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New York

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THE

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

AND

HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

CONTAINING

ESSAYS, ORIGINAL AND SELECTED,

RELATING TO

AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY;

WITH

f

AND THE

PniCES OF COUJVTHY' PRODUCE.

BY THOMAS G. FESSENDEN.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON:

PUBUSHED BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, NOS. 51 AND 52, NORTH MARKET STREET.

1831.

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INDEX

To the Ninth Volume of the Netc England Farmer.

A. B. his notice of prolific sheep, 171 — his notice of the
Chinese method of propagating fruit trees, 394.

Abel, Truman, his communication on tlie locust tree,
crops in New Hampshire, kc, 17

Abele, silver-leaved, notices of, by Mr Prince, 137.

Acarus, or red spider, uses of 413

Adams, John, report on his premium farm, 2Ci8

Adams, Josiah, on the Middlesex report on farms, 225

Adium John, his remarks on making wine from native
grapes, 44

Address of Festus Foster, extracts from 52.

of J. C. Gray, before the Massachusetts Agricultu-
ral Society, 121

of Z. Cook, Jun. before the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, 187, 194, 202

of Elias Phinney, before the Middlesex Society of

Husbandmen and Manufacturers, 217, 225 — remarks
on, by the Editor, 221

by Theodore Sedgwick, extracts from, 244.

by Samuel C. Allen, 372

— — before the Rhode-Island Society for the encourage-

' ment of Domestic Industry, by Dr Drown, 401.

iEgeria pyri, an insect which attacks pear-trees, Dr
HaiTis' remarks on, 2

^tna Mount, terrible eruption of, 96

Agave Americana, substitute for hemp, notice of, 405.

Agricola, on a disease in pear trees, 5 — on bad seeds and
misnamed fruit trees, 81— his remarks on salt hav
23s ■"

Agricultural information, value of, 358

Agricultural report of Albany county, extracts from 522

Agricultural premiums offered by the Middlesex Society
of Husbandmen and Manufacturers, 19 — awarded by
do, 205— see further Agricultural Societies.

Agricultural Societies, increasing in the State of Ohio, 88

Agricultural Society of Massachusetts, premiums offered
by, 97— notice of their cattle show. 111, 126— plough-
ing match with 2 yoke of oxen, 114— do with 1 yoke,
114— on sheep and swine, 114— on cows, heifers, bulls
and bull calves, 114— manufactures exhibited at 117—
premiums awarded at 117,118, 126~Committees of
l--*— on grain and vegetable crops, 260, 284 — on Man-
gel wuitzel,2^4 — on green crops for manure, 292

report of committee of, on useful inventions, 132—
on working cattle, 132-on butter, &c. 134— on the
bee moth, borer and best cultivated farms, 300, 308

formed in Rutland, Vt. 190

■; of Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin their

report on locust trees, 236— Officers of 277

of Essex, report of a Committee of, on the

report

management of farms, 2(38, 276

; of Plymouth, olfer a premium for roads, 307

— of Worcester, officers of, 325

of Merrimack, exhibition of 130 — Officers

of 131

Agriculture, English, excellence of, and superiority to
lliat of France, 85— profits of, 109— remarks on im-
provements in, 171— progress of, in New Brunswick
^251— on its importance, 277— scientific, exemplified by
the management of the Orange or Spesulia Farm
358,412
Alcohol obtained from bread in baking, 357
Alden J. Jun. on cutting trees for reproduction, 395
Allen, Jonathan, his statement relative to his Premium

farm, 308
Allen, Samuel C. extracts from an address delivered

by 372
Alligator, anecdotes of 32
Almshouse Farm in Newport, product of 85
\mateur, his inquiry respecting erafting grape-vines 2C7
\nibrette, a pear, description ik\W '

America, friendly monitions fur, from the Abbe Rav-
nal 240 ^

report on legalizing

\natomy, extracts from Dav
study of 231

ilndre Major, on the mode of his execution, 32S

Inimals, domestic, principles of rearing, managing and
feedingof 83— irt o,f propagating the best, 85— lono-ev-
ity of different species of 1.57 "

Anthracite coal used for burning bricks, 323

Ints, red, how destroyed, (i4

iphis I.anigera an insect, remedies a<rain«t 178
jples exhibited by Col. Gibbs, 14— by £ Bartle't 14
Jno~')°'Jl ®,-.,^°'''"*"" ^*' 25— from J. Prince, 18^ 78
Wi—K. D. Wduams and Mr Richards 46— by Messrs

Winships 54, 62— by Mr Manning 62, 78, 86, 119, 126,
— by R. Howe, 02 — by Henry Cushing, 62 — by James
Reed, 63— by Mr Welles, 78— by Mr Warren, 8G—
by G. W. Pratt, 86— by Mr Davenport 85— by E.
Wight, 85— by Mr Edwards 86— G. Parsons, 94 — P.
S. Hastings, 95— J. Upham 95— W. Pratt, Jun. 95—
large, by Gov. Lincoln, 101 — Mr J. Monroe 110 — Mr
James Vila, 110— Mr E. Weston, Jun. 110— Mr
Phipps, 110, 67— Rev. Mr Gannet, 12C— Mr S. Hyde,
126— Dr Bartlett 12G— by Mr Phinney, 134— by Col.
Jaques, 134— by J. B. Russell, 134— by Mr Eaton, 134
—Mr Burr, 142— Mr Perry, 142 — Mr Russell, 142—
Gen. Newhall, 150— Mr Chaser 158— how preserved

for winter's use 85, 394 — notices ol laige ones 107

from G. W. Porter 319 — how preserved, by Mr Per-
ry 382.

Apple trees, producing double blossoms, notice of 3

one which produced three crops of apples 131.
Apricots exhibited by E. Phinney, Esq. 14 — by Dr Rob-
bins and others, 18

A. R. his remarks on the culture of Indian corn, 345.
Aracacha plants sent to Mass. Hor. Soc. by Mr Smith,

with remarks on by Gen. Dearborn, 306— furthfer re-
marks on, 397

Ardent spirits not useful in medicine, 45, 47 — great ex-
pense of 67 — retail of, forbidden in several towns, S3

farm carried on in Worcester without, 96 — labor per-
formed without.under the superintendence of C. Jarvis,
Esq. 149— war against, in the Jerseys, 152 — notice of
their first introduction into New England, 239 — do not
preserve against cold 288— danger of taking as a medi-
cine 339 — the cause of crime 341.

.\rnold, Jesse, notice of work done by, without ardent
spirits 131.

Ashes of pitcoal, said to beinjurious to vegetation 204.

Asparagus, bundle of consisting of 25 heads, exhibited at
the London Horticultural Society 142 — blanched in
in tubes 142 — Mr Buel's remarks on 186— early spec-
imens of by Mr Toohey 254— how forced in hotbeds
270 — <lirections for its culture 309.

Atkinson, William, Esq, on the management of hot-house
furnaces, 197.

B. his query with regard to feeding ewes with Iamb
With turnips 35— his inquiry respecting a disease in
horses 234— answer to his inquiry respecting said dis-
ease, by R. 253 — his directions tor preventing sows
from destroying their offspring 259 — on the culture of
Indian corn 281, 3.37, 393— his directions for construct-
ting a cheap and efficient roller 313— on lucerne 337

Bacon, WilUam,onpreservinglocust trees against worms

18.
Bacon and pork, on curing 196 — great quantities of, in

Cincinnati 341.
Ballard, John 2d, on the mischievous propensities of

fowls 18.
Barefoot, a horse, so called, notice of 373.
Barley, remarks on insects which infest, by Dr Harris,
2— statement of a premium crop of, by Messrs T. &,'
H. Little 260 ; remarks on its culture 3.39.
Earnitz, Charles A. on the culture and uses of the sun

flower 13.
Bates. Judge, on the production of good wheat 324.
! Barnum, Mr, on. keeping bees in garrets, ^-c. 338.
j Bartlett, Levi, his apparatus to prevent the ascent of
I the cankerworm 10.
Bartrim Botanic Garden and nursery, report on 388.
B. C — n, his composition for feeding calves 324.
Beans, a stringlcss, notice of 59 ; remarkable kind of 85;

how cultivated .334.
Bear, anecdote of 328.
Beard, Ebenezer, on the profitableness of Bees 58; on

their hives melting down 259, 313.
Bee Moch, Mr Stone's method of destroying 300 ; re-
misjks on, and remedies against 331. See further Bees'.
Beer, how made from the honey locust 237.
Bee-hive, architecture of 74.

Bees, defend a house from pillage 15; great produce
from 49 ; on their profitableness 58 ; without stmgs,
notice of 67; on their divisinn of labor 76 ; singular
circumstances, concerning 100; successfully manao--
ed by Mr Withington 102; Dr Thacher's" remarks
on 193.201, 320; Dr Smith's observations on 193,200.
331,350; on the existence of a queen amono- 222 •
notice of their breeding in garrets, ^-c. 250, 31o' 338 •
on their hives melting down 259, 266, 275, 313 ; in-

quiries concerning, by a countryman 283 ( remarks
on, by R. G. 289 ; by Mr Turner 299 ; their cultiva-
tion in cities advised, by Dr Smith 331 ; remarks on,
by Mr Prince 338; by Mr Buel 353, how secured'
against the bee molh 300, 353, 354, 402 ; sometimes
swarm in wet weather 377 ; remarks on the manage-
ment of 390, 402, 403, 407, 409; quero relative to
their working without a queen 493.

Beets, early, premium awarded for, to Mr Seaver 6 ;
and other roots, how gathered and preserved 77, 93.

Beet, the white, remarks on 275.

Beet sugar, in France 375.

Bernard, Gen. his remark respecting the character of
Americans, 328.

Birch rind, or bark, uses of 110.

Birds, on the folly and criminality of destroying 324, 387 ;
sagacity of, in Hindostan 336.

Blacksmith's study, notice of 355.

Blackstone Canal, amount of transportation on, in the
summer of 1830.

Blue color, extracted from buckwheat straw 272.

Bog Meadow, covered with loam, and great produ
from 59.

Bohon Upas, less poisonous than has been supposed 199

Bones, enormous, found in Kentucky 149; ground for
manure 197, 355 ; Mr Lowell's letter on 245 ; a use-
ful manure for wheat 294.

Bonnets, made of hornet's nests 199.

Boots and shoes, patent for a new mode of manufaclur
ing 323.

Boston, census of 107 ; prosperity of .341.

Bonsall, Edward, Esq. his letter on the culture of the
vine, 307,315.

Botanical knowledge, importance of 252.

Botts in horses, remedy for 30.

Brace, Jonathan and others, their mode of preserving
peach trees from worms 125.

Bread, dyspepsia, recipe for making 27; of gelatine and
potatoe flour 42 ; of wheat straw 53 ; used as food for
horses in Silesia 325.

Breeding live stock, rules concerning 53 ; for a dairy
stock, remarks on 377.

Briggs, W. Esq. on a disease in sheep 260.

Brighton Market, report of for the year 1830, 193

Broom corn, notice of 141 ; how introduced by Dr
Franklin 203.

Buckminster, WiUiam, report on his farm 182 ; his ac-
count of turning in green crops for manure 292 • on
bog mud for manure 292 ; ou the yellow locust 292.

Budding, new method of 199.

Buel, J. Esq. his directions for transplanting trees 131
128 ; extracts and notes from 177; on plantin"- and'
healing wounds in trees 177; on salt as manure 177 •
earths in vegetables 177; on wheat 177; stirring land'
in warm weather 177; planting trees 177; poison in
vegetables 177; disease in fruit trees 177; on the
aphis lanigera 178 ; on manures 178 ; on salt for milch
cows 185; on late frosts 185; on asparagus 186; on
operations of steam 186; on the culture and virtue's of
the strawberry 220; on the pieplant 220 ; on the
the transpiration of plants 220 ; on sea kale 220 ; on
using the locust for live fences 307 ; his letter on be~
ing made member of the Mass. Hort. Sec. 320- his
I'cmarks on bees 353.
Bull calves, large, owned by George Hazen, Esq. 172,
Bull, 2 years old weighing 1700 lbs. 59.
Burns and Scalds, remarks en, and remeilies for 27 45

141, 222 ' '

Bussorah Arabian, a fine horse, no*'ces of 90
Bultcr, en the making, curing and casking of 65 ;

premium ofl"ei-e<l for by Mass. -Agr. Soc. 78, 247 ; report

of a Com. of Ma-i*. Agr. Soc. on 134, 166 ; on makino-

in winter 197, 237— preserved in the bottom of a weil

Buying on trust, disadvantajes of 37

Cabbage, drum head, weighing 18 1-2 lbs. 59. do. 25

lbs. 174; with 24 heads on one stump, 131 — with 25

heads 142
Cabbages, modes of preserving 77 — a large Savoy 190
Cabbage plants, how preserved from worms, 369
Calvin, his description of a new moric of jrafling, 242
Calf, a remarkable owned by W. Furnes", 102
Calves, flesh of, less than six weeks old prohibited from

sale in Paris 2 — remarks on the raising and manao-e-

ment of by Gorhani Parsons, Esq, 26 — on their pcaBno'

INDEX.

balk from fruit trees, 2l3j 219— remedy for scours in
314
Camels, proposed to naturalize in France 86
Canada thistle, liow destroyed 49
Canal and rail roads in Penn. 235
C anal trade from Providence to Worcester, 381
Canibalism, notices of 104

Canker-worm, Mr Bartlett's apparatus to prevent the

ascent of 10— observations on by Mr Kenrick 275 —

how destroyed by Mr Winship 374— security against

by Dr Robbins, 418

Camellia Japonica, varieties of exhibited by D. Hag-

gerston and J. B. Russell, 199
Canal Survey to connect the water of Boston and Narra-

ganset rivers, 139 — Blackstone, report on 245
Caoutchouc, Dr Mitchel's method of working 163
Cape Broccoli raised near Baltimore in great perfection

173
Capillary attraction, instance of 27
Capen L. his remarks on salt hay, 273
Carrots, on gathering and securing, 93— advantages of
cultivating together with flax 259— their effecta on
horses 299 — on cows 321
Carr, R. his communication, with seeds of wild rice, 299
Carr, William on the cultivation of the Strawberry 30
Castor oil, price of reduced by the tariff -59
Caterpillars, recipes for destroying 36, 214, 36j—
ravages of in Penn. 395— remarks on by Dr Hams 1
Cattle, notices of a disease in 161— cure for bloating in
173— improved breed of by Gov. Lincoln, 214— queries
respecting insects in 258— short horned, remarks on
and notices of the sales of by W. 281— large, notices
of 239— remarks oh mostly from Culley, 290, 314—
remarks on by Colonus, 267— by W. 299— improved
by Mr Jenkins, 314— by Mr Howard, 3.37— large
exportation of 365— breeding of for a dairy stock, re-
marks on 377— when hoven or swollen by clover
remedies for 393- Devonshire, letter concerning,
fromJ. W. Coke, 402
Cattle show and Fair of the Rhode Island Society for the
encouragement of Domestic Industry 94, 103— Mid-
dlesex Society of Husbandmen and Manufiicturers
101— report of the committee of 182. 190— of Bristol
County 106--Berkshirc County 116--of Worcester 118—
of Fall River 116--of Merrimack County N. H. 136—
of Hampshire, Hampden andFrankUn, 134 ;°of Worcester,
Committees of 138 , reports of 138, IC4— of Strafford, New

Hampshire, 141 — See further Agricultural Societies.
Cattle Stalls, defects in 83
Cauliflowers, early, premium awarded for to Mr Sea-

ver, 6— large raised by Mr Pettee 118 , '•■

Cellars, damp, a remedy for 4S
Cements, water proof, several sorts of 71
Cemetery, rural, proposed by a Com. of Mass. Hor.

Soc. 335
Census of Massachusetts, 219— of the U. S 285, 341
Chandler, Cipt. Daniel, notice of his improved harrow

198 , ^

Charcoal, said to fatten pigs 150— dust of, said to be a
remedy for the grub 206— preservi'S peach tree! from
insects 323--iiieasurement of regulated by law 352--
accelerates the maturity of melons 337— on its uses
as a manure, antidote to insects &c. 390, 405
Cheap things should uiver b; bought when not wanted,

232

Charring posts, v.'hen and how ussful 396.
Cheese poisonous its had qualities caused by Indian
Tobacco, lobelia infl.i'a 51— ho.v preserved against
mites 53— how mjde of potatoes li4— quantity of, made
in Holland 217— questions relative to tiie manufac-
ture of 313. 32 J-. -remarks on making 353, 499
Cherries, cxhiji'od by Mr Manning and Mr Howe 6—

by Gen. Dju' orn M--liy Mr M^inning 11
Cherry-bird, o i its cu'tivalion as a decoy lor caterpillars 14
Cherry grafts, remarkable growth of 11
Cherry trees, remedy for the blast on 378 ; bark of,

poisonous 337
Chesnut woo 1, more durable than oak C3
Chimnies iror.. rc_-;o:nmended 235
Ghina, economy in 231

Children, on tlm inaniRement of 54; hair of should be
cut short (JV ,, ■ .

Child, Mrs, ni,!i_.e of her work caUed the Mothers

book 353, ?>C'7
Chlorine, a reiaedv for animal poisons 35
Oholora morbus, notice of its ravages in Asia and Eu

rope 230
Churns, pendulum, notice of 405

.Cider, fermeniau.-^ii of, regulated by ciiarcoal 17; im-
proved by :!:■) lard seed i:?9 ; remarks on making 373
Circumnavigator, his reipedy for blast in cherry trees,

sn

Cities of the United States, population of 323

Clark, Rev. Adam, his observations on prognostications

of the weather 154
Cleanliness recommended 339
Climate, effect of, on the human race, &c 363
Clover seed, great quantity of, prepared in Chambcrs-

burg, Penn. 341
Coal, anthracite, quantity of, annually consumed in

Philadelphia 235
Coal ashes, prejudicial to vegetation 204
Cobb, L., his notice of great growth of cherry grafts 11
Cobb, J. H., Esq., notices of his lectures on silk 179, 280
Cobs of Indian corn useful, when ground with the grain

45, 115
Cabra da Cabello, a venomous reptile, notice of 16
Coal, anthracite, used for baking bricks 331 ^ ;

Cochineal, cultivated in the south of Spain 280
Cockroaches, recipe for destroying 7
Cocoons of silk, purchased in Baltimore 339
Coffee, French preparation of 379
Coinage at the U. S. Mint 280
Cold and sore throat, remedy for 238
Colman, Henry, account of his premium crop of ruta
baga 284 ; his observations on the dairy 321 ; his cre-
scent hoe 410
Colonus, his communication concerning milch cows 267
Columella, his remarks on Col. Jaques' Stock Farm 28G
Coffee, rules for making 8 ; useful effects of 360
Coffin, Sir Isaac, his letter to Gen. Dearborn, Pres. Mass.

Hort. Soc. 347
Cold, treatment of those who have been exposed to 43
Combustion, spontaneous 42 ; instance of 379
Comfort, notice of 133
Compost manure, how made 60, 93

Conductors of lightning, painting of 289; sec also light-
ning rods.
Consumption, cure for 325

Consumption, cured by the vapor of nitric acid 235
Cook, Z. jr., his address to the Mass. Hort. Soc. 187,

195, 202,211
Cooking grates for cooking by anthracite coal 69
Copperas, manufactured in Hubardston 139, 227; in
Tenipleton 330 ; a solution of, as a steep for seed corn,
314, 323, 337, 3613
Corn, large crops of, raised on Turkey bog 42, 100 ;

Cliinese, notice of 355 ; see farther Indian corn.
Corrosive sublimate, milk an antidote for 51
Corse, Henry, Esq., notice of his present of fruit trees,

&.C, to Mass. Hort. Soc. 329
Cotton goods, American, exported to Calcutta 115, 116 ;

cargoes of, arriving from the southward 325
Coun'.iyitian, a, bis remarks on Fanning operations 233;
Ills inquiiies concerning bees 233

Cow, a good, owned by Mr Chase 206; Chinese, notice
of 25()'; .spayed, notice of 305 ; a prolific 315 ; on the

259, 2o7

management of 246; inquiry concernin^
337 ; benefited by currying 365
Cow keeping in Holland, &.c, 25

Cows, notice of profitable, exhibited at Harlford 172;
milch, remarks on 365 ; their character and condition
245
Cranberries, how cultivated by Cnpt. Hall 137 ; 400
busliels of, raised by Mr Hayden 133; remarks on,
from the Genesee Farmer 251
Cranston, J. on an insect found on peach trees 393
Crops, in Engbnd 1G5

Croup, Tocipe for 45; causes and prevention ol 15.5;
Crows, notices of their habits, propensities, &c, 146
Cream, tlie cause of its collecting on the surf.:ce of

milk 407
Cucumbers, different opinions respectmg, as an article of
diitSO; noiice of large ones 107, 131,172; grown in
hollov.^cd turnip? 270; notice of early 310; remarks
on their culture 333
Cultivator, on the Napoleon and Passe Colmar Pears 105 ;
on grafting the grape 343 ; on the destruction of birds,
338.
Curculio, notices of, by Mr Hildreth 82 ; by Mr Ivirt-
land 153 ; by J. Cranston, and by the Editor 393 ; by
D. T. 413
Currant wine, Mr Pomeroy's remarks on its manufac-
ture 402; remarks on, by J. Hawley 404
Curtis, C, his remarks on preserving sweet potatoes, ap-
ples and squashes 394
Cuts with an edge-tool, remedy for 27
Culling instruments, means of giving a fine edge to

277
j Cow cabbage, notice of 233
Cu'iard ap'.ile, fruii of, presented to Mass. Hort. Soc. by
I W. D. liauunond. Esq. 343
■ Dairies, Dutch, their cleanliness, &c 85
1 Dairy, the, Mr Colman's remarks on 321

Dandelion, coffee, bow made from 237 ; remarks on its

culture and uses 310, 325 ; mammoth, notice of 339
Dark day, the, observations on 204
Davis, Gideon, on trimming the roots of fruit trees 349
Davis, Seth, his remarks on Leghorn wheats, on keeping

mice from peach trees, and pruning poach trees 274
Dearborn, Gen. H. A. S. his communication relative
to scions, grape vines, &c, sent to the Horticultural
Society, Paris 23; on double flowers, &c23; on the
culture of roses 33 ; on the cultivation of silk 28, 57 ;
bis translation of several extracts from the Annals D'-
Horticulture, on Manures, the Chinese Mulberry, &.C.
106 ; and method of increasing the size of fruits,
129 ; a method of making camellias produce seeds,
129; a method of accelerating the maturity of melons
125; noiice of his Centennial Address 158 ; on new
kinds of pears 169 ; on a method of destroying weeds
which grow between paving stones, &c 109; on the
science and literature of horticulture 180; his trans-
lation of M. Filippar's Agronomical Journey in Eng-
land 180 ; on depredations on fruit gardens and orchards,
and the utility of fruit for preserving health 188; his
notices of proceedings of Mass. Hort. Soc. 282 ; hi<
translation of Professor Poiteau's remarks on fruit
trees 297 ; letter to, from Sheldon Norton 303 ; hi»
remarks on Mr Corse, Mrs Griffith, and several other
cultivators, &c 330
Debt, disadvantages of 210
Definitions, new -100
Diamond, history of 328

Digestion impeded by drinking drams after eating C8
Dog, remarkable anecdote of 170 ; made to turn ma-
chinery 307
Door plates, transparent, used in Philadelphia 323
Dorchester, communication by 137
Downer, S., his lemarks on grafting grape vines 289
Diought, severe in the Southern States, and at the same

time much rain in New England 80
Drown, Dr Solomon, his notices of Guano, a sort of
manure 130; his address delivered before the Rhode
Island Society for the Encouragement of Industry 401 ;
notice of his lectures 413
Drowning, treatment ol those apparently dead by 43
Drunkenness, evils attending 24, 299, 323, 325

D. T. on transplanting trees and shrubs 51.
D'Thury, Vicomte Heiicourt, his letter to General

Dearborn, with a present of the Annals of the Horti-
cultural Society at Pari;, his own works &c. 39.

Ducks, how raised, &c. 334 ; their uses as vermin pick-
ers 334.

Dysentery, rules for avoiding 59:

Dys|>epsia, riding recommended for 389.

Dyspep5ia-bread, recipe for making 27.

Dyspeptic Monitor, notice of 51.

Early rising, recommended 133.

Eaiths, found in vegetables 177.

Echassery, a pear, description of 140.

Economy, to be taught children 13 ; remarks on 229,
325, 328.

Education, early, remarks on 163.

Eel, gigantic, iii New South Wales 240.

Eggs, bow preserved 341.

E. L., his remarks on Mangel Wurtzel/and Ruta Baga

Elder-berry syrup, recipe for 89.

I Elder leaves, round the roots of peach trees, destroy
worms 43.
Elephants, notices of 352.

Ellsworth, Joseph, his queries concerning fruit trees 10,
Elwyn, J. L. observations on glanders in horses 183;

on grasses, fic. 262.
Errata, liability of printers to 104.
E,5sex Agricultural Society, officers of 91.
Evil, beuini'iries of, to be avoided 90.
Ewes with lamb, quere whether turnip; are injurious to 3o,
Fall sowing of some soils of seeds, recommended 62.
Fakirs, devotees in Calcutta, anecdotes of 40.
Faldermann, F. Esq. Curalo' of the Imperial Botanic

Garden at St Petersburg, his letter to Gen. De.irbori

169.
Farcy, a disease in horses 4.

Farmers, prospects of American 333. ^.

Farmer, a scientilicon boiled food for fattening hogs 333
Farmer, a, on the medical virtues of water 36; on thi

Napoleon and Passe Colmar pears .38, 41 ; on lime M

a mannie 76; signs of a cood one 83.
Farmer a New York, on the culture of wheat 183;

Roxbury, on the season 3.50.
Farmer, a small, on the examination of farms 186, 206.
Farmer's work for September 54 ; for February 23!

240- for March 261; for April 294, 302; for Ma

3>6, 342 ; lor June 363, 371, 382, 390 ; for July «

INDEX.

Farmers, politics for 241, 249, 257, 205,

■3Farnis, desciiptioii of, and inoiie of cullure recommend'
cd 49 ; small, recotmnended 65, 76 ; remaiks on the
examination of 1^6.

Farming operations, remarks on, by * A Countryman'
a33.

Farrier, Farmer's, notice of 366.

Favors fioiu friends 332.

Female dress, remarks on 59.

Fences, live, recommended 162; posls for, rendered du-
rable by filling holes in with salt lltl ; nbservations
on by Dr Shurtlcff 223,275; by \V. Kenrick 258;
Mr Kirk's lelter to Dr Slmillelf concernms 267 ; re-
marks on, by llic Editor 3U2 ; objections to the use of
the locust tree for 307.

Ferry, 11. bis queries concerning a kind of lice found on
Indian corn 11.

Fieldpaths, remarks on 3^9.

Figs, grown in Long Isbnid 116.

Fire wood, economy in the use of 23?,

Fish, live, how to convey 235; holes in the ice of
ponds should be broken for, in winter 325 ; lecundily
of 357.

Fiske, O. on an insect which infests pear trees 35.

Fla.v, notice of two crops ol (be same season 221 ; obser-
vations on its culture, manulacture, &.c. 233; how
cultivated with carrots 269 ; on spinning by machine-
ry 269.

Flax seed, 12 years olil, produced a large crop 85.

Flowers, exhibitions of S6, 150.

Floy, Michael, his descriptions of Trees and shrubs,
producing a succession of tlowers, &c. 74, 84,99.

Food for man, expense of 360.

Fosdick, David, fine grapes raised by 54.

Foster, Festus, extracts from his address before the H..
F. & H. Agricultural Society.

Foster, Gideon, account of his crop of mangel wurtzel
234.

Fowler, James, his mode of reclaiming wet meadows 61.

Fowls, sometimes useful in gardens by destroying insects,
&c. 1 ; remarks on their mischievous propensities, by
Mr Ballard IS ; should be kept by every man who
keeps a pig 75 ; (attencd with potatoes and meal 222 ;
see also poultry 293 ; insects which infest 323.

Fowl Meadow Grass, remarks on, by Mr Lowell 342.

France, domestic industry in 192.

Franklin, anecdotes of SO 258 ; his introduction of broom-
corn and yellow willow 203.

Free martin, a kind of barren heifer, remarks on 13.

Friday, not an unlucky day 56. .

Friend to Industry, on the culture of silk 229.

Frog market at Brussels, notice of 56.

Frost, early S4.

Fruit stealing, notice of 94.

Fruits, list ol requested 10 ; to be found in the New
American Gardener 10 ; queries concerning, by Mr
Fllsworth 10; sample of, exhibited by S. G. Perkins
l\) ) remarks on new kinds of, by * a Looker On' 8S ;
list of by Looker On 113 ; a method of increasing the
size of 129 ; on iheir utility for preserving health l.S^ ;
method of preservinj SSS ; fallen and decayed should
be gathered and given to swine 410.

Truit trees, packing of, for exportation 67 ; Mr Buel's
remarks on diseases in 177 ; bark pealed from, by
calves 213, 219 ; on pruning 262 ; extracis from a
lecture on, by Profcsor Poiteau 297 ; on trimming the
roots of 349 ; on the best mode of planting 361 ; should
not be suffered to beat fiuit too early 365 ; on cover-
ing the nnked branches of with new wood 3S2 ; Chi-
nese method of projragating 394; anew, beautiful and
Ta'.aable, from J. Winship to J. S. Skinner 326 ; rem-
edy for, when wounded 402.

Came, dead, mode of preserving 77.

Gardener's work for February 238; for March 270; for
April 309; for May 333.

Gardens, remarks on 231), 317, 34S.

Gardiner, Rev. Dr, admonitory sentence by 203.

Garland, David S., his remarks on hemp 354.

O. B. P. on preserving turnips from the fly 321.

G. D. A. his remarks on the lupin 81.

Geese, how to choose in jnarket 222 ; remarks on breed-
ing, rearing, &c - 341.

Geology, recommendations and notices of 141.

Glanders in horses, queries concerning, and reply to 174 ;
Mr Elwyn's observations 185.

Gold, North Carolina, quantity of coined 235.
Gold mines, Mecklenburg 163.
jCjOmbo, a West India dish, how made 73,
Goose, wild, curious fact concerning 176.
(Gooseberry bush, a profitable, owned by Dr. S. A.
Shurtlefi 7 ; how preserved frnm insects 379.

Goo.sebcrries, exhibited by Mr Seavor and .Mr Walker 6 ;
new varieties ol", remarks on 41; method of p''escrv-
ing 410.

Goirie, A. on preserving tender plants in winter by
spring water 86.

Goslings destroyed by thunder 365

lirafted trees, directions concerning 405.

Grafting, a mode of, practised in the East Indies 106;
imprDvomcnt in by Dr Shurtlcfl'186 ; new mode ol, by
Culvin 24*2 ; the grape vine, remarks orr 1'43,2S9.

Grain, coarse, should not be distilled, but given to stock
191.

Grapes, fine, presented Mass. Hor. Soc. by Dr Austin
47 ; iiiised liy Mr Fosdick 59 ; by Mr Haggerslon 51 ;
by Mr Phinncy 63, 102 ; cultivated in Nantucket in
considerable quantities 69 ; exhibited by Rev. G- B.
Peiry7S; by Dr \^'illiams 7S ; by Mr A. Perry 7S;
by Mr Fosdick 78, 110 ; IMr Sellars 86 ; R. Manning
86; Messrs Winships 86, 95; Mr Haskins 95; Mr
Phipps95, 110; N. Seaver 95; Mr Penniman 102 ;
Mr Cook 102; Capt, Uran 102 ; Col. Gibbs 102 ; Mr
Ilaggerston 102; Mr Downer 110, 119; Mr Allium
119;' Mr E. M. Richards 119; Mr Rus-ell 142; great
quantity ol, rai>ed in the neighborhood of Boston 168 ;
how cultivated at Fontainbleau 163 ; how to prevent
the rot or m'ldewofl72; large quantity raised ne<ir
Philadelphia 172 ; Major Long's notices of, and inqui-
ries concerning 266; remarks on planting 348; on
preserving after they are taken from the vines 413.
the Isabella, notices of fine, 107, 116; the Scup-

pernong, remarks on 163

Gr.ipe vines, successfully cultivated, by Mr Loubat 102 ;
new varieties of, by Mr Tidd 210 ; on grafting 243,
2.^9 ; Mr Bonsall's remarks on their culture 307, 315 ;
planting of, in yards, recommended 355 ; how propa-
gated by Mr Longworth 355 ; remarkable, by Mr
VVillis 397.

Grasses, remarks on, by J. Lowell, Esq. 242 ; by J. L.
Elwyn 202.

Grass grounds, remarks on fop dressing of 234.

Greece, a model farm established in 153.

Green crops for manure, premium received for, by Mr
B u c km i I ' :( 1 .

Green, Roland, his remarks on the season 322.

Grilfitb, Mrs Mary, her letters to Dr Tbacher on bees
201; her let'er to Gen. Dearborn, with a book on
horticulture &.c. 330; extracts from her work entitled
Our Neighborhood 396.

Guano, a new kind of manure, notices of 54, 129.

G. W. B. on raising holly plants 202.

Gypsum, history and uses of 309 ; found useful near the
ocean 367.

H. his request for information relative to reclaiming lands
233

H ibil, power ol 352

Habits of indolence and excess which often cause ruin
attributed to hard study 155

Hair of children should be cut short 67

Hale, Mr report on his pump 132

Hamilton, Dr, anecdo'e of SO

Hams, how made and preserved 324; best preserved in
charcoal 355

Hanging, treatment of those who have suffered by 43

Hams, Dr T. W. his coninjunicalion to Mass. Hort.
.Soc. on several sorts of insects 1 ; his remarks on the
Free Martin 61

Harrow, an improved by Capt. Chandler, notice of 198

Harrow teeth of Dr Nichols, report on 132

Harvesting gr.iin, observations on 414

Hats, patent for an improvement in 199

Hay, Salt, inquiry concerning 210 ; answer to said inquiry
220 ; remarks on by Schooselt 233 ; by I,. Capen,

Haymaking, remarks on 398

Hedges, remarks on the construction of by Dr ShurtlcfF,
209 ; see further fences, live

Heifer, a large 190

Hemp, remarks on the culture and management of .354 ;
a company formed for the cultivation of 391

Ilerhemont Mrs N. on the culture and cooking of
peaches 162

Herbs, directions for gathering and preserving 81

Hildreth, Rev. H. extracts from a work published by
158

Hildreth, S. P. his letter to Gen. Dearborn, with a
drawing and description of a now kind of pear &c.
82; on the curculio 82; a second letter fvoui, with a
promise of scions, seeds, vcc. 170 ; his letter accompa.,
nying a package of seed d-c. 282 ; seed and scion;; pre-
sented by 346

Hoeing remarks on 374

Hogs, notices of large 107, 118, 174, 190, Sat^an

Hogs haslet, family poisoned by eating 219

Hogsly, disgrncod by a drunkard 416

Hull}' plants, how raised 202

Honey, cxbildtion of by Mr How 6; by Mr Rogers,
15; by Mr Prince, with remaiks on by E. P. 19; ob-
servations on by A Wanderer 58, 90 ; cure for the
gravel 2S0

Hops, injured by a gale 63; qu.intity inspected in
Albany 250

Horn, a useful manure for wheat 294

Horse manure, query concerniirg its use 250

Horses, diseases of 412; iudrcations of old age in 4:
uses of the lips of 4; disease of the teeth in 12; of ihn
tongue 12; canker and wounds in the mouth 12; for
curing slabbering in 42; scratches in 85; ringbone
and spavin in 124; directions for watering and feedrng
172 ; recipe fur when heated 172 ; Arabian transportetl
to Washington 172; for the glanders in 174, 195;
B.'s inquiry' respecting a swelling in 234,2.53; cure
for sore mouths in 243 ; remedy for heaves in 324 :
remarks on lartrpas in 365

Horticultural Festival, at Albany, notice of 66; of Mass.
Hor. Soc. 70; at N. York 78

Horticultrrral Society of Mass. proceedings of 6, 14, 18,
30, 33, 46, 54, 62, 78, 89, 94, 102, 110, 118, 126, 134,
142, 150, 15S, 166, 282, 290, 302, 305, 322,329,346.
302,371,378,382,385, 403, 410; Preruiums awarded
by 170, 363 ; Premiums offered by 318

Hcrticultural Society of Pennsylvania, notices of ex-
hibitions of 308,397 ; report of a Com. of on the Bar-
tram Botanic Garden 388

Horticultural Society of London, notice of vegetables ex-
hibited at 142

of Rensselaer County officers of 173.

Charleston S. C. 173

Hosack, Dr, his letter with a donation of books to Maes.
Hor. :50c 282

Hot-bed, how maile 270, 317

Hot house furnaces, directions for managing 197

Hot water, Mr Perkius' mode of heatiug hot houses
with 362, 373

Houghton, Abel, his mode of raising sweet potatoes 94

Housekeepers, items for 64

Howard, Sanford, his remarks on winter butler, and
short horned cattle 337

Hubbard, Dca. Thomas, report on his farm 1S2

Husbandry, general principles of 44

Hyile Park mansion house, and estate belonging lo
Dr Hosack, notices of 148, 156

Hydrophobia, cured by chlor-ine 36; notice of death
caused by 72; cured by Mercurial ointment, with
friction 150; horrible case of 157 ; further notices of 399

Hypochondriacs, rcmarKs addressed to 255

Iceboxes, how made 179

Ice hiiuses, their use &c. 20

Ichneumon llordei, an insect, Dr Harris's remarks
on 2

Iceland, character of the natives of &.C. 244, 264

Idiot, remarkable instance of the force of habit in 25S

Improvements, frets relative to the slowness of mankind
to adopt them 61 ; manifested in Rochester, State o(
N. York, 413

India rubber, spun into threads &c, 229; fatal conse-
quence of swallowing 323

Inilian corn, notice of insects wh'ch prey oa 11 ; direc-
tions relative to liarvesting of &c. 54 ; varieties of
presented \lass. Hor. Se.c. by Capt. Chandler, 54 ;
roots of thought to ey;„a„st the sal after the crop is
gathered 85; great growth of 126; loss by attempting
to cultivate in France 112; introduced into Englanil
by Cobbelt, fai' arc of 155 ; planting of on greensward
266 ; remarks on its culture by B. 281 ; on selecting
the best cars for seeds 285

Inquirer, K'lS remarks on tile importanco of giving llie
bolaoi\ieal names of graises &c. 234

IntetDpcianoe, woes of 108; notices of its effects 205;
er ils resulting from 400, 408

Ip.ternal ijwprovemeat, suras expended for Uy govern-
ment 235

luk, sympathetic, how made 304

lnse<:t Architecture 20, 26

Insects, several sorts of, Dr Harris, communication ccQ-
cerning I ; in peach trees to destroy 5, 125

Hessian fly, and an insect that preys on it 9 ; on Indian
corn, notice of 11; destructive to seed corn in New
Hamj>shiro 17 ; r ernarks on their architecture, uses,
properties &.c. 20 ; new kird of found in wlieat 21 ;
voracity of 37 ; on fruit trees 177, 178 ;, io. cattle 25S;
259 ; that attacks turnips, how guardsri against 321 ;
which infect fowls 323 ; de»troye<J by chickeijs 365 ;
by tobacco liquid 365 ; by charcoal dusl ^

INDEX.

Lowell, town, gre^t growth of 307 ; companies in 310
Lucerne grass, nolices of 243, 285, 326, 342, 365
Lumber great quantities of shipped from IVI-alne to the

South 64
Lupin the, observations on 81
Lnpinai- Polyphyllus, a new plant introdnceJ into

France 169
M. on Major Lonsj's Grape 266; notice of grafts sent by

toM. H. S. 2!J0 ; on the best mode of planting fruit

trees 261
Machine for making crackers, pilot biead, &,c 85 ; for

fui'ming boot tops 132 ; for manufacturing wrought

nails 344 ; (or planing, graving, and tonguing boards

357
Madder, barilla and woad, query relative to their culture

219
Magnolia, several species of, remarks on by Mr Prince

^_,_^ --,-.,„ , 137

Jenkins I his comnlunication respecting improved breeds ] Mangel Wurtzel, roots of a substitute for malt 45; its

great cropsof by J. Calkin, 201 : onsteeping seeds of i"
asoluiion of copperas 314,326,337,360; remarks o"
its culture by tlie Editor 326, 346; by A. R. 345;
how improved by crossing 349; seed of in planting
should not be spiead 355; how preserved against the
grub worm 366 ; seed of prepared in tar 370 ; should
be hoed without hilling 374; remarks on its culture by
B. 393

InJigo, a substitute for invented in France 357

J. A. on Iho season at Cincinnati &c. 10

Jaques, Col. notices of his proposed Stock Farm 270,

Jarvis, Edward, his communication lespecting two crops
of llax from the same field the same seasun 221

Jarvis, Charles, his statement relative to Garden seeds,
and the performance of labor without ardent spirits
149 .

J. B. Ids inquiry respecting flowing fresh meadows 210

of cattle &c. 314
J. M. G. on Jomestic wines 9
J. M. I. on new varieties of gooseberries 41
J. N. U. his communication on giving descriptions of

fainii &c. 49
Jasmine, yellow flowers of, a child poisoned by 339
Johnson, S. B. notice of his productive plum tree 118
Journal of Health, notice of 158

J. S. on applying, a solution of salt to the roots of trees 18
J. T. his remarks on bees 407
K. his recipe for heaves in horses 324
Kenrick. J. on leaves tor manure 340
Kenrick, \Vm. his remarks on live fences 258 ; on canker

worms 275
KirtlanJ, Jared P. bis remarks on the curculio, diseased

pear trees Sec. 153
Knight, T. A. Esq. his letter to Hon. John Lowell, 17;
hi"s remarks on fermenting cider 17 ; on the culture
of potato 213 ; on the means of giving a fine
edge to cutting instruments 277
Labor and study, union of recomended 232
Ladies, married, ma.xims for 48 ; best cosmetic for 243
Lambs, shearing of recommended 170
Lamp, economical, notice of 179
Lampas in horses, remarks on 365
Luiclieth, H. and C. notice of their nurseries and garden

35S
Lard used in lamps 139

L. C. on erecting a wind mill in South Boston .337
Lead, a cheap covering for houses 16
Leather, solo manufactured by Mr Tufts 211
Leaves fallen, uses of for manure, hot beds &e. 142,

150, 340
Legliorn wheat; remarks on by Mr Davis 274
Lentils, presented to Ma«s. llor. Soc. by Dr Lieber,

347; description of, nnd their uses 302
Lice in cattle, remarks on, and remedies for 258, 236
Life, requisites lor its happiness 53 ; inquiry con-
cerning SO
Lightning, recovery from apparent death by, 43 ; death

by, and caution concerning 64
Lightning rods, known in Lombardy from time immemorial
,') ; mode for adjusting 19,412 , on painting of &c. 289
Lime, its importance as a manure, particularly in wheat

crops 76 ; on its uses and application 369
Lincoln, Gov. noiicc of his improved breed of cattle 214 ;
his communication respecting flooding meadow lands,
and preventing fruit trees from being peeled by calves
219 ; on a proposed stock farm 270
Liquid manure, notice of 83
Little, Messrs Tristram and Henry, notice of their

premium crop of spring v/heat 260
Live fences, remarks on by Dr ShurllefF, 209, 273 ; by

\V. Kenrick, 258
Live oak, reuiarks on its cultivation 235
Lobelia inflala, the cause of poisonous cheese 51
Local attachment, causes of&c. 75
Lock jaw, remedy for 125

Locust tree, queries concerning by Mr .\bel,17; re-
marks on by the Editor 17; preserved by Mr bacon,
against worms, by white washing, and the application
of lime abdut their roots IS ; report on by a Committee
of the Hampshire, Hanq)ilen and Franklm Agricul-
tural Society 236; by ilass. Agr. Soc, 292; how
cultivalcd by Mr Buckminster, 293, 365 ; objections
to its use for live fences .307
Lonirevity, indications of 68 ; of Henry Jenkins, notice of
77; ofdiflerent animals 1.57 ; several inst?nces of 285,

323, sna

advantages over Swedish turnip 222; injurious to milch
cows 321 ; Mr Foster's crop of 284, 373
Mania e pota, case of 116
Manufactures, iu Greene county 205 ; in New York 235 ;

in Philadelphia 239 ; in Egypt 265
Manure, magazines of in swauips, ponds, ditches, &c 38 ;
bow obtained from peat 46 ; notice of a new kind of
called Guano 54; mode of collecting in compost 66,
93; manure, liquid, remarks on 83; peat ashes said
to be useful for 139; fallen leaves recommended for
142, 150, 350; Mr Buel's remarks on 176; bones
groimd for recommended 197, 245 ; green crops turned
iu for 292 ; bog meadows for 292 ; should be put into
the ground in the spring 364 ; calcareous, remarks on
369
Mariner's Sketches 40
Martin, Hon. Wheeler, his notices of the dark day in

1780, and remai-kabic seasons 204
Mattrasses, made of moss 240

Meadows, fiesh, inquiries concerning flooding of 210;
answer to those inquiries, stating the advantages de-
rived fi'om flooding meadow land 219
Meadow, wet, how reclaimed by Mr Fowler 13
Mead, R. K., on the uses of leaves for manure 340
Mechanics, remarks on 5 ; and workmen, hints to from

the Journal of Health 56
Melon from Spain 134

Melons, how to accelerate the maturity of 129; remarks
on their cultivation 333; maturity of accelerated by
charcoal 367
Mercantile business, directions from a parent to his son

concerning 56
Meri-imack manufacturing company, notice of 160
Mezzotinto, when invented 341
Milch cows, remarks on their quaUties, conditions, &c,

245
Mildew on peach trees, &.c, how prevente/1 365
Militia, thoughts on 88

Militia titles, fondness of Americans for 200
Milk, how prevented from becoming sour 272
Milk pans, properties of, and stone wai'e recommended

lor 76
Mina, General, providential escape of 368
Mines and minerals in Vermont i519
Molasses, from sweet apples 45 ; how prepared for

preserving fruit 46
Momus, his remarks on carrots as food for horses 299
Monkey, anecdote of 416
Moonlight injui-ious to the eyes 75
Morning Air, gooil qualities of 380
Mortgages, i-einarks on, by Hon. S. C. .\llen 372
Mothera, hints to, relative to the management of chil-
dren 32, 48, 120
Mulberry tree, Chinese, when introduced into Prince's
collection 11; propagated and highly approved of in
the south of France 24 ; remarks on its uses and cul-
ture, by M. Periottet 28, 106; farmers advised to
plant 336
Musquitoes, prevention of 43, 395
Mustaches, ridiculed 368

Natural Histoi-y, importance of the science of 301
Natural Scenery, remarks on 278
Navarino hats, manufacture of 20S
Nectarines, exhibited 78
Nettle, utility of 206
New Zealand, notices of 112; New Zealand flax,

strength of 238
Newport Almshouse Farm,_product of 85
New York, statistical facts concerning 174
Nili-e, solution of, useful in watering carnations 15

Looker on, his list of valuable fruits 113

Lowell, John, Esq. on the Napoleon and Passe Colmar i Noi-thwood, observations by 36

Pears 50, 74 ; on grasses 242,- on tlie use of bones for 1 .Norton, Sheldon, his letter to Gen. Dearborn 305
manure 245 Novus Stricter, his remarks on wild rice 273

Nuttall, Thomas, notices of his tour through parts ofthe

Sbuthern States 1
Oak wood, not so dui'able as chesnnt 68
Oats, best way of harvesting 365 . . ,

Obsefvator, his notices of the Euonymous atropurpureuS'

161
October, Gardener's work to be done in 93
Ollrcer, wounded, anecdote of 256
Oil of sunflower, notices of 96, 153 ; of olives, a reme-
dy for stings and bruises 107 ; adulteration of sperm
109; how purified 184
Onions, account of; Mr Perkins' premium crop of 285
Onion, magic, tree or top, notices of 182
Orange Farm, notices of improvements in 358
Orange, the blood 339, 350
Orchard grass, Mr Lowell's remarks on 242
Orchardist, an, remarks and queries by 14
Orchards, statute against tresspassers on 101; premiums

claimed for from Middlesex Agr. Soc. 190
Ourang Outang 373
Our Neighborhood, a work by Mrs Griffith, extracts from

396
Over feeding, disadvantages of 136
Oxen, at Concord Cattle Show, extraordinary strength.

of 123 ; notices of large 207, 215, 293
Ox's gall will set colors 75
Oyster shells, ground, and bone manui-e 197
PsEony tree, notice of a fine specimen of 366
Paint, cheap, notice of 367

Pahrr leaf Hats, notice of the manufacture of 211, 333
Parents, maxims for 128

Parkhurst, notices of his seed establishment 230, 231
Parsley, its culture recommended 333
Par-snips, how gathered and secured 93 ; great yield of
126 ; should be dug in the fall 165 ; observations on
their culture and uses 406
Parsons, Gorham, Esq., on raising calves, &c 26 ; notice

of scions sent by to M. H. Society 290
Pavements, improved 147
Pawtuxet Fair, and Cattle Show 24

Pea native, notice of 42 ; Bishops new early dwarf 150
Peaches, early, exhibited by Mr Prince 30, 110 ; by Mr
Whitmarsh 47 ; by Mr Manning and others 54 ; by
Z Cook, jnn, 62; by James Read 62 ; by Dr S. A.
Shurtleft- 62 ; by Mr Manning 62, 86, 95, 102 ; by
Mr Richards 62, 95, 102 ; by Mr Vose 62, 95 ; by
Mr Pettee 86, 1 19 ; by Mr Breed 86 ; by E. Vose 86 ;
E. M. Richards 86,119; Mr Wheelright, Mr Perkins
95; Mr E. Edwards 102; mode of drying 83,162
Peach or-chard, notice of a large 75

Peach trees, insects which inlesl 15, 36,43, 5,361,
393 ; a seasonable hint concerning 250 ; how to keep
mice from 274; how pruned 574; p.eterved from in-
sects by charcoal 323 ; Mrs Griffith's remarks on 396
Pears exhibited by E. D. Richards 15,30,119; by J.
Prince 30, 78, 110, 174 ; by R. Howe 30, 62 ; by Dr
ShurtletT 30, 102 ; by Mr Bailies 47 ; by A. Brimmer
and others 54 ; by R. Manning 62, 78, 86, 110, 118,
VK, 142 167; by B. Weld 62; by E. T. Andrews
62 -'by Mr Heath 78 ; by Mr Ward 78 ; hy Mr Greene
78 '- bv Mr Gibbs 86; by Mr Phipps 86, 110, 159;
bvivir Downer 86,102,110, 126, 142, 150, 107; hy
Mr Tufts 86; by Dr Shurtleff 86 ; E- Wright 7;
Saunders 86; W. R. Prince 86, 150; R. Toohey 94,
102 119; A. Brimmer 94; G. G. Canning 94; D,
Chandler 94; Gen. Dearborn 94; Mr Tucker 94;
John Perry 94 ; A. Young 9, 119 ; W. Pratt 94, 142,
150- G. Parsons 94; Mr Edwards 102; Mr Paino
102; Mr Wilkinson 102; Mr Smith 102; J. C. Gray,
Esq' 110- Hon. B. Crowninshield 110; S. G. Per-
kins Esq. 110, 1.34; Mr Joy 118; Mr Stearns 119;
Mrs Chaplin 119; A. D. Williams 119; H. Colman
134- Mr Phinney 134; Dr Shuitlefl" 134 ; S. Lathrop,.
Esq' 134; Otis Pettee 134; Mr Burr 142; Mr Web-
ster 142 ; Wm Pratt, jun. 142; Mr J. B. Joy; the
Colmar Dewcz, notice of 199 ; descripti in of several
sorts ol by W. R. Prince 41, 49, 73 ; St Michael, re-
marks on 81; the Burlingame, notice of 82 ; by Mr
S. Hyde 126; several sorts of from Prince's Catalogue
165, weighing 35 oz. ,..•,..-> = qk

Pear trees, remarks on an insects which intest 2, 5, d&,
136 361, 374; on the cause of blight in, by .^gncola
5 - remarks on applying brine to the roots of to destroy
insects 18 ; on the different causes of blight in 21 ;
wroMiT names of 25, 38, 41 ; on the unproduc tiveness
of Nl° 105; on the causes of their destruction 137;
Mr li'uel's remarks on disease in 177; observations
on blight in 361 ; small worms on, how destroyed 374
Pearls nolices of 16 ; artificial, how made in China 240
Pea-s third crop of green, in November 142 ; early, how
raised 270; notices of early 335; on their cultivatioifc
334 ; remarks on cooking, &.c 394, 413

INDEX.

Peat, on its use as a manure 46 ; ashes of, useful as a
manure ]3S

■yerkin-s Samuel G. notice of his exhibition of fruit 19

Perkins, Joseph, notice of his premium crop of onions 285;
see apples, pears and peaches, description of his appa-
ratus for heating hot liouses witli hot water 362, 378 ;
remarks on his article by the Editor 366

Serrotct, on the Chinese Mulberry 106

JPerry, Gardner B. his communication relative to i-aising
■calves, & c 25

Petrifactions discovered in the Mohawk valley 235

Pettee, Otis his notice of preserved Rhubarb, presented
to the Editor 254

Philadelphia, censns of 123.

Philosophy in a poor woman 141.

Phjaney, Elias, Esq. notices of his improvements in farm-
ing 22; his improved roller, description and cut of 22 ;
his Address before the Middlesex Society of Husband-
men and Manufacturers 217, 225 ; remarks on said Ad-
dress by the Editor 221 ; his directions for planting
iCOPn on greenswards 266.

Pickles, condemned as unhealthy 126.

Pigeons, swift flight of SO.

Pieplant, cultivation and uses of 220.

Pine, New Holland, gre.it height of 325.

Place, Enoch, his method of preserving cabbage plants
from worms 369.

Planting on greensward, directions concerning 266.

Plants, new specimens of, collected by Mr Nuttall 1 ; on
preserving thiough the winter, by the temperature of
spring water 86.

platina, observations on the coining of 280,

Plum, Mr Prince's remarks on its culture 10) ; on the
Irost gage 196.

Plums, exhibited by Rufus Howe, Gen. Dearborn, &c. 18
54 ; from Messrs Downer, Prince, Gardner, and Man-
ning 30, 78 ; by Mr Manning and Mr Pond 47, 62;
samples of from C. Stearns 50 ; by Mr Hovey G3 ; by
Mr Fiske 63 ; by Mr Edwards 63 ; by Mr Derby 78 ;
Messrs Winships 86.

Plum tree, great produce from 118; mistake concerning
corrected 137.

Poetry, The Course of Culture, by T. G. Fessenden, a
song sung at the second anniversary of the Mass. Hor.
Soc. 72 ; Beauty, lines on 72 ; Song 80 ; on War 80 ;
Epitaph on T. Kemp 80; Description of a Cow 80;
The Midnight Mail 96 ; The Concord Cattle Show
104; Autumn Woods 112; The Dying Child 120;
Songs written for the Merrimack Agricultural exhibi-
tion, by J. B. Moore, Esq. and George Kent 128 ;

t Tired of Play 136 ; Autumnal scenery I44 ; Collage
Contrast 152 ; Thanksgiving Hymn 160 ; The Ant
and the Cricket, 216; New England 216; Signs of
Prosperity 191 ; The Accepted 182 ; The Carrier^ Ad-
dress 200 ; Childhood 206 ; Speed the Plough 208 ;
Hymn of the Moravian Nuns &.c. 224 ; Moonlight 232;
The Farmer's Vernal Ode 283; I'm not a single man
296 ; Mrs Hood's reply 312 ; The Refuge 328 ; Artifice
336 ; The Spring Journey 344 ; Incomprehensibility
of God 352 ; Nothing to do 360 ; The False One 368 ;
Mother of Washington 376 ; Printing Office Melo-
dies 384 ; Departure of the Pioneer 342 ; Melody 400 ;
The Three Homes 408 ; Jonathan and John Bull, a les-
tive song 416.

Poisons, animal, including that of a mad dog. cured by
chlorine 36 ; effects of on vegetables 177 ; from
weeds and potato tops 214.

Poiteau, on the Chinese mulberry 106; extracts from
his lecture on Fruit Trees 297.

Polishing substance, a cheap 227.

Politeness in children &c. 357.

Politics for farmers 241, 249, 257, 265.

Fomeroy, S. W. his communication on Champaigne cur-
rant wine 402.

Ponceau, Peter S. Du, his letter to Gen. Dearborn on
the culture of silk 57 ; Pool, John and Horace, report

on their premium pro-tractors 1.32.

Pork, and bacon, remarks on curing 196.

Potato cheese, recipe for making 20.

Potatoes, early, premium awarded for to Mr Pond 60 ;
how gathered and secured 93 ; great produce of 106,
134; experiments in planting 106 ; great product from
a. single one 106 ; food for horses 150; 31 different
sorts of uses of 205; partly boiled supply the place of
soap 365 ; remarks on new varieties of, by'MrTidd
210; remarks on their culture, by T. A. Knight 213 ;
premium crop of, by Mr Williams 261 ; an economi-
cal mode of raising early 348.

Potato onion, remarks on, by S. R. 23 ; how cultivated
134 ; new, presented by Mr Pond 395.

Potato starch, notices of manufactories of 233, 355.

Potato, svN-eet, a new variety of 388 ; remarks on the

preservation of 394.
Poultry, meal and boiled potatoes proper food for 142 ;
remarks on, by the Editor 254, 278, 293, 318, 341 ;
management of 379.
Practices, unseasonable and dangerous 48.
Prince, John, on keeping bees in the upper stories of

houses, barns, &c. 310,3.38.
: Prince, William R. on the introduction into this country
of the Chinese mulberry tree 11; on wrong names
given to some pear trees cultivated near Boston 25, 49,
100, 112, 124 ; his notices of several sorts of pears 41,
49, 72 ; remarks on the best time for transplanting
trees 100 ; on the culture of the plum 101 ; on several
kinds of magnolia and abele 137 ; his description of the
.Ambrette aad Echassery pears, 140; review of his
treatise on the vine 145 ; his notices of several kinds of
fruit brought to New York maiket 158 ; his remarks
on the season 161 ; his description o( Ste\'ens' Gene-
see pear, and other pears 165, 173, 189, 212; on the
frost gage plum 196 ; on the blood orange 350.
Prince, Messrs, notice of their Linnaean garden 397.
Printers, unrequited labors of 205; enthusiasm ot 239.
Pump, newly invented, by Mr Hale, report on 132.
Pumpkins, large, notices of 155 ; how cultivated 334 ;

their use recommended 341.
Punctuality, the want of condemned 157.
Putnam, General, anecdote of 51.
Quakers, morals of 373.
Q. B. on making and curing hams 324.
Quince, remarks on its culture and uses 224.
Quinces, exhibited by Mr Prince 150.
R. his remarks relative to tumors in horses 253.
Radishes, how best raised 375.

Rail road, of Manchester and Liverpool 149, 2.38, 277 ;
notices of, in the Western and Southern States 204 ;
Hudson and Mohawk 206; not obstructed by snow
219 ; carriage on, moved 64 miles in 58 minutes 219 ;
of South Carolina 243 ; several notices concerning
277, 301 , 320, 332, 349, 335, 357.
Rattle snake, a remarkable 27.
Rats, a mode of destroying 18.

