ; the nature and properties of their juices ando.ier 6ubi5tanccs contained in their cellular tissue, md vascular organs ; the liability of these to h< in- fluenced by the chemical operation of heat ; and leaf Is it, then, that the perspiration of plants is one of the means by which the sap is brought into circulation ? That there is considerable connexion between the perspiration of plants, and the circulation of the sap, there can be but little doubt, from the va- rious experiments that have been made. Dr Hales tells us, that he took several branches of a pear tree, on some of which he left the leaves. ■ while he stripped them from the others. AH theac branches were then accurately weighed, and the cut ends put into vessels which contained a cer- tain weight or quantity of water. The branches which retained their leaves, imbibed from 15 to 30 ounces of water in the space of twelve houni in the day, according as they had more or less leaves ; and it is remarkable, that notwithstanding this great imbibition, the branches furnisiied with leaves weighed less at evening than they did iji the morwing, so much had they lost by transpira* tion : but it was not so with the branches deprived of their leaves. They imbibed but one ounce uf water, notwithstanding which, they weighed more at evening than they did in the morning. This Dr Hales thinks an incontestible proof of the cer- tain connexion between the perspiration and el- evation of the sap. But when we recollect that early in the spring, before the leaves are put out at all, the sap flows more abundantly than at any other time, (as iu the maple, and grape vine) and particularly so after cold nights are succeeded by warm days, it seems that other causes must be looked for to solve this great phenomenon. It is known that in proportion as the leaves expand and increase on these and other plants, the wound made by tap- ping, or cutting off a branch, ceases to bleed, as it is termed ; — and that when the tree is in full leaf, it will not bleed at all. The cause, therefore, of the Jlow of tlie sap is not transpiration, although its circulations are mainly dependant on the leaves. For if a branch which is growing vigorously m summer, be deprived of a portion of its leaves, it will diminish its vigor ; and if we strip it altogeth- er it will cease to grow. We also know that those branches that are most abundantly furnish- ed with leaves grow the best— it woidd seem therefore that the leaves are organs of suction, or pumps, to elevate or keep the sap in circulation during the summer, or temperate season of tha year. How then are we to account for this pro- digious flow of the sap in the spring, before the leaves are developed ? Mr Duhamel says that in the spring, before the leaves are out, the flow of sap comes as much, at least, if not more, from the upper part of the wound or cut in a tree, than it does from the low- er iiart ; and from the experiments made by him, and others, it seems to be proved. He took a young tree, which he sawed off about 18 inches above the ground. The upper part of this tree ho suspended in the same position in which it grew. This was done very early in the season, (I think February) before there was any appearance of vegetation. For several days successively he ex- aniinrd both the stump and the suspended top of the tr;:e. When the weather was cold, tiie cuts of both remained dry, as they did during the nights— but when warm, sunny days succeeded frosty or cold nights, both the stumps and the top became moist at the wound, and the juices in some instances were active enough to fall troiii die cut of the upper portion of the tree ; but in all cases when there was suflicient heat to affect the .lump, the sap iu the detached part was equally put in motion. This was, I think, a sycamore tree. In this case, as in making a transverse cut 370 NEW ENGLAND FARMER,! June 12, 1829. of a vine at this season, the sap will flow from tlie wood, between tlie pith and tlic bark, and not from the bark itself. But at a later period, as before Stated, wlien the tree is in leaf, tlic s;ii> will ap- pear, after it has been elaborated, in the inner part of the bark. It is fur this reason that in tap- ping maple trees they always cut into the wood, for if you cut throug^i tlie bark only, the sap will not flow. From this, and other experiments that have been made, it appears that the sap is retained in the cellular tissue, or the vascular organs, during the winter, in a soluble state, and as soon as the heat of the sun is sufficiently great to liquify it, it flows from all parts of the tree where these ves- sels exist, and more or less abundantly, according to the nature of the plant. These vessels being larger and more abundant in some trees than in . others, and probably better filled with sap in some than in others, this may be the cause why ma- ple trees furnish sap so abundantly when cold frosty nights are preceded by warm summer days, and why the sap will flow from the south side of this tree, when it will not from the north side. May not this answer one, if not two of Mr Cof- fin's questions, viz. the fourth and eighth'} Per- haps it is not conclusive as to the last. But I do not understand that it is necessary that it should freeze in the night to induce the sap to flow in the day — only that when frost is succeeded by a warm sun, the saj) will flow more abundantly than it does ordinarily when there has been a succes- sion of warm days, and the sap lias been constant- ly flowing ; by which means, perhaps, the organs that contain the fluid may be exhausted, and may require time to replenish themselves. All this, however, is but conjecture ; for I have never found any satisfactory reason offered wliich will explain this phenomenon, as it is most certainly, if it be true, that frosty nights are 'iiecessai-y to the flow of the sa]), as above stated. In tropical climates, where there is no frost, trees are tapped, and the sap flows regularly and constantly — more in the day than in the i::iglit, because there is more heat to aid its circulation. But this seems to show that frost at nig'it is 7iot necessary to its flowing in tlie day time. Is the circulation of the sap perinanent duriii" the warm season ? Ahhough trees, generally, cease to put out new, or extend their old shonta during midsummer, (that is the latter part of June, July, and the early part of August,) and the ter- minatiug buds of tha shoots of the year, are, in many trees formed ; when the heat or dryness has jfassed off, these terminating heads v.'ill fre- quently hurst out, and make a new growth. This is called the growth of the second crop. If the sap does not cease, altogeth.er, to circulate, it cer- tainly becomes so sluggish that we find the bark will adhere to the wood, wliich in the sjiring could 1)3 easily separated. And after midsummer the sap having resumed its coinsa, the bark can again be detached with ease, —iience it is, that in botii sjiring and fall you caii bud trees, wliile in winter and midsummer it cannot usually be done. Whetiier this arises from the extreme dryness of the soil, which (iirnishes little or no nourishment to the roots during its continuance ; or whether most of the sap that is drawn into them, and thence into tlie tree, is carried ofl" by excessive jicispiration during the hot and dry season ; or whether it he owing partly to both, are questions we shall not undertake to decide. But to us there appears no doubt that, to these causes, jointly o| from the earth are received, and passed into tho roots, and tlience to the trunk and branches of the tree. . The little suckers and fibres are filled with eella or tubes which open into each other, and serve, perhaps, as a sort of pump, by which the sap is drawn from the earth and forced upwards to its Ultimate destination. This process is, however, supposed by some, to be aided by electrical influ- ences. The experiments of Dr Hales by means of cap- illary tubes, carried sap from the top of the stump of a young tree that he cut off transversely in the pring, I think 16 or 18 feet ujiwards, and this severally, are to be attributed that apparent inac tivity in the sap that is so manifest during mid summer; and which lead many people to believf that its circulations are slopped altogether But the princijial question is still unanswered and I have no doubt will remain so. We may, however, examine it a little, and sec whether it may not be accounted for by a union of causes.- The querist says he knows that heat affects the circulation of the sap, but wishes to know how it ailects it .' That most plants are dependant on heat for the active circulation of their sa]), there can be no doubt. But heat applied to one part of thelWilhout the aid of heat, or chemical influence of plant, while the other is exposed to frost, will af-l^ny kind. What then may not be expected from feet that part only that is immediately within its/iho^se powerful agents when brought into opera- influence. This is another proof that the sap re- tion on a set of capillary tubes so minute, in some mains in the body of the tree, as well as in the cases, that a sti'ong magnifying glass is required roots, ready to be acted upon, and set in motion|to discover their existence ? Beside, when we whenever heat is applied to it. For instance if a V-onsider that this body is endowed with life, while grape vine be planted in the open ground, and a the tubes of Mr Hales were not, we must not won- branch of it be led into a hot house, every bodylder, 1 think, that this theory is supported by some knows that the part exposed to the external ain physiologists. will remain without showing any signs ofvegeta-l After all, we are still left in doubt as to many tion and tho branch out doors, leaving the centre of it onlv might be said, and the subject much better eluci- within, we shall see that both the lower body anc datr-d by a scientific writer who had leisure to in- the terminating shoot, which are exposed to a cold vestigate it ; but as I must have exhausted your atmosphere, will remain in a dormant state, while patience, as I fear I shall that of your readers, I the centre will send forth shoots, leaves, and youna will leave the other questions of Mr Coffin to some fruit. If you reverse the position of the vine, bj one better qualified than myself to satisfy his de- placing the roots in door.s, and leaving the centre mands. CULTIVATOR. of a shoot out, the effects will be reversed. The Broohline, June 1, 1829. ]iart near the roots, and the terminating branch j ■will then shotv life, while the cenlre will show no marks of vegetation. Heat then is the principal agent in putting the sap in motion ; but how does it affect it .' is the question of Mr Coffin. ; while the branch \^^thin will be in full leaf, points in regard to the phenomena of the circida- ^rowing vigorously. If we carr3' the end o' tion and elevation of the sap. But much more FOR THE HEW ENGLAND FAnSIER. If the cellular tissue contains, beside the watery fliiid we call sap, a variety of other substances POULTRY, &c. Mr Fessenpen — I am a young farmer and liwc paid considerable attention to the raising of loultry ; and for the purpose of securing my gar- Jcus from the depredations of my hens, have en- which are susceptible of chemical influence ; and '^^"^'"^ "''*'' ^ "'^" "'"^ l>";kets, a yard of an acre if, when these are excited by heat, they are set in P"^ »" half of ground, m which I keep them shut motion, and a change is produced by chemical, or "? ' ^"* '™'" ^"'"« ""^'^ "»' °'''"' "'^y '"^^'e this "electro-chemical agency," which decomiioses, ^^"^^" ''°"<' comparatively nothing. Now, I am and recombines them, in such manner as to make ''<"S""""ig t« think that this results from keeping the properjuices, or elaborated sap which forms '"" "'^ny "'' ''«='" together. Will you, or some the annual growth of the tree ; why nnay it not by both, or cither of these powerful influences, produce .such a degree of rarefaction of the air and sap which is in the capillary tubes, or ctm- ducting vessels, as to extend them, aided by the principles of vitality in the plant, from the roots to the ii'most extent of its branches. But heat alone is not sufficient to produce the wonderful effects which we see annually in the gvowt'i of plants of various kinds. The immedi- ate influence ol' the sun and air are highly bene- ficial to their growth and maturity, and are almost ii!dis]!eusable to the existence of most plants. If a plant be covered with a box, three sides of which are closed with plank, and one side with glass, tlie plant will incline or bend towards the glass, through which both heat and light are ad- mitted. This sliows the tendency of plants to seek these aids as a mean of suji])iiiting their ex- istence. The spongy nature of the small filires that grow from the roots of trees, to which are attached mi- nute suckers with open porous skins, is the mean by which the necessary supply of watery solutions of your corrcs|iondents inform nie how many may )e kept in such an inclosure, with profit ; having i house to roost in, fifty feet by ten, and divided iito four apartments. Last winter, in the month of February, I lost a ■onsiderable number of fowls, by a disease, which do not recollect to liave seen treated of in any vork on poultry, unless it is that called by Mow- Ivay the Roup. I, however, think it a different dsease from that. My hens had their mouths so filed with canker that many of them could not cai and frequently one or both of their eyes were so iwollen that they could not see. Some, which livid cannot now see from one eye. Of course noie ^vere cured which were blind in both. Af^ ter trying several medicines without success, I gavathem meal and water, having first dissolved in it a quantity of Glauber's salts, by \\ hich I savid some of tlieni. Can you tell me of a better me;lod, and the cause of the disease .' CEDAR FOn HEDGES. (Vie of your correspondents makes some inqui- ries concerning hawthorn fences, Would not red cedars, or as they are commonly called Vol. Vlt.— Nn.47. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 371 among us, savins, answer a better purpose than hawthorn ? LIMK FOR DESTROYING BUGS. In one of your late papers I saw several ways recommended for destroying bugs, worms, &c. I think I may venture to recommend sowing air slacked lime, as the cheapest and most effectual method of ridding gardens of the many kinds of small vermin that infest our vines ; though per- haps this is nothing new. C. JSTorwich, Con. May 26, 1829. Remarks by the Editor. — With regard to poultry it is not in our power to inform how many may profitably be kept in an apartment of the size Stated above by our correspondent. The only ac- count wc remember to have seen of keeping great numbers in the same inclosure, was quoted from a communication to the British Board of Agricul- ture, which states in substance, that a Mr Wake- field, near Liverpool, kept a large stock of poultry to great advantage on a plat of land, about three- fourths, or nearly an acre in extent, inclosed with a fence of six or seven feet in height, composed of slabs set on one end, or any thinnings of fir, or Other trees, split, put near together, and fastened to each other near the top and bottom. These slabs are sharp pointed, and the sharpness of their tops is supposed to prevent the fowls from flying over, although the fence is so low. Witldn this fence are places slightly put up, but lodl secured Jrom toet, for each kind of poultry ; and a pond, or current of water, runs constantly through it Here they are regularly fed three or four times a day with steamed potatoes, with the hajipiest suc- cess, as the fowls thrive perfectly well. What renders this system of poultry management more worthy of attention, is the great qnanlity of dung made in this place, and, when it is cleared out, a' thin paring of the surface is taken off at the same time, which affords a valuable compost. A writer for the American Fanner, whose com- munication was republished in the New England Farmer, vol. iii. p. 275, states that " the following method of fattening fowls was communicated to me by a farmer from Buck's county, Penn. who is in the practice of supplying the market with the finest and fattest I have ever seen ; — confine your fowls in a large airy inclosure, and feed them on broken Indian corn and mush, with raw potatoes cut into small pieces, not larger than a filbert ; placing within their reach, a quantity of charcoal, broken into small pieces, which he says, they will greedil}' eat, and thereby promote a rapid digestion of their food." It is probable that the charcoal and raw potatoes were useful in preventing dis- eases in the poultry, as well as in promoting di-j gestion. With regard to the diseases of poultry but little ! has been stated in such books as have come with- in the reach of our observation. The Roup seems to ho a general term applied to all diseases in fowls. " The Pip (according to Mowbray) is a white scale growing on the tip of the tongue, which must be torn off and the part rubbed with salt." Others recommend (and we have been verbally informed that the prescription has been .found to be successful) to take a little soft soap and mi.x it with meal dough, and give it to chick- ens afflicted with the pip. A portion of animal food, mixed with vegetable food causes poultry to thrive, and is thought to contribute to their health. They eagerly seek for worms and other insects. md, perhaps, it might be well to feed them occa- iionally with butcher's ofl^als, &c., boiled for that jurpose, as dogs and cats are fed in Loudon. RED CEDAR HEDGES Have been highly recommended, and some ob"- iervations on the subject may be seen page 206 of he current volume of the New England Ear- ner. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. At the stated meeting of the Society, on Mon- day evening last, the members present, and the profusion of superb native, and toreign flowers, and interesting herbaceous plants which were brought, evinced the continued and lively interest taken by the members in promoting the views of llie Society and the cause of Horticulture. We imit to mention particulars, as the same plants ,vill probably be shown at the exhibition which is (o take place at the Masonic Hall, on Friday lext. Patrick Hayes, Esq. presented a box containing ipwards of two hundred packets of seeds of flow- C13 and forest trees, collected by his son, now res- itent on the Rio Grande, Brazil. Dr David Hosack, of New York, presented a b)x contaiiung several parcels of beans and peas, tie growth of Mexico, which had been sent to him b/ our Minister, Mr Poinsett. Mr J. C. Loudon, of London, sent a packet cintaining a numerous collection of valuable es- cdent vegetables, collected by himself during a riceut tour through Germany. Accompanying tlese, was another parcel of sea kale seeds. Messrs Jessop, nursery and seedsmen, of Chel- tmham, and Messrs Noble & Son, seedsmen, of london, through Mr Loudon, sent large parcels jf seeds of sea kale, rhubarb, and as)i^agus. — The specific name of the species of rhutiarb was \iot given, but whether it is the medicinal or tart ^uibarb, it will be a great acquisition. Experi- gicc enables us to say, that both kinds flourisli in t|iis state. In five years, a root of the Rheum Ra- Ifflnticum weighed seven pounds, and when dried aid powdered, was found to be equal in medicinal effect to any imported. The asparagus may be an improved variety of l/iat which we already possess. The thanks of /he Society were voted for these acceptable pres- ents. The seeds were partially distributed among the members, and the remainder will be given to those who will be likely to make the best use of lliem. A communication from Hartman Phillips, Esq. of Phillipsburg, Centre county. Pa, on the culture of sea kale. Blr P. finds no difticulty in rearing that fine table esculent, which he has cultivated for ten years past. The meeting was favored with two bottles of white currant wine, by 3Iiss Paschall, of Kings- essing, Piiiladelphia county, of very superior qual- ity. It was the opinion of many of those who tasted it, that of the numerous samples of currant wine previously sent to the Society, these were decidedly the best. The wines hitherto oflercd, were made from red currants, which, as noticed in the reports of them, are far inferior for the purpose to the white species ; manufacturers of the article are urged to give the latter the prefei-- ence. One of the bottles of Bliss P.'s wine was made in 1811, the other in 1827 — both were ex- cellent, but the first specimen left nothing to be desired in a currant wine, notwithstanding its age. It was entirely free from acidity, of a good body, and resembled in taste and color, the best quality of Sauterne wine, which sells for $10 per dozen, and is rarely to be met with out of France — Philad. pa. Our village has for the last week worn very much the appearance of a commercial city. The passing and repassing of trucks and carts, in car- rying goods to and receiving them from the boats as they departed and arrived, the lauding of bales and hogsheads on the wharves, and the sound of the hammer and saw of the builder, who finds employment on account of this new impulse to enterprise, give the village the stir and bustle of business, which is most animating to the specta- tor. We have heard internal improvements — rail roads, and canals, called a means of ruining the country. We do not say it is not so, but we most devoutly wish that such ruin as has come upon this village, and the country between this and Providence, in consequence of the Blackstone canal, maybe increased ten io\(\.— Worcester Yeo- man. At the first semi-annual meeting of the " Salem Association for the Detection and Prosecution of Tresspassers on Gardens, Fields, and Orchards, in the town of Salem and Vicinity," on Wednesday last, the following gentlemen were chosen officers for the ensuing year: — E. H. Derby, Esq. President. G. S. Johonnet, Vice do Francis Peabody, \ Wm Mansfield, > Directors. Robert Manning, j Samuel Webb, Treasurer. Ebeu Putnam, Secretary. The object of the Association is indicated by its name ; and the gentlemen composing it, we are informed, are determined to enforce the law in all cases of theft and trespasses in the gardens, fields, and orchards of its members. Loudon's Gardener's Magazine says, " we are sorry to observe that the practice of pinching off potato blossoms is not generally adopted, as the produce would thereby be increased. A corres- jiondent has found from experience that the crop is not only increased, but is much better in quali- ty ; and wishes us to direct the attention of our readers to the practice, which we hereby do, fully convinced of its importance." Destruction of insects by tobacco water. — In the' process of preparing tobacco for use, a liquid is exi)ressed from it, which is very cheap, and high- ly destructive of animal life. This mixed with from three to five parts of water, is found, by a writer in the Transactions of the London Horti- cultural Society, to be an effectual remedy for the aphis, caterpillars, and similar insects which infest fruit trees. — Manufacturer's Journal. Premiums on Butter. — The following premiums are ofiicrcd by the Committee for the encourage- ment of the Clinton Market, New York. For 6 lbs. of the first best Butter, a silver cup, worth If 1 5 For 6 lbs. of the 2d best Butter, a silver milk pot, worth 10 For 6 lbs. of the 3d best Butter, 6 silver tea spoons, worth 6 372 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, 25! June 12, 1829. BEE WORM, OR MOTH. We have been told, (and indeed we are satis- fied of tlie fact iioin personal observation) that the bee worm or bee moth, has been very destructive to the bees in this part of the country. We have seen whole hives destroyed by them. Each cavi- ty of the comb is found to be occupied by a round black worm, about the size of a large bee's body : some of them appear to us hke a winged insect, in its chrysalis state ; the mouths of the cavities con- taining th6 •rfoyms, are closed by a kind of web, not uniike fiae cotton. We have seen a method of destroying thc^e moths prescribed, whicli we eubjoin : " Instinct teaches the bee moth to secrete her- self during the day, in the corners of the hive. — All, therefore, necessary to be done, is to take such advantage of this fact as that this most pernicious enemy shall rush to its own destruction. For this purpose let the orifice of the hive be four inches wide, and one inch high. At the commencement of the season for the moth, place a shingle on the bottom or floor of the hive. You will find in the morning that almost every moth has taken refuge under it. They are readily despatched. This is the mode I have practised with my own bees, and cot a single hive has been injured." — Western Car- olinian. Best Method of Raising Radishes. — Most of our garden grounds are too rich for the radish ; and but few gardens are found that do not contain more or less of the tcire worm. The radish is our favorite. Hence we are induced to make experi- ments until we have raised them at least semi- transparent, and as brittle as glass. Our method is, merely to mix two parts of sand with one part of common garden earth, and add a small quanti- ty of stable mnnure. Or, earth of a clayey na- ture is preferable to the garden earth. Since adopting the above method we have not failed in a single instance of raising an abundance of smooth, clear, and fine flavored radishes. — Hing- ham Gaz. considered a moderate yield to the acre, at tie three cuttings. The soil proper for this kind »f grass is a mellow, rich loam, though any kind wll answer well except a stiff" clay land, or land vejy low and inclinitig to bake in summer. The land designed for this grass should be wel prepared by two or three deep ploughings, an| the manure ploughed in at the second ploughing^ it should be sown with oats or barley, at the rats of fifteen or twenty pounds to the acre. The see| can always be had at the N. E. Farmer oflice, a) from 38 to 50 cents the pound. \ Should you take it nito your head bye and bye\ that it will be profitable to improve your breed ol cows for the milk market, as you undoubtedly vviU, this kind of grass will be a great acquisition in tic furthering that object, as it is very esculent aiti nutritive ; properties essential to the yield cf milk. I Now by way of experiment, procure five poundl of the seed, and select forty rods of your gooji kind of land, such as yields a fair crop of corn, aid proceed according to the directions above, and if you repent of the undertaking in the summer of 1830, you may bring an action against me for damage, which I promise to pay without litigi- tion, through the medium of the Advocate offiqe. Taunton, May 20, 1 829. VERITAS, i From llie Taunton Advocate. Brother Ju.'^atham — I know your great an- tipathy to everything new, or in the least savoiiiig of improvement in agriculture — tlierefore I shall venture on the present subject with but little con- fidence of rousing your attention — for the subject is improvement. Instead of making " two spears of grass grow where one grew before," it is to make three grow where one would hardly g.-ow before. You must needs know that some half a dozen years since, the Hon. John Lowell, of Rox- bury, imported a small qiumtity of Lucerne seed from Europe, with a view of testing its qualities as a grass tor this climate — and after a lapse of this term of time, which has included the warm win- ters, and the cold winters — the hot, the cold, the dry, and the wet sunnii'jr.re- mium be proposed : To the proprietor of the best Ndrsery of Mulberry Trees, within the coun- ty, in number and quality, on the first Jfednesday of May, 1832, to he determined upon inspection and comparison, by a committee to be appointed by the Trustees for that purpose, upon the appli- cation of those who shall claim to be competitors, twenty days next preceding the said first Wednes- day of May, $60,00. Attest, W. D. WHEELER, Rec. Sec'y. Post Office Department. — Niles, in a late number of the Register, states that such is the attention and fidelity in the management of the Post Offices, east and north of the Susquehannah, that general- ly not more than one letter out of five hundred. Recipe for Ice Cream. — Three quarters of a pound of loaf sugar, one quart of cream, the whites of three eggs well beat up — mix together and simmer it on the fire until it nearly boils, then take it oft' and strain it, and when cold put it into the mould and churn it until it freezes. Scrape it from the sides of the mould occasionally, during the freezing process, and beat it up well with tbs ice cream stick. Flavor it with lemon, rose, veiv elli, strawberries, chocolate, &c., as you like it New iniik is nearly as good as cream, and skink- med milk will do ; but for the latter add the whites of two or three additional eggs. Cows should always be treated with great gen- tleness, antl soothed l>y mild usage, especially when young and ticklish, or ivhcu the uddersfare tender, in which case they ought to be fomented with warm water before milking, and touched with gentlene.'is ; othcrv.'ise the cow will be in danger of contracting bad habits, become stub- born and unruly, and retaining her milk ever af- ter. A cow never gives down her milk pleasant ly to the person she dreads or dislikes. ^4 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, June 12, 1829. Infancy of Knowledge. — IMankiiul at tlie begin- ning of the 15th century, are thus described in the Liverpool Observer. " They had neither looked into heaven nor earth, neither into the sea nor land, as has been done since. They had i)hilosophy without ex- periment, mathematics without instruments, ge- ometry without scale, astronomy without demon- stration. They made war without powder, shot, cannon, or mortars ; nay, tho mob made their bonfires without squibs, or crackers. They went to sea without compass, and sailed without the needlo. They viewed the stars without telescopes, and measured altitudes without barometers. Learn- ing had no printing press, writing no paper, and paper no ink. The lover was forced to send his mistress a deal board for a love letter, and a bil- let doux might be of the size of an ordinary tren- cher. They were clothed without nianulucturers, and their richest robes were the skins of the most formidable monsters. Tliey carried on trade without books, and correspondence without posts ; their merchants kept no accounts, their shopkeep- ers no cash book ; they had surgery without an- atomy, and physicians without the materia niedi- ca ; they gave emetics without ipecacuanha, and cured agues without bark." always ready to spring up in every soil, and which would rob the cultivated plants of mdst of their food. Scraping the surface, if it be done fre- quently, may answer this purpose ; but to des- troy the roots of weeds deeper hoeing is neces- sary. 2. To keep the soil from becoming too compact, which prevents the roots from extending them- selves freely in search of their food ; at the same time keeping up a fermentation, by which the vegetable food is concocted, and brought into contact with the roots. For this purpose the deeper land is hoed the better. But hoeing should cease or be only superficial, when the roots are so far extended as to be much injured by the hoe. They will bear a little cutting with- out injury. For where a root is cut off, several new branches will come up in its place. 3. To render the soil more open and porous, so that it shall greedily drink in the nightly dews, and that rain may not run oft', but readily soak in as it falls, and be retained. Accordingly the more and oftener land is hoed, the more its plants are nourished. 4. Another design of hoeing, and which ha?| the new White Dutch Lettuce, the new Water- loo Pea, from Europe, (a tall sort, of rich flavor, and bears all summer,) the Amazonian Lettuce, Sir John Sinclair's new Ueet, and some other vegetable, and ornamental Flower Seeds. Also, the following works for the Library of the Socie- :ty — Speechly's Treatise on the Culture of the Vine, and Pine Apple, and on the Formation of Vineyards — The Fruit Grower's Instructer — Hayue's Treatise on the Culture of the Strawber- ry, Raspberry, Gooseberry, and Currant, with col- ored plates — Drummond's New Treatise on Bot- any— Davy's Agricultural Chemistry — Maddock's Treatise on the Culture of Flowers, with splen- did colored engravings. All the above works are the latest London editions. From Capt. M. C. Perrv, of the U. S. Navy, a quantity of the Egyptian Beans, (cultivated in Egypt for cattle) — some Qnion seed, and melon teed, brought by him from Asia Minor. From John Bartlett, Esq., a box of roots of an esculent vegetable, brought by him from Cuba, and supposed to be the original root of the po- tato. The following persons were admitted meni- not been enough attended to, is to nourish plants bers, at the last meeting : Ebenezer Seaver, Jr, by drawing fresh soil near to them, the efUuvium Roxbunj — John P. Rice, Esq. Boston — Ebenezer JVEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JUNE 12, 1829. The able article which commences this num ber of the N. E. Farmer, on the « Circulation of Sap in Trees," &c., will be found worthy of at tentive perusal. It not only furnishes proofs of acute investigation, but presents valuable materi- als for further inquiries. An accurate knowledge of the theory of vegetation cannot fail to atiord practical results of the greatest utility. By ascer- taining the manner in which JVature conducts her operations, in giving existence to the vegetable kiagdem, wc may apply the rules of Art with an assurance of the most beneficial results. FARMERS' AND GARDENERS' WORK FOR JUNE. If the season be at all dry, your garden vegeta- bles will need water. A copious supply of water ?s very essential to a kitchen garden. It is said by Loudon that " Many kitchen crops are lost, or produced of very inferior quality for want of wa- tering. Lettuces, and cabbages, arc often hard and stringy ; turnips, and radishes do not swell ; onions decay ; cauliflowers die oft'; and, in gen- eral, in dry seasons, all the cruciferece become stinted, orcovered^witli insects, even in rich, deep soils. Copious waterings in the evenings, durin"- tho dry seasons, would jiroduce that fulness and succulency which we find in the vegetable pro- ductions in the low countries, and in the Marsh Gardens at Piuis, and in England at the begin- i:ing and latter end of tho season. The vegetables brought to the London market, from the Neat's Houses, and other adjacent gardens, where the important article of watering is much more at- tended to than in private country gardens, may be adduced as affording proofs of the advantage of the practice." nOEIjNG. " The ends to be answered by hoeing are chiefly ^these : l.^To destroy weeds which are of which enters their pores, and increases their growth. At the same time the earthing of plants makes them stand more firmly, increases their pasture in the spots where the roots most abound ; and prevents tl|e drying of the earth down to tho roots." — Deane. Another writer says " Thin out and earth up all your plants ; remember that frequent hoeing is both rain and manure to your vegetables in dry weather." CUT WORMS. Dr Deane directed as follows : " If you perceive any melon, cabbage, cauliflower plants, &c. injur- ed by the cut worm, open the earth at the foot of the jdant, and you will never fail to find the worm at the root, within four inches. Kill liira, and you will save not only the other plants of your garden, but many thousands in future years." TAR FOR SHEEP. A gentleman, who keei)s a large flock of sheep, assures us that during the season of grazing, he gives his sheep tar, at the rate of a gill a day to every twenty sheep. He puts the tar in troughs, sprinkles a little fine salt over it, and the sheep consmue it eagerly. This preserves them from worms in the head, promotes their general health, and is thought to be a specific against the rot. T. Andrews, Esq., Boston — Gen. Aaron Capen, Dorchester — Otis Nichols, Dorchester — Benj. Thom- as, Esq., Hingham — John Perry, Sherburne, and Rev. Gardner B. Perry, East Bradford. The Seeds and Roots will be distributed at the meeting tomorrow, — (see advertisement.) Qj^ A very convenient and spacious room has been fitted up, over the counting room of the New England Farmer, No. 52 North Market Street, for the use of the Society. The room is furnished ivith various agricultui-al, and other periodical journals, and is open at all hours of the day for tlie use of members. At this room will be de- posited all seeds, scions of superior fruits, draw- ings of fruits, new implements of use in horticul- ture, books for the Library of the Society ; and all fruits, vegetables, or ornamental flowers that may be oft'ered for the premiums of the Society. SO- MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL CIETY. The following donations have been received for this Society since their last meeting : From Andre Parmentier, Esq., proprietor of the Horticultural Garden, New York, a variety of seeds of European grasses, comprising the Rough Seeded Spurrey, of Flanders, (Spergula arvensis,) Meadow Soft Grass, (Holcus Lanatus,) English Rye Grass, (Lolium perennc,) Yellow Jleddick, (Medicago fulcata,) Field Burnet, for Sheep, (Po- terium sanguisorba,) — Trifolium mbrum ' of Flan- ders. From Charles Savage, Esq. a small package of vegetable seeds, from Guatimala, Central America. From Grant Tuorburn &. Son, of New York, a quantity of rare vegetable seeds, consisting of MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL SO- CIETY. This Society, which has exercised an influence so important and beneficial on the agricultu- ral interests of this commonwealth, was incorpo- rated in 1792, and a fund subscribed, amounting in donations alone, to 3984 dollars. Among the donations at the incor])oration of the Society, were tlie following — Governor Gore, .SIOOO; Hon. Thomas Russell, $1000 ; Hon. James Bowdoin, $400 ; Andrew Cragie, Esq., $400 ; David Sear?, Esq., $20D ; Joseph Barrell, $200 ; Thomas Lee, Esq., S200 ; Patrick Jeflley, Esq., $200 ; S. W. Pomeroy, Charles Vaughan, J. C. Jones, and Sam- uel Eliot, Esqrs., $100 each ; Doct. Lettsom, of London, the celebrated jihilantliropist, gave ten guineas. The funds of the Society now amount to about $14,000. The amount of premiums given by the Society, since the establishment of the Cat- tle Shows, have averaged about $1200 each year. Method of prevejiting milk from turning sour. — Put a spoonfid of wild horse radish into a dish of milk ; the milk may then be ])reserved sweet, either in the open air, or in a cellar, for several days, while such as has not been so guarded will become sour. — Am. Farmer. Vol. VII.— No. 47 AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 375 From the Worcester iEgis. THE SUN FLOWER. The muse of History has not preserved the name of the honest Dutchman, who lirst introduc- ed the sun flower to garison the garden, and stand sentinel of its outposts, smirking with its great, broad, good humored face, at every passer, and bending to the day star witli Eastern adoration ; and herein has hi.^tory been faithless to the ben- efactors of our race, as in the many other matters where she neglects departed worth, or inscribes lying legends instead of solemn truths on the page. The goodly sun flower unlike the gay dandies of the earlier months, who come parading out in their coats of many colors, on soil of aristocratic refinement, is a jjlain, simple republican in his habits, and lie grows as fair, and as tall, and as goodly to see, when he plants himself by the way side, as when he looks down in the delicate com- pany of the peony, or the tulip. An upright geti- tleman is he too, looking boldly round bim with the consciousness of merit : and as liberal and free as he is beautiful ; imparting food and shelter to the birds that nestle under his leaves in the au- tumnal storms, with the munificence of a generous patron. Of all the scenes of grandeur on which the eye rests, commend us to the view of a squadron of sun flowers. Who has not seen the warriors of the militia, spreading in long line, or gathering in column, bristling with burnished steel, nodding •with plumes, and girt so tight with belt and buckle as not to be able to draw breath but once in every three steps ? And who has not felt that it was a sublime sight, as the pageant rolled by with the flash of sun beams on sword and bayonet — and baimers floaling out to the beat of drum, and the clang of trumpet, and many a pound of warranted live geese feathers, tied to a stick danc- ing over helmet, cap, and bonnet. But what is all this, to tjie splendor of a regiment of sun flow- ers, with their broad disks, and yellow fringes gathered round the home of the husbandtnan. Learned idiilosophers have stated that the ef- fect of familiarity is to deaden our feeling of won- der and surprise. From this principle it is that bright eyes look, and red lips speak, without ad- miration of the goodly flower of the sun. The taste and fashion of the time is for things dearly bought and far brought. Let some adventurer furnished with a dozen seeds from some of the stately heads of the citizens of the garden, provide a name which cannot be spoken — and a price which few can pay, and our honest friends would walk into parlors, and set on carpets, and afl'ect to grow delicate and gentlemanly as favored ex- otics. We like the consistent political course of our leafy friend who turns his face alike to the declin- ing and rising sun : who if he may occasionally loll over the fence, docs not rest there because he cannot stand alone. The goodly jdant unites utility with elegance. The oil extracted from the seed may be burnt in the lamp of the student — spread on the plate of the epicure, or bestowed on the painter's canvas — the flower cups furnish an esculent pleasant to the taste, and honey of delicious flavor — and the stalks afford the materials for hemj), to hang rogues, and fasten horses. We know not but its cultivation for sugar would be as much an im- provement in New England husbandry, as the growth of the beet for that invaluable purpose, which has been recommended by the savans of France. Brighton C'a«/e JWarAei.r— Monday, June 1, 1829. The number of beef cattle 120, sold from $5,50 to $6,50 per hundred. All sold by 9 o'clock, A. M. Sales, 50 cents per hundred more than any preceding week for the year past. Mustard Seed. — I have often been surprised that this article so easily raised, should not he more extensively cultivated ; it would certainly pay well, as I believe the Flour of Mustard, is now re- tailing at 75 cents per lb. It is altogether sur- prising that we should still be importing this arti- cle in its manufactured state. — Ohio Reposi- tory. Quarterly Review. The last number of this valuable and interesting work has just been re- published by Wells & Lilly, and contains articles on the following subjects: — Life and Writings of Dr Parr — New Colony on Swan's River — Judge Hall's Letters from the West — Surtees' History of Durham — The Journal of a Naturalist — Currency — Mechanical Philosophy — State and Prospects of Great Britain — New Publications — Price $5 per annum. The season was never so backward as it is this year, in the neighborhood of Dublin, and Ireland generally ; but we have been informed, that there are fewer cases of fever at present in the hospi- tals, than were ever before known at this period of the year. AVe need not observe, that a late season is always considered auspicious to the hopes of the agriculturist in this climate. — Dublin Morning Chronicle. Mr S. G. Reynolds, of Bristol, R. I. has invent- ed, patented, and put in operation, at Pawtucket, a machine for manufacturing wrought nails, by wa- ter i)0W8r. A complete and substantial head is form- ed to the nail, with a smooth and exact taper, pref- erable to those wrought by hand. Mechanics speak highly of it. NOTICE. There will he nn adjourned meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, at the Horticultural Hall, over the conniinj^ room of the I\evv England Farmer, on Saturday next, the 13th insl, at 11 o'clock, A. M. Members are requested to he punctual in their attendance. R. L. EIVUVIOINS, Rec. Scc'y. Boston, June lOth, 1829. Stone and Jlqueduct Pipe. A further supply of this very useful and necessary article for drain and water courses, which is superior and cheaper than anything used for the purpose, is for sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 Nortti Market street, where orders are re- ceived for a supply of any quantity or size wanted, with turns and circular pieces to match. j. R. INEVVELL, Agent for Stone Pipe Corporation Company. 