Recipe, for the bite of a snake 5 ; to destroy insects that
infest peach trees 5, 323 ; lor delirium tremens 5; for
a gooseberry puddmg 6 ; for Boston puddings 6; for
red currant jelly 7 ; for raspberry jam 7 ; for black
cake 7 ; for cockroaches 7 ; for softening iiard water
7 ; to remove a tight stopple from a decanter 11 ; for
drinking cold water when heated 15; to remove water
spots from black crape veils 15 ; to make very strong
vinegar 15 ; for making potato cheese 20 ; for.hoven
cattle 24, 123; for burns and scalds 27 ; for cuts with
an edge tool 27 ; for making dyspepsia bread 27 ; to
prevent horses from being teased with flies 27 ; to re-
store the beauty of brick buildings 27 ; for bolts in
horses 30 ; for preserving vegetables green until win-
ter 36, 42 ; for destroying caterpillars 36 ; for slabber-
ing in horses 42 ; for slings and bruises 43 ; for worms
in peach trees 43 ; for destroying slugs 43 ; for burns
and scalds 45, 222 ; for ring worms 45 ; for the croup
45; for the whooping cough 54 ; to preserve cheese
against mites 53 ; for a cough 56 ; lor poisoned ani-
mals 59 ; to remove a light stopple from a decanter 64 ;
to cut glass vessels in two G4 ; for destroying red ants
64 ; several for water proof cement 71 ; for setting
colors 75 ; for making Gombo, a West India dish 75 ;
to preserve dead game 77 ; for destroying rats 78 ; for
making vegetable extracts 83; for scratches in horses
85; for preserving apples 8.' ; for making elderberry
syrup 85 ; to remove water spots from black silk veils
115; for ring bone and spavin in horses 124; foi
lockjaw 125; for cattle bloated, hoven or swollen 133 ;
for making sour kraut, or salted cabbage 139 ; for
itching feet 140 ; for sick head ache 144; for hydro-
phobia 36, 150 ; for preserving iron from rust 154 ; for
preserving grain from mice 162; for horses which
have been heated 172; of a composition for the shoes
of gardeners 173 ; for the glanders in horses 174 ; for
painting wood 174 ; for preserving the wood of wheel
work 184; for purifying oil 184; for frostbitten feet
199; for ladies' rheumatism 214; for consumption
235 ; to remove spots of grease, pilch, or oil from
woollen cloth 235 ; to destroy weevils among corn 237 ;
for sore throat and cold 238 ; for sore mouths in horses
243 ; for making cows become dry 246 ; for a disease
in sheep 260 ; of a composition for preserving gates,
pales, barns, &.c. 264 ; a varnish to preservb insects
264 ; for extracting a blue color from buckwheat
straw 272 ; to prevent mifk from becoming sour 272;
for securing limber from decay 272 ; to remove ice
from door steps 272 ; for a soar throat 272 ; for chil-

blains 272; for a felon 273 ; for wounds inflamed by
taking rold 272; fur curing the scab in sheep 275;
for preserving eggs 27S ; lor lice in cattle 258 286 ;
for salt rheum 291 ; for making sym pathetic ink 304;
for removing hoarseness 323; for making hams 324 ;
for feeding calves 324 ; for consumption 32.5 ; Ibi- pre-
ser\-ing ei;gs 311 ; for preserving hams 357; for pre-
venting niilde\v on peach and nectarine trees 365 ; for
destroying insecls 365, 36G ; for worms in horses 366 ;
for a paint for garden fences, &c. 373 ; for making
ChampaigTie currant wine 402; for the sting ol'a bee
407 ; for an ox .strained by oveidrawing 415.
Reed, Alexander on sheep husbandry 170
Reynolds, S. his remarks on twitch grass, and a plaster

for trees 329
R. G. on gathering and preserving herbs 81 ; on bees

289
Rheum, Salt, recipe for 291
Rhubarb, preserved, notice of 253 ; on forcing and

blanching 291
Rice, time and manner of its introduction into America

53; wild, queries and remarks on 274, 299
Rich man, miseries of 155
Richaidson, Francis, report on his farm 182
Ring worms, cure I'or 45

Pi 1, his remarks on the importance of botanical

knowledge 252
Roads, how made through snow in Sweden 227 ; premi-
um offered for 307
Robbins, G. P. on security against canker worms 410
Rogcis. Wm. S. notice of his present ol seeds to Mass.

Hor. Soc. 302
Roller, improved by E. Phinney, Esq. 22; a cheap, how

constructed 313 ; remarks on the form of 361
Roots, on gathering and preserving 77
Roseberry, eai-l of, his letter to Gen. Dearborn, 323
Rose bug, Dr Harris' remarks on 1
Roses, translation of a French treatise on their cultnro

33 ; show of at Messrs Winships, 366
Rotation of crops in gardening, remarks on 364
Rustic, A, his inquiry relative to Milch Cows 259, 337;

on cooking green peas &.c. 394
Ruta baga, great crop of by Mr Colman, 284 ; remarks

on as food for cows 321
Rye, on the cultivation of 37 ; description and effects of
the spur in 92 ; great crop oi 239 ; premium crop of by
R. Adams, Jr. 261
Sago an article of luxury in China 15
Salmon fishery, remarks on 61
Salsify, culture and mode of cooking of 162
Salt, usually sent to market too soon after its manufac-
ture 45 ; as a manure for peas 106 ; put into the bot-
tom of feuce po-;ts 191 ; Mr Buel's remarks on its use
as a manure 177; useful, for milch cows 185; how
given to cattle and sheep .365
Salt water discovered in the interior of Penn. 1G3
Sand, non conducting powers of 15

Salt hay, inquiries concerning 210; answer to said in-
quiries 220 ; rcmarkson by Ajjricola 228 ; observations
on by Schoosett 233
Sauerkraut, or salted cabbage, how made and its uses

139
Salt-petre, taken by mistake instead of salt, fatal conse-
quences from 323
Salt rheum, cure for 291

Sawyer Lemuel, on the Scuppernong Grape 163
S. C. his remarks on the maufjcture of bass matting 324
Schools, public notice of 147
Schoosett, his refnarks on salt hay 233
Scythes, sharpening of, an impoved rifle for 71
Seakale, on forcing and blanching 291
Seasons, at Cincinnati 10; n itices of 45, ICl ; in Penn-
sjlvania 170; recollections of former 205; in the
Stale of Illinois 229; remarks on by Dr Green, 322*
further remarks on 349 ; by the Ro\bury Farmer 350 ;
in Maine, remarks on 369
Sedgwick, Theodore, Esq. extracts from his address 244
Seeds, a mode of preserving 60; fall sowing of le-

(ommcnded 62
Sensitive plant, notice of 398
September, farmer's work for 54
Sergeant, S. his notice of an extraordinary milch cow

283
Shakers, or United Society, notice of 248
Sheep, number of in England, France, and Spain 85 ;
notice of prolific 171 ; great imrnbers diseased in Eng-
land. Scotland, &c. 179; remarks on a disease in bj
L. W. Briggs, Esq. 260 , remedy for the scab in 275 ;
tar useful for 365; anecdotes of by the Ettrick Shep-
herd 410 ; management of in Spain 411
Shcphardia, a new kind of Fruit tree, notices of 326, 331

iNiDES,

Shoas, tijlit, disadvantages of 35

Shrubbery, different sorts of producing a succession of

flowers from spring to autumn 74, 84, 02, 161
Shuvtleff, Dr Beiijainin, on an iuiprovcment in grafting
ISS: on live fences 209; on post and rail fences &c.
223 ; letter to from Mr Kirk, on live fences 267 ; on
live fences, puddlins; trees &c. 373
Sick head ache, remedy for 144

Silk, remarks on its culture by Gen. Dearborn, 27 ; 4
tons of raised in Connecticut last seison30; culture
of Dear Troy 43 ; successfully cultivated in Philadel-
phia by Mr D'Horaergue 51, 76; remarks on by A
Wanderer 5S, 90 ; specimen of by Mr Rapp 58 ; pro-
gross in its culture by J. H. Cobb, Esq. 59; a com-
pany formed for its culture in Sweden 80 ; fine speci-
men of by Miss Hewlet 113; uy Mrs Shaw, 125 : so-
ciety for the cultivation of in Holland 131 ; a remarka.
ble han'< of 133; line stockings of, manufactured by
Miss Winn, South Carolina 17!! ; on its culture in the
U. S. 178; Mr Cobb's lectures on 179, 2S0 ; sugges-
tions on the culture of by W. 196 ; remarks on by A.
Wright, 196; by Paul Ware, 212; on the ancient cul-
ture of in North America 921 ; remarks on by a Fiiend
to Industry 229; American, Shipped to Havre 239;
report of a Commiltece of the Mass. Legislature on
2B2; further notices of 288, 2S3, .366, 398; foreign,
great sales of 325 ; imported into Liverpool by Mr Du-
ponceau,333; advantages of manufacturing 333, for
females culture of recomniended 399
Silk flag, presented by Mr Duponceau, ta the Speaker

of Congress 200, 219
Silk w^rms, notices of from Holbrook's scientific tract 405
Silk ribbons manufactured in Durham, N. H. 374
Simsbury Copper Mine 163

Skinner, J. S. Esq. his letter, sent with a package of
seeds to Mass. Hor. Soc. 282 ; his present to Mass,
Hor. Soc. of seeds of the Cheropodium Quinoa 371
S. L. on raising wheat ICl
Sleep of children 13
Slugs, mode of destroying 43

Smith, Gideon B. his letter sent to Mass. Hor. Soc.

together with aracacha plants 306; his present of a

package of seeds, together with the Cheropodium

Quinoa, or Peruvian rice 371

Smith, J. S. his lett.Tr with the seed of shrubs &c., sent

J. S. Skinner, Esq. 282
Smith, Dr J. V. C. his remarks on bees 193, 200, 331,350
Smoking, practice of condemned 43
Snake, cure for the bite of 5; sucking the wound re-
commended 141 ; consequence of swallowing 219
Su)-,v, fresh, use of in making puddings 238
Snowball and high cranberry, inoculatedon each other 301
S. O. observations on the culture and uses of parsnips 40G
Soap, the making of 380
Soiling, rci'iai'ks on 36G
Sorrel, much used in France 5

Sows, how prevented from devouring their oftipring 259
Spayed cows, advantages of 305
Spiders, sagacity of 336

Spinago, New Zealand, on its cultivation and uses 261
Spindle tree, notices of 161

Spinning, great day's work of by Mrs Boque 113
Spring wheat, how cultivated 249, 302
Spur in rye, notices of 92

Squashes, Valparaiso, remarkably productive 102 ; notices
of large 107, 111; exhibited by Dr Robbins 119;
remarks on their cultivation 333 ; how to keep from
rolling 394
S. R. his remarks on the potato onion 25
Stage proprietors, their liability 251
Steam, and improved mechanism, increase of productive

power by 27
Steam carriage, extraordinary speed of 155
Stearns, Isaac, jun. his notice of apple trees producing

double blossoms 3
Stearns, C. samples of plums from 50
Steed and out-rider, description of 392
Stevens, T. H. his letter accompanying seeds , &c- to

Messrs Dearborn and Cook 408
Slimpson's horse car, notice of 445
Stock, improved from the bull Denton, formerly owned

by ■?• H Powell, Esq. 206 ; see cattle.
Straw, new mode of bleaching 402
Strawberries, exhibition of, by D. Ilaggerslon 93 ; by

Judge Buel 398
Strawberry, on its cullivation by Mr Carr 30; on burning

the vines cf 48
Subscriber, a, on unproductive pear trees 41, 105; on
preserving vegetables for winter's use 42; on melting
down the comb of bce-hlves 275; his query concern-
ing mulberry trees 275; on lightning rods 289; on
twitch grass 299 ; a Pennsylvania, on the form of a
roller 3G1

Sugar, from beet rojts 15; from the maple tree, great
quantities manufactured 277

Sunllower, cm its culture, uses, &c 13 ; oil obtained from
by C. A. Barnitz 153

S. VV. his remarks on bees 403

Swallows, a new species of 381

Swcot hilars, as stocks for roses, translation of a treatise
on 33

Sweet potatoes, how raised by Mr Houghton 94 ; re-
ceived from Mr Edwards 94; should be started in
hot beds 270

Swine, directions for feeding and fattening, &c G8, 85;
notices of larce 107, 174, 190, 231, 331, 367; large
exhibited by Mr Mackay 118; rnay be fattened on
coal 150 ; best fattened on boiled food 353 ; how fat-
tened in a pasture 364

Swiss Chard, mode of cooking 388

Tall meadow oat grass, Mr Lowell's remarks on 242

Tariff, notices of the effects of 184

Tattooing, how performed in New Zealand 120

T. C. his mode of destroying Canada Thistles 49

Tea, remarks on 2, 379

Tea plant, how cultivated at the Cape of Good Hope 283

Teeth, recipe for cleaning 13; cause and remedy in
those which are carious 140 ; observations on 293; of
soldiers killed at Waterloo, how disposed of 355

Temperance and Patriotism 45; facts relating to 107;
in I'roviiicetovvn, Mass. 163; advantages of 238, 373,
389 ; notice of in Lee 415; influence of in preventing
crime 349

Temperance Societies in New Hampshire, extract fi-om
their report 88 ; in Vermont 301 ; benefits resulting
from 400

Temperature of a country, rules for determining 162

Thacher, Dr James, his account of an excursion on the
Hudson 148, l-5(); his remarks on the honey bee 193,
201, 329; on the sulfocation of bees, and the melting
down of their honey 266

Thistles, how to destroy 37; raised for seed 393

Thyme, remarks on 11

Tidd, Jacob, his statement relative to singular circum-
stances taking place with bees 100; on new vf-.rieties
of potatoes, and seedling grape vines 210

Timber, ship, sent down the Worcester canal 191

Timber, best time for cutting 286

Timothy, a tall stalk of 15

Tobacco, remarks on 11; to break off from its use 344

Tomatos, recommendations of 20, 45

Tooth Wash, compound chlorine 414

Top-dressing grass grounds, remarks on 234

Town, a thrivmg 237

Townsend, Jno. his communication on bees, wounded
fruit trees, and winter grain 402

Trees and shrubs may be transplanted as soon as the
summer heat is over, &.c 51 ; description of producing
a succession of flowers fiom spring to autumn 74, 84,
92; best transp'anted in autumn 100,162; spring re-
commended for transplanting 124 ; a mode of trans-
planting recomniended by Mr Winship 130 ; Mr
Buel's directions for transplanting 131, 177; inscrip-
tions cut on 172; cow dung a good salve for 177; how
planted in Turkey, &c, and planting of in U. S. re-
commended 177; best mode of transplanting 178; a
large tree, notice of 231 ; their cultivation recom-
mended 237 ; forest and woodland, remarks on by Mr
Welles 316; should be left standing on the tops and
sides of hills 358 ; remarks on the planting of, by M.
361; useful and ornamental should beset out 365;
how to make fruitful on Mr Knight's plan 370; should
not be felled from the tops and sides of mountains
392 ; on cutting for reproduction 395

Trouble, how to shake off 240

Tulips, notice of 380

Tumors in horses 234, 253

Turkey-bog cornfield, notice of 42, 56

Turkey, the, how raised and fattened 318

Turner, John B. his remaiks on hees 299

Turnips, as food for ewes with lamb, query whether in-
jurious 35 ; how used to forward the vegetation of young
plants 286 ; how preserved from the fly 321 ; wood
ashes should be sowed over at time of coming up 374
Turnip-rooted cabbage, its culture for cows 321
Twitch or couch grass, query concerning 299; remedies

against 329,331
Tyler, Aaron, on a disease in cattle 161
Urine, useful as a manure for wheat 294
Valley of Connecticut, preparing seed corn in tar 370

•Vegetable extract, how made in France 83

Vegetable physiology, remarks on by Prof Liodlcy 18

Vegetables, on preserving for winter's use 26, 42;

brought bom a distance, and kept some time on hand

are unhealthy 75 ; on gathering and preserving 77 ;

large, exhibited at the Merrimac Agricultural exhibi-
tion 131 ; effect of poison on 177
Venus' Fly trap, a singular flower 149
Vermont, communication froui 2+1
Viator, his communication on spayed cows 305
Vicinus, his remaiks on salt hay 220
Vine, observations on, from I'rnice's Trcitise 60; soils
proper for 144 ; review of BIr Piince's Treatise on
145; large, growing on the farm of Isaac Jones 172;
stripped of its leaves in autumn, vegetates the sooner
in spring 177; new vaiieties of by Mr Tidd 210;
Mr Bonsall's letter on its culture 307,315; planting
of in yards 325; how propagated by MrLongworth 355
Vineyard, Loubai's notice ol 47

Vinton, Thomas, notice of his improved cooking grate 69
Vilis, his remarks on a premium for the best mode of

training vines 391 ; answer to the same 395
W. his communication relative to vegetable physiology
18; on a cornfield at Turkey Bog 58; on the culture
of silk 196 ; on short horned stock 281, 299
Wagon, Clark's, patent notices of 34
Walnuts, exhibited by Mr Downer 111, 142
Walnut tree, grafting of recommended 60
Wanderer, a, Itis comniuuicatiou on honey and silk 58, 90 ;
on the uses of a garden, manner of obtaining an or-
chard, &.C 178
Ware, Erastus, his premium farm 2G8, 276, 300
Ware, Paul, his remark on the culture of silk 212
Warming houses, remarks on 204
Warren, Dr, remarkable case stated by 256
Warren, J. his notices of great produce of potatoeis lOft
Watch, a transparent 136

Water, mediciil virtues of 36; cures wounds ib. ; drink-
ing of at night among the Ai abs 53 ; remarks on the
Ireezing of 179; how drawn from a w«ll by Tartars
349; simple means of purifying 379; cold, cautions
to be used in drinking 389
Water cress, remarks on 11
Water melon seeds poisonous 59
W. B. recommends transplanting trees in spring 124;

his remarks on blight in pear trees 361
Weather, observations on prognostications of 154 ; very

cold in the state of New York 230
Weazel, anecdotes of the 8
Weeding young crops, remarks on 411
Weeds, which grow between paving stones, &.c, method
of destroying 169 ; advantages to be derived from the
destruction of 372
Weevils among corn, how destroyed 237, 355
Well, mode of throwing light into 43
Welles, Hon. John, nis ooservations on the Free Martin

62 ; on Woodland and Forest Trees 316
Wheat, new insect found in 21, 42 ; heavy kind of 42 ;
new variety of from Hon. R. Rush 139; great quan-
tity of raised in Sing Sing, N. Y. 157 ; how raised by
S. L. 161 ; Mr Buel's remarks on 177 ; remarks on by
a New York Farmer 185 ; Spring, inquiries respecting
piemiumsfor 259; premium crop of by Messrs Little
•260; how cultivated 24,302; Judge Bales' remarks
on 324 ; Mr Taylor's remarks on reaping 396 ; how
raised by Jno. Townsend 403 ; intended for seed
sbpould be thoroughly ripe 409 ; /

Wheeler, Abner, report on his farm 122
Wheeler, Benjamin, on fowls in gardens 1
White, Mr, his statement of a cure for consumptioD 32&
White washing recommended 340
White beet, remarks on 275

Whortleberries, a sloop load of sold in N. York 47
Williams, Paysou, Esq. notice of his premium crop of

potatoes 261
Wild rice, remarka on by Novus Stricter 273
Winchester, cattle slaughtered at his cstablishm»nt 239
Windmill at South Boston, proposed to be erected 337
Window blinds, improved mode of hanging 399
Wines, domestic remarks on 9 ; from native grapes 44
Winship, Jonathan, on transplanting trees 130; his mode

of destroying Canker worms 374
Winter in Halifax 237
Winter grain, rules for raising 403
Woods, fancy, of different colors, &c 68
Wood of wheel work, &c, recipe for preserving 184;

for fire, economy in the use of 238
Wolf, John D. 2d, on great produce from bees 49
Woman, American, character of 51 ; cannot be taught

too much arithmetic 59
Woodward, Dr Samuel, profitable cows exhibited by 172
Wool trade in Germany 129 ; in London 179 ; notice of
sales of 206 ; improvement in the quality and quantity
of 235; bought on the backs of sheep 251; remarks
on the fluctuating price of 415
Wounds, cured by cold water 36
Wright, Anthony, on the culture of silk 19

N

NEW ENGLiANB FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL AT NO 5?, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultuhal Wark.H"0»e.)— T. G. FESSENDE.S, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, JULY 23, 1830.

KO. 1.

© ^ ^ iM 'v£? 5"j J vcj ^^ '^ II ^ i:r ^ *

, Titragonotheca Hdinnthoidts, Verbcsina rirginicn .
=^ ii new sprcies ot" J]poc>/num and Collitisohia, Pin-
^ igiiicula lulea ; StclUiria longipKlanculata, Viola */-c-
— ♦ Jiculnta, a new specios; Petatostcmon carnenm,

To the Honorable Board of I'isiters of the Professorship j Sanguinatia canadetisis, /3. *rosea, Hijpoxis sdacca,

FOR THK NKW ENOr.ANl' KARHEK.

oJ'J\'aturiil Hislury

Gentlemen — In cmiiiiruiMce wi li yonr reqiics>t,
1 beg leave to offei- tlie lullnwing stati^nient <;oii-
ccrning my late tour ihroiiyli parts of tlie Boiuli-
eiii Slates wliicli I iiail not lieietulurc visited.

On aiiiving at Charleston, S. C, I cotniiienr*cd
my peilestiian joinney, and proceeded to Aiijrii>ta,
in Georgia, tlieiice to Rlaeon, afterwards to CoiUmj-
bus, at tlie Kails of tlie Cliataliootsliee, on the line
of tlie estate ; I then crntiniied through the Creek
reservation ti t1ie town of Muntgoniery, in Alulia-
ma, and at length arrived at TuskaloOsa, the eapi-
tal of that State ; Inow proceeded to Caliaha and
Greenville, and entering Florida not far tVom Pen-
saoola, continued to Tallahassee the capital, from
whence I letiirned thioiigh the 1 ivver part of
Georgia, crossing the A|:alachicola, Altaiiialia, and
Ogechee, to Savannah. The whole of this inland
pedestrian journey was upwards of I'200 miles,
occupying nic from the middle of January to tli:-
close of March. Being the winter season I made
all the collections I possihiy could of iieNV and rare
I)lant3, hoth roots and seeds — but have to legret
the delay of the largest collection of seeds which
I had made. This collection like wise. i:Hluai;;c;l
an herharimu i i\enfffi((;onsideiv'i); ; inj^iii-

.Mimulus alaliis, a species of Pancratium, Mianlinn
/ra/)c:i/brme, similar to the West India plant; Tril-
lium *tricolor, a new species with three colored
leaves; a new species of Calopogon, Rhexia gla-
bra, Sic ; also u large quantity of seeds in a mi.x-
ed collection, many of which are now vegetating;
as well as a iiumher of other species of plants
ccdiected out of flower and fruit, and not yet grown
up sufiicicntly to he recognizable.

A considerable number of the plants which T
collected in Alabama and F'hnida, from the dis-
tance they had to be conveyed, have perished.
My collections Were always rather select than nu-
merous, and tiiaiiy of the objects could only be ob-
lained by my own unaided conveyance. If any
of these collections prove interesting or useful to
the instiimion, tny intention will be fully answered.
Your obedient servant,

THOMAS NUTTALL.

FOWLS IN GARDENS.
Mr Fesse.nden — Ever since 1 was a boy there
has been a strange prejudice against fowls visit-
ing the gardens. The practice generally among
I'riiiers in managing their fowls is to feed them

,!tii. ...L,~.«l<o winter =.v.',>d a lid i.reHirn of snrin?,
have tl.c satisfaction to'state thatall the collections |th»y are a iway be considered.
I made in South Caruliiie, Georgia, niid Alaljaiua,
as fat as Cah5i.a, liaTe f-Tfely arrived at the Botanic
Garden, and many of ihe plants are growing,
among which are inelujed several tha.t are orna-
mental and rare as well as new.

Among them are several fine species and varie-
ties of Phlox, not yet cultivated ; a very showy
new species of Horse-cAesnif/, with scarlet flowers;
several perennial large species of Helianlhus or
Sun-flower ; several new species of Silpkium,
Rudbeckia, and eight or ten kinds of Liairis ; sev-
eral s(iecies of Sotidago, .isler, and f'crnonia, pecu-
liar to the South ; also Amso/iia anguslifolia, Poda-
lyria perfoliaia, P. unifora, Sfc, Coreopsis sevifulia,
and a new species allied to it, C. *stellata ; Cantua
coronopifolia ; a new sufliuticose Cactus, with
larfre flowers, believed to be hardy ; a new Con-
volvulus, with large tuberous roots ; an undcscribei heat
Panovv leaved Yucca, Y. *ligulata ; the splone'tly the
Silene regia ; the Sensitive Briar, (Schrankia hor, must
dula); a remarkable new species of .S'/rraceni"< is far-
an undescribed shrubby hardy Croton, Zornia tfH scc-
raphylla; anew perennial Luyjiii, Z.. *\s(/%osi(irthen-
ihe splendid Asimina grandiflora, or \ari;t: flower.ckery-
Popaw, discovered by the late celebrated Wil suffi-
Bartram, never before cultivated ; believed be re-
be hardy, being the rarest and most beautiful slirud, by

labor lliat mankind have, and will not work unlcsa
driven to it by hunger.

Anutl'.er great cause of our siiflcring so rniicli
by insecl.'', is that the birds are almost all d(^siroy-
ed by sporlsincn and wanton bo_\B. All insects
arc made by our all-wise ("reator for some wise
and good pnrpo.«c, and if the feathered tribe are
all destroyed, the insects which were made for their
food, will increase, and prey upon the fruila of
the earth. Yours, with respect,

BENJ. WHEELER

Framingham, July 16, 1830.

INSECTS.

To the Publishing Committee of the Mass. Hort. Society
Genti.eme.n — I beg leave to lay before you a
few observations respecting inserts.

The mas-hu^, Mclolov:lha subspinosii,!'' It com-
mences its ravages in this place (7 miles south of
Boston) at the time the damask rose puts forth its
blossoms. The following is a niemorandum of the
first appearance of this destructive inaucl for sev-
eral years past.

1822, June 10,

1823,

20,

1824,

15,

1825,

10,

1826,

6,

1827,

10,

1828,

10,

k -, ■

1829,

12,

1 -)o>r»

1"

land Farr

ler ot ine <!din

... f'^OnVaf cuUivation of the tea, we may naturally
thny applVe, forms an i:iiportant part of the husband-
supplied the Chinese, since it is a vegetable in .-m b
which lie cone the natives, for their home consump-
upon all the friso in so great request for e.xportatioii.
make their app^ cultivated with much attention, al-
ls immediately • often found in its natural state, pat-
is the severity the rugged banks of steep ntountains,
escape. Tlii-annot be gathered without the greatest
c'ording inty and danger. In order to obtain this
time.fa where access is impracticable, the inhabitants
bo have resource to a sinj^ular expedient. A great
number of monkeys generally resort to these
steep places, and being irritated and provoked,
tear oflT the branches and shower them down
upon those who have teased them ; the aggressors

in the United Slates ; also llie Asimina pi/gmaa, led in
tlje same author; Kuhnia crilonia ; .Ittium odo as to
■a(unt, Mrtlva cordatn,an undescribed species ; Ge.hereas
tinna alba ; a Trphrnsia, Eupatorium atbu/n, a ne earth-
Ckrysopsis and Actinomeris ; a new pereiiiiial heft first,
baceOMS Sida ; Smilax pubescens, S. laurifolia ; autions.
undescribed large Lathyrus ; Hyplis capilata, H-^ i" a
oiscus scaber, with a large yellow flower and dee
purple centre. Several Lobelias, Polygdla lulea

'ollect these branches and strip them of their
leaves.

The tea shrub docs not thrive well in either a
sandy or fat soil, although the Jajtanese plant it
as a border to their fields without regard to the
soil.

Near the end of the first month of the Jap-
anese year, that is, about the beginning of March,
the mothers of families with their chililreu and
servants, go with their baskets into the tea plan-
tations, when tlie weather is hot and dry, and
:rather the small tender leaves, that are not above
three or four days old, and previous to their being
unfolded; these are picked off one by one, tak-
ino- great precaution not to break them or injure
the shrub. However tedious this may appear,
yet they will gather from four to ten, or fifteen
pounds in a day. This first gathering is called

1. a^iWii^^'-a-

of hiv apple trees having produced double blossums
this season, has added the following remarks :

TliP confirmation of the truth of tlie above
anomaly in the vegetable kingdom, I can certify
as coming under my observation. Above tv/erily
years ago, while a minor and living wiih my fath.
er, in the town of Mansfield, Mass. he inoculated
an apple tree, in the inimth of July, whicl. had
sprung up in the garden from the seed, was very
thrifty and the second year of its growth. It was
inoculated about nine inches Irom the ground and
the next spring the top was taken off. In the
luontli of May it blossomed. From one bud there
sprang two disiinct blossoms, one of them was
ihe most extraordinary blossom that 1 ever beheld
on an apple tree. It was a double blossom and
resembled in appearance a white rose, with pe-
tals almost as large and equally as nunierouB.
The siem was of an uncommon length, I think
about 5 inches long. There was no ajipearancc
of any apple attached to it.

Another fact equally as singular was, that there
was another blossom from the same bud of usiiaj
form and appearance, from vvhi<;li grew and came
to maturity an apple, remarkably fair and of lar-
I'er size than common for the kind, which was
the sour red streak. The apple stayed on until
plucked oflT after the frosts in aulumn had com-
menced. Many came to see the cnrinsitv, who
declared they never saw or heard of the like be-
fore. The inoculation (rrew to the length of three
feet that season, in two bramdies.

ISAAC STEARNS, Jr

Providence, July 15, 1830.

4

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 23, 1830.

Slibtnrg of ffilseful KnotDletiae"dJarmets' Sctfcs.
diseasks of horses.

[CuntiiiueA]
FARCr.

Farcy is intimately connected with glanders ;
they will iini into each other, or their syin|)toins
will mingle to;^ether, and helbre either arrives nt
its ("alal termination its associate will almost inva-
riably appear. An animal inoculated with the
matter of farcy will often be afflicted with glan-
ders, while the matter of glanders will freipiently
produce farcy. They are difVereiit types or stages
of the same disease. There is, however, a very
material difffrence in their symptoms and progress,
and this nio-t important of all, that while glanders
are generally incurable, farcy, in its early stage
and milil form, may be successfully treated.

Veterinary writers tell ns that it is a disecse of
the absorbents in the skin. The small arteries
are employed in building uj) and nourishing the
various parts of tlie body ; and another set of
vessels arc busied in takirjg up and carrying away
that which is worn out and useless. There is no
part of the body on which thousands of these lit-
tle tubes do not open. Those of the skin are not
only employed in removing useless materials, but
in taking up various substa;n'es, and principally
fluids which may be in contact with the skin.
The little vessels which are thus occupied, collect
together and form larger branches, which run in
company with the superficial veins, and therefore
fany was once supposed to be a disease of the
vein-t, and the tunmrs by which it is characterized
acconi])aiiy the course of the veins. The poison
which they take up produces inflammation iti
them, which gradually spreads along the absorb-
ent, and causes it to swell.

These vessels^iiiaJL;ij! '.fe^y are, contain valves
iTtfe itiose in the commmi pump, which permit the
iJuid to pass one way, but prevent its return.
The inflammatioii, which pursues the natural
course of the fluid through these tubes, that is,
towards the reservoir into which it is thrown be-
fore it entors the heart, seems to he arrested by
these valves, and they inflame and swell ; and
therefore the first imllcatiim of this disease, even
before any drooping, or loss of condition, or of
appetite, is gcn'-rally the appearance of little tu-
mors— farci/ buds — close, to some of the veins,
follow Vug the course of the veins, and connected
togeiher by a kind of cord, which farriers call
corded veins. When they are few and small they
may possibly exist for several weeks without be-
ing observed ; but at length they increase in num-
ber and in size, and become painful and hot, and
some of them begin to ulcerate. They appear
usually about the face or neck, or inside of the
thigh, and in the latter case there is some general
enlargement of the limb, and lamene.^s.

In some cases, however, the horse will droop
for many a day before the a|ipearaiice of the but-
tons oijarcj buds ; — his appetite will he impaired ;
— his coat will stare ; — lie will lose flesh. The
poison is evidently at work, but has not gained
sufficient power to cafise the absorbents to swell.
In a few instances these hiids <lo not ulcerate, but
become bard and diflicult to divperse. The pro-
gress of the disease is then suspended, and possi-
bly for many minths tlie horse will a()p 'ar to ho
restnrd to licalth ; but he bears the .«eed3 of the
malady nbout him, and, all at once, the fircv as-
Bumc's a virulent firm, and hurries him ofl\ These
buds have tiOinetimes been confounded with the

little tumors or luuifis of surfeit. They are ge-
nerally higher than these tumors ; — not so broad ;
— have a more knot;y fe^-l, and are principally
found on the inside of the limbs, instead of out-
side.

The increase of these buds marks the progress
of the disease, and that progress is retarded by
the resistance of these valves. The ulcers spread
around, and are cured with considerable difliculty.
Larger tumors appear in the groin and between
the fore-leg, and ulcerate and sjiretid, and the
hollows and hurrowings run deep in every direc-
tion, and the horse becomes a miserable and loath-
some object. Glanders speedily appear, and death
ensues.

Few things are more unlike, or more perplex-
ing, than the different forms which farcy assumes
at different times. One of the legs, and particu-
larly one of the hinder-legs, will suddenly swell
to an enormous size. At night ilie horse will ap-
pear to bo perfectly well, and in the morning
one leg will be three times the size of the other,
with considerable fever, and scarcely the power of
moving the iinih.

The treatment of farcy varies^ with the form it
assumes. In the button or hud farcy, a mild dose
of physic sliould be first administered. The buds
should be then carefully examined, and if any of
them have broken, the budding iron, of a dull red
heat, sh >uid be applied to thein : or if matter
should be left in them, showing that they are dis-
posed to break, they should be penetrated with
the iron. These wounds should be daily inspect-
ed, and if, when the slough of the cautery conies
ofl^ they look pale, and foul, and spongy, and dis-
charge a thin matter, ihey should be frequently
washed with a lotion, composed of a draclim of
corrosive sublimate dissolved in an ounce of rec-
tified spirit ; the other buds should likewise be
examined, and opened v.ith the iron as soon as
they evidently contain matter. When the wounds
begin to look red, and the bottom of them is even
and firm, and they discharge a thick white or yel-
low matter, the friar's balsam will speedily heal
them. As, however, the constitution is now taint-
ed, loi'al applicaiions will not be sufficient, and
the disease must be attacked by internal medicines,
as soon as the physic has ceased to o))erate. The
corrosive sublimate will he the best alternative,
and may be given in doses of ten grains, gradual-
ly increased to a scruple, with two drachms of
gentian and one of ging('r, and repeated morning
and nigiit until the ulcers disappear, unless the
horse is violently purged, or the mouth becomes
sore, when a drachm of blue viiriid may be sub-
stituted for the corrosive sublimate. During this,
the animal should be placed in a large box, with a
free circulation of air ; and greeit yrass, or carrots,
the latter more particularly, should be given him,
with n fair allowance of corn. If he could be
turned out during the day, it would be advattta-
geous ; but at all events he should be daily exer
eised.

In the species of farcy attended with enormous
swelling, it will be prudent to bleed moderately
as well as to physic. The iron will not be neces-
sary, but the same alterative medicine will he
useful, and the leg should be frequently foment-
ed with warm water. In both cases, ahhongli
the air should be fresh and cool, the horse should
be warmly cloihcd.

The Water Farcy, confoundi'd by name with
the common farcy, and by which much confusion
iias been caused and a great deal of mischief done,

is a dropsical aftectiou of the skin, either of the
chest or of the limbs generally, and belongs to
another part of the subject.

A tumor termed a Polypus sometimes occupies
one of the nostriks. It will grow to a very large size,
obstructing the breathing, and sadly annoying the
horse. .As this can only he removed by an ope-
ration, which a \eterinary surgeon alone is com-
petent to perform, we do nut describe it particu-
larly.

THE I.IPS.

The lips of the horse are fiir more important
organs than many suppose. They arc, in a man-
ner, the hands of the horse; and if any one will
take the trouble to observe the manner in which
he gathers iii> bis corn with them, and collects
together his grass before he divides it with his
nippers, he will be satisfied that the horse would
he no more able to convey the food to bis mouth
without them, than the human being could with-
out his hands. This has even been put to the
test of experiment. The nerves which supply
the lips were divided in a poor ass, to illustrate some
point of physi dogy. The sensibility of the lips
was lost, and he knew not when he touched his
food with them; the motion of the lijis was lost,
and he could not get the oats between his leeth,
although the manger was full of them ; at length,
driven by hunger, he contrived to lick up a few of
them with his tongue, hut when they were on his
tongue, the greater part of them were rubbed off
before he could get them into his mouth. It is
on account of this use of the lips, that the faces
of all quadrupeds are so lengthened that the lips
may be brought into contact with his food, with-
out inconvenience or injury to other parts of the
face.

The lips of the horse should he thin, if the
beauty of the lieail be regarded, for if they are
loaded with fat they connot be so sensible as they
ought to be : yet, although thin, they should evi-
dently possess power, and be strongly and regu-
larly closed. A firm, compressed mouth gives a
favorable and no deceptive iilea of the muscular
[)ower of the animal. Lips apart from each oth-
er, and hanging down, indicate weakness or old
age, or dullness and sluggishness.

The depth of the mouth, or the distance from
the fore part to the angle of the lijis, should be
considerable, first, fiu' the .sake of beamy. A short
protuberant mouth would be a had finish to the
tapering face of the blood horse ; — more room is
likewise given fiir the opening of the nostril,
which we have seen to be an important considera-
tion. The bridle will not he carried well, and the
horse will hang heavy on hand, if there be not
considerable depth of mouth.

INDICATIONS OF OLD AGE Iff A HORSE.

The general indications of old age, indepen-
dent of the teeth, are deepening of the hollows
over the eyes, — gray hairs, and particularly over
the eyes, and about the muzzle; thickness and
hanging down (jf the lips ; sharpness of the with-
ers ; sinking of the back ; lengthening of the
quarters; and the disappearance of windgalls, s[)a-
vins, and tumors of every kiml.

Of the natural age of the horse we should form
a very erroneous estimate, from the early period
at which he is now worn out and destroyed. Mr
l?laii:e tells US of a gentleman, who liad three
horses, which died at the ages of thirtyfive, thirty-
seven and thirtynine. Mr Cully mentions one
that received a ball in his neck, at the battle of

Vol. IX.— No 1.

AIND HORTICUTTURAL JOUUiVAL.

Preston, in 1715, and which w.is extiacled iit liii
death, in 1753: •I'nl Mr Pmcival givesau accnnnt
of a barge horse that died in his sixtysecond
year.

Lightning. — It is curious to find that tho con-
ductor or lightning roil, wliich so many tiieu of
genius, learning, and ingenuity, liave lieen at the
jiains to complete, which in fact has always been
regarded as one of the proudest trophies of
Bcience — was known and employed by a people
of no more refined cultivation than tin; wild peas-
antry of Lomlmrdy. The Ahhe IScrtliollet, in his
work on the electricity of Meteors, describes a
practice used in some of the liastions of the Cas-
tle of Duitio, on the shores of the Adriatic, which
has existed f>-oin lime imtnemori d, and which is
literally neither more nor less than the process that
enabled Franklin to bring down lightning from
the clouds. An iron staff", it seems, was erected
ou the bastion of the castle during the snuiiner,
and it was part of the duty of the sentinel, wheti-
ever a storm tlireatcneri, to raise an iron pointed
liallx'rd towards this staff. If upon afiproach of
the haliierd, sparks were emitted (which to the
scientific niiml, would show that the staff was
charged with eluctricity from a thunder douil,) the
sentinel was made sure that a storm impended,
and he tolled a bell which sent forth the tidings
of datiger to the surrounding country. Nothing
can be more delightfully amiable than the parent-
al care of its subjects which this interesting pro-
vision of the local government exemplified. The
admonishing sound of the bell was obeyed like a
preternatmal sigiial from the depth of the firma-
ment ; shepherds were r'et-n hurrying over valleys
urging tlieir flecks from the exposed fiidds to
places of shelter. The fishing lioats, with which
the coast of the Adriatic was generally studded,
forthwith began to crowd sail and make for the
nearest port, while many a supplication was put
up from many a gentle and devout heart on shore,
befine some hallowed shrine, for the safety of the
little fleet. — .Wo?i(/ii^ Review.

MECHANICS.
If we look round within the circle of our ac-
quaintance, we shall find that many of our most
respectable citizens are mechanics. Several of
the first merchants in this city were once mechan-
ics, many of our professional men were in youth
mechaitics. Several of our most distinguished
legislators, philosophers and statesmen, were also
once mechanica. How did they rise to their pres-
ent erinneiice .' It was by the cultivation of their
minds in useful knowledge, by feeling a proper
respect for tliemsetves whi. h led them to firm
regular, industrious and frugal habits, and thus
have they secured the respect ami confidence of
their employers, and risen to the affluence and
rcs|iectability which they now enjoy. The same
j)ath of honor and usefulness is opened to every
person in our happy re[)ublic ; and we hope that
these examples will stiimilate every mechanic
among ua to imitate these examfiles, that they mav
become, as they deserve, respecieil for their worth
and usefulness. — A". Y. Even. Jour.

A CURE FOR TI1I5 BITE OF A SVAKE.

Mr James Johnson, of I'ikeville, Md. states
that last sirmmer, a black man was bitleii upon
the finger in the dark, by a snake supposed to be
a copperhead. His arm swelled to twice Its or-
diuary size. A iihysician had a stioiig decoction

of the bark of the yellow poplar, or American
tulip tree, made, with which the swelled part was
washed often, a half pint given hun to drink every
half hour, anil tl.ie bruised bark put on as a poul-
tice.— The pain soon ceased, tho swelling sub-
sided, and the man got well.

VALUE OF TIME.

An Italian philosopher expressed in his motto,
that ' time was his estate; ' an estate which will
indeed produce nothing without cultivation ; but
which will always abundantly repay the labors of
industry, and satisfy the most extensive desires, if
no part of it be suffered to lie waste by negligence,
to be overrun with no.xious plants, or laid out for
show rather than use.

sn^Nyy ^ix^^jiii¥Yi£> ifina^is^ia^

To destroy/ insects that infest Peach Trees. —
Take 2 lbs. soft soap, 2 lbs. of flour of sulphur,
2 oz. of mix vomica, and a half gill of the oil of
turpentine ; boil them together in S gallons of wa-
ter until re.luced to six, ;md set it aside for use.
Remove the gromul around the tree until rhc iip-
perroots are left bare, clean it to the main branch-
es, make the liquor milk 'warm, atid with a sntl
brush carefully apply it to the body of the tree.
Let no one condemn this prescription without giv-
ing it a fair trial. Yorristown Free Press.

It is said that at Mulberry Grove, Leicester, Ms.
about 50,000 silk worms are now at work. Mr
Abbott has been active in introducing them.

If you woidil have the slate prosperous, yon
must make the men of principle, the principal
men.

In France there are few soups or sauces made
without a portion of sorrel ; and so nuich is it es-
teemed in that country, thiit they take the greatest
care to have a store pieservcd for winter nee. It
is .1 commmi saving among the French, that a
good housewife is known by her pots of sorrel.

In the vegetable markets, as well as at the doors
of the green-grocers in Paris, the picking of sorri|
is as common as the shelling of peas in London

The value of the silk iTiannfaciuie of Great Brit-
ian is reckoned at .'J4o,000,000, ami gives support
to 600,000 souls. — Yet she imports all the raw
material, and her maiuilacturers have hitherto been
obliged to pay a duty of one dollnr per pound on
that raw material. The wages of the workmen
emploved in its different branches amount to $15,-
000,000.

A strong decoction of wormwood is said to he
a perfect cure for the delirium tremens, to which
drunkards who suddenly leave off the use of ar-
dent spirits are so liable. — Portland .Qrgus.

Drunkenness. — All excess is ill; but drunken-
ness is of the wor.st sort. It spoils health, dis-
mounts the mind, and unmans men. It reveals
sccrels, is quarrelsome, la.-civious, impudent, dan-
gerous, and mad. In fine, he who is drunk is not
a man ; because he is, so long, void of reason,
which distinguishes a man from a beast. — If'm.
Penn.

Liw. — Jews ruin themselves at their passover,
the Moors at their marriages, and the Christians in
their law-suits. — Spanish Proverbs.

QtiALiFicATioNs.-- Five things are requisite to
a good officer. Ability, clean bands, despatch,
patience and iinpartiuliiy. — /fVn. Penn.

BOSfON, FRIDAY, JULY 23, 1830.

From the National Mgis

PEAR TREES.

Some three or four years since a disease appear-
ed on pear trees, which from the appearance as-
sumed alier the attack, was called the Jire blight

Some insisted that the rapid decay of the branch-
es of apparently healthy trees, was occasimicd
by their being girdled by a small bug which eats
its way in the sap wood nearly or quite round the
limb, thai this bug was not more than one Kmlh of
an inch in length, anil various other particulars.

Others urged that it was a new disease among
fruit trees and. probably arose from a change of
the sap, effected by the powerful rays of the sum-
mer sun operating upon an unusually luxiirituit
growth of new wood, that the sap became sour or
its <pialities materially changed.

Communications supporting these two opposite
theories appcarctl, and the writers on both sides
after much ilisciission remained fatisficd of the
correctness of their different theories.

The writer of this, in order to satisfy himself,
examined a number of limbs affected with the fire
blight, some of which were more than three feet
in length ; be separated the limbs from the parent
tree, so close to the body as to take a piece of the
bark from the trunk, then carefully split the limbs
from end to end, keeping the split as near the
centre of the limb as possible, and for most of the
length in the pith. IJo then minute]^ ami tliui-
oiighly examined the halves of the limb thus pre;iar-
ed with a good compound r:ii''ru8ro(ie,(it8 mngiiify-
ing power about ten degrees,') aiui was not alihj ti'
discover the slightest HJCO of a perforatioti made
by any bug or insect m either of the pieces.

In order to he inorr Mire nf llie fact, lir again
divided the halves of the limb into' two equal lon-
gitudinal sections, and subjected the fresh sides
thus exposed to the test of the microscope, still
no appearence of the work of an insect could be
discovered. It was evi<lent that the cause of this
decay of the limbs was somewhere in themselves,
for the limbs examined were in tlnit part next to
the trunk of the trees in a still flourishing condiiion,
the extremes for near half the lengll; were dcHil.
and the limbs were taken off close to the wood of
the tnmk. If it was the work of hugs or insects
that caused this premature decay, the part cat must
have extended nearly or quite round the limbs bc-
I'oro they would perish for want of the necessary
sup|ily of sap. By the result of the inveaiigatiim
it appears that if any bugs or insects were in the
limbs at all, tlieir jiatli coidd not have extended
round one quarter part of the circumferencB of
the limb, and of course could not have cut off bo
much of the supply of sap as to injure the limb.

The bark of the limbs was all taken oft', and
the alburnum and hark both carefully exiimined
by the eye, and with the microscope; here seem-
ed to be the seat of the disease, the alburnum was
at the small ends of the jiinhs black and discidor-
ed for half their length towards the trunk of the
tree ; this discoloration did not extend equally
round the trunk, but would on one side perhaps,
be an inch in advance of its opposite.

The writer docs not undertake to assign n cause
for the fire blight, but merely says, that from n
minute and careful examination, he is Well fatis-
fied that in the limbs he examined it never was

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 23, 1

caused by the work of an insect. — That bugs or
insects may ami do sometimes work in the limbs
of the |)c-ar trees lie does not doubt, l)ut lie is
equally firm in the belief, that there is a disease
olteii affecting the pear tree, e.\ti:rnal indications
of wliich are similar to those exhibited on limbs
of that tree girdled liy bugs or insects, which ori-
ginates from an entirely different cause.

AGRICOLA.

Remarks bij the Editor of the JV. E. Farmer. — It
has been said to be unphilosophical to suppose
more than one cause to an effect ; and as blight
in pear trees is an effect sometimes produced by
au insect called Scol)/tus pyri, therefore we should
be satisfied with that cause for blight, and attribute
every blight which ever affects pear trees to that
insect. Hut we might as well say that a defective
tooth was cause sufficient to account for the effect
in the human body yclepcd pnin, and whenever the
latter existed we might take it for granted that a
tooth extractor was tiie pro|>er application.

Bhght is a withering or blasting of substances
belonging to the vegetable kingdom while in a
state of growth. Whatever causes such wither-
ing or blasting is the cause of bhght. The bhght
mentioned above by ' ^o-,iVo/a,' is probably what
is called by writers fire blight. The blight in the
limb of a pear tree, sent us by Dr Fiske w»s, no
doubt, caused by scolytus pyri, and is as different
from_^re blight as gout from yellow fever.

Dr Coxe says, ' Tliat species of blight which
is sometimes called the fire blight, frequently de-
stroys trees in the fullest apparent health, in a few
hours, turning the leaves suddenly brown, as if
they had passed through a hot flame, and lausing
a morbid matter to exude from the pores of the
,„}iadi»-of a blauk,_ ferruginep.s ^.jjpearar.cc ; tliis
" liapjiens through the whole course of the warm
season, more frequently in weather both hot and
moist, affording reason to believe that it arises
from ray* of the sun operating on the vapor, or
clouds floating in the atmosphere, either by con-
centration or reflection. It generally, though not
always, is perceived most in confined places:
certain kinds, and partiiuilarly that most excpiisite
of our winter pears, the St Gcrin.nin, seems pecu-
liary liable to this species of blight. I have in
twenty years lost upwards of fifty trees in the
fullness of vigor, sometimes in the most open
airy situations, and in every kind of soil. From
repeated observation of the kinds most liable lo
this malady, 1 htive been led to believe, that it is
somewhat C4uinected with a principle which ap-
pears to be considered as a sound one by the most
judicious European writers, when treating of ap-
jile trees, that is, the long duration of the vari(>ty.
It is certain, that natural trees, continually spring-
ing up from seed, are seldom attacked by this dis-
ease ; and the Se<kle pear, generally supposed to
be a new variety, is but little affected by it — of
fifty bearing trees of this kind, of various ages, I
have not lost one entire tree from this cause — this
year, for the first time, I have perceived the limbs
of some of them partially affected, and in some
instances several large branches have been de-
stroyed. From the great vigor and rapidity of
vegetation in America, pear trees, if much pruned,
are apt to grow too fast; this ajipears to render
them more liable to the effect of the fire blight
than otherwise they would be — I have therefore
changed my mode of trimming them under this
impression, confining it very much to suckering,
and merely forming the tree — our heat and dry-

ness, do not require the growth to be so open as
in Europe,

Miller's Gardener's Dictionary says, 'There is
a sort of blight, which is often destru<tive to or-
chards and ojien ))lantatioiis, against which we
know not a remedy. This is called a fire blast,
which in a fev/ hours has not only destroyeil the
fruit and leaves, but many times parts of trees,
and sometimes entire trees have been kille.l by it.

'This is supposed to have been effected by vol-
umes of transparent flying vapors, which among
the many forms they revolve into, may some-
times approach so near to a hemisphere or hemi-
cylinder, either in their upper or lower surface.",
as thereby to make the beams of the sun converge
enough to scorch plants or trees they fall upon, in
proportion to the greater or less convergency of
the sun's rayf.

' Against this enemy to our fruits there is no
guard to our trees, nor any remedy to cure it : but
as this more frequently happens in close planta-
tions (where the stagnating vapors from the earth,
and the plentiful perspirations from the trees are
pent in (or want of a free air to dissipate and expel
them ; which are often observed in still weather
to ascend in so plentiful a manner, as to be
seen by the naked eye, but especially by refli^cting
telescopes, so as to make a clear and distinct ob-
ject become dim and tremulous) than in those
which arc planted at a greater distance, or are
not surrounded with hills or woods ; this directs us,
in the first planting of kitchen gardens and or-
chards, &c, that we should .allow a greater dis-
tance between the trees, and to make choice of
clear healthy situations, that the air may freely
pass between the trees to dissipate those vapms
before they are f irmeil into volumes, whereby the
circumambient air will be clear, and less subject
to injuries ; as also that fruits produced in this
clearer air will be much belter than those that
are surrounded with a thick rancid air ; for as
fruits are often in a respiring state, they conse-
quently, by imbibing a part of these vapors, are
rendered crude and ill tasted."

Gooseberries. — I'^om Mr Samuel Walker, of
Roxbury, fruit of five varieties, (names not given)
consisting ol small, medium, and very large sized.
The medium was preferred for eating. Fiom Mr
N. Seaver, of RoxlHiry, five varietic-s, viz : RoSr-
iiig Lioii, 15airg-up, Jolly .\ngler, and two, names
uidinown ; all which were of a large and fine ap-
p(;aiance. The first narued had the preference ;
right of them weigheil 4 oz. 4 drs., ami one 12
dvvts. Mr Seaver states his bushes are all young
and smaH, being the first year ol' bearing and have
averaged one quart each.

Honey. — From RuFus Howe, from S. Dowker's
Garden, one box filled with Honey, made the
liresent season, being the upper story of a Hive.
It presented a most beautiful and delicate appear-
ance ; weight, 15 lbs. Mr Howe states he com-
menced this spring with ten hives, many of which
were in a weak state, froin which he now has
thirty ; he has taken fiom the hives about one
liundri'd and fifty pounds of new honey, and will
probably have as nnicli more before the season is
past ; and that the IJee Miller or Moth, which has
het'n so destructive to Bees in tiiis vicinity appears
to have in a great measure ceased its ravages.

S. D.

The Committee on Vegetables have awarded
the premium for Early Potatoes to Mr Samuel
Pond, of Cambridge, and for Early Beets and
Early Cauliflowers to Mr Natha.Siel Seaver, of
Roxbury.

Boston, July 21, 1830.

Edinburgh Review. — Wells & Lilly have
this day iinblished No. 101 of the Edinburgh
Review, which contains elaborate articles on the
following subjects.

Naval Tactics, Breaking of the Enemy's Line —
Sir James Turner's Life and Times ; Scottish
Covenanters — Public Schools of Englanil ; Eton —
Astronomical society of London ; Recent History of
.\slronomical Science — Scottish Judiiial Reforms;
Law of Scotland anil England — Public Registry
in England— Duty on Coal ; Coal Trade— Mr
Robert Montgomery's Poems ; and the modern
Practice of Puffing — Finance; The Budget — Del-
avigne's Marino Faliero ; Anglo-French Drama —
Life and Correspondence of Sir Thomas Munro.
Quarterly List of New Publications. — Price $5 00
per annum.

It is now the si^ason when children, and others
who ought to know better, eat uiu'ipe fruit, and
cholera morbus and dysentery commence their
ravages. In the week ending 10th inst., 30 per-
sons ilied in Philadelphia of these disorilers. —
Boiled milk, thickened with a little flour, is an
alninst certain cure for dysentery, in common
cases. — Boston Patriot.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUITS.

Paliintay, Juty 17, 1830.

Cherries. — From Mr Robert Manning, iA' Sa-
lem, fruit of the Plum Stone M(n-ello. This clier-
rv is of a large and fine appearance and of good
fl.ivor of the kind. Mr Manning states that they
are good bearers ; they are well described in
Prince's Treatise on Horticulture, p. 29. From
RuFDS Howe, from garden of S. Downer, Dor-
chester, fruiS of a French Cherry, (name lost) of
good appearance but father acid flavor.

From a valuable little work entitled ' Seventy five
Recipes.'

SEASONABLE RECIPES.

GOOSEBERRY PUDDING.

A pint of Stewed gooseberries, with all their
juice.

A quarter of a pound of powdered sugar.

Two ounces of fresh butter.

Two ounces grated bread.

Three eggs.

Stew the gooseberries till quite soft. — When
they are cold, mash them fine with the back of a
spoon, and stir into them one half of the sugar.
Take the remainder of the sugar, and stir it to a
cream with two ounces of butler.

Beat the three eggs, and stir them into the but-
ter and sugar, in turn with the gooseberries, and
the grated brearl.

Lay puff-paste in a soup-plate. Putin the mix-
ture, and bake it half an hour.

Do not grate sugar over it.

Boston Puddins;. — Make a good common paste
with a pound and a half of flour, and three quar-
ters of a pound of butter. — When you roll it out
the last time, cut off the edges, till you get the
sheet of paste of an oven square shape.

Have ready some fruit sweetened to your taste.
If cranberries, gooseberries, dried peaches, or dam-
sons, they should be stewed in very little water,
drained, and seasoned with nutmeg, rose water,
and lemon. If cnrrniit.s, rasjiberries, or black ber-
ries, they should be mashed with sugar, and put
into the pudding raw.

Vol. IX.— No. 1.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

Spreiul ihi! fruit very thick, ull over the sheet I uj= Subscribers to the New England Farmer are in-
of paste, (which must not he rolled out too tliiii,) [funned that Ihey can have their volumes ^cally half-
wheii it is covered all over with the Iruit, roll it

up, and close the dnugli at hoth ends, and down
the last side. Tie the pudding in a cloth, and hoil
it.

Eat it with sugar. It nuist not he taUen out of
the pot till just hefiire brought to the table.

Red Currant Jelli/. — \Va>h your currants, drain
them, and pici< tliciii from the stalks. Mash ilieni
with the back of a spoon. !'ut tlicni in a jelly-
bag, and squeeze it till all the juice is pressed
out. To every pint of juice alluw a pound of the
best loaf sugar. Put the juice and the sugar into
your kettle, and bnil it filleen minutes, skimming
it all the while. Pour it warm into yoi;r glasses,
set it several liours in tbesun; and when cold,
tie it up with brandy paper.

Jellies shuulil never be allowed to get cold in
th^; kettle. If boiled too long they will lose their
flavor, and become of a dark cnhir.

Strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, and grape
jelly may be made in the same manner, and with
the same proportion of loaf-sugar.

Raspberni Jiim. — Allow a pound of sugar to a
pound of fruit. IMutih the raspberries and put
them with the sugar into your preserving keltic.
Boil it slowly for an hour, skimming it well. Tie
it up with brandy paper.

All jams are m.-tde in the same manner.
Black Cake. — Three pounds of butter and three
jiounds of sugar beat to a cream, three glasses of
brandy and two of rose water, tweniyeight eggs
and three ponnils of floin- adiled by degrees to-
gether, six pounilsof currants, six pounds of seed-
ed raisins, one ounce of ciunatnon, one ounce ol
nutmeg, three quarters of an ounce of cloves, half
an ounce of mace, one |)0und of lemon. Two
larcre loaves, baked five hours.

Cockroaches. — the sapient Sancho Panza de-
clares t'lat there is a remedy fur every thing bin
death ; and it is truly happy for mankind that the
mul'ipiication of this pestilent race can l>e repress-
ed by aid of their own voracity. If to a quantity
of Indian corn meal about one third of white or
red lead is added, and the mixture moistened with
tnolasses, so as to make it moderately adhesive,
the cockroaches will gladly devour it. The rep-
etition of this poisoned food for a few nights is
generally sufficient to reduce their immbers to a
very few, even in the most infected houses, and
will eventually cause the destruction of the whole.
Soda. — A few ounces of soda will soften a hogs-
head of the hardest water. It is greatly superior
in wasfiing to either pot or pearl ash, giving a deli-
cate whiteness to the linen, without the slightest
injury, and it never, unless excess is used, in the
least affects the hands.

bound and lettered by sending them to this office.

Roman.
This elegant, full blooded horse, a bright bay, with
black legs, mane, and tail, of high spiiit and good temper,
will stand at Ihe farm of Mr Stephen Williams, in Norih-
borough, Ms. at 20 dollars the season, to be paid before
Ihe mares are taken away. June 25
^ .

Turnip Seed, S{C.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Enaland Farmer Office, 52, North Market-street,

An extensive a-soitmeni of Turnip Seeds, of the most
valitalde sorts for family use or stock. The most approv-
ed kinds for the farmer, are the White Dutch, White
Slone, Vcllow Slonc and Yellow Malta. The two laltcr
are of uncommon excellence, and keep well. I,oudon
describes the Yellow Malla as * an excellent and beauti-
ful root,' and of delicious flavor. Of Ihe sorts for field
culture, the White Norfolk, Y'ellow Aberdeen. White
Flat, and Rula Baga, are the best. The Yellow Abcr
dcen is most approved among the Farmers of England
and Scotland, as it grows to a largo size, is very sweet
and nutritious, and keeps till June. The above seeds
were saved in [Airope expressly for this Establishment,
and the utmost dependence may be placed on (heir genu-
ine quality.

aoo lbs. of the finest English White Flat Turnip Seed,
raised this season, expressly for this Establishment, by Mr
Aaron D. Williams, of Roxbury, and warranted of
the first quality , for sale, wholesale and retail.

Also, a vaiiety of Long and Turnip rooted Radishes, suit
able for sowing the ensuing months. Long Prickly, and
many other varieties of Cucumbers for pickling.

A Prnfitable Gooseberry Bush. — Dr S.A.Shdrtleff,
raised the present season in his garden, near Pemberton's
Hill, in Boston, on a single Gooseberry bush, one bushel
of Gooseberries of superior quality. The fruit sold at 20
cents per quart, amounting in all to $6,40,

(TT Our printer desires us to state that the present ex-
cessive warm weather has had so unfavorable an effect
upon the composition rollers used at the Steam Power
Press, as to render it impossible to get out this weei's
paper in so workmanlike a manner as is desirable ; on this
account we have deferred printing the title-page and
index to the eighth volume; it will probably be issued
with our next paper.

To Corrf:spondents. — We are obliged this \^ek to
defer eight communications ; among which are one on
Domestic Wines, by J. M. G. — Remarks on the Hessian
Fly, and of a parasitic Insect that feeds upon it — &c, &c,
—all of which will soon appear.

Chloride of Soda.
For sale at the Seed Store connected with the N. E.
Farmer, 52 North Market-street — A few dozen bottles of
Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, removing oflTensive
smells, neutralizing pestilential exhalations, and destroy-
ing contagion ; prepared by the New England chemical
company for Lowe and Reed. This valuable article is
particularly described, paee 390 of this week's New Eng-
land Farmer. — Price $1,00 per bottle, with directions.

Bolivar Calves, Saxony Bucks, and Bremen Geese.
For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by Ihe celebrated im-
ported improved Durham short horned bull Bolivar,
which stock have produced 36 quarts of milk a day. No.

1, dam Grey Brown, half Coelcbs and half Galloway. No.

2, dam Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres,
her sire Coelebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No.
4, dam Beauty, half Coolebs and half Galloway. The
Calves are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of Benjamin Shurt-
leff, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston.
tf Jfuly 9.

Macdvff

Foi sale — price $300. He is a full bred Durham Short
Horn Bull, bred by Mr Powel of Philadel|)irm — red and
white; calved in June, 1827. Dam — Annabella, sold at
Ihe auction of Mr Powel's cattle, June 10, to Mr Free-
man of Baltimore, for $310. Sire — Mr Powcl's celebra-
ted Bull, Malcolm.

The slock from Macduff has proved good. The Bull
may be seen on Ihe farm of the subscriber, near Newark.
.New Jersey. Letters direcled to him, 27, Nassau-street.
New York, will be altendcd to. A. DKY.

J^ew York, June 22, 1830.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Medical School in Boston.

The Courses of Lectures begin annually on Ihe third
Wednesday in October, and are continued daily for three
months, on the following subjects : —

Anatomy and Suigery, by John C. Warren, M. D.

Cbemistrv, by John W. Webster, M. D.

Materia Medica, by Jacob Eiaelow, M. D.

Midwifery, and Medical Jurisprudence, by Walter
Chaiining, M. D.

Theory nd Practice of Physic, by James Jaekson, M.D.

The apparatus and collections of specimens used in il-
lustrating the demonstrative courses, are very extensive.
The fees for all the courses amount to $70. Board is
tobtained for about $3 per week.

This institution now offers greater advantages for the
acquirement of a thorouch Medical education, than it has
done at any former period of its history. During the last
two years the means of obtaining practical knowledge of
the anatomical structure of the human body have been
amply supplied to pupils, probably at a less expense than
in any other of Ihe schools in the United Stales. The
opportunity of witnessing numerous important and capi-
tal operations in surgery, and of attending Ihe clinical
practice of one of the best regulated hospitals in this
country, are gratuitously afforded to all who attend the
lectures of the professors. 5t June 18.

AI'PLF,S,best,
ASHES, poi. first sort,

i'earl, lirsl sort, -
BEANS, while,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No, 1,
Cargo, No. ;,
ItUTTEIt, inspecieii. No. l,ncw,
('liEESE, new milk,

Skimmed milk,
FLOliR, Baliiiiu.ie,Howard-slrect, -
Genesee, - - .«

Rye, best,
GRAIN, Corn,
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
HOG'S LAKD.firslsorl, new,
HOPS, let quality.
LliME. ....

I'LAI.STER PARIS retails at
I'ORK, clear.

Navy, mess,

Cargo, t\o. I, . .

SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Orchard Grass,
Fowl ftleadow. .
Tall Meadow Oals Grass,
Red Top [noithernj
Lucerne. ....
White Hrinsysuckle Clover,
Red Clove*-, fno'-lliern)
Frci'cli Sagar Beet, -
WOOL, Merin<\ full Wood, washed, -
flieriiio, full blood, unwahhed,
Mcr.iio, liirec tourths washed.
Merino, half btnrxl,
Meripo. qiiar'er
Nai'vc, uasshecl,
Pulled, Lamb's, first son, .
Pulied, Lamb's, second sort,
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

barrel
ton.

ibashr-l
barrid

'pound
If

barrel
II

bushel
ti

cwt.

cask.

Ion.

barrel.

It

bushel
II

i{
lound.

from

4 0(1

111 t)U

125 1)1

1-1

9 2.)

9 W

6 5U

10

7

3

r, 37

5 37

3 C.I)

4G

Ci

37

9 on

14 00

Ro

3 511

17 ()('

1 2 'Zb

2 0'

TO

5 ro

113 CO

i3U CU

1 1(1

10 50

9 SO

6 70
13

8

5

5 S3

5 75

3 87

65

(.7

67

40

9 ."iO

15 00

yo

3 75
18 00
12 50

12 .y>

2 00

33|

60
30
48

351
38!

00
00

~ ',i>

38
S3
8
1 iu
til
35
45
■I?
W
37
50
42
40

PROVISIO.N MARKET.

coRr.r.cTEn f.vkrv week bv hr hax-ward,
( ClerK of Fantiiil-hail Market.)

REEF, besi pieces, ....

pound

8

!()

PORK, fresh, bes( pieces,

8

10

whole hogs, - . .

<•

5

6

VEAL. ...

II

4

S

.MUTTON

ii

4

1£

I'OI'LTKY,

It

10

za

liUTTER, keg arid tub, .

It

10

13

Lump, best.

It

12

18

EGGS,

dozen

12

AlEAL, Rve. retail,

bushel

84

.'6

Indian, retail,

It

'0

I'OTATilS pew . . . ^

11

C2

(MDER. (according to quality,]

barrel.

3 SO

4 (0

Chloride of Lime.
For sale by Ebenezer Wight, Druggist, Milk Street, op.
posite Federal Street, Chloiide of Lime, well known for
its excellence in destroying noxious effluvia, and for its
use in the arts. 4t July 9

BRrcHTON Makkkt — Monday, July 19.

[Reported for the Chronicle and Pattiot.]

AtMarkctlhis day, 279 Beef Catile, including about
50 unsold last week — unsold at the close of the market
between 90 and 100 — 10 Cows and Calves, and 220!l
Sheep,

Prices— Beef Cattle— Sa]es dull, from $3 50 to 4 50.

Cntrs ond Calves — We noticed the sale of three only
at $17 and 25.

Shcrp — Sales brisk, fair lots at §1 25 a 2 — some proba.
biy brought more thin $2, and we noticed a few taken
for less than $1 — quality poor.

Swine — none at maiket.

The Wool 7Va(/e.— Inlelligent dealers in wool express
the opinion that wool will hold its present price, and if
there be any change, that it will be a farther advance.

3

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

July '23, 1830.

MISCE1.1.ANIES.

COFFEE.

There are probably many house-keei)er3 who
-(vil! be interested in the following siinple rules
for the prepanition of an iiiipoilant item ofiloaies-
tic luxury. It is somewhat remarkable that an
infusion wbitli may be made witli great cuse,
and in a very sliort space of time, is, in many
families, the cause of more vexation and coni|ilaiMt
than ail the other petty annoyances of the honse-
boK! put togetlier. The suggestions below, wliich
we copy from the Virginia Literary Museum,
may be the means of soothing the diurnal irrita-
tion of many an unquiet spirit. — Bos. Dai. Jldv.

1. The raw coffee should be round and small
grained, free from dirt and of a light color. It
ehould have no ap|)earance of mouldine?.«, and be
quite free from any strong smell. It should not
be long kept in sacks with other jirovisions, us
there is no substance more apt to obtain strong
and disagreeable odors from the presejice of its
neighbors. Rum injures it; and Miller even goes
80 far as to state, that a few bags of pepper, on
board a ship from India, upon oiio occasion, spoil-
ed the whole cargo.

2. When the grains are large, flat, and of a
gfeen color, they should be kept on hand, in a
dry situation, a long time before use. Every
West Indian planter knows this fact, allhougli
his interest too often induces him to send the ar-
ticle to market before it is old and dry enough.

3. Roasting coffee is by far the most difTicult
operation of the housekeeper ; when carried far
enough, an aromatic oil is formed by the heat
and forces itself out upon the surface of the grains,

"givtng ihcm^ a "J^tnasy ajipearance, and an odor
which is considered their perfection ; yet loo little
roasting prevents the aroma from appearing, and too
jnuch completely volatilizes it, leaving nothing
but a flat bitter taste. The heat should be strong'
and the operation shortened as much as possible,
without burning the grains. The roaster shoidd
be close or well covered all the time, ai.d, in or-
der to improve the looks and flavor, a small piece
of butter may be added to the coffee, while parch-
ijig.

4. When thus prepared, coffee may be pre-
served for use in largo quantities, without losing
much of its freshness, provided the vessels con-
taining it, be kept well covered.

6. An infusion of coffee is better than a de-
coction, simply because the heat, in the last case,
being stronger and more lasting, drives off more
of the aromatic oil. It is better, therefore, to
grind the eoflee very fine, and llicn expose it by
means of a bag or strainer, to the action of boil-
ing water, than to boil it any length of lime.
Heat, although unavoidable, injures the flavor, and
the best .Toffee I remember to have tasted, was made
by cx|>osing the ])ovvder to a pressmc of cold wa-
ter; a tea-siibonful of this extract, thrown into n
cup of hot water is sufficient. It is not a bad
method to allow the ground eoflee to lie in cold
water between meals, and then to prepare it by
adding hot water. — Just in proportion to the con-
tinuance of heat in this and the last operation, the
fragiance disappears, and is replaced by a strong
bitter taste which, according to the ex|)erimem9 of
Ciieuevix, depends upon the presence of tamiin
f (resembling that in tan bark.) Roasting, besides
forming this bitter substance, deprives the cofl^je
of nutritious qualities.

THE WEAZEL.

The following slory is told in Selkirk-shire. — A
group of haymakers wnile at work saw an eagle ri-
sing above the steep mountains tliat enclosed a nar-
row valley. 'J'he eagle hunself was no unusual sight,
but there is something so imposing and majestic in
this noble bird, while he soars upwards in spiral cir-
cles that it fascinates the attention of most people.
The spectators svere soon aware that there was
something peculiar in the llight of the bird lliey were
observing. He used his wings violently and the
strokes were often repeated as if he had been
alarmed and hurried by unusual agitation, and they
noticed at the same time that ho wheeled in circles
constantly decreasing, while his ascent was propor-
tionally rapid. The now idle haymakers drew to-
gether .n close consultation on the singular case,
and continued to. keep their eyes en the seemingly
distressed eagle until he was nearly out of sight,
rising higher and higher in the air. — In a short Ume,
however, they were convinced that he was again
rapidly seeking the earth, evidently not as he as-
cended, in spiral circles, but as something falling
with great rapidity. Hut as he approached the
ground they clearly saw he was tumbling in his fall
like a shot bird, the convulsive fluttering of his power-
ful wings, stopping the descent but very little, until
he fell at a small distance from the party. — A large
buck tailed weazel or stoat, ran from the body as
they came near, turned with the usual «o?icfta/ance
and impudei cc of the tribe, stood upon its hind
legs, crossed its fore paus over its nose, and survey-
ed its enemies a moment or two (as it often does
when no dog is near) and bounded intoa bush. The
king of the siir was dead, covered with his own blood,
and upon further examination they found his throat
cut, and the stoat has been suspected as the regi-
cide unto this day.

A friend mentioned the following fact that came un-
der his own observation. — A light snow covered the
ground, and he, while walking out to an adjoining
hill, fell in with the track of one of these weazels,
which is easily to be distinguished from that of the
smaller species by the larger foot print and length
of the spring among the snow. lie followed the
track for some time for his amusement, along the
sides of the hill until he came to the marks where a
pair of grouse had been sitting, when he lost all
trace of the weazel and could follow it no further.
As there was no appearance of a hole he was much
surprised, and paying close attention to the track
of the animal, he becain3 convinced that it had made
a spring upon one of the birds which had flown away
with it. The conclusion is that the stoat knew
quite well what it was about, aad would -keep its
hold until it came to the ground again under simi-
lar circumstances v/ith the eagle. — Mag. of J^Talural
History.

COCKROACHES.
These insects arc among the most disagreeable
of the annoyances to which the dwellings of man
arc subject, and, where their multiplication is permit-
ted, the ravages they commit are extensive and vex-
atious. 'I'hey are all nocturnal, and exceedingly
agile ; their flattened bodies allow thejii to liide,
with ease, in every crevice, whence they sally forth
in hordes during the night, to devour every sort of
provision which K not secured from tlieir voracity.
Like all other depredators, they are thrown into
confusion and put to flight by the presence of light,
whence they were, in ancient times, appropriately
called lurifiigcc or light-shunners. Their destruct-
iveness is not confined to articles of provision for
the table; silk, woollen, and even cotton cloths are
devoured, or rendered useless by being gnawed
through. At some seasons of the year, when the
male cockroaches fly about, they are very trouble-
some, especially about ti\ ilight,when they dash into'
rooms, and often strike against the faces of those pre-
sent. When a cockroach takes refuge or seeks ■
concealment ujion any person, he will inHict a smart '.
bite, if particularly hurt or alarmed. — The sapient!
Suucho Paoza declares, that there is a remedy for

everything but death; and it is truly happy for
mankind, that the multiplication of this pestilent race
may be repressed by aid of their own voracity. If
to a quantity of Indian corn meal about one third
of white or red lead is added, and the mixture is
moistened with molasses so as to make it moderate-
ly adhesive, the cockroaches will greedily devour
it. The repetition of this poisoned food for a few
nights is generally sufficient to reduce their numbers
to a very few, even in the most infected houses, and
will eventually cause the destruction of the whole.
Traps especially designed for their capture are
soinet'inesto be found atthc potteries. A paste-board
or card cover, well balanced upon two pins, and
placed upon the edge of a vessel, nearly filled with
molasses and water, makes a very good trap. The
dish should be so placed, that they can readily
mount upon the cover, which revolves on its axis
whenever the equilibrium is disturbed, and throws
the cockroaches into the fluid. — Ency. Americana.

B.ATHING.

In nothing were the ancients so much superior to
us as in the elegance and commodiousness of baths.
They found bathing not only good for the body, but
for the mind, and retired from the bath not only with
renovated strength but with renewed serenity. —
They l-.ad baths iu almost every house, and some of
such splendid decorations, that theii very fragments
at this day excite the admiration of tnivellers. The
Turks, whom we call the people least refined in
Europe, nevertheless set us a good example in their
baths. In Japan too a bath is an indispensable part
of every house, and there are many batl.s at taverns
for the refreshment of travellers.

But it would be vain to praise the advantages of
bathing to those whose reluctance to enter water
is little less than hydrophobia, or to commend neat-
ness to those who know nothing from experiment of
the qualities of the little cakes that are stamped
' Windsor.' All however who have practised bathing
know better how to estimate its benefits. Much of
the pleasure is lost from the want of a beacii over
which the sea is breaking, where a swimmer may
come in on the mane of awave ; yet in thewantof a
beach we may act Diogenes, and be contented in a
tub. — Tribune.

Bees and Honey.
For sale by Rufus Kowe, at the Garden of S. Dow-
ner, Dorchester— Fifteen Swarms of Bees, a paifold,
but mostly new ones — a number in double Hives witti
(ilass windows, others in large single ones — also Honey
of superior quality made from the blossoms of this year
25 cts. per pound 4t July 2.

Complete set of the JVew England Farmer.
A gentleman in Newport, R. 3. wishes to procure a
complete set of the New England Farmer. — Any person
having a perfect copy, clean, and in good order, may
hear of a purchaser by applying to Mr Russell, the
publisher, in Boston. 3t June 18.

Sportsman.
The full blooded horse Sportsman will stand at B.
Taft's stable in Brighton, on Slondays and Tuesdays, un-
til! noon ; at Biigham's in WestborcJtigh on Wednesdays ;
at Estabrooks' in Shrewsbury, oQ Thursday ; and at
Stockwell's in Worcester, on Fridays and Saturdays, until
2 o'clock of each week through the season. May 28.

I'ltblishrii every Friday, al ^3 per aniiiini, payable al llie
end of I lie year — bin lllo^e w ho pay v/illi in sixty dnys from ihe
lime Dl'subscribing, arc enliiledio a deduclioii < f rifiy cents.

infMo pa|)er will be seiU to a distance without pay mem be-
ing made in advance.

Pruned tor J. li. Rcssell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all fl-^scriptioiis of Priming ran be executed to nieei thewisliet
ot customers. <.)rdersror |irintiijg received by J. t^. Husslll,
aillie A;!ricuUural Warehouse No..')2 North M.-irfict Street

AGENTS.

Avi/i York — G.Thof.burn tSt Son, fi^liiberty-stroel.

l'liUaiJelpliia—\). & li f.ANi>HKTH. 85 Ghcslnut-sireel. ^

Ililtimore — G. li. Sm ith, Olfice olihe American Farmer.

A'bdiiii — Hon. .Ir.ssE IhiKL.

Fiitsliing, N. y. Wm I'rinck & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bol. Garden

//i/7/<)r(y— GnonwiN cKl Sons.

llilifnx, N. S.— P. J. Hdi.LA.vn, Ksq. Recordei Office.

Montreal, L. C. — .4. DowHikN, Bookseller.

:^Ef|/ E^CHiANB famm:

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Agkicultural Waiikhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDExN, EDITOR.

VOL, IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, JULY 30, 1830.

JVO. 2.

(S©aiai^sr;i^Sii^3©sT3a

FOU THE NKW ENGLAND KAKMtK.

E'lrart from a pnpc- enlilled ' Some acrouiil of
tht Instcl A-;i.''ic)i by the name of the Hefs.^ianf;/, mid
of a pnrasilic insert thatfeed^ on it. Bi/ Tiinmns Siti).
[Journal Acid. Nat. Sciences, 1. p. 45, &c, accom-
panied by a piiite.] '■

' The well known dcstroyerof the wheat, lias '
received the name of Hessian fly, in consc- !
quencc of an erroneous supposition that it was'
imported in some straw with the Hessian troops
during the revolutionary war. But the truth is,
it is absolutely unknown in Europe, and is a
species entirely new to the systems. The insect
described by i\JrKirby in the Trans. Lin. Soc.
of 1 ondon, vol. iv. p. '23i, and nanicd by him
Tipula Tiilici, is without doubt of the same
genus with this, but specifically distinct. The
Hessian fly belongs to the order Dipkra, (con-
tainii g the two-winged flies,) and genus Ccii-
domyia which includes insects resembling little
long-legged gnats. The Hessian fly is thus
named and described.

'C cidomyia (/i.s'/i-i/cfor. Head and thorax
black; wings b!;irk, tawny at base; feet pale,
covered with black hair. Length rather more
tlian three twentieths of an inch.' The eggs
are clon'^ated, somewhat cylndrical and of ;>
yellowish color. The grub or larva is whitish,
without feet, and when taken from the cuhn is
almost inert, exhibiting very little motion to
the eye. It is three twentieths of an inch in
length, and one twentieth in thickness. The
puparesc.nbles the mature larva, but is of a
dark rcddibh brown color ; and appears perfect-
ly inert.

' The hi.story of the changes of this insect
isbiijfly this. The eggs are deposited by the fe-
male ill different numbers from one to eight
and perhaps more upon a single plant of wheat,
and in so doing the parent exhibits another in-
stance of that provident care for her oHspring,
%vhirh is so strongly evinced by many of the
insect race. The egg is not placed at the ax-
illa of either of the leaves inditferently, but
displavins'snme portion of botanical knowledge,
the fly carel'ully insinuates her elongated ovi-
duct between the vagina of the inner leaf and
the culm nearest Ihe root of the plant, where,
the larva, when excluded from the egg, will be
in immediate contact with the culm from which
alone its nourisimient is derived. In this situa-
tion with the body inverted, the head being in-
variably towards the roots, the infunt larva
passes the winter. The pressure and puncture
of the insect, in tliis stale of its being, upon
the culm, produces a longitudinal groove ol
sometimes sufficient depth to receive almost
one half of the side of its body. When several
of them are contiguous on the same plant the
pressure is unequal, and the destruction ot the
plant ensues. The perfect fly appears early
in June, lives bu- a short time, deposits its eggs
and dies; the insects from these eggs complete
the history by preparing for the winter brood.'
The parisite of the Hessian fly belongs to

the order Hijincnoplcra, and genus Ccraphnn.
It is thus described by Mr Sav.

' Cerriphron drslriiclnr. Dlack granulated ;
feet and base of the antenna; whitish ; abdomen
glabrous, polished, ovate-acute. — Length one
tenth of an inch.

' This is often mistaken for the Hessian flv,
in consequence of being found in wheat-fields
in vast numbers during the devastation commit-
ted there by that insect ; and many have been
deceived by the specious circumstance of its
evolution from the pupa itself of the destroy-
ing larva, under their own observation. The
parisite insect, after the business of |)ropaga-
tion is performed, throws ofl'its wings as a use-
less incumbrance, in this respect resembling
so'nc species of the genus Fornica, to which
also it bears some resemblance in point of form
and appearance; this has led many to suppose
that the Hessian flv is in reality no other than
a kind of pismire in the apterous state. But
the truth is the parasitic Ccrtip/iron belongs to
that vast tribe of insects included by Linna'ns
under the genus /t/(/ie«mo». True to the man-
ners of its kind, the parent deposits her eggs
within the bodies of the larva of the Cecidomifia
flestritclor, through a puncture made by her
acute oviduct for the purpose ; the young, when
disclosed from the eggs, feeding securely within
the body of the larva, at length kills it, but
not in general until after its change into the
pupa state Protected by this indurated cover-
ing the parasite undergoes its change-, and ap-
pears in the perfect state about the latter part
of June. It seems probable that this insect
prevents the total loss of our wheat-crops, by
restraining the increase of the Ccculomijia with-
in certain bounds The Ichneumon Tipulft of
Mr Kirby is congeneric with this, but is doubt-
less specifically distinct.

fOR THE NEW FSCI.AND FARMER.

DOMESTIC WINES.

Mr Fessendf.n — The great difiiculty of pro-
curing foreign wines free from adulteration,
should encourage families to make at home such
wines as can be obtained from our own iiuits.
They would have the great advantage of being
pure, and if properly .manufactured will cost but
a trifle. Any fruit of an agreeable flavor may
be used for wine ; it is conceived that the pro-
portion of the quantity of fruit may be raised
according to circumstances, the sugar being the
article which will give body and strength to the
liquor ; and the fruit being used principally to
impart to it color, taste, and flavor.

Currants make a I'avorite wine ; and the pro-
portion of juice may be varied, so as to suit cir-
cumstances. When fruit has proved scarce, I
have used but one gallon of juice to three ol
water ; last yearl had plenty of currants, and to
eighteen gallons of juice, I added only eighteen
gallons of cold water, and one hundred pounds
of coarsest brown sugar which cost five and one
half cents per poui d. 1 believe that the name
of that kind of sugar in the stores, is fliolasses
Sugar ; it is the loot of tne hogsheads of brown

sugar, where the sirup settles; it is decidedly
the best to make currant wine, provided it is
clean, and from sugar of a good grain; it makes
the most substantial and best wine. The above
juice, water, and sugar were put together into
a half hi>gshead tub, in a cool cellar, and well
stirred two or three times a day until the sugar
was entirely dissolved, the liquor was carefully
skimmed of all impurities which gathered and
swam on the top. When the sugar w.as dis-
! solved, after letting it settle for a few hours, it
was decanted into three small casks, putting
first in each two quarts ofthc best French bran-
dy. The bungs were put in immediately, but
not driven tight, and the vent holes left opened.
The bungs and the pins of the vent holes should
be stopped tiglit, as soon as it can be done with-
out running the risk of having the calks burst ;
: opening the vent once or twice a day as long
j as it appears to be needl'ul. The weather ia
j commim seasons is so hot at the time of the
; currant vintage, that every precaution should
be taken to check ihe fermentation, and bring
jit to a close entirelv, as soon as possible. Any
want of attention in that respect may turn the
liquor to acidity, or render it ultimately iteak
and turbid. Alter the casks are stopped close
they ought to remain undisturbed until the
beginning of ]\Iarch and then belijre the high
winds of that month take place, the wine may
be d' canted into casks, or better yet, into demi-
johns, which are more handy for use ; and will
1 keep the liquor in better order. If the wine has
i been male cpiefully, i7;k/ //le fernirntatinn duly
checked, it will decant in RLirch perfectly clear,
but if it should lia|)pen not to be the case, isin-
glass is the best ingredient to clear it with.

The greatest trouble in making currant wine
s to press out the juice ; even with the assist-
ance of a press, the labor of it is considerable.
This I have avoided of late years by baking them
slightly, the fruit is put up into large red earth-
en ware pots, commonly called pail pots, covered
over With a paper, and put into the oven of a tem-
! perature full as hot, as it is after taking out the
I bread. The pot may remain there till the heat
of the oven is spent, and the currants will be
found to have yielded their juice, and a small
pressure over a sieve will separate it from the
grounds. The lime and labor saved are not
the only advantage resulting from this method,
but the juice so obtained; lieing in a great mea-
sure elaborated by the heat of the oven, has
less tendency to ferment than in its natural
j raw state. 'I'he fruit should be perfectly ripe
j when galhcred, which is, when the stalks have
I turned yellow, when the berries and leaves
I begin to fall, that is in general about the fifth
, of August.

There are other fruits besides Currants which
would muke pleasant wines ; the small wild
clierrij could answer well for that purpose. The
color, richness, and flavor of its juice would
certainly be very favorable, and by baking, the
juice could be easily obtained ; the latest Black
AIa::tird and the Rasplicrry might also be made
to answer a good purpose.

Peaches will make an e.xcellent wine, and the *

10

best sort for that purpose, I conceive, would be
the common red peach. It is a great bearer
and comes on late to ripeness, when the state
of the atmosphere is well calculated for the
vinous fermentation. The flavor and color ot ;
that iuice would he well adapted lor wme. On
the "itith Sept. 1827. a storm began, which ^
lasted three days, and took down most ot my ;
peaches; they were bruised and brol en, and
unfit for any use ; this gave me the idea to try ,
to convert thtm into wine, and alter selecting ,
those which api-earcd mosl fit for the purpose
I had them thrown into water, and well mashed ,
with the hands; this mash was then placed,
in a lart^e copper boiler, and boiled lor some
time cooled, and strained. While yet warm
I had '^ixty pounds of sugar dissolved m it, and
when cold put into a cask without any brandy,
and bunged close. There were twenlynme
gallons; it remained so until the spring ol
18'^8 and proved to be a very delicious wine ;
its'onlv foult appeared to be a great propensity
to ferment, which made it neecliul to keep it in
a cool cellar ; the c st of the sugar was t6,90.
In En<Tland ihev make a very exellent wine
with an rnlusfonotMiW;.»//cf/«f.S sugar, and a
small quantity of brandy ; it is ol exellent flavor,
and esteemed to be a great stomachic

They make another soit of wine with coivslip
blomnus ; and in fact any fruit or bloss(.m ca-
pable of imparting a pleasunt flavor, with sufli-
ciency of sugar will make wine. Taking it for
granted, as 1 helieve there is no douht, that
su<Tar dissolved in water and conducted through
a proj.er fermentation, with a small addition
of pure brandy, will procure a hrpior possessed
of all the cordial virtues uf the wnie made ol
gripes The occasional rigor of winters pre-
cludes a hope for our pre.sent generations, to
cultivate the foreign ei ape for the purpose ol
wine making. The necessity of covei.ng over
the vines for winter, the mulliplicity ol labor
required for the due management ot a vineyard,
would render the cost far more than the price
of imported wines. Hut our various Iruits oiler
ample resources for making very pleasant and
cheap wines, which would have the advantage
of beino pure and wholesome, and would save
to the country immense sums, which now, in
our clays, are yearly exported to foreign nations.
With best wishes, I am your friend, &-C
Weston, July '20. J- -^^^ ^•

NF.W ENGLAND FAUMEPv,

July 30,13.30.

ArPARATUS TO PREVENT THE AsCENT OF THE

Canker-\voi^m.

To Hfn. H. a. S. Deareokn—

Since your puldication on the cnnker-worm
in the N. E. Farmer of the 18th ol June, 1
have thought much upon the subject, and alter
thinking of many plans to prevent ascent ol the
erub uiwn the trunk ofthe tree, 1 have succeed-
Id in perfotling a cheap, and I hope, certain

remedy.

1 take the liberty of forwarding to you one oi
two models, or raliier the apparatus itsell ; the
small one is complete.-The mode ol applying
and fitting to the tree I will attempt to describe.
The first step will be to procure two strips
of sheet lead, say an inch wide, and ot sutti-
ciem length to reach half round the body of
the tree ; these are to get the circumference
and any inequalitfes in the body ol the tree at
I the spot where you wish to fix the board ; then
put them edgewise upon the board and with a

lead pencil trace the size and shape of the trunk
ofthe tree ; the next step will be to cirrk with
the siidci: for the inseition ofthe inner or Ua rim;
the circle is easily and deeply made by the
sweep ofthe gage; it should be made larger by
at least an inch than the one made by the pen-
cil,— then split the circular board by sawing, or
lay on a straight stick and draw a knife on each
siile ofthe board, cutting at least one third
throuiih, and then split it. With a compnsf saw
follow" round the pencil mark, or perhaps cut a
quarter of an inch larger to allow for the growth
ofthe tree ; the space between the board and j
1 tree may be filled with oakum ; then apply the 1
[wooden hoop, thin edge up, or let the thin 1
I edge come just to the lower edge ofthe board ;
I mark how ' far it laps— then lower the boop i
I and nail it with small nails, and clinch them ; lift
up the hoop to the lower edge of the board, and
hold an iion wedge or some other solid sub-
stance on the upper surface of the board, and
drive up the hoop tack with small nails ; then
insert the tin hoop by driving it down well into
the groove ; let it lap by an inch, put in a
piece of flag and confine the lap by a tin loop,
and you then have a circular canal, which, it
notn'«'f)-ti;iht, may easily be made so by giving
it one or two linings of hot tar, or thick paint.

The canal may now be filled with tar and oil,
spirits of turpentine, lime water, or I should
think fish brine— or a brine made strong with
common salt and ni-re ; this would not be likely
to freeze in cool nights, and a little winter
strained oil on the to^p would perhaps prevent
the evaporation ofthe brine, and make it more
dittlcult for the grubs. If the brine should
become weakened by the rain or snow water,
it might easily be strengthened by th-owing ni
a liltTc salt. The tin should be an inch higher
than the wooden hoo[)— if they should swim
across they would find it diflicult climbing up.
I have never seen a canker-worm nor the
gruh, or female, but am under the impression
that the grub is a clumsy insect ; if that be
the case, 1 think they would not be able to pass
the bcuuidaries of another more simple and
chca]ier defence than the one above described.

It is the circular board with only one run,
and that ofthe thinnest tin— to be put upon the
outer edge instead of the wooden one, and
reversed, or instead of rising above the up-
per surlace ofthe board it should hang down
an inch or two ; this would present an obstacle
which I think thev never would be able to pas.s,
Ibr whenever they should attempt to turn the
lower edge ofthe tin they would find themselves
on lerra firma instead of on the top ofthe tree.
If upon examination you should be of the
opinion that either ofthe plans would answer any
purpose, no one could object to them on toe
score of expense, for I would engage any re-
quired number to be det.vered in Boston, the
circular board and hoop, (</ //"■.-• InrL^est size)
lor V>\ cents each, or the board for the tin run
for half the su>-3.

There is one other consideration, — it this
will stop the grub, it would also stop the ascent
of spiders, caterpillars, ants, slugs, and possibly
the curculio, if, as Dr Tilton says, they crawl
up the body of the tree, instead of flying.

Be pleased to accept the assurances of my re-
gard LEVI BARTLETT.
Warner, jV. H.yJulyi, 18-30.

S'J^ASON AT CINCINNATI.

[E\;ractfrom a letter from a sentlctnan in Cincin-
nnti, Ohio, to the publisher of the New England
Farmer.]

' Wheat promises fair — also Oats and Barley,
there will be excellent crops of rye — Hay will
be lio'ht, though clover promises well — peaches
are abundant — plums are not much cultivated,
and apples are rather scarce— Corn is backward
(so far as I can judge from a twenty five miles'
journey after a good milch cow, the same being
scarce and dear) and markets are low fi)r most
j kinds of agricultural produce.

' I hope to be able to forward to you this
Iwint'jr a package of ornamental seeds which
jl am no-.v collecting. I have seen several
i beautiful species, some of which I hope will
■ be new ; the Papaw and Tulip trees thrive here,
and I trust will ere long adorn your ci;y and
vicinity. Some grounds here are very prettily
ornamented ; the ladies are tasteful in their
flower gardens, and I think they are more inclin-
ed to work in them than they are in Boston.'

J. A.

LIST OF FRUITS.

]\Ir Fesse.s'den — Will you or some other
competent gentleman publish in the New Eng-
land Farmer a small Catalogue of the most
approved pears, such as have fruited in our
country and are good bearers ; and show as near
as practicable the prense time of ripening of
each ; commencing with the earlie-t. Let the
day of the month be put down to show the com-
parative difference of the ripening of each
variety. I find the catalogues of our nursery-
men disagree ; and are rather vague— Oct,,
Nov. a. id Dec. is not sufticienfly explicit. —
There is a time when each varfety is generally
in the greatest perfection. That time is impor-
tant to be known, whether it be usually on the
1st, l-5tli, or the -SOth, ofthe month. It is expect-
ed that pears will vary a short time m coming
to maturity from year to year : yet the time
'within 10 or 1.5 days of ripening might be
made known, which would be very useful to the
horticultural community, particularly to those
who are just beginning to cultivate this valu-
able feiiit. It would also aid your readers in
selecting those varieties which will ripen in
succession.

The above information would be thanktuUy
received and be very gratifying to at least
one of your SUBSCRIBERS.

(ij= A valuable article on Fruit Trees, the
most esteemed sorts, and their times of ripen-
in<r, kc, written hv the Hon. John Lowell,
will be found in Fessenden's New American,
Gardener, page 128.

FRUIT TREES.
Mr Fessenden — I have presumed to address
to you the following questions, and shall feel
particularly obliged by an early answer if con-
^i^lent with your engagements.

i 1 What is the best wash to apply to apple and

lotherfiuit trees, and what time in the year is

i best for its application ?

' 2. Has there ever been any method ascer-
tained to prevent the ravages of the Canker

Worm ? ,,

Do you know what will prevent the smalt

Vol. IX.— No. 2.

A^D HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

11

worm from attacking fruit trees in the month opportunity of ascertaining, that those flocks I find fresh lands lit to produce thii plant, which
of June and July. This worm is much small- , which fed on hills must abounding with thyme, ' is tlin r.upport ofthrnr trado, and has been of

proiluccd mutton of a very superior rclisli :

and it cannot have escaped the noliee di" (hr

epicures in haunches, that the hii^hest flavored ! lonj; as tlieir lands were fresh and fertile.'

er than the Caterpillar which ajipears and forms
branches in tiie siiring.

Our fruit trees in this vici'iity seem to cal!
for great attention to prevent their ulUr de-
struction, and It is an oljectO' some importance
to ascertain if possible any remedy for the
depredations of insects.

Yours respei tfuUv,

JOSEPH ELLSWOUTII.

KUchMiUs, Con., Jii'y 22, IS-iO,

' more inijxirtanie to them than all ihe other pro-
• j diiciions of North America put to^jether, so

INSECTS ON INDIAN CORN.

]Mr Fessk.ndex — In the Farmer of the 2d
inst. I noticed your remuks on the wire worm,
which has been making ravages among the
corn in some parts of the state. I have notic-
ed many fields of corn in this vicinity, which
■were of a rustv yellow color, at tlie bottom —
and in searching for the cause, the roots were
found to be covered with green lice. The bot-
tom of the stalk is almost dead, in most cases,
from the loss of sap e\ti acted by the insect,
have you ever published any accoui't of this
insect .' If not have von on hai:d any informa-
tion to give respecting them.

Yours, H. FERRY.

Norlhamplon, Jiihi 14, 18.30.

JRcmrirh:! bij the Editor. — We have no recol-
lection of having seen, hi'ard, or read of the
above mentioned insect, before the receipt of
JMr Ferry's communication.

Remarkable Growth of Cherry Grafts.

In the month of]March, 1323, I set on a
natural Cherry Stock, which is now seven inch-
es in circumference, probably not much less
then, a scion of the English Blackheart, which
is now in the smallest place eleven inches in
circumference and has completely covered
the stock. There are three leading branches
from this, one six and a half feet, one si.\ I'cel,
the other five and a half feet ; there are seven-
teen smaller limbs, branching from these in
all directions. It bore fruit this present season
in abundance and to perfecticm oidy two years
old. I have several others which have grown
very rapidly and I believe they do quite as
well if not better than budding, espcciallv large
stocks. L. COBB.

Sharon, Mass. Jul ij II), 13.00.

REMARKS ON VEGETABLES.

[Concluded]
TMV.MC.
*\'i more, my goat'JjSliitll i bolinlij ynii rlioiU
'I'hR Sleepy clifl's.or ciop llie tluw'ry liiymu.'

OpyDE V.

In ancient times, flocks of goats and sheep
■were sent fi'om many remote parts, to feed on
the thyme which grew so abundantly on the
rocky parts of Langnedoc and Narbonne, and
this pasturage yielded a great revenue to the
inhabitants of that countrv, during the hel"ht
of Roman luxury, on account of the high flavor
it gave to the thousands of cattle v, hich were
sent to that province.

r' Where tlie wilil tliyrae perfumes llie purple liealti.
Long iuilcriiig there yoLr fiiety tril-cseslend.'

Shevstone.

Phillips in his History of Vegetables, says
a long residence on and near the South Downs
of Sussex, gave the author of this work an

venison is always from arid hillv parks, where
this penetrating ' pun provoking' herb al)oiinds.
This plant was thought excellent in sufTumi-
gationsto revive the spirits ; and by its extra-
ordinary fragraney it was deemed comfortable
to the brain and highly exhilarating to the
heart. A little thyme mixed with wine, gives
it a most grateful savor, and both the smell
and taste of it are very penetrating ; whence
it becomes sudorific, incidinj;, penetrating,
healing, and opening ; is of service in the flat-
ulent colic, and restores a decayed appetite.

TonAcro.

Tobacco was brought to England by Sir
Francis Drake, in 1.570, who that year made!
bis first expedition apaiiist the Spania'ds in
South America. I.obel informs us, flint it I
had been cultivated in Eiiirlnnd previously to
that date. Sir Walter Raleigh carried the
Virginian tobacco to Fngland about the vear
1536, and it is related that he was the first who
brought tobacco into repute ; but, by the caution
he took in smoking it priyately, it appears he
did not intend that it should be copied. But
sitting one day in a deep meditation, with a
pipe in his mouth, he inadvertently called to his
man to bring him a tankard of small ale : the
fellow coming into the room, threw all the li-
quor in his master's fiee, and running down
stairs, bawled out 'Fire ! help ! Sir Walter
has studied till his head's on fire, and the
smoke bursts out of his mouth and nose.' Af-
ter this. Sir Walter made it no secret, and took
two pipes just before be went to be beheaded.

A French Natural Historian (Valmont Bo-
mare) relates, that in 17.30, INIaiyland and Vir-
ginia produced to Ennl:ind more than 100,000
tons of tobacco ; of which, he says, the Eno--
lish kept one half for their own consumption,
and ex|iorted the remainder to France ; for
which the latter country paid annually the sum
of 9,200,000 livres, or about $1 ,701,91)3, 52.

This vegetable still continues to form so
considerable a branch of commerce ia Enijland,
that a store-room has lately been erected in
the London Docks, for the exclusive purpose
of housing tobacco, which covers with one
roof a space of nearly six acres of ground,
and which is perhaps the l.ngest room ever
built. This immense store-room is, when emp-
ty, an object of wonder ; hut on seeing it full
of tobacco, our amazement must be increased,
by reflecting on the extent of the trade of Eng-
land, and on the singular destination of such
an enormous heap ol' half-putrelied nauseous
leaves.

Wynne says, in his Hi^lory of Virginia piib-
li-i^hed in 1770, that the \'iiginianscxport annu-
ally above forty thousand hogsheads of this
leaf, each hogshead containing eight hundred
weight. This author says, ' wherever they
have planted this aiticle, their lands are so ex-
hausted by it, that they will hardly produce
the bare necessaries of life, and much less such
an exhausting weed. It is for this reason,
that most of our tobacco plantations are broken
up and the people have been obliged to quit
them, and retire to the iriountains, where they

WATF.R CKESS.

The ancients ate cress with their lettuce
to counteract the cidd nature of that salad.
The name of Nasturtium alludes to its warm
stimulating qualities, which were thought to
put life into dull and stupid persons, and to
brighten the umhr-tanding of those who ate
of Nasturtimn, and which gave rise to the
Greek proverb, 'eat cress, and learn more wit.'

CHINESE MULBERRY TREE.

J\Ir Fessenoe.v — I perceive in your paper
of IGth inst. a communication on the subject
or the Chinese INlulberry Tree, (laonif nuiJ/iiau-
lis) which, it is stated, was introduced to France
from the Philippine Islands, in July last, and
Ihe acquisition of which promises to be of vital
imporlance to the silk culture on account of
its great superiority for that purpose. By
the way of making known that in our country
we sometimes even anticipate others in the
introduction of useful horticultural productions,
I have to slaie that this tree was introduced
intoour collection/;), l/tr: w'uiler e/ 2G-27, and
has consequently existed amoug us for ohnne,
ilir/e years. A munber of plants were propa-
gated liom it the lust season, several of which
were scut abroad, and one ol' which I present-
ed to tluit intelli;;e:il: and enferpiising liiend
of the silk culluie, Gideon B. Smith, Esq. of
Balihnoie, who, in a recent letter, speaks
of its flourisliing condition.

P. S. I notice a small error in mv contimu-
nication inseiied in your paper of 25lli ult.
The date should be ]May inste-.id of June.
Very lespectfully,

W^r. R. PRINCE.

t^filnt'ic fianlen, )

.luivar, isai). (

Li intenn
i\. v.,

CATTLE OVERCOJNIir^Y^ HEAT.

]\Ir Fessendkn — As the hot season has
now arrived, when oxen are flequently overcome
by heal, and many are lost, « ill you, or some
of your correspondents, through Ihe medium
of your useful p.roer, inform Ihe public of the
best manner of Uealiag an animal overcome
by the lieiit, and you will oblige a constant
reader. Verv respecirullv )'oih-s.

THOiAlAS liUBBARD.

Concord, Ji'hj 18, 18.30.

05^ Wc find nothing on this subject in any
veterinary writer, and our own observulion
and experience have not led us to any remedy
for this evil of ordinary occurrence. We
should be very much obliged io any correspon-
dent who may suggest any cure or palliaiioa
tor llie complaint above mentioned.

To Remove a lii;hl atopple from a decanter. —
It frequently happens tliat the stopper of a
glass bottle or decanter becomes fixed in its
place so firmly, that the exertion of force
sufficient to withdraw it would endanger the
vessel. In this case, if a cloth wetted with
hot water be applied to the neck of the bottle,
the glass will expand, and the neck will be
enlarged, so as to allow the stopper to be easily
withdrawn. — Dr Lardncr''s CJj'mcl Ci/clupedia.

12

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

.Tnlv 30, 1830.

atbcavn of Sisctul Knatolci)ar»«iFnvmrvs' Sotcs.

DISEASES OF HORSES.

[Conlintieil]
DISEASKS Cif THE TEETH.

will be seen to e.\tend along the whole of the
under side of the tongue. If they be lanced
freely and deeply, from end to end, the swell-
ing will very riipidly abate, and any little
fever that remains may be subdued by cooling

Of the diseases of the teeth in the horse, we medicine. The cause of this disease is not
know little. Carious or hollow teeth have oc- clearly known. It usually proceeds, perhaps,
casionally, but not often, been seen; but the from indigestion, connected with a general ten-
edues of the grinders fiom the wearing off of dency to inilammation.
the enamel, or the irregular growth ofthe teeth, : ^^^ strangles.

become ronoh and wound the inside of the . . ••'.,•• i » ,

u 1 ■. • Zu „ „^„ t^ .wK,,t Q cimmni-v llus IS a disease principally incident to

cheek; it is then necessary to adopt a summaiy j r i . .'

but effectual method of cure, namely, to rasp ! yo^nj^ horses-usnally appearing between the
them smooth. Many bad u!cers have been pro- i ""'-t'? or Wth year, and oltener in the spring
duced in the mouth, by the neglect of this. ] th"" '" any other part ol the year. It ,s pre-
The teeth sometimes grow irregularly i„ ; coded by cough, and can at hrs be scarcely
length, and this is particularly the case with the ' d'st,n;ir,ished from common cough, except that
grinders, from not being in exact opposition to ^^''^^''^^ >.^ "lore discharge h-om the nos r. 1 of a
lach other, when the mouth is shut. The Jel'^vish color, mi.xed with matter, but gen-
ffi-owth of the teeth still goins on, and there | erally without smell; and likewise a considei-

being no mechanical opposition to it, one ofthe
back teeth, or a portion of one of them, shoots
up half an inch or more above the others.
Sometimes it penetrates the bars above, and
causes soreness and ulceration; at other times,
it interferes partially, or altogether, with the
grinding motion of the jaws, and the animal
pines away without the cause being suspected.
Here the saw should be used, and the project-
ing portion reduced to a level with the other
teeth. The horse which has once been sub-
jected to this operation should afterwards be
frequently examined, and especially if he lose
condition; and, indeed, every horse that gets
thin or out of condition, without fever, or any
other apparent cause, should have his teeth and
mouth carefully examined, and especially if he
quid (partly chewing and then droppin:;) his
food, without any indication of sore throat,
or if he hold his head somewhat on one side,
while he eats, in order to get the food between
the outer edges of the teeth. A horse that has
once had very irregular teeth is materially les-
sened in value, for, although they may be sawn

able discharge of ropy fluid from the mouth,
and greater swellins than usual under the
throat. This swelling increases with uncertain
rapidity, accompanied by some fever, and dis-
inclination to eat, partly arising from the fever,
but more from the pain the animal feels in the
act of chewing. There is considerable thirst;
but after a gulp or two, the horse ceases to
drink, yet it is evidently desirous of more. In
the attempt to swallow, and sometimes when
not drinking, a convulsive cough comes on,
which almost threatens to suffocate the animal,
and thence probably the name of the disease.
The tumor is about the centre of the channel
under the jav, it soon fills the whole of the
space, and is evidently one uniform body, and
may thus be distinguished from glanders, or
the enlarged glands of catarrh. At lentjlh the
centre of it becfimesmore prominent and softer,
and it evidently contains a fluid. This rap-
idly increases, the tumor bursts and a great
quantity of pus is discharged. As soon as the
tumor has broken, the cough subsides, and the
horse speedily mends, although some degree of

down as careliilly as possible, they will pr. ject I ^ve^.kness may hang about him for a consider-
■^ ' ■ - ■' ' -^ 'able time.

The treatment of strangles

again at no great distance of lime.

DISEASES OF THE TOXGUE .

The tongue is sometimes exposed to injury.

is very simple.
As the essence of the disease consists in the
formation and suppuration of the tumor under
from carelessness or violence in the act of the jaw, the principal, or almost the sole atten-
drenching, or administering a ball, being pros- , tion of the practitioner should be direi-ted to
sed against, and cut by the edges of the grind- the hastening of these processes: therefore, as
ers. A little d luted tincture of myrrh, or I sorin as the tumor of strangles (evidently appears,
alum, dissolved in water, or even nature unas- the part should be actively blistered. Old prac-
sisted, will speedily heal the wound. The ] titimiers u^ed to recommend poultices; which,
horse will bite his tongue, — most frequently in from the thickness of the horse's skin, must
his sleep. If the injury be trilling, it requires' have very little effect, even if they could he
little care; but in some instances, a portion of confine;! on the part; and from the difficulty
the lonc;ue will be torn or nearly bitten off, and and almo.st impossibility of this, and their get-
th^assistance of a veterinary practitioner will ting cold and hard, they must weaken the ener-
be needed. gies of nature, and delay the ripening of the

Bladders will sometimes appear along the tumor. Fomentations are little more effectual,
under side of the tongue, which will increase A blister will not only secure the completion of
to a considerable size, and the t(mgue itself the ,/roccss, but hasten it by many days, and save
will be much enlarged, and the animal will be the aMi-nt much pain and exhaustion; and it
unable to swallow, and a great quantity of ropy will produce another good efiect — it will, pre-
saliva will drivel from the mouth. This disease vious to (he opening of the tumor, abate the
often exists without the nature of it being sus- internal inflammation and soreness of the throat,
pected. It resembles what is called the hlnin and thus lessen the cough and wheezing.
in the cow, which is a very serious complaint As soon as the swelling is soft on the top,
in tiiat animal, Irequently connected with much and evidently contains matter, it should be
fever, and terminating in suffocation. If the deeply and freely lanced. It is a bad, alllumgh
mouth of the horse be opened, one larga blad- frequent practice, to suffer the tumor to burst
der or a succession of bladders of a purple hue, naturally, by which a ragged ulcer is formed,

very slow to heal and difficult of treatment.
If the incision is deep and large enough, no
second collection of matter will be formed: and
that which is already formed may be suflfered
to rim out slowly, ail p;-essure with the fingers
being avoided. The part should he kept clean,
and a little fiiar's balsam daily injected into
the wound.

The remainder of the treatment will depend
on the symptoms. If there is much fever, and
evident affection ofthe chest, and which should
carefully be distinguished from the oppression
and choking occasioned by the pressure of the
tumor, it will be proper to bleed. In the ma-
jority of cases, however, bleeding will not only
be unnecessary, but injurious. It will delay
the suppuration of the tumor, and increase the
subsequent debility. A few cooling medicines,
as nitre, emetic tartar, and perhaps digitalis,
may be given, as the case requires. The
apiictite, or rather the ability to eat, will return
with the opening ofthe abscess. Bran-mashes,
or fresh cut grass or tares, should be liberally
supplied, which will not only afford sufficient
nourishment to recruit the strength of the ani-
mal, but keep the bowels open. If the weak-
ness be not great, no further medicine will be
wanted, except a dose of mild physic, to prevent
the swellings or eruptions which sometimes
succeed to strangles. In cases of debility, a
small quantity of tonic medicine, as camomile,
and gentian with ginger, in doses of a couple,
of drachms, may be administered.

As strangles seem to be a disease from
which few horses escape, and which, although
attended with little danger, is sometimes tedious
in its progress, and accompanied by much de-
bility, some foreign veterinary surgeons have
endeavored to produce a milder disorder by in-
noculatiui;;, either with the matter from the tu-
mor, or the discharge from the nose; and it is
said that a dif^ease, with all the characters of
strangles, but shorter and milder in its course,
has supervened. English practitioners have
not, we believe, tried the experiment.

CANKER AND WOUNDS IN THE 3I0UTH.

The mouth is injured much oftener than the
careless owner suspects, by the pressure of a
sharp bit. Not only are the bars wounded and
deeply ulcerated, but the lower jaw between
the tusk and the grinders is sometimes tora
even to the bone, and the bone itself affected,
and portions of it come away. It may be
necessary to have a sharp bit for the headstrong
and obstinate beast, yet if that be severely and
unjustifiably called into exercise, the animal
may rear, and endanger himself and his rider;
but there can be no occasion for a thousandth
part of the torment which the trappings of the
nmuth often inflict on a willing and docile ser-
vant, and v/hich either render the mouth hard,,
and destroy all the pleasure of riding, or causes
the horse to become fretful or vicious.

From llie VVestfield Register

AGRICULTURAL.

IMii HuNTiNOTON — As it seems to be the'
flrshion of the day to communicate the result of
experiment, as well in husbandry as in the art*,
and sciences, I beg leave to offer through the
medium of your paper, the following statement::

In the spring of 1828, having a piece of wet!

Vol. IX.— No. 2

AISD HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

13

land near my house, which would probably be
most aply called Bog Meadow, thr.nisli which
runs a brook about six rods from the bank or up-
land. I hired three men with canal wheelbar-
rows, and carried 0:1 loam from tlie adjoining
upland, (which when I commenced, was a slee|)
elevation of G or 8 feet above the meadow,)
coveriii;; the hind to the depth of about six inches.
I then sowed Herds Grass seed plentifully upon
the eartli and raked it in; and covered the whole
with a coat of Iiitt manure. The tiis! simmer,
of course, I mowed no hav, but t'ound the weeds
so abundant that I thought it expedient to cut
them and to east them into my barn yard for
manure. The last summer I found my crop of
hay excellent, both in quality and quantity,
and mowed two good crops from it. — The last
spring, I again manured the land, and have
now gathered the first crop; the result is as
follows.

From one hundred and eight rods of land, by
accurate measurement, I found, when we had
raked it iulo heaps prepared for carting, they
amounted to seventy; and as tlie hay was of an
excellent quality and in line order, I determined
to ascertain, as near as could be done without
too much expense, the quantity of it. For
this purpose, tlieret'ore, I selected two of the
heaps, such as were thought by myself and my
men to present a fair average of the whole
tract then m.iwed, and iMuud the average weight
of them to be one hundred and four pounds —
which, consequenlly would give me 12S0 lbs.
for the tract of 180 rods — and wiiich at the
same rale, will give live tons and 785 pounds to
the sere.

The expense of carrying the loam on to the
meadow, as near as I could ascertain, was about
twenty dollars per aeie; — and before this im-
provement, the land probably yielded not more
than a ton to the acre, and that a very coarse and
inferior quality. It ought perhaps to be stated
that the above caleulations are all made in lut
weight, and I believe the resvdt fairlti stated.
Yours, Sec. JAMES FOWLER.

WestfteUI, JuUj, .3, 1330.

SLEKP OF CHILDREN.

Infants, frum the time of their birth, should
be encouraged.to sleep in the night in preference
to the day; therefore, mothers and nurses ought
to remove everything which may tend to di-turb
their rest, and not attend to every call for taking
them up and gi\ing them food at improper pe-
riods. Infants caimot sleep too long; when
they enjoy a calm i-ontinued rest it is a favorab'e
smyptom. Until t!ie third year, children gener-
ally require a little sleep in the middle of the
day; for, till that age, half their time may safely
be alloted to sleep. J'^vcry succeeding year,
the time ought to be shortened one hour,
so that a child seven years old may sleep
. about ten hours. Children ought to rise at
six in the summer, and at seven in the win-
ter. It is extremely injudicious to awake
children with a noise, or carry them imniediatel)
from a dark room into the glaring light, or
against a dazzling wall: the sudden impression
ot light may debilitate the organs of vision, and
lay the foundation of weak eyes. Wet clothes
or linen should never be allowed to be hung to
dry in the bed-room, as an impure atmosphere
is attended with various and often fatal conse-
quences.— Banish (says Professor Hufeland)

feather beds, as thev are unnatural and debili-
tating contrivances — The bedstead should not
be placed too low on the floor; and it is highly
improper to sufier children to sli>op on a couch
which is made without a sutlicuent elevation
from the ground. — Book of Health.

A SISTER'S LOVE.

There is no purer feeling kindled upon the
altar of human allection, than a sister's pure,
unconlaminated love for her brother. It is
unlike all other allection; so disconnected witii
sellish sensuality; so feminine in its develop-
ment; so dignified, and yet withal, so fond, so
devoted. Nothing can alter it, nothing can
suppress it. The world may revolve, and its
revolution effect changes in the fortunes, in the
character, and in the disposition of her brother;
yet if he want, whose hand will so readily
stretch out to supply him, as that of his sister ?
when his cliaraeter is maligned, whose voice
wilil so readily swell in his advocacy ? Next to
a mother's unquenchable love, a sister's is pre-
eminent. It rests so exclusively on the tie of con-
sanguinity for its sustenance; it is so wholly di-
vested of passion, and springs from such a deep
recess in the hucnan bosom, that when a sister
once fondly and deeply regards her brother,
ihat affection is blended with her existence,
and the lamp that nourishes it expires only witli
ibat existence. In all the anr.als of crime, it is
considered anomalous to find the hand of a sister
raised in anger against her brother, or her heart
nurturing the seeds of hatred, envy and revenge
in regard to that brother.

To clean the Tciili. — Pulverized chalk is said
to be the best application to remove the tartar
on the teeth, and powdered charcoal will pre-
vent its formation. Vinegar or any other acid
will injure the enamel. If the teeth and gums
aie brushed every morning before breaklast
A ith fine powdered charcoal or soot, and a stiff
brush, they will be perfectly clean, and you will
seldom if ever be pained with the tooth ache.

i Fashionable 'Sin^iiis^. — The Editor of the Au-
gusta Courier, in remarking upon Mrs Plum-
er's singing, says that he would as soon listen
to a steam boat letting off her steam, as to a
las'iionable singer who stands and cries ba — a
— a — a for a quarter of an hour at a stretch.
We agree with him. — Camden Journal.

TO PAdENTS.

[Tlie following is an extract Iro.ii llie ' Frugal Hoiise-
wil'e.']

' In early childhood, yon lav the foundation
of poverty or riches, in the habits you give
your children. Teach them to save every-
thing,— not for their own use, tor that would
make them selfish, — but for snme use. Teach
them to sliare everything with their play mates;
but never allow them to destroi/ anything.

' I once visited a family where the most
exact economy was observed; yet nothing was
mean, or uncomfortable. It is the chara'ter of
true economy to be as comfortable and genteel
with a little, as others can be with much. In
this family, when the father brought home a
package, the older children would, of their
own accord, put away the paper and twine
neally, instead of throwing them in the fire, or
tearing them to pieces. If the little one want-

ed a piece of twine to play scratch-cradle, or
spin a top, there it was in readiness; and when
they threw it on the floor, I he older children had
no need to be told to put it again in its place.
' Economy is generally despised as a low
I virtue, tending to make people ungenerous and
selfish. This is true of avarice; but it is not
so of economy. The man who is economical,
is laying up for himself the permanent |)ower of
being useful and generous. He who thought-
lessly gives away ten dollars, when he owes a
hundred more than he can pay, deserves no
praise, — he obeys a sudden impulse, more like
instinct than rca-on; it would be real charity to
check this ieeling; because the good he does
may be doubtl'ul, while the injury he does his
family and creditors is certain. Tiue economy
is a caref'il treasure in the service of benevo-
lence; and where they are united, respectability,
prosperity, and peace will follovv.'

i [The following was addressed to a farmer, of
Penn. who brought a bottle of the oil to Mary-
land— at a large dinner party on Elkridge of
genllemen from town and country, of whom we
had the pleasure to be one, the salad was dres-
sed with this sun flower oil. It was eaten, and
j pronounced to be excellently well dressed, no
j body susperting it not to be olive oil. When
j the Biilish Ireaty was made, coUon was deemed
'to be an exotic product, unworthy of regard.]
I — -iinirii (la Fin-mcr.

The Su.\' Flow:;.^. — its cnlluve — product —
ipropertiis, Ufies and value.

The sun flower is cultivated like Indian corn,
planted in rows — the rows three feet apart and
stalks eighteen inches.

Any land uliich produces corn will yield
from 50 to 70 bushels per acre, and it is worth
75 cents a bushel.

The single headed kind is preferable, and as
soon as ripe, which is known by its shattering —
the heads are taken off, carted to the barn floor,
and immediately threshed out with the flail; it
should be cleaned with the wind mill, [or fan we
suppose,] and then spread out, and oi:casionally
turned or stirred to become dry, if left upon a
large heap it may mould.

By an improved mode of extracting the oil, a
bushel of seeds yields a gallon of oil — three
quarts cold pressed, and oiie quart by heating.
The cake when ground is very nutritive as cat-
tle feed, and wili pay the expense of the miller
The oil used as a purgative appears to have
the same eifect as castor oil, wiihout tlie nausea.
Of bottles sent, one marked with a yellow
ribbon, was expressed about two months ago —
the three other bottles were expressed four
weeks since. The first is clearer, owing to the
ditlerimce of the four weeks; it clarifies with-
out any preparation. The three bottles are
finer in their taste than that marked, which is
owing to aa improvement in the machinery for
making it.

A bushel of seed will plant about 10 acres.
I can furnish any gentleman disposed to culti-
vate it with the best seed. I expect to raise
about 500 bushels this season, and have engaged
others in raising probably as ranch more.

CHAS. A. BARNITZ.

The Paris Central Society of Agriculture, at
its last sitting, awarded the following prizes : —
2000 francs to Messrs Flackat and Mulct, for

14

NEW EN^^I AND FxVRMER,

July 30, ISSa

their process for boring for Artesian wells-
One, for the same object, to IMessrs Fraisse and
Poituvin ; and a!?o a gold meda! to ]M. Favel.
1000 francs to jN[. Payen for a memoir on the
use which may be made of the carcases of do-
mestic animals when dead ; and other prizes of
small amounts on different subjects, making
altogether 7000 francs. Several gold aud sil-
ver medals were also presented. Ihe prizes
of next year are to be, first, 1.500 francs for
the best treatise on the use which may be
made of tlie dead bodies of domestic animals:
1500 francs for the best treatise on the blind-
ness of horses: S.jOO francs for the best model
of a threshing and winnowing machine; —
3000 francs for the best treatise on the
mode of boring for water: 1000 i"iancs for the
best treatise on the culture of the pink poppy.
Three prizes are also announced for 1834

BOSTON, FRIDAY, JULY 30, 1830.

Mr Fessenden — I beg leave to offer the fol
lowing remarks for the benefit of that portion of
your readers, who havo faith in most things
which they find in print, especially if found
printed in the New England Farmer.