3w Buckwheat, S,-c. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New Eng- land Farmer, No. 62 North Market Street, A few bushels of BuckwheKt. growth of 1828. Also, a fur- ther supply of Fowl Meadow Grass Seed, of superior rjualitj'. Miiv China Tea Sets, and light blue Dinner Ware. Received, a great variety of the above ; which, with a com- plete assortineiit of Crockery, China, and Glass Ware, are of- fered ftir sale, low, at No. 4 Dock Square. Seed Potatoes. For sale, at No. 2G Foster's wharf, 20O bushels of superior Nova Scotia Potatoes. A fine opportunity is here offereil to farmers, who wish to improve the quality of their seed pota- toes. June 3 Millet Seed. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New England Farmer, No. 32 North Market street. 30 bushels of Millet Seed, — clean, and of superior quality. Also, a very extensive variety of Ornamental Flower Seeds, in papeis of 6 els each, or lOO varieties, one paper each, for ^5,00. ROMAN— This elegant, fiall blooded horse, a bright bay, with black legs, mane, and tail, of high spirit and good tem- per, will stand at the farmof Mr Stephen Williams, in Norlb- borough, Ms, at ;j{20 the season, to be paid before the mares are taken away. — See New England Farmer, May ).5. Red and JfTiite Clover Seed. For sale at the New England Farmer Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, 500 lbs. Dutch White Honeysuckle Clover, (imported.) Also, Herd's Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, Lucerne, Foul Meadow, Hemp and Flax Seed, &c, &c. March 27 t Farm for sale in Mi linn, of about i200 acres, remarkably well watered, willi every variety of lands and fruits, good substan- tial buildings, and a larg^e portion of valuable woodland. — Also, ior sale, or lo let, opposite to the above named premises, alarg^ dwelling^ Irjuse, with a good bake house, very pleasantly situ- ated.— For further particulars, see the New England Farmer for May 15, or inquire of the publisher, or P. H. Pierce, W Slate st, or N. Tucker, on the premises. May 2:2, 1S29. tf ■ Imported Horses. Barefoot, and Cleveland, the two English horses, will stand for the season at their stable in iJrighton. Barefoot at $26, and Cleveland at ^10, wiili ^1 for the groom. a24 PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. FROM TO APPLES, best, barrel. 3 00 5 00 ASHES, pot, first .sort, Pearl, fir^t sort, - ton. 125 00 130 00 " 125 00,130 00 BEANS, while. - - ' bushel. 1 00 1 37 BEEF, mess, barrel. 10 25 10 50 Cargo, No. 1, • 1 y 00 9 50 Cargo, No. '2, " 8 00 8 50 BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new. pound. 14 16 CHUESE, new milk. ■/ 9 Skiinineii inllk. " 3 FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 7 00 7 12 Genesee, - - - " 7 00 7 50 Rve, best, - - . - it GRAIN, Corn, .... bushel. 56 60 Rye, 70 80 Barlev, it 67 Oats, .... ct 40 42 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new. pound. 9 LIME, cask. B3 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at Ion. 3 50 PORK, clear, barrel. IG 00 16 50 Na\'v, mess, 11 13 00 13 50 Cargo, No. 1, - . •' 13 00 13 25 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, . busliel. 2 00 Orcli.ird Grass, . 52 Mtrth Market Street, (at the Agricultural fVarehouse).— Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JUNE 19, 1829. No. 48. AGRICULTURE. SALT AS A MANURE. (By the Eililor.) There have been few subjects, relating to agri- culture, which liave been more controverted than the question relative to the value of salt as a ma- nure. To recommend salt as a fertilizer, pamphlet after pamphlet, essays, which cannot be number- ed, and treatises long enough to tire the patience of the most dogged disciple of dulness, that ever dozed after dinner, have been poured out on a patient public, from " time whereof the memory of man runneth not to the contrary," down to the present enlightened i)eriod. But, notwithstanding salt has been so highly extolled, the sentiments of the most sclentilic and experienced cultivators, who have written on the subject, within the last ! eight or ten years, have been against its use as an application to land. They say, in substance, if salt alone, were in all cases a valuable manure, we could have no barren sea coast. All lands subject to the saline influences of the sea must be- come as rich as if the)' were pervaded by the drainings from a farm yard. Cape Cod would be as fruitful as " Araby the blest," and many a mile of naked beach, which hardly exhibits a trace of vegetation, would be as fertile as any mixture of soil and manure can possibly render the earth's surface. A writer in the " Farmer's Journal," printed 141 London, in treating of the value of common salt as a manure, states that " A rich sandy loam, a poor sandy soil, a strong clay, and a barren peat-moss soil were severally manured with salt. Each va- riety of soil was treated and cropped in the same way. On each of these soils salt was apphed in various proportions from five to si.vty bushels per acre, and upwards ; these proved to be two ex- treme ])oints ; for five bushels per acre were pro- ductive of no apparent efl'ect whatever, while sixty bushels produced absolute sterility. " To grass land the salt was applied by scatter- ing it over the surface with a shovel, in the man- ner of applying powdered caustic lime in its simple state. It w;is applied to the grass land in Octo- ber, and also in March. " To the soils above mentioned, in tillage, salt was applied as flillows: — 1st, simply by itself ; 2d, combined with lime ; 3d, combined with spit manure ; 4th, combined with long dung ; 5th, combine I with oil-cake dust. " The mode of application was also varied as follows : — 1st, by scattering it on the surface simply, and also combined with manure, and ploughing it in previous to sowing the seed ; 2d, depositing it (in these different states) in the seed bed along with the seed : in some instances broad- cast, and in others in drills ; and lastly, applied to the Surface after the vegetation of the seed, or of the appearance of the plants above ground. Dif- ferent proportions of salt and spit manure, long dung, and of clay, were also respectively mixed up in heaps, and suffered to remain for several months, in order to ascertain whether any, or what change might be effected by salt in the process of decomposition, either as hastening or retarding its progress ; similar heaps of these substances simp- ly, or without salt, being placed side by side, for the purpose of obtaining comparative proofs. I may also add that salt in solution of various de- grees of strength at the proper season, was applied as a topical remedy for the rust disease of wheat. " The grain or white straw crops manured with salt, were wheat, barley, oats, rye and Indian corn ; turnips, mangel wurtzel, carrots, and pota- toes, of bulbous, and tuberous roots ; peas, and beans of the leguminous or pulse crops ; and flax of the oily seed crops. " The general result of all the trials, which were continued three years, proved that five bush- els of salt per acre, under any circumstance of soil, mode of application, or kind of crop, had no sensible effect whatever on the growth of these different crops ; and that when the quantity of salt applied reached to 60 bushels per acre, vege- tation did not take place at all, but absolute ster- ility was the consequence. At harvest, when the crop should have been reaped, the seed was found in the soil in as sound and perfect a state as when sown in the preceding spring. This quantity of salt, however, when mixed with spit manure, and dug in, previous to sowing the seed, proved less injurious, as a few seeds vegetated and grew. In the following spring, this piece of land, rendered barren, by the application of 60 bushels of salt ap- plied with the seed, was dug and sown with the turni.is; the seed vegetated some days later than that so^vn on the adjoining land, to which no sail had been applied ; l)ut the turnip fly made its ap- pearance on the salted and unsalted land at the same time, and was equally successful in its rava- ges on both crops. In every other trial, salt prov- ed of no use whatever in preventing the turnip fly, or checking its destructive progress. The next following spring the land was sown with perenni- al red clover ; and comparing the vegetation of this seed, and the progress of the plants, on the previous sterile land, with those sown on the un- salted land adjoining, the progress of the plants on each land was so uniform and equal as to prove that the sterile effect of the salt had disa|)pear- ed. " The various modes of applying salt above mentioned, and the various kinds of crops submit- ted to its influence, all tended to confirm oiiinion, or rather prove it to be a fact, that salt retards the vegetation of seeds, and if applied in too great a quantity destroys vegetation altogether ; and that salt renders manure, properly so called, less active and less beneficial to the plants ; and also, .hat the sterile effect to the soil is not lasting. " The only benefit accruing to tillage land from the application of salt, was apparent in the in- stance of the rich clayey loam, and rich sandy soil ; here the straw was hght and the sample fine ; the produce from the same soils without salt, consisted chiefly of rank straw, with a light shriv- elled sample of corn. The fact was that the soil was too rich and highly manured to grow corn, and the salt in this instance, so far reduced its over fertile state, as to render it suitable for the production of grain. Farmers, however, I be- lieve, have seldom reason to require a remedy for over richness of soil. " Beans and flax seemed to feel the sterile ef- fects of salt more than any other of the crops above named. A smaller quantity than 60 bush- els of salt per acre, sown with the seed, rendered the soil so barren that it retarded the vegetation of the beans and flax. Carrots hardly seemed to feel its effects after the vegetation of the seed ; the fact is, that this root penetrates deep, and soon passes beyond the reach or influence of the salt when applied with the seed, or to the surface of the land. " When salt was applied to grass land at the rate of five bushels per acre, no effect whatever was perceptible ; but when applied at the rate of from 60 to 100 bushels per acre, the grass was speedily destroyed, and did not again recover for that season, nor indeed till fresh grass seed had been sown and a top dressing of manure. "The rust in wheat generally makes its appear- ance just about the period when the wheat comes into flower. Solutions of salt of various degrees of strength were ajiplied to the crop previous to any appearance of the disease, and also afler the symptoms became confirmed. A very weak solu- tion had no efiiect whatever, and a solution strong enough to destroy the fungus, or rust, destroyed also the plant of vvli««t"itself. " Common salt in a state of perfect luirity con- sists of soda 44, muriatic acid 50, and water of crystahzation 6-100 ; but then conmion salt, such as we buy it, oven for culinary purposes, is never pure, but conii)iii*fl with various proportions of Uiuriate of magnesia, sulphate of magnesia, and sulphate of lime ; the first mentioned substance is very deliquescent, and attracts moisture fi-om ev- erything near it ; hence the appearance of land where common salt has been applied ; after rain it appears dark colored and damp ; during dry sunshine, white and powdery. A consideration of the nature of neutral salts, and of the vegetable economy, might have led us a priori to the con- clusion which the actual experience of salt, ap- plied as a manure has demonstrated." The above experiments appear to have been made with care, vei-y much diversified, on a large scale, and for the express purpose of ascertaining what value, if any, can be attached to salt as ma- nure. The result was not in favor of salt, either as a fertilizing substance, a preservative against inildev,', or a destroyer of insects. Other trials both in Europe and America give corresponding results. Mr William M'Martie states in Loudon's Magazine, vol. iv. p. 45G, tliat he tried salt on half his carrot grounds, at the rate of a cubic inch to a square yard, and that " the part that was salted did not difler at all in appearance from that which was not, with regard to the growth of the tops. When the crop was taken up, I could not perceive that there was the slightest difference in the two parts ; therefore, it would appear that that quan- tity of suit to a square yard does neither good nor harm. I sowed the same proportion upon the surface of my shallot ground, after the shallots were above the ground, with the idea that it would prevent that rot at the roots, which they are so subject to ; but I could not perceive that it had any efl^ect whatever. In the month of March, I also sowed four square yards of grass with sah, 378 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, June 19, 182-ess of Temperance. — A New York paper says, " we were told by one of our most respect- able distillers, that his sales of rum for the last si.Y weeks had not equalled the business of two days, a year ago." The general abstinence from the use of spirits will do much toward the resto- ration of better times. 380 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, June 19, 1829. From the American Senllnel. BEES. Mr Starr— In a laie number of the New Eng- land Farmer, inlbrmation is requested respecting the source whence the bees obtain the substance they bring to their hives, early in the spring, be- fore any signs of vegetation appear. It is, in general, obtained from the heads of the skunk cabbage, pothos gynandria polyandria, which is common in our swamps, or low springy ground. The blossoms appear in February and March, and abound with that material with wliicli the bees are seen returning to their hives, at their first commencement of spring labor. Should " Medicus" become acquainted with any facts respecting these curious little animals, upon which he wants information, I shall be happy to furnish him with any in my power; having been, for more thah thirty years, acquainted with the management of bees, and a careful observer of many facts relating to them. N. Middktown, May 30, 1829. The Season. — The present appearance of the grass crops in this vicinity is unusually promising, and it is now so far advanced that it may be con- sidered out of danger from a drought. Indian corn came up remarkably well, and has grown so rapidly that it is now earlier than in the average of seasons at this time of the year. English grain of all kinds affords the promise of a bountiful har- vest. The apple trees do not so generally bear as in some years, but those which have fruit on look well, and there will, probably, be no deficiency if the season should continue favorable. Of peaches there will be but few, and hardly any pears. — Cherries look tolerably well. — Mass. Spy. From the Journal o( a Naturalist. Trees in full foliage have long been noted as great attractors of humidity, and a young wych elm in full leaf affords a good e.xainple of this supposed power ; but in the winter of the year, when trees are perfectly denuded, this faculty of creating moisture about them is equally obvious, though not so profusely. A strongly marked in- stance of this was witnessed by me, when ascend- ing a hill in the month of March. The weather had previoii-ly been very fine and dry, and the road in a dusty state ; but a fog coming on, an ash tree hanjiiiig over the road was dripping with water so copiously that the road beneath was in a puddle, when tlie other ))art,s continued dry, and manifested no ai)pearance of htunidity. That leaves imbibe moisture by one set of vessels and discharge it by another, is well known ; but tirese imbibings are never discharged in falling drops ; the real mystery was, the fog in progress was im- peded by tlie boughs of the tree, and gradually collected on the ojipo-'site side of thein, until it be- came drops of water ; whereas the surrounding country had only a mist flying over it. Thus, in fact, the tree was no attructor, but a condenser ; the gate of a field will in tlie same manner run down with water on the one side, and be dry on the other; as will a stick, or post from the same cause. It is upon this jirinciple that curi'ents of air will he found under trees in summer, when lit- tle is perceived in open places ; and the under leaves and sprays will be curled and scorched at times, when the parts above are uninjured. The air in its passage being stopped and condensed against the foliage of the tree, it accordingly de- scends along its surface or front, and escapes at the bottom, where there are no branches or loaves to interrupt its progress. In winter there is little to impede the breeze in its course, and it passes through ; consequently, at this season the air uu- iler a tree is scarcely more sensibly felt than in the adjoining field. It may be observed, that in the sjtring of the year, the herbage under trees is geneiially more vivJd and luxuriant than that which is beyond the spread of the branches ; this may be occasioned, in some instances, by cattle having harbored there, and the ground becoming in con- sequence more manured ; but it will be found likewise manifestly more verdant and flourishing where no such accessory could have enriched it, and is, I apprehend, in general chiefly owing to the effects of the driving fogs and mists, which cause a frequent drip beneath the tree, not expe- rienced in other places, and thus in a manner kept up a perpetual irrigation and refreshment of the soil. Molasses. — It may be interesting to the public, and pjirticularly to our brother Yankees, to know in what maimer the price is made up which they pay for Cuba molasses. They will see from the following statement, that the cost of the article at the places from which it is imported, is less than half the amount required for casks to put it in. Expenses of casks, per gallon, 7 cts. Freight, 4 Duty, 10 Leakage, 2J Small charges, ^ Original cost, 3 27 cts. The value of Muscovado sugar in some of the West India Islands is from three to fotn- cents per lb., and in others from four to five cents, accord- ing to the quality. — Jour, of Com. and produce very abundantly. Such being the case, it is hoped, ere long, sufficient v.'ill be pro- duced from our own soils, to supersede the neces- sity of importation ; as plantations of this tree would amply remunerate the possessor ; or, if planted as a hedge, would be found to be very prodiictive. A single bush of the Spanish filbert, in Blr Prince's garden, produces half a bushel an- mially. — Prmce^s Catalogue. Superiorand cheap Blacking for Leather. — Those illustrious ))rofessors of the black art, Messrs Day & Martin, Warren, Hunt, & Co., are now likely to be eclipsed by Mr Bracconnet, the eminent French chemist, who has discovered that a com- position superior, as well as greatly cheaper, may be made from the following formula : — Take Plaster of Paris, passed through a fine silk sieve, 100 parts ; lampblack, 25 parts ; malt, 50 parts ; olive oil, 5 parts. Let the malt be first macerated in water nearly boiling, to obtain its soluble particles. Then mix the plaster and lamp- black in a basin with that liquid, and when evap- orated to the consistence of paste, mix the olive oil with it. A little oil of lemons may be added to perfume it. By the use of this receipt, the farmer may not only prepare a cheap and good blacking for his shoes, but also for the harness of his carriage or gig. — Register of Arts, London, vol. ii. p. 271. A farmer in West Springfield, last year let out his land at the halves, for the cultivation of hemp. He received more than forty-five dollars an acre, as his share of the profit! — WiUiamstoion Advo- cate. JVorth Carolina Gold Region. — This richest of all the American mineral regions, saving the coal district of the Middle States, and the Iron of New Jersey, and New York ; is every day found to be more and more extensive. We on Saturday morn- ing had a conversation with a gentleman who re- turned on Friday evening from a visit to the gold region, made at the instance of two gentlemen of tiiis city, who are extensive landholders in the country. lie has ascertained that at least 100,000 acres of the lands of those gentlemen are impreg- nated with gold, and has brought specimens of ore. The gentleman to whom we refer, visited one ])lacc where eighty men are employed in working a mine, and the product of their labor is about $500 a day. While our informant was there, a number of crucibles were dug up, which were comitcsed of soap stone, and must have been buried there forages. It is therefore evident that the mines must at some remote period have been known to, and worked by, the Indians. Some gold rings, and articles of jewellery were found in the possession of aborigines of that country, on the first settlement of the whites, but where the precious metal came from, has not until this time been known — JV. Y. Com. Adv. Filberts. — These nuts, which are vended in large quantities in the United States, grow as well in our climate, as the common native hazlenuts. DEFERRED ARTICLES. RAIL. ROADS. We have never seen a more able and lucid summary of arguments and facts in favor of that species of improved highways, denominated Rail Roads, than is contained in the following extract from Gov. Lincoln's last Message to the Legisla- ture. If a good road has its advantages over a j trackless space, rough from the mould of nature, the best of roads is still more desirable. If a smooth, hard, level, straight turnpike is to be pre- ferred to a crooked, narrow, up and down, miry foot path, where a mule would stumble, and a goat must be on the look out for stepping stones, a railway fitted up with the modern improvements is superior to a turnpike. Whether the proposed railway from Boston to Albany will cost more than the value of its advantages, is a question without the sphere of our jurisdiction. "That the great work of a rail road from Boston to the Hudson River, facilitating communication j between the commercial capital of this State and I the leading highway and thorough-fare from the ! immense regions of the North, and West to the ! commercial capital of the Union, is an event to be I realized in the progress of time, no one who has the slightest acquaintance with the geography of ■ the country, and the advance of population, with ; the increased and multiplied occasiotis of business consequent upon it can reasonably doid)t. If we are yet tmprepared for the undertaking, a genera- tion not remote, will assuredly eficct it. But wc may at least accelerate the work by an examina- tion of the objections which discourage its com- mencement. Inquiry and investigation will re- move obstacles, which prejudice, from the novelty Vol. VII.— No. 48. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 381 of tliis species of iniproveinent, has hitherto op- posed, Hud give that coiifideiice in its success, wliich will ultimately eitlier impel by a sense of public duty, or influence by motives of private interest, to its execution. The first (juestion to be resolved, is, do the pro- posed rail roads ofler the best practicable improve- ment to the means of inter-corruiiunication ; and another inquiry of nol less complexity and diffi- culty, in what manner, and through what agency, are they to be constructed. The information, which has recently been dif- fused through the community, of the facility af- forded to heavy trausportion, and the ease and rapidity given to tiavel, by rail roads, has added the conviction of experience to a knowledge of the laws of matter and of mechanical power, in their favor. If there be anytliing which is render- ed certain by the testimony of personal observa- tion, and by a series of experiments producing uniform results, it is the fact of the immense sav- ing of labor and expense, by the adoption of this mode of conveyance. Rail roads have become of familiar use in England, and their introduction into this coimtry, so far as there has been oppor- tunity for trial, has satisfied the most sanguine ex- pectations of their utility, here. It is a point now universally conceded, that wherever the business of any section of country embraces an extensive internal trade, requiring the constant transporta- tion at all seasons of the year, of merchandise and passengers, a rail road may he safely and advan- tageously determined on. The decision is wise- ly made to depend on a comparison of the proba- ble extent of accommodation, with the estimated cost of construction. On this head, in reference to the projects now before the Legislature, the best information which can be had upon a prelimina- ry examination, has been already obtained. The facts which admit of precise ascertainment, in dis- tances, inequalities of sm-face, preferences of lo- cation, materials, and expense of assumed amounts of labor, are distinctly and confidently stated by different Boards of Commissioners, and by skilful Engineers, who have presented their Reports to the Government, and who are officially responsi- ble for the accuracy of these deiails. Whatever is beyond this, must at any time hereafter, as at the present, rest in the confidence of personal opinion. In works of magnitude no greater assu- rance of success can ordinarily be had, in ad- vance, than a reasonable probability. The Legis- lator, who waits for more, will be in danger of passing his life in fruitless indecision, and to the end of it, may see his country without progress in improvement. Besides, in public enterprises, the profitable investment of ca|>ital is not the only mo- tive to action. Indirect, consequential, and wide- ly diffused benefits, are oftentimes more weighty considerations; and of this character, it is readily conceded, must he, in a great degree, the induce- ments and ar,:^imiciits which should prevail with the Government to the encouragement of the pro- posed undertakings. If there is anything sound in the maxims of political economy, if the coun- sels of the wise and the conduct of the prudent can avail anything, they teach the importance of facilitating intercourse, reducing the cost of trans- portation, saving manual labor, opening new av- enues to trade, and new markets to produce. — Profitless, indeed, useless, and worse than useless, were otherwise the researches and labors and hitherto favored influences of those mighty spirits. who have led and are now directing governments and individuals to the accomplishment of enter- prises, elsewhere, compared with which all that is proposed here, is truly but inconsiderable. Is it credible, that there is nothing of public advantage in works to which several of the inost enlightened States of the Union are now applying the utmost of their resources ? Are the already constructed canals of New York of no account, in the unpre- cedented growth and prosperity of that powerful Commonwealth ? Is Peimsylvania wasting on idle and valueless objects the mi'Wions appropriated to her j)rojects of internal improvements ? Will Ohio justly suffer the reproach of rash adventure in her gigantic schemes for direct communication through the farthest west? Or shall Maryland, encouraged and sustained by the Councils of the Nation, in the amazing attempts to span the lofty Alleghany, both by canal and railway, in the achievements of persevering industry, afford no countenance to the purpose of our limited endeav- or .' These numerous other examples in our sis- ter States, may inspire us with confidence in the character of works in which, after every precau- tion of previous inquiry and examination, with an assured and provident forecast of advantages, they have so deeply and so nobly engaged. But the question recurs, by whom shall the pro- posed rail roads in Blassachusetts be accomplish- ed ? The Commissioners have recommended, that it be done at the charge and on account of the State, and to this Legislature was referred, by our predecessors, the responsibihty of adopting or rejecting the proposition, or assuming, or aiding in the task, or refusing the sanction of the Govern- ment to it altogether. It has been objected, that the Western rail road is but a matter of local interest, to benefit, in an especial manner, the citizens of Boston, and the inhabitants of a narrow district of country upon the route of its location. The like objections might be applied with equal pertinency, to any general improvement. Those who are proximate to a public accommodation, be it of what descrij)- tion it may, from the Capitol of the Government, the Temple of Worship, or the Hall of Justice, to the School House of a District, must enjoy its ad- vantages, more directly and in a greater degree, than those who are remote. Yet this argument necessarily resulting from the nature of things, can never l)e permitted to prevail with liberal and en- lightened minds. If there be a place in the Commonwealth so situate, that it will feel no di- rect beneficial influence from the occupation of this new highway, neither is there a place which will he prejudiced, in its essential interests, by its construction. To the City of Boston, indeed, it is believed to be of vital concern. But the streams of business, which it will pour into the metropolis, will be returned to the remotest parts of the Com- monwealth, in the diffusion of the treasures which trade and commerce produce, or in a relief from the burdens e.lseu'here,to which accumulated wealth will be subjected. If the city be disproportionably enriched, i)recisely in the ratio of this advance, will be her liabilities to the contributions of the State, and a corresponding reduction in the taxes of other jjortions of the country. On the other hand, suffer the course of her prosperity to be ar- rested, her trade to decline, her population to re- move, her capital to he transferred to otlier cities, and where but upon the country, and upon whom but the yeomanry, will the demands for the support of the government be devolved ? It matters little whether the treasury be replenished by direct or indirect assessments, if the same capital furnish the fund for the supplies. But the failure of trade must inevitably diminish the present fund. The bank capital of the city which contributes largely to the revenue of the State, now bears a much higher proportion to that of the country, than the valuation of the general property of the former to that of the latter. That this must be reduced, un- less business can be extended, will not be ques- tioned. However and whenever it shall be occa- sioned, the effect will immediately be experienced in the necessary imposition of new and higher du- ties on the people of the interior, to make up the deficiency. The amount to be raised upon the general valuation will be increased, and there may be danger too, that the aggregate of the valuation, in the city, may be diminished, and the proportion between town and country may be materially changed. It is no less essential to the pros- perity of the whole body politic, that the com- mercial capital of the Commonwealth should be sustained in vigor, than in the animal structure, that the heart, the seat of life, which sends forth the vital fluid to warm and animate the extremi- ties, should beat with strong pulsations, to pre- serve health and soundness in every part of the natural body. A jealousy has unreasonably been manifested, lest a spirit of selfishness may influence the inhab- itants on the route of the proposed location of the road, to advocate its construction, in whole or in part, by the commonwealth. It will be ahke a service to the State, and an act of justice to those whose motives are thus distrusted, to re- move this unfounded jirejudice. The route re- commended by the Board of Coiumissioners was preferred by them, for reasons, which they have fearlessly submitted to public examination. These consist, in the saving of distance, in the less in- equalities of surface, and in a favorable difference in feasibility, and cost of construction. The cor- rectness of the results, in these jjarticulars, to which the Commissioners arrived, has no where been controverted. The influence of the citizen.'', on the route, was not exercised to produce them. It so, in truth, happens, that in many towns in this direction, there is less of local interest to induce to the ])roposed improvement, than in places more remote. The people of no inconsiderable section of country through which the route i)asses, now enjoy, by the bounty of nature, a convenient pas- sage way to the ocean, and the great markets on the sea board : while those of another section, not less important, have opened to them an advanta- geous avenue to trade, through a work of art, re- cently executed by the almost unassisted enter- prise of the citizens of a neighboring State. The valleys of the Connecticut and Blackslone are not the districts of country most to be benefited by the accommodation of rail roads, nor will the Represeniatives from those districts justly incur suspicion, if they should be found to advocate their construction. The object is of general con- cern. The i)romotion of the great interests of the cominonwealth, — the extension of domestic trade, — the saving of that tax on labor which now bears down tlie industry of the country, which leaves agricultural i)roduce to perish on the land, from the exjiense of getting it to a market, and subjects manufactures to charges in transportation which absorb all profits in their management, — 382 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, June 19, 1829. these are motives for the patronage of tlie govern- ment to the contemplated works of improvement Without this patronage, exercised to some extent in advancements towards expense, it is mucli to be feared they cannot be undertaken, or if under- taken, that it must be grants of privilege and pow- er repugnant to the sentimejits of the people, in- consistent with the genius of a free government, and impairing the control and future enjoyment, by the community, of the capacities of the country for other purposes, and possibly, still liigher objects. Let the subject, then, be viewed cai-efully, patient- ly, and without excitement, and if upon faithful in vestigation it shall be found entitled to favor, let that measure of encouragement and support be accorded to the work, which shall secure its ef- fectual and most advantageous accomphshment. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JUNE 19, 1829. ERRATA. In some of tlie copies of the last number of our paper, the following errors in the valuable article on the '' Circulation of Sap in Trees, Sfc," were suffered to pass without correction. Page 370, 1st column, line 20 from the top, after " others," insert a period, and connnence the word " this " with a capital letter. Line 22, in the same colunm, for '• preceded," read succeeded, and for " simimer," read sunny. Line 19 from bottom in the same column, for " heads," read buds. INDIAN CORN. Judge Peters, formerly President of the Penn- sylvania Agricultural Society, recommended the harrow instead of the plough in cultivating Indian corn ; and perhaps in weeding, or the first time of hoeing, the harrow will be found preferable to the plough, especially in a light, mellow soil. In a stiff, or stony soil a plough or cultivator is to be preferred, at least for the secoml and third time of hoeing. The plough, or cultivator leave more of the land light, and in a situation to be easily disposed of by the hoe, and are less impeded by stones, roots, and other obstacles, than the harrow. It will, therefore, be best to be governed by cir- cumstances, but, perhaps, as a general rule, har- rowing for the first time of hoeing, and ploughing at half hilling, and hilling, will prove the most ad- vantageous mode of cultivation. After your corn is hoed for the first time, it will be a great advan- tage to place about each hill a handful of ashes, or gypsum ; or some say a mixture of both will prove more advantageous than either used sepa- rate. should be proud of the ownership of such a chat- tel, but a regard to justice compels us to indicate its true proprietor. We understand that it was written by Mrs Child, lady of the Proprietor and Editor of the Massachusetts Journal. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAKMER. PEACH TREES. Mr Fessenden — I notice a very intelligent horticulturist states in a late paper of yours, that during the past cold season " tlie peach tree has suf- fered severely from Massachusetts to N'eiv Jersey." — I am aware that this tree has so suffered in Mas- sachusetts, and have heard of the instance refer- red to in New Jersey, but I can assure you that on Long Island, which is between the two points named, not a single tree has suffered in the least ; indeed I have not seen a blossom bud that has been injured. And the peach, nectarine, and apri- icot trees are now loaded, and even in many cases overcharged with fruit. The orchard referred to in New Jersey, and which is said to have been injured, (but about which I have heard contradic- tory statements,) lies near the sea coast, and is ex- posed to the severe storms and gales which rage on the border of the ocean. HORTUS. quarts to the bushel obtained. You would confer a favor by conveying to the individual, through me, some way to purify it, and cleanse it from the taste of the corn, and the smell of the beer. Any information will be most thankfully received and communicated to the individual concerned. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. CULTURE OF SILK IN MAINE. Mr Fessende."* — I take the liberty to propose the following queries respecting silk worms, .and trust that some one of your correspondents will furnish a solution to existing doubts. Our north- ern location in the State of Maine has served to create doubts as to the success of cultivating silk, and it is with the view of having the truth gener- ally known, that these questions are submitted for consitleration. 1. Should not we in the State of Maine labor under material disadvantages in the culture of silk, provided our seasons are not sufficiently long to feed and bring to maturity two sets of silk worms j double bunches are only counted as single ones ; in succession, as can probably be done in Connec- and you have their certificate at the bottom ; and '"^"^ ■ I if you please, you may give it a place in your most In consequence of our seasons being shorter! valuable work. Now the grapes are out of all than those further south, have our mulberry trees j danger, (except hail gusts, &c.) Those gentlemen a less quantity of leaves on them ? If not, then I know the i)lantin"- and might not the objection "that the culture of silk i I only call it five yeai From the American Farmer. Remarkable Grape Vine, reared by that skilful Hor- ticulturist, John Willis, Esq., Collector of the Port of Oxford. On the 25th of March, 1822, I planted a small layer of the Jersey grape vine in my yard, of which, I intended to make an arbor, and produce delicious table fruit, as I had found the fruit fine, hangs long, and very desirable — the place is some- what encumbered with about half a dozen valua- ble fruit trees, and the first two years the vine made very little growth ; neither was there much notice taken of it ; the third year it made a sur- prising growth, and took the attention of many strangers. I then tried the best skill I was mas- ter of to force and encourage the growth. The fourth year it so far excelled my most sanguine expectations, and began to smother a fine bearing near tree, and appeared to threaten some more trees, that I pruned oft' of the south and east side of it about one hundred and sixty cuttings ; and foimd it, in the fifth year to extend (where not close pruned,) each way, about thirty-five feet or more ; and last spring, it was so laden with fruit, that I was going to have the bunches counted, (as it is the bunch grape,) and they are of tolerable good size ; but we were visited by several hail gusts, which destroyed so many of them that I de- clined having the balance counted. Now it is again well laden with fruit ; and I have, this day, invited some of my neighbors together to come and count them, which could not be done, only, I have drawn lines through the vine in fourteen ))laces, so that they may count between them — all in Maine cannot be advantageously pursued, be cause our seasons are not long enough to raise two crops of silk worms in suecession," be obvi ated, by raising, at once what (under diflerent circumstances) would have been raised in two HONOR TO WHOM HONOR IS DUE. An excellent essay, well calculated to benefit the community, entitled " Hints to People of Mod- erate Fortune," originally pu!)lishcd in the Massa- chusetts Journal, was reprinted in our paper, page 368. We do not recollect how we came by the article, but have seen it circulating in several newspapers as an estray, without marks of owner- ship. We therefore appropriated it to our reader's behoof, with no more idea of claiming it as ours lible for me to say ; but generally they are such as affectionate parents would earnestly wish to avert from their offspring. From the want of cleanliness of a nurse, the health of a child may be greatly affected. If the skin be not well washed the pores will become clogged, and the insensible perspiration impeded, by which the whole system will become deranged ; and this is one cause of the squalid appearance which some children present. Besides this inconveiiience, that want of cleanliness and order, which is often betrayed at otherseasons of life, may be attributable to such defects having prevailed in the nursery, in which, I believe, that not only our bodies are cradled and nursed, but also the virtue^nd vices of our minds. •• As the life of the infant proceeds, the activity of the nurse is another habit of importance to it. As soon as its strength will permit, it should he in gentle motion almost the whole of the day, e.x;- cept the intervals necessary for its sleep and nour- ishment. A child of four months old shoidd be- gin to spring in its nurse's arms ; to exult at ob- jects which attract its attention, and to grasp, though with imperfect vision, at the things beyond its reacli. But how often have I seen the reverse ! and have wished to have taken from the dull and indifferent luirse, the little being that has hnng heavily upon her arms, while it looked around it with vacant stupidity, and whined half the day away, merely because its attention was not roused, nor that natural gratification afforded to it, which children derive from the unfolding and ex- orcise of the perceptive faculties. A very sensible nurse maid, whom I once met with, accustomed herself, whenever she saw the little boy, of whom she had the care, looking steadfastly at any ob- ject, to suffer him to examine it well in every di- rection, and to permit him, when possible, to han- dle it. She would also call his attention to al- most every object which presented itself in their walks, even from the stately ox to the spider hid- den from its unwary prey. This child was after- wards remarkable for his accurate observation, and for the power of fixing his attention when re- quired, upon his various studies. I have no doubt he was indebted to his nurse for the early devel- opement of these powers, which jjroved most ad- vantageous to him in acquiring knowledge, and in making just observations in his progress through life. Stone and Aqueduct Pipe. A further supply of this very useful and necessary article for drain and water courses, which is superior and cheaper than anything used for the purpose, is for sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North Market street, where orders are re- ceived for a supply of any quantity or size warned, with turns and circular pieces to match. J. R. NEWELL, Agent tor Stone Pipe Corporation Company. 