Respect is certainly due to the opinion of your
correspondents — greater respect is due to the
discernment of the most enlightened portion of
your subscribers, but I sul)mit the question to
your candid decision, if the greatest respect on i
the score of uset'ulness is not due to those who |
fesl and acknowledge their want of light, and]
seek it through the medium of your valuable
paper. Would it not thereli.re be well to let j
every unsound opinion, which is offered for pub-
lication, be accompanied by some corrective
editorial remark.' !

The cultivation of the wild cherry tree has
been recommended for the purpose of attracting
the caterpillar irom apple trees. Let us reflect
on this a moment and see if the preservation of
seed caterpillars amounts to anything more or
less than the enconragenivnt of emigration from
their favorite cherry trees to the remotest parts
of the surrounding orchards as is their practice
at the time of depositing then- eiigs.*

The raising of orchards from cuttings has
its advocates, hy placing the end of each slip in
a potato, then plant it out, and the whole busi-
ness is done. \\'iio from their own reasoning
could have lielieved that there was such affinity
between various kinds of trees a[id plants and
the juice of a raw potato.' Surely no one;
but, liaving faith in what is printed, many have
witnessed the hopeless prospect of a blessed
hereafter, that is about to be realized by a
host of roses, myrtles, geraniums, and other slips
at this present time, whicn are gone, or going
to their long homes. \

The great body of our farmers are not horti-
culturists. An erroneous opinion prevails among
them that orchards, young or old, should not be
plouglied. The article, which appeared in
your paper of the eleventh of June, which re-
commended hand hoeing, and top dressing with
manure, instead of ploughing and planting; for a
crop, has been misunderstood by some who con-
eider grass as no crop at all, pnrtitularly in pas-
tures, and believe that to have be n tlie impres-

sion of the author of the piece referred to
— but his plan is to permit nothing to grow
under fruit trees, or vines, which is correct, and
should be adopted by men of wealth, or by every
one in the cultivation of nice and valuable fruits,
near a good maiket. But orchards o-' rider
apples, and even choice table fruit, where land
is cheap, and no demand for it, should always be
set out in a rich moist pasture. t

As there are but (ew farmers who can be in-
duced to keep their orchards free of grass and
weeds, and be contented only wiili a crop of
fruit, would it not be well to recommend to
them the next best course, which is to plough
shallow, so as not to cut off any small roots,
manure as much as can be effectu.il, cultivate
annually a crop of some kind among their trees.
But be sure that neither corn nor potatoes be
planted within four feet of any tree. To plant
potatoes round (he root of a tree when it is
transplanted, is as wise as it would be to set pig
weeds in a coi n field, and grass is as destruct-
ive to an orcliai'd as weeds are to a garden.
But grass is least injurious when closely fed off
on the ground.

I am your obedient servent.

Promdcnccc, Jiihj. AN ORCHARDiST.

NOTES BY THE EDITOH.

* We have heretofore endeavored to antici-
pate objeclions, and prevent errors on Ibis suh-
jucl. In the fiiih volume of the New England
Farmer, page .j58, column second, the follow-
ing article may be found recorded:

CATEnril.LAf.S AND THE BIRD CHERRV.

In the current volume of the New England
Farmer, page .314, an aiticle was republished
reconnuenduig to |ilant the Bird Cherry (yPr.n-
niin I'adiis) in orchards, as a place of resort fir
caterpillars; as those insects have such apartial-
ity for the leaves of that tree, that iliey will con-
gregate on them and leave all other trees within
one or two hundred yards' distance untouched.
A I'c iendly horticulturist has sugoested to the
edilor that the article alluded to migiit be the
means of raischile, by inducing cultivators to
lO'se (hose cherry trees and thus favor the
mulliplication of the insects by furnishing them
wilii the food to which they are most parlial; —

! tliose gentlemen in t:;e neighborliood of Boston,
w ho are friendly to the pursuits of horticulture-
have taken great pains to ex'iirpate the bird
cherry, endeavoring to procure its entii'e des-
ti'uction in fields and forests, as well as in gar-

I dens and orchaids.

j It appears to us, however, that tlic arlitde,
properly understood, may be of service. The
cherry trees, as we comprehend the matter, are
intended merely as decoys, or traps to catch

[ caterpillars. — But yon must be careful to destroy
the caterpillars on the trees, when they are

!tal;cn. If you catch, and feed, and let them go

I at large, you become instrumental in their prop-
agation, it may be pertbclly correct to destroy
ail the wild cherry trees, except those which
can be used to alliu'e caterpillars to destruction.
But if wo are not misii'.linmed, the timber of
the wild cherry tree is valuable, and the bark
useful in medicine.

t We have not seen any recommendation,
from any cultivator, whose authority can be
relied on for setting slips or cuttings in a ])otato,
and planting taein out in that position. Bui we

are not prepared to say that a process of that
kind would not succeed with some plants, in
some cases, though we doubt whether that
mode of propagation will often be found expe-
dient.

t There are several articles in our paper of
the eleventh of June last, relating to tlie cul-
ture of fruit trees, which cnn(uiriu reconmiend-
ing to orchardists, when fruit is the principal
object of culture on any particular piece of
ground, not to cumber the promises with other
crops. In one of those articles, a quotation is
given from Vernon's translation of a French
treatise on the cultivation of the Mulberry tree,
in which the translator condemns the general
usage of the farmers of our country, in taking
a crop of grain, of roots or of giv/.?-; from their
orchards. And states that 'At Montreuil, a
village of nearly twenty thousand inhaliitants,
all maintained by the cultivaticm of fruit for the
sup|ily of the city of Paris, a proprietor will not
allow even a plant of lettuce to be grown near
truit trees. Every particle of the surface of
the ground is there kept in a friable slate to the
fill extent of the roots of the tree; a due pro-
portion of manure is every year worked into
the soil' &c. [see p. 374, col. I.]

it istrui! that Nicol, a Scotch gardener, re-
commends a somewhat ditferent mode of cul-
tivating fruit trees, and allows an orchard to be
laid down to grass after the eighth year, [same
page above referred to.] Dean's New Eng-
land Farmer, likewise, art. orcharil, obser-
ves, that, ' orchards which are laid down to
grass last longest; but it is necessary to keep
the ground clear of weeds and grass for some
little distance from the roots.' When trees in
an orchard are so large as to slinde most of the
ground, little besides grass will grfl*v under
them. And the leaves which fall from the trees,
together with their shade, will prevent the sward
from becoming too tough and matted for roots
of the trees to penetrate it. We believe, how-
ever, that the ground should always be stirred
about young trees, but not so deeply as to in
jure the roots.

M.'.SSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
S.iliinlay, July24, 1S30.
F R U 1 T S.
Cherries — From Ge.v. Deartjorx, fruit of
the Belle et MngTilique. The tree was recived
fom Vilmorin's N^ursery in 10.i3 or '^^5, and
truly is of magnificent appearance; cohir red,
with white spots, or niot:led, a valuable fruit
from its lateness. The tree is very vigorous
and a good bearer. From I'lla Robert Max-
NLNG, a French Cherry of fair appearance, but
rather acid flavor.

Applis. — From Col. George Gibbs, of Sand-
wich, L. I. near New York, fruit of a fine
j Apple that ripens with him al)out the 1st of July.
Tiie tree imported from Europe thirty years
since, name unknown. From E. Bartlett, Esq.
, of Roxbury, fruit of tlie early Nonsuch, (ripe
'July 10,) and Juneating; both in pleasant eat-
, ing and good IVuit. Also fruit of the W'inter
1 Pearmain and Rock Apple, of the last season,
' in good preservation; the latter has been kept
j f lur and five months into the second year.
' From S. Downer, of Dorchester, an apple well
known in the market for some years past, under
the name Queen, Ladies, &c. The original
ree of this variety, we learn from Capt. Ben-

-Xo.2.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

\o

janiin Williams, of Roxbury, was a Wilding from their dcfign, ortlercd his domc;-tics to
whicii n-rew on his lann, which was blown down ; fetch his boe-liives, and liirow llicm into the
some years since. This fruit is deservedly a ' middle of the inliniutcd multitude,
favoriie as a summer apjilc. The color is a i 'The event answered his expcclalions : they
most beaulil'ul lied, varies from light to very were immediately put to llight, and iiappy were
dark on the sunnv side. Shape oblong and tiiose wlio escaped unstnng.' — ('. S. Guzitlc.
very perfect, medium size, sprightly, and very

pleasant, ripening in succcssi;:n, coiumcncmg
about the 1st of August. The tree grows u\)-
right and ihrilly, and is a constant and good
bearer. It is getting much cultivated in tliis
vicinilv. Tlie committee recommended that it
be called llio Williams .Apple. From 11. Howe,
from tlic garden of .S. Downer, liuit of tlie
Early River Apple This fruit is said to have I
originated near t'le Connecticut River, and is a
good summer iVuit, over medium size; color a I
yellowish green, with red stripes on one side,
pleasant flavor, and saleable in the market,
ripens in succession, also the Early Harvest
Apple, a good Havered, yellowish white sale-
able liuit.

Apricol.i. — From E. Phinney, Esq. of Lex-
ington, fiuit of the JMoor Park Apricot, of tine
appearance, measuring six inches in circumfcr-
encB*

Pctirs.— From Mv E. D. Richards, of Ded-
ham, fruit of the Mad eline (of Cox, iVo. 3,)
Citron de Cnmnes, Green Chissel, or Early
Chauniontelie, one of our best summer Pears,
and a good hearer.

Plums. — From R. Howe, from S. Downer's
Garden, fruit of the Jaune Hative, Early Yel-
lower wliite Primordian, called in our market
Bilboa i'lum. A Yellow Plum of fair size and
of good Havor. The tree blossoms full but tlie
fruit is uncertain in setting.

Hum 1/ .— From Mr Artemas Rogers, of Wa-
tertown, four boxes and one tumbler of Honey.
The boxes were taken from the top of one hive,
and contained about 4 lbs. each, of a pure white
honev and comb. IMr R. commenced in the
spring with one hive from which he has had two
swarms. S. DOW.NER.

Sii;<ir fvuni licit rooh. — The French appear
determined to carry on this niaiuifai ture : the
qiiantilv made in France is aliout 4,0 lO tons a
\ car. The cost is as yet considerably great-
er than that of West India sugar; but the
process is very recent, and the parties expect
to make iniprovemeuts which will materially
reduce its expense

Emi ^ranls fvoM i-'ivnire. — In the ship France,
lately arrived at New York from ll.jvre, came
1 1.3 farmers from Wir'tcmberg and .Msace, in
France.

T.vr.r. TiMOTiiv.—
Xnrristown, Pa. 7
hci.ght.

■A stalk has been cut at
feet and o 1-2 inches in

The Salem N. Y. Post states that the
W/icrit crop which has looked remarkably
promising, is now likely to be greatly injured,
and in some instances almost entirely cut ofT,
liy an insect, which is found, in great numbers,
in the head of the grain. It is of a yellowish
."olor, and about the tenth of an inch in length,
[t is within the hull, where it fastens upon the
kernel, and saps the juices and destroys the
life of the wheat.

It is stated, that if a bed of carnations be
watered at dilferent times in the season, with ^
solulio^of nitre, the good efiects of the appli-
cation will be visible by the luxuriance of the
leaves, and the extraoiiiuiary dimensions of the
flowers.

For Suit,

The well known FAU.M in Dover, occupied fur tlic last
rouiteeti ycjirs by Uie sub.^criber, conUiitiiii;; itbout 200
acie-*, well located in u sqiKuv, bono. led on the s^oiilli by
Cocheelio liver, Mul on the e;i.>tl)v Fre.-b eieek. on which
i-i a liile mill, with an appar.tlu-^ tor po;inilins:anil ;rrinding
pla-Ier. The !kiildin;;s conVi.^t of a lai se two -lory Brick
Hou-c, ofjii f..'el by !! i, willi a win:;' ol' iO by 16, all well
finished, ai!join:-(l to v.'liicli I-* a shed 34 feet by 1-1, con-
necting the eider liou-e 27 by B7, two stories, with one
p'.r~tered rjoin. wheie all the spinnin;:; and wcT\infr is
done lor tile f.uiiily ; two ISains. one of which is 1 Of) feet
by 12, wiiii two wiir^* of about 4(1 feet each, one employ-
ed as a stable, the oilier (or a sbccpfo'd, with a pood yard
wellwallod in; the o'h -r i^ aStoie il.irii ot'-t-3 feet s,^o ire,
of it) leet post, anil will contain (>0 Ions of hay ; a pig-
gery of 30 feet by :jil, witli a cellar of 18 feet square un-
der it, with boiUis set to make soap, brew, and cook for
swine. The lieb's are divided by permanent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 ace-' in front of the house, one
of 17 on the lia-,t,one of 10 acres on the ?;orth, fprin-:!-
ji.diy oieh.ird.) one of 1.5 Northeast, and one of oO acres
rt'e-t of the houte, with three pa>tures of 20 to 25 acres
each.

The Farm lias been jxradually improving for the last
ten years, and the two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hav, and 20 to 2.") tons of tbateli. It is one
and a half miles fi'.'iji the \'illa;;e of Dover, which alTords
a uood market. There has been pl.intcd some hundreds
of j'^j-uit Tiee-=. principally .\ppte, many of which are
Kiafled — with Pear.'', Cherry, I'lum, Peach and Quince
trees, and nirny in hearinj, with a small nursery.

The tcrmsof sale may be Icnown by applyinirto Major
;\xDr,EW Pir.iicr, of Dover, Mr S.\mukl Lord, o(
Portsinoutli, or liie subscriber on the premises.

June 11. WlLLl.VM FLAGG.

Remedijfuv drinh'nis cold irulcr irlicii hcalcil. —
A friend in Roxbury informs us that a person
person v.bo had ir.aterially injured himsell' by
drinking freely of cold water, when very warm,
in consequence of exertions in making hay, was
restored to health by the application of bruised
horse-radish leaves and onions to the stomach
and bowels.

The non rundiicling poiver vf Sand is so
great that in eastern countries, when the surface
of a bed of sand at midday is too hot to allow
the hand to remain in contact with it, the tem-
perature, at the depth of a few inches, is
gratefully cool. During the celebrated siege
of Gibraltar, the garrison turned their know-
ledge of this fact to good account. The red
hot shot employed to destroy the Spanish float-
ing batteries were placed in wooden barrows
on layers of sand, and thus carried from the
furnaces to the batteries without the wood
once catching lire.

The expenses for the support of the poor of
the city of New York, during the past year,
(1""'!1') amounted to one hundred and twenty-
four thousand dolhrs.

To remove icater spils from bhck crape Vfils. —
If a drop of water fall upon black, transiiareiit
crape, it iMum'iliiitrly turns it white, leaviiip a dis-
liijiiriu;; mark. To remove this, sprend the veil
on the table, layiiig smoothly under the stain, a
piece of old black silk. Then dip a camel's bail
pencil into some good wriiinfr ink, and wet the
white spot with it. Iiiiniediaiely, (ami before the
ink bns time to dry) wipe it of with an old piece
of canton crape or some tbln;i of similar soft tex-
ture, taking care to rub it crosswise of the crape.
This process will cause the water stain entirely
to disappear, and unless the ink is allowed to dry
before it is wiped off, no mark will be seen on the
place.

To make vcrij strong vinegar. — An Kiiropean au-
thor asserts, that ' cider (particularly such as is of
an acij teiideiicy,) placed in the sun becomes vin-
ejrar in a sliori time ; and one pound of honey to
a gallon of cider, will, after standing some months,
become such strong vinegar that it iriust be mixed
with water for common use.'

Cidttire of Silk.

For sale at the Rceil Store connected with the New
Enalatid Farmer, '^'i North Market-street —

Essays on .*\mcricaD Silk, and the best means of ren-
(leiing it a source of individu.d and national wcalih ; with
Direclions to F.eniers foi- raising Silk NN'orms — By John
D'Homer^ue, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau— Pi ice aUk cents.

Alse, Direclions for the Rearing of Silk Worms, and
Ihe Culture of the While Mulberry Tree. Publi-hed by
Ihe Pennsylvania Society associated for the Piomoliou
ot those objects, (. n excellent, plain, practical work.) —
Price 2-5 cents.

The IJicc Bee. — ' Lesser tells us, that in ^age is said to be as much of an article
1525, during the confusion occasioned by a of luxury in China as tea is with us; and there
time of war, a mob of peasants, assembling in ' can be no doubt but if sage, catnip, jiennyroyal,
Hoherstein, attempted to pillage the house of and ]iepperbusb were cured in the same way and
the minister of Elende, who having in vain broiigbt from as great distance as tea, they would
employed all his eloquence to dissuade ihem be as much admired and bear as high a price.

SVew H'ork on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at Ihe Seed Store connected
v.iih the New England Farmer Oiice, No. 52 North
M.irket Slreel,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or, Faniery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents lo which the Horse is liable ; .be causes and
symptoms of each, and the most impioved remedies em-
ployed for tlie cure in e\ cry casr ; with instructions to the
Shoeim^-Smilh, I-'arrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in heallb, and showing the principles on
wbieh the-e are tnbe ristored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Velerii.ay Surgeon. With considerable additions
and impovemerits, pariicularly adapted to this country,
by Tl'Oinas M. Smitli, Veteiinary Surgeon, and Member
oi" the London \'eleiindry Medical Society. Price ^1,25.

Bulbous Roots.

Just received at the Seed sloie connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 Norih Market-street,

A i;ood collection of Lily Roots, viz. — the Tijer, (spot-
ted) Marlajon, (spoiled; Orange, and While Lilies.
These njake a line appearance in the borders of gardens.
They are hardy and durable. 1 hese pl.mts have bulbous
roots, and should be planted in rif'h soil, four inches deep,
inerisuiing from the top of the bulb. The small roots be-
low the huib, ate perennial. Martason Lilies grow from
five lo se\ en feet bit^h, and proiluee from fifteen to twenty-
five very delicate (lowers on a slalk. The White Lily
srows to the height of three to four feet, and produces
larse, white, fragrant flowers. The whole are easily
cultivated, and are well calculated to beautify a border.

Uj" Subscribers to the New England Farmer are in-
formed that they can have ihcir volumes neatly half
bound and lettered by sending them to this ofSce.

16

NEW ENGLAND FARM EH.

, t: DjTgmaMuaniihi.MP-uHMTit -■!■ ■,^^a-^t-j^LB;^iifjgi?nvn rBrnffr^gp

July 30, 1S30.

MISCELLANIES.

PEARLS.
Pearls are not as poets have feigned —

— ■ ■* rain from the skj',

Which turns into pearls as it falls in the sea;

but they are the morbid secretions of an oyster, a
native of the sea and of viirious coasts. It is sin-
gular as remarked by Hiiiubuhll, that though several
species of this genus of ovster abound in the rivers
of South America no pearls are found in ibem. The
pearls are situated eillier in the body of the oyster or I
they lie loose between it and the shell, or lastly, they
are fixed to the latter by a liind of iiecU, and it is
said they do not appear till the animal has reached
its fourth year. They are of a beautiful lustre, but
there is nothing peculiar in their cheuiical com-
position, consisting merely of carbonic of lime.

The Romans were extravugantly fond of these
ornaments which claimed the first rank after the dia-
mond, and they gave almost incredible prices for
them. Julius CiEsar presented Servilia, the mother
of M. Brutus with a pearl worth 48,417/. 10s. and
Cleopatra, at a feast with Antliony, of whicli Pliny
has given a long and interesting account, swallowed
one, dissolved m vinegar of the value of 80,729/. 3s
4rf. They were worn in great profusion, not only in
the ears, and on the fingers, head and neck, but
strung over the whole body. The principal fisheries
of this people were in the Red Sea, the Gulf of Per-
sia, and the Indian Ocean ; and it is a matter of his-
tory that Caesar was induced to invade Britain from
some exaggerated accounts he had heard of the
pearls of the coast and rivers. Ceylon continues to
be, as It was in the time of the Romans, the most
productive of those ornaments. The ancient fisli-
eries of the Red Sea, however, are either exhausted
or neglected, and cities of the greatest celebrity
have in consequence sunk into insignificance or total
ruin. In the time of the Ptolemies the merchants of
the islands were princes, but they are now suc-
ceeded by a race of miserable fishermen.

In his tour to Scotland, Mr Pennant mentions a
considerable pearl fishery in tlie vicinity of Perth
from which 10,000/. worth was sent to London from
17(11, to 17911, but by the indiscriminate destruction
of the muscles the fishery was soon exhausted.

After the dissoveiy of America the Iratfic in
pearls passed in a great m asure from the East to
the shores of the western world. The first Spaniards
who landed in Terra Firma found the savages deck-
ed with pearl necklaces and barcelets, and among
the civilized people of Mexico and Peru, they saw
pearls of a beautiful form, as eagerly soughtafter as
in Europe. The stations of the oysters were sought
out, and cities rose into splendor and affluence in
their vicinity all supported by the profits on these
sea-born gems. The first city which owed its rise to
this cause was New Cadiz, and tlie writers of that pe-
riod discourse eloquently of the riches of the first
planters, and the luxury they displayed — but not
a vestige of the city remains, and downs of shift-
ing sand cover the desolate island. Tiie same fate
overtook the other cities, and towards the end of the
sixteenth century this tratlic in pearls had dwindled
into insignificLince. At present, .'Spanish Ameri-
ca furnishes no other pearls for trade than those of
the Gulf of Panama and the mouth of the Rio de la
Hacha.

The bulk of them are procured from the Bay of
Condeatchy, in Ceylon, the Taprobano of the Ro-
mans.

On all other stations the oysters have disappeared,
while hfre they continue in undiminished numbers,
though fished for centuries. The fishery has been
conducted with an eye to the future. The banks
which extend for several miles along the coast are
divided into throe or four portions and fished in suc-
cession, a repose of three or four years being thus
given to the animals to grov/ and propagate. The
beds are carefully surveyed before they are let or
farmed, and the merchant is permitted to fish for

them only six or eight weeks: but from the number
of holidays observed by the divers of dift'erent sects
and nations the fishing days do not in reality much
exceed thirty.

The fivliing season commences in February and
continues till about the begining of April. During
its continuance there is no spectacle which Ceylon
attbrds, more striking to an European tlian the Bay
of Condeatchy. 'This desert and barren spot,' says
an eyewitness, 'is converted into a scene which ex-
ceeds in variety and novelty almost everything I ever
saw ; several thousand people of difterent colors,
countries, casts, and occupations continually passing
and repassing in a busy crowd : the vast number of
hilts and small tents erected on the shore, with the
bazaar or market-place before each ; the multitude
of boats returning in the afternoon from the pearl
banks, some laden with riches ; the anxious and ex-
pecting countenances of the boat owners while the
boats approach the snore, and the eagerness with
which tiiey run to them when arrived; the vast num-
ber of jewellers, brokers, merchants of all colors and
descriptions, who are occupied with the pearls, some
separating and assorting them, others weighing and
ascertaining their number and value, while others
arc hawking them about, or drilling or boring them
for future use — all these circumstances tend to im-
press the mind with the value and importance of that
object 'which can of itself create this scene.'

The inference is just, and yet when we remember
in wliat manner and by whose means these vain or-
naments are procured, the impression which such a
gay scene conveys comes not unalloyed. Poor ne-
groes sold to slavery were compelled to dive for them ;
and we cannot read of the cruel treatment they re-
ceived from the American Spaniards without feelings
of indignation and horror. Nor is it mtllwdislicul,
but it is wholesome to veiw the desolation which
overtook their cities, and the departure of their
'pomp and their strength,' as the just punishment
of their wickedness. The divers I believe are not
slaves, nor I hope are they malt-eated ; but they still
drive a laborious trade and one not void of danger,
for the ground shark prowls among the banks and is
ever on the w-atch to devour them.

Pearls are the toys of civdized nations ; while shells
themselves become the pride and ornament of savage
tribes ; for it is in poetry only that we find damsels
who think themselves ' when unadorned, adorned the
most;' a negro Venus with a large cowry for an ear
pendant, another for a nose jewed, and a string of vo-
lutes for a necklace, may in the opinion of your fair
lady have a ridiculous and childish taste, but the one
values her shells as highly as the other does her
pearls. Sir J. Banks could not by any presents in-
duce an Otaheita.i girl to part with her native orna-
ments.— Ediii. Joar. of Al'at, Science.

COBRA DA CAPELLO.

The Cobra da Capello is a reptile of the most veno-
mous nature, tound in vaiious degrees of abundance
indifferent hot countries of the old continent, and in
the Islands adjacent. When disturbed by the ap-
proach of an individual, or any noise, thecojra raises
the anterior partof his hody, so as to appearto st^ini!
erect, expands its hood, and is prepared to inflict a
deadly wound. So exceedingly poisonous is its bite,
that, in numerous instances which are well authen-
ticated, death has followed within a fovi' minutes:
under ordinary circumstances, a few hours is the
longest term that intervenes from the infliction of
the bite till the death of the sufferer, where prorn;)t
measures for his relief ha\enot been resorted to. So
numerous are these dreadful vipers in some parts of
India and Afric.i, that they are frequently found in
dwelling-houses, and, in some instances, liave taken
up their quarters in the beds. Death of necessity
must follow, under such circumstances, should the
animal be alarmed or irritated by any sudden motion.
In case a bile is received from this or indeed any
otherj venomous creature, the first thing to be done
is to make a firm and well-sustained pressure beyond
the wound, on the side nearest the heart. The e.\cel-

lent experiment of doctor Pennock, which have been
already referred to, prove that a sufficient degree of
pressure thus kept up will prevent the poison from
affecting the system ; and this is rendered evidentby
the good etfecls derived from ligatures applied
around bitten limbs above the wound, by the natives
of India, though such ligatures generally act but
imperfectly. The good etfects of pressure, combined
with the advantage of withdrawing the poison, will
be obtained by applying a well exiiausted cupping-
glass over the wound ; a substitiite for which may al-
most always be made of a drinking glass, small bot-
tle, &,c., if proper cups be not at hand. To heighten
the curiosity of the multitude, the jugglers of India
select these venomous reptiles for their exhibitions,
and, having extracted their fangs, keep them in cages
or baskets, to exhibit as dancing snakes. When the
coge is opened, the juggler begins playing upon a
pipe or other instrument ; whereupon the viper as-
sumes the erect attitude, distends its hood, and re-
mains balancing itself in this position until the music
is suspended; It is however, most probable, that this
viper, in common with lizards and other animals, is
peculiarly afliected by musical sounds. A friend, who
passed a considerable time in the kingdom of Ava,
informed us, that a coica enteied a room while a
gentleman was playing on the flute, and advanced
gently towards him so long as the music continued ;
whenever it was suspended, the animal halted, and
when it was entirely stopped, it gradually withdrew.
This circumstance induced them to spare the viper,
which uniformly made its appearance on several suc-
cessive days when the flute was played.

Tiie Galena Advertiser states that a roof of 1235
square feet may lie covered with 7G5 pounds of sheet
lead, which at the present prices, would cost 53,50
or about '20 dollars, loss than the price of the neces-
sary shingles a' Billimore. The lead covering it is
supposed would last as long as the walls of the house
and when no longer wanted as a covering would
not be lost. V shingle roof needs repairs or reno-
vation in twenty years.

A short time since, in a curchyard in Hereford-
shire, England, were written on a grave rail the fol-
lowing lines: —

Remember me as you piss by,
As you are now, so once was I ;
-As I am now so you must be,
Theielore piepaie to lollow me.
Underneath these lines some one wrote in blue
paint.

To follow you I'm not content.
Unless I l.iio\v which way you went.

Ambition. — It is'. an old Proverii that lie who
aims at the sun, to be sure will not reach it, 'out
his arrow will lly higher than if lie aimed at an
object on a level with himself. — Haifes.

Tn-alisi: un Btcs.

Just received .ind for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New Kngfuul Farmer. 52 North Market-street,

A further supply of a Praclicnl Treatise on the Manage-
ment of Bees; and the listablishinent of Apiaries, with
the best method of iK'slroyinj and prevcniinij the depre-
diiions of the Bee Moth. By James Thacher, M. D.
Price 75 cents.

Published every Friday, nt ^3 per annum, payable at the
end of the yer.r-blit those who pay within sixty days from the
time ofsubpcribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents.

[p= iNo paper will bu sent to a distance without p.aynient
bein;T miide in advance.

Printed for J. B. Musskli., by I. R. Binrf— 'oy whom
all descriptions of Printing can 'lie executed to meet the.
wishes of customersi Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, Ko. 62 North
Marl,et Street.

ACF.NTS.

A'.Ki lor/;— (i. Tiior.BCRN Si. 8on, 157 Liberty-street.

P!ii!a(lelplda-\). & C l.iKl.nETll. b'o Chesliail-slrecl.

Ilillinicre—G. 11. Smith, Otiice olihe Ameiican Farmer,

.•1'AiiHV— fbii. Jkssl I;iii:l.

Fiusliins, N. Y. \Vbi. PniNcK&SoNS,Prop.Lin.Bot.Ciard«u

//,ri//(i/-I/— GnoiiwiN tV Sons.

Halifax,^, a.— v. i. lloiLANO. Ksq. Recorder Olficc.

iloiilreal. L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. UySSELL, AT NO. 32 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Acricultdral Warehouse.)-T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL, IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 13, 183 O.

NO. 4.

^ vQ sa saisr sf a ^ ii IS a vQ sr 3;.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq. — You will perliap.s
think it quite a strong remark for me to make, 1
wlien I state that the object of tliis cominuiiication '
is to show that (he pear trees eultivaled at Boston 1
under the name of ' .Yapoteon,' arc wrong — anj
next, that all the ' Passe Colmar ' trees which are
not identical with the ^ .Vapoleun,' there so called,
are wrong also, as the one called 'Napoleon' is
identically the ' Passe Colmar.' These assertions
are not ventured until after examinations made,
with that scrupulous exactness which doubts itself
until it attain to conviction past all doubt. I will
now give the description of the Passe Colmar pear,
as detailed in the London Pomological Magazine,
and to which 1 find myself enabled to add more
synonymes than the Loudon Horticultural Society
have done.

' PASSE COLMAR.'

Synonymes.

Fondanle de Panisel,

Beurre colmar grise, dite Preccl,

Poire-Precel^

Colmar epinenx.

Passe colmar epinevx,

Passe colmar g-is, dit Precel,

Ch.apman''s.

' A most abundant bearer, either as a standard
or upon a wall ; the trees make fine clean wood,
and have not been observed to have the least can-
ker. The fruit has the flavor and form of the
Colmar, whence its name.

Wood fine, clear yellow brown, sprinkled u^ilh a
few pale brown spots ; leaves small, oval, tapering to
both ends, erect, or spreading, nearly fiat, not waved,
with a finely toothed margin ; stalks rather slender,
ahout an inch in length, Sfc. The leaves on the fruit
spurs are almost entire, and in this as well as in
most other pears, are narrower, with much longer
stalks than those on the young wood.

Flowers middle size, with pointed petals ; fruit
middle size, obconical, fiattened next the eye, tvhich
is open ; stalk about an inch long, moderately thick,
slightly sunk at its insertion ; skin green, when ripe
becomes yellowish and sprinkled with russet, and if
will exposed, having a considerable tinge of red.
The surface is somewhat uneven, with some slight
longitudinal furrows running downwards from the
stalk end ; fiesh yellounsh, melting, buttery, juicy,
very rich, ami most excellent.

This is said on the continent to be in season
from December to February. It u-ill keep till the lat-
ter period with us, but December and January are the
months in which it is in its greatest perfection.''

The synonymous title ' Chapman's,' is said in
the Pomological Magazine to have been given by
a market gardener of that name, near London; but
there are two other distinct fruits known in this
country under the name of Chapman ]icar, one of
which is cultivated in France, and enumerated in
the catalogues of that country, and was thence
imported by ourselves ; the other is a variety so
called, about Philadelphia, which we also have in
our collection. It i,s necessary, therefore, to be
watchful, or v/e may be led into error in adopting
this synonyme. The genuine ' Napoleon • pear,
which we imported about five years since, is thus
described in the Pomological Magazine, and by
comparing the wood and leaves, I find it exactly
to correspond. Rii>e fruit I have not yet seen.

' NAPOLEO.N PEAR.'

Synonj'me.

of various European

and American

catalogues.

ing.

Colmar Reul, J

Colmar Preul, )

Passe colmar vineux, )

Beurre d'.lrgenson ? ^

Boston JVapoieon.

It is singular how readily the three titles endiu"
with Precel, Reul, and Preul, may be confused
with each other by a partial variation in foriniiiir
the letters.

Medaille.

ff'ood strong, dark yellowish green, moderately
sprinkled with whitish spots ; leaves tapering to a
point, widely serrated ; fiowtrs remarkably large, ex-
panding lute ; fruit large, form of a Colmar, an-
gular about the eye, a good deal contracted in Ih"
middle; eye a little depressed; stalk rather more
than half an inch long, slightly sunk at the inser-
tion ; skin smooth, bright green, in which stnte it re-
mains sometime after the fruit is gathered ; it finally
changes to a. pale green, becomes very melting, &c.
// ripens in the middle of .Vovember, and remains in
perfection several days. It is necessary to bear in
mind that this pear is not fit to eat till its deep
green color become very pale; as early as the be-
ginning of October, the fruit is sweet and pleasant.'

By comparing these descriptions of the trees
themselves it will be perceived that two varieties
are very dissimilar in several points and readily
distinguishable l>y the most casual observer ; and
the Passe Colmar has a peculiarity of growth and
general appearance of wood :.nd foliage, that give
to it a most marked distinction. In addition to
which it is a tcinter fruit, while the Napoleon is an
autumnal fruit.

With your permission, I shall indulge in some
occasional disquisitions on similar subjects, and
point out some errors into which the Pomological
Magazine has itself been led.

With much respect, '

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

Linnxan Botanic Garden, t
July 30, 1830. j

FOR THE NEW EXGLAND FARMER.

so exhaust themselves, as to produce very little
the next summer. For the last two years I
have managed them diircrently and have had
much better success. By the first of August or
as soon as the tops fall and wither, they should
betaken out of the ground and after lying several
days in the sun, should be put away in a dry
place until October ; they should then be re-set in
the ground like tulips. The beds intended for
them should be ])reviously well wrought, and the
plants set in rows about a foot apart. The small
or young ones should be separated from the oth-
ers, for these grow larger hut produce no offspring
the first year. Before the approach of winter
some coarse litter may be sprcail over them,
which should be removed in the spring — and they
will vegetate early and produce a plentiful crop.
Cultivated in this way I think this new plant a
valuable acquisition, and well deserving a place
in every garden. It is ripe early, and universally
esteemed upon the table for its mild and agreeable
flavor. j^. R^

Florida, July 3, 1830.

THE POTATO ONION.

This is indeed a very singular plant. The only
one, I believe, that bears no kind of seed. It re-

rr, ,, ,. . c °T -^"•^ "• semWes the Canada or Mairic Onion, which like

To the list of synonymes I now add the follow-, this is viviparous, and like this has no sexual or

gans. The Magic Onion produces its offspring
along the side of the parent stalk, while the po°
tato onion spontaneously brings forth a numer-
ous progeny, from its matrix or bosom, below the
surface of the ground.

When I began to [iropagato these roots, I found
it extremely difficult to preserve them in a healthy
state through the winter. A small degree of frost
will kill or injure them very much, and if kept in
a temperature above freezing, they vegetate, and

ON REARIN'G CALVES.

To the Editor of the New England Farmer.

Deae Sir — I send you inclosed a letter from
GoRHAM Parsons, Esq. of Brighton, believing
you will think it well deserving a place in your
useful paper. The circumstance which gave rise
to it w;,s this : In May last Mr Parsons sent me
as a present, a very handsome hcifer-cclf of the
full blooded, short horned and Alderney breed,
which, by the way, is only one among ihc many
assistances, which he has generously afforded me
in improving my little farm. Anil as I wished to
take that course in raising the calf, wliich |)romis-
ed the best result, I addressed a letter of inquiry
to him on the subject, and ' it was in reply to that
letter that I received the one [ now transmit to
you.

It ought in justice to ,t)o observed, though the
letter needs no aj)ology, tjiat it was not written
with the least expectation that it would come be-
fore the public, and it is now sent without his
knowledge. He will, I hope, excuse me for the
liberty I have taken, and the public, I know, will
be thankful that any circumstance puts them in
possession of the practical wisdom of a man who
has so much experience in the interesting and im,
portant business of agriculture, and the justness
of whose observations is sujiportcd by so many
successful experiments.

I am, Jlr Editor, respectfully yours,
GARDNER B. PERRY.

East Bradford, August 4, 1830.'

P. S. In siijiport of this last observation, I
will just remark that, being a week or two since,
at the paternal estate of Mr Parsons, in Byefield',
in company with another gentleman, I walked'
into a field of some 20 acres, where his workmen
were engaged in hay-making, who, upon inquiry
observed that thry thought in some parts there
would be more than three tons of hay to the acre ;
and tliat the whole field would give an average
of full two and an half tons to the acre; which
estimate I am persuaded was not too high. And
it is my opinion, after having looked at the other

26

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

August 13, 1830.

crops, growing upon the farm, that the grass of
this field was nothing more than a fair sample of
the whole liirni.

O:^ RAISING CALVES, MA.VAGEJiENT OK BEES, &e.

Extract of a letter from Gorham Pabaons, E^q. to Rev. Gard-
r<i:R li. fKRKV.

Ri-spectiiig the pro])er time antl manner of
weaning calves, I have considercil if joii intend
raising the caif ai the time it is calved, it is hest
to take it from the row iho day after, or not to
exceed two days — lUllc^s the udder of the cow is
i-'vollcn or hard, then it may require the proces.*,
that nature points out for the calf, the forcihio
application of the head against the udder, which
geiiPially reduces the swelling and hard bunches;
while either remain, I should not take away the
calf. But sii])posing no difficulty of that kind, the
calf should he taken from the cow the first day,
or twelve hours after it is calved, then fed from
a bucket, or small tidj with two quarts of nfilk
from the cow in the morning and eveniiiff, tlie
ringer helil in th'.' milk will vi?ry soon induce the
calf to suck, and iii a very sliort time he will
drink the milk freely and readily. I have had a
pices of leather (ujjper leather) sewed together of
the size ami in tlie form of a cow's teat, a small
opening at top, the bottom so cut as when nailed
to the bottom of a bucket or tub with three pump
nails, the mili; will pass iin.ler easily and flow to
tlie orifice of the teat, the calf will soon ])ress for
it with as much earnestness as for that of his dam,
anil shortly he will he so impatient for his break-
fast and supper, that the [iroeess of sucking will be
too tedious, and he will di'ink freely — it will not
be necessary to increase the (juantity of milk be-
yond two quarts night and morninu-, but as he ad-
vances in size, add a little water, a pint at first
and increase it, of the same warmth as the milk,
to which add a gill of Indian meal which niav
be increased to a pint, altliough I prefer using
double the quantity of wheat bran, and think it
far better for milch cows than Indian meal — offer
him second crop hay, (if belbre the season for
grass) he will soon eat it, and inay have skimmed
milk soon suljsfituted for new milk made warm
with water, as milk direct froM tlie cow.

When four or five weeks old he will eat grass
■and drink water, and ho quite as large as if he
iiad taken all the milk from the cow. The savin" of
milk will cinp'y pay for the trouble, and the calf
will not be stinted in size. I think we err in
])ermiiting calves to suck loo much at first, even
wiien intended for the butcher, tln^y fat belter by
licginniug moderately, and increasing grailnally,
as gorging is injurious to tlic brute creation as
well as to the human race.

Let a man purchase an animal as prepared and
presented at our cattle sliows for premium, stuff-
ed and pampered tor the occasion, then let him
feed fairly as a good fanner would and ought to
feed, and before the next cattle show, the animal
would be like the lean kine of Pharaidi. Yon see
I differ from many good men as to the condition
in which animals should be e.\hibitcil at our cat-
tle sU'.>ws — I do not mean the cattle- as fatted for
IJeef, although in tliat case I shoidd lean to the
farmer who |M-i'sented well f lUcd beef at flic
least expense. I have thought it better to liave
rather small enclosures of grass for calves, and
change them i>very tao or three weeks. If
the feeil should be short or the flies so trouble-
some as to prevent their eating iu the day time,
feed with a quart of wheat bran or three pints

per day — it no bran, a pint of Indian meal — some
crusts of bread occasionally of which they soon
become fond. I am fully of opinion calves
should be so fed as to keep them in a growing
state,but never gorged, or pampered, it frequent-
ly occurs that they require a very small piece of
their tail cut off; the necessity is ascertained by
pvdliiig the tail, and if the bones are loose and
the skin spongy, cutting is necessary, they are what
farmers term tail sick. They shouhl be jjrovided
with salt to lick wheiithey please. I use the crude
lump salt from Liverpool ; my cattle of every
ilescriplion lick it freely. It is economy to use it,
and 1 think it answers the ])urpose quite as well
as white and granulated salt that is more expen-
sive— you can see some of it at my farm in Bye-
field.

The age at which they should luive their first
calf does not ajjpear to be settled, as I find farm-
ers disagree, some preferring two years ohl past,
or the month of June sticceediug the spring when
they were two years old, others three years ol I
past — I am rather inclined to prefer the latter
age, unless the calf grows rapidly and has atlain-
ed great size, and may be consiilered a fiirward
animal, never allow a heifer to calve till Juno,
the very last of tiie montli is preferable ; they will
then have a flow of nutritious grass feeil, which
will swell tlie udder, give health and strength, and
unless a violent and cold rain storm no injin-y
arises from calving in the pastures. — I have
tliought it best to use bows, straps or stanchions, to
tie them up as it is termed ; the first fall they are
hi-onght to the barn, I have had practised, (and my
father before me who was remarkably fond of
them, and an excellent judge of their qualities)
hau<lling the udder almost every morning, when
tied up, feeling the teals, and, if I may use the
term, make believe milking, if done gently, it will
save trouble, which frequently happens with Heif-
ers with the first calf. — I think I have known
several spoiled for want of this attention, and
were of no value as milch cows — requiring their
legs tied, and were not milked well, becoming the
terror of female and finally of male milkers.

I believe you will think full enough has been
wiitten on this subject, and that I may as well
proceed to answer your inquiry respecting Mrs
Griffith's Hive — I have never used one, but 1 have
no doid)t the manner of securing the bottom is a
great improvement, as the eggs lodged by the Bee
moth can be daily cleared off; the suspending
the Hive I think an improvement, as it will only
permit the assailant moth to attempt entrance at
the threshold, ami Bees know them as an enemy,
anil will repulse them when they do not steal in
at the back door. As to the top, when you are in-
formed that I now have all the Hives and glasses
as described in Wildman's pamphlet, fillcil with
honey, and can hardly aihint JIis Griffith's an im-
provement, you will, I think, readily bear me out
in my opinion. GORHAM PARSONS,

INSECT ARCHITECTURE.

('oncliiilej from page 60.

The Ant-1,iok. — The observations of the conti-
nental naturalists have made known to us a pitfall con-
structed by an insect the cletads of whose operations
are exceedingly cm-ions — we refer to the grub of
the ant-lion. Its habits require that tt should wall;
backwards, and this is the only species of locomo-
tion which it can perform. Even this sort of motion
It executes very slowly ; and were it not for the
ingenuity of their stratagems, it would fare but spar-
inglv, since its chief food consists of ants, whose

activity and svvifmess of foot would otherwise render
it iniptiBsiblc for it to make a single capttire. Nature,
however, in this, as in nearly every other case, lias
a compensating power to the individual animal, to
balance its privations. The ant-lion is slow — but
it is extremely sagacious ; — it cannot follow its
prey, but it can entrap it.

The snare which the grub of the ant-lion employs
consists of afiinnel-sliaped excavation formed in loose
sand, at the liottom of which it lies in wait for the
ants that chance to stumble over the margin, and
cannot, from the looseness of the walls, gain a suf-
ficient footing to effect their escape. When the
pitfall is intended to be srnal!, it only thrusts its
body backwards into the sand as it can, throwing out
at intervals the particles which fall in upon it, till it
is rendered of the requisite depth.

Bv shutting up one of these grubs in a box with
loose sand, it has been repeatedly observed construct-
ing its trap of various dimensions, from one to three
inches in diameter, according to circumstances.
When it intends to make one of considerable diam-
eter, it proceeds as methodically as the most skilful
architect or engineer amongst ourselves. It first
examines the nature of the soil, whether it be suffi-
ciently dry and fine for its purpose, and if so, it
bcorins by tracing out a circle, where the mouth of
its funnel trap is intended to be. Having thus mark-
ed the limits of its pit, it proceeds to scoop out the
interior. Getting within the circle, and using one of
its legs as a shovel, it places therewith a load of sand
on the flat part of its head, and it throws the whole
with a jerk some inches beyrnd the circle. It is wor-
thy of remark that it only uses one leg in this opera-
tion— the one, namely, which is nearest the centre
of the circle. Where it to employ the others in
digging away the sand, it would encroacli upon the
regularity of its plan. Working v.ith great indus-
try and adroitness in the manner we have just descri-
bed, it quickly makes the round of its circle, and as
it works backwards it soon arrives at the point
where it had commenced. Instead, however, of
proceeding from this point in the same direction as
before, it wheels about and works around in the
contrary direction, and in this way it avoids throwing-
all the fatigue of the labour on one leg, alternating
them every round of the circle.

Were there nothing to scoop out but sand or loose
earth the little engineer would have only to repeat
the operations we have described, till it had com-
pleted the whole. But it frequently happens in the
course of its labours, sometimes even when they are
near a close, that it will meet with a stone of some
size which would, if suffered to remain, injure mate-
rially the perfection of its trap. But such obstacles
as this do not prevent the insect from proceeding :
on the contrary, it redoubles its assiduity to remove
the obstruction, as M. Bonnet repeatedly witnessed.
If the stone be small, it can manage to jerk it out in
the same manner as the sand ; but when it is two or
three times larger and heavier than its own body,
it must have recourse to other means of removal.
The larger stones it usually leaves till the last, and
when it has removed all the sand which it intends,
it then proceeds to try wliat it can do with the less
manageable obstacles. For this purpose, it crawls
backwards to the place where a stone may be, and
thrusting its tail under it, is at great pains to get it
properly balanced on its back, by an alternate motion
of the rings composing its body. When it has
succeeded in adjusting the stone, it crawls up the
side of the pit with great care and deposits its burden
on the outside of the circle. Should the stone happen
to be round, the balance can he kept only with the
greatest difficulty, as it has to travel with its load
upon a slope of loose sand \\ liicli is ready to give way
at every step ; and often when the insect has carried
it to the very brink it rolls off its back and tumbles
down to the bottom of the pit. This accident, so far
from discouraging the ant-lion, only stimuates it to
more persevering efl'orts. Bonnet observed it renew
these attempts to dislodge a stone, five or six times.
It is only when it finds it utterly impossible to suc-
ceed, that it abandons the design and commences

Vol.lX. — r-Jn.4,

AND HORTICULTURAI. JOURNAL.

nofconleiited ivith lelting it rest there; but to pre-
vent it from again rolling ii?, it goes on to push it to
a considerable distance.

The pitfall, when finished, is usually about three
inches in diameter at the top, about two inches deep, ! consequ , „ ..

and trradually contracting into a point in the manner I Earl and other eminent practitioners, recommend
of a°cone or tunnel. In the bottom of this pit the I tlio use of cold water, even ice ; but Mr Abernethy is

It is a principal object to prevent the blister from as a ship breaker, or on the canal whceung Uie bar
brcaldnn-, as a considerable discharge might be the , rows, but 1 did noLsucceed better than any wher(
consequ^ence, and danger apprehended. 'Sir James I else. They told ine that the e;;eculionor ol \ crsaiKei

ant-lion stations itself to watch for its prey. Should
an ant or any other insect wander within the verge
of the funnel, it can scarcely fail to dislodge and roll
down some particles of sand, which will give notice
to the ant-lion below to be on the alert. In order to

of a different opinion. Mr A. recommends the use
of tlie oil of turpentine, nii.\-ed with basilicon; to give
the patient a little warm wine, and a few drops of
opium, and afterwards to place him in a warm bed.
KecoUect, liowever, (says Mr Abernethy,) that this

secure the prey, Reaumur, Bonnet, and others have stimulating plan ot treatment is not to be continued

another pit in a fresh situation. When it succeeds I other, and both started up from the table, leaving the ; me for certificates. ^"J^J;^^;'^l'''l^l'^^^^^^

in getting a stone beyond the line of its circle, it is dre^ed snails unconsumed.-toer;,oo« paper. glass manufactory, to be qua he to poison one s sell

" " - i by the vapor of mercury you must navt pruanivts.

BURNS \ND SCALDS. I They told me I might get employment on the port

■,in hrenker. or on the canal wheeling Uie

here

es

anted an assistant, but rather llian mount in that

way I would scrape the puddles, and there were more

than three hundred applicants for the situation.

The N. Y. Courier says— 13 baskets of water were
brouglit into that citv from Bordeaux. They wore
a part of a lot of anniseod, but the exjiorter falling
short of the article, filled the bottles in the thirteen
baskets with water. Tlierc was no seizure on tlie
part of the Collector.

Dyspepsia Bread.— The American Farmer pub-
lishes the following recipe for making bread, which
has proved highly salutary to persons afflicted with
that complaint, viz,^

3 quarts unbolted wheat meal, 1 do soft water,
warm, but not hot, I gill fresh yeast, 1 do molasses,
or not, as may suit the taste, 1 tea spoonful of sal-

eratus. , , ,,

This will make two loaves, and should remain in
the oven at least one hour; and when taken out
placed where they will cool gradually. Dyspepsia
crackers can be made with unbolted flour, water
and saleratus, that will be much esteemed, and found
very convenient for travelling.

observed the insrenious insect tlirow up showers of
sand by jerking it from his head in quick succession,
till the luckless ant is precipitated within reach of
the jaws of its concealed enemy. It feeds only on
the blood or juice of insects; and as soon as it has
extracted these, it tosses the dry carcase out of its
den. Its next care is to mount the sides of the pitfall
and repair any damage it may have suffered ; and

after the e"quilibrium of the temperature is restored
The following has been in use, for a length of time, in
St Thomas' Hospital :

Take of olive oil, three ounces; lime water four
ounces. This may be placed over the affected part
with a feather or camel's hair pencil.

In order that the most correct treatment for burns
and scalds should be known, Mr Abernethy lately

when this is accomplTshed, it again buries itself [ recommends his pupils to dip two of their fingers in
among the sand at the bottom, leaving nothing but ' " ' ' ' '' ' ' ' ' ' ''-J-

its jaws above the surface, ready to seize the next
victim.

The ant-lion is carnivorous, but he has not the
quickness of the spider, nor can he spread a net over
a large surface, and issue from his citadel to seize a
victim which he has caught in his outworks. He is
therefore taught to dig a trap, where he sits, like the
unwieldy giants of fable, waiting for some feeble one
to cross his path. How laborious and patient are his
operations — how uncertain the chances of success!
Yet he never shrinks from them, because his instinct
tells him that by these contrivances alone can he
preserve his own existence, and continue that of his
species.

Abstinence and fasting are recommended as ne-
cessary to mental perfection ; but facts — strong facts
—stare this opinion in the face. Dr Paley— to begin
with a high authority — was a divine of a large ' ca-
pacity ;' he liked a good dinner, and what was more,
he liked his plate well fdled. A leg of lamb served
him merely for a collation, and he was wont when
alone, to sit down to a shoulder of mutton. Mr Best,
out of delicacy to the memory of his friend, has pass-
ed over this failing— as he thinks it — somewhat
lightly, but ho admits the Doctor's partiality to a
well filled larder.

Dr Johnson was another example of high mental en-
dowments being associated with a decided love of

boiling water, and let them be fairly scalded ; then
take them out, put one in a basin of cold water,
and dress the other with the turpentine and basilicon.
' I do not want to try, (remarked Mr A.) I have
decided already, and therefore have no occasion to
scald my fingers.' — Book of Health.-

CUTS.
All that is required to be done for a trifling cut, is
to wash away the blood and dirt with a sponge and
cold water, bring the edges of the wound as close
together as possible, and then put on a piece of adhe-
sive plaster ("strapping.) If the wound be large, a
space should be left between each slip of plaster.
The plasters should remain for several days, to give
time for the wound to unite ; when the pain is great,
or inflammation be present, it will be necessary to
take a little opening medicine. The bleeding may
usually be stopped by pressure ; but the application
of a cobweb scarcely ever fails. — lb.

Land has recently been sold at Chilicothe at thirty,
forty, fifty, and even sixty dollars a foot. The Sciota
Gazette states, that a market house has been erected
this year, 270 feet long, and equal to any on the At-
lantic. This prosperity is owing to the vicinity of a
canal.

A Rattlesnake was killed on Oak Hill, in William-
stown, in the rye-field of G. T. Bulkley, Esq. He
measured five feet three inches in length, nine inches

good eating. Though his manner of helping himself! jj, circumference, had fourteen rattles, and weighed

was somewhat boorish, he could not conceal his anger seven pounds and three ounces. A full-grown rabbit

at the prospect of scanty provender. After leaving ^^^g found in his stomach.

the table of a friend, Boswell was loud in praise of

the dinner they had just been discussing. The

dishes he said, were numerous, the wine good, the

pastry excellent. ' Sir' said the great moralist, ' the

dinner was well enough, but nothing to invite a man

to.' When in Wales, his hostess treated him, early

in the season, to peas, to which the Doctor paid a

somewhat greedy attention. ' Do you like the peas.

Sir?' she inquired. 'Madam' he replied, 'they are

very good for hogs.' ' So I perceive', retorted the lady,

'you feed heartily on them.'

Mr Fox affords another instance of a large capac-
ity in a double sense ; and poor Sheridan was not
wont to tcalter about ' wit and wisdom at will,' ex-
cept after a good dinner. Dr Adam Smith, though
generally abstracted, was fond of lump sugar and
roast beef; and Sir Walter Scott relates in the Quar-
terly Review, an amusing anecdote of tlie celebrated
Dr Hutton's partiality to curious ' morsels.' To show
his superiority to vulgar prejudices, and to prove tliat
excellent and available food was neglected, he invit-
ed a scientific friend to a feast of snails. The animals
were dressed, peppered, salted, and served up. The
great mathematician took one, his friend took an-
other; they tasted, looked at each othei, and paused.
' Very green,' said one ; ' d d green,' said the

The almost incredible fact is stated, that the in-
crease of productive power through the aid of steam
and improved mechanism, with other scientific appli-
ances, during the last forty years, is equal to the
additional supply of labor of Six Hundred Millions of
Men.

The method by which females in Peru are accus-
tomed to mount f)i croupe behind a horseman, proves
the extreme gentleness of the animal. A knot is tied
in the horse's tail ; into this the foot is introduced as
into a stirrup; the female then gives one hand to the
rider, and is by him assisted into her place on the
back of the animal, which, habituated to this contri-
vance, never thinks of resenting the indignity.

TO PREVEPtT HORSES BEI.NG TEASED BY KLIES.

Take two or tliree small liandfuls of walnut
leaves, upon -vvliich, pour two or three <iiiarts of
cold water, let it infuse one night, and pour the
whole iie.vt morning into a kettle, and let it boil for
a quarter of an hour :— when cold it will be fit for
use. No more is required than to iioisten a sponge,
and before the horse goes out of the stable, let
those parts which are most irritable be smeared
over with the liquor, viz. between and upon the
ears, the neck, ihe flank, &c. Not only the lady
or gentleman who rides out forpleasure, willderive
benefit from the walnut leaves thus prepared, but
the coachman, the wagoner, and all others who
use horses during the liot months. — Farmers'' Re-r
ceipt Book.

Capillary Mtraction.—A. weight being suspends
ed by a dry ro[ie will be drawn upwards through
a considerable height, if the rope be moistened
with a wet sponge. The attraction of the parti-
cles composing the rope for the water is, in this
case, so i)owerfiil, that the tension produced by
several hundred weight cannot expel them.

The whole number of Tax Bills issued in Bos-
ton in 1829, was 13,3-53, of which 58-51 were for
Poll Tax only — 5213 persons paid over $1 50,
(poll tax) and under -21—924 from ,$21 to 40. In
Boston, the education of children, the probate of
wills, and the settlement of the estates of deceased
persons, are at the public expense. By the erec,
tion of reservoirs, fences and out houses arc not
now demolished at fires as formerly. -'Vn alarm
of fire in a man's neighborhood used to cost him
$30 or 40 in fences.

A poor man who resolved to be honest till want
became too strong for his resolution, is thus made to
describe the difficulty of finding employment in Paris.

I went to the scavenger, and offered myself as a niiicli water — otlicr

sweeper, raker of kennels, but there was no room efibct.

for me; no work however dirty, that I have not so- | j^ .^ stateFhTTQuebec paper of the 17tb, that

The Philadelphia Gazette recommends, to re-
store the beauty of brick buildings, washing them
with a small quantity of oil of vitriol mixed with
acids will produce the like

licited, sued for. I learned that there was a white n-onA„.,.

lead manufactory atCUchy, where the workmen died : upwards of 1,, 000 em
like flies.- Well, to get admission there, they asked ' at that port from burope

rants have already arrived

28

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

August 13, 1830.

SI® 13 ^ a ® W 2. IS W® 12 a

SILK.

Mr Fessenden — Tlicre can no longer remain
a doubt, that the culture of Stlk will become one
of the most important branches of our national
industry ; and like that of Cotton, combine in its
favor, the trijile interests of a;;i-icultiire, manufac-
tures, and Commerce. .As a product of the soil,
it may even claim ])recP(lence over that great sta-
ple, from the universality of its adaptation to all !
the various climates embraced within the bound.-; i
of the United States. E.xperimcnts sufficiently
numerous have been made, to establish this fact ■
beyond all question ; and a zeal has been exhibit-
ed in their prosecution and for their extension,]
evincive of the deep interest ■which e.vists in favor'
of this culture.

The national government has deemed it wor-
thy of direct patronage, aM<l measures have been
taken by Congres.s, to tliffiise intelligence, incite
inquiry, and encourage its prosecution. Many of
our most distinguished statesmen, and legislators,
Lave ardently cooperated, with the intelligent far-
mer and enterprising manufacturer, in the same
honorable career. Several useful Ijooks of in-
struction, on the rearing of mulberry trees and
silk worms, have been jjublished within the last
three years; and numerous nurseries and planta-
tions, of the tbrmcr, have already been established.
In the last number of Professor Silliman's just-
ly celebrated Journal of Science and Arts, is an
interesting article on these subjects, in which the
recent works of Duponceaii, Pascalis, and Ilo-
niergue, on the culture of silk, are honorably men-
tioned.

The high estimation, in which P. S. Dupon-
ceau, Esq. and Dr Felix Pascalis are held, for
their scientific attainments and conspicuous ser-
vices in the republic of letters, will not more en-
dear them to their fellow citizens, than their
commendable efforts to subserve their country, as
.patrons of rural economy. Mr Duponceau, the
patriarch of silk-culture, in the United States, has
long devoted the energies of his great mmd to
its successful introduction ; and Dr Pascalis has
exhibited a spirit of patriotism and philanthropy,
which entitles him to the benedictions of his
countrymen. Not satisfied with the promulga-
tion of theoretical intelligence, he has introduced,
from France, a new and most valuable sjjecies of
the mulberry, — the Morus Miilticaulis, which is
represented as jiossessing such decided superior-
ity over all others, as to be speedily substituted
for them in every region of the globe.

Finding a detailed account, by M. PerroUet, of
this invaluable tree, in one of the late mnnbers
of the Annales Dc Fromont, I send you a trans-
lation for the Farmer.

Mr Perrottet returned, about nine years since,
from a botanic excursion round the world, in a
national vessel, and auioii;; a vast collection of
■seeds and ))lanf.<, was this Chinese iiudberry tree,
which has beni ra|)idly dissemijiated throughout
France and other parts of Ein'ope, and will soon
be acclimated in this country.

By a report, made in Congress last 3Iarch, it
appears, that American silk is superior to that of
all other countries, as eight pounds of cocoons
produce one of raw silk, which requires twelve
pounds of Italian or French cocoons ;

That in the year 1828 the silk imported into
this country amounted to $8,463,563

Of which was exported but 1,274,461

Leaving for home consumption $7,189,102

While the export of the materials

for bread, during the same period

amounted to only 5,414,665

So that it required $1,774,437

beyond all our su|)plies of flour, meal and corn
to pay for the single article of silk worn iii this
country ; —

And that silk may, in a few years, become an
important article of export from this country, for
even France, althougli she raises a vast quantity of
silk, annually importsto the amount of 820,000,000.

These facts are sufficient to show how deep an
interest is involved in the culture of silk, and
how much it may contribute to individual and
national inosperity.

Very respectfully.

Your most obedient servant,

llrinley Place Roibury. I U. A. S. DEARBORN.

August 4th, 1830. J

EXTRACT NO. XX.
From ttie Annalea De Fromont.

Remarks on the Culture and Uses of the Many-stalked
Mulberry, (Morus Multicaulis.)— % M. Perrottet,
,/lgncidtural Botanist and Traveller of the Marine
and Colonies.

The Morus Multicaulis, which we noticed for
the first time, in the Annales de la Societie LAnne-
enne de Paris for 1824, appears to have originated
in the elevated regions of China, from whence it
has been disseminated throughout the low plains
near the sea shore. It is believed that it is cul-
tivated in all parts of that vast empire, where the
education of silk-worms is an object of commer-
cial im|)ortance. It was introduced into Manilla
and all the islands in the Asiatic Archipelago, from
Canton, where it was only cultivated for orna-
menting gardens. The Chinese are entitled to
the credit of this introduction, who, in emigra-
ting from their country, liave, frorrr motives of
industry, endeavored to multiply it, that they
might render it useful to them, in the new
country of their adoption.

In August, 1821, we brought it from Manilla,
the capital of the Philippine Islands, and first in-
troduced it into the Isle of Bourbon and from
thence into Cayenne and France. At a later
period, it was sent from Cayenne to Martinique,
and from France to Guadaloupe and also to Sene-
gal, where it has been considerably multiplied.

The characters which essentially distinguish
this Mulberry from its congeners, are those which
result, 1st, from the remarkable property, which
its roots possess, of throwing up numerous small
flexible stalks without forming a principle trunk ;
2d, from the great length, which these stalks as-
siwne, in a very short time; 3d, from the remark-
able development which the thin, tender and sofl
leaves speedily acquire, and the promptitude with
which they are renewed. Their length is often
eiglit inches, and their width about six. They
arc pctiolate, cordate, acciiminate, dentate towards
their summit, marked with nerves and ap[iear
culled on the surface ; 4th, and lastly, from the
extraordinary iiicility, with which the stalks and
yoimg branches strike root, as cuttings, without
particular care, even before they have acquired a
complete ligneous consistence. — This last proper-
ty appears to us, evidently, to be caused by the nu-
merous whitish lentulse with which the stalks and
branches are covered ; a very apparent character-
istic, and which seems to us, to offer a certain
means of indentifying our species, independently

of those, which we have enumerated. The floral
organization of this mulberry is as foUows.

Each male flower has a calix of four concave,
oval membranous leaflets ; four stamens, with
filaments accompanied with a tridentate appen-
dage ; the anthers sagittate and bilocular.

Each female flower has an ovary terminated by
two divergent styles ; the ovary is unilocular, con-
taining a single pendant seeil, which is frequently
blasted, or imperfect.

Among the number of mulberries, now culti-
vated by the Chinese, for the education of silk
worms, the Morus 3Iulticaulis ap])ears to be the
most esteemed of all, not only from the facility
with which it is propagated and grows, but still
more from the essentially nutritive property which
the leaves possess. We liave been enabled to
verify this important fact during the five years
which we passed at Senegal. Our observations
tend to ])rove, that when this fpecics shall be
sufficiently multiplied in Eurojie, a preference
will be given to it, for the education of silk worms,
over the white mulberry {Morus Alba) which ia
now generally employed. We will make suc-
cessively known, the result of the experiments
which we have tried at Senegal, on the education
of silk worms, nourished with leaves of our spe-
cies, and the causes, which appeared to us, ad-
verse to the complete development of the co-
coons under the scorching climate of that African
region.

In the garden of the establishment placed un-
der our direction, we had a certain number of the
Morus multicaulis, which, being properly watered
produced very beautiful tufts of flexible stalks,
but without assuming, however, a very great devel-
opment,-but whose long branches, loaded with
numerous leaves bent under their weight, and
trailed even upon the ground. April, 1828, there
was sent to us, from the establishment at Richard
Tol, a siriall quantity of the eggs of the silk
worm, which the colonial government bad re-
ceived from France. Placed upon a table, in an
airy apartment, these eggs generally hatched
and gave birth to a certain number of well form-
ed worms. We distributed among them, the
young tender leaves, collected from the extremi-
ties of the branches of our mulberiy ; they de-
layed not to eat them with great avidity. But kw
were given them at a time, and three or four times
a day, in consequence of the rapidity with which
the leaves wither from the action of the air,
which was almost absolutily dry. Larger leaves
which were more perfectly developed, were suc-
cessively given to them in proportion and in quan-
tity, as they incri.'asLd lu m/o. The worms eat
with the same avidity, without any previous prep-
aration. Finally, at the end of a month or more,
our worms thus nourished, had acquired a devel-
opment, very satisfacturi, for tho country, and
delayed not to form their cocoons, which, in
truth, appeared to us, less beautiful than those of
the same species born in Europe.

The diflerence of size between these seemed
evidently to be the result of the physical causes
of the climate, rather than tljat of the food.

A few days later the moth apjjcared, in a very
good form, anil exhibited characters of a strong
constitution. Our location was very bad for the
education of this species of insect, and was,
without doubt, one of the obstacles, which pre-
vented its perfect copidation, nevertheless some
eggs were produced, which appeared to us beauti-
ful and well organized, but they did not hatch.

Vol. IX.— No 4.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

29

which was also attributed to the excessive dryness
of the air, which produced a kind of compression,
aud deprived them of the faculty of reproduc-
tion.

Like attempts have several times been made in
other parts of Senegal and jiartioularly at Rich-
ard-Tol, which have not been crowned with more
favorable results .

The cocoons produced by these various ex-
periments, were of different sizes, according to
the ])eriod when they were developed. Some-
itimes, they have been equal in weight to these
produced in Europe ; the silk did not yield in
beauty, to that of the latter, which is an unequiv-
ocal proof in favor of the use of the Morus Mul-
ticaulis, fbr feeding silk worms.

It is desirable that the persons in France, who
now possess a number of these mulherrips, should
make comparative experiments with their leaves,
and of those of the .Morus .ilba, for the education
of silk worms. It is probable that the first will
be generally preferred.*

Besides the advantages which we have above
aamed, we may still add, that they are admirably
calculated for forming regular plantations ; that
:hey can he placed very near without an injuri-
us effect ; and by heading <lown the stalks, an-
lually, near the ground, a rich vegetation is pro-
iuced with a complete development of vigorous
iranches and leaves ; and finally, it is easy to
nultiply them by thousands, from the roots, in
he course of a year, and to form vast and reg-
dar plantations of them the second. But a few
ears, then, are sufficient to obtain considerable
ields in full vigor, suflicient to supjmrt an im-
nense quantity of silk worms, and that with the
.■reatest facility, as they are reproduced in a man-
ler, almost indefinite.

Besides, this mulberry braves the most rigor-
>us winters. We saw on our arrival at Havre,
a July last, in the field of M. A. Eyries, plants,
vhich had endured, in the open ground, the
vinter of 1828, and which appeared vigorous and
leautiful.

This species will be readily acclimated in Eu-
ope, because it originated from an analogous re-
lion, as to climate, to that which we inhabit. It
ppears not to suffer from the excessive cold of
he northern, or the intense heat of the iutertropi-
al regions, for the plants deposited in the gardens
if the Government at Cayenne, acquired, in the
pace of eight months, a truly remarkable devcl-
praent, and at the time of our departure from
hat colony, in June, 1821, they were clothed
vith leaves of an extraordinary size. Those also
vhich we cultivated at Senegal, although sit-
lated under a dry and scorching sky, and planted
n an arid soil, offered an appearance, sufficiently
-itisfactiiry ; but tliey had acquired less develop-
nent, in all respects, than those which have veg-
tated under the humid climate of Guiana.

* We learn that the wish expressed by M. Perrot-
et has been fulfilled, in a great degree on the one
ide by M. Delille, Profesor at Montpelier, and
n the other, by iVI. Loiseleur-Deslongchamps at
'aria.

The last named gentleman has transmitted to us
he following note on this subject.

'Prom a little experiment, made with the leaves of
he Morus Multicaulis, an account of which I shall
!0on publish, they have appeared to be at least as
idvantageou?, for the nourishment of silk worms, as
hose of the common white mulberry ; and that the
:ocoons, made by the worms, fed only with leaves
)f this species, are even rather heavier.'

CULTURE.

j The many stalked mulberry, generally accom-
j modatcs itself to all kinds of soil ; but wc have re-
I marked its vegetation was most vigorous, and
! the proiluce of leaves most abundant, when plac-
ed in a friable, light and rich soil. Its long and
j tender roots absorb with great avidity the nutri-
I tive salts of the earth ; and besides, its imper-
fectly ligneous branches being very jjorous, e<pial-
ly explains the facility with which tiiey pump up
the humidity of the earth and leave it dry. Our
observation?, in this respect, induce us to believe,
that the development of the numerous branches,
and leaves of this shrub is accelerated in pro-
portion to the frequency and regularity with
which the soil is impregnated with humidity. The
form of the leaves also varies, according to the
nature of the soil ;.they are large and cordiform
in a rich soil, but small, eli|)tical and without the
heart shaped indentation, at the base, in a dry and
ariil soil. The branches are filled with fructifi-
cation in this last named soil, which rarely hap-
pens in the first. It appears expedient, then,
that plantations of this mulberry should be made
upon a humid rather than a dry soil, to obtain in
all respects a satisfactory result; for a too great
ijuantity of water does not ajjpear to have been
injurious to it, even when the roots have been
often covered ; on the contrary, it is the situation
in which the leaves are more completely devel-
oped. Moving the earth between the plants,
with the hoe and spade at proper times, lias an
excellent effect upon this shrub ; it facilitates, in
a singular manner, the formation of new rootlets,
and consequently increases the number of spong-
lets, or absorbing mouths.

It not being natiu-al for this mulberry to grow
tall or to form any trunk, properly so called, reg-
ular plantations can be formed of it, without diffi-
culty by planting the shrubs at a distance of six
or eight feet from each other, — a space sufficient
for the extension of the branches, to facilitate the
culture and fjr collecting the leaves. This last
operation is so much facilitated by the flexibility
of the stalks, that a child is sufficient for furnish-
ing the food, of a large establishment of silk worms.

In order that the developement of the principle
stalks may be completely effected, it is necessary
to suppress all those, which do not present the
aspect of a vigorous constitution, and which,
from their excessive numbers may be directly in-
jurious to the others. The stalks can also be an-
nually headed down, at will, to a certain height,
with the view of producing a new and more vig-
orous vegetation. This method practised at Sen-
egal, has generally ])rodnced satisfactory results.

We have already remarked, with what singu-
lar facility this mulbeiry can be propagated. In
fact it only requires to insert a cutting a kw in-
ches into the earth, and in a short time roots arc
produced, with a considerable development of
young shoots. The numerous plants, which are
already disseminated in the divers climates of
Africa, America, and Europe, have been all pro-
duced, from the two individuals, which we pro-
cured at Manilla.

The fortunate discovery of this precious shrub
took place in the garden of a Chinese cultivator,
who, after having informed us of its properties,
and the important purpose for which it was used
in his own country, yielded to our solicitations,
aud sold us two bushes for ten Spanish piasters,
assuring us, that he had introduced it into Manil-
la, where it bad been considerably extended.

These two bushes were sent on board the ves-
sel, in which we were to embark, and divided
1 into six parts. These were immediately placed
in two large boxes filled with rich, light earth.
! The stalks were cut off, to the height of about
eighteen inches, in order to ])lace them, more
commodiously, in the situation whiidi had been
designated for them, in the ship. The branches
I answered for cuttings : not any were thrown away ;
: all were reduced into pieces, of from four to six
inches in length, and put into boxes, filled with
light earth ; this gave us two iiundred and Cfiy
cuttings, which, during the two months, occupied
in the voyage from Manilla to the Isle of Bour-
bon, took root without exception. They had even
filled the boxes with numerous roots, and devel-
oped branches, from a foot and a half to two feet
in length. We also remarked, that some of them,
I wiiich had been set out without any buds at the
base as is generally done, and whose wood had
scarcely a ligneous coTisistence in this part, had
not only developed roots, but several shoots,
which formed as many distinct stalks. This new
vegetation appears to be attributable to the nu-
merous lenticulee, with which the bark of the
shoots is covered, which confirms the opinion,
which wc have long entertained, that these len-
ticulie were endowed with a property of produc-
ing roots and buds ; or that some of them may
exclusively develo[ie buds and others roots. Not
having had an opportunity to verify this assertion,
by direct observation, we present it here but as a
mere suspicion.

We left at the Isle of Bourbon a part of the
scions, which had taken root, with two of the old
plants, detached from the bushes, of which wo
have S|)oken. The remainder were preserved for
Cayenne and France.

The manner of making cuttings of this mul-
berry is not difficult ; it is sufficient to cut the
branches into pieces eight or ten inches huig, at
most, and always to leave on the part dt-stined to be
put in the ground, good buds and especially one at
the end ; for although the roots are firmed,
without the aid of this organ, it is not less true,
that their development is much more prompt,
when the scions are jirovided with it. It is not
necessary to leave more than one bud on the u[i-
per end of the cutting.*

Prepared in this manner, the cuttings shoidd be
placed in a moist and rich soil, and a shaded sit-
uation,— that is to say, so covered, as to protect
them, for some time, from the rays of the sun,
which might otherwise occasion too great a trans-
piration. It will be beneficial to water them
slightly, from time to time, so as to keep the soil
constantly refreshed, without being too wet. It
would, perhaps, be advantageous, in an European
climate, to cut the scions in March and plant them
in a warm bed, without being covered with glass,
but merely with mats. We think this method
will advance the plants and render them stronger

* ' In confirmation of this advice, we insert the
following observation, which M. Loiseleur-Deslong-
champs, has communicated.' This shrub is not on-
ly produced, in the common mode, by cuttings ; but
cuttings with a single eye, take with facility, which
offers a great advantage, in rapidily multiplying this
plant. Cuttings with a single eye, which had but
just been planted, when I read a note on this sub-
ject, in the meeting of the Hon. Soc. on the 1 7th,
of June, had almost all made shoots 18 or 20 inchea
long, by the end of October, and some of them had
obtained a length of 3 feet and one of four.

30

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

August 13, 1830.

I

before wiiiler. Tlie iiio\eiiient of the sap will in-
dicate, the most certainly, the period lor making
cuttings.

Another mode still easier of multiplying this
mulberry, is by suckers, or layers. As it tlirovvs
up numerous "stalks, it is only necessary to lienp
up the earth about them, to make them produce
roots ; and there is nothing to prevent their being
laid down ; on the contrary, they present an advan-
tage in doing it, as new stalks are formed at the
base of those laid down, which rise vertically and
immediately replace them.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, A U G U S T 13, 1 8 3 0 .

q^imrtaly Revitw—\\'ti.i.s & Lilly, Boston,
have just republished the 85tli Numljcr of the
London Quarterly Review, which contains articles
on the following subjects : — Polynesian Research-
es— Conquest of Granada— Life of Sir Thomas
Munro— Egyptian Hieroglyphics — Travels in Pe-
ru— Evidences of Christianity — Politics of France
— Causes of Pauperism in England — Poor Laws
— List of New Publications. Published quarterly
at $5,00 per annum.

CUCUMBERS.

'Who shall decide when Doctors disagree.- '

A popular periodical has lately condeumed the
ti.^i of the Cucumber as an article of diet, and
quotes an adage directing to ' peel it, slice it down
into pieces, ])ut vinegar and pep])cr to it, and then

. throw it away.' This wise sayiug has been attri-

liiiied to many oilier sages besides Dr Abcrnethy,
and still cucumbers are eaten by featberlcss bipeds
wi:h impunity, and some suppose with advantage.

The medical gentlemen who condemn the cu-
cumber, tell us ' the principal mischief produced by
Ihii use of this fruit, and which has caused it to be
ranked among the most unwholesome articles serv
ed at our tables, arises independent of an acrid prin-
ciple which it is supposed to contain, from its indi-
geslibility, in other words its insolubility in the
stomach. In consequence of this it is retained in
the latter organ for a long time, jiroducing more
or less uneasiness in every instance ; and in the
dyspeptic, the gouty, and those of a nervous and
feeble constitution, giving rise to violent pains,
cramps, and other severe affections.

But other professors of the healing art appear to
entertain opinions less hostile to this vegetable.
Dr Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia asserts that
'cucumbers are a salubrious, cooling fruit, and
may be safely allowed to consumptive patients; as
they sweeten acrid humors, at the same time are
gently la.xative, but being in a considerable degree
acescent, and sometimes attended with flatulency
and diarrhoea, such effects may be prevented by
eating them with moderation ; or with the addition
uf vinegar and pepper, which counteract their na-
tural coldness. If pro|)erly pickled (without col-
oring them with that poisonous metal, copper; or
rendering them too acrid with stimulent spices,)
they are an excellent antiseptic ; yet wo consider
tliein highly improper, either for children or wet-
nurses.'

We shall not assume the part of an umpire in
this controversy, but our own experience and ob-
servation give us a decided bias in favor of the
moderate and prudent use of the cucumber as a
healthy and agreeable article of aliment.

AMERICAN SILK.

A gentleman from Mansfield, Con. informs us
that it is computed that at least four tons of raw-
silk have been raised in Connecticut this season ;
and that the Si He raised in Mansfield and the ad-
joining towns this year has amoiinteil to $24,000,
— all of which has found a ready sale.

.jjjricots. — An elegant specimen of this fruit,
together with buds for distribution among the
members of the Society, was shown by Hon. Johm
Welles, from a tree imported from France.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

FRUITS.

Saturday, August 7, 1830.

.Uppks. — Early Red Mayaut, by R. Manning,
Esq. of Salem. Red Juneating, by Mr A. D.
Williams. Early Williams, by the same. For
a history of this valuable variety, see N. E. Farmer,
No. 2, vol. i.x ; Sopsavine, by Mr Richards, of
Dedliain.

Pears. — Passe IMadeleine, by R. Howe, from
the garden of Mr Downer. This fruit is the
produce of scions sent from the London Horticul-
tural Society. In the garden of Mr D. as well as
in those of others, where this variety has been
tried, it has failed in good qualities. Amber Pear,
by J. Prince, Esq. This is a good fruit, a great
and constant bearer, is above medium size, a
handsome fruit, something like the Queen Catha-
rine. Fondante D'Ete, or Summer Melting, a
good Early Pear, by J. Prince, Esq. This pear
tree was imported by Mr Prince from Long Island,
about 18 years since — it -has rather a vigorous
growth — has hitherto borne moderately, though it
nojv increases in quantity rapidly every year; and
if grafted on old trees, would probably soon be-
come a good bearer. Mr Prince considers it the
best pear of the season. English Catharine, of
fine appearance, by Dr Shurtleff. July Pear,
so called, by Mr E. M. Richards.

Plums. — Early Apricot Plums, very handsome,
of rich flavor. The tree a good and constant
bearer, from Mr Downer's Garden. Monsieur
Ilalif, from John Prince. Esq. This promises to
be a fine fruit, and is a great bearer — the specimen
sent was hardly ripe. Royal of Tours, a fine
plum, by IMr Wm. F. Gardner, of Salem. Ital-
ian Damask, by Mr R. Manning, of Salem.

Peaches. — Joh.n Prince, Esq. exhibited a s|)ec-
imen of this fruit from a natural tree, fully ripe,
grown in open field. A valuable variety on ac-
count of its ripening early ; fruit under size, Iiiit
may, no doubt, be improved by cultivation.*

CATTLE SHOW NOTICE AND CHANGE
OF DAY.

At a special meeting of the Boar<l of Trustees of
the, Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agricul-
ture held at the Hall of the Union Bank, Aug. 5,
1820,

A letter from the Hon. O. Fisk, Corresponding
Sicretary of the Worcester Agricultural Soc ety,
was laid before the Board. It having been the
practice of /he Massachusetts Society lor promo-
ting Agriculture, to hold their Cattle Show on sucii.
days as woidd best iiocommodate the County So-
ciety in their annual shows; and the Worcester
County Society having reference to the term of the
Supreme Court for that County having felt obliged
to fix their day efe.xhidition on the 31th of Oc-
tober next, the same day on which candidates for
premiums had been invited to attend by the State
Society.

It was voted that the d.^y heretofore fixed upon
for the Cattle Show, viz. the 13lh of Oct. nexl
be changed for the succeeding Wednesday, viz. the
20th of October next, and that the Corresponding
Secretary he requested to answer the letter of the
Hon. O. FisUe, and to give public notice througl;
the New England Farmer and other papers, of this
change of the day of the Brighton Cattle Show.

From the Recorils.

BENJ. GUILD, Recording Secretary.

.'Jugust 5. 1830.

All candidates for premiums, or persons desirou!
of making entries for exhibition will therfor taki
notice that the ])rinted hand bills and Cattle Sliov
papers should read as if printed October 20th in
stead of October 13th, and all the offers and reg
ulation made for entries, &c, will hereafter hav
reference and be attended to on the 20th instea
of the 13th.

Raspberries — The St Johns, (N. B.) City Gazette
of July 28, states that there were that morning
brought into the Country Market of that City,
1378 quarts of Raspberries, (equal to 43 bushels)
at three pence per qt. would produce £17 4s. 6d.

Turnips — Sow strong wood ashes over the
ground about the time they are springing up.
This will cause the young plants to grow sooner
out of the way of insects, produce a large crop,
and cause the crop to be sweet and palatable.

•With regard to this new early peach, Mr Prince has
politely favored us with the following account.

Jamaica Plains, Auij. 7, 1830.

Dear Sir, — In compliance with your request about the
Early Peaches exhibited (his day at the Horticullural
Hall, I have only to say, that in April last in destroying
a small Peach Nursery, I left a few scatteiins of the
largest trees, witliout paying any attention to their being
worked ones. I knew several of them had fruit on — no
attention had l)«en paid to keeping down weeds, anil only
on the 3(1 of August, accidentally passing Ihroiigh them,
I observed a tree with two or three dozen ripe fruit, the
bees, Ac. having attacked most of them. It is evidently
not a budded tree, as in the part where it stands. Early
Ann buds were used, and this is a bright red fruit, and

CULTIVATION OF THE STRAWBERRY

Extract from an adtlress delivered before the Iloittcultural Society
New-York, by Mr William Curr.

The ])atch on which I have my strawberrie
had been under the same plant several years. Ft
the month of Septendier, 1819, 1 laid on about fiv
inches thick of well rotted manure, which I dt
down with the old vines. I then set out plants i
the Hudson kind of strav/berry, at the distamj
sixteen inches each way, taking care to
have them in line the long way of the groun
In the month of November, I covered the plaiij
with a thin coat of long litter, which I took off
the beginning of Aprd, and pointed the grout
with the sjiade, and raked it smooth. The groui
was kejit clean by hoeing, till the fruit began
form. I then took short grass cut from the wall
and spread between and under the vines, whic,
had the effect to keep the fruit clean, the wee
down, and kept the scorching drought from pen
traling into the roots of the plant.

As soon as the fruit season was past, I pointlF
in the grass between in the bed. In Septembi

considerably red on the inside, I think when budded 'J
other trees and cultivated, it will prove from its earlinel
an acquisition, as I have not heard of any ripe Peacll
from standard open ground trees this year. I shall ma]
use of what few buds are on it in a few days, and ml
season shall be able, to disseminate some of them. I hjj
called it the ' Spring Hill Earliest.'

Very truly yours, J. PRINCE

ol.lX— No. 4.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

31

1820, I cut out all tiie superfluous runners, and
dressed tlie bed, and in llie month of November
covered as before.

On the first of March of last year, 1S21, I look
the covering from a part of the patch, and repla-
ced it with one inch of straw, which I burned ofl^
as directed by Dr Miller. I then gave a slight
boeiii^ and raUing. At this time there was hardly
the least trace of vines left on the ground ; but in
eight or ten days the leaves began to make their
appearance. On the 22d of March, I uncover-
ed another part of the patch, a i)art of which 1
burned with straw as before, and the other part
■with a parcel of dry leaves, which I laid on two
inches thick. The remainder of the patch I im-
covered in the beginning of April, and dressed in
the usual way.

The first burned part continued to keep more
forward than the others, and showed flowers eight
ilays sooner than the iinburned part of the patch.
The unburned grew less rai)id, and was consider-
ably less productive of fruit. The part burned
was the most luxuriant in growth, the quantity of
fruit nearly the same as those bnrtied with straw.

The burning has this good elTect, that it keeps
the ground more clean of weeds, and will doubt-
less kill a great many insects ami their eggs ; be-
sides, it clears the vines from all decayed leaves
and hardened bark, gathered around the body of
the plant; and by that means, allows the free e.\-
pansion of the leaves and flowers.

I am of opinion that leaves, when dry, will an-
swer the purpose of burning equally with straw,
and their ashes prove a good manure.

I shall now give a f ;vv observations concerning
the selecting of proper plants for planting. A
great deal lies in choosing proper plants ; for if
they are taken promiscuously, the greater part
will prove barren, producing plenty of flowers
but no fruit. Those when e.xamitied, will be
found to have abundance of stamina, but no stiles ;
so that it often happens among those barren plants,
that some of them have a part of an imperfect,
fruit formed, which sometinies ripens. Plants
ought, therefore, never to be taken out of old neg-
lected beds which have been allowed to spread
and run into a multitude of suckers, nor from any
plants which do not produce i)lenty of fruit.
Those suckers which stand nearest the old jilant,
should always be selected, in preference to those
produced from the trailing stalks, at a distance
from the fruit bearing plants.

There have been some kind of strawberiies
greatly improved by seed selected from the larg-
est and fairest fruit. In this case ihe seed should
be sown as soon as possible atler the fruit is eaten.
The best way is to sow the seed in pots or boxes,
placed ill the shade.

Turnip Seed, fyc.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office, 52 North Market-street,

.■\n extensive a-isoitmcnt of Turnip Seeds, of Ihe most
vaUialde sorts for family use or stock. The most approv-
ed kinds for the farmer, are the While Dutch, White
Stone, Yellow Stone and Yellow Malta. The two latter
arc of uncomnion excellence, and keep well. Loudon
describes the Y'ellow Malta as ' an excellent and beauti-
ful root,' and of delicious flavor. Of the sorts for held
culture, the White Norfolk, Y'ellow Aberdeen. White
Flat, and Rula Baga, are the best. The Yellow Aber-
deen is most approved among the Farmers of England
and Scotland, as it grows to a large size, is very sweet
and nutritious, and keeps till June. The above seeds
were saved in Europe expressly for this Establishment,
and the utmost dependence may be placed ou their genu-
ine quality.

200 lbs." of Ihe finest English White Flat Turnip Seed,
raised this season, expressly for this Establishment, by Mr
Aarox D. Williams, of Roxbury, and warranted of
the tirst quality , for sale, wholesale and retail.

Also, a variety of Long and Turnip rooted Radishes, suit
able for sowing the ensuing months. Long Prickly, and
many other varieties of Cucumbers for pickling.

July 9.

Chloride of Soda.
For sale at the Seed Store connected with the N. E.
Farmer, 52 North Market-street — A few dozen bottles of
Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, remo\'ing otfensive
smells, neutralizing pestilential exhalations, and destroy-
ins: contagion ; prepared by the New England chemical
company for Lowe and Keed. This valuable article is
particularly described, page 390 of this week's New Eng-
and Farmer. — Price $1,00 per bottle, wilh directions.

To CoRREspoiTDENTs. — A Valuable article from Gen-
Dearborn, on tlie culture of the Rose — and some others
are received, and will soon appear.

jVoiice.

A special meeting of <ke Massachusetts Horticultural
Society will be held on Saturday the 14th inst. at the Hall
of the society at 11 o'clock, for Ihe purpose of making
arrangements preparatory to the celebration of the anni-
versary festival. R. L. EMMONS, Rec. Sec.

Aug. 12.

Am-u-niahun ov awl Kines, for sail cu u-shu-al at
Kmiplan's Ponder Store, 6.5, Braud-street.

For Sale,

The well known FARM in Dover, occupied for the last
fourteen years by the subscriber, containing about 200
acres, well located in a square, bounded on the south by
Cochecho river, and on the east by Fresh creek, on which
is a tide mill, with an apparatus for pounding and gi-inding
plaster. The Buildings consist of a large two story Brick
House, of4() feet by 38, wilh awing of 20 by 16, all well
finished, ailjoined to which is a shed 34 feet by 14, con-
necting the cider house 27 by 37, two stories, wilh one
plastered room, where all the spinning and weaving is
done for the family ; two Barns, one of which is 100 feet
by 42, with two wings of about 40 feet each, one employ-
ed as a stable, the other for a sheepfold, with a good yard
well walled in; the other is a Store Barn of 45 feet square,
of 16 feet post, and will contain 60 tons of hay ; a pig-
gery of 50 feet by 30, with a cellar of 18 feet square un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook for
swine. The fields are divided by permanent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 acres in front of the house, one
of 17 on Ihe East, one of 10 acres on the North, (princi-
pally orchard,) one of 15 Northeast, and one of 30 acres
West of Ihe house, with three pastures of 20 to 25 acres
each.

The Farm has been gradually improving for the last
ten years, and t]ie two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 25 tons of thatch. It is one
and a half miles from the village of Dover, which affords
a cood market. There has been planted some hundreds
of Fruit Trees, principally .^pple, many of which are
grafted — with Pears, Cherry,- Plum, Peach and Quince
trees, and many in bearing,' wi^h a small nursery.

■The terms of sale may be known by applying to Major
Andrew Pierce, of Dover, Mr S.amuel Lord, of
Portsmouth, or the subscriber on the premises.

June 11. WILLIAM FLAGG.

Grass Seeds.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North M.irket street,

A largo assortment of Seeds of the various grasses cul-
tivated in New England, viz :

HERDS GR.\SS ; RED TOP ;

ORCHARD GRASS;

TALL .MEADOW OATS GRASS;

FOWL MEADOW GRASS;

LUCERNE, or FRENCH CLOVER;

RED CLOVER;
I WHITE HONEYSUCKLE CLOVER; also

BUCKWHEAT, FLAX, MILLET, FIELD PEAS,
I and 14 varieties of the most esteemed FIELD TURNIP
! SEED, cultivated in Europe and .America, all warranted
' ot the first quahty, and at the customary market prices.
' Aug. 13.

Bolivar Calves, Saxony Bucks, and Bremen Geese.
For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by the celebrated im-
ported improved Durham short horned bull Bolivar.
which stock have produced 3G quarts of milk a day. No,

1, dam Grey Brown, half Cculebs and half Galloway. No

2, dam Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres,
her sire Coclebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No.
4, dam Beauty, half Cctlebs and half Galloway. Tho
Calves are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlinas, and 2 Lamb?.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of Benjamin Shurt-
letf, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston.

tf. July 9.

PRICES OF COUNTRY

PRODUCE.

FROK

TO

A!'PLES,new,

barrel.

2 00

3 00

ASHES, pot, first sorl,

Pearl, first sort, -

Ion.

115 00 120 Cil.

ti

133 00 135 00

BEANS, while,

hash.;l.

UO

BEEF, mess,

jarrrl.

10 00

10 30

Cargo, No. I,

"

8 50

9 00

Cargo, No. 2.
BUTTEK, inspected, No. 1, new,

"

C 50

6 "0

pound.

10

13

CHEESE, new milk.

c

7

Skimmed milk,

"

3

,0

FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, -

jarrel.

5 50

5 75

Genesee, - - -

"

5 ,37

5 75

Rye, best,

ti

3 ;-0

3 75

GRAIN, Corn,

bushel.

46

55

Rve,

"

65

67

Barley,

tt

GO

65

Oats,

tt

40

42

HAY,

cwt.

CO

70

HUG'S LAUD, first sort, new,

cwt.

11 60

12 00

HOPS, 1st quality. - - - \

.<

14 00

15 00

LIBIE. ....

cask.

70

7&

PLAISTER PARIS retails al

ton.

3 50

3 75

PORK, clear,

:)arrel.

19 00

20 Oo

Maw, mess. - - ]

12 X'S

■ 12 b?i

Cargo, No. 1, . - 1

"

12 50

SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

jushe!.

2 09

Orchard Grass,

"

3 on

Fowl Meadow, .

"

4 00

Tall .Meadow Oats Grass,

"

2 50

Red Top [northern,}

"

62

75

Lucerne, . - - -

pound.

33

33

Wiiite Honeysuckle Clover,

33

Red Clover, (norlliern)
WOOL. Merino, lull blood, washed, .

tt

'

8

tt

50

55

Merino, full blood, unwashed,

tt

30

35

Merino, three fourths washed.

ti

42

46

Merino, half blood,

It

38

42

IMcripo, quarter

It

35

40

Native, washed.

tt

35

37

Pulled, Lamb's, first sort.

It

£0

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort,

i "

38

42

Pulled, " spinning, first sort

1 "

3

PROVISION MARKET.

CORRECrEn EVERV WEEK BV MR HJVWARP,

( Clerk of Faneuil-hail Market.)

REEF, best pieces, - - - . pound E 10

PORK, fresh, best pieces, - - •' 8 10

whole hogs, - - '• 5 6

VE,\L. . - . " 4 8

.MUTTON . - . " 4 10

POIJLTKY. . - - " 10 55

BUTTEK, keg and tub, . - . « 10 13

Lump, best, . " 15 20

EGGS. . dozen. 12

MEAL, Itye. retail, - . bushel. 84 36

Indian, retail, - - " -jO

POTATOS.new . . . . « q

CIDER, [accordingloqualily,] - barrel. 3 50 4 00

Brighton Market — Monday, ..fivgust 9.

[Reported for the Chronicle and Patriot.]

At Market this day, 283 Beef Cattle, 130 Stores, 6 or 8
Cows and Calves, 2747 Sheep, 360 Swine.

Prices— Beef Cattle— From $3 75 to 4 75.

Stores — Those mentioned above were roost of t'lem the
same we reported last week. We were mistaken in staling
they were nearly all sold — have noticed only a few sales
to day.

Cows and calves — We noticed the sale of two only, at
$20 a $25.

Sheep and Lambs. — We noticed lots sold at the follow-
ing prices $2, 1 87i, 1 62i 1 50, 1 S3, and 1 25. Some
old Sheep were sold, price not noticed — a few were sold
the close of last week for $3 25.

Swine — None having been at market for several weeks
previous, a sale was easily effected. Lots wore taken at
about 4 Jc; one lot of about 100 was sold by the 'lump'
at 4i a 5i|c.

S2

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

August 13, 1830.

MISCELLANIES

. HINTS TO MOTHERS.
Parents, and espcoially mothers, slioultl be aware
that the natural etiect of the extreme heat of the
season, and of teething, separate or conjoined, is
feverish disturbance, diminished appetite, and im-
paired digestion in their children. They ought
to know also, that whatever deviation is made from
extreme simplicity ami re;.;iilarity of the diet of
these young beings, will necessarily aggravate their
restlessness and sufferings. All the trash of fruit,
cakes and [)astry of any kind ; coffee or any bever-
age except pm-e water, ought to be sedulously with-
held. The question at this time is not what is
agreeable at the moment to the child, or chimes in
■with the oftentimes silly fondness of the mother,
b;:t what will be most likely to guard it from an
attack of summer complaint, and in fact to save its
life. To preserve coolness of the skin by light
and loose dress ; bathing twice daily, in lukewarm
water, or even cold water, if the skin be hot and
dry ; regular airings out of doors, in the morning,
and out of the approach of evening; the bedroom
well ventilated, but the air so admitted that it sliall
not blow directly on or over the bed, are among
the additional means of prevention. Finally, we
would conjure mothers, when their infants are un-
well at this season, we might add at any season, to
give no medicine on their own responsibility — to
listen to no neighboring gossip — to be deceived by
no impudent quack;and every quack isasimpudent
as he is generally ignorant, or he would not be
periling the lives of his fellow creatures, by thrust-
ing on them alleged sovereign cures for bowel
complaints, under the title of vermifuges and the
like. If mothers delay in sending for physicians,
let them also delay in giving physic. They may,
when their infants are ailing, sometimes arrest dis-
eases, by curtailing the usual quantity of food, and
giving it of a still simpler quality ; or what is still
better, by enforcing abstinence except from such
drinks as rice, or barley , or gum arable water,slight-
ly sweetened or salted as may be most agreeable.
Beyond this, mothers are bewildered ; and if they
will go blundering on, theirs be the penalty, as
theirs assuredly will be the blame.

Journal of Health.

OBEDIE^•CE. — Let thy child's first lesson be obe-
dience, and the second may be what thou wilt.
— Fuller.

hay — drinking molasses and water, milk and wa-
ter, and nothing stronger. He is 42 years old,
and offers to bet any m.iu §10 that he can jump
over a six rail fence, any time of day. During
the six days he went twice to the village, 10 miles,
and hoed I cans half a day besides.

M. de Ruyter, a descendant of the famous Dutch
Admiral, lately died at Toulon, aged 82. He left
the rent of a house, 1800 francs, as an annual
marriage portion for the most virtuous girl and the
best sailor, to be decided by the Mayor and the
Maritime Prefect.

A man lately arrested in New York for stealing
from a ship's cabin, was found to be a villain who
had married two wives in three months, and was
committed therefor.

A shark was caught off" Fulton Market, New
York, on Wednesday morning, July 28. When
brought on the deck of the smack, he snapped at
the leg of a bystander, but his monstrous jaws
closed only on the pantaloons. There were others
in company v,hen first seen, and several buys were
bathing near.

IIMPORTANCE OF GARDENS.

Many of our mechanics, and most of the truck-
men in this town, occupy their leisure, this year,
in cultivating laud in the vicinity. We mention
this to express our hearty approbation of the prac-
tice, and to recommend its adoption elsewhere. It
gives us pleasure to say, that at present there is
every reason to believe that they, in common with
others, will reap a plentiful harvest.

Every bushel of Potatoes raised in this way
will do more toward maintaining a family, than half
a dozen groans over hard times and dull business.

Industry mns"'t prosper. — Portsmouth Jour.

mankind, and (unless when assailed) more ready to
retreat than to attack. They are not the bold
creatures described by Bartram, and are as much
diminished in number as depreciated in courage.
In Alabama they still thrive, and the low lands there
that produce seventy bushels of frogs to the acre,
have, it is said alligators enough wherewith to fence
them in.

The old hunters that used to seek for deer by
night, and shoot between the luminous eyes reflect-
ing the torch light, avoided the alligator, also, by the
reflection of his eyes, which seem like two burning
coals, differing in appearance from the eyes of any
other animal.

But in South America the alligator comes to his
largest growth, and is the monarch of the rivers.
Sometimes he is said to work himself under the moist
earth which cracks with a loud report when dry, and
discloses a huge alligator, completely mailed like
Minerva, when she sprung from her concealed ex-
istence. This is (we think) mentioned as a common
story by Humboldt.

Marco Polo describes these animals (or crocodiles)
as, ' huge serpents ten paces long and ten spans
wide, round the body. At the fore part near the
head they have two short legs, having three claws
like those of a tiger, with eyes larger than a four-
penny loaf and very glaring ; thejawsare wide enough
to swallow a man, the teeth are large and very sharp,
and the whole appearance is so formidable that
neither man nor any kind of animal can approach them
without terror.'— Tribune.

I

The directors of the Liverpool and Mancliester
Railway have determined to open the road the
whole length on the 15th of September. A com-
pany has been formed for the establishment of a
railway from Manchester to Sheffield.

The first experiment by the direi^tors of the
Liverpool and Manchester Rail Road, of travelling
the whole line, thirtytwo miles, was made June
14, with the most gratifying success. The Arrow
steam engine drew a carriage with twelve inside
passengers, another with thirty outside, and seven
carriages loaded with 34 tons of rough stone.
The journey was made from Liverpool to Man-
chester in two hours and twenty minutes, including
the sto|(pages for water, which occupied 13- 1-2
minutes, being at the rate of 14 miles an hour, in-
cluding stoppt^^s.

A man in Cattskill, N. Y. with his wife and a
boy, in six days, recently cut, cured and housed
15 loads of rye, 3,000 sheaves, and 6 loads of

ALLIGATOR.

The Courier acknowledges the receipt of one of
these pretty creatures from a friend in South Carolina,
and like Jacques runs into such a vein of metaphor,
that it is as good to the Editor as ' an allegory on the
banks of the Nile.' Such presents are in the true
spirit of charity — twice blessed; profitable to the
giver and acceptable to the receiver. ' Yon cannot
feed capons so,' for the alligator is so little dainty that
he will eat whatever he can get, and you may feast
him like a statesman, or a retiring Editor, for his
digestion is equal to his appetite ; he will grind a bone
that has been well polished by a cur, or he will
fatten upon a knot of pitch pine, or as they sa^ in
Carolina of ' lightwood.' But the proprietor of the
animal must trust himself to the clemency of t!ic
South Carolinians, if he would see an alligator lying
on a bank 'alone in his glory.' He will find one
twelve feet in length, and may have sport with him
if he will attack him in his castle. The alligator
makes a hole like a fox's, except that it is filled with
water ; the entrance may be staked up and a new
one opened from the surface directly upon the back
of the tenant. A few blows will fill him with rage
when he will try to come forth that he may, as was
desired by Ajax, sec and confront his foes. While
he is creeping forth at the hole thus made, his
hunters can despatch him by striking their axes into
his brain. If however he should como upon the
green sward in the exercise of his natural powers,
the siege will be raised ; for he makes a noble sally.
It is never safe for the hunter in his retreat to fall
within reachof liisjaws ; which close upon a man like
a miller's trap upon a mouse : the muscles that enable
him to bite are particularly strong, and his teeth
though of the hue of ebony, are equally well adapted
to the same service.

The alligator as he now exists in Carolina is a
sullen and fearful animal, awed by the presence of

Turkish Unconcern. — A boat was sent off from
shore to reconnoitre, and the man who commanded
it had a musket on his shoulder, with pistols, a poig-
nard, and an immense flask of powder suspended from
his belt. He recognized the captain, who had been
absent a month, 'Oh!' cried he, 'AliReis, you are
welcome. Mahmoud Selim, welcome ! Who are
the infidels ?' ' They are sons of Frank gentlemen,
whom we are taking to Trebizond.' ' You are wel-
come.' ' What news .' ' ' Nothing — tlie son of the
Aga of Rizahas murdered his cousin for jealousy, and
he has taken refuge with us ; he is a fine young
fellow. Oh ! I forgot — Husseis htis blown up your
neighbor's house with gunpowder ; five persons were
killed.' 'Wonderfidl' ' What would you have, tliey
were only cliildren.' Such are Turkish greetings on
the coast of the Black Sea..— Foreign Review.

Yellow Locust Seed, Sfc.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the
New England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

Fifty pounds of genuine and fresh yellow Locust
Seed, saved for us by a gentleman in Harrisburg,
Pa. The excellence of this timber for posts, its uses
in ship budding, its easy culture, rapid growth, &c.
recommend it to the notice of farmers. Directions for
its culture furnished gratis.

Also, seed of the Gledilschia triacanthos, or Honey
Locust — or three thorned Acacia, — for live fences.
This is the sort recommended by Judge Buel, (in
the New England Farmer, vol. viii. page 1C4) as the
best plant that can be cultivated for hedges : of very
rapid growth, long and abundant thorns, and with
hard and strong wood, and it is attacked by no insect,
which gives it a decided advantage over Hawthorns.

Published every Friday, al gS per annum, payable al the
end of the year — bul lliose who pay williiiisixl} days from the
lime of suliscribiuf!^, are eulilledlo a deduction cf fifty cents.

03^ No paper Will tie sent to a distance without p?iyn)enl be-
in^ made in advance.

I'rnued for J. li. Russfm,. by I. R. TiuTTS — by whom
all descriptions ot Printing can he executed to meet the wishes
ol customers. Ordersfor printing received by J. It. KussELL,
allhe Agricultural Warehouse No. .^2 North IMarkeiSlrect.

AGENTS.

AVro York — G. Thorburn & Son, 67 Liberty-slreel.

Philadelphia— 1). & C Landketh. 85 Chcstnul-strecl.

Baltimore — G. H. Smith, OtHce olthe American Farmer.

Albany — Hon. Jesse IUiel.

Ftuslting, N. Y. Wm.Prince&, Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot.Gardei

Hartford — GuoDwiN &. Sons.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Hoi.LA.vD. Esq. Recorder Office.

Montreal, L.. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, <at the Agbiciltural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL, IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 20, 1830.

NO. 6.

SI ^ IS le a .s \ir 'jf» 'J lET iii a a

THE ROSE.

Mr Fessf-vden — As the Rose is universally
admired as tlie queen of flowers, and numerous
varieties are annually produced, wliicli are cele-
brated for tlicir |)eculiar aroma, form, color, i^ize,
or period of floratinn, it is desiralile that all wlio
are interested in this delightful cultivation, should
be enabled to increase their collections, in the
most easy and expeditious manner. To accom-
plish this, budding upon sweet briara and r'her
wild stocks, is now very generally practised in Eu-
rope ; and what are called standard roses, which
are thus formed, are highly prized, for their sin-
gular and great beauty, as magnificent ornaments
for avenues, parterres and bordere.

Loudon says, that standard roses are a modern
invention of the Dutch, who first introduced them
into France, and that they have only been known
in England, for about twenty years. Recently
they have bceu imported into this country, and have
excited great attention, among our floriculturists.

Among the works imported from Paris, for the
Library of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
is an excellent little treatise on the cultivation of
the Standard Rose, which I have translated and
inclose, for publication, in the New England Far-
mer.

As Sweet-briars are abundantly scattered over
our pastures, and by the road-sides, it is in the
power of every one to adopt the theory, so lucid-
ly explained by Mr Tarade, and the proprietors
ofnurseries of ornamental shrubs, may speedily fur-
nish superb specimens of many of the most cel-
ebrated varieties of roses which are so eagerly
sought by the admirer of this interesting family
of flowers.

I offer friendly salutations.

And am most respectfully,
"Your obedient servant.

Brioler Place, Roxburv,
August 9lh, IBM.

* H. A. S. DEARBORN.

CULTURE OF ROSES,

BUDDED UPON SWEET BRI.ARS.

Br M. Alfred Dk Tarade.
Est modus ia rebus.

It is for you, Amateurs of roses, that I have
collected some ideas upon the culture and educa-
tion of Sweet-Jiriars, which has occupied me dur-
ing many years. I commenced my operations, in
conformity to the counsels of those who had great
experience, and it is otdy by daily observation,
tliat I have been able to rectify my labors.

I shall be happy, if I attain the object, which I
have in view, and enable you to introduce civiliza-
tion among savages, by transforming, with suc-
cess, the perfidious and prickly Sweet-briar, into
a various and elegant rose ! What a pleasure,
after long continued efforts, to behold, in the morn-
ing of a magnificent day, the expanding rose,
which in the evening was but a bud ! This pleas-
ure has cliMrms for me, which will be doubled, if
I shall succeed in enabling you to participate in
them.

It is for you I write, and I claim your indul-
gence. I shall endeavor to be clear and precise,

f.o as not to abuse the moments, which you may
be ]>leased to bestow ujjon ine : A thousand
times hajjpy is he,

' Qui (lit, sans s'avilir, its plus pcfites choses,
Fit, des plus sees chardons, des oeillels ctdcs roses,
Kt sut ineiiie aux discours de la rusticity
Donuer de rclegance ct de la digniii.'

BoiLE.VU. Ep. XI.

Many well informed persons have given excel-
lent instruction and pointed out good methods for
budding and grafting fruit trees ; but they appear
to have disdained the sweet-briar, as none of
them have indicated a precise and clear method of
succeeding, and arrivii'ig at the point, which we
have attained. This culture is now so fashion-
able, that there is not a castle, a country seat, or
even a small garden, where efforts are not made
to form amphitheatres, and avenues of sweet-
briars; it is especially in the environs of the cap-
ital, that are to be seen the beautiful coupsd'ocil
which are produced by these shrubs ; but which
have not been thus collected, without a great
expense to the proprietors.

You, therefore, who live in the country, can
avoid this great expense, by following my instruc-
tions, and by all means avoiding those old methods,
to wluch some persons obstinately continue to ad-
here.

Let us then follow together, and progressively,
this culture, from tlie moment the sweet-briar is
extracted from the hedge, to that when it is taken
from the nursery, to foriii avenues, amphitheatres,
on graduated lines. We will pursue the follow-
ing order.

1. Selections of the Sweet-Briars ;

2. Pruning of the roots;

3. Protection of the ends of the stocks by a
composition ;

4. Mode of forming the nursery ;

5. Stakes, or supports ;

6. Care to be taken in managing the slioots ;

7. Destruction of worms and caterpillars ;

8. Care to be taken in pinching off the ends of
the long shoots ;

9. Destruction of the spines ;

10. Time of budding and the manner of doing
it;

11. Time of loosening and removing the band-
ages ;

12. Pruning the branches ;

13. Protection in winter ;

14. Pruning in March;

15. Manner of treating the aspiring bud ;

16. Supports for the young shoots ;

17. Winter Pruning ;

18. Transplanting ;

19. Annual pruning;

The labor, thus divided, which it is necessary
to perform, presents us an occupation for two
years, the requisite time for cultivating a sweet-
briar.

I. SELECTION OF THE SWEET-BRIARS.

The epoch for collecting the sweet-briar is the
month of November; that being the time, when
the sap has entirely descended. It is in old hedg-
es and the borders of the woods, that selections
can be made with the greatest success. Those
sweet-briars whose bark is gray or variegated

with green and gray are to be selected, and such,
as have red bark are to be rejected, as they do
not answer for budding. The workmen, who
take them up, should be directed not to cut off
the branches below the first fork, as you will be
enabled by this precaution to cut them where
you choose, in order to make erect trees.

As most of the sweet-briars grow upon tlie old
stumps, it is soiuetimes difficult to take them up;
in this case, the v/orkmen should 1^ informed
that it is not always necessary to take up the
stump — provided they perceive a few new roots
emanating from the stock, as they are sufficient.

II. PRUNING THE ROOTS.

This operation is very essential, because it leads
to certain success, anil will enable you to pre-
ser^'e your plants, a much longer time. As it is
rare to find sweet-briars, which are not attached
to old stumps, and if portions of them on dead
stalks and long roots are allowed to remain they
will, by rotting, cause the plant to [lerish, in one
or two years ; it is therefore necessary to obviate
this difficulty, which can be done, by cutting out
all the dead wood with a little saw and shorten-
ing the long roots, taking especial care to pre-
serve all the small roots and fibres wliich emanate
from the stalk.

This operation has the double advantage, of re-
moving from the trees injurious and useless roots,
and pc'initting you to plant them with facility, in
pots or boxes.

As soon as the roots have been removed by
the saw the wound should be made smooth with
a knife.

This operation having been completed, you will
ascertain to what height each tree can be cut and
leave it straight. This should be carefully done
with the saw, and the end smoothed with aknife.

III. PROTECTING THE ENDS OF THE STOCKS
WITH A COMPOSITION.

The sweet-briar has a pith, and when cut or
pruned, should be covered from the rain and mois-
ture, which, otherwise, would enter and cause the
tree to perish. The comjiosition which I recom-
mended for this purpose is as follows.

One pound of White Burgundy Pitch;

A quarter of a pound of black pitch ;

A quarter of a pound of rosin ;

A quarter of a pound of yellow wax ;

Two ounces of tallow ;

An ounce of pounded mastic ;

Half an ounce of saltpetre ;

These are to be put in a sauce-pan, over a mod-
erate hro and left to melt and mix, for about
three quarters of an hour, when all the ingredients
are thoroughly melted and mi.xed, you take the
sweet-briars, one at a time, and dip the ends in
the composition ; but it must be only warm. If
the trees have been planted out, the composition is
to be applied with a s|)atula.

IV. MODE OF FORMING THE NURSERY.

Anything which is clear and precise, and can
be understood at the first view, is much more
pleasing than that which is not ; it is for this rea-
son, that I recommend a regular organization of
your nursery ; and the following are the means of
effecting it. The roots of all the sweet-briars hav-

34

NEW ENGLAND FAU31ER,

August 20, 1830.

ing been | runed, aud cut of ilie proper length,
and tlie wound covered with the coniposition, you
then coninieiice, by tuking the largest to furiii
oue row, then those of a mean size for a secoml,
and the smallest for the third, observing always
*hi3 gradation, where your plantation is extensive.
But as in each of the selections, which you make,
ihere will e.\ist a slight difference in their height,
it is proper to ailjust them so that they may ap-
pear regular, when they are SiU out. Upon the
ground, which should have hern well manured
and prepared in September you extend a line, and
com'nence by setting out a sweet-briar ct each
end and in the middle, in order to make the row
of trees perfectly straight. The hole for each
plant, should be about seven or eight inches deep.

V. STAKES OR SUPPORTS.

Your Sweet-Briars being thus planted out, are
Tery insecure, and a high wind may suddenly dis-
place them. To obviate this, it is necessary to
«ecure them to stakes, or to a rail supported by
Etakes at proper distances, to reiider it secure.

TI. CARE TO BE TAKEX IN MA.VAGI.VU THE SHOOTS.

It is in the month of March, that you com-
mence reaping the first recompense for your la-
bors, by perceiving your sweet-briars throw out
their buds.

As it will be useless and dangerous to your
sweet-briars to leave all the shoots, which may ap-
pear, it is necessary to examine the vigor of each,
and leave only such as can be nourished, that is
to say, two, three, four and sometimes five. The
shoots which are reserved, should be at the top
of the stalk and directed in a triangular manner,
in order to form, on your trees, a little head, or
ball, the first year it is budded. When you have
selected the shoots, which you wish to retain, yon
must daily destroy, with a knife, all the others
which may api)ear.

VII. DESTRCCTIOX Of WORMS AND CATERPILLARS.

There is no part of your labor more important,
than that devoted to the destruction of worms
and caterpillars. The little worm which attacks
the sweet-briar, is a dangerous and a difficult
enemy to combat, as he always is concealed ; but
with scrupulous attention, you will he able to dis-
cover him. It is not bigger round than a pin, and
is ever shut up in one or more leaves which lie
rolls up and secures with his gum. He remains in
this habitation, until he has consumed all the food,
which surrounds him. The cafrpillars are larger
and of course not difficult to be seen— but it°is
necessary to exterminate all of them.

VIII. CARE TO BE TAKEN IN PINCHING OFF THE
ENDS OK THE LONG SHOOTS.

As it is impossible that all the shoots should be
equally large, it is necessary to withdraw the
nourishment from the most greedy, in order to di-
vide it among iliosc whicli are smalh-r. For this
purpose each sweet-briar is to he separately ex-
amined, and when you observe upon the same
Btalk, where you have left three shoots, (for in-
Btancc,) that there are two, which are nearly of the
«ame size, and that the third suffiers, then j.inch
off the summits of the two shoots whii-1) are the
most vigorous. By this means you will cdieck
the sap which flowed too freely upon those two
ehoots, and compel it to take a direction
that which is feeble. This o

into
)perarion must not be
rcgidated, because the beauty of the shoots, upon
which you intend to bud, depend upon it.

IX. DESTRUCTION OF THE SPINES.

IJ-'fore budding is commenced there is a little
operation which must not be neglected. It is ihe
destruction of the spines on the shoots, where the
buds are to be inserted. This should not be de-
ferred to the last moment, but performed at lea-i
a month before you insert the buds, in ord r that
the sni:ill wound which the removal of each spine
occasioned, should have time to heal. The prop-
er time of performing this operation is during the
month of July.

X. TIME OF BUDDING AND THE MANNER OF
DOING IT.

It is on the perfection of this operation, that
depends the success of your labors, aud it is from
it, that you are to expect the recompense for the
cares, which you have bestowed upon your sweet-
briars, up to that moment.

This o|)eiation should be promptly performed,
that the buds may not dry, even in your branch
which you are about to insert ; therefore, when
you have a whole nursery to bud, I advise you to
have an adroit and experienced assistant, to put
on the ligatures, who shouhl be caulioneil, not to
make t!ieni too tight.

To preserve your bu<l fresh during the oper-
ation you should keep the scions in a vessel half
filled with the water, in such a manner, that the
end of each scion is constantly wet. Each scion
shonlil have a label attached to it, designating the
species ; you should also have parchment labels
prepared, an I when you have inserted a hud, it
should be attached to the tree, and the name of
the rose written upon it, with a pencil.

I shall not enter into any details upon the man-
ner of taking off the bud for inoculation, because
the description would be ifnpcrfeet, and I believe
it is better to see the operation, than to read an
account of it; hut I will observe, that the hud
should be placed as near as possible to the axil of
the shoot, that there may be a greater facility in
healing the wound and that the new shoot may
unite morccom|)letely with the stalk.

There are two modes of budding ; the first is
called cscocheon luilh a growinj; bud a.m\ the second
cscochcoii with a dormant hud, upon the new or
old wood.

The results from the escoi heon with a grow-
ing bud, are not so certain, that I can atlvise yon
to employ it ; it nevertheless possesses some advan-
tages under particular circumstances. It can be
used to bud certain species, such as the Bcngoles,
Multifloras, Noisettes, Four seasims &c. But
from experience, 1 find it is very difficult to suc-
ceed well.

Therefore we adojit the escocheon toith a dormant
hud, which is thus called, because it does not im-
mediately shoot, but sleeps during the winter, in
onler to develope itself, with greater vigor, in the
spring. The time for inserting this bud is the lat-
ter part of Jidy and first of August.

After the bud is inserted nothing is to be cut
off, but the shoot on which it is placed is to be
left at its full length.

ESCOCHEON UPON THE STALK.

I have spoken to you of the success which
you would have in budding upon the branches of
a year's Growth, dming the months of July and
August. I will now speak to you upon budding
the stalk and of the cases where it is very advan
tageous; the success is as certain as in the pre
ceding mode.

If at the epoch of budding a great drought
has deprived your sweet-briars of sap, or other
occupations have juevented you from attending to
them, or if they have not sent out sufficiently vig-
orous shoots, be not discouraged, leave ihem as
they are, with all their branches ; in the follow-
ing spiing these branches will send out many
others and form a little head of wild roses.

In this state aud during the first days of July,
you will hud them upon the stalk, below the bran-
ches, ])lacing two buds opposite each other, and at
an equal height, in such a manner that the same
ligature may answer for both. You will leave
your trees in this state, without doing any thing
to them, until the following March. At that time
you must cut off the head of the sweet-briar, tt
half an inch above the bu<ls.

My observations and experience induce me to
believe, that from the facility \\\i\> which the
stalk covers from the wo\md, this method of bud-
ding may be preferred ; for the buds shoot with
great vigor, the first year, and form immediately,
a small head to the tree.

XI. TIME OF LOOSENING AND REMOVING THE
LIGATURES.

To perfom this operation without risk, it is ne-
cessary to consider the state of the weather since
the buds were inserted ; if it has been humid, the
ligatures may be removed in twenty or thirty days;-
but, if on the contrary, it has been hot and dry,
it is necessary to wait, at least six weeks. This
is the mode of doing it.

As it will not do to entirely remove the ligature,
but oidy to loosen it, you will make use of your
budding knife and with the point, cut a portion of
the middle of the ligature on the side opposite the
iMid ; this must be carefully done, so as not to
wound the bark. By this means your buds will
be relieved and remain |)rotected by the yarn * liga-
ture from the rays of the sun, which woidd be injuri-
ous, by causing the incisions to open. About
three weeks after, the ligatures are to be removed.
This is the most expeditious method, and I em-
ploy it in my nurseries ; but if you have hut a few
stalks, I advise you to loosen the ligatures and
then fasten them again very gently, in order to keep
down the edges of the incision, which was made
for the reception of the bud.

XII. PRUNING THE BRANCHES.

It is a labor which you will behold and execute
with pleasure, bi^causc you will then know the re-
sult of yonr efforts aud be able to reestallish good
order in your nursery, by eradicating the large
wild branches, which render it inaccessible.

This labor should be performed about the 10th
or 12th of October, when vegetation has entire-
ly ceased. This can be best done with pruning
shears. With this instrument you cut, indiscrim-
inately, all the branches to the length of eight
or ten inches.

XIII. PROTECTION IN WINTER.

Before winter commences, it is necessary to
protect yonr sweet-briars from its rigor ; to effect
this the roots should be covered with manure
which should be slightly secured against disper-
sion by the winds by drawing the earth over it
from the space between the trees.

XIV. PRUNING IN MARCH.

In October you pruned the branches of the
j sweet-briars to the length of eight or ten inchea ;

' • It thus appears woolen yarn is used for the ligatures.

Vol. IX. — Nn. 5.

AND TTOllTTCULTURAL JOURNAL.

35

now it is necessary to cut them shorter, wliirh
should be done in tlie fore part of March. The
object of the nutuniiial pruiiiiijj was to clear out
the nursery, anil to prevent the trees from suft'er-
ing, in the event the end of the boughs shouM lie
injured by the severe colil of winter, if left at full
length.

With your shears, cut off the branchc?, so as
to leave hut one bud, above that which had been
inserted ; — the one thus left is called the aspiring
bud ; upon this bud depend the success and vigor
of the one which ha<l been placed on the branch.
As to the end of the stalk, above the highest
branch, and which is generally dead, it is necessa-
ry to cut it off with a saw, pare the edges with a
knife, and then cover it with the coni|)osition.

XV. MAN'MER OK TREATI.NG THE ASPIRI.NG BUD.

When your sweet-briars have been well prun-
ed, the most important thing to be attended to, is
the destruction of all the sprouts, which are call-
ed gourmands, that issue from the top of the tree,
and of the suckers which spring up from the root.