3w Buckwheat, ^c. For sale at the Seed Store connected wiih the New Eng- land Farmer, No. 52 North Rlarkel Street, A few bushels of Buckwheat, growth of 1828. Also, a fur- ther supply of Fowl Meadow Grass Seed, of superior qnalit}'. J^ew China Tea Set.?, and light blue Dinner Ware. Received, a great variety of the above ; which, wiili a com- plete assortment of Crockery, China, and Glass Ware, are ol- fered for sale, low, al No. 4 Dock Square. Mangel Wurtzel, Sugar Beet, S,-c. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market street, 200 lbs. Mangel Wurtzel. 200 lbs. French Sugar Beet, raised expressly for this eslablishmsnt, by Juhiv Prince, Esq. Roxbuiy. — The superiority of this seed and the excellence of the roots for cattle are too well known to need comment. Also Double Tuberoses, Tiger Flowers, Amaryllises, Formossissima, &.C., beautiful bulbs now in season to plant. Also, White Mulberry Seed, 50 els per ounce. Lucerne, or French Clover, White and Red Clover, Sanfoin, Tim- othy, Orchard Grass, Oat Grass, Herds Grass, &c. Jlgricultural Books. The third edition of Fessenden's jYeiP American Gar- dener ; this work has been pronounced by the most ju- dicious horticulturists in New England and the middle states, to be the best treatise on Fruit Trees, Vegetables, Grape Vines, &c., to be found in this country — price $1,25. The Vine Dresser's Theoretical and Practical Manual, on the Culture of the Vine ; ami Making Wine, Brandy, and Vinegar. By Thiebaut de Berneaud. The Young Gardener's Assistant, containing Directions for the cultivation of Culinary Vegetables, and Ornament- al Flowers. By T. Bridgeman, gardener. New York — price 37 1-2 cts. A practical Treatise on the Management of Bees ; and the Management of Apiaries, with the best method of des- troying and preventing the depredations of the Bee Moth. By James Thacher, M. D. — price 75 cts. Also, one copy of each of the lollowing rare works: — Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agricidtuie and Gar- dening; with the theory of Draining Morasses, and with an improved construction of the drill plough. By Dr Dar- win, (Dublin edition, price three dollars and fifty cts.) Darwin's Botanic Garden — (piice three dollars, a fine, correct copy. Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This dav received at the New England Farmer Seed Store, 52 North JL-.rket street, 20 bushels of I'all Meadow Oat Grass Seed, at g2,50 per bushel. Powder at 2« per lb. DUPONT'S POWDER, quality warranted, for sale at Copeland^s Ammunition Store, G5 Broad st, at retail. Also, SHOT, CAPS, &.C. ol the best qiialitT/— cheap for cash. tf Published every Friday, at jgS per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents. Printed for J. B. Rcssell, by I. R. Bi;TTS-^by whom all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B. Russell, al the Agricultural Warehouse No. .52 North Market Street. [n? No paper will be sent to a distance without payment be ing made in advance. NEW ENOtAND FARMER. Published by John B. Russell, at JVo.- 52 JVbrth Market Street, (at the Agricultural Warehouse).— Thomas G. Fessenden Editor^ VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JUNE 26, 1829. No. 49. HORTICULTURE. To the Corresponcllug Secretary of the Mass. Hort. ^ociely. schedule of fruit trees of 52 choice vari- eties, presented to the horticultural so- ciety of massachusetts, bt wm prince & sons, proprietors ok the linnj;an bo- tamic garden, near new york, april 1829. the descriptive remarks ey wm prince, sen'r. PEARS. No. 1. Delict d' Jjrdempont, or Delight of Ardem- pont. 2. Reine d' hyver, or Queen of If inter. S. St Gall, or If'ine pear. 4. Sucre d' Hoi/trswerda, or Sugar pear of Ho- yerswerda. 5. Bon Chretien Tare, or Turkish Bon Chre- tien. 6. Quaraiite onces, or Forty ounces. 7. Bo7i deux fois C"an, or Fijie twice-bear- ing- 8. Prince's kite Virgalieu, a seedling of the St Mich.-iel of Franre. 9. Cuisse Madame of France, erroneously call- ed in England, and frequently in this country Jargonelle. 10. Green Chisel, or Citron de Cannes of France — a diftln-ent fruit is often erroneously called liy this name. 11. Sucre verl, or Green Sugar of Franne. 12. Prince's Sugar, a native seedling discoverctr near my residence — it is melting, ripens in September, and is the largest and finest Sugar i)ear 1 have ever seen. 13. Archduke d' Autnche, or Archduke of Aus- tria. APPLES. 14. Doivnton Golden Pippin. 15. Grange. 16. Sinequanon, the highest flavored early ap- ple I have tasted. The fruit of fair size, nearly green when ripe, and is in eating at the end of July, or beginning of Au- gust. I deetn this one of the greatest ac- quisitions to our table apples of early ma- turity ; itwas discovered by me in a field near this village, where the original tree uow stands, and is known to the owner by the title of Come-by-chance. 17. Reinttte J'an Mons. 18. Red and Green Sweeting — a very large ob- long fruit, often weighing a pound ; it it^ stri|>e(l red and green, very sweet, and of a pleasant flavor, ripens in August and September, shortly after the Yellow Har- vest and Sniequanon, and is greatly es- teemed. 19. Flushing Spitzenburgh — a large round ap- ple, somewhat flattened, or compressed, color very dark red, and much mottled with white specks, and striped — it has •oine acidity, and is high flavored, and the flesh white. Mr Cox seems to have confused this with the following, than which no two fruits are more distinct. No. 20. Esopus Spitzenburgh — fruit oval, or oblong, of a bright red, flesh. yellow, possessing a delicate acidity, and vei^ high flavor — perhaps we have no apple superior to this. Both the foregoing and the pres- ent one are late fall and early winter fruits, but No. 19 will keep the longest of the two. 21. American jYonpareil — a large flat apple, color red, striped, possesses a delicate acidity, and very high flavor, its period of maturity is about two or three weeks before the two preceding kinds, and it is held in great esteem. 22. Moore's Sweeting — this apple is supposed to have originated on the farm of Mr Joseph Moore, at Newtown, about three miles from this place, and is therefiu"e known ;imnng niu' Island fanners by the appellation of Jose Moore's Sweeting — it is rather below medium size, its color very dark reil — in taste sweet, and of pleasant flavor. Its great value, how- ever, is as a late keeping ap|>le, when it commands a high price at market. On this account it is extensively planted in the orchards on our Island. F denotes freeslones. C ' cliiio^stones, 23. Red cheek Mctccoton, F. 24. Red Rareripe, F. ' 20. Ntulh, C. •26. ffhtte jVutmeg, F. 27. Green JVutmeg, or Early Anne, F. 28. Monstrous Lemon, C. 29. IVhite Mdecoton, F. 30. Prince's Red Rareripe, F. 31. Green Catharine, F — the London Hort. Society have rrroneously placed this as a synonyme of the Catharine of Europe, which latter is a clingstone, anil totally different in appearance. 32. JVew Sweetwater, F — a very fine variety, being a new seedling which originated here only three or four years since — it bears some aflinity in the appearance of its wood, to the white blossom and the snow peach. CHERRIES. 33. Prince's Duke — a .seedling from the Car- nation, proe, as on the trees." This property our marketmen will duly ajipreciate, aftbrding a good variety for the Halifax, and other eastern markets. It will also enable us to receive some in perfec- tion from the original tree to lay before the com- mittee of the Horticultural Society for the exam- ination of fine fruits. Mr Greenleaf informs me that his Fulton jiear tree blossomed well, and the fruit has set very well ; he also intends sending some specimens of this fruit from his tree lo * Our F.njjiisli wninuts have suffered maleri.illy, having four fifths of iheir branches dead ; also rosebushes, and many foreign grape vines, which were laid and well protected. the Mass. Horticultural Society for examination. The pear trees that I have noticed have not set very well, generally ; though the blossoms were more than fair. My two Capiavmont pear trees that bore about filiy last year on three years olil scions, are full again this setison, which seems to indicate tlicm to be great and certain bearers, as well as a very fine jicar. The reader will ])erceive in the last part of Mr A.'s letter, he mentions a fine seedling apple, that it woukl be well to examine and introduce, if found of superior quality. S. D. Dorchester, June 17, 1829. John Abbot, Esq., Brunswick, Me. Dear Sir — I take the liberty to request the fa- vor of a description, and history of a native pear which you introduced into our vicinity three years since. We are now tbrming among us a horti- cultural society, which we hope will be the means of developing, and bringing into notice new native fruits, and ascertaining their origin, and right names. A minute description of this ])ear by you rtould afford me much gratification. On visiting Mr Thomas Gree.nleaf, of Quincy, last fall, he showed me a fine, thrifty pear tree,on whicli bung four or five jiears. He informed me that you gave him the scions three years since, and spoke of it as a seedling from your neighborhood, and a fine pear — that you had seen it a number of years, und named it the Fulton pear. Mr G. gave me one, which I preserved until it came in eating, ■iiid was much pleased with it. I have annexed a description, but seeing only one, may be wrong ; { wish you to correct my impressions in any par- ticular. Yours respectfullv, SAM. DOWNER. Dorchester, Feb. 23, 1829. Fulton Pear, size middling, one-third less than the Crasanne, formed like the Broca's Bcrgamot, color yellowish russet, entirely covered, flesh whit- ish, fine grain, melting, sprightly, and very juicy, delicately rich, not so luscious a sweet as the seckle, nor so highly flavored — comes in eating from the middle of Sejitember to the middle of October. The tree is vigorous, limbs grow up- right like the seckle, forming a handsome head, is a constant and full bearer, and bids fair to be a fine acquisition to our gardens, particularly as it comes from the northward. Mr Greenleaf gave me the latter part of the above description, as well as he could remember the account you gave him. Samuel Downer, Esq., Dear Sir — Yours of 23d p'ebruary was receiv- ed, and I am ashamed to write you so tardily. — .At the time of receiving your letter, I was unu- sually engaged in business. The letter being mis- laid has lately come to hand. I owe you, sir, an apology ; this is the best I can give, — if you ac- cept it, I shall be ohliged. With regard to the Fulton Pear which I fur- nished to my friend Mr Gbeenleaf, of Quincy, and which you saw and tasted the last autumn, you appear to me to have, in all respects, weU described it, 1 need not therefore attempt any alteration of your description. With respect to its history, I have to inform you that a family by the name of Fulton, about fifty years ago remov- ed from the county of Plymouth, Mass. to Tops- Vol. VII.— Nn. 49. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. ham, ill tliis iieighborliood, and coaimeiiced anew farm. In a year or two afier tliey commenced their farm, Mr Fulton and his wife, as the wo- man informed nie, returned to Massachusetts to visit tlieir friends, where she collected a consider- able quantity of pear seeds, which she j)laiitedon her return home. I have counted on this farm, by this woman's jilanting, aliout forty trees. — Tliere are two or three trees, the fruit of which very nearly resembles each otiier. The rest of the trees produce only ordinary pears — some of them very ordinary. The family derive a consid- erable income from their pears, as this sort of fruit is rather scarce with us. Their more ordi- nary kinds sell [jretty well to those whose taste for fruit is not much cultivated, and also for preserves. Some of the sorts are well suited for this use. I have resided in Brunswick twenty-six years, and have nearly as long been ac(piainted with this pear. As this is the only good pear for the mar- ket in this neifihborhood, I supply myself with it for three or four weeks, by having them gather- ed and brought me before they soften. I have thought them as delicious, thus ripened in the house, as on the trees. I very highly approve the design of your Horti- cultural Society, to collect and give names to val- uable native fruits. With a profusion of conunon and ordinary fruit, nature, now and then gives a new varicli/, well worth preserving and of intro- ducing into the nursery. We sometimes meet with very valuable kinds which have lost their iiaLues. Ill these cases it is worth some pains, it we can, to restore their names. For fruits, like! persons, can not be inquired for without names, — and in both cases are but little respected. We have a native apple in this neighborhood, which I very Inghly value. We begin to eat it the first of September, it goes through November, sometimes into December. It is a good sized ap- ple, thin skin, a yellowish white, a mild, sour, juicy, sprightly, and begins to decay at the sur- face. The tree is vigorous, grows fair, and is a good and constant bearer. I have seen no apple which I prize so highly for the autumn months. I generally confine my eating in the autumn months to this a|)ple, and am satisfied. The parent stock. a seedling, is still living. The seed was planteci by a Capt. Hai.et, about sixty years ago ; anil the apple bears the family name. This apple Ikls not, until about three or four years ago, emigrated. It has been grafted and established around us about twenty years. Three or four years ago I sent some of the scions to some of my Massachu- setts friends, and among the rest, 1 believe, to Mr Saih'l G. Perki.xs, and to Mr John Swett, of Dorchester. You may, perhaps, find specimens of the apple, the present .season, at their places. Respectfully, your obedient servant, JOHN ABBOT. Brunswick, May 11, 1829. 387 It was iilanted about a foot from a south-east Wall, and not trained to it, as is commonly done ; the sod is a strong clayey loam. As the plant grew vigorously, 1 generally cut the shoots into S or 12 in., and gave the roots a good dressing of leaf mould ; and it never failed to prodiice a nu- merous show of perfectly blown roses, of a most splendid appearance, and uninjured by any insecLs. I am. Sir, &c., JOHN FRASER. The Cottage, Batlersea, Feb. 12, 1828. From Ihe Gartlener's Magazine. On the Cultivation of Dahlias, (now Gtorginas.) By a Florist. Sir — A good criterion for planting this root is about the time of planting early potatoes for a first crop, but no sooner. They grow well in a rich light soil of almost any kind. In dividing the root, it is advisable to leave, at least, two eyes to each plant, cutting through the neck or crown ; the spring is the most preferable time for dividing them, although some do it on taking them up in the autumn. Those who possess a hot-house should put each part into a pot of 6 or 8 in. in di- ameter, with some good rich mould, so as the crown may just appear at the top of the pot ; then [ilace tbeni in the green-house, where they will soon make good plants ; and, when all danger from frost is over, they may be turned out into holes prejiared for them. In this manner, after liciug so long confined, they will grow most luxu- riantly. A common cucumber frame may be suc- cessfully used in this way. I am, Sir, &c. F(tr!(a)T/8, 1829. A FLORIST. round the lower part of the stems. Nor will com- mon horses go u,,on the stones, or endeavor to touch the trees, and icaroff the bark ; hut against high bred horses, which are disposed to attack •^'•■''7' S of "ood, the stones are not a suflicient (enec, unless they are packed with a surface very rugged, and extended 6 feet round the tree Against displacement by winds, the stones are a better security than can he provided bv any man- ner of staking, or binding; for they area power always in action by their weight, and the surface of the soil is shaded by them from the too great power of the sun, whilst the rains sink through and encourage the roots to sprout afresh, and ex- tend themselves through the soil; thus they serve the jiurpose of mulching. " The best trees to jilant out are certainly those whose roots and heaiis have been properly thin- ned by pruning and citltivation in a nursery. Such From Liiudon's Gardener's Magazine. On the Culture of the Double Yellow Rose. Bv Mr John Fraser, Gardener to the Hon. Wiiliam Fraser. Sir — As I have seen several methods of culti- vating the double yellow rose, mentioned in yotir valuable Magazine, I am induced to send you an account of the manner in which I treated it in the north, in N. latitude 57^ 37', and W. longitude 30 7'. From the Gardener's Magazine. •d Plan for transplanting large Forest Trees in Parks. By Sir Charles Miles Lambert Monck, Bart. F.H.S. Tired and disaiipointed by the frequent failure of single trees which had been carefully trans- planted, and secured by stakes ami bandages, and having a quantity of refuse stone in large lumps, the writer used these stones as a midching for trees about eight feet high. Each tree had two two-horse cart-loads, not " built up high, but pack- ed close by each other, and set on edge, so as to make a tabular but very rugged surface around the foot of the tree, and extended to the distance of four feet. " These trees succeeded well, and far beyond my ex[)ectation. On considering the cause of their success, it appeared to me that the stones served the three purposes of fencing, staking, and mulching; the firsi ofwliich is always necessary, to defend them from the assaidts of cattle ; the second is equally so, if the plants are tall, to save them from being displaced by winds after they shall have taken fresh root ; and tlie thii-d also is necessary, in case of a dry summer, the first after the transplantiition of the trees, to protect the soil from over-drouglit whilst they are striking fresh root into it. The stones, placed as I have des- cribed, are a sufficient fetice against horned cat- tle, which, having feet made for going upon soft ground, will not mount the rugged surface of the stones. Sheep and deer will scarcely annoy trees whose bark has acquired roughness ; but they may be easily repelled by a few thorns bound may be planted out at greater ages and sizes than trees taken from plimtations of a few years' growth and will both strike fresh roots more certainly, and grow faster ; but these last may be taken up when from 10 to 20 or 25 feet high, and planted out with fiill success, provided the two following particulars nre observed : first, to get up as much root as possible ; next, to reduce the branches down to due proportion with the root which haS been got up. A great part of the root is unavoid- ably lost in the taking up of the tree, and it is the most efficiait part, being the extreme fibres. The root has thus lost its natural proportion to the head, and is now insufficient to supply it with moisture. Trees planted out in this state, often, after haviuf; put forth their leaves, die suddenly ; and others, which continue to live, will fall into a languid state, and die off gradually, or recover their vigor very slowly." From llie Gardener's Magazine. .fin effectual Mode of Destroying Slugs among Cau- lifoivers and Cabbages. By Mr Henri Pike, Gardener at Winktield Park, Berkshire. Sir — Having had all the young cauliflowers and cabbages in my garden devoured by the slugs, after I had repeatedly planted them, and having tried every expedient recommended in your valu- able Magazine, such as salt, lime, and dibbling holes round the borders, and all having failed, I at last spread some well cut chaft' round the young plants under hand-glasses, and some round the outside of the glasses. The success has been com- plete. The slugs in their attem[)t to reach the (ilant, find themselves immediately enveloped in the chafF, which prevents their moving, so that when I go in the morning to elevate the glasses to give the plants air, I find hundreds of disabled slugs round the outside of the glasses, which I take away, and destroy. This mode of jiroceed- ing being so simple and so effectual ; I have tbougbt it would be doing a public service to let it be known tlirough the channel of your Maga- zine, p;irticidarly as (from the mildness of the winter) the damage done by the slugs has been so universal. I am. Sir, &c., HENRY PIKE. ninkfield Park, Berks, Feb. 9. It is conjectured that the magazine of the steam frigate Fulton, was designedly fired by a sailor named Jack Hanan, who expected punishment for robbing a midshipman's trunk. 388 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, June 26, 1829. From ihe New York Farmer. [By the following, it will be j)crcei,vc(l tliat the Inspecting Committee of the llorticultmal Society have resumed their labors. The display of flow- ers and fruit, so far, au-urs well for that emula- tion, which we hope will make the exhibitions ot this season to surpa^s those of any preceding one. The improvement adopted in the manner of ex- hibiting the specimens, cannot but he highly sat- isfactory and pleasing, both to the gardener and amateur ; and we truly hope it is only the prelude to that renovation and exhibition of energy, which will make the Society the pride and ornament of our country.] Proceedings uf the Inspeding Committee of the JVew York Horticultural Socitttj. March 31, 18)9.— Mr Neale presented a Hya- cinth, called De Grand Eiicpjirer, white spike very close, the bells large and crowded, odor very fra- grant, 5 inches in length, and 3 inches in diame- ter ; also, a Persian white Cyclamen, and a Hep- atica, or Liverwort, double, and h\w\ Jlpril 14.— Seed.s presented by Mr I'oin.'sett were distributed. Mr Floy presented a speciii;en of the Calceolaria corymbosa, or Slipperwort, being the first time that that plant has flowered in Aujer- ica; also, a Priumla cortuosides, a hardy iieren- nial ; Mr Neale, four Hyacinths, a Double Pink, (Grootvorst) double white, do blue, (Martinet) do pale blue, (Pasquin.) Mr Wilson, a line seedling Polyanthus. May 5. — Mr Neale exhibited 12 kinds of early Tulips; 10 sorts of early seedlings do. Mr A. Smith, Sea Kale, blanched, 14 inches. Mr Cooke, 5 kinds of Hyacinths ; Mr Still, a fine Polyanthus ; Com. Ciiauiu-ey, by his garden- er, Thomas Coady, 3 Cucumbers, raised on bis place at Brooklyn, from seed procured from South America. May 12.— Mr Cooke IGTiinds of Hyacinths, a double flowering Apple, and a Jominil ; Mr Neale, .six sorts of Hyacinths, a double early Tu- lip, two seedling Auriculas, having a blue deep color, a white eye and six pips; and one do, dark chocolate, white eye and three pips. MrCombaull, 4 Tulips raised in pots. Seeds of ihe Beta cicla, a new variety, receiv- ed from Robert Schomberg, of Richmond, Vir- ginia, were received and distributed. Muy 19.— .Mr Neale presented 60 varieties of Tulips, very beautiful ; al.-io, a specimen of Auric- ula, of the variety of " Chilcot's brilliant," with 3 pips; Mr Still, from Mr Fisher's garden, 2 good sons of Tulips; Mr Oakley, 10 varhities of fine Tulips from his garden ; MrCombanIt, 5 varieties of Tulips. Mr Still also presented 4 handsome specimens of white Dutch Lettuce, and 4 fine specimens of yellow Sihsia Lettuce ; Mr Cooke, a double Jonquil, Parrot Tulip, a single white Hya- cinth, a Convallaria majalis, (Lily of the Valley) and a double flowering Almond. Mny 26. — Mr Wilson presented some Strawber- ries, a yellow Austrian Ruse, several varieties of Scotch and other Roses, Honeysuckles, single Roses, Persian Lilacs, double Columbine, Ranun- culus, Anchusa, and Scotch Broom. Mr Hogg, seven dilTercnt species of Iris, Calla, Ethiopica, single Poeonia Siberica, Pittosponuu chinense, Geranium niicranthenum, double white Scotch Rose, Metrosideros lanceolatus, Ixia cro- cata, Melaleuca, Acacia pulchella, and a double Cucubalus. (^. id 3 1-2 Mr Floy, Epidendrum (airidant)in flower; Pa- paver bracteatum (8 1-2 inches in diameter) ; Mr Warner, specimens of inches in circumference ; Apricot Tree 13 inches i 28 young Apricots ; Mr Neale, 12 varieties of Tu- lips ; Mr Warner, also, a double flowering Cherry, very luxuriant ; Mr John Curr, 4 heads of Hybrid Cabbage, weighing 6 lbs. 11 oz. Seeds received from Mr Loudon, and from Mexico, were distributed. ing after harvest is siiflicient to prepare the soil fur the reception of the flesh colored clover. I have this year, however, tried two methods of cul- Apricots, Mr Oakley, a branch of I tivalion on the same field; the first parti only 'ength, and containing grubbed np the earth with the six share extirpa- tor, the other ])avt was ploughed. The seed was sown and harrowed in both. That part that was not ploughed is now decidedly the best. The quantity of seed requisite is about 25 oz. per acre. — Annales Jlgricoles de Reviere, Ir. livrasion, p. 238. We saw this clover cultivated at Hoheriheira, near Stuttgardt. M. de Doiubarle had favored M. |Schwertz (the celebrated author of the Agricul- Tripolium Incarnatum. — Flesh colored Clover. Tojn,,.g of Flanders) with a quantity sv^cient to bovt From llie Brilish Farmer's M.igazme, J. C. Loudon, Esq., F. L. S., Sec Sir — Perceiving in your valuable publication, the Gardener's Magazine for October, a very short account of a clover which is rapidly spreading through France and the south of Germany, where it is looked upon with the degree of attention il well merits ; we think it might not be uninterest- ing for you to b« furnished with some further no- tices respecting this annual — the tripolium incar- natum, [farouche, fr.] flesh colored clover. We ourselves having witnessed its growth and pro- duce in the south of Germany (from whence we have just returned) can speak with confidence as to its unprecedented fertility and precocity on light sandy soils, which would scarcely repay the culture of any other plant. We therefore take the liberty of enclosing you the accompanying remarks, which, if found snf- fi(-iently interesting, you are at liberty to publish iu an early number of your Magazine. We were first directed to examine into the qualities of the flesh colored clover, from reading M. de Dondiarle's opinion concerning it in the Annales Agricoles de Reviere ; we subjoin a translation, and add our own remarks as to a crop which we saw at the royal establishment of Ho- henheiin, in the kingdom of AVirtemburg. Five years experience, says M de Dombarle, in the culture of this plant leave me no further doubt as to the advantages which are to be de- rived from its propagation in the north of France. It is true it only gives one cut, hut upon the same soil this one cut is equal to two of red clover ; but a circumstance which renders it still | cattle, remarks, that in order to keep up the great more valuable than the latter, is its coming early jqualities of the imported brecd.s, we must rcmem- enough to allow the same soil to be prepared fin- •ibout two acres. It was sown upon a stiff' red clay in the middle of April ; the spring was excessively dry, and yet it was fit fur cutting six weeks after it had been sown, and a most luxurnint crop it was. M. Schwertz intends to cultivate it extensively, since, soiling being one of the principal dependencies of the estate for manure, it enteis most admirably into the rotation of green crops, which are as fol- lows : Flesh colored clover, sown in September fit to cut in April ; then comes the first cut ol' lucerne — the first cut of clover — the second cut of lucerne — the tares, and peas sown in spring — the second cut of clover — the third of lucerne — cabbages, turnips, jiotatoes, and dry food. This is the sys- teTn iiursued at Hohenheim. The culture of the flesh colored clover allows M Schwertz to com- mence his green fodder full three weeks or a month before bis neighbors. We are ourselves satisfied of its importance, and hope by thus making known the result of our observations, to cause another valuable fodder to be added to those already so happily cultivated in Great Britain. We are, &c., London, .Vov. 8, 1828. R. & D. IMPROVING THE BREED OF CATTLE. Mr Featherstonhangh, a distinguished farmer, in the State of New York, after a journey of fif- teen hundred iiiilps in the diftereiit States, for the purpose of viewing the inqjorled cattle, and to ex- amine the method after which their owners keep them, as well as the condition of our own native other crojis the same year. The flesh colored clover consuined green aflords an excellent food to all siiecies of domestic, animals, even to pigs ; hut converted into hay it is in a trifling degree in- ferior to clover, or lucerne. It is not at all fasti- dious either as to soil or culture, and although in- troduced to us from the most southern provinces of France, does not suffer from our winter frosts, provided it be a little grown before they com- mence. But what appears to me to meet the "it ber that in their native country it is considered indispensable to keep them extremely well, and in a very diflere:it manner from the general custom prevailing here ; which is, in summer to leave cattle to help themselves to \\hat they can find, even in the most severe drought ; and in winter, to give them a moderate quantity of hay and straw. That in England, where they -are less troubled with dry weather than we are, they give them green crops and roots in abundance, and that if all this provident attention be necessary in that moist climate, it is certain the breed will de- generate with us if it is not kept in high condition. He observed ihat he was convinced that negli- gence was the universal cause of diseases, and that they ordinarily arise from too high feeding or w. In one case, f.irmor's attention most, is the period at whid is sown, viz : in the month of August or Sejitem- ber. At this time the farmer will know what de- gree of reliance he may be able to place on his clover crops for the ensuing year ; if any part of' them should have failed they may be replaced by too low. In one case, the digestive powers are this equally valuable fodder,"— an important con- embarras.sed, in the other they are not sufficiently -ideration for those who depend on the produce j exercised, and m boih the animal suff-ers ; that of their artificial grasses for the maintenance of animals, regularly yet plentifully fed and well their stock. It is cultivated as follows : — one slight plough- housed in Farmer. winter are generally liealthy — A". Y. Vol. VII.— No. 49. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 389 Froui ihe Journal ofihe Times. FINE STOCK. We have been highly gratified with a view of the heautil'iil pair of" North Devonsliire cattle re- cently purchased and brought into Bennington, Vt, by Messrs .1. N. Ui.xsdill, and S. D. WALEBincE, from the pure stock iinpiirted from Mr George Tollett,of lieiitU'y Hall, near New Castle, Staft'ord- shire, and Mr Coke, Norfolk, England, by the late Hon. Uufns King, Minister to England. We understand Mr Hinsdill has made a choice selection from Mr King's stock at Jamaica, Long^ Island, and we heartily hope that the breed of cattle in our State may soon experience that very great improvement which this blood of animals are qualified to make. We congratulate these young gentlemen in their enterprise, and improve- ments in many kinds of choice foreign stock of different animals, which they have within a few- years hitroduced into our vicinity. Tlie Devon cattle are of a beautiful tnahogany red color, very docile, fine small l)one and limh, great travellers | geet, but has suflered less than some other kinds ; in the yoke, and of a most beautiful form. The i probably, because it grows more rapidly, and be the bottom, so as to leave the stock bare, and just above the second, third, or fom-th joint, you will find the insect, very much like a flax seed in its ajipearance ; which, if suffered to remain, will re- tard the growth of the plant, and cause it to bend at the place, and finally to fall down fruit- less. We know no remedy for the evil at this season of the year ; but in the season of sowing, some- thing may be done, by choice of seed. The " Hessian proof," raised in tliis region some twen- ty years ago, was indeed proof against the fly, yielded a tolerable crop ; but of inferior quality. A kind of spring wheat, we think it is, of which a as raised last year in Lyme, and by the rain, or the waterings, form an excellent manure, which hastens the vegetation, and deter- mines the reproduction of flowers. 4. Two wa- terings per week will suffice in ordinary weather, and tliey should be made with the rose of the wa- tering pot, so that the hoofs may he filled ; but, if the atmosphere is dry, it will be necessary to water the |)lants every evening ; and in the latter case it will be necessary, from time to time, to di- rect the stream of water on the head of the tree.— Salem Gazette. Exlraetion of Potash from Potato Tops. — The " Register of Arts" for March, details the process, adopted in France, for extracting potash from po- small quantity waL .„.„^ „. j-— — -^ — , , ,. • • , Piertnont, N." II., and which came originally fro.n tato tops the u,,per part of which contain so a few heads, gathered thoughtlessly by a traveller considerable a pornon,t^s^ to render^t^ Si)ain, is said to be " Hessian proof." "Plje i of it a very jirofitable operation. The potato tops same has been said of the " White Flint" wheat 1 are to be cut off at four or five inches from the 1 \ I . I ,. ..„„,io„^, „_a ,in,,ht ground, with a very sharp knife, the moment that concerning which some ot cur readers are (iouot- o' " ' •'...'. . '. . . . less able to inform the iiublic. The " Virginia wheat," is not absolutely " proof" against the in- size good, but not extremely large. We are sup- plied with some accurate references in regard to their weight, in the Memoirs of the New York State Board of Agriculture, vol. iii., in which is stated, that "the North Devon Bull Holkam, im- ported from Hon. Mr Coke, we ighed, when six years old, 1700 lbs. Also, one of his calves when two years and nine months old, after having been fed but two months, weighed 1012 lbs. including 100 lbs. tallow. Alsoj.one other, fed 3 months, and killed when 3 years and 9 months old, weigh- ed 1289 III---., inclnding 150 lbs. tallow. Also, one other, fed 3 months, and killed when 3 years and 2 months old, weighed 1334 lbs. including 124 lbs. tallow. All of the above mentioned animals were sired by Holkam, in this country. Mr Coke, in one of his letters says : — " I venture to give it as my opinion that we have no cattle to be compared to them in the United Kingdom for imrity of blood, for aptitude to fvet\, for hardiness, for richness of their milk, and for work." Doct. Mease, a I'liila- delphian Agriculturist, says : — " They are good milkers, and make excellent beef, and the best working oxen of any breed, walking as fiist as a horse. Ten North Devon cows of Mr Conyers, produced on an average, five dozen Ihs. of butter per week during the summer. His 30 cows av- eraged an annual income of £13 14s. [or $60,52] per head. Robert Bakewell, of England, de- clared that " they could not be iinproveov- ed, it will be necessary to thoroughly water the stem, for several days, with the rose of the water- ing ])ot : in this way the sap will not be arrested. 2. Then the brush is to be used, and the rose tree well cleansed by it, so that all mouldiness shall ilitpppear ; this operation is very easy after an abundant rain. 3. The earth about the rose tree is to be disturbed, and then twenty-four sock the flower begins to fall, that being the period of their greatest vigor. Fresh sprouts spring, which not only answer all the purposes of conducting the roots to maturity, but tend to increase their size, as the sprouts require less nourishment than the old tops. From the results obtained in France, it is estimated that the quantity of land under the annual cuhivation with potatoes, in the United Kingdom, which exceeds 500,000 acres, might be made to yield nearly as many tons of potash ; an amount nearly fifty times that of our aimual im- portations from America ! Potato Pudding. — Few people are aware hoT* delicious a pudding can be made from the farina of the potato, or potato starch. The following are the ingredients : — To one quart of boiled milk, add, gradually, as in making hasty-pudding, a quarter of a pound of potato flour well pulverised — a quarter of a pound of sugar, and a little but- ter—when cold, add tlnee eggs, and bake it half an hour. Rev. Enoch Burt, of Manchester, Con. has con- structed and put into actual operation, a loom for weaving plaids, by water or steam. The shuttles containing the diflerent colors shift regularly as the figure requires, without iiiterruj>ting the mo- tion of the loom. From the Vermont Chronicle. HESSIAN FLY. This destructive insect is said to be doing un usual injury to our wheat fields. Probably, most of our farmers are acquainted with its appearance at this season of the year. If not, pluck up some of the sickly shoots, strip off the leaves, beginning at English Sheep. — Mr Pickering, passenger in the Mary 1 lowland, from Liverpool, has brought out two rams, and two ewes, of the Lincolnshire long wool breed of sheep, one of which was shorn on the passage, and yielded the extraordinary fleece of nineteen pounds. He has also three lams, six ewes, and six lambs, of the Leicester Cowling fleeces, bred by Samuel Wiley, Esq., at Granby, near York. Mr P. is to take them to Albion, State of Illinois. — Mer. A correspondent of the' Taunton Advocate re- commends to those persons who are unwilling to have a flock of hens in their gardens, the follow- ng iilan to destroy insects : — make a small coop ets of calves' feet are to be placed in the earth i fo,- each hen that has chickens, so that the brood round the stem, and about four inches distant from it. The hoofs of young calves are the best, and give a vivid color and agreeable perfume to the roses. These are to be placed with the points downwards, so that the cups shall be nearly level with the surface of the earth, and the jdant well surrounded. This operation is to he repeated in the November following. These hoofs, dissolved can run in and out ; ]ilace it near your squash or encumber beds, and the chickens of three or four weeks old will make fine havoc among the rose bua-s ; but to those younger than three weeks, it is death to eat them. — JVew Bedford Courier. A new scientific expedition is fitting out at Toulon to circumnavigate the globe. 390 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, From Ihe Rochesler Telegraph. CULTURE OF SILK. To the enterprising Farmers of Monroe County. The importance of attending to this cultivation is so great, in a national point of view, as well as for your own more immediate benefit, that I pro- 1 tute June 26, 1829, those who feel interested in the subject, a beauti- ful specimen of silk, (made in this village during the last summer,) iji its various stages, may be seen at the hall of the Franklin Institute, in the Court House, any Thursday evening, or during the week days by calling on any member of the Insti- pose laying before you a few short and plain state llients, taken from well authenticated documents, showing the light in wliich it is viewed in foreign countries, and afterwards give the necessary direc- tions for the cultivation of silk, as given by prac- tical men, and recently published by ordferof our government, and various public spirited individu- als. This seems the more uecessary, as very few practical fanners have access to works of tliis de- scription, for information. In the first place no climate is more favorable to the rearing of the silk worm, than this section of ours. Tl]e white mulberry tree has become perfectly naturalized, is hardy, and as easily raised as an apple tree, either from the seed, or by cut- tings and layers. A large white mulberry tree is growing near the landing of the Genessee river ; I know iiot by whom planted, but no doiht cuttings enough might be obtained in the spring to form, in time, several extensive orchards. There are some other trees in the village of Itorhcster, and soine extensive nurseries are now forujjng, from which supplies can be had in a year or two. Ii will be found that a white mulberry orchard will prove far more valuable than an apple orchard. Six or eight fidl grown trees will furnish fooil enough for a sufficient number of worms, (40,000) to make ten lbs. of silk, wortli when doubled and twisted, $50 ; and to take care of which would require the average labor and attention of a boy or girl, 10 or 12 years of age, about 5 weeks, the lirst 3 weeks of which they would not have half employ- ment. Any common room would answer for the purpose of rearing them ; they requiring to be protected from the sun, or dampness, and wind, or sudden changes of the weather. They require but little room, and the trouble of them is soon over. The season of rearing the worms is in the months of May and June, commencing vvlien the yoimg leaves first put out, to furnish them with food. It is estimated, that an acre of trees will furnish them food sufficient in a season to make silk worth frotn 200 to 300 dollars. One tree has furnished food sufficient to make 4 lbs. of silk. Every farmer that has a family of chililren, mi-ht Tiie following statement is taken from the Re- port of the Committee on Agriculture, in the House of Representatives, in May, 1826, " showing the value of .silk goods inqjorted and exported in the years 1821 and 1825, inclusive. Years. Imported. 