When the aspiring bud has thrown out two or I
three little leaves, it is time to pinch off its sum-
rait. The aspiring bud aids in developing that
which has been inserted, as it draws up the sa|>,
and you cause that to flow into it, when the end of
the aspiring bud is pinched off. When your inserted
bud has grown four or five inches, and it is able
to collect its own nourishment, then the aspiring
bud is to be entirely eradicated with a knife.

XVI. SUPPORTS FOR THE YOUNS SHOOTS.

This precaution is very important ; if neglect-
ed, a gust of wiud, a storm, or even a bird may, in
a moment, destroy the results of all your labors,
which have been bestowed upon your trees, for
eighteen months.

At the moment when youi- bud begins to devel-
ope, collect small sticks, about the size of your
little finger and two feet in length ; these are to
be secured to the trees by two ligatures, leaving the
uper end about eighteen inches above the top of
the stalk.

When the buds have sufficiently grown they
are to be secured to these supports, by ligatures
delicately applied.

Now behold the term of your desires, — tire re-
compense of all your cares, and all your labors.
Each morning will bring you new joys, and I
charge you not to lose a single moment ; for this
joy will be short.

' Et, rose, elle a vecu ce ()ue vivent les roes,
L'ospace d'uQ matia.*

But there is a method of prolonging these
pleasures ; it is by budding the rebloonungor per-
petual roses, such as the Bcngoles, Noisettes, Port-
land, Four seasons &c, by this means you can
have roses until November.

The sweet-briars produce the most beautiful
roses the first year after they have been budded,
and 1 shall instruct you how to preserve them in
this state, and to prevent them from degenerating.

XVII. WINTER PRU.MNG.

Towards the middle of October, when the sap
has descended, it is necessary to prune your rose-
bushes. Each branch should be cut off, to ab(jut
a foot in length ; this labor prepares them for
transportation to the place, for which they may be
destined. Forget not to cut off with scissors,
such leaves as remain on at tlie time they are ta-
ken out of the nursery. This precaution is ne-
cessary to prevent the trees from perishing which

ofien happens, if they are i)luutcd out witli the
leaveH on.

XVIII. TRAMSPLANTING.

When your sweet-hriai-s have been taken up, the
extrernilies of the roots should be cut off. The
largest should be selected, if it is intended to
form an avenue, a graduated line, or an amphi-
theatre ; each of thu.^e modes of plaining has its
advantages, and the selection must be left to your
good taste.

Whatever be the mode which you adopt, of
planting out the tri;es, forget not what I have j
said, in the article on stakes and supports,
which should be placed as soon as the plantation
has been completed.

XIX. ANNUAL pruning.

I have projuised to inform you of the means
of continuing your beautiful roses and preventing
them from degenerating; and this is the moment,
to indicate the Last operation which you have to
perform on your sweet-briars, and whicli it is nc-
i^essary to coinuiencc, annually, in the month of
March.

This consists in pruning them short, — leaving
but two bulls on each branch of the shoot, pro-
duced by the inserted bud. It is to be observed,
however, that there are many species which re-
quire to be left a little longer. Fear not to eradi-
cate the beautiful shnots, which grew the preced-
ing year; it will produce others more beautiful,
and you will lose nothing. This is the time to
cutoff the end of the little wild shoot, on which
you left the aspiring bud.

CLIMBING SPECIES OF ROSES.

Before terminating my instructions, I ought to
make known to you, a happy idea of one of my
neighbors, as to the management of tlie climbing
species of roses, such as the Multiflora and its
varieties, the Boursault and its varieties, &,c. I have
made the ex|>eriiiient on some of mine and was
delighted at the fine effect which was produced.

The Miiltifloras and the Boursaults extend their
branches far, and are, consequently, very easily
trained on a railing ; but if in the midst of a
plantation, you desire to unite these species, it is
very unpleasant to have the branches falling to the
ground, or extending over the other rose trees ;
to prevent this, care should be taken, the first
year, to preserve these falling branches and to
leave them until the end of October, that their
wood may be thoroughly ripened ; then raise all
the branches and unite them in the form of a
globe, as regular as possible. In the month of
march there is no pruning to be done, and the
moment the sap ascends you see them covered
with leaves and a vast quantity of buds. The
higher the globe is elevated the more admirable
is the effect ; and in my opinion it is the best
mode of managing these clitnbing species.

Believing that I have attained the object which
I proposed, that of detailing to yon, information
on the education of sweet-briars, and the mode
of prosecuting this culture with success, I will ter-
minate my instructions and leave you in the midst
of your children, being certain, that like a good
father of a f unity, yon will extend to them, your
assiduous attentions, in gratitude for the pleasures
which you have experienced.

tiiin. The large block of wood shows the manner
in which the insect girdles the tree — the others,
how they penetrate it. In sundry excavations wg
found a whole family, from the nit to the perfect
bug, under their progressive transformations. The
tree is a Jargonelle in bearing. The body of thw
tree bore the principal marks of their ravages —
but the effect is seen in the branches. This is
probably the princiiial reasjn why the insect has
eluded the scanh. Whatever has been our opin-
ion respecting the agents of this desolation, we
had aliundant evidence in this case that the de-
struction of this vigorous and healthy tree was
the sole work of the Scolytus Pijri.

Inclosed in a paper 1 send the insect in its ilif-
ferent .stages. They are probably to be found also
in ijie wood.

Vours, respectfully,

O. FISKE.

K'orcesler, ^iugust 12, 1830.

Remxrks by the EJitor. — We are under great
obligations to Dr Fiske, and are happy to perceive
that tlie Governor takes an active part in iuvesti-
g.itions which relate to the great interests of the
cultivator. The ssction of the trunk of the tree,
which was sent to us as above, is between -4 and 5
inches in diameter, and a small horizontal cut or
channel just within the outer part of the alburnum,
or sap wood, evidently tiie work of an insect,
extends about one third part round the tree.
One of the limbs affected by this wood<uitter, is a
little more than 2 inches, and the other a little more
than an inch in diameter. We had supposed that
the operations of this destroyer were confined to
small limbs, and that at least a partial remedy
might be obtained by cutting off and burning the
branciies, which indicated its presence. But when
it attacks the body of the tree, the evil becomes
general, and the destruction complete. Further
investigations of that subject are respectfully so-
licited.

FOR THE IfEW EKGLANIT FARHER.

TURNIPS, AS FOOD FOR SHEEP.

Mr Russell — Having seen it stated, more than
once, that turnips are injurious to ewes with lamb,
I take the liberty to request, that some of your
corresprndent.a, if any there are, who have found
them so, will state the fact from experience. 1
also should be glad to learn their value for sheep,
from any one who is satisfied of their good prop-
erties as winter food. B.

,1nson, Mc. August 17, 1830.

IlSrSECT IN PEAR TREES.
Mr Fessexden — I have spent the morning with
the Governor in dissecting a Pear tree, and send
you by Gen. Heard, the result of our investiga-

TiGHT Shoes. — Shoes of too restricted dimensions
distort and blister the feet, and produce, invariably,
those small but painful excrescences denominated
corns. Nine women inten upon the most reasonable
calculation, before the age of twcnyfour, have to a
certain extent, deformed and suffering feet from this
cause alone. Such individuals, also, as adopt this
unnatural practice of forcing their feet, like a wedge,
into a tight pair of shoes, are uniformly bad and un-
irraceful walkers — the spring and elasticity of their
feel is lost, and their gait is afterwards cramped and
hobbling. They who would avoid these unseemly
and painful defects, must remain satisfied with the
original conformation of their foot, and wear shoes
corresponding to its shape, and answering in every
I respect to its bulk. In purchasing shoes ready made,
j or professing to be made to measure, let them, if in
I the least degree too tight, be stretched upon the
I last, and not upon the feet. The shoe must be made
i to the foot, and not the foot to the shoe. -Jour, of-
' Health.

36

NEW EN(U.AND FARMEK,

August 20, 1830,

FOR THK NEW ENGI.ANl' FARMER.

HAPPINESS THE RESULT OF INDLSTRT.

The wealtli wliicli a man acquires by his hon-
est industry affurds him greater jjleasure in the
enjoyment, than when acquired in any oilier way;
and men who hy personal labor have obtained a
competency, know its vahie better than tliose
who have had it showered upon them without
any efforts of their own. Idleness engenders dis-
ease, while exercise is the great prop of lieahli,
and health is the greatest blessing of life. Which
consideration alone oiiglit to stimulate men to pur-
sue some useful employment ; and among the al-
most endless number of those to which good laws
and well organized society give birth and encom-
agemeiit, there are none equal to the culture of
the earth, none which yield a more grateful return.
The pleasures derived both from agriculture, and
horticulture, are so various, so delightful, and so
natural to man, that they are not easily to be de-
scribed, and never to be excelled ; for in what-
ever way they are pursued the mind may be con-
stantly entertained with the wonderful economy
of the vegetable world ; the nerves are invigor-
ated and kept in proper tone by the freshness of
the earth, and the fragrancy of the air, which
flush the countenance with health, and give a
relish to every meal. NORTHVVOOD.

PEACH TREES.

The following comnuniication, from a practical
agriculturist, contains a valuable suggestion. —
The specimens referred to, are in our possession,
and may be examined by the curious in these
matters. To the un|)ractised eye, the covering in
which these worms wind themselves, would pass
for particles of earth and water, accidentally col-
lected around the root. It would bo well for
every owner of a peach tree, to set about ex-
amining the roots, and ridding them of tins ene-
m}'. It is strange that more attention is not paid
to this valuable fruit. A farmer near Philadel-
phia, the last year, sold .$13,000 worth of peaches
from a spot of ground that vvoidd not have yield-
ed two thousand dollars, with grain crops ]

Mp. Ha I.LETT — If you are a lover of fine peach-
es, it may not be amis.«, to remind the owners of
the few remaining peach trees, that the worms
infesting the roots of these trees, are now about
assuming their wings. In a few weeks, they will
be inhabitants of the air, ready to lay the founda-
tion of a new colony of worms, to prosecute
their work of destruction the ensuing year. The
observation of a minute is sufficient to determine
whether a tree is infested by them. A mass of
' gum mixed with particles of wood, much resein-.
bling sawdust, attached to the root at the surface
of the ground, or within an inch or two below is a
certain indication of the incsence of the worm.
The greater part of these insects, according to my
observation, are already enclosed in llieir cocoon
undergoing their transformation into the Nymplial
or Chrysalis state. The covering is somewhat
less than an inch in length, and one third of an
inch in diameter, as you will see by the three spe-
cimens enclosed. They are easily foinid in the
gummy mass above mentioned. — But t!ie worm.s
not yet enclosed, will be found in the cavity which
they have formed between the bark and wood of
the root, and generally near the bottom of it. If
the root of the tree appear fair and sound to the
<lepth of two or three inches no further search is
necessary. — R. I. American of July 22.

vermin. Our author says trees do not receive the
slightest injury by using this remedy. — Reading
Journal.

BOTTS IN HORSES. Itliein and affect the vermin to such a degree that

A writer in the American Farmer states the f il- ! in ten minutes thereafter they will be completely
lowing as a sure remedy fur the botts in burses, j destroyed. With one gill of this spirit, we were
and says it was practised by a vetermary surgeon i enabled to cleanse five trees of these destructive
who came to this country during the revolution,
with Baron Steuben : — First drench the hcrse
with a (piart of new milk saturated with honey,
molasses or sugar, (to be preferred in the order in
which they are named ;) leave him two hours, ct
rest ; drench him again with a pint of strorig brine,
previously made by dissolving in boiling water as
much common salt as it will hold, and leave the
horse undisturbed two hours more. Tiicn ad-
minister half a pint of linseed oil, and the treat-
ment is complete.

The rationale of this course, according to the
writer, is as follows : Kotts destroy horses by
feeding upon and perforating the integmncnts of
the stomach ; but, preferring sweetened milk to a
flesh diet, they leave the substance of the stonjach
and glut on the milk, of which they partake so
much that they are greatly distemled, exposing a
thin skin to the action of the brine when adminis-
tered, wiiich easily destroys them. Oil' is after-
wards given to heal the woimds in the. stomach
made by the wornis.

John Minds, in his Treatise on F irriery, (a work
which should be in the hands of every man who
lias the charge of horses,) altributed the genera-
tion of worms to irregidar feeding, and to feed-
ing upon indigestible substances, nmsty hay, grain,
&c, and in some aged horses to imperfect masti-
cation. These causes j)roduce indigestion, and
ultimately worms. Mr Hinds recommends, thai,
when it is certainly ascertained the horse is at-
tacked by worms, the following bolus or ball be
administered: Calomel, U drachms; Annis
seed, 5 drachms, mixed with treacle into a paste
for two doses, to be given on two successive nights,
the first dose to be preceded by water gruel, and
the last one to be followed, the next day, by a pur-
gative compoimd of, Barbadoes aloes 4 drachms.
Gamboge ] J drachms, prepared kali 2 dr. ginger
1 dr. od of amber a teaspoonftd, syrup of liiuk-
thorn sufiiclent to form the whole into a ball for
one dose. Should the horse be weakly the first
mixture may be divided into three doses for as
many successive days, to be followed on the fourth
morning by the purgative. The horse in the mean
while should be fed with fresh grass, cracked corn,
mashed jiotatoes or other food easily digestible ;
accompanied occasionally with salt. As the dis-
ease is produced hy impaired digestive organs, it
nmst be cured by restoring to those organs their
healthfid tone towards which the medicines re-
commended have a favorable tendency.

Preserving Vegetnhks Green for the Winter.

Take green corn either on the cars, or carefiilly
shelled, peas, beans in pods, and dip them into
boiling water, and then carefully dry them in a
room where there is a free circulaiion of air.
Thus presirved they will keeji until winter, and
retain all their freshness and agreeable flavor.

.'V. F. Farmer.

Happening to look over an Almanat^ published
in 1802, we found a receipt for the destruction of
caterpillars. We tried it, and, we are happy to
say, with complete succes.s. It is briefly this.
Take a long reed or|)ole, and tie a piece ofsponge
at the end — dip this in spirits of turpentine, and
conduct it to the nests— the spirits will penetrate

From the Middletown Sentinel.

WATER.

Clear water is the best drink to preserve health.
It ought not, however, in hot weather, to be drank
very cold, as it will prove injurious — although that
is the time when most people prefer to have it the
ccddest. Some will put ice in it, which helps the
doctors, and enables tavern-keepers to sell more of
their liiiuors. Spring or well water should stand
awhile before a person that is warm drinks freely
of it.

Horses and cattle will not drink water that is
very cold, when they can obtain that which is
warmer. They will, in warm weather, drink wa-
ter from a brook, or at some distance below asprin",
rather than from the head of a spring, because it is
too cold; but iji winter, they prefer water near the
head of the spring, because it is then not so cold
as that in the brook.

It seems as though mankind might know as
much as horses and catllc ; yet it appears they are
not so prudent about their drink.

Cold water is good for a bruise or wound, when
used immediately— no matter, in this case, how
cold. Snow may also be used in lieu of it, when
most convenient, though I should rather prefer
water ; for it wets the flesh sooner : but either wiU
re|)el the blood, and help to heal the wound.

My first information of the utility ofcolil water
for curing wounds, was from General Sullivan,
of New Hampshire, who learned it from the In-
dians during the revolutionary war.

After he returned home fioin the army, his wife
hurt her arm very badly, just as he was aliout to
leave home : he poin-ed on cold water until lint was
prepared, which he applied, ami put a bandage
round the arm, telling her to keep it on until his
return, which he expected would be in two or three
ilays— directing her to wet it occasionally with
water containing a little spirit, (though no spirit
was used at first. ) — She followed his directions,
lint he did not return under a week. He asked
her how her arm did .' She .said she had not ta-
ken off the bandage, for it did not pain her. On
removing the bandage and dressings, he found it
was completely well.

Gen. Sullivan said ho had cured many wound-
ed men, by the ajiplicatioii of rold water, after-
wards putting on something to keep the air from
the wounds, which, in the common mode of dres-
sings would prob.'ddy have proved fital. I have
used it and seen it tried fir about fifty years ma-
ny times with wonderful success.

If a finger, toe, hand or foot should be mashed,
put it into a pail or bnok of water, .squeeze it to
its place, and put the bones right— it will general-
ly get well without much else being done to it.

A FARiMER.

By late foreign medical journals we learn that
M. Coster, a French surgeon of great eminence,
has devoted his attention to the subject of animal
[>oisons. He has discovered that chlorine has the
wonderful power of decomposing and destroying
poison of the most deadly kind. The saliva of

Vol. IX.— No 5.

AIND FIORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

37

the mail ilog has the property, when iiiseitcti un-
der the skin, ofroitiinunicatin!; Iiydroiihubiii to oth-
er aiihnals as well as to man. M. Cosier has liceii
able, by means of ehlorine, to decompose this dead-
ly poison and render it harndess, preventing the
approach of liydropholiia in animals bitten by dogs
decidedly rabid. There can be no donbt of the
accuracy of the experiment on which this ttale-
ment is predicated. From this the most impor-
tant practical results follow :

Make a strong wash by dissolving two table
spoonfulls of the chloruet of lime in half a pint of
water, and instantly and repeateilly bathe the p.ut
bitten. The poison will in this way be decompos-
ed. It has proved succ-essful when applied with-
in six hours after the animal has been bitten.

Silliman's Journal.

From a very well written, (but somewhat con-
ceited) artii le on Geolou-y, in the last American
Quarterly Review, we quote the following para-
graph : — ' If a grod elementary wo'k, on the
theory of husbandry, were introduced into our
common schools, it would set thousands of inge-
nious and clever boys thinking. The admixture
of soils, the application of manures, the spread-
ing of sea shells u[ion the sandy fields, the eftecis
proclucc<l by doses of lime in the tenacious clays:
all these our fanners are familiar willi — they see,
but they know not — tiiej' stand upon the very
threshold of the temple of knowledge ; it is the
duty of a government to remove the film from be-
fore their eyes, that they may enter, and partake
cheerfully and fearlessly, of the bounties and glo-
■ries of nature.'

BUYING ON TRUST.

The practice of purchasing small articles on
trust, is as bad for the piu'chaser as for the dealer.
It leads him often beyond his depth, particidarly
in a great city, where every desire is tempted al-
most before it has existence, and ere he is aware,
lie finds himself ' up to his ears in delit,'and final-
ly overwhelmed and Inst. The fact is, that most
men are born from three to twelve months too
soon. They live thus much in advance of their
means, and when they die, their estates are en-
cumbered with a host of small debts, which, if
they do not absorb, and more than absorb, every
item of property they have, subject it to serious
embarrassments and losses. Articles purchased
in this way, are almost always procured ilisadvan-
tageously, often uimecessarily, and when pay day
comes, for it will 'come at last,' the poor man
finds it much harder to raise the necessary amount,
than he would have done to meet the payments
in small sums as the articles were called for.
There are few men in this country, who cannot,
by industry and persevering econ(miy, bring up in
a few months their habitual arrears, and then they
will have the satisfaction of feeling themselves
independent, will procure their articles to better
advantage, and as ihey walk the streets, will not
have to keep a sharp look-out ahead, lest they
should meet with some of their creditors. A man
who is free from debt, is the oidy freeman ; and
yet how many sell themselves to a most perplex-
ing bondage, from sheer mismanagement and ex-
travagance, as if it were better to wear a fine
coat and an anxious face, than to dress a little
plainer and be their own masters. If the poorer
class of citizens, and indeed all classes, woidd fol-
low the maxims of Franklin on this subject, they
would avoid a thousand perplexities which we

need not descrilie, for ihey know ihem already
too well by experieni-c.

We are here speaking of honest men, who
wish and intend to pay their ilebts. There is an-
other class of debtors, anil some of them very
dashy ones loo, whom we look upon as mere
swindlers, and therefore have no advice to give
them, except — to take care, lest they exchange
their superfine broadeloth.», gold chains and ruffles,
for a suit of striped homespun, at Sing Sing, or
Blackwell's Island JV. Y. Journal of Commtrce.

The season gives the very best promise. Eng-
lish Grain of all kinds will be heavy ; Hay abun-
dant ; Indian Corn somewhat backward, but be-
gi IS to look up well. fVuit killed iti the valle\
by the late frost*, but the boughs bend mider the
weight on the hill. — Keene A*. H. Sentinel.

The following remarks on Education from Blackwood's
Magazine, are worthy the attention of every Parent.

Shepherd. — Pronounce in ae monosyllable — the
power o' education. Praise ?

English OpiumEciler. — Love.

Shepherd. — How often fatally tliocht to be, Fear !

English Opium Enter. — Lovk ! Look on the or-
phan, for whom no one care.s — for whom im face
ever brigliteiis, no voice grows musiial ; who per-
forms in slavish drudgery her soliiaiy and lliank-
less labors, and feels that, from tnorning to night,
the scowl of tyranny is upon liqr — and see hoiv
nature pines, and shivers, and gets stunted, in the
absence of the genial light of huui.anity.

Shepherd. — Like a bit unlucky lily, chance-plant-
ed amang the cald clay on a bleak knowe to the
north, where the morning sun never, and the
evening sun seldom shines, and bleakne.ss is the
ge.ieral character o' the ungenial day. It strug-
gles at a smile — does the bit bnmiie stranger
white lily — but youseeil's far (raebappy, an<l that
it 'II be sune dead. The bee passes it by, fir it's
quite scentless ; and though some draps o' dew do
visit it — for the heavens are still gracious to the
dying outcast — yet they canna freshens up its
droopin' head, so weak at last, that the stalk could
hardly bear up a butterfly.

English Opium Eater. — Even the buoyant — the
elastic — the airy — the volatile spirit of childhood
cannot sustain itself against the weight of self-
degradatiou thus bearing it down with the con-
sciousness of contumely and contempt. The heart
seems to feel itself worthy of the scorn it so pei-
petually endures ; anil cruel humiliation destroys
its virtue, by robbing it of its self-esteem.

Shepherd. — God's truth.

English Opium-Eater. — Look on that jiicture —
and on this. See the child of the poorest parents,
who love it, perha|)S, the better firtheir poverty —

Shepherd. — A thousan' — a rinllion times the bet-
ter— as Wordsworth nobly says —

' A virtuous household, though exceeding poor.'

English Opium Eater. — With whom it has been
early made a partaker in pleasure and in praise —
and fnlt its common hmuanity, as it danced before
its father's steps when he walked to his morning
labor — or as it knelt beside hitn al morning and
evening prayer ; and what a contrast will there
be, not in the happiness merely, but in the whole
nature of those two beings !

Shepherd. — A rose-tree full in bearHtg, balming
and brightening the wilderness — a dead withered
wall flower on a sunless cairn !

English Opium Enter. — Change their lot, and
you will soon change their nature. It will, in-
deed, Ixvdifficiilt to reduce the glad, and rejoicing,
and self-exulting child to the level of her who
w.as So miserably bowed down in sonielhiiig worse
than ilespair; but it will be easy — a week's kind-
ness will do it — to rekindle life, and self-satisfac-
tion, in the heart of the ori)han-slave of the work-
hou,«e — to lift h r, by love, and sympathy, ami
praise, up to the glad consciousness of her moral
being.

Shepherd. — Aye — like a star in hea\en set free
frae the cruel clouds.

English Opium Enter. — So essential is self-esti-
mation, even to the happiness, the innocence, and
the virtue of childhood ; and so depeiuleiit aro
they on the sympathy of those to whom n.'ilure
constrains it to look, and in whom it will for'jive
and forget many frowning days for one chaiico
smiling hour of transient benignity !

Voracity of Insects. — The amount of leaves
eaten by the caterpillars produced from one ounce
ofe^trs, is upwards of I'JOOlbs! A sinile silkworm
consumes, within thirty days, about 60,000 times its
primitive weight.

A table spoonful of the spirits of Camphor, is said
to be an infallible r-^medy against the fatal effects of
drinking cold water in warm weather. Several in-
stances of its good effects are quoted in the Newark
(N.J.) Eagle.

To Destroy Thistles.~The Canada papers tell ug
of a very easy and effectual way to destroy Thistles,
which are gradually encroaching upon some parts of
our country, and are likely to be as injurious to our
affricnlture as theirs. Let the thistles be mown be-
fore they go to seed, and the first rain, by soaking
into the stalks, will cause their decay.

Eraw ssr(a2iAi7:D s'iiiiisiss.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, A U G U S T 20, 1 8 3 0.

RYR.

This very useful grain is capable of being cul-
tivated on must kinds of l.and, but light sandy
soils, where wheat will not thrive, are the sorts of
soil on, which, in general its culture will be most
profitable.

In .Memoirs of the J^/'ew York Board of ^Igrirul-
ture,\o\. i. page 82, it is said, ' Rye should be
sowed the last week in August, or the first vvek
in September, at the rate of about thirty si.x quarts,
per acre, some say forty eight quarts, liui if it
is not sowed at that time, it ought to be ih l;i\ed
until late in November, so that it may not come up
till spring. A. Worthington had a good crop,
which he sowed in a January snow storm. Rye
raised on upland makes much better flour than
that which is raised on low or damp land.'

Rye may be sov.n in anlmnn to gieai advan-
tage for green fodder for cattle and shecji, partic-
ularly the latter, in the spring Ewes and lambs
will derive great benefit from it, at a time \\ hen
little or no other ifieen fiiod can be ))rocured.
When it is meant for this purpose, it should not
oidy be sowed early in autumn, but should be sow-
ed thicker than when it is intended to stand for a
cro|) of seed. Some say that it may well be mow-
ed for hay two or three times in the course of
the summer, and this piece of husbandry has been
recommended by English writers, fiir fiirmers
wliose laudaare mostly dry or unsuitable for grass.

38

NEW ENGLAND FAIJMER,

August 20, 1830.

MAGAZINES OF MANURE.

Take advanla'je of this warm aud dry weatlicr
to search your preuiises lor what may be styled
tniiifs of manure, sucli as peat, marl, mud, Sec.
With regard to the last iiieutioued substance, the
following observations may be of service : ' lu
ponds and rivers the sediment is made u\> of fine
dust, together willi a variety of other substam-es,
which have been wafted in the air, and have fall-
en into the water ; together with the subtlest par-
ticles of the neighboring soils, washed down into
them by rain. That is supposed to be the richest
mud, which is near to the borders, and wliicli has
lieeu alleruately flooded and fermented ; us it
will ferment when it lays bare in some ilegrec.'
. ' lu rivers and in long ditches that have cur-
rents, there is a greater proportion of soil in the
mud. It has been brought down from soft, mel-
low lands, through which the rivers pass ; and
some of It doubtless from beds of mailc, which
are often found m the banks of rivers, and which
readily dissolve in tue water.

' Some ponds are totally dried up in a hot and
dry suuuuer, and all ponds and rivers are so di-
minished by a co|iious evaporation, as to leave
part of iheir beds uncovered. Aud these beds,
whore there has been no rapid current, are al-
ways found to contain a rich mud. In some
))laces it reaches to a considerable depth. This
itiud, though taken from fresh waters, has been
found to be a valuable manure ; more especially
for dry, s.iiidy and gravelly soils. I have known
it to have as good an efl^ect as barn dung, in ihe
culture of Indian corn, upon such soils — The ad-
vantage uf it is not found to be limited to one
season ; it meliorates the land for several years.
It restores to a high piece of ground what vegeta-
ble mould the rains in a long course of years have
been washing away from it.

• It is happy for the farmer that Providence has
prepan d for him those magazines of manure in
all parts of the coimtry. None but the stupid will
let them lie unnoticed or unrcmoved. When a dry
auiuuui happens, the [jtudent farmers >/ill be very
industrious in carting mud up from evaporated
ponds, .iud other sunken places in their farms,
and layiug it on their light soils, especially o:i
high gravelly knolls ; or into their barn yards, if
the distance be not too great.

• But with respect to using mud as a manure,
the maritime farmers have the advantage of all
others. I'or the sea ooze, which appears on the
ilats aud in creeks aud harbors, along the shores ;
of the se;i, has all the virtues of fresh water mud,
with that of sea .salt superadded, which is one of
tlie most important ingredients in the composi-
tion of Ihe best manures. I might add that it
abounds more than any other mud, with putrefied
animal substances. Much of these are contained
in the sea itself : and innumerable are the fowls
aud fish that have perished on flats since time be-
gun ; and the component parts of their bodies
have been inclosed by the superveiuent slime.

• :\Iud taken from flats where there are shell-fish,
or even where they have formerly lived, is hette
for m:uune than that which appears to be more
unmi.s;ed. The shells among it are a valuable
part of its composition. If it abound much with
shells it becomes a general manure, fit to be laid
on almost every kind of soil.

' That mud, however, which is a richer manure
than any other, is taken from docks, and from ii.
sides of wharves in populous towns. For it has

been greatly enriched by the scouring of foul
streets, and from common sewers ; as well as
from an unknown ipiautity. of animal anil vege-
table substaiices, accidentally fallen, or designedly
thrown into such places.

' Sea mud may be taken u|> at any season.
whenever the farmer has most leisure. It is a
good method to draw it upon sleds from the flats
in March, when the border is covered with firm
ice. 1 have thus obtained mud from flats with
great expediiion ami with little expense.

' Mud that is newly taken up, may be laid upon
grass land. But if it be plough.id into the soil, it
should first lie exposed to the frost of one winter.
The frost will destroy its tenacity, and reduce ii
to a fine powiler ; after whiih it may be spread
like ashes. But if it be ploughed into the soil,
before it has been mellowed, it will remain in
lumps for several years, and be of less advantage.

' A layer of mud wdl be no bad ingredient in a
heap of compost. But it should be comiguous to
a stratum of lime il' that can be obtained. But
where this is wanting, new horse dung is the best
substitute, to excite n strong fermentation.

'The best method of inanagiug all sorts of muil,
were it not for increasing the labor would be to
lay it in farm yards, and let it he thoroughly mix-
ed with the dung aud stale of animals. When ii
is so managed, the compost is excellent, and fit
for almost any soil, though best for light ones.
Perhaps the advantage of it is so great as to pas
for the increased expense of twice carting. For
it will absorb the stale of cattle, and retain it bet-
ter than straw, and other light substances.' — Geor-
gical Dictionnry,

MAKING BUTTER.

Butter is made from crcairi or milk by the
chemical union of the oxygen or vital air of the
atmosphere with those materials. If a churn were
perfectly air tight, butter could not be produced
within it for want of oxygen, which composes
about one fifth part of the air, with which we are
surrounde<l. The more free the access of air,
other things being equal, to tbe contents of the
churn, the .sooner butter is manufactured.

A knowledge of these facts iniluced Mr John
Mears, of Don-hester, to in.sert a small tube in the
top of his churn, extending several inches above
said top, and descending as far below it as is prac-
ticable, without impeding the motion of the dasher.
This tube was 0|)eu at top, closed at bottom, but
gave access to air by means of a perpendicular slit
from near the top of the churn to near the bottom
T)f the tube. The consefpience of this improve-
ment was the accelerating and facilitating the pro-
duction of butter by about one half.

FOR THK NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

NAPOLEON AND PASSE COLMAR PEARS.

Thomas G. FKssK.\DEN,.EsQ._It is imich to be
regretted, that Mr \V. R. Prince should have u.sed
such confident language on a topic which we shall
show, he did not understand ; as its tendency is to
unsettle est:iblishe<I names, and to weaken the
public confidence in his own authority. I shall
use no other proof , than Mr Pri.'ice's own very sin-
gular note. The source of his mistake we cannot
divine.

' The pear trees cultivated at Boston under the
name of Napoleon, are wrong, (says he) aud next,
all the " Passe Colmar " trees which are identical
with the " Napoleon " there so called, are wrou"

also, as the one called the " Napoleon" is identi-
cally the Passe Colmar. These assertions are not
ventured, until after exauiiuatious made with that
scrupulous exactness, which doubts itself, until it
attain conviction beyond all doubt.'

So far Mr Prince.

Yet this very confiilcut assertion is founded en-
tirely and wholly iii error, and in very hasiy ex-
amination.

The Napoleon, so called here, is not identically
tlie Passe Colmar; but it is identically the Napo-
leon figured in the Poinological Magazine.

The Napoleon, so called here, is an autumnal
pear, and is precisely what Mr Prince describes it,
from authority.

The Passe Colmar, so called here, agrees precisely
with Mr Prince's description of the true Passe
Colmar. As he is now our authority, we can
safely appeal to that against himself. The Passe
Colmar will keep into January here — the Napoleon
ripens in October. Thrie is no more resemblance
between them, than between a St Germain and a
St Michael'.s.

IIow could Mr Prince know, that the two trees
cultivated at ISoston as the Napoleon and Passe
Colmar, were identical ? Did he ever examine
them on the originally imporlcd trees ? J^ever.

The Boston cultivators are too diffident of their
own qualifications to pretend to ilecide ; but this
they do assuredly know, that they received the
Napoleon and Passe Colmar from one of the most
exact cultivators in Europe, Mr Knight, v/ith de-
scriptions from his pen, and their fruits (actually
ripened and eaten) agree with all the descriptions,
and, most of all, with Mr Prince's own.

A FARMER.

Roxhury, August 13, 1830.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY

FLOWERS.

Saturday, August 14, 1830.

Flowers of the following varieties were exhibit-
ed at the last meeting; Hedyschium gardenerianum,
Phlox suaveolens, Phlox paniculala, and Sagitta-
ria latifo! a, from the Botanic Garden, Camhrid<re.
Two fin • bunches of flowers of varieties from
Messis Wi.NSHiPs. Buni'h of flowers from Mr
Cowing. Fine Double Dahlias, from D. Haggeh-

STO.V.

From the Virginia Free Press.

COW CABBAGE.
Mr Editor — I have noticed in the last I'Vee
Press and Repository, a communication copied
from the N. Y. Farmer, signed by James Thach-
cr of Plymouth, (Mass.) on the importance of cul-
tivating what he calls the Cow Cabbage, or ces-
arian kail,' the seed of which was sent by Doctor
James Mease. Through the politenes.s of the
Post Master in Charlestown, I too received, in
May, 1829, some of the same kind of cabbage
seed (spoken of by Mr Thacher) from Doctor
Mease of Philadelphia. The Doctor in his com-
municatiou to the Post Master at Charlestown,
gave the plant the name of Tree Cabbage. Liv-
ing as I do in a more Southern climate, and hav-
ing been more successful in raising the tree or
Cow cabbage, than either Mr Thacher or hie
neighbor, ' who took up his plants in the autumn
and put them into his cellar,' I will, with your per-
mission, make known, through the columns of
your paper, the progress I have made in cultiva-
ting this new kind of cabbage, called by my old
Gardener, 'Wild Cabbage.'

Vol.lX— No.5.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

I soweJ a few of the seeds in my ^aiilen early
in May, 1829 ; tiiey germiiiateil (]iiicklv, ami \}rn-
duccd thirty plants ; twenty of these I tjaiisplanteil
in the first of weak of October following, placing
them two and a half foot ajjart — eight of the
plants I dill not remove, siifl'ering them to rem.iin
the same distance apart of those 1 transj)lanled —
all reinaineil through the winter without slielter
of any kind, and only two stalks killed by the
frost. Those not transplanted were most luxuri-
ant, some of them are at this time nine or ten feet
high — those transplanted are from four to five
feet high. Doct. Thacher speaks of this Cabbage
being very valuable as provender fur cows. I have
not tried it in that way, but think it may answer
a goorl purpose : I can speak with certainty
from experience, and say, that it is very valuable
for table greens, called in Virginia, 'sprouts.' — It
was ready for us^e last Spring before any other
greens — one stalk will produce more than a bush-
el of sprouts. Doct. Thacher speaks of this cab-
bage living four years. Doctor Mease, when he
transmitted the seed, said they would live three
years. This is only the seeoml year since those
in my garden were planted ; they are now loaded
with seed, and the stalks appear on the decline. —
I rather incline to the oi)inion it will only last two
years, but am by no means positive, as there are
nt this time among those in my gardeu, many
young shoot.s springing from the roots of the old
Btalk. New England Farmers are encouraged to
cultivating this new article notwithstanding the
plants must be kept in a cellar in the winter. I
think keeping the plants in a cellar a discouraging
business, but here, where they will stand the winter
I think it will be found a most valuable plant, and
farmers may profit by it — they cannot lose.

A SUBSCRIBER.
Jefferson co., J'a., July, 1830.
[The expedient of keeping the plants in the Cel-
lar during tiie winter, can only be necessary in a
cold climate, and upon a small scale they will re-
pay the trouble they thus give.]

Turnip Seed, &fc.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office, 52 North Market-street,

-An extensive assortment of Turnip Seeds, of the most
valual)le sorts for family use or stock. The most approv-
ed kinds for the farmer, are the White Dutch, White
Stone, Yellow Slone and Yellow Malta. The two latter
are of uncommon exeellence, and keep well. Loudon
describes the Yellow Malta as ' an excellent and beauti-
ful root,' and of delicious flavor. Of the sorts for tield
culture, the White Norfolk, Yellow Aberdeen. White
Flat, and Rula Baga, are the best. The Yellow Aber
deen is most approved among the Farmers of England
and Scotland, as it grows to a Urge size, is very sweet
and nuirilio'is, and keeps till June. The above seeds
were saved in Europe expressly for this Establishment,
and the utmost dependence may be plac^-d on their genu-
ine quality.

200 lbs. of the finest English White Flat Turnip Seed,
raised this season, expressly for this Establishment, by Mr
Aarox D. Willi-^ms. of Roxbury, and warranted of
the first quality , for sale, wholesale and retail.

Also, a'variety of Long and Turnip rooted Radishes, suit
able for sowing the ensuing months, Lons Prickly, and
many other varieties of Cucumbers for pickling.

July 9.

39

! Straivbern/ Plants — Keens' Seedling;, Ifc.

I l-or sale at the Seed Store connected with the New

Eno-land Farmer, 52 Norlh Market-street,

A superior cnllcclion of Strawberry Plants, from Mr
Haffgerston's Chaileslown Vineyard, comprising the fol-
lowing sorts : — the Koseberry, Downton, liaUi Scarlet,
Pine Apple, Royal Scarlet, Alulberry, \\ ilmot's Superb,
and Keens' Seedlins- For a parlicuiar notice ol'ihe last
m ignificent variety, we beg leave to refer to the Report
of the Conwnittee on Fruits, of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, June 19, 1S30.

' The specimens of •' Keens' Seedling," olTered by
Mr Haggerslon, of the Charlestown Vineyard, exceedetl
anything of the kind wc had ever seen. This new varie-
ty, introduced into this country by that enterprising and
skilful horticulturist, fully sustained the high charactiT
given of it, in the English publications, and all that is
said of it in the Potnological Magazine, where it is dp.
scribed as being ' veri/ large, vfry good, and veri/ prolific'
Taking all the properties of this justly celebrated sti'aw-
berry into consideration, it may be said to have no "-ival.
Some of the largest of those exhibited by Mr Haggcrslon,
measured over .'ii inches in circumference, and the aivr-
age circumference of the sample, being about one quart,
it is believed was over 4 inches. A few of them were of
cocks-comb shape, but mostly round or ovale. The
produce upon the stalks of a single plant, set last autumn,
was exhibited at the Hall by Mr Haggcrslon, which, on
counting, was found to consist of the astonishing nuitiber
of 157 ripe and green berries. The size and strength of
the fruit stalks, its broad, deep green leaves, and the gen-
eral healthiness and vigor of the plant, are well adapted
to the support and protection of the enormous size and
quantity of fruit which it yields. The committee on
fruits are therefore unanimously of opinion that Mr flag-
gerston is entitled to the Society's premium for the 'be^t
strawbenies, which is accordingly awarded him ; and ihey
further award him a premium of g!5,00 for introducing
this new and most valuable variety.

By order of the Committee.

E. Phisney, C/iairman.'

The first mentioned varieties, may be purch.ased at the
rate of $1 per hundred; Wilmot's Superb, at ^5 per
hundred; Keens' Seedling, at $15 per hundred, $9,50
per dozen, or 25 cents per single plant. August 20.

J^otice
A special meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, will be held on Saturday, August iilst, at the
Hall of the Society, at 11 o'clock, by adjoiirnment.

R. L. EMMONS, Recording Secretary.
AuguU 20.

Boy Wanted.
An active, intellig-ent, faithful lad, of good address as a
salesman, of from 12 to 15 years of age, is wanted in an
establishment in this city. A boy from the cotintry, who
can give satisfaction in the above respects, will meet with
good encouragement. Apply at the office ol the Farmer.

August 20.

Do'ivar Calves, Saxony Bucks, and Bremen Geese.

For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by the celebrated iin

ported impioved Durham shoit horned bull Bolivar

which stock have produced 3b' quarts of milk a day. No

1. dam Grey Blown, half Ca-lebs and half Galloway. No

2, dam Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres
her sire Ccelebs, her d.ini Mr Gray's imported Cow. No
4, ilain Beauty, half Calebs and half Galloway. Th»
Calves are beautiful, and their dams all crreal milkers.

j Two inipoilcd Saxony Bucks, 2 YearlinES, anil 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of benjamin Shurt-
letr, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston.

tf. July 9.

PRICES OF COVNTRY PRODUCE. '

AI'rLES,new,
A.SIIES, pol.tirsl son,

rearl, lirst sort, -
DEANS, while,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. 2,
BUTTKK, inspecieil, No. l,new,
(,'liEE.SE, new milk, ...

Skinimeil inUk.
FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, -
Oeiiesee, . - -

Rve, best,
GRAIN. Com,
Rvc,
Barley,
Oils,'
HAY,

liOti'S LAUD, first sort, new,
HOPS, 1st qualitv.
I.IME, ■ . . . .

I'l.AlSTER PARIS retails at
I'ORK. clear.

Navy, mess,

Cargo. No. 1, . .

SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Oreli.int Gr.ass,
Fowl [VIe.Tdow, -
Red Top (northern,) "
Lucerne, ....
► SVIiite I lor.cvsuckle Clover,

Red Clover, fnorlhern)
WOOL, Merino, lull blood, wa,lied, -
IMcriiio. full blood, uaw ashed,
Merino, mixed with Saxony,
Mei ,iio. iliree lourihs washed.
Merino, hall blood,
Meriwo. quarter
Native, washed,
Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, -
Pulied, Lamb's, second sort,
Pulled, " spinning, first sort,l

KROK

TO

barrel.

2 OU

3 to

ton.

115 00 120 lit)

"

133 00 135 00

hushcl

90

barrel

10 00

in 50

t(

8 50

•J 00

*t

6 50

C 70

pound.

10

13

'*

G

7

"

i

S

barrel.

5 5C

5 75

"

5 25

5 G*

ti

3 6li

3 7ft

bii.sliel

4G

55

«'

G5

G7

n

CO

C5

"

40

42

cwt.

fiO

70

c w t .

11 50

12 00

"

H 00

15 OO

cask.

711

"5

ton.

3 50

3 75

barrel.

19 (10

20 00

(,

12 25

12 .in
12 50

bushel.

200

3 00

4 00

<(

fii

75

pound.

33

33

33

n

7

8

"

50

55

(I

30

35

it

CO

C5

«

42

45

n

38

!2

It

35

40

tt

35

37

55

it

38

4«

40

Chloride of Soda.
For sale at the Seed Store connected with the N. E.
Farmer, 52 North Market-street — A few dozen bottles of
Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, removing offensive
smells, neutralizing pestilential exhalations, and destroy-
ing contagion ; prepared by the New England chemical
company for Lowe and Keed. This valuable article is
pai ti -ularly described, page 390 of this week's New Eng-
and Farmer.— Price $1,00 per bottle, with directions.

Straivherrj) Plants.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, .52 North Market-street — direct from
the Brighton Nursery,

A larn-e vaiiety of Strawberry Vines, comprisjnj the
Pine Apple, Rnseberry, Bath Scarlet. Royal Scarlet,"Miil-
berry. Wood, Chili, &c, at $1 per hundred. Also Wil-
mot's Superb, Keens' Imperial, and Keens' Seedling, at a
reasonable rale.

PROVISION MAKKET.

conr.EcTEn kvkby week by mr n/iywARn,
( CterK of Fuitmiit-haU Market.)

Grass Seeds.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Mirket street,

A large assortment of Seeds of the vaiious grasses cul-
tivated in New Engl.ind, viz:

HKRDS GRASS ; RED TOP ;

ORCHARD GRASS;

TALL MEADOW OATS GR.\.SS;

FOWL MEADOW GRASS;

LUCERNE, or FRENCH CLOVER;

RED CLOVER;

WHITE HONEYSUCKLE CLOVER: aNo

BUCKWHEAT, FLAX, MILLET. FIELD PEAS,
and 14 varieties of the most esteemed FIELD TURNIP
SEED, cultivated in Europe and America, all warranted I
of the first quality, and at the customary market prices.

Aug. I:?.

BEEF, best pieces,
I'OKK, fresh, best pieces,
whole hogs,

WU 1' TON
I'OCLTKV,
l!UTTER,l<.gandtuh, -

Li.inp, best.
F.GGS,
MEAL. Rye. retail,

IndraiT, retail,
';f>T^T«)S nrw .
('lUER, [according to quality,]

pound

e

8

tt

4

*'

41

"

ml

't

III

"

13

tiozen.

Hi

bushel.

84

barrel.

3 50

)«

10

6

g

III

II

14

20

12

95

40

70

I 00

iLf .'>iinseuber< to the New England Farmer are in-
f rmed that they can have their volumes neatly half
b3UQd and lettered by sending them to this office.

Rrightom Makkkt — Monday, August IG.

[Reported for llie Chronicle and Patiiot. J
At Market this day, 47-2 Beef Cattle, (nearly 100 un.sold

at the close of the market,) 335 Stores, 12 Cows and Calves,

4106 Sheep and Lambs, and 252 Swine.

Prices— Beef Cattle — A depreciation of about 17 cents

per 100 pounds from last week : we quote from $3,.5U to

$4,150 ; we noticed 3 or 4 .sold for $4,624.

.SYor^-s— Few sales only noticed, too many at JIarkel
for the season

Cows and calves — No sales noticed.

Sheep and Lambs— From $1,17 to $1,75— f.iir lots
were taken at about ,$I,50 a $1,62^.

Swine — We noticed one selected lot of 46 taken at 4
cts. and one of 61 to close at 3i cts. — at retail, 4i a 5 cts.

40

NEW ENGLAND FARMER

August 20, 1830

From a ' Mariner's Sketches,' lately pubhslied in
Providence.

Sickness at Sea.— One who has never been at
sea, can fomi no idea of the peculiar feelings of ile-
sertedness and s'^litiide that seize the wretch,, whom
the fates visit with anv kind of indisposition of body,
when out of the reach of the faculty nurses, warm-
ing pans, chicken broths, and all those convenien-
ces, that make a fit of sickness at home, a kind of
'olium cum dignitate' atfair — a sort of temporary
withdrawing one's self from tlie cares and ve.xations
of this vile world, while the increased solicitude and
an.tiety of friends give one a feeling of consequence
and importance, peculiarly gratifying, provided never-
theless, that the sickness aforesaid is not unto death,
in which case, perhaps the difference between sea
and land is merely imaginary. But at sea no one
can be spared to wait upon the patient; cliickens
are minus, warming pans and doctors ditto. The
cook is indeed ex officio nurse general, and is in
fact called the 'doctor' in all merchant ships, though
his culinary avocations render his attentions to the
hospitnl department e.xtremely uncertain and inter-
mittent, for the axiom that 'a living dog is better
than a dead lion,' or even a sick one, is gospel at sea,
and of course greater care is taken to supply the
healthy with food than the sick with comforts.

In addition tothis, I have always remarked that the
masters of American merchantmen will seldom be-
lieve that a man is sick till the agonies of death take
place, it being the cliief corner stone of their belief to
look after their employer's interest first and foremost,
and rather to kill a man by hard work and exposure,
than to permit liim to defraud the owners by his
untimely sickness.

liLE OF France.— Very high up on the side of
one of t'le highest mountains near the harbor, is a tel-
egraph station, which seemed inaccessible to any
aniinal but a very smart, active mor.key ; from which
vessels could be seen twentyfour hours before their
aitival, from the extreme clearness of the air.

In this island, originated the science of ' nauscopy,'
or, as an Irish )>hilosopher defines it, ' tlie art of
seeing a ship before she is in sight ;' the theory of
which is this, that the refraction of the air, shows an
inverted image of the sliip above the horizon, while
the ship is still below or rather beyond its limits.
This ' notion' attracted some attention at first, but
was soon exploded, people generally being contented
with seeing in a straight line, and doubting the
utility of looking ' round a corner.'

Calcutta. — The Fakirs, a class of devotees, may
be Sf eu in almost every street, practising their re-
ligious mummeries. One of these fellows that I saw,
iiad made a vow to keep his arm in an upright posi-
tion for seven years, but long before the expiration
of half that term, the muscles shrunk and withered
and lost all their power so that the limb remaineii
fixed alofl, like a sloop's topmast, or a lightning rod.
Another had vowed to lie upon a plank bed, covered
will) blunt iron points, about half an inch long. His
vow was liKewise for seven years, and when I saw
"him, his hide was callused and as hard as an al-
ligator's, and I have no doubt was equally impene-
trable, though I had no convenient opiiortunity of
trying the experiment.

A tliird wretch had made a vow not to sleep at
night, and for the purpose of preventing the carnal
man fmii getting a nap without the privily or con-
sent ol' the spiritual, he uttered a roar every four or
five minutes during the night. In the course of the
' pilgrim's progress' he look up his station directly un-
der my chamber window. I bore it with most ex-
emplary fortitude for one night, muttering curses,
not loud but deep, and meditating 'brave punish-
ments' and schemed of vengeance for my murdered
sleep, fur these periodical howls had the double
efiect of keeping both himself and me awake. The
next night, in company with a fellow lodger, I took
my stand at the window, well provided with brick-
bats. About ten o'clock the mortifier of the flesh
' took post,' and in due lime warbled forth a long

and melodious howl, to which we immediately re-
sponded by a shower of missiles, whose peculiar dull
banging sound, announced that they had come in
contact with the 'soul's dark cottage' of the saint,
who was soon after seen clearing out, and to 'make
night hideous' some\vlie're else.

If one walk for recreation in one of the same
spicy groves, there is ten chances to one, that he
disturbs the repose of a 'cobra di capello,' or hood-
ed snake, whose bite sends him to the shades in fif-
teen minutes, so that unless he has his testamentary
documents previously prepared, he runs some risk
of dying intestate, and ch.ousing the judge of pro-
bate out of his fees ; if he is tempted by the shade
of a tree to take a: nap under its branches, ho finds
when it is loo late, that is, when he wakes in
another world, that he has been sleeping under
a manchineel, or some other whose narcotic shade
is an introduction to the infernal shades; if he sit
down to rest himself, a scorpion or centipede crawls
up his pantaloons and the envenomed sting leaves
him a leg out of pocket : if he extend his walk far
into the forest, he meets with a tiger, or a boa con-
strictor, who happens, just at that moment, to be in
search of a dinner, and the unfortunate admirer of
spicy groves finds an ignoble grave in the bowels
of a wild beast ; if he feel oppressed by the heat
and takes a fancy to b.atlie in the cooling stream, an
alligator, a mile long, introduces him to ' worlds be-
low the flood ;' if he avoid the spicy groves and pe-
rambulate the open field, a ' coup de soleil,' deliiium
and brain fever close the scene.

SoDTH Shetland Islands — The seals, on our first
arrival, were so tame, that when hauling our boats
on shore, it was frequently necessary to kick them
out of the way. I saw one beach where upwards of
three bundled had been killed, almost every one of
which had a young one as black as a coal, and look-
ing at a little distance like black water spaniels.
These poor little wretches were standing whim-
peiing and whining each one by the mangled carcase
of its dead mother, a piteous spectacle.

On one of these rambles we unexpectedly came
across an old wig [male seal] on an immensely high
cliff. He was probably rusticating to avoid the ex-
termination that was raging on the sea-coast. It
was immediately resolved, nem con. that he should
be compelled to jump off the cliff forthwith, a res-
olution which we proceeded to put in practice.
Notwithstanding his roarings and caperings, his re-
luctance, and his ' nitor in adversum' behavior, ho
gradually approached the brink, till at last he took
the 'lover's leap.' I ran and looked over the edge
of the cliff, and saw him bounding like a fool-ball
from one projection to another till he alighted in the
roaring surf below. As soon as he had extricated
himself from the tremendous surf into which ho
fell, and which flew half way up to us, though
elevated nearly four hundred feet above the level, he
turned his head towards us, and, I presume, roared
lustily, though his voice was not distinguishable
from the roar of the surf By way of appeasing
him we kicked off a score of penguins, that had
colonized the place.

We were just getting the frying-pan and coffee
kettle underway, the mate was compounding a large
tin pot of hot 'blackstrap,' when a huge monster of
an old wig bolted in among us without ceremony,
and deliberately placed himself in the middle of the
fire, which was large enough and hot enough to have
roasted a cattle-show premium ox. I saw him after
the snow had abated, smelling at his scorched flip-
pers from time to time, as if at a loss to account
for their crisped condition.

Lascars — Nothing occurred to vary the scene
but a very heavy thunder squall near the equator.
Not a single black fellow could be persuaded or
forced to go aloft, they all fell prostrate on deck,
crying 'Allah! Allah!' I made shift to coax one,
who had been in an English man of war, to go aloft
with me, and got him as far as the main lop, when
an exceedingly bright flash of lightning, that most
efi'ectually blinded me for five or six minutes accom-

panied by a clap of thunder, like the explosion of a
dozen or twenty powder mills, overthrew his forti
lude and he slid down one of the maintopmast back-
stays, and joined his howling countrymen. They
have likewise a great antipathy to cold. — Talking
with one of ihem one day, he said that on the coast
of Chili, in the winter, it was 'two jacket cold' going
round Van Dieman's Land was 'three jacket cold,'
but the English channel in the winter time, was
' plenty jacket cold.'

Overboard. — I was going aloft and had got as far
as the futtock shrouds, when a ratlin broke under my
feet, and I fell backwards. My first sensation was
surprise ; I could not imagine where I was, but soon
ascertained from the rushing of the air by my ears
that I was falling and that headforemost. Dr John-
son says that the near approach of death wonderfully
concentrates a man's ideas. I am sure it did mine
for I never thought so fast before or since, as I did
during the few seconds that I was tumbling. In
an instant the recollection came into my head that
one of the quarter deck guns (No. 20) was directly
under ine, and I should in all human probability, be
dashed to pieces upon it. I would have given the
world to vent my feelings in cries, I tried to gather
my limbs together, to contract my muscles, to shrink
my body into as small a compass as possible, and
with unspeakable terror awaited the 'death shock.'

All this time there was a blood red light before
my eyes, through which a thousand horrible forms
were constantly gliding. Then I thought of home,
and the forms of all I hold dear on earth, and many
others, 'strangers of distinction,' besides, floated be-
fore me. Then the recollection of the infernal gun
and the consequent smash across the breech of it, put
all these phantoms to flight, and I felt that peculiar
sickness and distress at the stomach, which it is said
one experiences when on the point of undergoing
a sudden violent and painful death, and I thought
to myself ' surely it must be almost time for the
shock.'

A shock I certainly did receive, and that no very
gentle one across the back of the head, neck and
left shoulder, and in an instant all was dark and still.
' It is all over,' thought I 'this is the state between
death and resurrection.' I really thought I had pas-
sed the first and awaited with increased terror for
the second, when to my utter dismay, I felt myself
falling a second time, but the sensation was different;
the blow that I had received had turned me, and I
v\'as descending feetforemosl. Butno words can ex-
press my delight, my ecstasy, at finding myself ouer-
board, instead of on the gun. I kept going down^
down, till it appeared to me that the seven fathoms
and a half, (the depth of water at our anchorage,)
had more than doubled since we let go our anchor.
After a while I became stationary and soon began
slowly to ascend. When I looked up I saw high,
very high above me, a dim greenish light, which
became brighter and -brighter till at last I bounced
on the surface like a cork.

It is said that intelligence is now received at Paris, I
from Calais, in 3 minutes, by 27 telegraphs — in 2
minutes, from Lille, by 22 — in 65 from Strasburg,
by 46 — in 8 from Lyons, by 50 — in 10 from Perpig-
nan, bv 89— in 8 from Brest, by 20 — inl4^t from
Toulon, by 93. — Philad. Ctiron.

Published every Friday, at g3 per annum, paynlile at the
end ofilie year — tuu ttinse v\lio pay wuttinsixi^ tla;,hfroni ilie
time ofsubscribinf^.are eniiiledio a ded-jciioii of til'i v eenls.

0= No paper will be sent to a distance willioui pay mem be-
inff made 111 advance.

Primed for J. li. Russfll, tiyl. R. Butts— by wliom
aJIdescriplidiisolPriuiing can be executed 10 meet tlie wishes
of customers. Ordersfor printing received by J. U. Russell,
alilie Agricoltural Warehouse No..'J3! North Market Street

agents.
!Vew York — G. Thubburn & Son, 67 Liberly-slrcel.
Pluladelpliia—]). Is, C Lanhketh. 85 Cheslnut-slreel.
Bahimore — G. P. Smith, Oliice otthe American Farmer.
A'liariy — Hdu. Jesse Uuel.
Flushing, N. Y. W'm. Pkince& Sons, Prop. Lia.Bol. Garden
Hartford — GtiODwiN &. Sons.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. HiiLLAND, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C. — A. PowM an, Bookseller.

I

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agkicui.tikal \Vabkhouse.)-T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 3, 1830.

A'O. 7.

©©sasairsf a*ei\^a^£r3»

FOR THE NEW E.VGI.AKr FARMER.

DESCRIPTION OF FARMS, AND .MODES
OF CULTURE.

Mr Fes^e.npex — Nolliiiig ll.^s rercnily contrib-
uted more to tny eilification, than the statistic ac-
count ill vol. ix. No. 3, of the IVexvEiiglaiid Fann-
er, of Jlr E. Piii.n.n'ey's Farm in Le.vriigton,^ —
and also his general nianajjcnient, and improve-
ments ill the science of Aiiriciilture. In the
same puVilication I also noticed that in due time
a similar description of Mr D. Cha.ndleu's Farm,
would appear in the New England Farmer. 1
for one of your subscribers must say, that I most
cordially approve, and earnestly request that such
kind of notices of the management, and improve-
ments of our most eminsnt, and intelligent agri-
culturists, might more frequently be found in your
valuable and interesting pajior. I think much
useful information and instruction might be thus
imparted, and as it would he such as would be
founded on the result of actual esporiment, it
probably would be highly beneficial to all eng;ig-
ei! in the sciences — I make these suggestions, Mr
Editor, flattering myself that many will hereafter
hare the goodness to torward to you for insertion
similar communications — where your engage-
ments may prevent your attending to it |)ersoiially.
Yours, J. N. H.

Bennington, Vt. August 2-1, 1830.

FOR THE SEW ENGLAND FARMER.

CANADA THISTLES.

Mr Fessexue.v — In the summer of 1829 I dis-
covered a patcli of Canada thistles in my jiasture
of about twelve feet square. I cut them repeat-
edly, sprinkled salt on them, but they looked tlour-
ishingtliis season. The first of July, 1830, 1 care-
fully dug round each stem, about two inches deep,
put about one gill of salt round each stem, and
covered the salt with dirt, and pressed it down.
In about a week the thistles were nil dead, and
I have never seen any signs of them since. If
this method is not the cheapest way to kill Can-
ada thist!es, I presume it is the surest.

Yours, &c, T. C.

if'inilham co. Con., Aug. 20.

I August, eiglit boxes of pure honey and w;ix pei- the one there culled 'Napoleon' was id(;iiiicully
foctly white and limpid, weighing net .SI lbs. 3 the Passe Cohiiar of c&rrfc^ «i(//,onVy. and thence
i ounces, leaving the lower pait of the hive entire- ' 1 inferred that 'all the Passe Colinar trees not
I ly filler!, and extending down below the bottom of identical with tr.r Napoleon there so called were
j the hive, having ke|it the floor litt down during also wrong,' and any one who will examine tlio

I the season, as recommended by Jlrs Griflith. ' pa-sage will see that I was right. The writer to

I have likewise taken several boxes from the ; whom I am repl\ ing, in his quotation of ilie re-

"i:ii"ks just rcl'erred to, acciiliiiially omitted the
word not; which imp:iirsllie meanincr.

Finding my iiiip!e:ssioiis that an error existed,
confirmed at each subsequent ex.-iminaiion of the
trees and grafts received during five years, and
that all called Napoleon were the Passe Colmar, I

later swarms, leaving the lower part of the hives
nearly filled, which remains fur their winter pro-
visions.

If you think the substance of this commtHiica-
tion worth a place in your ])apcr you are at liberty
to insert it.

Yours respectfullv,

Bristol, R.L Aug. 27. JOHN D'WOLF 2d.

FOR THE SEW ENGLAND FARMER.

GRE.\T PRODUCE FROM BEES.

Mr J. B. Russell — It seems to have b"Conie
so fashionable of late, as well as laudable, to com-
municate any good result, from the eiiltiiie ami
management of Dees, and being a subscriber am!
admirer of your highly valuable paper, I take tin
liberty of transmitting to you an account of m\
success in this branch of rural economy.

In December last, I purchased of Mr Beard ol
Charlestown, two hives of bees, from which I
have received six swarms, all hived wiihout an\
difliculty, ia Beard's new constructed Hive, al-
though an entire stranger in the business — takin;.
Dr Th.icher's Treatise for my guide.

From the first swarm, which came off on tin
last day of JMay, I have taken out to the first ol

I

PASSE COLMAR AND NAPOLEON PEARS.

Thomas G. Fcsse.vden, Esq, —

Dear Sir — Had I supposed that there existed
a possibility of difference in opinion between the
enlightened writer who signs himself in your last
pa|ier ' A Fanner,' and dates his letter' Roxbiiry,'
and myself, as to the subject matter of tny com-
municatiun relative to the ' Passe Ctdniar and
Napoleon pears,' I should most certainly have con-
sulted his opinion before venturing mine. But, sir,
so repeated, and so forcible have been the proofs
presented to me that I deemed the matter one
not to be contested or doubted. — I arrayed myself
against no man's opinion, nor intended offence to
any one, but simply to explain an inadvertence —
My position however being contested, I will now
proceed to show, that if I was misled, it did not
originate unth m;/sclf, and that tlie assertions made
were supported bij the evidence, after which it will
remain for others to decide whether 1 advance.i
'such conJiJent language on a topic'' which I 'did
not understand,' and whether my 'very amjilcnl
assertion is foiuided entirely and whollj in error
and in very hasty examination,'

In the spring of 1825 1 received from a Boston
gentleman the first Napoleon pear (then so call-
ed)— In November of 1827 I received anothei
tree from Boston under the same name — In April,
1829, I received three trees more, and the same
spring I received grafts from two different persons
at Boston all these bearing the same title — In the
summer of \82Q, I saw in several gardens near
Boston, trees so called and said to be engrafted
from the original, and in the spring of 1830, I re-
ceived grafts from several persons under the same
name. Each and all of these trees , and giafis
have proved to be identically the Passe Colmar
pear, and in their transmission two persons re-
ferred to the original tree as the source whence the
grafts were obtained — at a number of those pe-
rioils I received from the same persons trees and
grafts of the Passe Colmar (so called) and these
were in no ca^e simitar to those called JVapolcon.
and consequently were tlicmselvcs inaccurate.
This |)oint I deem important, as it evinces thai
he error probably originated from a transposition
if labels or sorts.

It will be perceived by these remarks that one
nference drawn from my communication is coii-
rary to its intent — I never meant to assert 'tlia
he two trees cultivated at Boston asthe Napoleoi
and Passe Colmar pears were identical, but that

still felt diffident as to hazarding my opinion un-
confirmed by others, and evinced that I equally ap-
preciated the intelligence of Bostoiiians wiih the
gentleman I am replying to, by addrefsing let-
ters to two of the mo.-t accurate pomologisis t?i
its immediate vicinity. To them I stated my im-
pressions on the suliject, and askeil them to exam-
ine critically and advise if I were right — They
both /ii/(v confirmed my opinion. Under date of
lOili of last month one of them remarks thug
' my .Xapolcon came from Mr L.,* and he still
thinks it correct, but gnat errors have been com-
mitted sf>mewlicre ; my tree has fruit on it ; I had
the Passe Colmar from Mr Parmcniier ; it is nr»
doubt the same with the one wc call Napoleon;
1 ihoiight so for some time and told W. K.* of it,
but I said to n.ysrlf tliat Mr Parmentier had mada
a mistake, and Mr L, must be right; but last year
I got a graft of Mr J. B. Russell, of the Napoleon,
which is unlike Mr L.'s, and this spring 1 got the
Passe Colmar Epineux from B. &, W.,* wliicli
.agrees with Mr L.'s N ipoleon and Parmentier's
Pa.sse Colmar, and 1 think with the Pomological
.Magazine. Mr L.'s Passe Colmar is very different,
and resembles in leaf the pear sent by yon as
d'Aremlieig — The Marie Louise exhibited at the
Hall hist autumn was different from the figure in
the Pomological Magazine, No. 122. — I should

say your Napoleon is wrong and you are right.'

So much fortius. The other gentleman writes as
follows [under date of 8lli of last month, — 'The
Napoleon I sent you is the identical same I re-
ceived from Mr L. • I mentioned to yon onco
that being there last summer, and on his pointing
out the original tree, I stood some time looking at
it ; the tree is very jieculiar, he has noticed this;
llie wood waving and twisting ; this sort of all
others I know for Certainly mine to be the same
he calls so; yet that no mistake has ever a'isen
since sent him from Mr K. by transposing, we
have reason io conclude, for he says the fruit so
i'ar as produced is identically the same.'

In addition to the f.iregoing most conclusive
documents, I will hereafrer, if necessary, refer to
ihe trees themselves that I have seen in different
■ •(dicctions. 1 think however it will now be con-
ceded that if I have not examined the original
'ret, my infi)rmation nevertheless flows from near
he ^fountain, and I also havj been taught to
-uppose that a tree grafted from the oi-iginnl par-
ook of the parental properties. As further luoofs
hat errors in names may arise even among ihe
iiost correct and intelligent, the Forelle pear, if I
nistake not, was first promulgateil asthe ' Ftorello'
and the Capiaumont as the Cassiomont, a slight

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Pppt. 3,1830,

50

.;«^;;;;;;;;^7;i;;^-iti;7^^^ ! tha; ^hs ..o„e .nn c- .n t,.at have ucnc .i.oum be

iiilur

»ake, and were 1 ilispose I 1 might touch on sim

instauces and even on trai'.ppositiuns.

1 have to state that
intended for those

far deceived hy trusting to figures,
ination of leaves and wood, as to

nni

confunnd two

pears the most uidike possible.

I should not have made these remarks but for
their very important pKietical bearing — neither
Dnhamel, Miller, nor Knight, nor any other po-
inologist ever relied on the wood, leaves, flowers

Tljat he should have taken this precaution, and
if all that have borne shoul
is much in favor of his accuracy, and wa-

which are very

111 concluding my remarUs
my oommunicatiou was not

■who had the Pomological Magazine before them,
and could consequently co.'Tcd the trrorif it existed,
but for such as did not jjosscss tliat advantage.—
I did not designate or im|dy that the error origui-
ated or existed with any particular person.— .\nd
,?Ten if the proprietor of tlie original tree (who is
ihe Mr L. referred to, and the same gentleman to
whom 1 am replying) has been invariably correct,
still if by some fatality, many others have been m

the wroi'is, my arguments as to the existence ol ,,, . ^ ,. , ,„ ., , .,

Te errortre «,uaily conclusive, and I now Hatter jahke '"^^'Off^' '^"f''' ""''>"'^,^;-^;''^^ ^:^_;^':,

and seeds for any other ))mpose
assistances in discriminating fruits
sinjilar.

They would have rejected the idea of settling
ii 'synonyme,' without seeing; and ('(s/uig the fruit.

IMiller, Duhamel, and Knight agree, that there
are two sorts of St Germain pear, which are so

wron^

riuess.

I have a high respect for Mr Prince, for his zeal,

his acquisitions, his ambition to be useful; hut a

respect for eviilence and correct princijiles is supe-

_^_^_^ riui- to the rcgiird due to his abilities. The exani-

but 7s aivs and ' pie of naming a fruit without seeing it-of boldly

myself that even the writer himself to whoin i
am replyir.g, will perhaps allow that the 'rramin-
olio7i' which commenced five years ago, has not
bec\> so ' very haslij,' and that my ' very confident.
o.M*cr/!"on' was not ^founded entirdy and u-holly in
wror,' when it lias many of his most inteHij;ent
reighbors to su|i])ort and confirm it ; and, lastly, I
have to reiterate that my communication was not
iutended to censure or to wound the feelings ol
any one, and least of all him who is well known
w be the ' Rorbury Farmer.'
Very respectfullv,

WiM ROBERT PRINCE.

Ltnnman Bolanic Garjcii, J
August 21, 1(30. I

P. S. Presuming that the \\;riters of the two
letters referred to would not object to my mention-
ing their names to you, 1 do so in a private letter
accompanying this, and you can estimate the cor-
rectness of their authority.

• These names are in full in tlie original leltera.

N.\POLEONAND PASSE COLMAR PEARS.

Ma Fkssexde^ — Win. K. Prince, Esq. of New
York, having made a publication, in which he de-
nies that the pear sent to me by the President of
the London Ilorticultnral Society, as thy Napoleon,
is really that jiear, and having with ejnat confidence
aflirnied, that the pear so called hy Mr Knight is
the I'asse Oolmar of the European ganlens, 1
feel it my duty to Mr Knight and the public to
represent the facts. The Passe Colniar is a win-
ter pear, yellow within and without ; the Napoleon
a fall pear, whcdly green, witli white flesh. If Mr
Prince's authority is good in relation to the Napo-
leon, which he never saw, it is equally good Cnv the
Passe Ciilmar, which he a\so never saw. The Na-
|(oteiin of Mr Knight, has repeatedly borne fruit
with us, and it ripens in October as the Napoleon
of Euro])e does. The Passe Cnlmar ripens with
us in. December and .tanuaiy as it <loes in Europe.
Mr I'rince is therefirii wholly wrong, in stating
ss the result of most careful deliheration, so
careful as to remove all doubts, that the Napoleon
ofMr Knight is the true Passe Colinar of Euro-
pean authors. JJeing then so mistaken as to one
point, have we any reason to think his opinion of
nny weight on the other ?

But Mr I'riiice's errors will be of public service
— they will show the <langer of trusting to de-
scription; and to the leaves, and wood, without
seeing the fruit. This case proves, that a
man may mistake one fruit lor another to which
it bears no resemblance. There can never be a
case

curate ]>hysiologist cannot possiiily distingmsh
them, yet the fruit of one ripens in autumn, and is
comparatively miserable — the other a winter pear
and excellent. Knight says they are so difiicult
to distinguish, that mucli the greater number sold
at the nurseries in England are spurious.

Nothing can be more injurious to ns (novices as
as we are) than to rely on anything short of the
fruit.

Let me now say one word as to Mr Knight's fruit.
I have more couliilence in their correctness, than
in any fruits ever imported, even from the Lon-
don Horticultural Society itself I have known
mistakes from that source. The reasons of my
confidence are, —

1. That Mr Knight, having been requested by
me to name a nursery-man on whom 1 could rely,
replied, that he feared there was too much confu-
?ion in all the large nurseries, owing to the number
of laborers, hut he would cheerfully send me fruits
which he had raised, and tasted. That it would be to
him a source of pride and pleasure to be the first
to send these then new fruits to America.

2. SL- Knight described all l\\c first fruit he sent
as of his own Icnowleilf^e; indeed it musi have been
so, as at that time no written or printed descjip-
tions of them existed.

3. They were all labelled in his own hand wri-
ting.

4. Eight sorts have borne, and no one has
differed from his description.

These facts furnish so strong a presumption in
favor of his Napoleon being correct, that I scarce-
ly deem it needful to add, that I have raised am! cat-
en it, and compared it most carefully with a draw-
in" of it, and I could not discern the least dilfcr-
ence.

I pledge myself, ns a friend of Horticnltnre arid
correctness in the noinenclaturo of fruits, to m:.kc
known to those who have taken the Knight friiiis
on my recommendation, as soon as I atu satisfied
of any error in Mr Knight's name. I hold myself
freely open to conviciion.

In [lursuance of this resolution I must say, that
1 am convinced from actual inspection of the fruit
grown by Gotham Parsons, Esq. that the Mela
Carla apple sent by Mr Knight is not the true Mela
Carla of Italy.

But this, so far from being nny impeaclinient of
Mr Knight's accuracy, affords a strong proof of his
scrupulous caution. It was the only fruit out of
3S he has si-nf, wdiieh he explicitly (!i=i'hiimed
any personal acquaintance with. liis words were
' a budded tree which shot two branches the last

pultiiig down ' Boston Napoleon' ns a synonyme
to the Passe Colmar without ever seeing either
fruit, is not to be praised, and may lead ns into a
conlusion, if possible, worse confounded, than that
from wliich we have been striving to emerge.
JOHN LOWELL.
P. S. I have thought this ex|danation (though
long) due to the thousand persons who have on Mr
Knight's authority taken from me grafts of his

pears.

Boxbury, .lug. 27, 18g0.

CONNECTICUT RIVER PLUMS.

Mr J. B liussELL —

Dear Sir — I take the liberty of semling you n
few samples of Plums from various gardens in
this town. They are not sent with the cxpect.".-
lion of competing successfully with eminent hor-
ticulturists hi the vicinity -jf Boston, but to en-
deavor to convince you, that although the science
here is yet in its infancy, some little attention is
paid to it. We think our soil and situation re-
markably favorable for the production of fruits
generally, and yon need not be disappointcil if in

a few years you

shonlil see samples from the

stronger case than the present. Our Napoleon .5m.9on, of an apple, which came to <Ac f/ur/icttjfi/rai
is no more like a Passe Colmar, than a Jargonelle, Society as the Mela Carta, svpposid Uio best ajijsle
is like ft Pound pear, and yet this experienced ^ in iho world.*

hanks of the Connecticut that will be far from
inferior.

The upper sample in the box which is not pack-
ed IS from my own gardens, and the others are
from the s-ardens of Henry Dwieux, Esq., ami
other gentlemen, whose names are on the pajieis
spread" over them. These are not selecled from
the trees (which were very heavily laden with the
fruit,) but were tnkeii promiscously. The varia-
s:aled Plum, from Maj. E. Edwards, was from a
seed (or scion, I am not certain which) and was
brought from the city of Amsterdam to Whites-
horuugh in the state of New York a few ycare
since; and I do not know the proper name for it.
We call it the Lombard Plum, from the circiini-
stance of Mr Lombard of this town having
brought it from Whiteshorougli.

Yours very respectfullv,
Sprir.pf.elJ, .1v^. 2G. CHARLES STEARNS.
P. S. I received the cherry and pear buds, \
that Gen. Deareorn was so kind as to forward i
throu'^h you, but the buds were so much wilted
that 1 fear they will not live; they art; however
all inserted. The truth is, there cannol be any
profitable communication helv/ccn your city and
the Conneciicul River until the Rail Read is built,
which we all trust will take place sooner or later.
(£/^Thc box coniaintug the above Phims reach-
ed ns with the fruit generally in good or.lcr. The
plums, which were of several of the fmesi varie-
ties, exceeded anything of tho sort we have seen
in our market, this season. Some of them nu ;;s
ured 6 inches in circumference.

Officers of the Salem Society for the Utlection one
Prosecution of Trespassers of Orchards, ifc. E
Hersy Derby, President ; Daniel Sage, Vice Presi-
dent ; i'ani\)c\ 'Wchb, Treamrer; Eben Hatliornf i
Secretary ; Robert Mo,njD5ng, Ecnjaroin Krdch
PbUi;> Cb06«, DintUn.

Vol.lX. — No.7=

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

51

From the PawLucket Chronicle.

POISONOl'S CHEESE.

Mr Pri.xter — llaviii;; S3i;ii in o:ie of ilie Bos-
ton papers an arliclo lieailed ' poisoiiinjj with
cheese,' I send you ihe fullowing:

That some cheese possesses einclic properiies,
there is no donbt. Mure than twenty years ajro I
wa* professionally called to a respeciahle fanner's
family in the comity of Bristol ; soon after my ar-
rival the gentleman informed me that he had sent
cheese to market which hail made many persons
vomit, and as he was idcMitilied, |inlilic siispieifMi
rather rested on him. This npinion I foimd was
fixed, — that some nnfriendly hand had conveyed
Emetic Tartar to the milk pri.ir to its liciii;; chang-
ed to curd. In a short time I called on him again,
and at his reqne-i we walked to the C(>w-pastme,
for the pmpose of viewing the cows. As soon as
I entered the field, I saw Lobelia injlula, (Iinlian
tobacco) in great abundance. 1 was very caref il
in my examination of it, the grass being very
thick set and high, nearly equal to common mow-
ing lands. I opened it in many places for the
purpose of detecting the lobelia, which 1 found in
a secluded situation among the grass. Wluu-e
tlie cows had eaten the grass, tlie emetic weed
had been apparently avoided by th'^m, hut I ob-
served numerous plants partly bitten olT" and oth-
ers removed nearly to the ground. It appearerl
that the cows nnist have eaten much of tlie lo-
belia where the grass was thickest. .After a care-
ful investigation, I iufirmed the ^lenileman, that
Indian tobacco was the cause of the cjnetic effects
of his cheese. I pointed out the plant, informed
liim that I prescribed it in asthina, and other dis-
eases ; that it was a powerfid ageiit, auil that two
or three of its capsules woidil voniit an ailult.
The farmer observed he was perfectly convinced
of the cause, and should give himself no fcrriher
trouble about it, as he had other pastin-e lauds
where the emetic wer-d did not exist. Since that
time no complaint of his chee.se has come to my
knowledge. In pastuj-cs where the srass is thin,
cows can more easily avoid the lobelia than where
it is thick.

I found no hyoscyamus nis^cr, phijtolacca dccan-
dria, stramonium, or any other poisonous [ilani
in the enclosure.

enalile<l to judge, that silk may he rendered a new
and lucrative staple for this country, hardly
second to cotton in the facilities of its capital.

j Twenty years hcuce it may he as inii)ortaut an

I export as cotton. — Am. Sentinel.

Corro3ii-e Sahlimate. — Sweet milk will, we are
told by one who has personally observed its oper-
ation, prevent the fatal ettect of corrosive sublim-
ate taken into the stoiniich. It sln)uld be taken
ill as large qti.iiitities as the patient can drink, ami
i as soon as may be. The recent melancholy ileatli
of iMr Keep at Baltimore, from drinking tliis [loi-
son by mistake, brings this remedy to mind, and,
as such ai-cidents are happening hut too often, the
remedy should bo known far and wide.

Cure for the fVhooping Cough. — Take one gill
of new rum — one gill Of linseeil oil — and one gill
of Honey — mix them together — administer one
table spoiiuful every time 'he jiatient cnnglis.

\ gentleman informs lis that this prescription
will effect a cure iii a few days. He has admin-
istered it to his children, and known it used by
others with perfei-t success. It is not disagree-
able to the taste.

A physician can be inquT'd of as to the snfetv
of the iii'jredients and the combination, if desired

-Palladium.

The silk establishment bej;uu by Air d'llomer-
gue, in Pliiladelphia, is said to be doing even bet-
ter than was anticipated. All that is wanting is
plenty of cocoons. Reelers an? learning the an
successfully, anil a good deal of beautiful silk has
been alreafly mauuflictnred. No doubt is enter-
tained of the complete success of this iin|iorlani
enterprise. The atmosphere and the waters oi
Ithis vicinity appear to be adniraldy adapted for
it. The present season will prove by actual ri--
£ults, of which it is expected the public will be

The \Vm Byrnes has brought out the celebrated
stud horse Leviathan. He belougeil to the late
Kuig of England, from whom the animal was pur-
chased by Lord Chesterfield. Leviathan is be-
tween 6 and 7 years old, about sixteen ami a half
bands high, is of chesnut or sorrel color, and is
said to n semble in a great degree our celebrated
horse Eclipse. He was purchased fioin Earl
Chesterfield for James Jackson, Esq., of Alabama,
and is under the ciuirge of Mr George A. VVyllie,
of Virginia. Leviathan is well known as a cele-
brated racer. — Mer. Adv.

Froai the New York Farmer.

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

It is a rule among gardeners, that herbaceous
plants may be successfully removed at any tine du-
ring summer ; Uin that trees or shrubs should only
be transplanted in, spring or autumn. By some
writers indeed we are directed to susjiend this
'■peratiou on fruit trees, ' till the trees have shed
their leaves.'

No doubt there is a great difference in the cli-
mate as well as in the soil of ihe middle and east-
nni States ; and the best season for trausplanling
in one place will not be the be.-.t in another. But
I am partial to autumnal ])lanling, and ia this
nortiiern part of the -ISd degree oflatitude never
hesitate to remove our common fruit trees after
ihe 1,-iose of the 9ih month (September.) .\ more
ijeneral rule might be given, which would serve
f u- an extensive region, to wit .- it is safe to trans-
plant trees or shrubs as soon as the summer heat is
over, and the fall rains have wet the ground.

To know what may be done in this line with
.1 reasonable prospect of success, is important to
horticulturists on iheir travels, where opportunities
for procuring desirable plants may not recur. Per-
mit me therefiire to detail some of my own ex-
perience, and it will appear that the ordinary
rules may be soim^tiiiies disregarded.

In the early part of the sixth month (June)
lS-*7, I brought Juniperus prostrata 150 miles,
plinted it on the north side of a board fence
with [lerfect success though the new leaves were
expanded.

On the 4th of the ninth (Sept.) 182S, I was
presented wiih a pear tree (a rare variety,) brought
it .310 mill's, and could not discover it
that nntimcly removal.

On the 20th of the eighth month (August) 1829,
I prociirerl ilex canadensis from a swamp at the
distance of 20 miles. Bog moss was pleutifiilly
inlaid round the roots, when it was planted in my
.'arden, and those shrubs are now growing.

On the 21st of the ninth month (Se|it.) 1829, I
removed two grafted Cherry trees in/«Z/ kaf, and

their vegetation is now vigorous and rapid. At
the same time, I transplanted three of the mnlvoise
vine. A few weeks after, o:i taking up one of •
those for a friend, I found a new root 2A inche*
long. Both are now growing well.

In the four last cases it should be reniarkej
that the season was wet. D. T.

National Character. — A foreign author gives
the following portrait of the .\moricati woman:
She is generally graceful in hor figure, slow ia her
gait, mild in her looks, proud _iu her mien, en-
gaging in her conversation, ilelicate in her expres-
sions, quick at blushing, chaste in her thoughts,
innocent in her manners, improving on aciiuaint-
ance, generous to a fault, ready to weep with
one in distress, solicitous tor the poor, sincerely
religions, cmineiuly humane, constant in her at-
tachment, a fond wife, a tender mother, tenaciouB
of her word, jealous of her honor, iirudent in her
conduct, circumspect, and — cannot keep a secret.

Charles Carroli,, is the only one of the sign-
ers of the Declaration wf Independence, who sur-
vives to the present time. James Madison, the
only one of the ('onvention in 1789, which form-
ed the Federal Cons:itntion. Paine Wingate, the
only one of the first Senators of the United States,
when the Federal Government was organized at
New York, April 17S9— and Egbert Benson, and
Mr Madison, the only two Representatives in the
first Congress, at the same period, who are living.
Mr Madison was also a member of the old Con-
gress in 1781.
\

General Putnam — .\ftcrone of those skirmishes
in which the Americans had been successful, an
English officer was left dangerously wounded on
the field cf battle. Gen. Putnam, who had been
bred a carpenter, threw off his regimentals, and
constructed a cradle in which the wounded officer
was conveyed with case to the hospital. When
Putnam heard of his recovery, and that it was
owing to his huiiiane care, without which he must
have bled to death, he exclaimed, ' then I glory
more in being bred a carpenter than if I had been
born a prince.'

Carter and Hendee have now for sale a book recently
puhlishcil ,it N. York, c.illeil the Dyspeptic's Monitor.
It contains explanalion-i of the nature, cJU^ef, and cure
of that tioiihlesome disorder, under all its various forms.
Doctor .S. W. Avery, ihe author, states that he has him-
self suffered severely frorn dyspepsia; that a short resi-
dence in Europe cured him ; and tliat on his return his
old enemy revisited him. This convinced him that the
usual American mode of livin» would in a short time
place him where he was when he lelt Ihe country. The
ohjcct of this clever Utile hook is similar to that of the
.Journal of Health. We look upon it as peculiarly ina;-
nanimom in physicians thus to enlighten the public at
the expense of diminishing Iheir own practice.

We in;ike the following extract, because we think the
subject cannot be too much urged up n our countrywo-
men. 'A sort of in-door exf-tence may unforlunately
be -^aid to be a na'ional characteristic of our married la-
dies ; the habit of going out daily for the sake of excrcis*
alone, ?o universal in other civilized countries, is scaicely
known amons; them. The consequence is, most of them
are blanched by seclusion from the fresh air, nature's
zreat restorative ; and very few have much of the rosy
tint (if health, or are entirelv exempt from some of Ihe
mjurea by .y^pto,,,, of indiKestion. The frame is delicate and fee-
ble, the system in ilable, and its functions easily deranged
by trifling causes; and the mind, morbidly sensitive;
not unfiequ"ntly impairing the health by its immoderate
emotions. But the evil does not stop here; lor the olT-
sprinn; will be certain to inherit more or less of the nio-
ther'sconslitutionand pronenesstoparticulardiseases. We
hear a great dealabout hereditary pout, consumption, mad-
ness, &c. , but there are undoubtedly many other diseases,
though not at all suspected, that are quite as much 9$
as they,'

52

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sei)t. 3, 1830.

Extracts fi-Dm an ad Ircss delivered btfo re the Hamp-
I , shire, FcanJdin, Hampden ,1jricullural Suciely.
By Festus Fostek.

'TliegiMieral |)iiiii;i|)!es, necessary to he observed
by the a;;ni-iiltiirist, are few ami shii]>le. It is
an estahlislie.l law of nature that death sustains
life. Some species of animals are supported hy
the death of others, ami some hy the destruction
of vegetables. Animals, wliieh have been (i)mid
most useful to man, are wholly of the latter kind.
The first attention of the fanner, therefore, must
be directed to the production of such vegetables
as contribute to the support of man and such
animals as he' has selected for his use. In the
production of vegetables, the same law of nature
prevails — ileath is necessary to life. You must,
therefore, seek that dark, loamy soil, wiiich has
been formed by the decay of vegetables for a se-
ries of years, and as yoi! exhaust it by repeated
crops, add either animal or vegetable decomjiosi-
tion, and like the fabled Phenix, one crop will
arise from the ashes of another. E.xcepting a
few tender and delicate plants, manures arc most
efficacious when ap])lieil in a state of fermenta-
tion. They conninmicatc a slight degree of
warmth and action to the adjacent soil, salutary
and even necessary to vegetation. Any animal
or vegetable substances, compacted in a mass and
imbibing a mnderato degree of moisture, wdl soon
pass into a state of fermejitation, by which they
are decomposed, and fitted to produce another
crop. Hence every farmer may nianuficture
composts to ahiiost any extent. The value of
manure is different on ditrcrent soils. It is p.o-
ductive on all, and on some iuilis|iensable. Land,
once brought into a state of high cultivation, by
returning the proceeils of its crops, will not de-
generate. Sterile lands, and such as have been
exhausted or neglected, may be made |)roductive
in a t\'W years by coutpost and the jilou;;h.

' Where ditierent and opposite soils lie contig-
uous, much benefit may be derived by admixtion.
A sandy or gravelly soil may be greatly improved
by a covering of loam, mud, or clay. On the
contrary, cold, wet, ininMy land will be greatly
meliorated by a coat of sai;d or gravel. A soil
warm and dry, especially if slopiiig, may be made
highly productive by irrigation. If accompanied
by an occasional top drc.-sing of barn manures, the
farmer will be well rei)aid. In a mountainous re-
gion, like some parts of the territory within the
limits of your society, where precipitous streams
abound and whole farms lie on a declivity, I am
persu.aded great advantages might be derived
from this use of water. A few days labor would
add some tons of fine hay to your annual income.
To the agriculturist this must be consiilered a
staple article. It is the support of your animals,
and the means of em-iching your arable lands,
and gathering from thence a golden harvest.

' Upon the culture of plants, I have time to
say but a word, and that is, treat ihein not with
neglect. They rcipiire your fiiemlly visits, and
the repeated application of the hoe. The garden
will demand your daily attention. This may be a
pleasant resort, when you have borne the heat
arnl burden of the day, and the evenin" tide in-
vites to meditation. There you may breathe the
fragrant air, succor the young plai'its emerging
from the earth, and watch their progress through
all their changing forma.

' The cultivation of trees is a subject to which, I
think, I may with great propriety invite your at-
tention. Not only would 1 recommend to every

farmer, an orchard of choice fruit, well fenced,
and well pruned, but a thrifiy wood lot, in which
no grazing animal should feed, and from which
fuel and timber should be cut with care. We
ought to live not only fur ourselves, but for our
children, and for posterity. Situated in a region
where much fuel is absolutely necessary to a com-
fortable existence, where coal mines are not to be
found, and where the demand for lumber is in-
creasing with the wealth and population of the
country, our forests alreaily thimied or made bare,
— there is great reason to apprehend that in the
next and succeeding generaiiims, the scarcity of
fuel and luinbev will diminish your population —
that the expenses will absorb a great portion of
the iucoine of your fertile and well cultivated
farms, and. your splendid villages and tein|iles llill
to decay. The time scom-f to have arrived vihen,
instead of enlarging our fields, we must better
improve them ; instead of making xiri'p and waste
in our woodlands, we imist cut sparingly ; instead
of feeding or cutting down the underwood and
shoots, we nnist carefuily preserve them. Great-
er economy must be ailopteil in cooking our food
and warming our houses. The all-devouring
chiinnies of our ancestors must give place to the
stove and the furnace. Our houses must be made
a belter defence against the cold, and their ma-
terials jnust be taken from the earth rather than
the forest.

' There is one species of trees entitled to your
particular regard. It is the sugar maple. This,
rtoiirisliing on almost any soil, yields to none in
cleanliness and beauty, is excellent for fuel, and
furnishes sugar little inferior to that of cane. One
hundred of these extended on the niaigin of yoin'
fields, or set in the form of an orchard, would af-
fiu'd an ample supjily of sugar and molasses for
half a century or more, and when they began to
decay, reward you wiib fifty or an hundred cords
of the best fire-wood. The exjiense of trans-
planting them will be but trifling, their injury to
the land, if any, inconsiderable, and a few years
will give to them great beauty and value.

'The value of the locust and of the nmlbcrry
deserve particular notice, but they are believed to
be duly ai)i)reciated by your Society.

' In the management of your various animals,
having selected the best bloods, you have only to
provide for them warm, dry, and commodious
shelters, and deal out to them sv/eet and whole-
some fodder, ai}d pure, clean water. Neatness
and cleanliness in this department will contribute
much to the health, growth, and corpulency of
your stock. A slattern in the house is not more
disgusting and unprofitable, than a sloven in the
barn, in the treatment of those patient and do-
cile animals which pcrfo:m your labor, let me
crave your mercy. Neither suffer them to moan
with hunger or thirst, nor to he loaded or diiven
beyond their strength. A mild anil generous usage
will secure their attachment, excite their courage
and resolution, and dispose them to volunteer
their most vigorous efforts in your service. Your
interest, as well as the dictates of humanity, re-
quire that you abstain from all cruelty and abuse,
and that your donnnion over them bo tempered
with lenity and kindness.

'To carry into efTect the objects of your assc
ciation, and give to your occupation all the im-
provements of which it is sU3ce()tible, will require
the unremitted energies of your mind, as well as
much vigorous hQ<)ily efffrj. Agriculture, like all

arts and sciences, is progressive, and must never
be sufllred to rest, or retrograde. Your observa-
tions nmst be made with accuracy, and your re-'
searches imrsued with ardor. Placed in a coun-
try containing a great variety of soil, in a climate
mild and healthful, under a govermnent, which
can impose no burdens on you without your con-
sent, owners of the land you occupy, furnished
svith the most ap])roved inqilemenls, and having
lor your guide the experience of former ages, and
the mcaus of making new experiments under the
most favorable circumstances, it woidd be strange,
" passing strange," if you made no advances. 1
have said, that heretofore the sciences held no
fellowshii) with agriculture. A better day has be-
gun to (lawn upon that long neglected occupation.
Men of genius and learning have devoted their
talents to ligliten the liurdens of the laborer, and
give success to bis efforts. As the ])owcrs of na-
ture begin to be <levclopcd, and its laws are better
understood, difficulties diminish and experiments
succeed. The sciences have already done much
to aid your cause, and may be expected to do still
more. A new era has commenced, in no longer
confining science to the cell of the monk, and the
chamber of the philosopher, but in ccniuinnnca-
ling it to the world at large, and applying it to use-
ful and practical jiurposcs. The discoveries of
the geologist, and the experiments of the chemist
are spread before you, through the agency of the
|)ress. Much mutual benefit may also be expected
from your Society and similar associations. They
emphatically mark the spirit of the age, as distinct
from that of any former period. Other nations
have had their festivals and their fitirs. The
Olympic games of Greece, and the gladiatorial ex-
hibiti(Uis of Rome characterize the age and ruling
passion of each of those great empires, which in
succession gave law to the \;orld. Cut when, or
where has piddic attention been excited and di-
rected to the interest of agriculture and the me-
chanic arts? When have men of wealth, and
science, and infinence, taken such a deep interest
in the welfare of the laboring part of the comnm-
nity ? When was information upon these sub-
jects so widely diftiiscd and so eagerly sought ?
These signs of the times indicate that a better
state of things is to be expected — that causes are
in operation which, if contiimed, will efiect a
mighty revolution. The united efforts of the i
great mass of intelligence cannot be fruitless. l?y
repeated experiments and careful observations,
from year to year, something will he gained.
Whatever discoveries or improvements are made
by one, will become the jiroperty of all, and never
bo lost.

' Agriculture and manufactures are not insula-
ted interests. They are intimately connected
with other arts aiui occupations, with the sciences,
and the laws and policy of our own country and
of foreign nations. The prosperity of the agri-
culturist depends not merely upon the quantity
and quality of his produce, but upon the readiness,
certainty, facility, and advantage with which he
can vend the suiphis, or exchange it for such ar-
ticles as he may need. The same iloctrine istrtie
in its application to the manufiictmer. It is in
vain that he produces the best wares, unless they
can find a market ; and the easier and cheaper
they can be conveyed, the greater will be liis
profit. Whatever, therefore, tends to furnish a
sure and steady market, or to diminish the expen-
ses and risk of transi)Oi-tation, or to reduce the
price of articles to be received iu exchange, is to

Vol. IX.— No. 7-

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

53

direct anil positive

tlii; (iiirni T an I ni mulactiirer

tlio consliui-tioii of rail
,'li nil u.xtfiisivu inlanil
the iiavi;,Mlioii of rivers,

beiielit. In this view
roaiLs and canals tlnon
country, and iniprovin

o|ionin^' a free trade willi sncli naiiuns as will inir-
chasecinr prodiire and niannfartnres, or in cx-
cliange, sn|)|ily us witli sueli articles as we may
w.:ir, proliiliiiiiii,' or inipo.siug ilulies on such iui-
jHiiialions as come in direct competition willi llie
jirodnce of our farms and ilie wares of our work-
shops,—arc subjects in which Ihe interest of the
farmer and the mechanic arc deeply involved. A
regard to your interest, therefore, recpiires that
your views he extended heyond the cultivation of
the soil and ihe increase of yon^r flocUs. Your
voice must be heard, and yonr inlluence felt m
our state and national legislatures. The opinion
of .sound, iulelligenr, and practical fanners, is en-
titled to great consideration ; and I am happy to
sav, that the tunc has come when gentlemen of
every profession are disposeil to treat it with re-
spect. By contiiiulni: to merit the esteem of your
fellow-cili^ens, you will not fiil to receive it ; and
so far as legislative aid can advance your interests,
you may expect tlie cj-opcration of a wise and
patriotic legislature.

' 111 times like the present, of general depres-
sion in every branch of industry, you must expect
to participate with your fellow-citizens. Econo-
my, at all times commendal.le, now becomes an
imperious duty. If llie products of your labor
can find no market abroad, let them, at least, sup-
ply yonr wants at home. To tlTect this, I place
greit reliance on the industry and ingeiiuily o(
your virtuous wives and daughters. They wdl
curtail yonr shop bills by furnishing many articles
of apparel of their own manufacture. Like the
good wife described by S<domon, thi^ " will seek
wool and tlax, and work willingly with then
hands. They will lay their hands to the spindle,
and their right hands hold of the dislall"; their
candle g03th n >t out by night." Such merchan-
dize is better than that brought from afar — such
inilustry is above rubies.

' You will not deem ine to have surpassed the
province assigned ine, when I recommend to yon
the exercise of that inllncnce ami authority which
are vested in an employer over those in his ser-
vice, in suppressing all lewdness, profanity, in-
temperance, lying, gaming, pilfering, and what-
ever is opposed to good morals, and a decent
and orderly behaviour. Your interest, your self-
respect, and your duty to your domestics and to
your country, demand this at your hands. When
n large portion of our population shall become
as debased and degraded as the great mass of
the people in the Eastern hemisphere, our elec-
tions will be a farce, and our political edifice will
fall and bury us in its ruins. He, therefore, who
attempts tore(daim some who begin to go astray,
to prevent the fall of others, and to inspire all
with a due sense of the value of character, and
to elevate them to a decent standing in society,
performs the best of charities to the indivuluals,
and is a public benefactor.

' While we regard the moral deportment and
welfare of others, may we not neglect our own
While we till the ground from which we were
taken, and of which we must return, let, our treas-
ures be deposited in that " better country," where
flows "the river of life," where stands " the tree
of life," an.l where " the light of the sun and of
the moon" will be extinguished in the brighter
spleudor of God's eternal day.'

Improvement of the breed of Horses in France. —
The Duke de Guiclie has lately published a very
interc^iiiig p^peron the iinprovenient of the breed
of horses, in which he proposes to confine them
to two distinct classes; one, of light horses, to he
ob'tained by crossing with English horses and Ara-
bian mares, which class would iiiclmle ricc-hor-
ses, cavalry-horses, coach-horses, and nil those
employed in post work and light agriculture. In
the second class he includes wngoii'-hoises, hor-
ses for heavy agricultural work, and all horses
for slow and heavy draught. He proposes to es-
tablish fir each of the two classes a number of
haras, (stnds,) proportioned to the extent of the
respective demand. The Duke advances many
sensible arguments in favor of his plan, and
proves that, as the .soil and climate of Franco
aie decideilly favorable to the breeding of horses
there is no reason why, with judicious crossing,
I hey should not lie quite ns goorl as those of
Great Britain. The plan has been taken up
warmly by the French government, and it is ex-
pected that it will be carried into almost immedi-
ate execution. — Literary Gazette.

Introduction of Riee into Jlmerica. — Martin
states, in his history of North Carolina, that the
planting of Rice was commenced in this country,
in the year 1693, as follows: — .\ brig from Mad-
agascar, on her way to England, came to anchor
ut}' Sullivan's Island. — Thomas Smith, going on
'loard, received from the Captain a hag of seed
nice, with information of its culture in the East,
its suilablcncss for food, and its incredible in-
crease.— Smith divided the seed among his friends,
and an experiment being made in diftereiit soils,
the success surjiasseil the expectation the Captain
had excited. Thus, from this small beginning,
accidentally occurring, arose the staple commodi-
ty of Carolina, which soon became the chief sup-
port of the colony ; and the great source of its
opulence. — Ral. Reg.

JS/ew England, — The cry of decline is one of
the causes of decline. Many hear this cry and
hearing no answer to it, take it to be true. We,
on the other hanil, take the liberty to assert, that
although nominal prices are not as great as they
once were, and although there are more stores
and houses than are wanted, the slate of things
in New England has at no time been sounder and
healthier than it is at this day. Wiiat is the con-
dition of our co.astiug trade ? — What is the con-
lition of the manufactories that are managed with

of some laudable purpose or object, which keeps
awake and enlivens all our powers. Our h::ppi-
ness consists in the pursuit, much more than in
the attainment, of any temporal good. Ui'St is
agreeable ; lint it is only from preceding labors
that rest acquires its true relish. VVlieii the mind
is suffered to remain in continued inaction, all its
powers decay. It soon languishes aii<l sickens —
hut the pleasures which it prupose<l to obtain from
rest, end in tediousness and insipidity. To this,
let that miserable set of men bear witness, who
after spending a great part of their lilb in nclivo
industry have retired to what they fancied was to
be a jilcasing enjoyment of themselves in wealth,
in activity and ])r<ifound repose; where they ex-
pected to find an elysium they have found noth-
ing but a dreary and comfortless Wi^st(^ Their
days have ilragged on with uniform languor :
with the melancholy rcnietnhrancc, ol'ieii return-
ing, of the cheerful lioius t!:ey )ia.~se(l, when
they were engaged, in the honest business and
labors of the world.

skill and economy

-What is the condition of

the agricultural interest of New England? To
what portion of the earth is one to go, to find
more general comfort, and natural thrift, than in
New England ? hut Commeree is depressed. Where,
in the world, at this moment, is it not depressed,
compared with what it has been, under different
circumstances of the worl.l. — Bost. Dai. Mv.

The following is extracted from the New
Monthly and London Magazine of last July:

I Silk. The cultivation of the Mulberry tree

and the production of silk are increasing in North
America, with great rapidity. .\ very interesting
vohnne of essays on the subject, has recently been
published iu Philadelphia.

L,(wig- Life. — He who knows not what it is to
labor, knows not what it is to enjoy. The felicity
of human life depends oj) the regular prosecution

Stall Feeding. — One of the <piickest and most
certain methods of fattening cattle in the stall i-s
by feeding with bran and linseed oil mixed, the
proportion two pecks of bran a day divided
into three feeds ; and half a pint of oil to each
(cK<\, mixed well for small cattle ; the proportiou
to be increased for large. — Lambert's Treatise on
Fanning.

Breeding Live Stock. — Avoid consanguinity and
breeding ironi the same family, or what is coiii-^
iiionly termed breeding in-and-in, as such will, if
persevered in prove highly injurious ; you must
tlicrefure procure your males from those having a
similar breed but of diftlrent bloed from your
own. A skilful breeder will not use the tups bred
on his own farm, although superior to any he can
procure ; and those possessed of the best stock,
both of the short and long horned cattle, keep
two or three separate lines of blood to avoid con-
sanguinity; but a crossing with different breeds
will generally disappoint when jirolonged in tho
line, each breed in its kind should be kept distinct.
—Ibid.

Water drinking among the Arabs. — Dr Madden,
in his travels in Egypt, remarks that the Arabs in
journeying over their deserts, beneath a burning
sun, use but little water during the day, but take
copious draughts at night fall. They state that
drinking in the heat of the day creates thirst,
while tiie more water they use at night, the less
will he their desire for it on the morrow. The
Arabs gave this caution to the traveller, he prac-
tised it, and cxjierienced the benefit. Anuiiig the
many preventives from the injurious cflects of
drinking cold water in the time of excessive heat,
this Arabian custom is worth relating.

In France bread has been nir.dc of wheat straw
chopped and ground. It is said to be found nntri-
lioiis, and must be better than the bark bread of
Sweden. It is, probably, a certain cure for the
d} s|)epsia.

To preserve Cheese from Mites.— Hei\ pepper so
called is a complete antidote again.-t flies impreg-
nating cheese, so as to produce maggots. Take
one and put it into a delicate piece of linen, mois-
ten it with a little fresh butter, and rub your
cheese frequently. It not only gives a very fino
color to your cheese, but is so pungent that uo
fly will touch n.—Mass. Jgr. Rep.

5i

NEW ENGLAxNl) FAR3IER,

iSept. 3, 1830.

uww ssrS'Tiiisrj) 2>ii'ii2iiDii3o

BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBKR3, 1830.

• F1N13 GR.APES.

We have been iiiiicli <Ti-atitic(l by a view (if
bowers of grape vines, skilfully ciihivated l)y Mr
David Fosdick of Cliurle.^tovva, .Mass. The vines
are traineii to espalier-rails, whic.'i are archcil
over head and tlve chisters of grapes, mostly sns-
' pended from the horizontal part of the railing,
arc arnon;j the finest we have ever observed. Mr
Fosdick's modes of forming and manuring his
soil, and training and pruning his vines appear to us
very judieioiis as well as successful, and might af-
ford profita!)le subjects of contemplation to those
who are al.'out commencing tiie culture of this
wholesome and delicious fruit.

MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW.
We leain that extensive arrangements are mak-
ing for the approaching cattle show and exhibi-
tion of manufactures at Concord, Mass., by the
MidiUesex Society of Husbandmen and Manufac-
tures : and we are happy to be able to state thai
the animal address will be delivered by Elias
Piii.N.NEr, Esi|. of Lexington, from whose practical
as well as theoretical knowleilge of the art ami
science of Agriculture, niuch may be anticipated,
which will prove a valuable contribution to the
best interests of New England Cultivators.

NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL FESTIVAL-
The .Ytw York HorticulLural Sncittij are making
splendid prejiarations for their anniversary, whicli
takes place on the 7th and Sth of September.
The address, dinner, and great show (.f liailt and
flowers will take place on the 7th -and in the
evening of the Sih, they give a grand Ball at Nib-
lo's Saloon and Gardens, wliich are to be splendid-
Iv illuminated.

The Farmer's Manual says, ' If your hay isshort, | This pear was of a sprightly, juicy and quite pleae-
or you wish to sow winter grain after your Inilian ^ ant flavor— size a little under medium; flesb
corn, or secure your corn against the effects of ^ whitish and melting; color green; said to be a
e.irly frosts, you may cut up your corn-hills close great and constant bearer, and is worthy of culti-
to the ground, in fair wcatlier, with a sharp knife valion.

or sicKle, and lay two rows into one, in small bun- Peaches.— By Mr MA^•M^G, fruit of the early
dies, as when you top and secure your stalks; 'Royal George, (of Floy's Catalogue.) By Mr
bind your bundles above the ears, and stack the ! WhithaPxSH, a line natural peach. 13y Mr E. D.
•same day in .-mall stack.s, either upon the bor- j Richards, of Dedham, Seedling Peaches, of fine
ders of your field or upon an adjoining field ; you flavor and good appearance.

may then plough and sow as upon f.dlow grounds ; { .']pples. — By Messrs Wixsmps', fruit of Knight's
secure your .stacks by doubling down the tops, and ^ Siberian Bitter Sweet. By Mr P. S. Hasti.ngs, of
binding the heads with a pliable stalk; this will Lexington, a red striped ai.ple of good appearance,

exclude the rain.s, which otherwi.se would damage name unknown. By Mr , fruit from a

your corn. This corn will he ripe at the usual tree bionght from Europe 35 years 'since, by Glk.
tune, without the least diminution in its color E. IL Derby, of Salem, shajie oblong, of a whit-
weight, or value : but in the opinion of some of- i.sh yellow color, and very fair appearance. By
the best farmers, {who are in the steady practice S. Dow.xr.R, of Dorchester, an apple well known
of this m<Mle from choice,) with an increased value in the market for some years past under the name
of the grain. The increased <|nantity and value of the ' Porter Apple,' (a Wilding.) The original
of your stalk, will richly |iny the experi.se; you tree of this variety, we learn froin good authority,
may in this way bring forward the .sowing of your belonged to Rev. Samuel Porter, of Sherburne,
winter grain, 2, 3, or 4 weeks, which will again "' '

at harvest repay the expense of dealing your
C(un-(ields. If you house your corn stalks be-
fore you husk your cm-n, the pitching will be hea-
vy, and your bundles often break, and your places
for housing be difficult and inconvenient, and of-
ten expo.sed to your cattle ; therefore husk your
corn on the field, and empty your baskets into
your cart as you husk, always remembering to
leave the husk u|)nn the stalk, by breaking the
cob ; these will again repay your expense in fee-
ding. The difftu-ence in the mode of husking,
will at first be considerable; but a little practice
will soon remove this, and remler them efpial.
It is of high importance fiir every farmer to know
every mode of culture ihat will alTi.rd him suc-
cessful advantage in managing his farm, and in
this point of view this docs not rank as one of
the least.'

FARMERS" WORK FOR SEPTEMBER.

To|i the stalks upon your Indian ci.rii close lo
the ears in due season, but care should be taken
not to cut tlieii) too early. Dr Deane cbsi'rved
that ' Perhaps the best rule is to evainine whether
the ears are ])retty generally filled out, ami
whether they are so firm as to resist a slight im-
pression of the finger nail. In that case ihey may
be cut without injury, but while in a growing stale
it is inexpedient lo cut them.

' Wo are certainly guilty of an eri-nr when we
harvest this cin-ii too early. The dinVreiice of!
early and late corn may In' seen by the shrinking
of corn to the firmer case. In drying, huge spa-
ces may be left betwen tin; kernels on the cob ;
but that which is well ri|)ened on thi' si, ilk will
show no such inlerstiees. The eoru will iiiuloiibt-
cdly be growing belter till the stalk hi lnw iht; ear
is pel fei-ily sapless, and the ci.b cliv; receiviu"
continual nourisliMieiit fmm ihe siip, iiniil ih('
frost or some a( cident should liappi n lo prevent
it. S(piirrels and oilier animals diiw- pef,j,|e to
early barvesiinL' ; but there is eoiiiniohK mure lost
than Saved by it. Where coin si;,ii,is lulerably
safe from th-1 attacks ol' tiiiiie and wiM animals,
harvi'stiog early is an uii|Mrdoii,ibl(! c'lror.. The
sentiment id' Dr De.me, on cutting il,,- sialks of
Indian corn I >o eaily are conobor in.l by l.in-ain,
and other able writers, as Well .-IS by liie e\|ieri-
ence of cultivatm-s in ihi- viciniiv. [.S •(■ .\'e\v Eii::-
kiid Farmer, vol. \iii, |i. 7."3, 74.]

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, .\uju3l 28, 1830.
FRUITS.

Plums. — By Gen. Dearborn, seven varieties,
viz: Given G.ige, Purple Gage, Yellow Gage,
Whiter and Yellow Magnum Boniims, Smith's Or-
leans, and Cnnetcli ; latter imported from France
in l.s2.'3-4. By R. riANM.vG, of Salem, Bolmar's
WashiiiL'ton. By fiessrs Wi.-«siiips', Imperial,
St Ca.harine, Blue Gage, Knight's New Green,
and a plum of good qnalitv, name unknown. Bv
Doctor Williams, of Cambridgeport, a fine Bine
Plum of good fli.vor, name unknown. Bv E.
I!artlkt-i, of Roxhiny, Queen Claude (of Prince)
and fine liolmar's Washington. By A. D. Wil-
liams, of Roxbiiry, Plums of fine appearance,
naine unknown. There were several other varie-
ties ot' I'liims exhibited by .various persons, of
hanilsome appearance.

Piar?.— By A. Brimmer, Esq. of Boston, fruit
of t>vo v.iiieties bom France, names unknown —
one of which was in good eating and a fine pear
— the other of beautiful appearance, but not yet
ripe; both represented as great bearers. Bv Mr
R. Toohf.y, of Waltham, fruit of the Heathcot
pear in a green stale. By Mr Man.mng, fruit of
the I'eurre d'Ari-mberg, in a green state. By Mr
lIuRn, of Cliarlestown, fruit of the Summer Good
Christian, nr Siig.ir Pear, (Cox, No. 18.) By T.
WiiiTMARsn, ol' Bioid<liiie, fruit of the Beiirre d'
Aiigleterre, (Cox, No. IS.) By Mr Joseph Mor-
ton, of Mihon, fruit of a Seedling pear tree.

Mass. which was blown down some years since.
This fruit is deservedly, a favorite as a summer
and early fall apple. The color is whitisii yellow,
with sometimes a little blush on the sunny side ;
size, over medium, shape oblong, and very perfect ;
flavor sjirightly and very pleasant ; ripens in suc-
cession, commencing about the middle of Augtist.
The tree grows upright and thrifty, and is a con.
stant and good hearer. It is already much culti-
vated in this vicinity.

Grape:!. — By Mr D. IIaggerston, fruit of Hen-
derson's Early Burgundy or Black Cluster Grape.
This fruit was raised in the open air. By H,
Newman, Esq. of Roxbury, fruit of a native
grape. For the Committee on Fruits,

S. D.

VEOETABLES.

Capt. D. Chandler of Lexington, presented spe-
cimens of the Tuscarora corn for boiling — and
also of a superior variety of the Sweet Corn, the
seed of which was received by him from Susque-
hanna county, Penn.

The following extract was presented by Capt.
Smith, of Qilincy, with a sample of the nianure :

Extract of a letter from 'Mr Samuel Sweetser,
of Baltimore, received from Win. F. Taylor, Esq.
-American consul at Arequipa, Pern, relative to a
kind of manure, called by the Spaniards, Guano.
He directs it to be used by sprinkling (as much as
you can hold between your fingers) around the
plant twice a month, and drawing the soil over it.
He observes that its action on their lands is very
violent indeed, and liy its use lliej have three
crops a year, and without it their lauds would
very .soon be exhausted. I have not had time to
examine it particularly, though inclined to believe
it a salt, as it readily dissolves in the mouth. Tliia
is obtained from an Island near the Iqueia on tha
southern coast of Peru.

At a special meeting of the Massachusetts Ilor-
ticiihural Society, held on the 14th ult., a commit-
tee to make arraiigeinents for the annual festival
of the Society was chosen.

Mr Ebenezer Bailey,

Doct. George IIayward,
were admitted as Members of the Society.

At the adjourned meeting of the Society held
on the 21st nit

Allyn Charles Evanson, Essq.,

gec'y King's County Agricultural Pncielv, St John, N. B.

was admitted an Honorary Member.

Vol.lX.— Ko.7.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

55

Ed«'abd W. Payne, ol" Bosion, a Subscrip-
tion Member.

The meeting was then aJjourned to Saturday,
4th instant.

HORTICl'LTL'RAL CELEBRATION.

The Massachusetts Hoiticuluial Society will celebrate
their annual festival on Fridiy llie 10th d:iy of September,
, by a public dinner and an address.

The address will be delivered by Zebedee Cook, Jr,
Esq., first Vice President of the Sociely, at the Lecture
Room of the .\[hena'unj, precisely at cloven o'clock in the
forenoon. The room will be opened at ttn o'clock.

An evhibition of fruits and tlnwcrs will he submitted
for the inspection of visiters, in the Hall of ihe ENchaiige
Coffee House, immediately after the conclusion of the
address, and will close at 2 P. M.

The dinner will be provided by Mr Gal!,Tgher, at the
Exchange Coffee House, and the Compaey will sit down
at the tables at 3 P. M.

The Committee on Fruits and Flowers, will he in at-
tendance at the Coffee House, on Tliui sday afternoon and
Fiiday morning, to receive and register the several arti-
eles that may be sent in lor exhibition, the decorations of
the Hall, and the fruits to compose the Dessert for the
table.

Contributors of fruit and flowers are respectfully re-
quested to aecomp.iny the same with a list of them so
far as may be convenient, and more especially of those
intended for exhibition and for premium.

It is desirable th.vt all fruits and flowers should be de-
livered at the Coffee House on Thursday afternoon, or at
or before eight o'clock on the morning of Friday, to en-
able the conimillee to complete the arrangements and de-
corations of the dining hall before eleven o'clock on that
day. Per Order,

GEO. W. PRATT.
Chairman of the Committee of .\rrangements.

0* Tickets for memheis of the Society, and others, at
§2..50 each, can he had of J. B. Rl sseli., at the office
of the New England Farmer, and of James Bergen, at
the office of Z. Cook, Jr, Congress-street, Boston; of
Charles Lawke.nce, Salem— A. &. H. A. Breed, &
Co. Lynn — John Lemist, Roxbury — T. J. Goodwin,
Charlastown, and of either of the Committee of Arrange-
ments.

ANNIVERSARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS

HORTICULTUR-AU SOCIETY.

The Committee on Fruits, &c. of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society respectfully invite all members of
the Society, and others, who may wish to promote its ob-
jects, to furnish for the approaching festival of the Society,
iuch fruits as may be deemed worthy the occasion ; as
grapes, plums, peaches, pears, apples, melons, &c. ; es-
pecially all such as may be considered new, or rare, or
particularly fine. This, besides adding to the interest and
pleasures of the festival, may serve to make known new
and valuable varieties of fruits, which often remain for
many years entirely unknown, except in Ihe immediate
neighborhood where they are raised. They can be sent
to the Exchange Coffee House, on Thursday afternoon,
or before 8 o'clock on Friday morning, where some of the
committee will be in readiness for their reception and ex-
amination. Any fruits sent from New York, by the Steam
Boat line, directed as above, would probably reach Boston
in good order, if properly packed. Gentlemen arc le-
quested to label all fruits with the name of the donor.
Per Order,

E. PHINNEY, Chairman.

The Standing Committee of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, on ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Flowers,
&c. request that members of the Society, and others fa-
vorably dJs;'Osed, should forward to tlie Society's Hall, or
to the Exchange Coffee House, such ornamentrj pl.inls,
orange and lemon trees, bouquets of beautiful flowers,
festoot^s and wreuths, as will tend to the floral decoration
of the dining hall. Care will be taken of such plants as
it may be desirable to have returned.
Per Order,

R. L. EMMONS, Chairman.

SIrawhcrnj Plantt.

For sale at the Seed Store coirnecud with the New
Engl.iiid Farmer, 52 North Marl,ct--trect — direct from
the Brigliton .Nursery,

A lai'ge viiiety of Sir.iwborry Vines, compi'ising the
Pine .-ipple, Roscberry, Ha'.h Sc.irlct, Royal SearKl, Mul-
berry, Wood, Cliili, &c, at .SJI per hundicd. Also Wil-
mot's Super b. Keens' Impei'ial, and Keens' Seedling, at a
reasonalde rale.

Strawberr;/ PlnnLi — Keens' Seedling, Sfc.

lor.s.ale at the Seed Store connected with the New-
England Farmer, 52 Norlh ^^arke(-strect,

A superior collection of Sirawborry Plants, from Mr
Haggerston's Charlestowrr Vineyard, comprising the fol-
lowing sorts: — the Roscberry, Downtori, Balh Scarlet,
Pine Apple, Royal Scarlet, Slulberry, Wilmol's Superb,
and Keens' Seedling. For a partiouiar notice of the last
ni ignificent variety, we beg leave to refer to the Report
of the Commift ce on Fruits, of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, June 19, 1830.

' The specirr^ens of ** Keens* Seedling," offered by
Mr Haggerston, of the Charlestown Vineyar-d, exceeded
anything of Ihe kind we had ever seen. This new varie-
ty, introduced into this country by that crrterprising and
skilful horticulturist, frrlly sustained the high charact>r
given of it, in the English publications, anil all that is
said of it in the Pomological Magazine, where it is ilc ■
scribed as being ' veri/ lar^e.Vfry good, and very prolijic.*
Taking all (he properties of this justly celebrated slraw-
berry into consideration, it may be said to have no rival.
Some of the largest of those exhibited by Mr Haggerston,
measured over 5^ inches in circumference, and the arer-
n»e circumference of the sample, being about one quart,
it is believed was over 4 inches, A few of them were of
cor:ks-comb shape, but mostly round or ovale. The
produce upon t!ie stalks of a single plant, set last autumn,
was exhibited at the Hall by Mr Haggerston, which, on
counting, was found to consist of the astonishing number
of l.')7 ripe and green berries. The size and strength of
the fruit stalks, its broad, deep green leaves, and the gen-
eral healthiness and vigor of the plant, are well adapted
to the support and protection of the enormous size and
quantity of fruit which it yields. The committee on
fruits are therefore unanimously of opinion that Mr Hag-
gerston i.s entitled to the .Socict/'s premium fjr the best
strawberiies, which is accordingly awarded him ; and they
further award him a premium of §!5,00 for introducing
this new and most valuable vsricly.

By order of the Committee,

E. Phinney, Cha{:-^.ari.*

The first mentioned varieties, may be purcha-sed at Ihe
rate of .fjl per hundred; Wilmol's Superb, at §5 per
hundred; Keens' Seedling, at $15 per hundred, 5!'-,50
per dozen, or 25 cents per single plant. August 20.

For Sale,

A valuable Farm at Lechmere Point; consisting of ."^O
acres — on the Craigie road, less than three miles from
Boston. With a gJod two stcry house and barn thereon —
» thriving young orchard and other fruit trees.

For terms and other particulars, inquire of Win. E.
Payne, No. 5 Court-street. eptol Aug. 27.

For Sale,

The well known FARM in Dover, occupied for the last
fourteen years by the subscriber, containing about 301)
acres, well located in a square, bounded on the south by
C'ochecho river, and on the cast by Fresh creek, on which
is a tide mill, with an apparatus for pounding and grinding
plaster. The Buildings consist of a large two .story Brick
House, of4G feet by riS, with a wing of 20 by IC, all well
finished, adjoined to which is a shed 34 feet by 14, con-
necting Ihe cider house 27 by 37, two stoi-ies, with one
pla.slered room, where all the spinning and weaving is
done for the family ; two Barns, one of which is 100 feet
by 42, with two wings of about 40 feet each, oni> employ-
ed as a stable, the other for a shecpfold, with a good yard
well walled in; the other is a Store Barn of 45 feet squ-<re,
of 16 feet post, and will contain CO tons of hay ; a pig-
gery of 50 feet by 30, with a cellar of IS feet square un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook f^rr
swine. The fields are divided by permanent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 acres in front of the house, one
of 17 on the East, one of 10 acres on the Nortli, (princi-
pally orchard,) one of 15 N'orlheast, and one of 30 acres
West of the house, wiUi three pastures of 20 to 25 acres
each.