1821 $4,486,924 1822 6,480,928 1S23 6,713,771 1824 7,203,344 1825 10,271,527 Exported. $1,557,233 1,016,262 1,512,449 1,816,325 2,565,742 $15,388,000 6,799,246 6,417,997 $35,156,494 $7,968,011 What a bounty is paid by us to support the ag- riculture and manufactures of other nations, on articles which our country, with a few years' care, might supply .' How important it is that the ag- ricultiuist should turn his attention to new objects of production, is very fully shown by the circum- stances of the diminished and diminishing demand of bread stuffs abroad. In eighteen hundred and seventeen, tiie exports of the bread stuffs amount- ed to $20,374,000. In 1818 1824 1825 An importation often millions of dollars of silks! an exi)ort of four millions of bread stuffs! The facts speak the importance of the subject, and indicate the necessity that exists of awaken- 1 ing the slumbejiiig agricultural resources of the i country, by introducing new and profitable arti- ' cles of production. " Knowledge is power" in | agriculture no less than in [lolitics ; information is capital and the means of valuable inquove- i inent. I Tlie Conunittee go on to say that " a sinn-le ' acre planted with mulberry, will produce from hVe j liundrcd to six hundred pouiuls of raw silk, the value of which to the individual, would richly j compensate for the capital and labor employed, | and the aggregate to the country be of great iin- ' portance. „•,, ., ■ ■ , a->| To show the importance wliich is attached to wuhout bemg a a.,y, or a tr.fliug extra expense, this culture in England and Ireland, I will briefly ntake sdk enough every season to fetch hi,n ,«I00. Uate that a company has been formed with a cap- Aferh.s trees are three or lour years old, they J iial of one million sterling, (*4,444,444) divided wdl rio to cotnmence on. I a>n now alluding to into 20,000 shares of fifty pou.nls sterling each • 1824, 3,993,000 pounds of raw silk in 1827 4,209,000 pounds, worth, probably, about $15,- 000,000— the manufacture of which employs 40,000 looms, and about 80,000 persona the an- nual wagesof whichamount to above $13,000,000. Including children and dependants, this manu- facture feeds about 400,000 persons, and the manufactures are estimated to be worth above $44,000,000. By the foregoing statement, and which may be relied upon in all the essential par- ticidurs as correct, you will perceive the innnense iuq)ortance of the subject. You are conqdaimng of the scarcity of money, and the hard times Tliis will ever be the case so long as we continue to send out, yearly, ten millions of dollars for an article that we can with so much ease produce among ourselves, and become the exporters of the ten millions, instead of the purchasers. My next article will relate to the progress al- ready made in this county, in the growing of silk anil the details of the ])rocess. \V. NEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JUNE 26, 1829. the business as carried on in a domestic way, and in a manner that om- farmers should take hold of it. The first step is, to plant out an or- chard of an acre or two in the maimer of plant- ing the ajiple tree, and at about the same dis- tance apart: or the tree will make a good hedge if planted in that form. The eggs of the s'dk worm can easily be bad when the trees are ready for them. Many of the farmers in Coimecticut have made themselves in a degree wealthy by at- tending to this culture, and it is now carried on extensively in some counties in this State. A gen- tleman in Cayuga county made silk euousth in one season, a few years back, to be worth $600. As before said, it is intended, before we leave the subject, to give a practical, but condensed account of the mode of rearing the silkworm; and to several members of the adiuinistration, many no- blemen and individuals of distinguished rank and influence, have given support to this institution, by placing their names on the list of subscribers — They have already planted in England 74,000 young trees of the white mulberry — Ireland, 388,000, and in the island of Malta, 150,000 trees have been set out ; and have their agents abroad seeking information. This, hov.'ever, only indi- cates the importance of the subject, for it may be very much doubted whether the raising of the silk worm will ever succeed well either in England or Ireland, on account of the humidity of the climate — it is not to be compared to the climate of this country for this object. They, however, under- stand the manufacture of silk goods to the great- est perfection ; and imported into England in MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO- CIETY. At the two last meetings of this Society at their Hall in North Market Street, the following busi- ness was transacted. A letter was received from the Hon. John Lowell, containing some valuable suggestions with regard to the future operations of the Society — accompanied with a donation of complete seta of liigelow's American Medical Botany, Say's En- to?nology, Hayward on Horticidlure, and Loudon's Gardener's 3]agaziue, from the time of its com- mencement in 1826, with nn order to have the future immbers procmed at his expense, as fast as they are |.nbhshed in London, for the Library of the Society. A letter was received from the Hon. Johh I Welles, of Dorchester, inclosing a donation of j one hundred dollars to the funds of the Society. I From John Prince, Esq., a donation of seven volumes of Horticultural publications for the Li- [ brary. [ From John Bartlett, Esq., of Boston, a vari- ety of seeds of ornamental shrubs and plants, brought by him from Cuba. From the Hon. Nathan Hale, of Boston, a copy of his Alaj) of New England, for the Hall of the Society. Votes of thanks to the above geiitlemen were unanimously passed for their very acceptable and valuable donations. The fiillowing persons were admitted members at this ineeting— Mr Henry Newman, of Roxhu- ry, and Mr James Eustis, of South Reading. On motion of Benj. V. French, Esq., of Bos- ton, Voted, That the Conmiittee on Fruit Trees, &c. be requested to consider the propriety of offering a premium of — dollars to any person, town, or |)arish, who may have planted, or set out, within the five years iireceding the 4th of July, 1834, such number of trees, and ill such manner, either forest or fruit trees, or both, combining the useful and ornamental, as shall produce the happiest ef- fect. On motion of Z. Cook, Jr, Esq. Voted, That the proceedings of this Society, Vol. VII.— No. 49. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 391 with a record of all donations to its funds, to the Library, and of any Seeds, &c. for distribution among its members, be regularly published in the New England Farmer. GEKMINATION OF SEEDS. Richard Bradley, a celebrated English writer on Husbandry, states that he was informed by Sir Isaac Newton, that seeds which lie long in the ground, may be forwarded in their germination, by mixing them in a busliel of bran, wet well with rain or pond water ; ajid let remain for ten days without any disturbance, in a vessel of wood or stone. About three days after the mixture has been prepared, it will begin to heat, and so con- tinue to ferment for thirty or forty days, if it be carefully sprinkled from time to time with warm water, as it begins to dry. The heat of this wet bran will prepare the berries mixed with it, for a vegetating state in about a week after the ferment has begun, and then they may be sown in the nursery. NEW SORT OF SWINE. The author of Gleaiiings in Husbandry, an Eng- lish work of merit, says, " There is an animal kept tame in some of the East India Islands, called Baby-roussn, of the same genus as the common swine; which, if it would bear our climate, would be au useful animal, as it lives solely on herbs and the leaves of trees, aud never ravages gardens like swine ; the flesh is well tasted." To drive away Rats. — An English writer on ru- ral economy, says " if the exi)resscd juice of the stalks or leaves of the Deadly Nightshade is made into a soft paste, with oat meal, or wheat flour, and placed in the holes or tracks which rats fre- quent, though tbey will not eat it, yet it is so dis- agreeable to them that they will instantly leave the premises. " Ducks," says an English writer on horticul- ture "are excellent vermin pickers, \v\\ei\iev of cat- erpillars, (such as are within their reach,) slugs, snails, and others ; and ought to be turned into the garden one or two days every week, through- out the season. Never keep them longer iu than two or three days at a time, else tbey tire of their food, and become indolent. While here they should be offered no food, but may have a little water set down to them, if there be no pond or stream in the garden. " They are very fond of ripe strawberries, or gooseberries, and, while they can get at these, will seek little after snails, or other insects ; but th.'y are most useful belbre these come into season for them. There are some kinds of vegetables they have a liking to, and on which they will fall if vermin be anywise scarce ; therefore when this is perceived, tbey should be turned out. Never turn them into the garden in the time of heavy rains, or in continual wet weather; as, in that case, and particularly if the soil be stiff, they patter and harden the surface, to the great injury of small crops, and rising seeds." FOR THK NEW ENGLAND KARMER. Mr Editor — It has been highly gratifying to notice, at the late meetings of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, so many members, and to remark the interest that is taken in the prosperity and usefulness of the institution. With others I have been much pleased with the respectable ex- hibition of the flowers and fruit of the season, which was made at the last meeting. Among those exhibited at their Hall, were about thirty varieties of roses, comprising the Royal Purple, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, the Unique, Bio.ss^ the neat German Rose, &c. Some fine double crimson Dahlias, White Moss Roses, double Yel- low Roses, Scarlet Irises, &c., would have been sent from the garden of Mr Pratt, if he had been aware of the convenience of the Hall for exhibit- ing them. A basket of the Pine Apple Strawber- ry, was exhibited from the garden of the Messrs WiNSHips. This variety comprises more excel- lencies, in the opinion of many, than any culti- vated, and is early, large, and very productive. Fine accommodations are now preparing at the Hall for future meetings ; with a reading room at- tached, where all the agricultural journals of this country, and the principal ones from England, can be examined ; as well as many rare and expen- sive works on Fruits and Flowers. Care will be taken of all articles sent for exhibition. And it is suggested that it would be a good plan if gentle- men would send, every Saturday, any fruits, or flowers that may be particularly fine, for ])ublic cxatnination ; as this is a day when many of the members are in town, and would be pleased to make an examination of the products of the vari- ous gardens and orchards in this vicinity- June -23, 1829. A SUBSCRIBER. Millet Seed. For sale at Ihe Seed Siore roiinecled with the New England Farmer, No. 62 Norlh Markel sireel. 50 bushels of Millet Seed. — clean, and of superior quality. Also, a very extensive variety uf Ornanicnial Flower Seeds, inpapeisof 6 els each, or 100 varieties, oJie paper each, for S5.00. ROMAN— This elegant, lull blooded horse, a bright bay, Willi black legs, inane, and tail, of high spirit and good tem- per, will stand at ihe farm ol Mr Stephen Williams, in Norlh- liorough, Ms, at JjiO the season, to be paid before ibe mares are taken away. — See New England Farmer. May )b. To prevent ivounds from mortifying. — Sprinkle sugar on them. The Turks wash fresh wounds with wine, and sprinkle sugar over them. Obsti- nate ulcers may be cured with sugar dissolved in a strong decoction of walnut leaves. JVool. — We understand that some of the Berk- shire wool growers have sold their fleeces at Mon- son, at prices varying from 30 to 40 cents per pound. — J\'orlhampton Gazette. Laborers for harvest. — The farmers of Long Island are anticipating a want of laboring men to gather in the approaching abundant harvest. As the cities and large towns are now complaining of dull times, it is believed there -are many men who might help this dullness by a little well tiiued la- bor in the field. — L. I. Star. The Season. — We have had much wet weather, and vegetation is now very rapid. The air has been for the most part cool, and some warm sun- ny days would now be agreeable to the farmer — The crops on Long Island are very promising. — Ibid. The British export of goods to Turke)', amount- ed, before the present war between that country and Russia, to a million of pounds sterling. It is stated in the Engli.>h papers, that there are twenty-five sugar manufactories in Picardy, France, in which sugar is made altogether from the beet root. A volcano is said to have made its ajipcarance near Himter's river. New South Wales. Mr Bowditch has been elected President of the American Academy, at Boston, in the place of John Quincy Ailam.s, who has presided over the institution for many years. A late number of Mr Day's Counterfeit Detect- er, states that there are counterfeit bills on twen- ty-five Banks in Rhode Island, in circulation. Farm for sale in Millm. of about SOOacres, remarkably well watered, with every variety of lands and fruits, got.^l substan- tial buildings, and a large portion of valuable woodland.— Also, (or sale, or to let, opposite to the above named premises, a large dwelling house, with a good bake house, very fileasaolly situ- ated.— For further particulars, see the New Kngldiid Farmer icr May 16, or inquire oi the publisher, or P. H. Pierce, 95 State St, or N. Tucker, on the premises. May 22, 1829. If^ _— _ Imported Horses. Barefoot, and Cleveland, the two English horses, will stand for the season at their stable in Brighton. Barefoot at ;J25, and Cleveland at glO, with gl for the groom. a24 Heifers, Calves, Sheep, Sfc. For sale, two full blood Alderney Heilers, three years old this spring, with calf by a full blood bull of the Short Horn breed; one Alderney Heififr calf, six months old, weaned, and turned to grass ; two ftlll blood heifer calves of the .Short Horn breed, two months old, now at grass feed; four of the Long Wool Ewes, imported from Ihe Netherlands ; a buck lamb from one of the ewes, and a Devonshire Buck, a very fine animal, and four full blood .Saxony Bucks. For terms apply at this office. June 17, 1829. PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE. I--ROM 1 TO APPLES, best, barrel. 3 00' 5 00 ASHES, pot, first sort, - Pearl, first sort, - - - Ion. 12.5 CO 1.30 CO " 128 00 130 00 BEANS, while, bushel. 90, 1 00 BEEF, mess. barrel. 10 25 10 50 Cargo, No. 1, " 9 no 9 60 Cargo, No. 2, " 8 00 8 60 BUTTEK, inspected, No. 1, new, pound. 14 16 CHEESE, new milk. 7 9 Skimmed milk. 2 3 FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 6 75 7 00 Genesee, - - - " G 75 7 00 Rye, best, . . - - GRAIN, Corn, ... - bushel. 56 60 Rvc, " 70 80 Barley, - it 67 Oats, .... 11 40 45! HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, pound. 9 LIME, cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails at ton. 3 50 PORK, clear. barrel. 16 00 16 50 Navy, mess, '* 13 00 13 50 Cargo, No. 1, - - " 13 00 13 26 SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - bushel. 2 00 Orclnird Grass, " 300 Fowl Meadow, . " 300 Rye Grass, (( 400 Tall IMeadow Gals Grass, - (( 2 50 Red Top .... (t 62 1 00 I..ucerne, .... pound. 3H 50 White Honeysuckle Clover, " 33 50 Retl Clover, (northern) a 7 8 French Sugar Reel, . ti 1 50 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - >' 27 35 Merino, lull blood, unwashed. " liJ 22 Merino, three lourths washed. " 25 30 Merino, hall blood. " 0O 25 Merino, quarter washed, ti 20 22 Native, washed, - •' 18 20 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, - it 35 37 Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, 11 22 25 Pulled, " spinning, first sort. Cc 2; 30 PROVISIOIV MARKET. CORRECTED EVERV WEEK BY MR HAYWARD, ■( tte.-/c 0/ Faneidl-hait Market.) BEEF, best pieces, - PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, MUTTON. . . - - POULTKV, ... - BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lump, best, feGGS, MEAL, Rye. retail, . Indian, retail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according lo quality,] pound. 10 .' 7 It 5 ti 6 It 4 It IC rt )0 <• 14 dozen. 11 bushel. It barrel. 2 00 12 It 10 7 12 12 16 16 18 13 1 00 70 60 250 392 NEW EiNGLAND FARMER. June 26, 1829. MISCELLANIES. VALUE OF A MOMENT. . By MONTGOMERT. At every motion of our lirealli Life trembles on the brink of death, — A taper's flame, that upw arcl turns While downward to the dusl it burns. Moment by moment years are [^t. And one ere Ion? will be our last. 'Twixi llial (long tied) wliich gave us light, And that which soon shall end in night, There is n point no eye can see, Yet on it hangs eternity. This is that mnment,— who shall tell Whether it leads to heaven or hell : This is that moment, —as we choose. The inimorial soul we save or iose. Time past and time to come are nolj Time pkesknt is our only lot. Oh God ! henceforth our hearts incline. To seek no other love than thine. Female Attire, ifc A woman's wardrobe may be divided into two parts, — the ornamental and the useful. In the first I include iiH the various articles which are affected by fashion ; everything, in fact, of external dress. In these a good econ- omist will avoid a superabundance. She will en- deavor to check that feminine weakness — the love of variety, which so frequently displays itself by an ever varying costume, and will confine the or- namental part of her wardrobe in as narrow bounds as the extent of her general style of living and visiting will psrmit. Whimsicality of dress is no proof either of good taste or good sense, but rather results from the absence of both, or from the mistaken notion that to attract attention is to gain admiration. But whimsicality, whether shown in dress, manner, or opinion, does not de- serve, and never obtains, permanent admiration : it is more likely to meet with the smile of con- tempt, or the sneer of ridicule. A claim to su- periority and distinction established on such a foundation has nothing to secure it. It is those qualities only that are intrinsically good and use- ful, that can gain permanent admiration and es- teem. It is true that every one who lives in so- ciety must follow fashion to a certain extent, or must be prepared to encounter the laugh, and perhaps the scorn, of those who ptonounce judg- ment on appearances. But it is extremes on ei- ther side, that are to be sbtmned by all who wise- ly prefer propriety, and consistency, to notoriety and pectiliarity. Another disadvantage of possessing too many of the ornamental parts of female attire, is the fickleness of fashion, and the constant necessity which this must prodtice of altering the forms of dresses, wliicli the means of the {)Ossessor do not allow to be thrown aside. For these alterations of dress much valuable time must ho wasted, or much money squandered, and, in either case, the very attention which is re(|tiisitc for so unworthy an object, takes the mind from more important and rational ))ursujts. Some women seem to think that life is of no use but to make or remodel dresses, and act as if they were born to be walk- ing blocks for showing off' to advantage the work- manship oftlie ribband and lace manufacturer, of the mantaumnker and milliner. The second part of a female's wardrobe, com- prehending every article not subject to the laws of feshion, tiescrves also attention and care ; and for your management of this branch I recommend this rule : do not neglect to make each year a small addition to most oftlie articles of which it is conqiosed. By doing this you will scarcely perceive the effects of time oti your general stock, because the yearly supply will bear some propor- tion to the deficiencies wliich that may catise. — But if you neglect this rule the consequences may be that all at once, you shall find your ward- robe to require a cotnplete renewal, and your an- nual allowance will then scarcely suffice to pro- vide it. 31ost of the things to which 1 allude are of an expensive nature, and sweep away no in- considerable stun, when whole sets are to be pur- chased at once. All good econotiiists agree in their a]iprobalion of this rule and enforce it, more particularly with regard to household and table linen. In choosing linen or cambric, examine the threads if they are even and close ; a raw linen, with uneven threads, does not promise to wear well. Fine linens answer better than the coarse ones, provided they are not unsuitable for the use fur which they are destined. The yard wide linens are not thought so .strong and well made as those of the narrower width, but the latter will not always cut out to the same advantage as the wider linens. I recommend you to resort to good and old es- tablished shops, rather than to those which are considered cheaper : the former rest their pros- perity upon the approbation of steady customer.s, and will not knowingly offer them goods which are bad in qtiality, and which would prove unser- viceable, while the latter are eager to attract va- grant purchasers, alluring them by the promise of bargains — a delusive [iromise, the goods thus of- fered for sale being usually of so flimsy a texture, as to prove, on trial, scarcely worth the trifling sum that had been given for them. John Cloves Symmes, the projector of the novel theory that the Earth is but the shell of an interi- or world, died lately in Ohio. However visionary were his notions, he pursued them with an ardor and perseverance worthy of a philosopher. On Thursday morning, as the waiter in a res- pectalile boarding hou.se in Broadway, was setting out the breakfast table, a man stepped into the room in rather a blustering manner, and demand- ed to know the precise time that breakfast would be ready. The waiter went into another room to make the inqtiiry, and on returning fiiuud the gen- lltman engaged in adjusting his cravat. Saying he could not possibly wait for his lireakfasl, he walked off. Inimediately titter he left, the waiter discovered that all the silver spoons he had placed on the table were missing. — Mtr. Adv. The Force of Imagination. — A Lnccbe^c peasant, shooting sparrows, saw his dog attacked by a strange and ferocious mastiff. He tried to sepa- rate the animals, and received a bite from his own dog, which instantly ran off through the fields. — The wound was healed in a few days, and the dog was not to be found ; and the peasant after some time, began to feel symptoms of nervous ag- itation. He conceived that the dog, from disap- pearing, was mad, and within a day or two after this idea had struck him, he began to feel symp- toms of hydrophobia. They grew hourly more violent ; he raved, and had all the evidences of the most violent distemper. As he was lying. with the door open, to let in the last air that he was to breathe, he heard his dog bark. The ani- mal ran up to the bed side, and frolicked about the room. It was.clear that he, at least, was in perfect health. The peasant's mind was relieved at the instant ; he got up with renewed strength, dressed himself, jjlunged his head into a basin of water, and thus refreshed walked into the room to his astonished family. The statetnent is made in a memoir by Professor Barbantini ; and it is not improbable that many attacks of a disease so strongly dependant on the imagination, might be eipially cured by ascertaining the state of the ani- mal by which the bite was given. — Weekly Review. Stone and Aqueduct Pipe. A further supply of (his very useful and necessary article for drain and wa'er courses, which is superior and cheaper than anything used for the purpose, is for sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 5- Norih Market street, where orders are re- ceived for a supply ttf any quantity or size warned, with turns and circular pieces to match. J. R. NEWELL, Agent for ytone l*ipe Corporalion Company. 3w Buckwheat, Sfc. For sale at the Seed Store connected witli the New Eng- land Farmer. No. 6-2 Norlh Slarket Street, A few bushels of Buckwlieat, growth of 1S28. Also, a fur- ther sujipiy of Fowl Meadow Grass Seed, of superior qualil3'. jYew China Tea Sets, and light blue Dinner Ware. Received, a great variety of the above ; which, wilh a com- plete assortment of Crockery, China, and Glass Ware, are of- fered for sale. low. at !\o. 4 Dock Square. Mangel Wurlzel, Sugar Beet, ifc. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New England Farmer, 62 North Market street, 200 lbs. Mangel Wurtzel. 200 lbs. French Sugar Beet, raised expressly for this establislmicnt, by John Prince, Esq. Roxbiiry, — The siiperioiity of this seed and the excellence of the roots for cattle are too well known to need comrnerit. Also, White Mulberry Seed, .50 ets per ounce, Lucerne, or French Clover, While and Red Clover, Sanfoin, Tim- othy, Orchard Grass, <^at (irass. Herds Grass, &c. AgncuUnral Books. The third edition oS Fessen Jen's jVew American Gar- dener ; this work lias been p'ooounced by the most ju- dicious horticultuiisls in New England and the middle slates, to be the best treatise on Fruit Trees, Vegetables, Grape Vines, &c., to be found in this country — price #1,25. The Vine Dresser's Theoretical and Practical Manual, on the Culture of the Vine ; and Making Wine, Brandy, and Vinegar. By Tliiebaut de Berneaud. The Young G.irdener's Assistant, containing Directions for the cultivation of Culinary Vegetables, and Ornament- al Flowers. By T. Biidgcman, gardener, New York — price 37 1-2 ets. A practical Treatise on the Management of Bees ; and the Management of Apiai ics, with the l>est inelbod of des- troying ami preventing the depredations of the Bee Moth, By James Tliacher, M. D. — price 75 ets. Also, C7}e copy of each of the Ibllowing rare works: — Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gar- dening; with the theory of Draining Morasses, and with an inipro\'ed construction of the diil! plough. By Dr Dar- win, (Diildin edition, ptirc three dollars and fifty ets.) Darwin's Botanic Garden — (price three dollars, a fine, correct copy. Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This day received at the New Kngland Farmer Seed .Slope, 62 North Market street, 20 bushels of Tall Meadow Oat Grast Seed, at ^2,50 per bushel. Powder at 2s per lb. DUPONT'S POWDER, quality warranled, for sale at C^'hmxl's Ammiantion {^lotT. 05 Broad st, al retail. Also, SHOT, CAPS, &c. ol the liesi quulily— cheap for cash. If Published every Friday, at §3 per annum, payable al the end of the year — hni those who pay wltliiu sixty days from the lime of suhscrihiug, are entitled lo a deducliou of (itiy cents. Printeil for J. fi. Russei.l, by I. R RuTTS — by whon all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the wishes o( customers. Orders for printing received by J. R, Russell, al the Agricultural Warehouse No. ,')2 Norih 51arket Street. Q;^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment b% ing made in advance. WEW ElV^tAWB FAKMEK. Published by John B. Russell, at M. 52 JYorth Market Street, (at the Agricultural frarehousc).-TnoMj.^~^V^s;^i:^^^r^i:;;. '' VOL. YII. I BOSTON, FRIDAY, JULY 3, 1829. No. 50. HORTICULTURE. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRENCH PLANTS. Mr Russell. — As some of your subscribers liave jirobably luaile great additions to tiieir plants by purchases from Messrs Felix & Co., wlio, it will be recollected, came over from France, this spring, witli a most unique and unrivalled collec- tion of plant.s,* it is liiglily desirable that a des- cription of the plants, as they flower, may be com- municated to you for publication in your valuable paper. A SUBSCRIBER. FOR THE KEW ENGLAND FARMER. 5 Liniiiean Botanic G.irden, near ( New York, June 20, 1829. Mr Editor — Both you and our esteemed friend Mr Downer, having been desirous to obtain infor- niatioH relative to the origin and properties of the " Bleecker's Meadow pear," I transmit you the fol- lowing account of it. This pear was originally procured from the farm of Colonel Wynkoop, of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, being a seedling found in his meadow, and from that circumstance was called by him ''Meadow pear." It was brought thence by a relative of his, Mr Martin ScHENK, of this Island, and grafts were dissemin- ated from the trees planted on his farm. Several gentlemen now have this pear in bearing, and two large ones are growing on a farm not far dis- tant from my residence. Leonard Bleecker, Esq., a gentleman distinguished for liis love of horticulture, and for bis liberality in imparting any valuable varieties of fruit to others, presented grafts of this pear to several of bis friend.*, and it was by them called " Bleecker^s Meadow peor" — so much for its origin. In regard to growth the tree has much resemblance to the Seckel, and its bark and general appearance when young, so closely assimilate as not t(i be easily distinguished. Its growth, however, is much more vigorous, making at least three feet of wood to two of the Seckei, and often more. I am also informed, however, by Mr Bleecker, that the tree when it becomes large, does not assume that compact and erect regular form in its head that so distinguishes the Seckel, but that the branches are more expanded, and much less erect. One tree in a garden near Newburgh, bore fruit the fourth year from the graft — the fruit does not hang in clusters as he Seckel does, but its period of ripening is the same — its flavor is delicious, and it is a melliMg frui; — it should, however, be plucked before it softens, and be placed in. the house to mature and become mellow — in point of size it is larger than the Seckel, and in form resembles the Early Sudar pear, (not the Sugar Top, or July pear, which some call Sugar pear) — before it softens it is green with a little brown or russet on the sun siile. 1 am fully of opinion that the Seckel is one of the parents of this new pear, and as I consider it a very valuable addition to our native fruits, I have been thus particular in the details, and cannot omit here the passing remark, that in propotiion to the .experiments made in our couritry, in roaring seed- ling trees from the finest fruits, after an intcrmi.\- ) ture of the pollen, or otherwise, they have been attended with far more than a comjiarative suc- cess with those made in Europe — and every new devclopoment of our horticultural improvements seems to add new proofs to the opinion I have al- ways entertained, that none of her productions will deteriorate in America. Your obedient servant, | WM ROBERT PRINCE. From ihe American Sentinel. Vide their Catalogue. POTATOES. People differ more about planting potatoes, than anything that I know of; for if good land is well prepared and manured, it is not diflicult to raise a good crop, in a common season, even if you pl.int them whole or cut them, whether you plant few or many. I have known people to j)lant from 1 bushel to 40, on an acre of land— and each was satisfied that their plan was best. » One man who had not more potatoes than he wanted to eat, cut out the chits and planted those only, one bushel of which planted an acre, savin" the body of the potatoes for ordinary uses : his land being well prepared, the produce was more than 100 bushels. Another man who had practised farming until he was 21 years of age, and then went to college, ? id became a great man, having seen, that pota- oes would produce most when planted whole, (contrary to his ideas in younger life,) he thought proper to try what he could do. He prepared an acre of excellent land, by ploughing it thorough- ly, and manuring it highly, then ridged it by turn- ing two furrows together, to cover the manure, then planted it with large whole potatoes, within one foot of each other, in continued rows on the ridges, which he did not cross with the plough, in hoeing, and it took 40 bushels to [ilant his acre, the cost of which was 50 cents per bushel, amounting to $20 for bis seed. He had a large crop of jiOtatoeS, but not so large as he would have had by planting 20 bushels in the same manner, with potatoes not more than haif as large, or by placing the same potatoes two feet apart ; or by placing them two feet apart, and half as large, making only ten bushels to the acre. I sometimes plant from 8 to IG bushels to the acre, according to the size of the potatoes used for the jiurpose. When people try experiments, I think it is best to do it fairly, and to use their reason. And it is a good method to try different modes, and not be so much in favor of any old ])ractice, as to put a stone in one end of a bag of grain to carry on a horse to mill, or to cut potatoes, because your father did ; though very many might amend, by doing as their fathers did, especially in eating and drinking. AN OLD FARMER. HEALTH. Wc once knew a boy who spent a great part of his time in laying plans to break out of prison, calculating that if lie should ever happen to be confined he should then derive a benefit from his present labors. One day his father saw him at work, and being informed of the object ho had in view, told him he'ihought 'it would be a much more profitable business to study to keep out than to break out after he had once got in.' This was i*'Jod advice, and is worthy of being followed, inasmuch as it may, with a slight alteration, be made to apply to numerous' other situations in life I than that of prisoners. This is particularly the case in regard to the preservation of liealth. It is much easier, as well as more profitable to avoid exposure to evening air and wet feet than to be confined five or six weeks with a burning fever. It is also much easier to caution children ajrainst eating green apples and other kinds of "trash, which arc within their reach at this season of the year, than it is to cure them of the dysentery. It has been said, and we doubt not truly, that more than half of the diseases which prevail in our climate in the warm season, might be prevent- ed even by ordinary care. Among the means to be employed to preserve health, the habit, or if we may so say, the virtue of cleanliness demands the highest })lacc ; and to a want of it may be traced many of the ills to which ' flesh is heir.' In all the melancholy instances where sickness has visited our Atlantic cities in the course of the last twelve years, we have good authority for say- ing that the contagion originated in such parts of those cities as are notorious for Llie filtli of the streets, and their inhabitants. In the country, where dwellings are unconnected, and where a pure air circ jiutcs freely, we are less liable to suf- fering from the carelessness of our neighbors than residents of more coirpact places, but the safety of every family in an eminent degree depends onthc care and cleanliness of its head. AH decayed animal and vegetable substances should be remov- ed from the vicinity of dwellings ; stagnant water should be drained off, and the cellars freed from rotten apjiles, potatoes, onions, &c. Another very important means of prescrvin" health where it is enjoyed, and restoring it where it is wanting, is, to sprinkle quick lime on the bot- tom of the cellars, and in all the drains and vaults contiguous to houses. So effectual is this safe- guard in preventing disease, that a highly respect- able gentleman in this vicinity, informs us that for several years after he commenced honsc-keepin"- some one or more of his family bad a regular run of fever ; after a time he built a house, and con- sequently a quantity of lime was lying in and around his residence, but no sickness visited his family. In three of the six subsequent years he had oi'casion to use lime, and in each of those years his family enjoyed perfect health, while in the other three some of the family were sick. He is so well convinced, from these circumstances that lime is beneficial, that he now no more thinks of being without it, than he thinks of getting along without bread. We hope others of our readers will try it, and have no doubt but they will feel themselves amply repaid for their ex- pense and trouble. Indeed, we will warrant it to be an effectual i.revemive against all those disor- ders for which ardent sjiirits are an effectual cure. Williamstown Advocate. NEW ENGLAND FARMER, FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMEl!. FINE STOCK. Mr Fessenden— Having seen in your " N. E Farmer," within a short time, several notices of extraordinary calves, induces me also to add to the A very fine cow, now eight years old, ot my own raising, half Holderncss am] haK Mderney, has produced me, by dilVerent bulls, seven calves ; tliey have all been very fine ones, and all are at this time alive ; four of them are in my own 1)0*- sessiqn. Her last calf was born 4tli of last De- cember, (a bull) and at 4 days old weighed 110 lbs., being early, and a winter calf, I had not m- tended to raise it— but it was so uncommonly promising, I was induced to do it. On the 4th of March at 90 days old, it weighed 339 lbs.— After that date one half of the cow's milk was taken from it— lie having learned to eat carrots, oil meal, and hay — and on the 16tli of April I| sold him to an" enterprising young farmer, at Rindge, in New Hamiishire, for fifty-five dollars. He was then 4 months and 12 days old, and weighed 435 lbs., giving an increase of 2 lbs. 93 ounces per day. On that day he also measured from the root "of the horns to the end of the rump 5 ft 8 in. ; girth 4 ft 4 in., and height 3 ft 8 in. His sire was three-fourths Durham Short Horn, and one-fourth BakewcU. This young bull is therefore three-eighths Short Horn, two-eighths Alderney, two-eighths Holderncss, and one-eighth Bakeweil, and comprises the best blood of Eng- lish stock. I think, when 2 years old, (if, as I have no doubt he will, have as good care taken of liim,) he will be the most iiromising bull in New Hampshire, or Massachusetts — and a very great acquisition to that State — combining, as he does, the 6c«/and dairy qualities. Much has been said and written on the subject of allowing cows to come in too young. I have raised a great many calves, and have always al- lowed them to calve at two years, and often earli- er. This cow had her first calf at nineteen months and was but seven years and seven months old when she had her sei'eji/Zi calf ; and she is the largest cow I ever raised. To be sure she has al- ways been well kept, (but not highly fed) as all animals ought to be. I should not wish, howev- er, to have a heifer with her first calf, come in be- fore a good hite of grass. Vours very trnlv, JOHN PRINCE. Jamaica Plain, June 29, 1829. FOR THE KEW ENGLAND FARMER. CRUEL CUSTOM OF BEES. MrFessenden — I wish that you or some of your correspondents would inform me through the me- dium of your paper, what is the reason of bees killing their drones at this season of the year ; and how they may be united, to jirevent, if necessary, their killing tliem ; and if it will hinder or retard their swarming ? I have a number of full stocked hives, which appear to have such aversion for their drones, that not one, I believe, is suflfered to live in the hive. If some of your experienced apiarian writers will give me some light on the subject, 1 will be much obliged to them. Yours, &c., A FARMER. Remarks by the Editor. — This annual massacre is a habit which apjiertains to all the species of honey bee. We shall not undertake to state the cause of this proceeding. Whether bees justify themselves by arguments similar to those made use of by certain advocates for killing oft" the hu- man species in martial combat, is more than we can say, having never been admitted to their counsels. Probably they conceive it to be the shortest way of getting rid of their useless popula- tion. The fact, however, is certain, and the slaughter always takes plaee. Dr Thachcr says " It has been ascertained, that after a particular period of the year, when the queen has been impregnated, and ihe drones are no longer of use, they are cruelly destroyed by those very workers which formerly watched over them so carefully in their cradles. It is not to be supposed that the neuters know they would per- ish with hunger were the drones preserved, but there probably is a time when the males make such an impression on the senses of the neuters as tends to irritate them, and prompt to their des- truction. It is usually in the months of July and Aucust, that this singular massacre is eftected.— A curious observer, Huber, desirous of witness-iug the scene of carnage, jdaccd six hives on a glass table, and jilaced himself and an assistant be- neath it. On the 4th of July, the workers actu- ally massacred the males in the whole six hives, at the same hour and with the same peculiarities. The glass table was covered with bees, full of an- imation, which flew on the drones, seized them by the antennse, the wings, and limbs, and after having di-agged them about, they killed the unfor- tunate victims, by repeated stings, directed be- tween the rings of the belly. The moment that the formidable weapon touched them was the last of their existence ; they stretched their wings and expired. It is evident that bees act in con- cert, that their operations tend to one general ob- ject, and that they are aware of its being fulfilled ;_ and this cannot he done without some mode of communication with each oUicr ; but as all their performances are in the dark, it is extremely diffi- cult to conceive, how they can know each others proceedings." — Thacher's Treatise on Bees, p. 30. July 3, 1829. AGRICULTURAL PROSPECTS The expectations of abundant crops, founded on the fine weather of sjiring, have been much dimin- ished by the long continued drought. The hay harvest of the present year will be less than that of the last by nearly a third. The extraordi- nary production of two successive favorable sea- sons seem to have exhausted the soil, which re- quires renovation by an interval of comparative rest. Oats, barley, and rye, are well filled, and the crops of those grains will be good. Corn in our vicinity has suflered much from the operations of the cut worm,;is it is called, who gnaws off the stalk at the surface of the ground. Some fields have been destroyed by the enemy, and the owners been compelled to plant potatoes. The only preventive seems to be to search the hills with the hoe or hand and crush the vermin- a process troublesome and slow, but better than siiftering the loss of our staple ivroducts. The apple, peach, and pear, will yield very few fruits. The apricot does not bear at all. The cherry which has been less injured than the other tenants of the orchard, although well loaded in the early spring, has suti'ered from a blight, which has made the fruit fall unripened to the ground.— Xai. JEgis. From the Soullicin AgricuUurisl. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. PREVENTIVE SOCIETIES. Mr Editor— At the last meeting of the Mas- sachusetts Horticultural Society, I was much grat- ified to hear the remarks of Mr Derby, of Salem, on the utility of the Society in that town to jne- serve gardens and orchards from trespassers, and midnight marauders. He stated that but one in- stance had occurred since the establishment of the Society, of a garden or orchard (belonging to a member) being robbed ; and that the evil had almost entirely ceased. I understand that Dor- chester, Roxbury, and Quincy have followed the example of Salem ; and every town where fruit is extensively cultivated, would find it for their in- terest to establish similar societies ; and all roam- ing intruders would soon find that trampling on plants, breaking down frees, and shrubbery, &c., cannot be tolerated with less impunity than shop- lifting, or store breaking. JVashua Cotton Manufactory,— Ax the factories at Nashua within the last twelve months, 2,240,- 000 yards of cloth have been manufactured, con- sisting of sheetings and shirtings, a part of which were for printing. ON THE WINTER BEAN. We call the attention of agriculturists in the northern, as well as in our own States, to the Win- ter Btan. It is thus mentioned by Chateauvieux, in his letters from Italy, and we presume is the same as that described in English works, under the name of the " Swiss Bean." " The winter beans seem the only crop merit- ing particular notice. Within a few years they have been successfiilly introduced into the neigh- borhood of Geneva ; that is to say, into a climate where the winters arc more severe. The beans endufe them without injury, and may be introduc- ed into the northern countries, where they may become a valuable article in agriculture ; being well adapted to fill up vacant spots in various crops. " The winter bean resembles the spring bean, in plant, flower, and seed. It is sown in the be- ginning of September, arid it must acquire strength in the autumn to support the severity of the win- ter. The stem withers and dies under the snow, and during frost ; but early in the spring, several new stems shoot from the bottom, which flower in May, and the seeds ripen in July. •' The culture is very simple ; after a manured crop of wheat, the earth is turned in by a single ploughing, and moulders by exposure to the weather. The beans are put into the ground early in September, either sown broadcast, and harrow- ed, ploughed in, or drilled in lines, which admits of their being horse-hoed in the spring, otherwise they must be hand-hoed in April. " The crop being harvested in July, there is time to prepare tlie land for wheat, which follows it, and usually succeeds well. » This culture, adapted to open and clayey soils unfavorable to the growth of roots, accords well with the difierent periods of jdoughing and sow- ing, and keeps up the fertility of the soil. It in- cludes every desirable circumstance, and I have no doubt will extend rapidly."— CAafeaui'ieux, p. 49. i Vol.VIl— N...50. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 395 " THE WINTER, OR SWISS BEAN. We are desired to call the attention of our readers to the merits of this hitely acquired vari- ety of horse bean, which promises to be a valua- ble acquisition to the British farmer. It is an early and remarkably hardy sort ; standing the winter's frost without injury, — podding about the first of June, and ripening in the latter end of July. It may be sown any time between the I5th of September, and the middle of October. Any wheat stubble, in pretty good heart, is suitable ; and no parlicnlar preparation of the ground is ne- cessary. Its early jiodding secures it from the attack of both insects and mildew ; — and being so soon off the ground is an advantage which need not be pointed out to the practical farmer. The produce is about frice for rye is about 02 cents, and of Puim, and a Turkish Horse— the latter a most corn about 75 or 80 cents. A boat load of Mary- | beautiful gray, from the mountains, about ICO land corn has been brought up the river, and sold! miles east of Smyrna ; is small, but very perfect- here for horse feed at 67 cents. | |y formed, can climb like a goa't, and isVemarka- The crops of grain are said to be promising in i biy docile. The ram, which is on the farm of all parts of the country, and the prices nmst be Robert Oliver, Esq., is of the species celebrated low after harvest.— /kV. , for its very broad tail, and fur the delicious flavor . of the muttoji. One of the Jennies is three years OVER TRADING. | old, and only about thirty inches high, but pro- [The following remarks are as applicable to I'ortionably formed, and is truly an interesting an- other villages as to Middlebury.] imal."— L. /. Star. There is, beyond doubt, too great a disposition • to oye)--/rarfc among the people — a habit of swell- Muscatel Grapes. — The Muscatel grajie vine ing expenses so as to pledge the income of a ' '^^s been raised near Adamsville, South Carolina, season in advance, rather than a determination to | f™ni t''e seed of the raisin. A late paper from curtail them within the amount of earnings al- j '•'«' quarter says, " the vines are apparently ihrif- ready made. A friend of ours has made an esti- j 'i' ""d flourishing, and bid fair to jnoduce fruit mate, founded upon considerable inquiry, of the amount probably due at this moment to the mer- chants of our village. He assured himself, that it did not fall much short of one hundred thousand dollars ; and it is probably safe to say, that from 30 to 40,000 dollars of this sum is due by citizens of Middlebury alone. Now we wish to inquire of our friends, — and an inquiry of the sort may be appropriately made in almost any tov.n, — how this heavy debt is to be paid oft'? What must be the inevitable result, if merchants in Boston and New York, who are already much pressed, should de- mand of our country dealers a prompt payment ? These will not consent to stop business until they have pursued their customers through the courts of law ; and where in Jliddlebury can $30,000 or even $10,000 be raised to i)ay off the shop- keepers without great perplexity and sacrifice .' It is unquestionably true, and it is a fact upon which we wish the people to think, that the prop- erty of many of our citizens is indirectly at the mercy of the merchants in large towns; and that commercial revulsions, which are sudden and not unfrequent, may compel them to discharge their debts by a sacrifice of entire estates. It is the object of our present brief remarks to call the at- tention of the farmer and mechanic to a subject at all times interesting, and one which may be of disastrous importance to them in times of com- mercial and manufacturing difficulty — such as we apprehend will in some degree soon be felt. We cannot too often repeat that the system of over- trading— of living upon the liberal calculations of profits yet to be made — has kept and still keeps a large portion of our fellow citizens in entire de- jicndence upon the merchant and spectdator. — Vt. American. this season. We sincerely hope that the attem'-.t to naturalize this delicious exotic may be crowned with success, and at the same time recommend to our agricultural readers a further (rial of the ex- periment."— Masonic Record. Making Butter in ffinter. — A writer in the Ainerican Farmer, asserts that the quality of but- ter is injured in proportion to the time which the cream takes to rise ; and that cream which has been long rising, reipiires more labor and time in churning. To expedite the rise of the cream, the vessels containing the milk should be kept in warm water of uniform temperature. Cream ob- tained in this way produces sweeter butter, and requires, in the operation of churning, never more than twenty-five minutes.' The object of setting pans of milk in cool wa- ter, in summer, is to prevent the nfilk from be- coming sour, and afford the cream a longer time to rise. Oranges. — This excellent fruit finds a congenial soil in the territory of Florida. It is computed that upwards of fifteen hundred thousand oranges are gathered every year at St Augustine. Many of the trees, (says Mr White, tiie Florida delegate in Congress,) bearing 4000 oranges, are believed to be 120 years old. The lemon, citron, lime, and olive thrive equally well. — Bchiderc Apollo. Transplanting Cedars. — About the year 1820, in the month of February, xohen there was no frost in the ground, I took up about eighty smaH cedars, retaining a small ball of earth about each, and planted them for a hedge. More than seventy of them arc now living, and form a pretty close heilge, which has been trimmed to about breast high for several vears. — Am. Farmer. The Weather. — Since the first week in June, the atmosidiere has been so remarkably cool and drv, that some fears are entertained that the sprint- crops will be extremely light. The short showers which have occasionally fallen, cculd not bo of much service to the ground, already so much parched, while the air continued so alarmiii'dy dry. Hay will be light in this vicinity, beyond a doubt. Indian corn will scarcely recover, even should the weather become more congenial to its growth. Fruit of all kinds has suffered extreme- ly. Such are the prospects for the farmer, so far as our information extends. — Catskill Recorder. I A writer in the Mobile Register of May 29, asks, " What are we to do for corn, and hay for our horses through the summer ? There is not as much in our market as will answer the con- smnption. Corn is said to be two dollars a barrel, and hay is two dollars a hundred." It is now about six months since a law was passed prohibiting the circulation of any bank notes mider the denomination of five dollars in Pennsylvania. This arrangement has met with general approbation and support! The numerous gangs of counterfeiters and passers of counterfeit money no longer find business in that State, and have retired to the State of Now York. 396 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 3, 1829. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ESSEX AGRICUL- TURAL SOCIETY. We have received from a friend in Salem, a pamphlet of about 8(1 pages, containing an ^^ Ac- count of Premiums awarded in 1828, and a list of Premiums offered in 1829 ; with Col. Pickerinb's Address ; and a list of Members of the Society." — We have not yet liad leisure to peruse this work with that attention, which a glance at its contents, as well as our knowledge of the characters and objects of its authors assure us it merits. We in- tend, however, to give, either verlatim, or in sub- stance, those parts wliicli appear to be most in- teresting and useful to the public at large. We would give it in exlenso, but a part of it we have already published, and the pamphlet itself is in the possession of many of our readers. We will commence with an article v/hich needs no other eulogy than its title conveys. COL. PICKERING'S ADDRESS. The Society may recollect, that at its two last annual meetings, I expressed a desire to be re- leased from the duties of President, in which 1 have been serving from its first institution in 1817. Yielding, however, to the requests of members, I have continued in that station. Hut at the late meeting of the Trustees, I informed them of my positive determination to be no longer a candidate for the ofBce. Having come to this determination, I liad con- cluded, on taking leave, to present to the Society a short address. But if I had contemjilated mak- ing a formal discourse, circumstances since occur- ring would have prevented my making it. I can now offer only a few desultory observations. 1. Within my memory, the ideas generally en- tertained of the occupation of the husbandman, ap- pear to me to have materially changed. It has ceased to be considered as an employment adapt- ed only to that portion of society Avhich was to consist of mere laborers. It is now deemed an honorable pursuit, by engaging in which, no man, however elevated may have been his birth or sta- tion, feels himself humbled, in partaking of its la- bors. On the contrary, men of the learned pro- fessions— others who inherit fortunes, or who have acquired them by their own industry in oth- er employments, now not unfrequently engage with zeal in the business of the itractical farmer ; and with useful emulation, they strive to excel in their new occupation. This, it is true, does not yield them profits like their former juirsuits, which, indeed, they neither exjiect nor desire ; l)Ut are content if they sustain no loss ; while their im- provements, effected by more ample pecuniary means, and proving what is practicable, ])resent useful examples to their neighbors, who, bred to husbandry, and constantly present at every opera- tion, and diligently laboring with their own hands, will render such improvements more profitable than they were to those who introduced them. — This change of public sentiment is auspicious to the farming interest. 2. I may here mention anothci' source of im- provements in husbandry — the mutual commimi- cations of valuable discoveries and useful prac- tices. These may be most conveniently made to the Trustees, by the metubers of the Society : for the business of the annual meetings will not ad- mit of making such things known in conversation. If all the members were to write in detail their several practices, in every branch of husbandry, — in the management of their tillage laml — their mowing grounds — their pastures — their live stock — their manures, &c., and hand them to the Trus- tees, to be examined and compared, — it is proba- ble that in the main the practices would be sub- stantially similar ; but at the same time 1 have no doubt there would be some variations well worth knowing ; besides some new practices, and some new tools, or new forms of old ^nes, and some easier modes of operating to produce the same efl^ects. AH these matters may be selected and arranged by the Trustees, and communicated to the whole Society at its aimuat meetings However small some of the improvements might be, yet they must ba worth knowing, because they are improvements. Let me give an instance of what some may think a trivial matter. When living on m}' farm, some fifteen or twenty years ago, my potatoes were dug up with common hoes, according to the usual practice ; but I observed that many were cut with the hoes, and spoiled. It then occurred to me, that instead of n continued blade, four or five long teeth, or tines, set to the handle just as the blade of a hoe was set, would turn out the potatoes, not only without cutting them, but with greater ease and despatch. I had such a tool made — and then a second ; for it fully answered my expectation. — The potato tops, or vines, being pulled up and laid aside, two strokes of the tool thrust in under the potatoes, then raising it, and with a short sweep throwing the earth and potatoes once to the right and once to the left, would bring up and display nearly all the potatoes in a hill. The blade of the New England broad hoe is eight or nme inches in length, on its edge, and five or six inches broad, from the edge to the handle. Five tines seven inches long, and the two outer ones eight inches apart, will give the proper dimensions to the potato hoe, or crome.* The eye for tlie handle should be rather larger than that of a com- mon Iioe, and of greater length, to admit a bigger handle, which will also add to its durability. A few years afterwards, I saw, sotnewhere, a tool of the same form, for the same purpose. The same tool is far better than a hoa for levelling heaps of gravel, on the highways or elsewhere. Such mutual information as I have here recom- mended, is a species of charity or benevolence : I may therefore say, on high authority, " To do good and to commimicate forget not." 3. I will make some remarks on the construc- tion of ploughs. It is not so much the iveight as the shape of a plough which makes it of easier or harder draft : and this depends chiefly on the mould board. Forty years ago, I had a farm in Pennsylvania, part of which was rich bottom land — the same which in New England is called intervale. Part of this was in a state of tillage when I bought it. I had a good Pennsylvania plough, of the fashion of that day ; but the mould board was hollow breasted ; and that rich soil, being moist, would fill up the hollow, and there remain, clogging the plough. But I observed that the earth thus lodg- ed formed a straight line from the point of the mould board to the overhanging upper corner at the tail ; and it then struck me, that this straight line should be given to the mould board itself; and be the guide to the ploughwright in forming the curvature or winding of the mould board. * Crome is a word used in some parts of Eng;land, (or Uie tool of two or tliree tines, with which manure is hauled out from a cart ; thence sometimes called, in this country, a dung drag. A few years afterwards, returning to live in Philadelphia, I called one evening to see the Vice President of the Philadelphia Society of Agricul- ture ; when he presented to me a small model of a mould board, which Mr Jefl^rson (then Vice President of the United States) had left with him. At the first glance of my eye, I saw the straight line above described ; and stretching a thread from the fore point of the mould board to its upper corner behind, I found it touched it, in its whole length, in a perfectly straight line. Speakiiig of it afterwards to Mr Jefferson, he told me that he had communicated a description of it to the American Philosophical Society, who had published it in the fourth volume of their transactions. There the manner of forming the mould board out of a piece of squared timber is luiiuitely described. But the simple rule may be as follows : Having fixed the straight line, above mentioned, by one cut of a saw from the upper corner of the mould board behind to its point for- ward,— cut away the wood above and below that line in such manner, that when finished, if you carry a straight rule from the fore to the hind part, keei)ing it all the way at right angles with the straight line, it shall touch the face of the mould board, in its whole breadth, in straight lines, through its entire winding, and so that its upper corner behind shall overhang the lower suf- ficiently to effect a complete turning of the fur- row slice. Such a mould board can never get clogged ; and the plough will move througli the earth with less resistance than with a mould board of any other form. A few years ago 1 saw at Brighton a plough with a mould board very near- ly in the form here described. 4. This Society have formerly ofl^ered premi- ums for the best manageinent of manure. There can be no question, that if Tiept under cover, not unnecessarily exposed to the open air, and com- pletely sheltered against rain, manure will retain more strength, and the same quantity fertilize a larger quantity of land. But another immense increase of manure will be obtained by conduct- ing the urine of cattle, while they are kept in sta- bles, to large quantities of earth collected (in this climate) into cellars, among which the urine shall run and he absorbed. Accurate experiments dur- ing ten years, by a farmer in Scotland, proved, that tlie dung of a immber of cattle carefully pre- served by itself through the winter, furnished no more manure than the urine of the same cattle conducted over and absorbed by an equal bulk of common surface earth ; the latter, load for load, being equally fertilizing with the dung. 5. A correspondent of a distinguished agricul- tural society in England, stated that he had made accurate experiments to ascertain the effect of cut- ting hay into very short pieces (whence it is call- ed chaffing it,) and he found it a great saving of fodder ; the hay so chaffed keeping his horses in as fine order as a much larger quantity given them uncut. A question has been asked what causes this difference ? The answer I have seen given was, that being chaffed it was more easily and perfectly digested. This is probably the true solution : and the effect would be more manifest in horses than in cattle and sheep which chew the cud. A celebrated English writer, treating of the rumination of some animals (their chewing the cud); — and having spoken of a juice in the stomach called the gastric juice, of wonderful power in the digesting of their food, makes the Vol. VII.— No. 50. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 397 following remarks : — " It appears from experiments, that the gastric fluids, of sheep, for example, has no effect in di- gesting plants, unless they have been previously masticated [chewed] ; that it only produces a slight maceration [softening] nearly as common water would do in a like degree of heat ; hut that when once vegetables are reduced to pieces by mastication, the fluid then exerts upon them its specific operation. Its first effect is to soften them, and to destroy their natu2-al consistency ; it then goes on to dissolve them ; not sparing even the toughest pans." The inference from this doc- trine is, that cutting fodder into fine parts will fa- cilitate the maceration, mastication, and dissolu- tion of the fodder; and consequently the ])repara- lioii of its nutritive elements for admission into the numberless minute vessels destined to absorb and convey them through the whole system for the nourishment of the animal. (To he concluded next week.) From Ihe Gardener's Magazine. On rendenng Pear Trees and othey Fruit Trees fruitful, by operating on th-e Borders, and by JSTat- ural Training. By Mr Robert Hiver. Sir — There are few subjects in horticulture which can be more acceptable to your readers than a system by which good crops of fruit may be obtained from pear trees planted against the east and west walls in gentlemen's gardens ; the bad crops these trees have afforded have been pro- verbial ever since I can remember ; and the un- natural schemes which are now resorted to, such as strangulation, ringing, depressing of the branches, and reverse-grafting, show that a good system of cultivation is not yet established. This failure has generally been imputed by gardeners to the climate ; but as the trees are seldom with- out fruit at the extremity of the branches, the supposition may be considered erroneous. It is about twenty years ago since I noticed a Brown Beurre pear tree, trained against the east front of a farmer's cottage. This tree grew upon a limestone rock, where there was very little earth, yet it never failed to yield, yearly, plenty of large and well flavored fruit. From what I observed of this tree, it a|)pcared evident that the rich and deep border, usually prepared by gardeners, was decidedly wrong, as the plants in this case gener- ated too much sap, which always induces disease and barrenness ; and, I believe, it will be found in the tree, as in the human constitution, that the state of health consists in the medium between emptiness and repletion. Sir H. Davy has shown the utility of stones in agricultural crops ; and I have found them exceedingly beneficial in the formation of fruit tree borders ; they prevent the ac- cumulation of water in very wet weather, and also retain suflicient moisture for the purposes of the plant in dry seasone. In 1813, I replanted an old pear wall, 240 feet long : the border for these trees was 12 feet wide, and only 26 inches deep, 8 inches of which were filled with stones, such as could be most readily procured in the neighbor- hood, and the remaining 18 with the mould which composed the old border. By this scanty supply of earth for the roots of these plants I have succeeded in obtaining a fruit- ful and healthy growth, equally remote from de- bility and luxuriance ; and by this simple process I procured fruit all over the tree, as regularly as if it had been mechanically placed, both plentifully up the main stem, and on the lowest horizontal branches. My trees are fan-trained in the best manner ; the shoots are kept as uniform and straight as the plications of tlie instrument from whence the term is derived, and, when the fruit is full grown, exhibit one of the most interesting scenes to be met with within the confines of a garden. With regard to pruning, the knife should be used as sparingly as possible ; I conceive it to be as injiu-ious to this tribe of fruit trees, as the lancet is to animal life ; it creates those inconveniences which it is employed to remove ; whoever in- dulges in its free use, most certainly defeats his own purpose. Let any man who is inclined to dissent from this opinion, consider the common thorn confined in a hedge, where it annually un- dergoes the operation of clipping, and the shrub in its primitive growth, and he will want no argu- ments to convince him of the impropriety of the practice. But my plans require very little assist- ance from the knife : they make no breastwood, the energies of the tree being chiefly engaged in forming bloasom-buds for the future crop. It may be justly inferred, from what is here stated, that the bad success which most gardeners have experienced in the cultivation of this valu- able fruit, arises principally from the luxuriant state of their trees ; the limited space which they occupy on the wall is so disproportionate to their natural growth, that it is almost impossible, with deep and highly manured borders, to reclaim them from a habit of plethorical sterility. , The farina, and the whole fructification, partake of this un- healthy condition ; and it may be observed, that fruits fecundated with bad pollen scarcely ever resist the atmospheric changes which they after- wards encounter. . From observations made in vegetable physiolo- gy, I am persuaded that the tree is principally the produce of the earth, and the fruit of the atmos- phere ; as great diminution of vigor may take place in the one, without any perceptible altera- tion in the other. It is, therefore, the first object of the cultivator to proportion the supply of nutri- ment to the extent of his tree, and this will be best effected by the shallow border above describ- ed. These are the remarks of a man long devoted to the difficulties of his profession, such as have been suggested by nature, and confirmed by ex- perience ; and if they are found to be sufficiently instructive for the pages of your useful miscellany, I shall feel ha])py in being numbered amongst j'otir many corrcsjjondents. I am, Sir, yours, &c., ROBERT HIVER. Indian Cure for Fever and Ague. — David Ford, a respectable citizen of Ogdensburg, New York, where this disease prevails to a considerable ex- tent, recommends the following as a certain cure : Take equal quantities of inside bark of Fir Bal- sam and Yellow Birch — boil them down to a very strong decoction, or tea. Give to a grown person two spoonfuls in the same quantity of wine, just before eating, three times a day ; young persons in proportion — say, to a child five years old, 3tlis of a table spoonful, with as much wine. It will probably at first j)roduce sickness at the stomach and vomiting. Such are its effects sometimes, but it will cure. — Ohio Repository. Observations on a Leech — made by a gentlemau who kept one several years for the purpose of a weather glass. A phial of water, containing a leech, was kept in the lower frame of a chamber window sash, so that v.'hen I looked in the morn- ing, I could know what would be the weather on the following day. If the weather prove serene and beautiful, the leech lies motioidess at the bottom of the glass, and rolled together in a spiral form. If it rain before or after noon, it is found crept up to the top of its lodging, and there remains till the weather is settled. If we are to have wind, the poor prisoner gal- lops through its limpid habitation with atnazing swiftness, and seldom rests till it begins to blow hard. If a remarkable storm of thunder and rain is to succeed, for some days before it lodges almost continually without the water, and discovers un- easiness in violent throes and convulsive-like mo- tions. In the frost, as in clear weather, it lies at the bottom. And in snow, as in rainy weather, it pitches its dwelling upon the very mouth of the phial. The leech was kept in an eight-ounce phial, about three-fourths filled with water. In the simi- mer the water was changed once a week, and in the winter once a fortnight. — Casket. Mr Parmentier's Garden. — We lately visited 3Ir Parmentier's Horticultural Garden, situated at the junction of the Jamaica and Flatbush turnpikes, two miles from Brooklyn. We remember thi.s spot five years ago ; it was then unenclosed, and as sterile and stony a piece of land as could be found for miles around — it is now a delightful spot, laid out with great beauty and taste, rich with all the flowers and shrubs of the season,"both indigenous and exotic. The Garden, which con- tains twenty-five acres of land, nearly in a trian- gular shape, enclosed by a massive stone fence, is certainly one of the best planned and executed models that we have ever seen. The richness and variety in sliape and color, of the various shrubs and flowers — the beautiful foliage and del- icate blossomings of our native jilants, render it a most attractive place. Those who are disposed to decorate their grounds with fruit and ornament- al trees, will find every variety at Mr Parmen- tier's.— JV. Y. Enquirer. The Legislature of New Jersey, at its late ses- sion, passed a law by which the coroner is releas- ed from the necessity of calling a jury of inquest, in case of a violent, sudden, or casual death, un- less he believes there is cause to suspect some one of being guilty of murder or manslaughter in the (Heniises. [This is as it should be all over the country. — To summon a jury in every case of manifestly ac- cidental death, is but the continuance of a most useless ancient custom. Cases may occur in which the investigation of a jury would be advis- able. In such cases, leave it in the sound dis- cretion of the coroner ; but not one time in a hun- dred would the interposition of a jury lie of the least utility.] — Col. Cent. More than nine hundred miles of Canals and Rail Roads are finished, or under contract, in Pennsylvania, at this moment, all leading to Piiil- adelphia market. 398 NIAV ENGLAND FARMER, ujtMoamKsrTf'isrwra^miLtacsTaim July 3, 1829. Remcdu for the Bilt of a RaltUsnake.— The last I altributeil to it. We know it is often api>lVed to number of the "Transactions of the Albany In- 1 the tender leaves of vegetables, trees, &c. to .les stitute," just published, contains a pap"^'' '"^" ''"^ Uindavia graniUfora, as a remedy fo/ the bite of a rattlesnake, by James G. Tracy, tl'.at is worthy of some special notice. The writer furnishes the concurring opinions of several gentlemen as con- clusive proof that this plant is the same with that nsed by one Hank Johnson, an adopted Indian hunter, who accompanied the connnissioners for settling the boundary line between the United States and the British Possessions, In 1820. — During this service, IlaiA performed several cures with this plant. It has a general resem- blance to Solomon's Seal ; leaves alternate, smooth, and perforated by the stem, which is forked near the top ; bearing one, rarely two, drooping lilia- ceous yellow flowers early in May. — Bosion Trav- ellci: lUMiiiwiv. 'i iMiTif ^ft' ■ ^ II 11 1 1 II f' ■'■ajaj-i«Ay^jjujj'^JiihJi.*.,^njtMJuiai«mM«BUJJ4aj I^EW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FllIDAY, JULY 3, 1829. DEC0CTIC7N OF TOBACCO FOR SOAKING MELON SEEDS, &c. In our paper of April 17, 1829, page 310 of the current volume, wc published a communication, in which I\Ir " A. M. T." states in substance that he had learned from a person in Northampton, that soaking melon seed 24 hours in a decoction of tobacco, immediately previous to planting them would prove a preservative against bugs. The gentleman who favored us v.')th the intimation is a merchant, of Boston, who owTis a farm and su- perintends its cultivation in the neighborhood of this city ; and whose note or assertion we are willing to indorse to any amount. The next news, on this subject, with uliich we wcro favored, was the following paragraph, which appeared in the Boston Traveller of the 16th ult. " The Editor of the Moutpelier Watchman has tested the experiment recommended by the New England Farmer, to secure certain annual vines from bugs, by soaking the seeds in a decoction of tobacco. His success was overwhelming : the to- bacco had got th.o start of the bugs ; the seeds and vines also remain snug under ground." — Someiliing of tl;e same sort, has, we are told, been published in several other nev,'spapers, thougli this is all that we have seen on the subject. If the experiment has been tried, and found not to succeed, it is pro[)er th.it the trial and fail- ure should be made as public as possible. But one experiment is not sufficient to " lest " the value of any proposed improvement. Perhaps the seeds of our Montpelier friend were too old to vege- tate ; — or were planted on ground too wet ; — or were soaked too long ; — or were planted too early in the season, or sonic other evil cause existed of which the decoction of tobacco was as innocent as the Editor of the N. E, Farmer, or his friend, in recommending the trial of it. But the i)roposed improvement is not a matter of merriment. This undertaking to reward with a sneer, a disinterested eiTort to benefit the com- munity, is not particularly jiraiscworthy. An at- tempt to do good, even if unsuccessful, is not a fit subject for satire. Besides we are not yet con- vincpd, nor shall we be by any degree of ridicule, if ever so " overwhelming," that our tobacco-de- coction is not entitled to all the good qualities, as an anti-hugmalical preparation, which have been troy slugs, &c. without injuring tlie vegetation, but with sure destruction to the in.sects. Snuft", or the jiowder of tobacco, is also used to save i/o-ung and tender plants from being injured by in- sects. We doubt whether a decoction can be rini- dered stronger, or more poisonous to vegetation than the pulverised leaves, and if snuft" does no in- jury to tender plants, we can scarcely suppose that a watery extract from the leaves of tobacco will destroy seeds. But we have facts as well as arguments at our service in this case. The gentleman, who origin- ally gave us information respecting the utility of the infusion of tobacco leaves for the purpose above mentioned, says he has tried it the present season for the following sorts of vines, viz. winter squash, cucumber, water melon, musk melon, and cantaleupe. That his seeds having been soaked 24 hours, all grew, the vines arc all flourishing, and no insect has yet infested them. We hope that in due time he will give' us further state- ments on the subject, sanctioned with his name. It is thought by some that the vines will not acquire or retain enough of the flavor of the to- bacco with which the seeds were imbued to deter the bugs from their depredations. But it is only while plants are very young that the insects injure them, and in the first stage of their growth their nourishment is principally derived from the |>arent seed, and of course will taste of tobacco. English writers have given the following as a method of preserving turnips from the fly. « To a quart of turnip seed add one ounce of brimstone finely powdered, putting both in a bottle, large enough to aflTord room to shake them well together every day for four or five days previous to sowing." If impregnaiing turnip seed vvitli brimstone will ]>re- scrve the plants originating from such seed from the fly, it is at least possible that soaking melon seeds with tobacco water might preserve the young vines which spring from such seeds from bugs. — And if a decoction of tobacco is usefiil in preserv- ing melon vines from bugs, it is not unlikely that its use may be extended to the [ireservation of wheat from the Hessian fly, &c. &c. This, how- ever, is conjecture, not assertion, and if we are wrong in our anticipations, we do not think it worth the while for paragraph-mongers to under- take to be witty thereupon. Abortive attenii)ts at wit are altogether disgusting, and even genuine wit when misplaced or misappheil. is proof posi- tive that its author wants good sense ; and an ounce of good sensfi is worth more than all the wit that ever stung in epigrams, sparkled in .inac- reontics, or blazed in senatorial effusions of elo- quence. filthy water, and yet seem very well satisfied with taking a substance into our lungs which is fit only to support the respiration of reptiles accustonieii to " feed on the vapors of a dunghill." And this we suffer, while the remedy is at hand, and almost as cheap as the scrapings of the street ! The walls of cellars, dairy rooms, sitting rooms, and indeed of all apartments, which are much oc- cui>ied by human beings should be well coated with good caustic lime white wash, at least once a year. The time for its apjdication should be just before the heats of summer become fervent and oppressive. " In London," says Wilhch's Encyc. " a Society is organised for the Cure and Prevention of Contagious Fevers in the Metropolis," and they have appropriated a certain sum of money for purifying the tainted habitations of the poor. Their method consists simply in washing the walls of the room with hot lime, which will render the place perfectly sweet." In the villages of New England, the practice of wliite washing the walls and ceiling of dwelling apartments is very common ; in cities less so. — The walls of the apartments of our more opulent citizens are usually decorated with costly paper, or something else, which would be spoiled by white washing; and if they |)refer decorations to health, they must submit to the unwholesome an- noyance of a contaminated atmos))here. ON THE USE OF LIME FOR PRESERVING HEALTH. Lime as an antidote to contagion, a preservative against infection, and a means of purifying vaidts, is" not so much used as it should be. By means of this simple but poweri"ul agent, together with a due attention to cleanliness and ventilation, the air in jails, hospitals, shii)s, &c. may be rendered com- paratively sweet and salubrious. A quantity of it, while hot and quick, sifted every day or two into the vaidts of back houses, would greatly contribute to comfort and health. We shoidd think it a very serious matter if we were forced to eat tainted provisions, or drink JULY. Clean and prepare your ground where your early crops of peas, spinach, cauliflowers, and cab- bages grow, and all other vacant spots, to culti- vate thereon such plants as are proper to supply your table, in autumn, and winter, with later- grown productions. You may continue to sow crops of small salailing every eight or ten days, as dire cteil in former months ; but they .should now be sown on shady borders, or else bo shaded by mats, occasionally, from the mid-day sun, and frequently watered, both before and after the plants appear above ground. You may now plant out your celery plants in trenches, unless you have already perlbrmee deemed expedient by the Board of Directors, or 'a majority of them, and malie a report at each of the slated meetings of the Society, of his doings, and of the stale of the funds. Art. G. The Board of Directors shall institnlo process for all violations of the laws made on the premises, that shall come to their knowledge by information of members of the Society, they shall have power to give suitable rewards for the detection of trespassers^, and to employ suqh agents as may be deemed by them proper, for this purpose. They may at their discretion make public the names of all convicted oflenders against the laws made for the protection of Gardens, &c.. by posting them al some public place, or places, in the town oi Dorchester. An. 9. The Directors shall have the entire direction of all expenditures, and in general perform all such offices as shall best promote the object of ihe Society. Art. 10. Any person may become a meinbcr of the Sociely, upon being a)>proved by a majority of the Board of Directors, by subscribmg to these Articles, and by paying lo the Treasur- er not less than one dollar. Art. II. The Society shall have power to lay such assess- ments al their stated meetings in June and October, as a ma- jority may determine, not exceeding one dollar a year on each member. Art. 12. Any member may be discharged from this Society on application to ihe Treasurer, after paying all his dues to the Society, and relinquishing his right to any part of its funds. Art. 13. Any person not wishing to become a member of (he Sociely. but is willing lo contribute to its funds, may be entitled to all its privileges, upon paying to the Treasurer a sura not less tlian five dollars- Art. 14. Amendments to these Articles may be made at either of the stated meetings, by a majority of all ihe members pres- ent. Milltt Seed. Foj sale al the Seed .Store connected with the New England Farmer, No. 52 North Market street. 6*i bushels of Millet Seed, — clean, and of superior quality. Also, a very extensive variety uf Ornamental Flower Seeds, in papcis of G els each, or lUU varieties, one paper each, for S^.OU. KOMAN— This elegant, hill blooded hor.se, a bright bay, with black legs, mane, and tail, of iiigh spirit and g^ood tem- per, will stand al the farm of Mr Stephen Williams, in North- bnrough, Ms, al $tO the seasnu, to be paid before the mares are laken^away.— See New England Farmer. May 15. Farm for sale in Millrm, of about £00 acres, remarkably well watered, with every variety oi' lands and fruits, good substan^ lial buildings, and a lar^e portion of valuable woodland. — Also, for sale, or to let, opposite lothe above named premises, a large dwelling house, with a god3 bake house, very pleasantly situ- ated.— For further particulars, see the New f'.ngland Fanner (iir May 15. or inquire of t[ie publisher, or P. H.Pierce, W Stale si, or N. Tucker, on ih^iiremiscs. May 22, 1829. if 1 - Imported Horses. Barerool, and Cleveland, the two English horses, will stand for the season at their stable in Brighton. Earefool at ^Zb, and Clevelaud al ^10, with ^\ (or the groom. a24^ Heifers, Calves, Sheep, S^c. For sale, two full blood Aldernc}- Heilers, three years old this spring, wiiii calf by a full blood bull of the Short Horn breed; one Aiderney Heifer call, six months old, weaned, and turned to grass ; iwo full blood hciijr calves of the Siiort Horn breed, trto months old, now at grass feed i four of the Long Woot Ewes, imported from the Netherlands; a buck lamb from one uf the ewes, and a Devonshire Buck, a very 6ne animal, and lour full blood .Saxoay Bucks. For terms apply at ihis office. June 17, 1829. PRICES OF COUJSTTRY PRODUCE. APPLES, best. ASHES, pot, first sort, . - - iVarl, first sort, - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess, Cargo, No. 1, Cargo, No. 2. BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, CHEESE, new milk, . . - Skimmed milk, FLOUn, Baltimore, Howard-street, - Genesee, - - - ^yv, best, - - - - GRALX, Corn, - . _ . Rye, Barley, - - Oats,' - . . . HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME. - - - PLAISTER PARIS retails al PORK, clear, Navy, mess. Cargo, No. 1, - - SEEDS, Herd's Gra.ss, - Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, - - - Rye Grass, - _ _ Tall Meadow Oats Gra.ss, - Red Top - - - - Lucerne, . - . - White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) French Sugar Beet, - WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - Merino, full blood, tinwashed, Meruio, tliree fourths washed. Merino, half blood. Merino, quarter washed^ Native, washed, - . - Pulled, Lamb's, first sort. Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, Pulled, " spinning, first sort, FROM TO barrel. 3 00 5 on ton. 125 OC 130 to " 125 Ot 130 00 bushel. 90 1 00 barrel. ID 50 11 CO '' 9 50 10 0(1 a S OC 8 50 pound. 14 IG I <• 7 n 'i 2 3 barrel. G 75 7 00 *( 6 75 7 00 " 3 i>0 3 75 bushel. 5G GO t( ■ 70 80 G7 'i 40 42 pound. 9 cask. 85 90 ton. 3 50 barrel. 17 50 IS 00 " 13 OC 13 50 " 13 00 13 £0 bushel. it 2 00 3 00 3 00 400 250 (t 62 1 00 pound. 38 60 " 33 50 It 7 S 1 SO (I 27 35 It 18 22 " 25 .30 ({ 22 25 a 20 22 It 18 20 It 35 37 tl 2? 2/ 25 30 PROVISION! BIARKET. COnRECTED EVEEV «EEK BV MR. HAVWARD, (Cte.-k of I'lineuU-hail Market.} REEF, besl pieces, .... pound. 10 i; 12 PORK, fresh, hesl pieces, - •> 7 10 whoh^ hogs, - - " 5 7 VEAL, .... . " G 12 MUTTON. " 4 12 rOULTKV, " 10 IC BUTTER, keg and Uib, ..." 10 ]5 Lump, hest, - - " 14 jg EGOS, - dozen. 11 13 MEAL, Rye, relail,- - - . bushel. I CK) Indian, relait, - . . n 70 I'OTATOS, -...<< sn CIDER, [according 10 quality,] - barrel. 2 0. \ Mr Fessenden — 1 observed in your last New England Farmer, a statement of Mr Jeremiah Sticknev, of Rowley, of the thrift of his calf.— This spring I have had forty calves, five of them attracted my attention at their birth. I accord- ingly had them weighed and their weighty are as follows. ' One pair twin calves, bulls, 125 lbs. One bull calf, 103 One bull calf, 98 Onebullcalfcame 5th March last, 70. This I weighed yesterday, and weighed 390 lbs, which is a gain of 2| lbs. per day, and a fraction over, in 116 days. He is of the Holderness breed, of a bright red. Your friend and humble servant, JOHN LANE BOYLSTON. Princeton, June 30, 1829. MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL CIETY. Mr Editor — Having received a communica- tion from JoH.v Lowell, Esq., in which he gener- ously offers to furnish buds of his choice varieties of pears, to the members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, I enclose it for publication, as there will not be a meeting of the Society for some weeks, that all may have an opportunity of availing of the privilege which has been so liber- ally extended. As many will desire to participate in the bene- fit, it should be rocollocted that the supply of buds is necessarily limited, and that the request of each should be such, as that the favor may be gener- ally enjoyed. These repeated demonstrations of Mr Lowell's bounty, and his zealous efforts for the advance- ment of horticulture, are most cheering to our In- stitution, and entitle him to our grateful acknowl- edgments. His benefactions, precepts, and exam- ples have rendered his name dear to the cultiva- tors of New England. ■ Very resjiectfully. Your most obedient servant, H. A. S. DEARBORN, Pres. Mass. Horl. Soc. Brinley Place, July 4, 1829. Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, Pres. Mass. Hort. Society, Dear Sir — ! av^Tlooked, when I sent to your care a few bo(iks 'ir the Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society, an odd volume of the London Hort. Transactions, which became a supernumerary one, owing to the great liberality of that Society in presenting to me, unsolicited, the first and sec- ond volumes of that valuable work. I wish that it was more worthy of their acceptance, and that it were possible for me to part with the comple'le set of that splendid work — hut it is my viaticum. I could not get on without it. I hope one day, that it will form a part of your Library, and if the members shall feel disposed to purchase it entire, I wish to be considered a contributer to the amount of 30 dollars. The time is now approaching for budding pears, and some are now fit to bud. The members of your Sociely may call upon me freely for buds of all the original trees of Mr Knight, received six years since, and I can also furnish buds of some of the valuable kinds sent last year. The last are few, and precious, as they are in no catalogue in this countrj', and I could wish that your So- ciety should "designate the persons, who should take them, as it is important that they should pass into the hands of those, who will be most likely to preserve them. I am, dear sir, respectfully yours, Roxhury, June. 30. J. LOWELL. N. B. From present appearances, I hope to be able to send to your Society, specimens of at least six of the new varieties of pears ; and there is good reason to hope that they will be exempt from the diseases which have rendered what were once our most valuable pears of no value to us. 402 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 10, 1829. FOR THE NEW KNGLAND FARMEK. AMERICAN TURNIP BUTTERFLY. In Europe there are .several species of butterfly approi)riated to the cruciferous or okraceous plants, such as the cabbage, cauliflower, rajie, turnip, mus- tard, Sec, whence tlicy are called brassicnires* by the French. Their caterpillars feed upon the leaves of these vegetables, and sometimes do con- siderable injury to them. The prevailing color of the butterflies is white, and that of the caterpillars green. Several years since I obtained, in Northamp- ton, a white butterfly, which appeared to be al- lied to the European insects above mentioned. — Doct. Charles Pickering discovered one, previ- ously, near the White Mountains, New Hamp- shire ; and a chrysalis was brought to me, by a friend, from Keene, in the same State, in the win- ter of IS27. I have since received, through the attentions of the Rev. L. W. Leonard, several of the clirysalids and eggs, and some interesting ob- servations on the economy of the caterpillars, which are found abundantly on the turnip, cab- bage, and radish, in the vicinity of the 3Ionaduoc Mountains, N. H., and in the northern i)art of Worcester county, Massachusetts. Having been so fortunate as to raise the perfect insect from the egg, I am now enabled to furnish a history of this species, which threatens to become injurious to the cultivator. There are two broods in a season. About the last of May and the beginning of June the white butterfly is seen fluttering over the plantations of cabbages, and the turnip, and radish beds, but " seems to prefer the tmnip leaf for the place of depositing her eggs. She alights ui)on the upper side of the edge of the leaf, bends her abdomen, and fastens the egg, on its end, nnder it. The eggs are not laid near each other, and but seldom more than three or four under the same Ieaf."t — TJie egg is nearly pear-shaped, longitudinally rib- bed, and about one-fifteenth of an inch in length. " Eggs kept in the house were hatched in seven days, a somewhat longer time was necessary for the hatching of those in the open air." The cat- erpillars or larvae, which 1 reared from eggs hatcli- ed upon the 27th of May, arrived at their full size in 21 days, when they were one inch and a fpiar- ter in length. Being of a pale green color they were not readily distinguished from the ribs of the leaves, beneath which they reside. They do not devour the leaf at its edge, but rouunence, indis- criminately, upon any part of its inferior surface, through which they eat irregular holes. On the 17th of June, one of my caterpillars ceased eating, and spun, from its mouth, a little web of silk on the glass under which it was con- fined ; in this web it attached the minute claws which arm the pair of feet at its hinder extremity ; then bent the head on one side, and fixed, upon the glass nearly under the middle of the body, a silken filament, which it carried across the back and se- cured on the other .=ide : this operation was re- peated till a thread of sufficient thickness was pro- duced to form a loop in which the anterior part of the body was suspended. On the next day the skin, near the head, was rent, Ijy the exertions of the caterpillar, and was gradually cast off, leaving the chrysalis or pupa sustained by its tail and the * From BRAssicA,the generic name oflhe cabbage, turnip, rape, &lc. t The observations, within inverted commaS; were communi- cated by Mr Leonard. transverse loop. In eleven day.?, on the aOth of June, the butterfly burst its pupa case, and extri- cated itself The wings are white, a little dusky at base, and the posterior ones have dusky veins i beneath. The butterflies disclosed in summer I " deposit their eggs from the middle to the end of August.'' The pupte of this second brood sur- vive the winter, and do not produce butterflies till the ensuing spring. Mr Leonard informed me that the pupfe are found under rails, the edges of stones, and in other sheltered situations in gar- dens and fields ; and suggests that it would be well to leave, in the places infested by the caterpil- lars, boards a little elevated from the ground, which would ofl'er a tempting shelter to the pupae, and render it easy for the farmer to obtain and des- troy them. BIr Leonard noticed the white butterfly in all the towns in the vicinity of the Jlonadnoc Moun- tain, and also in Ashby, Fitchburg, Athol, Win- chendon, Templeton, and Peterslnim, Blass. That it may, eventually, extend itself still farther is to be apprehended, unless means are used to check its increase. It was in May, 1826, that I found a solitary one in Northampton, but I have not heard whether it has become common in Hamp- shire county. In concluding this account of the white butter- fly it will be proper to point out its entomological situation and characters, and assign it an appro- priate scientific name. Order Lepidoptera. Section Diurna. Family Papilionidj:. Genus Portia. Fab. Ochsenheimer. Leach. Stephens. Generic Character.* Legs six, alike in both sexes. Ifings entire, opaque ; anterior someichat triatigitlar, obtuse-angled or rounded at tip, ^enera/- ly u'hile with some black spots; posterior rounded \ with a groove on the inner margin to receive the ab- \ domen, beneath often colored yellowish or greenish ; \ areola in the centre obliquely closed by a straight! connecting nervure. Anlennce- with an abrupt, oh- \ conic, compressed club. — Pupa angular, acuminated i in front, with projecting lateral appendages in front , of the wing-cases. The body suspended by the j tail and a transverse thread across the middle. — 1 Larva with a small round head ; bodi/ slender, taper- ing at each end, downy, with a dark dorsal line. j Observations. This genus is nearly related to [ CoLiAS, of which genus we have several species in t!ie United States, but only one true Pontia to my knowledge. The cotiiinon small, yellow but- terfly is a CoLi^^s, which may be distinguished from PoNTiA by the prevailing yellow or orange colors of the species, the short antennae, with the gradually formed obconic club, and the areola in tiie posterior wings com])leted by an angulated connecting nervure. The pupa of Colias is gib- bous, tlje anterior extremity very obttisely conical, or not much ^iroduced, no lateral elevated angles, and no iironiincnt tlorsal projections. The larva has no central, longitudinal stripe. The flight of the Pontia is heavy and low : that of Colias is light, ami is sometimes extended to a great height. These two genera, together with Mancipia, Leu- cophasia, and Gonepteryx, (of which I believe there are no species in New England,) arc estab- lished upon a critical examination of the pupre and larvse, as well as of the perfect insects, and in their propriety I fully coincide. Schrank and Lalreiller iiinte them all in the genus Pieris, and apiiearto be followed in tliis by Prof. Say, whose Pieris .Vicippe is a true Colias. The subject of this communication has a close affinity to p. J\'api of Europe, but it is a large in- ject, and somewhat differently^ colored. Under he impression that it is a nondescript, 1 have jivcn it a specific name derived from the habitat of ihe larva. Pontia Olcracea. Specific Character. Wings white, sub-diaphan- ous, anterior ones dusky at base, and on the ex- ernal edge, tip beneath pale yellow with fuscous /eins : Posterior wings beneath straw colored vvith fuscous veins, humeral angle yellow. Body jlack, with cinereous hairs above, and whitish jiies beneath. Antenna? black brown, annulated (vitli white scales ; apex pale ochreous. Expansion of the wings about two inches. Egg pyri form, loBgitiulinally ribbed, yellowish. Larva pale green, with a darker dorsal line, ^ery minutely punctured with darker spots, and inconspicuously downy. Length, at full size, 1 1-4 inch. Pupa pale green or white, regularly and finely spotted with black : anterior extremity produced, conical, back before, with an elevated, laterally ccm])ressed, securiform process, sides of the dor- sum, in the middle, angular, and elevated ; poste- rior part with a central carina. Length eig'ht- tenths of an inch. Habitat (natural unknown ;) on the leaves of Bkassica Rapa, B. Oleracea, and Raphasancs sctivvs, in New Hampshire, and Massachusetts. In a speculative point of view Pontia oleracea h exceedingly interesting to the naturalist, and a valuable addition to the American -Fauna. It is, undoubtedly, an American insect, and sufliciently distinct from the European species of the same genus. Having, like them, an appetency for the cruciferous oleraceous plants (Tetradynamia sili- quosa,) it has fixed itself upon the turnip, cabbage, and radisli, which are not natives of tJie United States. On what, then, did the insect subsist be- fore these vegetables were introduced by the An- glo-Americans .' It is to be hoped that those bot- anists, who may have it in their power, will care- fully look for the larvfe on the cruciferous plants of the elevated regions of New Hampshire, in the months of May and September. T. W. HARRIS. Milton, Mass. June 30, 1829. * Tlie cliaracters in italics are extracted from IMr Children's translation of Ochsenheimer's g^enera. CHLORIDE OF LIME. The last number of Silliman's Journal, contains a very interesting notice of the manufacture and uses of the chloride of lime, by G. W. Carpenter, chemist, of Philadeli)hia. We present to our read- ers, an abstract of this article, as one of the best evidences of the progress of American Manufac- tures, and the immense contributions of modern chemistry to the means of health and comfort. The chloride of lime, is manufactured on a very large scale at the Maryland Chemical Works, and also by the New York Chemical Manu- facturing Company ; and both articles are pro- nounced to be fully etpial to the best imported. It has for many years been used in bleaching ; hence its common name bleaching salts ; but some of its most valuable properties have been but recently discovered. The first property for which it is distinguished, Vol. VII.— No. 51. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 403 every saccharine or sugary solution, which has un(lerj,'one fermentation. Sugar, is, indeed, the indispensable material out of which alcohol is formed ; and it is melancholy to reflect on the misapplication of art, in converting one of the bleaching, cahc6 most pleasant, harmless, and nourishing substances Fruit stains, cStc, : in nature, into a bewitching poison. The following table, compiled from Brande's Blannal of Chemistry, shows the jiroportioii in wliich alcohol exists in several different bever- ages :— DISTILLED SPIRITS. 54,32 parts by measure in 100. 53,90 do is that of destroying colors ; and so powerful is this property, that one grain of the salt will desi- !roy tlie coloring matter of two grains of the best Spanisli indigo. Tlie use of this article for discharging colors is very extensive, especially in jirinting, paper making, &c. may be removed from bleached goods, by di)iping the stain in water, apjdying the salt until it is re- moved, and rinsing well in cold water, before washing. It must not be applied to colored goods, as it would remove all the colors togeth- "•'• ^ I Scotch whiskey. Another ])roperty for which the chloride of lime ]y\sh do is now not less remarkable, is tliat of destroying Hmn all offensive or infectious effluvia, arising from an- } Bi-andy imal and vegetable decomposition, and, indeed,' (jji) every unpleasant odor whatever. To prepare the salt for use, four ounces is dis- solved in a pint of water, and the solution filtered, Port, Put one part of the solution into forty parts of; Madeira, water — stir the mixture, and it is then fit for Currant, use. j Teneriffe, The effluvia from drains, sewers, and other re- i Slierry, ceptacles of the same nature, will be destroyed, ' Lisbon, & Malaga, 18,94 by pouring into them a quart of the mixture added i Claret, 15,10 Cliampaigne, 13,80 Gooseberry, 11,84 Elder, 8,79 53,68 53,39 51,60 do do do 22,96 parts by measure in 100. 22,27 20,55 19,79 - 19,17 to a pailful of water, and repeating the ojjeration as often as occa.sion may require. Water in cis- terns may be purified, aud all animalculoD destroy- ed, by putting half a pint of the solution into about 120 gallons of the water. Tainted meats, and animal food of every kind, may be rendered sweet, by sprinkling them with do do do do do do do do do the" mixture. The odor of dead bodies Is effectually 1''''^']°" porter, destroyed by the same means. By its aid, the French surgeons have been enabled to examine the bodies of jjcrsons supposed to have been pois- oned, several months after interment. It also des- troys entirely the smell of paints.* There are many manufactures, and those of soap, candles, glue, size, leather, &c., that might be deprived of all disagreeableness from offensive smells, by the occasional use of a pot containing the mixture. Finally, the chlorides have been found very beneficial in medical and surgical practice, from their power of arresting instantaneously, any ten- dency to putrefaction, and of destroying the del- eterious properties of putrescent matters. Hence their application to carbuncle, ill conditioned ul- cers, gangrenous sores, foul eruptions, open can- cer, mortification, &c. Used as gargles or washes, they destroy the foulness of the breath, from whatever cause it may proceed — even that pro- duced by mercurial salivation. For the latter pur- poses, the chloride of soda is used by the French, but the chloride of lime is said to answer equally well. do do do do do do MALT HqUOR AlE, 6,87 Brown stout, 6,80 4,20 London small beer, 1,28 CIDER. Highest average, 9,87 Lowest average, 5,21 'From this table it appears, that in brandy, rum, and whiskey, there is, by measure, more alcohol than water ; that Madeira and Port wines contain nearly half, strong cider about a fifth, and ale an eighth, as much as they. Thus, a bottle of Ma- deira has in it nearly a pint of proof spirit ; a quart of strong cider more than six ounces ; and a bottle of ale about four ounces. The chemists were surprised at the results of Mr Brande's experiments. Nobody, till then, was aware, that the various fermented liquors contain so large a quantity of alcohol. Their intoxicating effects are certainly not in jiroportion. This arises from their other ingredients ; which give to all of them a nourishing quality, and to each, effects more or less pecuhar. Dr DRAKE. who is censured in conqjany, so far as truth and propriety will allow. Never to think the worse of another on account of his differing from me in political or religious opinions. Never to dispute if I can avoid it. Not to dispute with a man more than seventy years old ; nor with a woman ; nor with an enthu- siast. Not to aflect to be witty, or to jest, so as to wound the feelings of another. To say as little as possible of myself and those who are near to me. To aim at cheerfulness without levity. Not to obtrude my advice unasked. Never to court the favor of the rich, by flatter- ing either their vanity or their vices. To respect virtue, though clothed in rags. To speak with calmness and deliberation on all occasions ; especially in circumstances which tend to irritate. Frequently to review rfiy conduct, §a& note failings. On all occasions to have in prospect the end of life and a future state. Not to flatter myself that I can act up to these rules, however honestly I may aim at it. Remedy against bad ivater. — A highly respecta- ble gentleman in Connecticut, who used to visit Ohio yearly, gave me the following prescription. Being from early life a water drinker, he applied to the late Dr Osborn, of Middletown, to give him a substitute. The doctor told him to furnisli him- self with a mixture, of equal proportions, of pul- verised sugar and ginger, and whenever he drank the bad water of the west, to put in as much of the composition as suited his taste, and he need never apprehend bad effects from a free use of the water. He tried it a great number of years, and always found it an eftectual preventive. At a time when the ([uality of the water, in the lower part of the city is made, by so many, an apology for the com- mencement of insidious and dangerous habits of mingling poison in their beverage, the adoption of this simple and self-preventive cannot be too ear- nestly recommended. — JVonistowii, (Pa.) Register. ALCOHOL. Alcohol, according to Saussure, is composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, in the following proportions— C. 51.98, O. 34.42, H. 13.70=100. Its specific gravity is 791, water being 1000 ; but it can with difficulty be obtained so piu-e, and its more common specific gravity is 820. It was onco supposed that alcohol was formed in the process of diitillation ; but Mr Brando has de- monstrated that it is exclusively, the product of fermentation ; and, therefore, that it exists in • Query. — Would not aparlmenis rendered disagreeable b the neigliliorhood of vermin, be i-eadily purified, by sprinkling witii Uie mixture ? Excellent Rules. — The following rules, from the private papers of Dr West, were according to his memorandum, thrown together as general way- marks in the journey of life. They were advan- tageous to him, and while they exhibit an honora- ble testimony to his moral worth, may be useful to others. Never to ridicule sacred things, or what others may esteem such, however absurd they may ap- pear to me. Never show levity where the people are pro- fessedly engaged in worship. Never to resent a supposed injury, till I know the Tiews and motives of the author of it — nor on any occasion to retaliate. Never judge of a person's character by external appearance. Always to take the part of an absent person To improve dried figs. — These fruits, when they are brought to table, are commonly covered with a scurf, composed of a mealy, sugary substance, very disagreeable to the teeth. A correspondent says that the way to get riil of the scurf, and ren- der the figs as plump and clear skinned as when they are newly gathered from the tree, is, first to kee[> them in a cool and rather moist cellar for twenty-four hours before using ; and, secondly, just before presenting them at table, to ])ut them into a receiver, and exhaust the air. After re- maining there two minutes, they should be taken out, and gently brushed, when they will be found l)eifectly plump and clear skinned. — .V. Y. pa. Tooth Powder. — The following is given as the correct mode of preparing the celebrated French tooth powder, called Poudre Peruvienne : White sugar 36 grains, cream of tartar 72, magnesia 72, starch 72, mace 2, cinnamon 6, sulphate of qui- nine (or quinia) 1, and carmine 5 grains. All these substances are reduced into a fine powder, and mixed together with great care ; then add four drops of oil of roses, and as much oil of mint. Eve. Gaz. 404 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 10, 1829. COL. PICKERING'S ADDRESS. Concluded from page 396. 6. If my recollection be coi-rect, the Trustees of the State Society of Agriculture, have rei)eatedly offered preniiuius for the best experiments to as- certain the most eligible season for laying lands down to grass. Without having made any experi- ments expressly for that purpose, I will mention some facts which may contribute to settle the question. When I purchased a farm in Pennsylvania, at the time before mentioned, it was deficient in hay. Some acres of the bottom land were in tillage ; but there being no crop on the ground, it was ploughed, harrowed, and sowed with herd's grass (there called Timothy) and clover seeds, about the 15th or 20th of September. The seeds were well put in by an old experienced farmer. The next summer 1 had a full and clean crop of excellent liay. But here-and-there was a very small strip entirely destitute of |rass plants ; and in their place was a full crop of weeds ; a stronger wind now and then preventing the hay seeds reaching their destined cast. But throughout the rest of the ground, the herd's grassy and clover having attained to some strength in autumn, had full pos- session of the ground ; and renewing their growth in the spring, before the seeds of annual weeds had time to vegetate, kept that possession com- |)letely, and produced a clean crop of hay. I will now mention the constant and successful jnacticc of Capt. Ichabod Nichols, of Salem, who lias made a very productive farm among the rocky hills and valleys of the land on the Salem Turnpike, immediately westward of the town. Having dug u)) and cleared it of the moveable rocks and stones, he ploughed and planted piece after piece, ■with Indian corn and potatoes; and as soon as the natural growths were subdued, laid the .same down with herds grass ; ahvays sowing the seed in autumn ; and invariably getting clean and large crops of hay the next summer. Sometimes he .sowed the grass seed so late that it did not ger- minate until the spring ; but being duly deposited, it was ready to start with the first warmth of the .season, before the germination of the seeds of weeds ; and when the ground would be too wet to touch it with the plough. It is only thirteen years since Mr Nichols began to cultivate this l-md ; and in the present very productive year for hay, he has cut upwards of ninety tons. It is true that he has possessed an advantage within the reach of very few farmers — an ample supply of manure from stables in Salem ; in addition to thnt made on the farm by his four working oxen, a bull, a horse, and thirty-five milch cows ; all the hay and other fodder being consumed on the fawn. It is a milk farm for supplying inhabitants of Salem. The grounds having received the ma- nure with the tillage crops, it was, of course, thor- oughly incorporated ; and his purchased manure had so much clover seed mingled with it that he found it was not necessary to sov/ any with his lierds grass. His constant practice of introducing his niaimre with his tillage crops, corresponds with the ideas I have formerly suggested ; to wit, — that upland grounds in grass for mowing should never receive top dressing of dung — because a large (perhaps the greater) p.-.rt of its fertilising elements would evaporate and be lost in the air, and that such top dressings should be confined to ireist groimds — too moist to be broken up by the plough, after having been once subdued and well laid down. The general practice, however, from time im- memorial, has been to sow grass seeds in the spring, with barley, or other small grain ; and if the preceding tillage crops have brought the ground into a clean condition, the practice is known to be commonly successful ; especially with clover, a plant whose tap root penetrates to a considerable depth, and thus secures it against the effects of the harvest sun of July, upon losing the shelter of the ^rain crop. But herds grass and other fibrous rooted grass plants, with very slen- der blades, not unfrequently perish. On my farm in Pennsylvania, one year, herds grass seed was sown with oats, of which there was a gpodoiop ; and the grass had taken well ; hut upon harvest- ing the oats, the tetider grass plants, exposed to the burning sun of July, were all destroyed. The like disaster, I presume is sometimes experienced here, a degree and a half farther north. I am therefore inclined to think, that all spring grain had better be sown by itself; and that after harvest, the stubble and weeds — constituting in fact a light coat of manure, should be ploughed in, and the grass seed then introduced. This ma- nuring, I am satisfied, woidd amply compensate for the expense of the extra ploughing. It would be desirable that this operation sliould take place before the weeds growing among the stubble ripen their seeds. The ease with which the seed of herds grass is saved, and its cheapness when purchased, togeth- er with the good quality of the hay, have led to its general cultivation : but every farmer knows, that unless the ground be rich and moist, it yields no grass for a fell pasture ; while other grasses quickly throw up a second crop. There is another grass in our country wMrb in some parts of it is cultivated to great advantage. It makes good hay — eply, for a com- mon sized cow, if she ate nothing else : and at this rate, one neat ton (now taken at 2000 lbs.) would keep four cows two months : but if they gleaned half their food at pasture, the ten tons would keep eight cows in full milk, for two months — say Au- gust and September. But to have this fodder through that time, in its green and most juicy state, it should be planted at different times ; so that the latest planted should attain its proper growth by the middle of September, and continue till the frost, which is frequent at the close of that month, or the early part of October. Where the corn is intended to stand for a ripe croj) of grain, the green tops may be cut for green fodder, as soon as the fine dust (the farina) falls from the tas- sels on the silk of the ears : for every thread of that silk is attached to a grain of corn in the ear, and is the medium of impregnation. Without that dust so applied, there would be a cob and husks for the several grains, but no meal. 10. I have two or three observations to make respecting milch cows. Every farmer knows that they sometimes slink their calves ; and it is said that a miscarriage once occurring, is likely to be repeated. This has happened to a very promising heifer of my own. When near tvi'o years and a half old, well grown, (as big as cows in general, though of our native breed) — in full health, and fleshy even to fatness, she slunk her calf, which was .so young as to be destitute of hajr. Howev- er, she was regularly milked, twice a day, giving at first only half a pint at a milking : but her bag and teats gradually increased in size ; and her milk, from half a pint to two quarts at a milking. Having taken bull she continued to give four quarts of milk daily ; at the same time laying on so much additional flesh and fat that she would have made fat beef. In this healthy and active condition, at the end of six months and a half from the time she took the bull, she droi)pcd another dead calf — large for the time, and covered with hair. Being milked as usual, she continued to give about four quarts a day, for a few days, and then rapidly increased the quantity to seven quarts a day. Her pasture was good. The milk all the time was perfectly sweet — not in the least chang- ed by calving. She continued well and active, and retained her fat and flesh. I was a little con- cerned about her cleaning the discharge of the se- cundine, or after-birth — but this came away by degrees. Cases of this kind may be well known among farmers : but I have mentioned the matter for the information of some who may be as destitute of experience as myself. I take this occasion further to notice the clean- ing, or after-birth, about which I have understood that different opinions have been entertained. — Some have thought that it should he carefully re- moved, and not sufliered to lie eaten by the cow that has just dropped a calf. For myself, while hvins on my farm, I chose that my cows should be allowed to follow nalure, and cat their cleaning. It is evidently an instinct afiecting them at that particular time, as really as the instinct of the calf, as soon as it is licked dry, and can rise and walk, pronqjts it to seek for the teats of its dam. It ap- pears to knoiv that they are under her belly, but not whether they are butween the fore or the hind legs ; and accordingly it seeks for .hern some- times between the fore legs — until the experience of a day or two conducts it to the proper place. Whether the cleaning eaten by the newly calv- ed cow operates as a salutary article of food, or as a medicine, I am entirely satisfied that it slioidd be considered as a specific, exactly adapted to her condition. With these oliservations I must take leave of the Society ; recommending a perseverance in its object ; bcirig fiilly persuaded of its utility thus far ; and that by the attention of practical farm- ers, and their mutual, free communications, its usefulness may be continued and increased. Sept. 25, 1828. From the American Sentinel. GYPSUM, OR PLASTER OF PARIS. History informs us that the utility of gypsum to grass, was first discovered in Germany, by a la- borer at the gypsum quarry, who, passing across a meadow after his work, to shorten the distance home, discovered in the course of the season the luxuriance of the grass where he had travelled, and imagining that the dust of gypsum from his clothes must have been the cause, tried the ex- periment, and the result answered his expecta- titins. Some time after, a keg of it was sent to Amer- ica, to Mr .Tacob Barge, of Philadelphia, and soon come into use, in that part of Pennsylvania ; where thcj' value it very highly, and even sup- pose the hay produced by it, is better. It is said, however, that gypsum will not pro- mote vegetation much, near the ocean, or in any place where it can be decompounded with sea salt — which I fully believe, having been informed of the fact by a number of gentlemen from diftcr- ent States. How fur from the sea the air will prevent the fertilizing ctfects of it, I have never haard stated, but can say that it is very servicea- ble on my farm, which is about 17 miles from Long Island Sound, on a straight line. I will mention some of my experience of its utility. In May, 1796, I sowed some gypsum which was imported from France, on grass land of different kinds, viz. on loamy, sandy, gravel, and wet clay soil. Its eAects were very visible in every case, except the last mentioned, where it did but little good. I also applied it on Indian corn, wheat, rye, barley, oats, flax, jiotatocs, &c. Where the gypsum was put on the corn, five rows were left without it, which collectively did not produce more than one row on either side ; owing very mi'.ch to the grub having left the corn where the gypsum had been applied, and destroy- ed the other. Where the gypsum was put on the flax, the diflerence was manifest, for it was some inches higher than the'other ; and there was a plain dilTercncc in the potatoes. The wheat, rye, barley, and oats, did not ap- pear to be much benefited, although the grass was visibly better for some years after the crops were taken off. The utility of gypsum appearing so manifest, induced me to use it freely, and as soon as con- venient, I i)rocured ten tons from Nova Scotia, and sowed about eight of it in May and June follow- ing, at the rate of about three bushels per acre ; and have used some every j'ear since, but gener- ally use now about two bushels on an acre, for grassland, anl about one bushel on corn, where it is applied to the hills. I have not generally sowi\ the same land with it more than once in six or eight years, neither do 1 think it necessary to sow it annually, as some do ; for its efft3Cts are fre- quently visible five or six years. The plaster from Nova Scotia is not all equally good, neither do I think any of it equal to that which is imported ; but it is obtained cheaper, and therefore I gener- ally use it. The color is no certain criterion to judge of its quality, but it often has streaks of sand in it, which are worthless, anij frequently the top of the rock is oflered for sale, but it is worth but little. One method of trying its quality, is to put a quantity (pulverised) into a dry pot over the fire, and if it boils like hasty pudding, it is good ; if the ebullition is small, it is but indifferent; and if it remains an inert mass, it is worthless. I like to have it ground fine, in fair weather, and used soon after grinding, lest it become lumpj', and need mashing with a hoe, or running through the niill again. It is best to sow it in still weather, that it may not blow away. I have sown it in all seasons except winter, merely for experiment, and have found it useful, but have sown it jirincipally in May and June. On pasture land it may be sown at any time when convenient : but on mow- ing land it may bo ps well to sow it directly after the hay is off', if the time can be spared to do it ; for it serves to collect moisture, and keeps the land from being parched by the intense heat of the sun, which is frequently the case at that season of the year. It does the most good in dry seasons, and on land which has recently been laid down, with clover, and herds gi;ass ; but if intend- ed for mowing, it ought not to be sown the first year, lest the clover lodge down ; the second year the herds grass will grow more abundantly and support it. It is well to sow it on mowing land even if it is old sward, although its effects may not be very visible till one or two years after sowing, neither will it make poor land produce luxmiantly ; and it is well to use a little dung even where jjlaster has been used ; but I think manure is worth two or three times as much when plouglied in shal- low, as when sjiread on the surface, unless it be fine, and spread just before a rain, in the season of vegetation. Plaster is rather the best when used as a top dressing. On Indian corn it is bestto ajjply the plaster immediately after the first hoe- ing, but it ought to be mixed also with the seed before it is planted, after having wet it in tar wa- ter, which may be made by warnfuig the water and stirring in a little tar, at the rate of about half a gill to six or eight quarts, then put in the corn, and stir it that the tar may adhere to each kernel ; then mix it with plaster in a dry vessel, as you plant it. The tar is used to prevent the birds and insects from destroying the corn, and to cause a sufficient quantity of plaster to adhere to the ker- nels without sticking them together. It is also useful to mix plaster with all kinds of grain, before it is sown. My method has been to take a cask of water, unless a spring or a brook is near, with two tubs and tight basket into the field ; put some grain into the basket, and set it into a tub of water, and after it has soaked a little lime, raise the basket, and pvit a stick or two across the tub under the basket, and it will soon drain ; tlicn mix it in the dry tub, with a sufficient quantity of I plaster to make it sow well — perhaps 6 or 8 qts j to a bushel of grain. Clover seed, if clean frotn the hull, should by all 406 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 10,1829. means be managed as above mentioned, if sown on tlie surface williont covering. Mucb, more migbt bo added if time wonld al- low it, but enough may have already been said to weary the patience of many of your readers who bave seen it used with success for 25 or 30 years, and dare not venture to tr} it. A FARMER. The High Cranhernj. — Few people seem to be aware that this shrub, or small tree, which grows plentifully in the marshes and swamps around us, yielding rich clusters of verj- handsome fruit, a delicious tart, may be cultivated with ease and success in our gardens and shrubberies. Without knowing that the attein|)t had ever been made, I tried last spring, with some half a dozen shrubs, from Saratoga county, all of which bore the trans- plantiug very well, for they lived, grew as vigor- ously as most vegetables do the first year, and some of them bore fine bunches of fruit. The twigs taken off, put out as cuttings, also took, which shows with what great facility we may .«tock our gardens with cranberries. — Rochester Jldvertiser. JVEW ENGLAND FARMER. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JULY 10, 1829. DISEASED PEAR TREES. Extract of a letter from a gentleman in Northampton. Mass. to the Editor of the New England Farmer, dated June 25, I8'2ij. " My pear trees are most severely attacked this season with the blight, or what I call vegetable gangrene, also with the honey dew. I saw in an English publication " a cure for the American blight on pear trees," viz. " lime water and spirits of turpentine." No directions as to proportions, time, or manner of ai)plying it. I am trying a va- riety of e-\[)erinients, but am almost discouraged. The blight is no respecter of soil, aspect, age, vig- or, or kind of fruit. It has attacked the Seckle, Brou'ii Bturre, Early Cathnririe, Messire Jean, Ji'in- tcr and Summer Chaumontelle, Petit Muscat, Bart- lett, Hardenpont de Printems, Beurre Knox, Green Satin, German Muscat, S{C. The last and the Chaumontelle, most fatally. Early this month they were perfectly sound and in vigorous growth, both well set with fruit — they were about from 15 to 20 feet high, and not a defective spot on them. In two days they were wilted, and almost charred, ten feet down from the top. The fruit that was perfectly plump and sound, was in forty- eight hours shrivelled up hke a dried apple. — One I headed down to the sound ))arts, and en- grafted with the Bartlett scions." Remarks by the Editor. — " Blight," says Loudon, " is a common tertn for injuries received by the vegetable kingdom when in a state of growth, which cannot be referred to any obvious or cer- tain cause, and coming suddenly is said to give them the appearance of being blighted, or blast- ed." Indeed the term blight, applied to vegeta- bles, scarcely gives us a more definite idea of any specific disease than the term death when aj)- plied to animals. The i)ear trees of the respect- able cultivator, who favored us with the above, are probaldy blighted by a disease similar to that described by his Excellency Gov. Lincoln, in a communication for the N. E. Fartner, published vol. v. p. 1. In this Gov. Lincoln observed as follows, " I send you two small branches [of pear trees] which forty-eight hours since, were green and vegetating, now dry and shrivelled as from a year's decay. The disease, so far as I have had opportunity to notice it, appears in the sud- den discoloration of the leaf, which becomes sometimes uniformly brown, like the effect of the winter's frost, and in other instances, black in spots, or parts, having the ajjpearance of being stained with ink, or some dark liquid — and the decay of the limb is rapidly downward to the trunk." The subject was much discussed in that and subsequent Nos. of the New England Farmer. — By some the disorder was attributed to an insect, called Scolytus Pyri ; by others to too much ma- nure ; others called the disease_^?-c blight, and at- tributed it to a stroke of the sun, Sfc. fyc. The only remedy, which, so far as we know, has been dis- covered for this complaint is to cut away the dis- eased parts of the tree at some distance below any appearance of disease as speedily as possible, and make use of some of the ustial applications, such as grafting cement, Forsyth's composition, &c. to heal the wounds, where the branches are cut away. Uniformity in the jYames of Fruits. — At a meet- ing of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, June 20, John Lowell, Samui-.l G. Perkins, and Samuel Downer, were chosen a Committee to facilitate an interchange of fruits, the ensuing au- tumn, with the Philadelphia, New York, and Al- bany Horticultural Societies, and others, for the purpose of establishing their synonymes. There is no greater obstacle to the cultivation of fruits, than the great confusion in their names that now prevails. It is no uncommon occurrence for a person in ordering trees from difTcrcnt nurseries, either in Europe, or the United States, to find, after waiting for his trees to come into bearing, that he has the same fruit under three or four dif- ferent names, or to receive some kind of which he already has a sufficient number. The different Horticultural Societies in Fliuiders, London, and Paris, are attemiiling to remedy this evil, and have already accomplished much, although their ficili- ties for the interchange of fruits are not so great as are possessed in the United States. Specimens of fruit can be sent to the Society's Hall, No. 52 North Market Street, care of J. B. Russell. MANUFACTURING SILK. The subscriber having invented a very useful and simple machine for reeling and spooling silk, is desirous of introducing the same into general use, and has deposited one of the machines for in- spection at the Hall of the Horticultural Society,52 North Market street, Boston ; where persons who are desirous of engaging in the manufacturing of silk, are respectfully invited to call and examine the machine. All necessary iiitbrniation for the use of the apparatus will be given on ajqjlii'ation at the Agricultural Warehouse, or to tlie invent- er, at her residence in Lexington, near Monroe's Tavern. Persons wishing for instruction in the art of spinning, which is considered as a separate branch from that of spooling and reeling the raw silk, may be fully instructed in this very uscfiil branch of industry in the course of a week or ten days, on application to the subscriber as above. FRANCES JONES. SINCLAIR BEET. BIr J. B. Russell. — A few weeks past I re- ceived at one of the meetings of the Hortictiltu- ral Society, a paper of the Sinclair beet seed, which 1 understood was recommendetl as a sti perior s^orf: beet, therefore imagining it was valuable .as yield- ing a large crop for animals. Within a few dajs I have conversed with two ex[)cri('nced English gardeners, neither of them more than two years from England ; one of whom is confident that the Sinclair beet produces a vei-y small root, and is only of use for the stalk or stem part of the leaf, which by being planted jiretty thick, is very white and delicate, being boiled for the table. The J3ther gives the same description of a beet as being introduced from France, but did not hear it called Sin- clair. 1 merely give this hint, that those persons who are cultivating it, and expecting it as a root crop, may be on their guard, lest they may be disap- pointed. Yours, &c. A SUBSCRIBER. From the Transactions of the Horticultural Society. On a method of growing Asparagus in single roios, as practised by BIr Walter Dickson, of Redbraes,near Edinbugh. By Mr Andrew Dick- son, F. H. S. of Edinburgh. (From a letter to the Secretary.) Sir — Mr Dickson's method of growing aspara- gus in single rows, of which you have requested an account, is so simple, that little explanation will be required. It occurred to him that jdanting as- paragus in single rows, particularly in the soil of his garden, (which is a light black earth upon a subsoil of sand,) might answer much better than in beds, as it would enable him to introduce ma- nure to the roots, by pointing it in between the rows with the spade. He had observed that the usual mode of dressing asparagus beds by a cov- ering of dung in winter on the surface, was apt to produce canker, and that consequentlj- many of the plants in the beds came up sickly and weak in the spring, and ultimately decayed during the summer. The first plaiitation he made in single rows was ih our Leith Walk Nursery, upwards of twenty-five years ago, and this yet retains its vig- or and produces fine heads. This, I think you did not see when you were at Edinburgh, other- wise you would have noticed he hail err'ed in not giving sufficient room between the rows, which are only two and a half feet a])art. The planta- tions he has since either made himself, or recom- mended to others to make, have been at three and a half feet distance row from row. The plants are planted at nine inches apart in the rows ; the ground has no farther preparation previously to planting, than being dug or trenched to its full depth, and well manured with rotten cow duug. The young plantation you saw at Kcdbraes, has only been made two years, and was so strong as to admit of being partially cut the second year. — Mr Dickson prefers planting in July to spring, and the seedlings of the preceding season. I venture to give it as my opinion, that the produce from two single row's, planted in the way described, will both in quantity and quality, (but jjarticularly the last,) be found superior to three rows of equal length, planted in beds in the usual way ; the fa- cility with which the heads are cut arc likewise in favor of the row system. I may tiuther add that in our northern climate it is of moment that the plants should have all possible benefit of the Vol. VII.— No. 51. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 407 sun's rays, thiit the roots may be well ripened and prepared to elioot vigorously in the spi-ing : and I need not point out to you tliat this will be better obtained by the plants growing in distant rows, than wiieii ihwy are crowded in beds in the usual way. I ain, sir, Your very humble servant, ANDREW DICKSON. Hemp. — Mr Stephen Boyington, of Hinesburgh, iu this county, planted last season one quart of hemp seed, after the fashion of planting broom corn, on less than one-fourth of an acre of land. The crop produced twenty bushels of good clean hemp seed. One stalk at a fair distance fi-om the ground, measured seven inches in circumference, and ten feet in length. — JVorthtrn Sent. Recipe for the cure of an incipient cancer. — Take half a pound of Pipsisawa, by some called winter green ; it resembles the chickaherry leaf except being notched on the edge — add one pound of the oil of olives, and simmer them together in an earthen vessel well glazed, till the leaves are crispy, then strain it oft', and keep for use. With this anoint the part affected three times a day ; also make a decoction of the same herb, of which let the patient drink a tea cup full morning and evening. N. B. Drink no strong liquor while using the above. The foregoing article was communicated for publication by a respectable physician. — Brattle- borough Reporter. Spots on the Sun. — In looking through a teles- cope yesterday, we noticed at least a dozen opaque spots on the Sun's disc. They are gener- ally small and a good deal scattered. It is a cu- rious question, and one which is not fully decided, whether or not these spots have any connexion with the coolness of the season. In some of the coolest sunnners since the commencement of the present century, similar spots have been observed in considerable numbers, and son:e of them very large. — JV. 1'. Jour, of Com. Hoto to maJce excellent Beer. — Take 20 drops each of Oil of Spruce, Sassafras, and Wintergreen — mix these thoroughly with l.i pints molasses — then add 3 quarts hot water — stir them well to- gether— after which add i pint of yeast, and 2 gallons of cold water. Shake the whole together, and let it stand 12 hours — then bottle it, and in three days it will be fit for use. The above recipe is highly approved by many families in this vicinity, and deserves to be more extensively known. — Hump. Gaz. Punishment of Immodesty. — A Chinese Judge in passing through a narrow street, saw a poor woman with her breast exposed, suckling a child, at the door. For this want of modesty he order- ed her immediately 30 slaps on the face ; and her husband 40 blows for not having taught his wife better manners ! Such are the doings even of good men under a despotism. The charier of the East India Company will expire in 1834. The renewal of these charters is likely to give rise to much discussion in Eng- land. One gentleman near Petersburg, Va. has 100, 000 silk wouns prepared to spin. A Mr Cobb, from Cuminington, recently sold in this place a few bushels of fine russet apples, which he had [)rcserved in dry sand, at $1,62 per bushel. This may be a useful hint to farmers. — Hamp. Gaz. Two tea spoonfuls of mustard mi,\ed with warm water operates as an emetic. John Mix, of Waterbury, Con. has invented a machine for weaving meal bags entire, without a seam. The inventor states that he can weave bags of any kind, or even twilled bed ticks, upon the same principle. The Indiana Whig mentions a pleasant slaugh- ter recently made among the serpents in that neighborhood. About 420 rattlesnakes were massacred iu three or four attacks. Millet Seed. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New England Farmer, No. 5- Norlti Market street. 50 bushels of Millet Seed, — clean, and of superior quality. Also, a vci-y extensive variety of Ornamental Flower Seeds, in papers of G cts each, or 100 varieties^ one paper each, for .4'.i,'IO. .^ To Correspondents. — We refer our corres- pondent "Taunton" to the 5th volume of the New England Farmer, pages 179, and 204. Sev- eral interesting communications are on file. Greenwich Flower Garden. The subscriber has lately leceived Iris annual importations of Garden Seeds, Bulbous Flower Roots, &c, in excellent preservation, of the growth of 1S2S, from the well known houses of Messrs Warner, Seaman & Warner, and Mr Charlewood, London, and Mr Van Eeden & Co., Harlaira, Holland, who have guaranteed them p;ood and genuine, and no doubt will give the farmer, borticulluralist and florist, the same general satis- faction that former importations have done. Also on hand, a choice collection of greenhouse and hardy herbaceous plants, (many of which are very rare ;) rose bushes and other shrubs, in great variety, fruit trees, white mulberry, &c. Plants of artichoke, asparagus, sea kale, early frame potatoes, mushroom spawn, &c, with direclloDS for cultivation. The Hyacinthus, Crocus, Nar- cissus, &.C, are in bloom, and will continue in succession a great part of the year. Catalogues may be had at the garden. Orders left at the garden, the post office, or with Mr Molyneaux, corner of Broadway and Ann street, will be strictly attended to. Gendemen supplied with expe- rienced Gardeners. DANIEL KENNEY, Carmine and Varick streets. New Yoik. OCt" The nearest route to the Garden, Greenhouses, and Seed Store, is from Broadway, by St Thomas's Church, along Houston street, or along Canal and Varick streets. eopSw ROM.'VN— This elegant, full blondi'd horse, a Ijriyht bay, with black legs, mane, and tail, of high spirit and good tem- per, will stand at the farmof ]\lr Sieplien Williams, in North- borough, Bis, at S'20 tlie season, to l)e paid belore the mares are taken away. — See New England Farmer, May 15. Far»i for sale in Mdlon, of about 200 acres, remarkably well watered, with evci-y variety of lands and fruits, goi,d substan- tial buildings, and a large portion of valuable woodland. — Also, (or sale, or to let, opposite tothe above named premises, alarge dwelling house, wiiti a good bake house, very pleasantly situ- ated.— For further particulars, see the New Knglaud Farmer for May 15, or inquire of the publisher, or P. H. Pierce, 95 Slate St, or N. Tuclier, on the premises. May 2a, 1829. if _^__ Imported Horses. Barefoot, and Cleveland, the two English horses, will stand for the season at their stable in Brighton. Barefoot at $25, and Cleveland al glO, with 5' '^^t- the groom. a24 Heifers, Calves, Sheep, ^-c. For sale, two full blood Alderney Heifers, three years old this spring, with call by a full blood bull of the Short Horn breed; one Alderney Heifer calf, six months old, weaned, and turned to grass; two full blood heifor calves of the Short Horn breed, two months old, now at grass feed ; four of the Long Wc 4 Ewes, imported from the Netherlantls; a buck iamb from one of the ewes, and a Devonshire Buck, a very fine animal, and i four full blood .Saxony Bucks. For terms apply at this office. June 17, 1829. English Scythes. James Cam's double prime grass scythes, wide and narrow, a superior article, for sale at the Hardware Store of S. FES- SENDEN, No. 80 Slate Street. 8l June 19 Buckwheat, Sfc. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New Eng land Farmer, No. 52 North Market Street, A few bushels of^ Buckwheat, growth of 1828. Also, a fur- ther supply of Fowl Meadow Grass Seed, of superior qualit3*. JVeiD China Tea Sets, and light bine Dinner JVare. Received, a great variety of the above ; which, with a com- plete assortment of Crockery, China, and Glass Ware, are of- fered for sale, low, at No. 4 Dock Square. Turnip Seed. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market street, 200 lbs tine While Flat English Turnip Seed, growth of 1829 — also, several other approved varietiesfrom Scotland, and London, among which the Early Dutch, Yellow Stone, and Yellow Malta, have proved of very superior quality for the table,— and the Yellow Aberdeen, (or Bullock,) and the Large Norfolk Field Turnip for cattle. Gardener wants a Situatioii. A gardener, who has a complete knowledge of his business, and can produce recommendations from the Botanic Commit- tee of the Dublin Royal Society, (^having been employed in their Botanic Garden for two years,) and from many gentlemen iu the vicinity of Dublin, wishes to procure a situation in this country. Inquire at the New England Farmer office. 3t PRICES OF COUjYTRY PRODUCE. FROM TO APPLES, best. barrel. ASHES, pot, first sort, Poarl, first sort, . . - ton. 125 00 130 00 11 123 00 loO 00 BEANS, white, bushel. 90 1 00 BEEF, mess. barrel. 10 50 11 (JO Cargo, No. I, 11 9 50 10 00 Cargo, No. 2, It 8 00 8 50 BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, pound. 14 16 CHEESE, new inilk. " 7 9 Skimmed milk. 11 3 FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, - barrel. 6 37 8 50 Genesee, — - - a C 37 G 50 liye, best, - . - - It 3 00 325 GRAIN, Corn, - . . . bushel. 3(i 58 Rve, (( 73 75 Barley, it 67 Oats, .... tt 38 40 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, pound. •J LIME, cask. 85 90 PLAISTER PARIS retails al ton. 360 PORK, clear, barrel. 17 50 18 00 Navv, mess. tt 13 00 13 50 Cargo, No. 1, tt 13 00 13 50 SEEDS, H.id's Grass, - bushel. 2 to Orchard Grass, " 3 OO Fowl Meadow, - " 3 00 Rye Grass, tt 400 Tall Meadow Oats Grass, - tt 2 50 Red Top .... tt r>2 1 OO Lucerne, . . - - pound. 38 50 White Hone)'Suckle Clover, " 33 50 Red Clover, (northern) " 7 8 French Sugar Beet, - (/ 1 50 WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - tt 27 35 Merino, full blood, unwashed, tt 18 22 ftlerino, three fourths washed, tt 25 30 Merino, half blood, It 22 25 Merino, quarter washed, tt 20 22 Native, washed, - . . tt 18 20 Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, - tt .33 37 Pulled, Lamb's, second sort, It 22 25 Pulled, *' spinning, first sort, tt 27 30 PKOVXSION MARKET. CORRECTED EVEKV WEEK BV MR. HJYWARD, {Cierk of FaiKiiil-kail ilarkel.) BEEF, best pieces, .... pound. 10 12 1-2 PORK, fresh, best pieces, . ■' 7 10 whole hogs, - - " 5 7 VEAL, .... . " 6 12 MUTTON. " 4 12 I'OULTRY, " . 10 16 BUTTER, keg and tub, ..." !0 15 Lump, best, . - " 1-1 18 EGGS, dozen. 11 13 MEAL, Rye, retail, - - - . bushel. 100 Indian, retail, ... .< 70 POTATOS, .-..<< 50 CIDER, [according to quality,] - barrel. 2 00 2 50 40$ NEW ENGLAND FARMER. July 10, 1829. MISCELLANIES. Tlie following beautiful Hymn, written by the Rev. Blr Pi ER- 1 PONT, of Boston, was sung on the 4th inst. at the public exer- cises of the American Colonization Society, whose object is llie Abolition of African Slavery. With thy pure dews and rain3. Wash out, O God, the stains From Afric's shore 5 And, while her palm trees bud, Let not her children's blood With her broad Niger's liood Be mingled moie ! Quench, righteous God, the thirst I'hat Congo's sons hath cursed — The thirst for gold ! Shall not thy thunders speak Where Mammon's altars reek, Where maids and matrons shriek, Bound, bleeding, sold! Hear'st thou, O God, those chains, Clanking ou Freedom's plains, By Christians wrought ! Them, who those chains have worn, Christians from home have toru, Christians have hither borne, Christians have bought ! Cast down, great God, the fanes That, to unhallowed gains. Round us have risen — Temples, whose priesthood pore Moses and Jesus o'er, Then bolt the black man's door, The poor man's prison ! Wilt thou not, Lord, at last, From thine own image, casi Away all cords, But that of love, which brings Man, from his wanderings, Back to the King of kings, The Lord of lords! Economy. — The acquisition of wealth ap[)ears to be the prevaihng desire amongst men, and the pursuit is laudable if it has justice for its founda- tion. Blackstona says a property founded oil in- justice cannot be of long duration. There is no honest way of acquiring wealth bnt by industry and economy. All know how to be industrious, but it requires information and experience to un- derstand well the practice of economy, which is the operation of knowledge in regulating business according to time and circumstances. Whoever makes use of all his time according to the best of his abilities, is fulfilling the puqiose of his creation, and doing all that virtue requires of him. A farm- er should arrange everything throughout his fami- ly and farm, according to justice and equity ; ev- ery one should have their allotted portion of the business to do, in order and regularity. When justice is known to be the basis on which the whole business of a farm is conducted, each one will do his duty with cheerfulness and expedi- From the Baltimore Weekly Magazine. BAKED BEANS. Oh ! how my heart sighs for ray own native land. Where potatoes, and squashes, and cucumbers grow 5 Where cheer and good welcom* are always at hand. And custards, and pumpkin pies smoke in a row; Where pudding the visage of hunger serenes, And, what is far better, ihepol of baked beans. Lei Maryltind boast of her dainties profuse. Her large water-melons and canteleupes fine. Her turtles, and oysters, and terrapin slews. And soft crabs high zested with brandy and wine ; \h ! neither my heart from my native land weans, *Vbere smokes ou the table the ■pot of baked beaiis. The pot of baked beans ! with what pleasure I view it. Well season'd, well pork'd, by some rosy-faced dame J And when from the glowing hot oven she drew it, Well crisp'd, and well brown'd to the table it came. O give mc my country, the land of my teens. Of the plump Indian pudding and pot of baked beans. The pot of baked beans ! ah! the muse ic too frail, lis taste to descant or its virlices to tell ; But look at the sons of New England so hale. And her daughters so rosy — 't will teach thee full well; Like me it will teach thee to sigh for the means Of health and of rapture— the pot of baked beans. A YANKEE. tion ; for justice, like salt, preserves everything about it. The ladies of this great republic are respectfully solicited to use their influence in pro- moting industry, frugality, and economy, in their domestic vocations — their example and advice have great influence in society — the fashions, cus- toms, and manners of a country are very much at their control — it generally falls to their lot to have the care of children, and to train them up to vir- tuous industry, and teach them the rudiments of knowledge, and duties of great weight and impor- tance in society. Early rising, temperance in eating, drinking, conversation and labor, are all necessary requisites towards completing an economical life. Early rising produces fine spirits, encourages industry, and gives many a leisure hour for mt^ntal inijtrove- ment, which is of more value than any other ac- quisition. Temperance should be observed as the indispensable criterion in all our actions ; it pro- motes health of body, sanity of mind, and long life — it shields us from many loathsome tempta- tions, in which gluttony, drunkenness, and other excesses, inevitably involve us. The faculty of speech is a divine power confer- red on man, which enables him to pursue a pro- gressive improvement of the mind towards perfec- tion ; of course, language should be cultivated and preserved in purity. Moderate labor strengthens the constitution, regulates the circulation of the blood, and pro- motes a proper tone in the system — excessive la- bor debilitates the system and shortens life. By following the rules of economy, a young man in any circumstance in life, may find time and means to acquire knowledge and improve his understanding. Every hour when past is gone forever, and all the gold of earth cannot redeem it ; if well spent, it stands in our favor ; but if ill spent, it stands against us ; and whatever the un- derstanding impresses on the memory, must re- main there as long as the mind continues to exist. Our good actions are always commending and en- couraging us. This shows the necessity of mak- ing use of all the vacant time in the acquisition of useful knowledge. Early acquirements are of great importance. Ten minutes well spent, at fif-, teen years old, are worth more than a whole day would be at seventy. Little do young peopi/) know tlie value of the golden hours of youtli, or they would be more cautious how they throw them away ; for bad habits are easily acquired ; but nothing in nature is more diiBcult than to forsake them. All our well spent hours shine like dia- monds in our lives, and the mind looks back on them with divine pleasure. A plough boy by a judicious employment of time, might make the tail of his plough the school of wisdom ; and a colle- gian, by an injudicious employment of time, might tnake his college a school of vice and mental de- basement. It matters not what our occupation is, » if we make the proper use of time ; for industry, judiciously appUed, is the philosopher's stone, so ardently sought after by ancient sages in vain. — The farmer, of all men, has the fairest opportuni- ty of acquiring knowledge in its original purity — ■ his business calls liim through fielils, woods, and vales, and gives him acquaintance with the nature of things. There he can read the unveiled truth, written in the book of creation, by the hand of God, without an interpreter, and no one will have the hardihood to tell him it is not true ; because it is composed of self-evident facts, containing the princijdes of all the sciences, and the duties of life. A ploughman wishing to become acquaint- ed with any particular branch of knowledge, may cany a book in his pocket, containing a theory of what he would wish to learn, and read a few sen- tences occasionally to speculate on, while he is following his plough, without interrupting th« business of the day. This method of acquiring knowledge can be put in practice by the inhab- itants of cities, as well as those of the country : but not with equal success, — for want of a rural scenery they would fail, particularly in the art of poetry. There have been but few good poets without being acquainted with a country Ufe. — Phil. Eve. Post. Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This day received^at the New England Karmer Seed Store, 53 North Market street, 20 bushels of Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed, at ^2,60 per bushel. Also, White Mulberry Seed, 50 cts per ounce, Lucerne, or French Clover, White and Red Clover, Sanfoin, Tim- othy, Orchaid Grass, Oat Grass, Herds Grass, &c. Jlg-ricultural Books. The third edition o{ Fessenden's A'eiv .Mmerican Gar- dener ; this work has been pronounced by the most ju- dicious horticulturists in New England and the middle states, to be the best treatise on Fruit Trees, Vegetables, Grape Vines, &c., to be found in this country — price f 1,'25. The Vine Dresser's Theoretical and Practical Manual, on the Culture of the Vine ; and Making Wine, Brandy, and Vinegar. By Thiebaut de Berneaud. .. The Young Gardener's Assistant, containing Directions for the cultivation of Culinary Vegetables, and Ornament- al Flowers. By T. Bridgeman, gardener. New York- price 37 1-2 cts. A practical Treatise on the Management of Bees; and the Management of Apiaries, with the best method of des- troying and preventing the depredations of the Bee Moth. By James Thacher, M. D. — price 75 cts. Also, one copy of each of the following rare works: — Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gar- dening : with the theory of Draining Morasses, and with an improved construction of the drill plough. By Dr Dar- win, (Dublin edition, price three dollars and fifty cts.) Darwin's Botanic Garden — (price three dollars, a fine, correct copy. Powder at 2s per lb. DUPONT'S POWDER, quality wananted, for sale at Copeland's Amviunilion Store, 65 Broad st, at retail. Also, SHOT, CAPS, &:c. of the best quality— cheap for cash. If Puhlisliod every Friday, at gS per annum, payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within si.\ty days from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a deducliou of iifiy cents. Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B. Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse No. .K North Market Street. [Jj= No paper will be sent lo a distance without paymenl be- ing made in advance. NEW E^^GtAN© FARMER. Published hy John B. Russeu., at Ao7^2 Morlh Market Street, (at the Agricultural Warehouse).— Thomas G. Fessenden, EdUw. VOL. YII. BOSTON, FRIDAY, JULY 17, 1829. No. 52. AGRICULTURE. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. . HORSE RADISH FOR PRESERVING MILK. Mr Fessenoen — In the New Englaml Farm- er of the 12th of June, 1829, you have extracted from the American Farmer " A method of pre- venting milk from becoming soin-." Will you in- form your readers what the wild horse radisli is — in what it differs fj sm the cultivated — how it is known — where it can he obtained, and whether it is tlie juice expressed from the leaves, or the root which is to bo used ? as all this information is necessary to enable the imlearned to try the ex- periment. AN OUSERVER. Remarks by the Editor — Tlie article alluded to is as follows: Method of preventing milk from turning sour. — Put a spoonful of wild horse rad- ish into a dish of milk ; the milk may then be pre- served sweet, either in the open air, or in a cellar,, for several day.«, while such as has not been so guarded will become sour. — Jim. Farmer. We know nothing hy experiment relative to this prescription ; but know that substances which are pungent, or acrid are useful in preventing fu- trefaction, and of course will prevent or retard the acetous {or som-) fermentation, which ,is the first step in the process of putrescence. We know of but one species Of horse radish, and this is called by botanists Cochlearia Armoracia, and is too well known to need description. The garden radish (raphanus) and its varieties are entirely different from the horse radish. We cannot say by what process the horse radish is prepared for infusion with the milk, which it is wished to preserve, hut presume that the best method would be scraping the root in shreds, as we would for eating it as a condiment with roast beef We know nothing of the quantity requisite, but if it will answer a use- ful purpose, we suppose it will not be necessary to use enough to make any very perceptible dif- ference in the taste of the milk. An experiment or two would test the value of this article for the purpose proposed. An English writer says that " an infusion of horse radish in cold milk makes one of the best and safest cosmetics ;" but we have never known it used for that purpose, and pre- sume that American ladies need no beautifying lo- I tions of that or any other description, to add by i art to charms which nature has bestowed. I is termed a middle sized pear. All that can be '; expected, is to choose one that resembles the | ^greatest number, one equally exposed to sun and | isliade. The Capiaumont pear is highly esteemed in Europe, and has thus far proved good in this climate. It bids fair to he among our best fruits. By giving the outlines and general appearance of the different varieties, you will afford many of yo\ir readers the opportunity to judge of thetn, as very few jiossess these valuable books to examine as they would desire. A SUBSCRIBER. Dcrchtsler, July 14, 1829. . From llie Pomological Magazine- FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. Mr Editoh — I have lately looked over the London Pomological Magazine, and examined the drawings of the new fruits, particularly the new varieties of pears, apples, and plums, which wil' soon be introduced in our gardens and nurseries These we must eventually depend upon for oui stock fruit, to supply the place of the St Michael I St Germain, and others that are rapidly disap- pearing. I make a request of you, which will, I trust, be acceptable to many of your readers ; to publish in your paper a description of these new and fine varieties, with a figure of the same, to give a correct idea of their usual size. In des- cribing fruits it is often difficult to decide what THE CAPIAUMONT PEAR. Capiaumont. Hort. Trans, vol. v. p. 406. Beurr^ de Capiaumont. Hort.Soc. Fruit Cat. p. 159. This is one of the best of the varieties raised in Flanders during the period when so large an accession was made to the lists of cultivated fruits in that country. It is recorded to have owed its origin to a M. Capiaumont, of Blons. The first specimens which were seen in this country, came to the Horticultural Society in 1820, from M. Parmentier, of Enghien, and M. Dumortier-Rut- teau, of Toiirnay. They excited much admiration at the time, and measures were immediately taken to secure the variety for this country. Unfortu- nately, however, the cuttings which were sent over were so much mixed, or so carelessly labelled, that a very small proportion of them proved to be of the true kind. In their room were received the Bem-re Ranee, the ColmarJaminette, and even the Napoleon. The true kind has alw.s. Stipules linear, about the length of the jietiole. . Fruit middle-sized, turbinate, regularly taperiu" into the stalk. Eye not at all sunken, but level with the surface of the extremity. Skin a fine clear cinnamon, fading into yellow in the shade, and acquiring a rich bright red in the sun. Flesh yellowish, melting, buttery, very rich and high flavored. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. FRENCH PLANTS. BIr Fessenden — In cotnpliance with a notice in your last paper, I send the follqwing as the re- sults of some purchases made from Messrs Felix, Freres & Co. last spring. The first colunni con- tains the names of the plants from their catalogue ; the second what they have turned out. 1" J}" ''■C" '■'''' '*'™^ ^"'''- I O'"' common Damask. -• 1 lie Panadice, or Sircaked Rose. (io J. Id. (be VioleUe Moss Rose. do f- ™!"^ "''■'"' "■ Om- common White. 5-i,r?.«""»^ •' Not flowered. n i'L*-' ,.'"'; "■'"■•■"" " Common Blush. /. 1 he bicolored -iouW'* rowed Rose. NoiQowered. S. The Jwffe yellow while bol- itmed Hosfi. Common Damask. greville rose. From a i)aragraph in the New York Post, it would seem that this rose, of which we have had such a wonderful account in the catalogues of some New York Nurserymen, and other publica- tions, has " fully realized the expectations of ama- teurs." Three plants have flowered in this vicinity, and, it is true, presented some slight shades of difference in the tints, but hy no means so many as the common Multiflora, arising, it is probable merely from different exposures to the sun, a very common circumstance, we believe, in all roses — The flowers were in small clusters, the greatest number on any plant being seventeen (not "above a hundred," as happened in New York.) The Greville rose was propagated during the last season m great numbers, but every cultivator in this vicunty has come lo the conclusion that it is not worth the trouble. It has not proved any way superior to the common wild rose that adorns our hedges and road sides, and is surpas.sed hv the Sweet Briar. Brookliwe, July 10, 1829. FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. NATIVE GRAPE. Mr FESSENDEN—When in Boston a few weeks since, a number of our horticultural friends were desn-ous of knowing whether we had any native fruits with us which were truly valuable. Feel- ing anxious, if in my power, to aid their laudable 410 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 17, 1829. exertions in searching out and propagating all the | native fruits of real worth. I recollected a native grape which with us is considered well worthy extensive cultivation, of which 1 promised to give them some definite information. Since my return I have seen the owner of the original vine in our county (Mr B. U- Buck, of Weathersfield) who gave me the following notice of it. The original vine was found on a small creek in the interior of Pennsylvania; was dis- covered and cultivated by the Germans who in- habited that i>art of the country, and who valueil it very highly. Mr Buck has been in possession of his vine about ten years, lie jjrocured it from Albany, of the person who brought it from Penn- sylvania. The fruit is ))urple, close set, cluster not very large, form nearer round than oval, pulp about the same as the Isabella, never sheds its fruit, and is in eating from eight to ten weeks, a constant and great bearer ; it has been judged to have had upon it at a single time fifteen bushels. It has never been trimmed, and is now in very fine order, heavily laden with fruit. He calls il the " Columbian," we the " Buck Grape." I hope it will be acknowledged worthy of one name by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, after test- ing the sample which I shall endeavor to forward them when in season. If they have not now the same kind, I will forward to their Hall a quantity of roots or slips, should it be their wish. With sentiments of respect, I remain, yours. E. W. BULL. Hartford, Con., July G, 1829. FOR THE NEW KNGLAND FAKMEK. FINE STOCK. Mr Fessenden — Observing in your 49th nimi- ber of the N. E. Farmer, nn account of a remaik- able cow and calf belonging to Mr Sticknet, of Rowley, I take the liberty of forwarding you the following statement of facts (which are also susceptible of proof) relative to a cow and calf be- longing to my brother-in-law, Mr Edwakd H.4R- KIS. The cow is believed to be of common breed, red color, of large size, well proportioned, horns rather long and standing more upward than com- mon ; her udder extending forward, and more up between the legs than usual, but not dropping low. During the last simimer her milk was at different times careftdly and accurately measured, and found to be fully thirty-two quarts per day. — She had no food but good pasture, and received no extraordinary care or attention, with tlie ex- ception of milking her in the middle of the day, which is always necessary. She, this season, had a bull calf (sired by a three-fourths Short Horned Durham) which at four weeks old weighed two hundred pounds ; it was then sold to a farmer in the neighborhood, who had seen it weighed, at a certain sum per lb. to be taken from the cow and weighed in one week, at which time it was found 10 have increased thirty weight, or four and a quarter pounds per day. Respectfullv yours, J." I. SPENCER. Mooreslown, (JV.J.) July 6, 1829. Two tea spoonfuls of mustard from the miwtard pot, mixed with warm water, and swallowed, in- stantly operates as an emetic, and is recommend- ed in case of accidental or other internal poisoning. From the Centinel. PISTAREENS. Messrs Editors — 1 notice in your paper of this day, a publication signed Scrutator, with your subsequent remarks. Give me leave to add as elucidatory of the subject, that in the last volume of Governor Hutchinson's History of Massachu- setts, (published recently) he tells us, that the pis- tareens are a base coin, 16 per cent, under value ; that they were imported into Boston by certain merchants from Spain, to make a part of the reim- bursement money paid by Great Britain for the ex- penses of the Louisburg expedition in 1745. We now see why they have continued to form a part of our circulating coin. The silversmiths decline melting them for their nice work, because they are bad silver, while they find a profit in melting all the English and United States coins, at the se- rious loss to both governments, of the expense of the coinage. Can you inform your readers what has become of our five cent silver coins .' The evil will cease, as soon as our government shall restrain in our territories, the circulation of all Spanish silver coins, of less value than quarters of dollars, at a higher value than our own coins. It is an important fact that the unrestrained circula- tion in the United States, of the Spanish eighths and sixteenths of dollar.*!, has obstructed, retarded, and prevented the full operation of the United States laws regulating the currency. July 8, 1829. CANTAB. From the New York Farmer. On the Culture and Manufacture of Tea, comnnini- cated by an American gentleman, for the jV. 1". Farmer and Horticultural Repository. You ask of me some notices of the state of hor- ticulture in Brazil. It would be as easy to fur- nish you with a sketch of the notions upon ]iolit- ical economy entertained by the Patagonians, or an elaborate essay upon the state of the fine arts among the Hottentots. A people who know noth- ing of butter except as it comes to them salted from Ireland, and who derive all their ])Otatoes from the same country, cannot be supposed to have made any very brilliant discoveries in farm- ing or horticulture. It is accordingly of the simplest kind. They get as much from the earth as can lie obtained with the least possible trouble, and smile incredulously if you tell them of the importance of paying more attention to the intro- duction and culture of foreign vegetables. Of late years the numerous French, English, and .American residents have shown them the ]iossi- bility of raising these vegetables, and one may now see in the markets occasionally, cabbages, tur- nips, and even sallad ! There is, however, a Royal Botanic Garden, formerly under the direc- tion of a skillful Gern\an, but now going rapidly to decay under the slothful management of a Port- uguese Cai-melite Friar. As this garden has ob- tained some celebrity in books of travels, I will furnish you with a few remarks which I made when 1 visited it in 1826-7. And as the most in- teresting feature of this garden was the extensive tea plantations, I herewith furnish you with such notes as relate more immediately to that sub- ject. Tea plants occupy a space from 8 to 10 acrci in the garden. They are planted at the distanc of four feet from each other. They are hand some shrubs, about two feet in height. When I saw tbem they looked rather bare, as they had been recently strijiped in part of their leaves. — This is repeated several times during the year, and hence arises the different sorts we have in the market. No particular care seems to be taken { of the plants and they bloom in the months of July, August, and September. You are aware t that the old king of Portugal, Don John, when driven to Brazil, took great pains to introduce the I cultivation of the tea plant. He not only obtain- 1 ed the plants, but also two or three hundred Chinese who were perfectly acquainted with their management. They are now scattered about the country. I have several times been accosted by the.se people with a request to purchase some tea, samples of which they carried with them. It made one almost fancy himself in the celestial empire. The most curious circurn.stance in relation to tea is the ease with which it is prepared for mar- ket. I witnessed the whole operation and can therefore speak confidently on the subject. The gathered leaves are exposed to the air for a few hours, until they begin to uilt, as it is Jjop- ularly called. They are then thrown into circu- lar pans set in brick work, under which is a mod- erate fire. These pans are of iron, four feet in diameter and about a foot deep ; the leaves are stirred briskly about in these pans for ten minutes or longer, according to the judgment of the op- erator, when they are thrown out to another per- son who is ready to receive them. This person holds before him a flat wicker, or willow frame, about two feet wide and four feet in length, slight- ly inclined toward the floor. He strews the leaves upon this frame and lays over it another frame of the same dimensions ajid materials. This is moved rapidly to and fro for several minutes, and by this simple operation the leaves are curled up and fall at the lower end of the frame into bas- kets conveniently placed for their reception. This part of the process surprised me exceedingly, for all travellers assert that every leaf is rolled up separately by hand, and 1 have even heard it maintained that it is only the small and delicate hand of a Chinese that can be advantageously em- ployed for this purpose. Those leaves from which the moisture has not been sufliciently expelled, re- main adhering to the frame, are of course not af- fected by the process, and are returned again to the heated pans. When a sufiicient quantity of the curled leaves has been obtained, they are placed for a short period over a strong fire to drive off any remaining moisture, and are then put up into papers or chests for immediate use. I inquired how much tea could be obtained an- nually from a single shrub, but no one appeared to have ever thought upon the subject ; they were unable at least to make even a tolerable guess about it. Judging from the size of the plant and the luimber of times it is stripped, I should conjee ture that each plant would produce about three pounds annually ; and this I think is still within bounds. It is propagated by slips, and was of the spe- cies T, viridis, or green tea. I do not know if any attempts have been made to introduce the cultivation of the tea plant into the United States, but if it could be once intro- duced, I have not the least doubt but that it would be a nuich more profitable crop than cotton or sugar. Six men could cure and prepare for mar- Vol. VII.— No. .3-2. AND HORTICULTUilAL JOURNAL. ket the crop of a liiiiidred acres ; and the most laborious or tedious part of the operation, the picking and assorting the leaves would only re- quire the aid of women and children. At a time when the English are straining every nerve to introduce the culture of the tea plant into their East Indian possessions, nnder the expectation of being at no distant day shut out from the Chinese market, it may well be worth our while to inquire whether we cannot render ourselves inde[)endent also of a foreign supply. — I do not pretend to any very profound arquaiiit- ance with the '- metai)liysics of commerce," as po- litical economy has been called, but I should cer- tainly think, that our tea trade cannot be very profitable to the country, as it is one in which neither our staijle commodities nor the products ©f our manufacturing industry, are given in ex- change. But let us examine whether our climate or soil offer any impediments to the successful introduc- tion and cultivation of the tea plant. There is perhaps no country in the world whose climate resembles our own so much as that of China. This country extends with a medium breadth of 600 miles along the eastern sea ; and is included between the 22d and 41st degrees of north latitude ; north easterly winds ])revail and bring with them the same kind of weather which we experience in the United States. From a me- teorological table derived from Dr Lynn, who ac- companied the English embassy in their travels from the southern to the northern extremity of China, it appears that during the months of Sep- tember, October, and November, the thermometer varied between 45 and 75 deg. though it was rarely as low or as high as either of these points. There were frequent ami sudden changes of tem- perature, amounting to 10, or 15, and even 20 decrees within the twenty-four hours. Our Dr Rush had long ago pointed out in some of his philosophical essays the very great resemblance in these particulars between the climate of China and that of the United States, and hence we may conclude that there is nothing in our climate to prevent the successful cultivation of the tea plant. Dr Abel mentions that the green tea district is embraced between the 29th and 31st degrees, which correspond to the northern parts of Georgia, Alabama, and Mississipiii. Tlie black tea districts are confined within nar- rower limits, that is to say, between the 27th and 2Sth decrees of north latitude. Florida, Louisia- na and Texas would correspond with this in the St Helena, at the Cape of Good Hope, and as we have seen above, at Kio de Janeiro. Having thus shown that there is nothing in its geographical situation opposed to its introduction into the ~United States, let us examine the nature and composition of the soil upon which it is most extensively raised in China. The intelligent author above quoted, states that it appeared to be most generally cultivated on sides of mcuntains, where there can be but little accumulation of vegetable mould. The planta- tion at Rio de Janeiro, was on a level plain, com- posed of loose sand, resulting from the decompo- sition of granitic rocks. As far as the tea districts of China have been examined, the rocks of the country are found to consist of sandstone, slate, and granite. The result of all observations has clearly shown that for the successful cultivation of the tea plant, nothing more is required than a meagre soil and a moderate temperature. Both these requisites I believe may be found in our country ; it only remains to mention one circum- stance that may be supposed to be adverse to the raising of tea. We are accustomed to see' it occa- sionally in our hot houses, and hence we might be led to conclude that it would not flourish in the 0|)cn air all the year round. The only meteoro- logical table to which I have been able to refer, shows that in the latter part of the month of No- vember, the thermometer stood in the black tea dis- trict at 40, and the observations for that month, showed a continual and regular decrease of tem- perature. We all know that ice and snow are fa- miliar occurrences in the northern districts of China ; and we have already seen what a striking resemblance there is between that climate and our own. I conclude then that the tea plant might withstand even severe frosts ; and I am not acquainted with any circumstance to oppose its introduction into the United States. Respectfully yours, I. E. D. examination we found it to be of very simple con- struction, not liable to get out of order, and op- erates upon the timber with great facility and ex- actness. It is constructed in such a manner that its operation may be \iioduced by hand, horse, water, or steam power. House, and ship builders, machinists, cabinet makers, wheelwrights, &c., may use it to great advantage ; iinj we recommend it to them as an admirable and important inven- tion. IVIr Knowlton, who is the agent for Mr Smith, will probably attend to any communication that may be addressed to him on the subject. — PUts- fdd Jlrgus. Rcanimation of F>-ozen Fish. — In winter, the Canadian fishermen erect huts on the ice of the lakes and rivers, and, cutting a hole in the ice enclose it with a screen of straw, &c. to shelter themselves from the cold. Sitting inside the screen they sink their hooks through the hole made in the ice. Amongst other fish so caught, are perch in abundance. After hauling them up if thrown aside on the ice, they speedily become frozen quite hard. They then take them home and place them in water near a fire ; in a short tiiTie they begin to exhibit symptoms of reanima- tion. The fins first quiver, the gills open, the United States. Tint T« the temnerature of those States which . ,„ • , n net the west of 'the great Apalachian ridge of fi«h gradually turns Uself on ,ts belly, moves at mountains is much higher than in corresponding latitudes on the sea coast, I confidently expect that the tea plant could be successfully cultivated in Teimessee, Kentucky, and Illinois. It must, however, be remembered that these limits assign- ed by Dr Abel to the tea districts in China, are not fixed and permanent. Circumstances which the proverbially cautious policy of the Chinese do not permit us to unveil, may, perhaps, have con- fined its more general cultivation to a district of not more than 250 miles in extent. It is found, however, growing in the latitude of 32 deg., cor- responding nearly to that of Savannah, in Georgia, and we know from Kempfer that it is successful- ly cnltivated in Japan, as far north as the 45th decree of latitude. It has also been introduced at first slowly about the basin, and at last completely revives and swims briskly about. — Edin. M Phil. Journal. ''Revolving Timber Plane." — A machine for straightening, squaring, and smoothing timber, of various sizes, has recently been constructed, which in its operation executes work in one- eighth part of the time it can be performed by hand, and in a better manner than it is usually done, especially upon timber that is cross grained. The inventor of this machine is Mr Daniel N. Smith, of Warwick, Mass. There have been but four constructed, one of which we saw in suc- cessful operation the other day, at the Machine Shop of Mr Elmer Knowlton, in this village. On Malt Liquors a Preventive of Fevers. — It is a cu- rious fact, and one which is worthy of investiga- tion by medical men, that persons who are in the habit of drinking largely of malt liquors, are rare- ly known to be siezed with typhus, or other low fevers, whatever other eftects these liquors may have upon the constitution. In corroboration of this fact, we have been assured by those whose ojjportunities for observation have been extensive, that there is not an instance known of a brewer's servant being entered as a patient, nnder these dis- eases in any of the public hospitals. — York (Eng.) Courant. Important to Gardeners. — On every square rod planted with cucumbers, put a piece of a board flat on the ground, to preserve your plants frota a striped bug, which some seasons is very destruc- tive. This simple experiment may seem to be novel and ineftectnal : but the secret of the matter is, the board forms a shelter for a toad, which hops from under the cover at night and destroys the bugs, and during the day time may be found by turning over the board. Should any one have doubts on the subject, be can easily try the exjier- impnt, — Saratoga Sent. To make kitchen vegetables tender. — When peas, French beans, and similar productions do not boil easily, it has usually been imputeil to the coolness of the season, or to the rains. This popular no- tion is erroneous. The difficulty of boiling them soft arises from a superabundant quantity of gyp- sum imbibed during their growth. To correct this, throw a small quantity of snbcarbonate of soda [common soda of the shops] into the i)Ot along witli the vegetables, the carbonic acid of which will sieze upon the lime in the gypsum, and free the legumes from its influence._^ — Bulletin des Sciences. Wonderful Phenomenon. — On the afternoon of the 9th of May last, in clear open weather, a rock of 36 pounds weight fell with a tremendous noise, in the vicinity of Forsyth, Geo. It sunk two feet into the earth. The noise was lieaid to the dis- tance of seventy or eighty miles round, which re- sembled a mighty explosion. — The outer part of the rock has the appearance of having been in the fire, and when taken up, emitted a sulphurous smell. When broken, it is of a bright grayish color, mingled with some bright metallic particles. History informs us, that similar bodies have fallen from the atmosphere at diflerent times, in the eastern, as well as in this continent, yet no one has been able, satisfactorily, to account for their origin. — Cherokee Phanix. 412 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July 17, 1829. Fiom the Middlelown Gazelle. TO CURE OR PREVENT THE CRAMP. This painful complaint whicli causes many per- sons to drown, when batliini,^ oi- .suijnining, may be easily prevented by fying something round the limbs near the body, about as tight as is done to draw blood, either before going into the water or getting into be('- Or if the cramp seizes you in bed, tie somc^thing round the limb, between the pain and f'le body, and you will soOn find relief .Someti-'nes I jump out on the floor and rub the part? affected, both before and after tying on the bandage. / also have a foot board, which will sometimes answer the purpose by crowding my lieels against it, and raising my toes towards my body. Temperance in eating, drinking, e.xercise, &c., are very important in preventing a return of this complaint. A CUSTOMER. Extracts from a pamphlet containing Proceedings of the Essex Jjgricultural Society. JACOB OSGOOD'S STATEMENT.* To the Committee on Farms — Gentlemen — Agreeably to request, I transmit to you the following account of tlie management of my farm. The quantity of land I improve for tillage, is from fifteen to eighteen acres : about live or si.x for corn and potatoes ; about five or six for oats and other grain ; about the same quantity for win- ter rye. The number of acres I mow I judge to be about fifty ; and the number of acres I improve for pasturing I judge to be about sixty or seventy. As to orcharding it is scattered almost all over my farm. As to making manure — in the autumn of the year, when my barn yard is cleared of all the manure made the preceeding year, we then gen- erally haul in about forty connnon cart loads of eartli out of the ronil, or fruin some other place, as circumstances will admit. The next spuug we plough and harrow it three or fom- times, and con- tinue so to do through the summer, as often as is convenient ; and in the next autumn we liaul it on to the land intended for planting the next year. The quantity so made, I judge to be sixty loads. My laud for planting is grass land, which I plough in the autumn, carefully turning it over as smooth as possible. In the spring we harrow it three or four times, as we think necessary, then furrow and plant, after having laid nine or ten loads of manure in the hill to an acre. I estimate my crops of corn, taking several years together, to have been from twenty-five to forty bushels to the acre ; this year I think it to be forty bushels. As to spring grain, it is chiefly oats, which I use principally for fodder ; and I raise of these from one hiuidred and fifty to three hundred bushels in a year. I sow them on the land on which I rais- ed my corn the preceding year. When my corn is harvested, we then split the hills and harrow the ground, and then cross plough it, being careful to take the old furrows all up ; then we harrow it ; and in the winter and early in the spring we put on eight loads of winter dung to the acre. — When tUe spring topene we s[)read the dung and plough it in with a light furrtlw ; then go over the ground with a Ught harrow lengthways of the furrows ; then sow oats and other grain as wo choose, with grass seed ; then harrow all in to- * Tlic following statements refer to, and should be consider- ed as appendagfs of the " Report," &c., published page 249 of the current volume of the N. E. Farmer. gether — and then lay the ground down to grass. The whole quantity of winter dung, is, I judge, about sixty loads over and above the summer and winter dung already named. I make between thirty and forty loads from sand put in my hog yard, and in a small yard separate from my barn yard, in which I yard some dry stock, when rntide I put it on my meadow land. My stock of neat cattle is generally about twenty-four or twenty-five head, four oxen and twelve cows, ami eight or nine young cattle of different kinds and ages. I also keep two horses, and tvvelve sheep. As to labor, I employ one man and a boy by the yettr, and a man five or six weeks in hay time. In ad- tlition to the above, I inform you (according to yotir request) that I have made nine hundred and forty-seven rods of stone wall on my farm, prin- cipally on my plain land, and have hauled the stones to make it from a distance of half u mile to a mile. I an), very respectfully, yours, JACOB OSGOOD. Andover, J^ovemher, 26, 1828. N. B. The quantity of produce on my farm the present year,has not been accurately ascertained by measure ; but will not vary essentially from the estimates for a series of j'ears, as mentioned in my statement. DAVID GRAY'S STATEMENT. To the Committee on Farms — Gentlemen — The number of acres of land that I improve as pasturage, mowing, antl tillage, is about one hundred. Seventy acres of which is improved as pasturage, which is rocky, and pro- duces a great many bushes, and the low land a considerable (lunntity of grass, that the cattle and horses leave, which with very little labor adds largely to my stock of manure, by putting it in iny cow and hng yanls. For twentj' or tlitrty years [mat, I have planted on the farm about six acres with corn and potatoes annually ; atid it has been my practice to put the compost manure in the hills. My winter manure I spread on the land in the spring of the year, previous to sowing it with barley, oats, grass seed, &c., and it generally pro- dttces a good crop of grass for four or five years ; after the grass grows light I i)lough again. The grass seed that I have commotily sown are clover, herds grass, and red top ; the latter holds the longest and produces the best fodder. In good seasons I get from forty to fifty bushels of com to the acre. For two or three years after the ground is laid down to grass it commonly pro- duces two tons of hay to the acre. The mantire put in the hill is from eight to ten carts full per acre. I manure about twenty acres of my farm in this way, for the purpose of raising corn, bar- ley, oats, and hay. I now come to what I call natural mowing : — I have of that ten acres, a large proportion of which produces good stock fodder, iind has for many years. Twenty-five years since, the fodder growing on this land was light and very poor ; it has been made to produce good fodder at a small expense. My opinion is, that the land produces three times as tntich profit as it did twenty years since. This was effected by clearing the stones and bushes from the land, and by top dressing with manure once in four or fivB years. STOCK. For ten years past, I have kept on the farm, on 1 an average, twenty-five horned cattle, and fifteen sheep ; always one, and sometimes two horses My stock usually consists of four oxen and eight cows, the remainder young cattle. The labor re- quired to carry on the farm, exclusive of blasting rocks and building stone wall, is, in the summer season, three men and a boy, the remainder of the year one man and boy. MANHKE. I have prepared manure fur my tillage and nai^ ural mowing land, by cutting and carrying small bushes, grass, brakes, &c. into the cow and hog yards, and mixing tlicm with the soil and wash from the sides of the road adjoining my land ; as some parts of the tillage land is uneven, the low- est of which receives the wash in such abundance as to injure it, that stirplus I cart into the yards in the fall of the year, that it may receive the benefit of the cattle through the winter, and the wash of the manure heaps thrown from the barn ; and by these means, which are not expensive, I make a supi)ly of manure for my tillajje and grass land. I cart out all the manure from the barn yard in the autumn, which is on an average sixty carts full. The innnure in the hog yards I throw into sharp piles in the spring, and cart it on to the corn land and put it in the hill — the number of cart fulls is commonly thirty-five. APPLE TREES. I have set out and grafted a large number of apple trees, bitt have not tried any expensive ex- periments on them. Once in two or three years I put on the body and limbs a composition of lime, salt, soap, clnj', cow dung, &c., which ap- pears to kill insects and increase the growth of the trees ; and I think my trees have flourished as well as my neighbors'. CIDEH. I have made but few experiments on cider My method is to put the apples in the cider house as soon as collected, and when ground to let the pomace remttin in the trougit from 12 to 24 hours in cool weather, before pressing it out — when I strain it and put it in the cellar a little before the lermentation is done : I bung it up tight and let it remain till used. I take care to have the mill and casks clean, and keep them so. STONE WALL. In making a statement of the wall that I have built within three years, I am at a loss as to the expense of it, for it has been considerable on ac- count of removing large stones by blasting and other ways, and as in general the wall is very- heavy, we have built it to appearance so as to last as long as wanted. The number of rods so built is about one hundred and sixty. Although the expense has been considerable, the satisfaction of seeing so good a fence, without the possibility of my cattle injuring my neighbors on account of poor fence ; and together with the great advan- tage of removing those stones out of the way of the oxen, plotigh, scythe, and rake, has given me so much satisliiction that I have forgot the expense. WOOD LAND. I have abottt 90 acres of wood land, not includ- ed in the above statement, tho largest part of which is fenced. Yours, &c., DAVID GRAY. Andover, December 25, 1828. (To he continued. Vol. VII.— No. 52. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 413 RAILWAYS. ; [Exlrnct from an European Magazine, Aug. 1805.] ( EXTRAOREINARY^'EAT OF A DRAUGHT HORSe! An unparalleled instance of the power of a hoi'pe, when assisted by ait, was shown near Croydfn. The Surrey Iron Railway being completed, aiid opened for the carriage of goods all the way floai Wandworth to Mertsh.^rn, a bet was made be- tween two gentlemen that a common horse coijlil draw thirty-six tons for six miles along the road, and that he should draw this weight from a dead |)ull, as well as turn it round the occasional wind- ings of the road. The 24th of July was fixed on for the trial, when a number of gentlemen assem- bled near Mertsham to see this extraordinary tri- umph of art. Twelve wagons loaded witli stones, each wagon weighing above three tons, were chained together, and a horse, taken promiscuous- ly from the timber cart of Mr Harwood, was yoked into the team. He started from near the Po.x public house, and drew the immense chain of wagons with apparent ease, to near the turnpike at Croyden, a distance of si.x miles, in one hour and forty-one minutes, which is nearly at the rate of four miles an hour. In the course of this time he stopped four times, to show that it was not by the impetus of the descent that the power was acquired ; and after each stoppage he drew off the chain of wagons from a dead rest. Having gained his wager, Mr Banks, the gentleman who laid the bet, directed four more loaded wagons to be added to the cavalcade, with which the same horse again set off with undiminished power ; and still further to show the effect of the Railway in facilitating motion, he directed the attending workmen, to the number of about fifty, to mount on the wagons, when the horse proceeded with- out the least distress ; and in truth, there appear- ed to be scarcely any limitation to the power of his draught. After the trial the wagons wpjp. taken to the weighing machine, and it appeared that tlif whole weight was as follows, qrs. 2 to hang over the field. If allowed to stand longer, the stalks of the male hemp wither, become dark colored, and the coat will be of little value. The way to secure seed for the succeeding year, is to sow a patch thinly for that purpose, at the rate of from half to three-fourths of a bushel tb the acre, but the better way is to sow in drills or rows. — Cutting is preferable to pulling ; a man will ctit from half to an acre per day, but can pull only about a quarter of an acre ; and cut hemp will bring more by the ton than pulled. In gathering the hemp it should be sorted into long and short. Fine and soft hemp is the best ; the American is frecpiently the reverse owing to the seed being sowed too sparingly. idle away all the time they they are fourteen or fifteen ; pitiful rivalry of fashion 12 wagons, first linked Tons. Civt. together, weighed 38 4 4 ditto afterwards at- tached 13 2 Supposed weight of 50 laborers 4 0 Total, 55 6 CULTIVATION OF HEMP. Hemp is considered a very hardy plant, resists drought and severe frost, is easier cultivated, less exhausting, and more profitable than many other vegetable crops. It may be grown year after year on the same ground well manured, and has been cropped from the same ground in England, seventy years in succession. The usual quantity of seed sown on an acre of middling land, shouhl I be two bushels to an acre, on very rich ground three bushels. Early sowing renders the coat heavier and strotiger ; the ground being covered early shades the soil and preserves the moisture. The seed having been sown as even as possible should be well harrowed, and a roller or brush passed over to smooth and level the ground, so that the hemp may be cut about the 1st of Au- gust ; the time will be indicated by the blossom stalks becoming yellow spcnted, and dropping the leaves ; and when the wind is still, a cloud of dust from the blossom stalks or male hemp will be seen REARING OF SILK WORMS. We have in our possession a beautiful skein of silk, spun upon the farm of Mr Enoch Boynton, of Byfield, in this county. We understand that this gentleman has about six thousand worms, and has for the two or three last years turned his attention to the culture of silk. The valuable in- formation on the subject of silk worms, which was disseminated by Mr Rush's Manual, prepared by order of Congress, in 1828, has led to some ex- periments in th& rearing of Worms in our own town. The skilful superintendent of our Aims- House farm, has planted a small spot of white mulberry trees, and is now rearing one or two thousand worms, for the purpose of employing those tenants of the Aims-House who are disabled for other work. As a woman can make from twelve to fifteen poimds of raw silk, in a season of six weeks, which is worth four dollars per pound, we think that the culture of this article furnishes the most profitable employment, which can be introduced into Alins:-TTnti«;ps5- In one or two towns in Connecticut there are annually man- uftictureil from two to ttiree Uioutsand pounds. In one of the counties in that State, it is said, thai sewing silk answers for money as a circulating medium, in the same manner as tobacco was for- merly considered in Virginia and Kentucky. The Manual of the Secretary of State, to which we have above referred, informs us, that the first culture of silk, in this country, commenced in Vir- ginia, by order of King James 1st. That as early as 1623, the Colonial Assembly directed the plant- ing of mulberry trees, and in 1656 an act was passed, imi)Osing a penalty of ten poimds of to- bacco upon every planter who should fail to plant at least ten nudberry trees, for every hundred acres of his land, and in the same year, a premi- um of four thousand pounds of tobacco was given to a person for prosecuting the trade in silk, and during the next year a premium of ten thousand pounds of tobacco was offered to any one who should export two hundred pounds worth of the raw material. — Salem Observer. From (he Massachusetls Journal. MORE HINTS TO PEOPLE OF MODER ATE FORTUNE. Early teach children to take the whole care of their own clothes. Talking will do no good so long as their own carelessness is supplied by an- other's attention. Make them depend on them- selves. In all probability there will be times when care and anxiety must come upon them ; at all events it is wise to prepare them for such contin- gencies. In this country we arc too apt to let children romp and arc out of school, tili and then how soon the and vanity begins ! The fact is, children can be so educated aa to take a pleasure m their a^,ty ; they can find en-' joyment in usefulness ; and iijt „ot well that they should find their happiness in sunces over which time and circumstances have no pt>vver ' " Begin early," is the great maxinv fo,- every- thing in education. A child of six yeai-a. old can be made useful; and they should be tatwht to consider each day lost, in which they have failed to do some little thing for the benefit of others.-~- The eager inquiries they make whether they have done any good, and the innocent and gleeful pride they evince when they receive assurance that they have, is suflicient proof that habits of usefulness are not naturally felt as a bondage. It is wise to keep an exact account of all you expend ; even to a paper of pins. This answers two purposes. It makes you more careful in spending money ; and it enables your husband to judge precisely whether his family live within his income. No false pride, or foolish ambition to appear as well as others, should ever induce a per- son to live one cent beyond the income of which he is certain. If you have two dollars a day, let nothing but sickness induce you to spend more than nine shillings. If you have one dollar, do not spend more than seventy-five cents. If you have but half a dollar a day, be satisfied to spend forty cents. To associate with influential and genteel people, with an appearance of equality, unquestionably has its advantages ; particularly where there is a family of sons and daughters coming upon the theatre of iifc ; but, JiUo all other oxLenial advantages, it baa its pi-oper price, and may be bought too dearly. — They, who never reserve a cent of their income, .„;tt. vi'K.ai. CO meet any unforeseen calamity, " pay too dear for their whistle," whatever tempo- rary advantages they may derive from society. Self denial in proportion to the narrowness of your income, will eventually be the happiest, and most respectable course for you and yours. If you are prosperous, perseverance, industry, and good character will not fail to place you in such a situation as your ambition covets ; and if you are not prosperous, it will be well for your chil- dren that they have not been educated to higher hopes than they will ever realize. Pear Trees — It is really surprising, says a sci- entific writer, in allusion to the grafting of pears on a quince stock, that English gardeners should have so long neglected the practice, which has long been followed in France, and to which the excellence of the French pears is in a just degree to be attributed. The quince used as a stock has the property of stunting the growth of the pears, and forcing them to produce bearing branches in- stead of sterile ones, and of accelerating the ma- turity of the fruit. No small garden should con- tain pear trees grafted in any other way, nor any large garden be without them to a considerable extent. — N'eiv Monthly Mag. A writer in the Vermont Journal recommends the use of soap suds in destroying caterpillars, and says it will kill them as quick as the flames of gun powder. Apply the suds when \}\ey arc in the web, which is generally at sunrise, and at 1 Q'clpck, P. M. 414 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, July It, 18gg. JVeic Discovery in the Preparation oj Flax^K Frerch paper states, that an inhabitant of Chat- eau-Thierry, has discovered a mode of giving to prepared hemp and flax, the fineness, softness, and whiteness of cotton, by impregnating those sub- stances with oil, and tK>n exposing them, during fifteen or twenty dajs to the action ot frost, be- tween two layers of snow. By this means all the inconvenience of the ordinary and tedious pro- cess of stepping them in stagnant water will be avoided. Silk. The Boston Patriot states that in conse- le had been destroyed by the heat of the stagnant air in the hole of a vessel. Seeds from the same Seedsman, kejit in the trunks of passengers in the same vessel, vegetat- ed remarkably well. for [From " Seventy-Five Receipis," a valuable little work sale at this office.] ' RED CURRANT JELLV. Wash your currants, drain them, and jiickthem from the stalks. Mash them with the hack of a spoon. Put them in a jelly-bag, and squeeze it till all thejuice is pressed out. To every pint of juice, allow a pound of the best loaf sugar. Put thejuice and the sugar into your kettle, and boil it fifteen minutes, skimming it all the while. Pour it warm into your glasses, set it for several hours in the sun, and when cold tie it lip with brandy jiaper. Jellies should never he allowed to get cold in the kettle. If boiled too long, they will lose their flavor, and become of a dark color. Strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, and grape jelly may be made in the same manner, and with the same proportion of loaf sugar. Red currant jelly may also be made in a very Vol.VlI._No..5i. AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL. 415 simple manner, by putting the currants wliole into the kettle, with the sugar ; allowing a pound of sugar to a pound of currants. Boil them togeth- er fifteen minutes, skimming carefully. Then pour them into a sieve, with a pan under it. Let them drain through the sieve into the pan, press- ing them down with the back of a spoon. Take the jelly, while warm, out of the pan, and put it into your glasses. Tie it up with brandy paper when cold. PUGSERVED STRAWBERRIES. Weigh the strawberries after you have picked off the stems. To each pound of fruit allow a jpound of loaf sugar, which must be powdered. — Strew half of the sugar over the strawberries, and let them stand in a cold place two or three hours. Then init them in a preserving kettle over a slow fire, and by degrees strew on the rest of the sugar. Boil them fifteen or twenty minutes, and skim them well. Put tliem in wide mouthed bottles, and when cold, seal the corks. If you wish to do them whole, take thtm care- fully out of the syrup, (one at a time) while boil- ing. Spread them to cool on large dishes, not Jetting the strawberries touch each other, and when cool, return them to the syrup, and boil them a little longer. Repeat this several times. Keep the bottles in dry sand, in a place that is cool and not damp. Gooseberries, currants, raspberries, cherries and grapes may be done in the same manner. The stones must be taken from the cherries (which should be morellas, or the largest and best red chenies) and the seeds should be extracted from the grapes with the sharp point of a penknife. Gooseberries, grapes, and cherries, require longer boiling than strawberries, raspberries, or cur- rants. RASPBERRY JAM. Allow a poimd of sugar to a pound of fruit. — Mash the r.-ispberries, and put them with the sugar into your preserving kettle. Boil it slowly for an hour, skimming it well. Tie it up with brandy paper. All jams are made in the same manner. The Melodium. — Our readers are already aware that Mr Maelzel is now exhibiting at the Diorama in Broadway, his " Melodium." It is somewhat smaller in size than a church organ, and has been pronounced by Europeans, the finest instrument of the kind in the world. Its compass and pow- ers are really astonishing. Some of its notes are so delicate as scarcely to exceed the warblings of small singing birds ; others can be made so loud as to shake the very building in which it stands. Grandeur and solemnity, delicacy and harmony, are the characteristics of the Melodium. — Cour.&f Enq. Jlnti Socitftes. — The fashion of forming anti so- cieties has gone so far, that in one place we are told of an " Anti-going-to-sleep-with-a-candle- burning Society," organized for the purpose of stopping the practice of reading in bed by candle liffht. In New York, it is proposed to establish a society, to check the practice of drinking cold water in hot weather. It is to*bear the harmoni- ous title of " Jlnli-drinking-too-much-cold-water-m- a-hot-day Society." — Salem Obs. A mercantile establishment at Zanesville, Ohio, has advertised for sale, a quantity of " Temperance Scythes, and Sickles,^' which are warranted to " cut well without the aid of Whiskey." These are very valuable articles, and we take pleasure in in- forming the public that they can be had at most of the stores in our sober and industrious town of Wheeling. A Reward offered. — A reward of $5 is offered by a gentlemen in Newburgh, through the col- umns of the Newburgh Gazette, to the lady who will wear the smallest hat in church for the next six months. The object is laudable. — Hudson Gazette. The New York Police committee are shortly to report a standard measure by which vegetables are hereafter to be sold in the markets of tljat city. Powder at 2i per lb. DUPONT'S POWDER, quality warianted, for sale al Cop^lamVs AinmimUion Store, 65 Broad st, at retaU. Also, SHOT, CAPS, &c. of the best qualUy — cheap for cash. tf English Scythes. James Cain's double prime grass scythes, wide and narrow, a superior orticle. for sale al the Hardware Store of S. FES- SENDEN, No. 80 Stale Street. 81 June 19 Buckwheat, fyc. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New Eug land Farmer. No. 52 North Market Street, A few bushels of Buckwheat, growth of 1828. Also, a fur- ther supply of Fowl Meadow Grass Seed, of superior quality. JVetv China Tea Seti, and light blue Dinner Ware. Received, a great variety of the above ; which, with a com- plete assortmeut of Crockery, China, and Glass Ware, are of- fered for sale, low, at No. 4 Dock .Square. Turnip Seed. For sale at the Seed Store connected with the Now England Fiimer, 52 North Market street, 200 lbs fine While Flat English Turnip Seed, growth of 1839 — ol>o, seveial uiher approveu \ mictioorrnm Scotland, and Loudon, among which the Early Dutch, Yellow Stone, and Yellow Malta, have proved of very superior quality for tlie table,— and the Yellow Aberdeen, (or Bullock,) and the Large Norfolk Field Turnip for cattle. Gardener wants a Situation. A gardener, who has a complete knowledge of his business and cai. produce recommendations from Ihe'Botanic Commit- tee of the Dublin Ro,,| Society, (having been employed in d.eir Bolan.c Garden for iv,p years.) and from many genl'lemen .n the vicimty of Dublin, w,s\,es to procure a situatiSn in this country. Inquire al the New L,.^|a„d Farmer office. 3t GanlVs Churns. [Extract of a letter to Mr J. R. Newell, Proprietor of the Ag- ricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North Market street.] Sir — in answer to your inquiry respecting the churns, known l^y the name of Gault's Churns, I give it as my opinion that they are the best calculated, the most convenient, and the easi- est to bring butter of any I have ever met with. It is nut thought a hard task to fetch the butter, with one of them, in fif- teen minutes. It cost me six dollars, and was bought at the Ag- ricultural Warehouse, 52 North Market street. 1 should re- fuse thirty dollars for it, if 1 could not obtain another of the same kind. Respectfully yours. Sharon, June 15, 1829. B. REYNOLDS. Salt Grass at Auction. The standing grass on 17 i-2 acres of salt marsh, adjoining the upland of Zeliedee Cook, Jr, in Dorchester, one-half mile south of the Toil House on the Dorchester Turnpike, lying east of the same, will be sold at public auction on Monday the 20th inst, on tlie premises, at 4 o'clock in the afternoon. No better opportunity can be afforded to those desirous of furnishing themselves with a superior quality uf salt grass than that now offered. EBENEZER EATON, Auct. Dorchester, July 15, 1829. Aldcrney Bull For Sale. A full blood Aldcrney Bull, seven years old, well made, and sure ; he is a very superior animal, independent of his blood, and his calves have proved good milkers, having all the desira- ble dairy qualities. Price of the bull ^1(X). Inquire at the New England J'armcr office. 4t Short Horn Bull Calf Wanted. A fair price will be given for a first rale, warranted Short Horn Durham Bull Ca[f, to go to Concord, Mass. Inquire of J. B. Russell, publisher of the New England Farmer (post paid.) 3t Millet Seen,. For sale at Ihe Seed Store connected v,;,), the New England Farmer, No. 52 North Market street. ° 50 bushels of Millet Seed, — clean, and of su,„rior quality. Also, a very extensive variety of Ornamentatvi„vve|. .Seeds in papers of 6 cts each, or 100 varieties, one papu- each for ROMAN — This elegant, full blooded horse, a bright bay, with black legs, inane, and tail, of high spirit and good tam- per, will stand at the farm of Air Sleplien Williams, in Norfe- borough, Ms, al ,^20 the season, lo be paid before the mares are taken away. — See New England Farmer, May 15. Imported Horses. Barefoot, and Cleveland, the two English horses, will stand for the season at their stable in Brighton. Barefoot at ,§25, and Cleveland al ^10, with ,^1 for the groom. a24 Heifers, Calves, Sheep, Sfc. For sale, two full blood Alderney Heifers, three years old this spring, with calfby a full blood bull of the Short Horn breed; one Alderney Heifer calf, six months old, weaned, and turned to grass ; two full blood heifer calves of the Short Horn breed, two months old, now at grass feed ; four of the Long Wool Ewes, imported from the Netherlands j a buck lamb from one of the ewes, and a Devonshire Buck, a very fine animal, and fotir full blood .Saxony Bucks. For terms apply at this office. June 17, 1829. PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE. APPLES, bfst, ASHES, pot, first sort, _ - - Pearl, first sort, - - - BEANS, white, BEEF, mess. Cargo, No. 1, Cargo, No. 2, BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, CHEESE, new milk. Skimmed milk, FLOUR, tsaliimoic, puwcrd street, Genesee, - - - Rye, best, - - . - GRAIN, Corn. - - - - live, - - Barley, - - Oals, - . . . HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, LIME, PLAISTER PARIS retails at PORK, clear, Navy, mess, Cargo, No. I, - - SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - Orchard Grass, Fowl Meadow, - - . Rye Grass, - - - Tall ?.leadow Oats Grass, - Red Top - - . . Lucerne, - - - - White Honeysuckle Clover, Red Clover, (northern) FreiM:h Sugar Beet, - WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, - Merino, full blood, unwashed. Merino, three fourths washed, Merino, half blood, Merino, quarter washed, Native, washed, - - - Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, - Pulled, Lamb's, second sort. Pulled, '' spinning, first sort barrel ton. bushel barrel. pound bushel. pound cask. ton. barrel. bushel pound FROM 1 To 125 00 125 00 90| 10 50 9 50 8 00 14 1: 6 37| 6 37 3 oo: 56; 73 38 85 17 5o' 13 00, 13 00 62 38 33 7 27 18 25 22 20 18 35 2? 2'/ 130 00. 130 00 1 00 11 00 10 00 8 60 16 9 3 6 50 6 50 3 25 68 74 67 40 9 90 3 50 18 00 13 50 13 60 2 00 3 09 3 00 4 00 2 50 1 OO 50 50 8 1 50 35 22 30 25 22 20 37 25 30 PROVISION MARKET. CORRECTED EVERY WEEK BV MB. HJYWARD, (Clerk of Fanmil-hall Market.) BEEF, best pieces, - PORK, fresh, best pieces, whole hogs, VEAL, - - - - MUTTON. .... POULTRY, - - - - BUTTER, keg and tub, - Lump, best, EuGS, MEAL, Rye, retail, - Indian, retail, POTATOS, CIDER, [according to quality,] pound. 10 • t 7 tt 5 It 6 tc 4 it 10 tt 10 '. 14 dozen. 11 bushel. barrel. 200 12 1-2 10 7 12 12 16 15 18 13 1 00 70 50 2 SO 416 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. July 17, 1829. MISCELLANIES. From Shaw's Naturalist's -fliscellany. TRANSFORMATION OF THE CATERPIL- L,AR. The helpless cr'^'ing caterpillar trace From Ihefi-' perioJ of his reptile race. Cloihei'''' dishonor, on (he leafy spray Unsp^" ^^ wears his silent hours away ; •pil satiate grown of all thai life supplies, Self-taught the voluntary martyr dies. Deep under earth his darkling course he bends, And to the tomb a willing guest descends. There, long secluded, in his lonely cell, Forgets the sun, and bids the world farewell. O'er the wide waste the wintry tempests reign, And driving snows usurp {lie frozen plain : In vain the tempest beats, the wliirlwind blows, No storms can violate his grave's repose. But when revolving months have won their way, When smile the woods, and when the zephyrs play. When laughs the vivid world in summer's bloom. He bursts and flies triumphant from the tomb. And, while his new born beauties he displays. With conscious joy his altered form surveys. Mark, while he moves amid the sunny beam. O'er his sod wings the varying lustre gleam. Launched into air, on purple plumes he soars. Gay nature's face with wanton glance explores; Proud of his various beauties, wings his way. And robs fair flowers, himself more fair than they. And deems weak man the future promise vain When worms can die, and glorious live again ? grease spots, will be found to effectually remove tliem from woollen. Sometimes the droppings of wax lights are very troublesome to remove from coats and velvets. Spirits of wine will dissolve the wax, but as in some cases it may affect the color, it is recommended to try a very simple mode, which is to toast the crumb of a small piece of bread, and while hot apply it to the droppings of wax, a portion of which it will dissolve and im- bibe, and by repeating this simple process several successive times, the whole wax will be gradually removed. Preservation of Furs and Jfoollens. — Furs and woollens should not be laid by for the summer months without having the dust well shaken out of them, and care taken that they are quite free from dainj) ; for dust and moisture are the great foes to be guarded against in the first instance as tending to the increase of moths and insects — Many things are used as preventives against the inroads of moths ; such as sprinkling furs and woollens with spirits of turpentine ; putting cam- phor, pepper corns, cedar shavings, and Russian leather among thein ;* but I believe the best plan, after all, is to sew the furs up in linen, well aired, through which the moth cannot penetrate ; and once or twice in the course of the summer, to have them taken out on fine sunny days, and after being well shaken replaced in their envelopes and put aside. The following extracts are taken either verba- tim or in substance, from a valuable English work, entitled " Domestic Duties ; or Instructions to Young Married Ladies, on the Management of the Ilousehuia, aiiU the Regulation of their Con- duct in the various Relations and Duties of Mar- ried Life." I5y Mrs William I'arkes. Printed by J. & J. Harper, New York. — Ed. Buying and Selling. — In purchasing articles of merchandise nothing more ought to he attempted than a fair exchange of commodity for specie. — The habit of asking one price and accepting an- other deserves reprobation. The seller is ujijust to himself if he permit the buyer to purchase from him at too low a rate, and unjust to the buyer if he require from him more than the goods are worth. Bargains and Shopping — Those who are fond of bargains, lose more time in hunting after them than the difTeronce of the price in the articles they purchase can compensate, were even the princi- ple on which they act a proper one. This ranging from shop to shop has given origin to a fashiona- ble method of killing time, which is termed shop- ping, and is in truth a mean and unwarrantable amusement, at the expense of the tradesmen and shop keepers who are subject to it. How lo remove spots and stains from silks and woollen cloths. — If gentle rubbing with v^ihite paper will not remove them from silk, a little French chalk, scraped and rubbed into them, will, with the aid of friction, generally remove them ; but this is a])t to leave a dull appearance on the silk. Spirits of turpentine would remove grease spots better than French chalk, if its strong smell we/e not an objection. Hartshorn will remove spots of grease on woollen cloth, if well rubbed into it.— Fuller's earth also, wetted and laid on, and not rubbed off till it has remained a few hours on the Our incomes should be like our shoes, if too small they will gall and pinch us ; but if too large, they will cause us to stumble and to trip. — But wealth, after all, is a relative thing ; since he that has little and wants less, is richer than he that has much and wants more. The contentment de- pends not upon what we have, but upon what we would have |; a tub was large enough for Di- ogenes, but a. wort 't wao too littlo ioi* Alexan- der. Levity would change everything, pertinacity nothing. He who cannot live contented anywhere, will live contented nowhere. Light things will agitate little minds. Reading makes the mind full, writing accurate, and conversation ready. A studious life wins longevity. Opinions are estimated by their truth, prefer- eaces by their jjropriety. From the same bud the bee sucks honey and tie spider poison. By the census recently taken in South Caroli- na, it appears that in the city and suburbs of Charleston, there is a denease in the white popu- lation since 1819, of between six and seven hini- dred — the number in 1819 being 17,706, and at present 1 7,202. The reason assigned is the al- most entile desertion of the upper part of King street, a section of the district which was exceed- ingly populous and thriving at the period when the last census was taken. In the country par- ishes there has generally been an increase. Maxims. — The best thing to be done when ad- versity pinches, is, not to sit down and cry, but to rise up and work. Seeking the welfare of man is goodness — of all virtues the greatest — because it is aiming to imi- tate God. No man ever did a purposed injury to another, without doing a greater to himself Whatever is worth doing at all is worth doing well ; but it is impossible to do anything well without attention. Almost all our desires are apt to wander into an improper course ; but care will render us safe and hajipy through life. Avoid all harshness in behaviour ; treat every one with that courtesy which springs from a mild and gentle heart. He pays dear for his bread who lives by anoth- er's bounty. There is no cause of misery more fruitful than incurring expenses that we cannot afford. One ounce of practice is better than a pound of precept. Get good sense, and you will not want good luck. He who hopes for glory by new discoveries, must not be ignorant of old ones. Poisonous Effects of If'hite Lead. — A man of this county " ran off" his moveable property, consist- ing of eight negroes and three horses, to avoid the payment of his debts — the ])roperty was found in South Carolina, attached, and the negroes for safe keeping were confined in the jail of Abbeville District. While in close confineuient, the inside of the jail was painted with white lead, which caused in about ten days, the death of four of the negroes, the most likely and valuable of the'num- bcr. They all died with violent coughs, proceed- ing doubtless from inhaling the poisonous fumes of the fresh painted room. — Georgia pa. Milk. — It is singular (says Mr Crawford) that the Cochin Chinese, who are in general indiscrim- inate, and even gross, in their diet, have an an- tipathy to milk, amounting to loathing. They in- sist that the practice of using it as food is little better than that of drinking raw blood. Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed. This day received at the New England Farmer Seed Store 52 North Market street. 20 bushels of Tall Meadow Oat Grass' Seed, at X2..'30 per bushel. Also, White Mulberry Seed, 50 cts per ounce, Lucerne, or French Clover, White and Red Clover, Sanfoin, Tim- othy, Orchaid Grass, Oat Grass, Herds Grass, &c. JlgricuUural Books. The third edition of Fcssenden's A>!/i .American Gar- dener ; this work lias been pronounced by the most ju- dicious horticultuiists in New England and the middle slates, to be the best treatise on Fruit Trees, Vegetables, Grape Vines, &c., to be found in this countiv orice $1,25. .- ^ ^ The Vine Dresser's Theoretical and Practical Manual, on the Culture of the Vine ; and Making Wine, Brandy' and Vinegar. By Tliicbaut de Bcrneaud. The Young Gardener's Assistant, containing Directions for the cultivation of Culinary Vegetables, and Ornament- al Flowers. By T. Bridgeman, gardener. New York- price 37 1-2 cts. A practical Treatise on the Management of Bees ; and the Management of Apiaries, with (he best method of des- troying and preventing the depredations of the Bee Moth, By James Thacher, M. D. — price 75 cts. Published every Friday, at S3 per annum, payable at the end of the year— but those who pay within sixly days from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a deduclion of fifiv cents. 'Sy No paper will be sent to a distance without payment be- ing made in advance. Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom * Tobacco, which is plenty and cheap in this country is pref- erable lo most of the articles above mentioned. Tobacco stems, leaf tobacco, or snulT, sprinkled between Ihe folds of woollen all descriptions of Printing can he executed lo meel the wishes clothes will answer Ihe purpose of keeping out moths, during of customers. Orders for printing received bv J. B. Rdssell the summer when woollens are laid aside.— Amer. Ed. (at Ihe Agricullural Warehouse No. .52 North Market Stieel' ""^l 2'.:i*Vlf-i^'' l^iSr v*«h. M -'**,■ ^ ■••ift^a ?**•* •i^^;^ -'ii<*^ ■tijg!" ^1S^ .■#'2r ^! ^