The Farm has been gradually improving for the Ixst
ten years, and tiro two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 25 tons of tiiatch. It is one
and a half miles from the village of Dover, which affordr
a good market. There has been planted some hiimlreds
of Fruit Trees, principally Apple, many of which are
grafted — with Pears, Cbcrrv, Hum, Pe^ch and Quince
trees, and many in bearine, with a small nursery.

The terms of sale may be known bv npplyinp to Major
Andrew Pierce, of Dover, Mr Sa.mof.l Lord, of
Portsmooth, Of tfco sufckCrih'ir&fl the promises.

June 11. WUXIAM FU.C-Q.

Saron Slt(.cj).
On Thursday the ~^'d day of September, at Hartford, {to
cldiC a concern) will ire bold by i'ublic Auction, an entire
t^ock cf sLrpoiinr full blooded Saxon Sheep, brcii with care
f-om the best stock imported by Alcssrs. George &:. Thoa. *
Scarce in ltSJ5and '-'i ; cuiisisiiiig of 14 Uams, 3U F-wcs, 11
Ra:ii Lambs, and iO Ewe Lambs,
Also, ih ' wel known full b:r>odcd Durham Improved Short
Horned UuU Wve Co.MtT, uiiquestionablv the bfst Bull ia
America. W. VVOOLliRlDGE,
August 50, 1330. HENRY WATSON.

H'anis a Place,
A middle aged man as a gardener. Inquire at the Farmer
Office. 3t Sept. 2.

JVew JVork on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at Ihe Seed Store ronneclej
with Ihe New England Farmer OiTicc, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or, Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to wliich the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms ff each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and inip'OvemenIs, particularly adajrtcd io this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Mcmlnr
of the London Veterinary Medical Sociely. Price $1,25.

Grass Seeds.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Engl.and Farmer, 52 Norlh Market streel,

.\ large assortment of Seeds of the vaiiou! grasses cul-
tivated in New Engl,\nd, viz:

HERDS GRASS ; RED TOP;

ORCilARD'GRASS;

TALL MEADOW OATS GRASS;

FOWL MEADOW GRASS;

LUCERNE, or FRENCH CLOVER;

F>.ED CLOVER;

WHITE HONEYSUCKLE CLOVER; also

V.TNTLR WHEAT, fiom Gcneee,

BUCKWHE.AT, FLAX, MILLET, FIELD PEAS.
and 14 varieties o<' the most esteemed FIELD TURNIP
SEED, cultivated in Europe and .\riicrica, all warranted
ol the first quality, and at the customary market prices.

Aug. l:l.

Bolivar Calves, Saxony Ducks, and Bremen Gctte.

For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by lire celebrated im

ported in.pioved Durham short horned bull Boliv.'l.r

which slock have prodt:ced ^6 quarts of n.ilk a day. No

1 , dim Grey Brown, half Coelebs and half Galloway. No

2, dam Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres
her sire Coelebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cov/. No
4, dam Beauty, half Ccelcbs and half Galloway. The
Calves are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of ilenjamin Shurt-
Icli, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston.

tf. July P.

Chloride of Soda.
For sal : Fit the Seed Store connected with the N. E.
Farmer, 152 North Market-street — A few L'o;;cn bottles of
Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, removing offensive
smells, neutralizing pestilential cxhelations, ami destroy-
ing cor-.tagion; prepared by the New Englan' chemical
c.Hi.pany for Lowe and R^ed. This val;i^;')l.' article U
particularly described, page 390 of this wevk's New Eng-
and Farmer. — Price §1,00 per bottle, with directions.

Drigiiton Markf.t — ft'oitdarj, Jiugust 30.

[ItcporlcJ for IhaCl.rt.nicltnndPalriot. ]

At Market this day, 5S0 Peef Catllc, 553 Stores, 6520
Sheep, and 720 Swine. From 100 to 150 Pe^f Cattle, a
large proportion of Stores, from lOOOtolSOO Sheep, and
about 2M Swine, remained unsold at the clo.se of the
maiket.

Priee.t—Eeef Cnttls— From ^3,50 a $4,50; a few
brought a fiitle over $4,50; and a considerable number
of small tliin Cattle were sold as low as $3.

Sheep and icniis.— Fror:i $15.) to $1,87* ; we noticed
one lot of abcut 300 taken for $1,03 per head ; one lot of
Welhers were sold for $3. '

eiiine— Lots of about 60 were taken si about 4 a it
cts. ; as retail 4 a 5 tenta "•'■

■^

56

NEW ENGT.AND FARMER.

Fipt. 3, 1S.?0.

3IISCEL,LA3fIES

At tlie conclii.sioii of the exiiiliition of the 15os-
toii Pubhc Schools, the Rev. Dr Homer, of New-
ton, rose ami ruinarkeil that lie came at tlie rc(]uest
of liis school mate. Admiral Sir Isaac Cofiiii, to
express by proxy, his regret at heiiij: uiiahle to at-
teiiil the exiiminatioii of this school, of which lie
was tormerly a member ; and that the Admiral
desired him to say thai lie was often reminded of
n few lines in his Aiiisworth's liatin Dictionary,
which he used at school, and that he was remind-
ed every day more and more of their truth. They
were —

Isaac Comx, his Rook :
God ^ivc hitn grace iherein lo look.
Not only look, but understand
Tli.if lo:iiniiuj; is better than hou^c and land.
For when house, and land, and money is spent.
Then I.earnixg is most excellent.

The Admiral (continued the worthy Doctor) at-
tributes his elevation in life to the observance of
the precepts ill these linss, joined with habits of
industry and honesty, and reconnneiidcd the same
to the pupils ; and I will add, says the Doctor,
that honesty which is formed in strict piety and
morality.

An avaricious person who kept a very scanty
table, dining lately with his son at an ordinary in
Cambridge, whispered in his ear, ' Tom, you must
eat for today and tomorrow.' ' O ye.=,' retorted
the half-starved lad, ' but 1 han't eaten for yes-
terday and the day before, yet, father?'

' I cannot do il,' never accom|)lished anything
— 'I'll try,' has done wonders.

Medicine. for a coii^A.— The followintr medicine
for a congh has performed such extraordinary cures
in private practice, tliat the possessor is imluccd to
publish it fur the benefit of society.— Take six ounces
of Italian liquorice (that stamped Solizzi is by far
the best) cut into small pieces, and put into an earth
en jar, with a quarter of a pint of the best white
wine vinegar ; simmer together until the liquorice
is dissolved ; then add tv.-o ounces of the oil of al-
monds, and half an ounce of the tincture of opium,
Btir the whole well together, and it is fit for use.
Take two tea spoonfuls when going to bed, and the
same quantity whenever the cough is troublesome
in the day time.

Friday. — It has been a prevailing notion among
sailors and some other classes of people that Fri-
day is an unlucky day of the week, and tinv can
be found willing to go to sea on that day. But in
proof that Friday does not always introduce mis-
fortunes, it may bo observed that Christopher
Columbus embarked on his voyage for the dis-
covery of America on Friday, August 3, 1 192, and
landed on Friday, October the I2lli, of the same
year.

The absurd notion that Friday is an unlucky
day to commence any operation affects landsnn'ii
ns well as sailors. Did not God create Fridav as
Well as other days of tlu week ? — Pain. Jin-r.
Almanac.

night in preference to the day ; thcrefure, iiioibers
and nurses oii^ht to remove everuhing which
may tend to disturb their rest, and not to attend
to every call for taking llieiii up and giving food
at improper jieriods. Infants cannot sleep too
long ; when they enjoy a calm, long-continued
rest, it is a favorable symptom. Uinil the third
year, children generally require a little sleep in the
middle of the day ; for, till that age, hall" their time
may safely be allotted to slee|). Every succeed-
ing year, the time ought to be shortened one
hour ; so that a chili! seven years old may slce|)
about ten hours. Children ought to rise at six
o'clock in the sunimer, and at seven in the winter.
It is extrenily injudicicnis to awaken children with
a noise, to carry them immediately from a dark
room into the glaring light, or against a dazzling
wall ; the sudden impression of light may debili-
tate the organ of vision, and lay the foundation of
weak eyes. Wet clothes or linen, should never
be allowed to be hung to dry in the bed room, as
an impure atmosphere is attended with various
and often fatal consequences. Banish (says I'rn-
fessor Ilnfeland) fealher beds, as they arc unnatu-
ral and debilitating contrivances. Tlie bedstead
sh uhl not be jilaccd too low on the floor, and it
is highly iinpro[ier to siilTer children to sleep on a
couch which is made without a siifiicient elevation
from the ground. — Book of Health.

FnoG Market at Brussels. — There is in
Brussels a market for frogs, which are brought
alive in pails and cans, and prepared for dressing
on the sjiot. The hind limbs, which arc the only
parts used, are cut from the body with scissors,
by the woman who bring the animals for sale.

Sleep of Children. Infants from the time of
their birth, should be encouraged to sleep in the

HINTS TO MECHANICS AND WORKMEN.

If you would avoid the diseases which your
particular trades and work arc liable to [iroducc,
attend to the following hints.

Keep, if possihli-, regular hours. Never suppose
that you have done extra work, when you sit up
till midnight, and do not rise till eight or nine in
the morning.

Abstain from ardent spirits, cordials and malt
liquors. Let your drink he, like that of Franklin,
when he was a jninter — pure water.

Never use tobacco in any form. By chewing,
smoking, or snuffing, you s|)eiid money which
would help to clothe you, or wonlil enable yon, il
single, to make a usel'ul present lo an agcil mollier
or dependent sister; or if married, to buy your
wife a frock, or get books for your children. You
alsn, by any of these filthy practices, injure your
health, bring on headache, gnawing at the stomach,
low spirits, trembling of the limbs, and at times,
sleeplessness.

Be pariiciilar in preserving your skin clean, by
regular washing of your hands and face and mouth,
before each meal, and of your whole body ai least
once a week ; and by combing and brushing the
hair daily.

Always have fresh air in the room in which
you work, but so that you shall not be in a draft.

Take a short time in the morning, if possible,
and always in the evening or towards sundown,
fir placing your body in a natural posture, by
standing erect and exercising your chest and limbs
by a walk where the air is purest.

If confined in doors, let your food consist, in a
large proportion, of milk and bread, and widl
boiled vciretahles. Meat and fish ought to he
used sparingly, and only at dinner. You are better
wilhniit coflce, tea, or chocolate. If yon use any
of them, it ought not to be more than once in the
day. — Journal of Health.

Direr lions from a Parent to his sou, on his enter'
ivg into .Mercantile Business.

1. You are to give your constant attendance
at the Counting Room or store (business or no
business) during ollice hours, except you are sent ,
out by i\lr (U- go by his permission.

2. When out on bu>iness, finish it with de-
spatch and reliiiu immediately.

3. Keep your store in tlie most regular and
neatest order, especially your desk, books, and
tiles of papers.

4. Whaiever business you may have on hand,
execute il, nut in a hurry, hut in the best style,
instantly wiihout delay. ' Prucrastiiiatioii is the
thief of time.'

5. Whenever you deliver an article, see that it
be chaigi'd the very first thing you do. It will ■
reqniri; your utmost attemion and consideration to
enable yon to execute your dii.ies faithfully and
correcily, especially full practice makes bu^ines3
familiar.

6. The last and most important ; you are invio-
lably to keep your master's secrets, relate none of
his business, not even to your most intimate
friends. A breach of ihis injunction would be trea-
son on your part, and the reason will be obvious

to ymi. Mr will cheerfully gr,- nt yon every

indiilgcnce. — Should ymi want to be absent an
hour, or even more, he will not object ; but you
must be carelul never to ask these favors when
your piesence is necessary irf the store. Think it
not dcrogatm-y to perform any woik among tho
goods in the store ; the e.xeri'ise will lie useful to "
strengthen your innscles and preserve your health'
Be careful to im]irove your hainlwriling by copy-
ing in the best style, and when you write a letter,
yon should do it as il' it was to be inspected by
all your acciuaintance, and you should never write
Cast.

Yello^o Locust fcfrf, 4'C-

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the
New England Farmer, 52 North Market- street.

Fifty pounds of genuine and fresh yellow Locust
Seed, saved for ns by a gentleman in Marrisburg,
Pa. The excellence of this timber for posts, its uses
in ship building, its easy culture, rapid growth, &c.
recommend it to the notice of farmers. Directions for
its culture furnished gratis.

Also, seed of the Glcdilschia Iriacanthcs, or Honey
Locust — or three thorned Acacia,— for live fences.
I his is the sort recommended by Judge BtEi., (in
tho New England Farmer, vol. viii. page ](i4) as the
best plant that can be cultivated for hedges : of very
rapid growth, long and abundant thorns, and with
hard and strong wood, and it is attacked by no insect
wliich gives it a decided advantage over Hawthorns

Uj' Subsciibers to tlie New England Fanner are in-
formed that they can have ibcU- volumes neatly half
bound and Ictteicd by sending them to this otTice.

Persons into whose ears insects have crept, need
feel no alarm that they will find their way to the
brain, as they cannot pass the drum of the ear.

Published every Friday, :it S.5 per annum, p.nyable at the

end of the 5c;ir-biil lliusc who pay within sixty davs from the

me of (iubscribiiin;, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents.

[HT No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
beini; made in advance.

■ Printed for .1. 1'. lUissF.i.L, by T. R. Butt^ — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing receivctl by J. H.
HussKLi.. at the .\giiculturai Warehouse, INo. 52 ISorlU
Ahirket Stieet.

AfiENTS.

.Wi'w Vfli'/c — G. TuoRiii.'KN t.^ .Son, 67 labcrly-strcet.
/'Iii/ailelplila— 1). iV i; L.inukkth, 85 Chosiiiui-sncct.
Iti/itmore—G. It. Smith, Oliice olihe Ameiican Farmer,
A'/><niii^\i\i. Jkssp; ItiiKL.
h'lits'iiiis. N. Y. \V»i PkiNcK&SoNS,Piop.L;a.Bol.Gardeo

//rn-//r>C(/— CinohW IN A: SoNS.

Ihilif.ix, iN. uS.— I'. J. Iloi i.Arn. Fsq. Recorder Office.
Moiitrml, L. C. — A. liowMAN, Bookseller.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

TOL, IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER lO, 183 O.

NO. 8.

® ® sa ai Iff 3gr a^s ii a a sO 2r a*

CULTIVATION OF SILK.

Mk Fessenden — I enclose a letter from P. S.
Dv Ponceau, Esq. of Pliiladeliihia, on the cultiuc
of silk, whicli contaijis nnicli important informa-
tion and evinces such a liberal anil patriotic spirit,
that it would be doing great injustice to the
whole coniniunity,'to withhold it from publication.

The life of that illustrious scholar and jurist
lias been marked by a zealous devotion to the best
interests of his country. He commenced his
<listinguished career us an officer of the Revolu-
tion,— iu literature and science he has attained an
exalted station in both hemispheres, and we now
behold him, in the fulness of years, prosecuting
investigations, subservient to all the great branches
of national industry, with the vigor and enthusi-
asm of youth.

If we look back only a few years, and recollect
what has been accomplished, it will not be diffi-
cult to appreciate the immense value of the ex-
periments he is so generously making, and the
consequences which must result from their success.

In 1784 an American vessel was seized in Liv-
erpool for having on board ' eight bales'' of cotton,
as a was considered imjjossible that they could
be the growth of this country ; and in 1829, there
were imported into that city, from the United
States 640,998 bales.

But a few years since, there was not a cotton
manufactory in the Union, and now, in the single
village of Lowell, which is a creation of yester-
day, a thread is daily spun, which woidd e.vtend
more thau five times round the earth.

I sincerely regret, that I unintentionally ren-
dered myself obiio.tious to the gentle rebuke of
my venerable correspondent. I was aware of
the conunendable exertions of Mr Vernon of
Rhode-Island and of Mr Cobb of Dedham, to ad-
vance the culture of silk, and am happy to learn
that they are as well known and as highly esti-
mated at a distance, as at home, and to avail of
this occasion, not only to bear testimony to their
merits, but to aver that ' in their own country,'
all are ready to do them honor, and are proud to
claim them as fellow-citizens, who have deserved
' well of the republic.

Most respectfully.

Your obedient servant,
JVialejr Place, Roibury, j H. A. S. DEARBORN.

Philjdelphia, Auo. 28, 1830.
H. A. S. Dearborn-, Esq.. — )

KolBURT, Mass. )

Dear Sir — I have received the 4th No. of vol.
9th of the New England Farmer, whicli you have
had the goodness to send to me, containing an
article written by yourself, in which you are
pleased to ascribe much more merit to my weak
efforts for promoting the culture of silk in this
country thau they are in strict justice entitled to.
The first impulse to this important branch of ag-
riculture, was given by the House of Representa-
tives of the United States, in the year 1826.
Since which time Mulberry trees have been plant-
ed and silk worms raised in various quantities in
the different parts of our Union ; but no means

I appearing of making that culture profitable, there
was danger of its being speedily abandoned, as it
I has been repeatedly in this country and iu difl'er-
ent parts of Europe. As the cocoons cannot be
ex()ortcd in kind, nor can they be used in man-
ufactures without a certain preparation callid
reeling, or spinning from the cocoons, unknown
among us, the farmer or planter did not know
what to do with those that his silk wffrms produc-
ed, and they became a prey to rats or to devour-
ing insects.

It is true that in Connecticut and in some other
parts, a kind of inferior sewing silk was made out
of the cocoons, which found a cash price in our
commercial cities and could only be disposed of
by way of barter. It is true also that by a sini-
ilar process, some of the coarser stuffs, such as
vestings, stockings, gloves, and perhaps even rib-
bons, might have been made; but it is now well
known that all those articles in Europe arc made
of floss or refusee silk, and that the finer material
is reserved for those delicate stuffs, for which we
pay yearly so large a tribute to Europe, and par-
ticularly to France.

To reel or prepare the silk for making these
finer stuffs, is an art known only rn its perfection
in the north of Italy and the south of France.
Even in China, the native country of the silk
worm, the material is not so well prepared as it
is in those two countries. In the Turkish domin-
ions and in Bengal, the preparation is still inferior.
As to the latter country, 1 beg leave to quote the
opinion of an English silk broker, communicated
by the respectable house of Rathbone, Brothers, &
Co., of Liverpool, to a gentleman of S. Carolina, in
a letter received in the course of the present year.
' Eveiything,' says the silk broker, ' depends on
the proper selections and reeling of them (the co-
coons) into the hanks, — although our importations
from the East Indies are great, and this trade is of
such vital importance to our successful competi-
tion with the Continent (of Europe), it is to be
regretted that neither the East India Company, nor
the private merchants, have hitherto employed
any competent person to superintend the reeling of
the silk. IC that were done, I have not the slight-
est doubt but that silks of the Eastern production
would render us altogether independent of
either France or Italy ; for it is an established
fact, that silk of the best quality can be produced
in the East Indies at a lower rate than in Europe.'

This speaks volumes — It is evident that if com-
petent persons to superintend the reeling of silk
could be easily procured from Italy or France,
Great Britian, situated in tlie vicinity of those
countries, and having such a high interest to pro-
mote, would have obtained them. The reason
why it cannot be done is this. In the filatures of
Europe, the mechanical process of reeling is per-
formed by women, under the directions of over-
seers. The women are ignorant, being taken
from the very lowest class of the people : no consid-
eration can induce them to leave their native vil-
lages, much less to cross the seas ; the overseers
are few, and generally men of an advanced age
and have families — They are well compensated
for their labor, and have no temptations to emi-
grate.

The great desideratum, therefore, in the United
States, is to learn the art of reeling silk for man-
ufacturing those stuffs with which our females
are almost universally clothed, and not only to learn
it, but to disseminate it through the svhole coun-
try, as it has been ascertained that the cost of
transporting cocoons from one part of the Union
to the other, would render tliem valuele.ss to the
grower, unless filatures were established in his im-
mediate neighborhood, or at some reasonable
distance.

A fortunate chance in the course of last sum-
mer, brought Mr D'llomergue to this country, a
young man 25 years of age [now 26] well skill-
cd in the art of reeling silk from the cocoons and
in other branches of the silk manufacture. His
work, which no doubt you have seen entitled
' Essays on American Silk,' made him generally
known, and Congress took so much notice of it,
as to refer it to their committees on agriculture.
The committee of the House of Representatives,
perceiving the importance of keeping this young
man in the country, reported a bill to the House
the object of which was to emjiloy him in teach-
ing the art of reeling silk to 60 young men, to
be selected from the diflcrcnt States of the Union
in certain jiroportions, who, when sufficiently in-
.structed, might establish themselves as directors
of filatures in their respective neighborhoods, and
employ women to perform the mechanical work
under their iliscretion. Thus the art of preparing
silk would be introduced in its perfections, equally
and uniformly througli our extensive country,
and the results might be easily anticipated.

This bill, however, in consequence of the pres-
sure of other business, could not be taken up at
the last session, and lies over till the next, when
the fortunes of this country, as far as they depend
upon silk, will either be effectually secured or put
back for a period, the duration of which cannot
be foreseen.

Determined, however, as far as depended upon
me, to keep Mr D'llomergue in this country, at
least until the next session of the national legisla-
ture, I have resolved to employ him during the
present season in making experiments on Ameri-
can silk, whereby the nation might be still more ful-
ly convinced of the importance of the art he pro-
fesses. For this purpose 1 [have purchased co-
coons, and established an experimental filature
in this city, in which ten reels are at work. My
object is to test the price which our raw silks
will produce in the markets of England, France,
and Mexico, into which countries large quantities
of the article are annually imported, as they have
Ik manufactures and do not raise silk worms,
but import that material from abroad at a consid-
erable exiiense. I expect no profit from this un-
dertaking ; as far as I can judge, on the contrary,
there will be a not inconsiderable loss ; but it ii
not profit that I have in view. Experience in
everything must he purchased. I have fixed a
sum, which I am willing to lose, and which I
shall not regret, if the country is to be benefit-
ed by it. The silk that my filature has hither-
to produced, is of the most beautiful kind, and is
at least equal, if not superior to any in the world.
1 would wish to try the quality of the silk co-

58

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 10,1830.

coons raised by silk worms on the leaves of the
■wild or red American mulberry, but I have not
been able to procure a sufficient quantity for that
purpose. In general, I have found it difficult to
obtain cocoons ; because their value is not yet
fixed, and the profit to be made by the sale of
them not sufficiently ascertained. Therefore I
shall not be able to carry my experiments to the
extent I had at first contemplated. But this dif-
ficulty will vanish in the course of another year.
A great impulse has been given, and I have no
doubt that more cocoons will be raised next sum-
mer tliau will be wanted for any object that this
country will be able to compass.

In the recess of my filatures, occasioned by a
temporary deficiency of cocoons, desirous of
doing everything in my power to show what
might be done with American silk, I have pre-
vailed on IMr D'Homergue, out of the silk that he
has reeled and prepared, to weave the flag of the
United States, and he is now engaged in the work,
■which is expected to be finished in about a fort-
night. The warp is already fixed upon the loom,
the silk is dyed, and next week the weaving of
the webb will begin. The flag will be twelve
feet long by six feet wide, and so fine will be the
texture of the stufls that it is expected that it will
not weigh more than twenty ounces. This flag
is intended to be preseiited to the House of Rep-
resentatives of the United States, as a beautiful
specimen of the first result of real vaUie, which
the impulse which they have given has produced.
It will show that the finest of silk stuffs may be
made in this coimtry.

It has not been an easy task to produce this re-
sult. Everything, even the loom, has had to be
made new and for that only purpose. The ma-
chine, too, occasioned much difficulty — there are
implements necessary for weaving silk, different
from those employed in weaving other substances.
Despairing of obtaining them in this country, I
had written to France for them, and they are not
yet arrived. When I least expected it, fortune
threw in my way a young emigrant from Europe,
who has made these tools in the highest perfec-
tion. The dying also embarrassed me. It was
generally understood that the beautiful colors of
the French silks could not be imitated here.
What was my delight when I discovered two
other emigrants, a Frenchman and German, just
set up in the dying business, and who have dyed
our silk with the most brilliant red and blue, (the
colors of our flag) so that nothing can surpass
that beautiful coloring !

I liave also discovered that we have in this
country, from England, France, Germany and
other places, manufacturers of silk of almost every
description. We have silk throwsters, silk dyers,
silk weavers, silk manufacturers, all but good reel-
ers, without which the labor of the others must
be at a stand. These then are all waiting for em-
ployment, some of them being in very |)oor cir-
cumstances. All we want is the art of reeling,
and everything else will follow. As to mulberry
trees and silk worms, let but a good price be given
for the cocoons, and they will be produced in
quantities as if by magic. Everything, as the
silk broker says, depends upon good reeling.

Having spoken of silk throiosters, I ought to
say that the operation of throwsting will be the
only one that our flag will not receive. Throwst-
ing consists in uniting and twisting together by
means of machinery, several threads of silk, so

as to give them the required size and strength, "
throwsting mill, as it is called, is a very costly
article, and cannot be had in this city. — Mr D'Ho-
mergue asserts that no other but American silk
(such is its nerve and strength) could be wove with-
out undergoing that operat'ou. What succedaneum
he will employ for it I do not know ; but I think
I may safely say, that the flag will be as beauti-
ful a web of silk as can be produced anywhere.
As I have thought, Sir, that it would be agreeable
to you to know the progress that we are making
in this City in the important business of Ameri-
can silk, I have taken the liberty of e.xtending
this letter to its present enormous length, for
which I shall make only the common apology, that
' I could not make it shorter.'

As in your article in the New England Farmer,
you have noticed citizens of different states who
have exerted themselves in the cause of Ameri-
can silk, I have been not a little astonished that
you have left out the men of New England, and
particularly William II. Vernon, Esq. of Newport,
R. I. and Jonathan H. Cobb, Esq. of Dedham, in
your own state. I hope the proverb does not hold
with you, that, no man is a prophet ' in his own
country ;' at any rate, it will not be unbecoming
in a Pennsylvanian to give due credit to the merito-
rious efforts of those two sons of the renowned
pilgrims.

I am with great respect, dear sir.

Your most ob't, humble servant,

PETER S. DU PONCEAU.

PROFITABLENESS OF BEES.

Mr Fessende.v — Noticing the account in the
last New England Farmer of the produce of Mr
D'WolPs Bees in Bristol, (R. I.) I am induced to
offer you the following statement of the produce
of three hives, on the farm of Mr Parker at
Charlestown Neck, — the Bees were under my
care a part of the summer.

The three hives of Bees in question produced
six swarms, from two of which, placed in Beard's
Patent Hives, was produced 40 lbs. of pure honey,
besides leaving enough in those hives for winter-
ing the Bees — the 40 lbs. of honey were sold at
wholesale at 25 cts per lb. producing $10,00 — and
leaving the whole stock of nine swarms on hand ;
(seven of which, unfortunately are in the common
old fashioned hives which can give no return of
honey this year, excepting the usual supply for
breeders another season.) The above nine swarms
will now sell readily at an average of $8,00 each,
producing $72,00, which, with $10,00 for the
honey, is equal to $82,00— the produce of the
three original hives of Bees, in one season.

EBENEZER BEARD.

Charlestown, Mass, Sept. 7, 1830.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

HONEY AND SILK.

Mr Fessenden — Having little to do, I wander
for my amusement on foot or otherwise, as occa-
sion or circumstances happen.

In August, being on an excursion, I stopped at
the house of a farmer, and entered into conversa-
tion with him.

' He took me to his Bees. He had in the spring,
he said, one hive only. There were now five !
This diligent swarm had sent out four colonies.
The season, he said, had been favorable, and the
hives were weighty. Here was little expense and
a good encouragement to farmers, thought I, as I
passed along. ■' ,

I entered into conversation with the next I met,
and was invited to walk in and look at his silk
worms ; (for our country folk are a social peo|)le)
I found the worms were winding themselves up
(or spinning.) There were many of them at work
and but little attendance. I was shown a vast
many cocoons of the last year, and some easy
modes of management, such as placing the legs
of the table in vessels of water to prevent the
ants troubling them, &c.

As I left my very observing friend, I thought
again ' here was but little expense and good en-
couragement to the farmer.'

The hand of industry, thought I, maketh rich.
But as your i)aper is valuable, I shall defer other
incidents of my excursion and wait to see how
our country folk look in print.

Yours, &c, A WANDERER.

THE GREAT CORNFIELD.

Mr Printer — Having heard a great deal said
concerning the great cornfield on Turkey Bog, I
resolved to visit it in person. 1 there found 20
acres of good corn growing, and promising an
abundant harvest to its enterprising cultivators.
This bog is extensive, and we may expect to see
in a few years, instead of twenty, hundreds of
acres growing on this bog, which, until recently,
has yielded nothing but alders. But few mead-
ows can compare with this in richness of soil or
extent of territory. I hope this experiment will
serve to turn the attention of our farmers to their
bogs and meadows, as I believe they may be
made the most productive parts of a farm where
they exist. — If our farmers would make a practi-
cal use of the hint contained in the toast of Hon.
Roger Vose, delivered at a celebration of the
Cheshire Agricultural Society, a few years since,
viz. ' May there be more draining of swamps, and
less draining of the bottle,'' we should hear very-
little about hard times and a scarcity of money to
pay taxes, or to pay for the newspaper. W.

Concord, .iug. 27, 1830.

Progress of the Silk Culture. — An incident oc-
cured in our office a day or two since, which we
wish all the people of the United States could
have witnessed. It was the exhibition of a speci-
men of American silk. Mr Rapp, the respectable
head of the society at Economy, in Pennsylvania,
paid us a visit, wearing a most beautiful figured
black silk vest, and black silk handkerchief, the
material of which was made, from the worm to
the loom, by his society. In a conversation with
him he remarked, (what he had stated before in a
letter to the Editor, published in a late number
of the Farmer,) that they found no difficulty in
any branch of the silk culture ; that it was not
more difficult than raising wheat, and much less
laborious; and that he had little doubt that we
should export silk in ten years. We feel assured,
that no person who saw the vest and handkerchief,
and heard Mr Rapp's remarks upon the subject,
could have harbored a doubt for another moment
of the practicability of cultivating silk, as a staple
in the United States. We shall, probably, shortly
have a specimen of this silk in the office, and shall
gratify our own feelings by exhibiting it to all

who may find it convenient to call American

Farmer.

One of a quantity of apples lately sold ia
Portland, by Capt. J. Hutchings, of Pownal, meas-
ured 13^ inches round.

Vol. IX.

No. 8,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

59

CULTURE OF SILK.

A visit yesterday, to J. H. Cobb, Esq. of Dcd-
liam, afforded us mucb pleasure, as it enabled us
to witness tlie progress he had made in the cul-
ture of silk and in the nice process of reeling it.
He has on baud a large quantity of the Silk
worm's eggs, as well of the silk cocoons. The
process of reeling was performed on .1 machine
improved by Mr Cobb, in a satisfactory manner.

We advise our agriculturists to call on Mr Cobb,
and obtain the information to enable them to com-
mence the culture of silk, which we believe is
destined ere long to become an important branch
of New-England husbandry. The first thing to
be done is to plant the white Mulberry trees, in
sufficient numbers to supply food for the silk
worms. After this has been done the rest of the
jirocess is easy and within the means of every
family. The work can all be done by females,
old tnen and cliildren, who are unlit for the severe
labors of husbandry. Considerable attention is
now given to this subject in New-Hampshire and
in the vicinity of Philadelphia. One town in
Connecticut produces, annually, silk to the amount
of $25,000. The climate of the United States
is peculiarly adajjted to its culture, so much so, as
to give superiority to the American unmanufac-
tured article. It is not rash therefore to predict,
that the production of silk may yet become one
of the great employments of American industry
and a new source of national wealth. It is well
worth the attention of every intelligent agricul-
turist.— Boston Patriot.

Bog Meadow. — Hon. James Fowler of West-
field, in the spring of 1828, covered over 108 rods
of Bog Meadow land with loam from adjoining
upland. The loam was spread about 6 inches
deep. The land was then sowed with herds
grass seed, and the first year produced little but
weeds. — This year, however, it produced at the
rate of 5 tons 7801bs. of best hay per acre, and
before the putting on the loam the yield was not
more than a ton per acre, and that of an inferior
quality. The expense of covering the laud was
about 20 dollars per acre.

Horticultural. — We have this year cultivated a
new kind of bean, the seed of which we procur-
ed at Nantucket, which, for cooking pods, is cer-
tainly the ne plus ultra of excellence. We do
not call it a string bean, because the pod is en-
tirely stringless, even when the beans are full
grown, and are so tender that they require but
about half as much boiling as the common string
bean. For richness they as much exceed other
string beans as the Lima bean does the ordinary
kinds of shell beans. We consider them a vahi- j
able acquisition. They are an early pole bean,
do not run veiy high, and are quite prolific. We
planted twentyfive beans of this kind, from the
product of which we have had several good mes-
ses for our family, and shall have some seed to
spare, which we intend shall be judiciously dis-
tributed Mass, Spy.

Premium Children, — At an exhibition a year or
two since under the direction of the Agricultural
Society at Schoharie, N. Y. a woman presented
three infant daughters that she had at one birth.
There was no premium established, but a number
of bachelors presented her with $5 each, making
up a handsome purse.

The abominable Tariff found Castor Oil selling
at $16 a gallon in 1816, and has had the effect of
compelling the consumer to pay SI 25 a gallon.
This is one article of hundreds operated upon in
the same manner. The domestic article being
fresh and of a better quality. — }yarrenton,.V.C.Gaz.

A convention of delegates from the volunteers
and militia of New Jersey, was proposed to be
held in Trenton or New IJrunswick, in the month
of August, for the purpose of devising a more
efficient military system.

Doctor Absalom Thomson, of Talbot co. Md.
h.TS communicated to the Easton pajjers, the case
of a boy ten or eleven years old, who became deli-
rious and died in convulsions from eating water-
melon seed.

American oaks and birch, particularly some
species, are rc])resented as succeeding in France
better than those indigenous to that countiy.

There is a second severe drought near Rich-
mond, Va.

Joseph Rawson, of Victor, N. Y. recently exhi-
bited ahull in Canandaigna of two years old, which
weighed 1700 lbs.

The Quarterly Review says that the people of
England have, in the last year, consumed one
half more of candles, soap, starch, bricks, sugar,
brandy, and one third more of tea, than they did
only twelve years ago.

Capt. Coffin has given us the memorandum of
an extraordinary production raised on the Rock
Farm, this year, viz. a drumhead Cabbage weigh-
ing 18 J lbs., and measuring, after the outside
leaves were removed, 43 inches in circumference !
[This must have been of the bass-drum species.]
— J^ewburyport Herald.

Essex .Agricultural Society. — The annual Exhi-
bition of the Society will be at Andover, (North
Parish,) on Thursday, 30th Sept. inst., at which
time the annual Address will be delivered by
Col. James DtJNCAPf, of Haverhill. Much may
reasonably be anticipated from this gentleman.

Observation and experience daily confirm the
truth of Dr Johnson's remark : ' You cannot teach
a woman too much Arithjnelic,'' and yet there is no
branch of female education so much neglected. —
You can scarcely find one in a hundred, if she
should be left a widow, who conceives herself ca-
pable, and who is actually capable, of superin-
tending the settlement of her husband's affairs,
and especially if he were largely engaged in busi-
ness. A more helpless object cannot well be con-
ceived, than an amiable female suddenly placed
in this situation ; and although such objects are
daily presented to our view there has been but lit-
tle effort to remedy the evil.

The greatest beauty in female dress is that
which is the most sim|)le, and at the same time
gracefully adapted to exhibit the natural beauty of
tie female form. This simplicity should be observ-
ed, even in color ; a profusion of tawdry and glar-
ing colors bespeaks a tasteless and vulgar mind,
even if the wearer were a Dutchess. Color
should always be adapted to complexion. Ladies
with delicate rosy complexions, bear white and

light blue better than dark colors , while on the
contrary, sallow hues of complexion will not
bear these colors near them, and imperatively re-
quirj dark quiet colors to give them beauty :
yellow is the most trying and dangerous of all,
and can only be worn by the rich-toned healthy
looking brunette — Dublin Literary Gaz.

How to avoid Dysentery. — Rules which the cel-
ebrated Dr Rush recommends for the prevention
of this disease : He advises that spices, and par-
ticularly Cayenne pep|)er, and the red peppers of
our own country, should be taken with our iVaily
food. Mr Dewer, a British surgeon, informs us,
that the French, while in Egypt, frequently es-
caped the diseases of the country by carrying
pepper with them to eat with the fruits of the
land. Purging physic should also occasionally be
taken, as any inedicine of a laxative nature by
preventing costivenes.s, will act as a preservative
from this disease. A militia Captain iu the year
1778, while stationed at Amboy, iireserved his
whole company from the dysentery which pre-
vailed in the army, by giving each of them a
purge of sea-salt ; and some years afterwards
saved his family and many of his neighbors from
the same disease, by distributing among them a
few pounds of purging salts. This disease was
also prevented in an Academy at Bordentown,
N. J. by giving molasses very plentifully to all the
scholars ; which had the effect of keeping their
bowels in a laxative state.

Another rule to be observed is to avoid expo-
sure to the dampness of the night air ; and when
necessarily exposed, the bowels should be more
carefully protected than other parts of the body,
The Egyptians, Mr Dewer, tells us, for this pur-
pose, tie a belt about their bowels, and with the
happiest effect. These directions emanate from a
high source, and deserve serious consideration.
The facts adduced are striking, and should induce
others to adopt similar measures for the preven-
tion of this destructive disease. — .V. I'. Obs,

Iron Pumps. — Agreeably to a resolution submit-
ted in the Common Council by Mr Engs, an iron .
pump has been put down at the corner of William
and Cedar streets, which is believed to have many
advantages over the common wooden jiump. It
takes much less room, is of greater strength, and
will endure for ages. Mr Thomas Brownwell, the
maker, states that it will greatly improve the water,
and will be much less liable to get out of order.
The expense is only 25 cents a foot more than the
wooden pump. — JV. Y. Daily Adv.

Remedy for Poisoned Animals. — Raw eggs given
to sheep and cattle, which have been poisoned by
eating laurel or ivy leaves, it is said, will effect a
speedy cure. Ths dose is, one egg for a sheep
4 eggs for a cow. They can be administered by
simply breaking the shell and slipping the yolk and
as much of the white as is practicable, down the
animal's throat.

It is said that of the 17,000 passengers who
have arrived in Canada this season, from Great
Britain, more than one half are paupers, aad will
find their way immediately into the United Slates.

Census. — Thirteen towns in Ohio give an in-
crease of 5000. It is supposed that Ohio will
have near 1,000,000 inhabitants by tlie new cen-
sus.

60

NEW ENGLAPSD FARMER,

Sept. 10, 18»ff.

From P.ince'a Treatiae on tho Vine.

THE VINE.

The Peach and the vine heing natural produc-
tions of tlie same region of the East, the opinion
has been uniformly adopted, tliat a climate favor-
able to the one could not fail to be suitable to the
other. .\nd where, let me ask, does the former
ihrive to a greater degree tlian in many sections
of our country ? From tlie shores of Long Islan I,
and even mucli farther north, to the most southern
limits of the union, the peach flourishes and pro-
duces fruit of tlie highest quality. In the south of
France and Italy, the culture of the more choice
and delicious varieties had given to those clinics a
fame, to cope with which required the possession
by other countries of such as combined equal na-
tural merits. The choicest they could boast have
been latterly introduced among us, and we have
also originated many most luscious seminal varieties;
and those who possess them know from their own
experience, and from the opinions of others who
are familiar with the produce of the countries re-
ferred to, that in this fruit we have no longer a ri-
val in Europe. Hence we may deduce the most
sure prospects of an equal success for the Vine,
wiiose culture when compared with that of the
Peach, is yet in its infancy.

The power, wealth, and happiness of France, are
principally attributalilo to tl-.e foresight she liasevin-
ced in the introduction to her soil of the most val-
uable natural productions of other countries. It
has been remarked that perlia|)s no enterprise in
rural economy devised by the genius of a single
man, has carried with it more important results
than the first plantation of the Mulberry in the
garden of the Tiiilleries, formed at the commence-
ment of the seventeenth century, by the command
of Henry IV. At this moment, though but little
more than a century has elapsed, during only the
latter jjart of which suitable attention has been
paid to the culture of silk, the value of the
raw material amounts to $4,700,000, and
that of its fabrication to above $16,000,000,
making a total of about .*21,000,000. The Olive,
the Almond, and the Fig, were in like manner
adopted in the agriculture of France, together
■with numerous other fruits of minor importance.
The vines indigenous to her soil were absolutely
worthless, and those originally brought from other
countries were not superior in quality to many of
the native kinds found in our forests ; and the
number of esteemed French varieties, even as
late as the year 1720, was far less than we are al-
ready able to enumerate as the natural products of
our woods and [irairies, the spontaneous gifis of
nature, unaided by the hand of man. Yet, at the
present ])eriod, that adopted countiy of the vine,
lias nearly 4,000,000 of acres devoted to its cul-
ture, which yield an annual product of one thou-
-sand millions of gallons, of the average value of
more than .$1.50,000,000.

And what country ever ]irescnted a more eligi-
ble theatre for agricultural pursuits than the Uni-
ted States ? The land proprietors are not oppres-
sed by feudal tenures, exorbitant taxes, vexatious
tithes, or exhausting poor rates. The land is both
fertile and cheap, and the great diversity of soil
and climate seem to invite the introduction of the
varied products of other climes. The country pen-
etrated in every direction, even to its remotest
bounds, by navigable rivers, and intersected by
canals and artificial roads, offers every advanta''e
for speedy transmissson of its productions.

What a revolution has not the introduction of
cotton already effected ! What results does not
the silk culture already promise us as our rewanl
at no distant day !

The Sugar Cane, for which France and the
residue of Europe are dependent on the Indies,
already forms a most important item among our
productions, and promises ere long to be ranked
among our exports.

The product of the vine in like manner will be
ours, with ,\ll its attendant advantages and bles-
sings. The olive culture is already extending in
the south ; and the almond, the fig, the date, the
orange, lemon, lime,citron, filbert, maron, jiompgia-
nate, guava, stone pine, and almost every other
production which has been heretofore enumerated
among our importations, are destined hereafter to
become the abundant products of our own field-s,
and articles of su|)i)ly to other nations. Such
arc the happy coincidences of country, of climate,
and of government, tliat all which is required of
us is but to exercise our judgment and our skill in
perfecting the advantages which nature has so lib-
erally tendered ; by the exercise of which, the bal-
ance of trade, of wealth, and of power, cannot
fail to be for ever secured to us.

The present extent of American vineyards, and
the rapid advances now making in their forma-
tion, do not |)roperly constitute part of the present
volume; but on that subject the most ample and
detailed information will be given in the ensuing
one. I will here therefore only give some cursory
remarks on that head from the pen of an intelli-
gent writer of Pennsylvania.

' The vine culture seems to have become a fa-
vorite pursuit with the agriculturists of the jirescnt
day, and forms an object of great promise in York
county. Pa. Experiments have already shown
that the vine will not only flourish in the poorer
soils of that county, but that excellent wine can
be made there, and that vineyards will become as
profitable as any other agricultural pursuit. A
portion of the lands in York county is poor and
thin, commonly called barrens, and it has been
proved that the vine succeeds well on it, and twen-
ty acres of it, which can now be bought at from
$6 to .$10 per acre, when planted with vines, and
at maturity, will be more jiroductive to the owner
than two hundred acres of the best land in the
county, devoted to other culture. There are per-
haps not less than thirty or forty vineyards within
twi'iity miles of the borough of York, and nearly
all commenced within three years. Should this
disposition increase, and as a consequence the 1
wine-i)ress be made to take the place of the distil- |
lery, it will benefit the morals of the community. '
Among what are called civilized nations, the vice
of drunkenness has always been found to prevail
most extensively where the vine is not cultivated ;
while on the other hand, where that culture is
widely extended, the temperance of the people is
proverbial.'

Similar sentiments and like prospects of success
seem to pervade all parts of our country where
the culture of the vine has received merited atten-
tion ; and the daily increasing devotion to the sub-
ject in the formation of additional vineyards, will
ere long cause each section of our republic to re-
spond to the efforts of the others.

The information which I have elicited on this
head from every part of the union, and which will
form part of the matter of the ensuing volume,
evinces, when concentrated, advances so much

greater than could well have been anticipated a*
this early stage of our progress, that I doubt not it
will strike with amazement even the mostsanguiwe
friends of the vine. Suffice it here to say, that a
degree of perseverance and enthusiasm seems to
pervade all the votaries of this delightful pursuit,
and a warm and friendly interchange of views aud
sentiments exists among them, which has been
comparatively unkno"\vn in other species of culture ;
and although the operators, from being dissemina-
ted over so great an extent of territory, are conse-
quently more widely separated from each other,
still the existence of a connecting link, by friendly
co-operation in one common cause, may justly and
appropriately assimilate their united exertions to
that joyous period in the histoi-y of France, when,
during the reign of Probiif, thousands of all ages
and sexes united in one spontaneous and enthusi-
astic cflTirt for the restoration of their vineyards.
Nor indeed when the far greater limits of our ter-
ritory are considered, can the combined eflbrts of
our fellow-countrymen fail to produce effects even
more important, from the greater CAtcnt of their
influence.

The opinions of some political writers, that we
should continue to import adulterated wines and
spirits of all kinds, in order to afford the govern-
ment the means of thence deriving a revenue of
a per centage on their value, even at the sacrifice of
the morals of the nation, and the diminution of its
wealth, by a course seemingly less objectionable,
because less direct ; but which is not less fatal hi
exhausting our resources : seera fast merging to
that oblivion, where the desire and the pride of a
truly national independence should consign them ;
and we may hope that the day is not far distant,
when America will fully establish and claim a
rivalry with the most favored lands of the vine and
the olive, and proudly disclaim being tributary to
any foreign clime.

NEGLECT OF ADVANTAGES.

AVe do not make all the use we might, either of
our materials or of our knowledge.

Thus the lahiirnum tree, which the French some-
times call the green ebony of the jJljis, is one of the
most beautiful of woods for furniture, yet it is sel-
dom or ever used for that purpose.

It has been proved in many parts of France,
that the walnut tree, if grctjled, produces tenfold ;
yet I believe that walnut is seldom or ever sub-
mitted to that process, at least in this country.

Mr Dawes, of Slough, discovered that the cov-
ering of a wall with 5.'ac4 paid/ would facilitate
the ripening of wall-fruit, and yet not one wall in
twenty thousand is so ])ainted.

The knowledge that cAarcoa/ is the best ingre-
dient in the foundation of buildings erected in
moist places, is as old as Theoilorus, who accord-
ing to Diogenes Laertiiis, ]iroposcd the forming
the foundation of the Temple of Ephesus with
that material, because it would become so solid
that no water could j)enetrate it. This, I say, has
been known more than two tliousand five hun-
dred years, and yet I am not aware that charcoal
has ever been used in this country, for the ])ur-
poso above referred to. — London Mag.

Preserving Seeds. If seeds are intended to be
sent a great distance, or it is wished to preserve
them a long lime, they should be wrapped in
absorbent paper, and surrounded by moist browu
suKar.

Vol. IX.— No. 8.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

61

Salmon Fishery. — A corre.sponiient of the Wis-

. rnsset Citizen gives tlie following account of this
fishery in the Kennebec.

The Sahnoi) is a river fish. All the theories
respecting its wintering at sen, kc, are unfound-
ed. Several facts are well known that make it
eviJent this fish remains in the deep liulcs of all
our fresh rivers the greater part of the year.
When Col. Wai Lithgow commanded at fort
Halifax, he discovered Salmon in the month of
January on Tyconuk fulls. Salmon have also
been taken from Peirpoles hole in the Sandy river,
in the town of Strong, in the winter season. A
gentleman informed me, when first acquainted
with that fishery, that Salmon were never taken
jilentifully, until after the spring freshet ; and I
found that to he the case every year. And they
abounded according to that occurrence invariably
while I owned Salmon privileges at the mouth of
the Kennebec. The first that are taken on the
Kennebec in the spring, are at Jones' Eddy, Par-
ker's Flatts, and Back river. The conclusion I
draw from this is, that the fish drop down with
the current iu search of salt water; and meeting
with it in those large eddies, leave the channel
and play in shore. But by far the greater part
of what are called school Salmon, go directly to
sea and follow the current until it is lost in the
ocean to the westward of Seguin. They then
strike in shore and follow the shore into the river,
instinctively steming the current to the source of
the river or rivers, to which they belong. The fe-
male Salmon are about three in five of the whole
number. There is no external dilTerence between
the sexes. Those who have split thousands of
them , are not sensible of the marked difference
between the spawn, and a substance lying in the
same place and order in their bodies resembling
the white of a duck's egg, inclosed by a flesh co-
lored ease, of the same form as that in the female
containing the sjiawn. The Sahiion deposit their
spawn thus: The female in the month of August
wakes a little incision in the sand in clear water
with her fin, and drops a quantity of spawh, each
about the bulk of a middling sized pea — she then
darts forward seeking a place for another deposit
— the male follows her, and impregnates it, and
then moves himself forward with n dexterous
stroke of the tail, stirring spawn and sand togeth-
er. They make this deposit in clear water,
where the current is moderate, and the bottom
level, and so shallow that the back of the Salmon

, are out of water.

But fevT men now on the stage, appear to have

(knowledge of the superabundance of these fish as
far back as the period before the Revolution. If

; my memory does not misgive me, a Mr Rogers
and his comjjany, seven in all, in the year 17S4 or
85'at Himnewell's point, exclusive of Fox island,
took in set nets between eight and nine thousand
Salmon. The average weight of each was 20
pounds of tlie first shoal, and the last eighteen
pounds. When I owned the same fisheries, the
Salmon were two or three pounds lighter. Where
Rogers caught a thousand, my fishermen had
need be industrious to get one hundred. In the
year 1813, I kept an account of the number and
weight of Salmon caught. In five nets, were
caught that year, 1143 Salmon. The last run
were usually smoked for the New York market.
240 in number weighing 2564, and 1765 when
smoked fit for market, sold at 14 cents the pound
at the smoke house. I took some care that year

to know the amount of Salmon caught on the
Kennebec below Fiddler's reach. Fox Islands
caught 1000 — all the births at Cape Small Point,
500 — Hunnewell's point 1143 — Stago Island and
all on the east side below the Fort 1500. All the
above was one eighth of the quantity below liath
on the Kennebec, of Salmon only making 33,000.
You perceive that the small schools, from the
above would average about $1 to the Salmon.
Those sold fresh in Boston, before the middle of
May did average 12^ cents net profit, and 18 to
20 and 22 lbs. each" so that in a lot of 13, weigh-
ing 270 lbs. sold May 1st, of that year I received
$33 76. From which data, the conclusion may I
be drawn that every Salmon caught, was at that
time worth a dollar. The Salmon fishery alone
then on the Kennebec, below Fiddler's reach,
was worth to the State $33,000. And it is a fair
estimate to value the Shad and Alewive fishery
within the same compass at one half of the Sal-
mon, making a total of $49,500 to the Kennebec,
below Fiddler's reach in the year 1813. Thisa])-
[lears large, but by the manner the trade was carried
on, the fact can be demonstrated with tolerable cer-
tainty. One third at least of the Salmon were
sold fresh in the markets of New York, Newport
and all the seaports between that and Portland.
There were three regular trading sloops with a
capital of about 3,000 dollars each, who purchased
Salmon only, and generally exchanged the whole
of their produce readily for that article, making
up 9,000 dollars value. And 11,000 for the
consumption of the inhabitants was but a rea-
sonable proportion in all the other methods of sa-
ving and cooking that fish. If therefore the Sal-
mon, Shad and Alewive Fishery, even in tljat part
of the Kennebec could be restored, it would
give a source of wealth to the Statu about eqiuil
to the amount of the State tax.

Wheii'BRiNLEY, the great Enfjhicer, lolil q coiumii-
tee ol I'ailiament, lo whom Briilf^ewatcr's pctiliou was
referred, that canals were better ihan rivers, and would
supersede Iheni lor the purposes of navigation, the com-
inittoe were shocked, and asked him, >And pray, Sir,
what were rivers made foi.' ' To feed canals/ was
the answer.

DrFRANKLi.v surveyed the route of the Delaware
and C e^apeake Canal, at his own expense, in 1757.

Baron Napier surveyed the route o( Ihe Forth and
Clyde Canal, at his own expense, in 171)1. Ijot i have
been accomplished, but after great delay.

DrZABDiEL BoYLSTON Introduced inoculation for
the small pox in Boston in 1721, iiiul tried it first on his
sou Thomas, andother members i>f his lainlly. But such
was the force of prejudice and unbelief, that ihe other
physicians gave a unanimous opinion against it, and the
populace would have lorn him to pieces if he had not re-
tired from the city. — Centincl.

BOSTON, FRID.1Y, SEPTEMBER 10, 1830.

Some facts illustrative of the tardiness with which
mankind adopt improvements.

Canal Locks were invented in 1581 by engineers of
Viterbe, in Italy. They were nearly a hundred years
in getting fairly into use in France, and about one hun-
dred and fifty in crossing the British Channel.

At this lime it was made felony in several Europcin
States to ride in wheel carriages.

The Steam Engine was invented, or rather the prin-
ciple of it discovered, by the Marquis of Worcester, as
early as 1G60. Few encouraged and none understood
him. He died in great mortification. The honor was
afterwards engrossed by Savary.

In 1765 the Earl ol Stanhope applied the steam en-
gine to propelling a vessel. A steam boat was run 20
miles on th • Sankey Canal, Liverpool, in 1797, and
another on the Forth and Clyde Canal, in 1801. Mr
Niles, of the Register, says that he made a trip on the
Delaware in a steam boat as early as 1791. In 1S07,
when FuLTOiV was titling up his first steam boat at
New York, respectable, and sensible, ami grey-headed
men, said he was a fool. Now there is scarcel\'
an interest in the community that does not depend, more
or less, on steamboats.

Oliver Evans went before committees of Legisla-
tures,first in Pennsylvania and then in Maryland, with a
project of a steam carriage as early as 1804. He asked
a little aid to defray the expense. They could hardly be
prevented from reporting in favor, not of steam engines
for carriages, but of a straight jacket for himself. Now
we seem to hear the huzzas of a transatlantic nation, who
have had the sagacity and ingenuity lo seize and utilize
the precious idea.

When Peter the Great, in 1700, or thereabouts, com-
menced a canal between the W'olga and the Don, Ihe
Governors and Boyards of the country opposed it ear-
nestly, thinking it impiety to turn rivers out of the chan-
nels which Heaven had assigned them

FREE MARTIN

Is a term signif^viiig a barren heifer, which is a
twin with a bull-calf, and partakes in some degree
of the nature of a male as well as a female.
Many scientific persons have doubted the exist-
ence of an animal of this description, but it is now
as well established that they are and what they
are, as any other fact in animal economy.

^ ne Boston Medical and Surgical Journal,' for
May last, contains an article on this subject, from
which we make the following extracts.

'■Free Martins. We have been fiivored with
the following account, which will not be found
miiiiteresling to the anatomist, by a gentleman of
this city, who is highly distinguished for the intel-
ligence and success with which he has pursued
the science of Agriculture.

To l.!.o Etiilor of iho Boston Medical and Surgical Journal.

' Dear Sir — 1 sotne years ago had a valuable
cow of the English breed, which brought twine,
a bull and a heifer calf As I had heard much of
the character of these animals, commonly called
'• Free Martins," and knew that some investiga-
tions by ingenious anatomists were taking jilace in
Europe, as to their peculiar construction, I decided
at once to raise them for the purpose of minute
observation, and ultimately for dissection, if it
should be thought advisable.

' At about four years of age, the heifer was
slaughtered. Dr Harris, of Milton, being desir-
ous, with some friends, of remarking on any pe-
culiarity of organization iu the case, was present,
and the result of his particular observations I send
you. It was the opinion of the Doctor, that it
would be well to give a dcscrijuion of the form,
appearance, and habits of the animal, as tending
to illustrate the case ; which must be my apology
for this intrusion.

' The male took a ))rcniium at Brighton, and
was, it is believed, as perfectly formed an animal
as has been raised in the State. There is much
of his stock in very valuable descendants.

' The heifer was of a delicate form and slender
figure ; deer-like in the neck and limbs. Her
habits were rather shy and solitary, though well
tem|)erc(l. No disposition for the male ever ap-
peared. This is the more to be noted, as our
farmers have, as to this particular, an opposite
idea. They are besides, said, on the same author-

When some Dutchmen proposed to make the river j jty, to resemble so exactly that they may well be

Manzanares navigable to the Tagus, and that to Lisbon, l „„|,„,i „,,,i ,.,„,.i.„,i ,„„o,i.o,. ii, „„.,.„_ .i.;„

,. r' 1 1 r. u II .u II r r> i .u . .i I yohcil and worUecl together. However trie this

the Council said, if it had been the will of God that the , -^ . ° ^ . . . .

rivers should be navigable, he would have made them so. "i"y "'^ m some cases of imperfect organization,

62

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 10, 1830.

it must be liere observed, that, though similar in
marks and color, the difference of form was most
stroujly Diarked. I am re:ipectfully yours,

JOIW WELLES.

In aniiwc^ to tliis, Dr T. Wm. iflRRis; gives a
scientific description of the several |(eculiarities of
the aniniaJ ; and observes that Mr John Hunter
(Observations on Animal Economy) says it appears
almost an established principle, that when a cow
brings forth twins, tlie one a bull and the other a
heifer, the latter is unfit for propagation, and ap-
pears on dissection, to be an hermaphrodite.'^? * *

' As far as I could determine, this heifer had the
external organs very small ; teats and udder Sis-
linct ; the former like those of an ox. The e'x-
ternal characters appeared to be those of a fine
well formed heifer. She was very fat, the intes-,
tines loaded with it.'

Dr Hunter, in the treatise referred to above by
Dr Harris, gives scientific descriptions, illustrated
by cuts, of the ap[iea!ances on dissection, of sev-
eral individuals of this kind of animal anomaly )-
and obsenes, that ' It is known that they do not
breed ; they do not show the least inclination for
the male, nor does he take the least notice of them.
They very much resemble the ox or spayed heifer.
From the singularity of the animal, and the ac-
count of its production, I was almost tempted to
sujipose the whole a vulgar error. Yet by the
universality of the testimony in its favor, it appear-
ing to have some foundation, I eagerly sought
for an opportunity to see and examine them. I
have succeeded in this inquiry and have found
several.'

Although this production of nature, like other
monsters, is of rare occurrence, yet to the student
of nature's laws, the anomalies as well as the gen-
eral rules which govern the ojierations of Omnip-
otent Power, are interesting. Moreover, a knowl-
edge of facts of this kind, may lead to results of
practical utility, an<l enable us to direct the ten-
dency of animals and vegetables to increase and
multiply, into those channels which promise the
greatest benefit to mankind.

Not only Dr Hunter, but others, have been ex-
cited to inr|uiries on this subject ; and in the re-
marks made in this case, it seems Dr Mitchill has
<lescribed in some journal a like peculiarity. We
think that those who are desirous of further in-
formation on this subject, may consult this well
conducted journal of medical science to advantage.
The experiment is an expensive one, and our
f irmers will not rear an animal which can be of
but little valui'i unless they wish to produce an-
other case for anatomical examination.

There was a want of general knowledge on
this subject in our country, and many mistaken
notions were entertained. A recurrence to the
.Medical Journal may furnish whatever is still
wanting to elucidate this subject, so far as it is
connected with the pursuits of the |)ractical culti-
vator.

PERRY.

This is a pleasant liquor, and is made from
pears, in the same manner that cider is from ap-
ples. The pears should, in general, be ripe before
tbey are gp>und. The pul]) or pomace should
not remain lung after grinding, but should be im-
mediately put into the press. The most crabbed
and worst eating i)ears are said to make the be.st
perry. The fruit may be either large or small.
The more austere the pears, the better will be the

liquor generally. The Taunton Squash pear
(cultivated in Massachusetts) produces fruit that is
held in the highest estimation in England for per-
ry. It is an early pear, remarkable for the tender-
ness of its flesh ; if it drops ripe from the tree,
it bursts from the fell ; whence probably its name.
The liquor made from it is pale, sweet, remarkably
clear, and of strong body, which produces a price
in Europe fourfold of common perry. After per-
ry is made; it should be managed in all respects
like cider;, it must be racked off when moderately
clear ; and niust, if necessary be fined by isinglass.
Boiling is sai4 by some to have a good effect: ;oi)
perry, changing it from a white to a flarne colored
liquor, wjlit'h gi'dws better by long keeping and
bottling. Good'perry can scarcely Jie distinguish-
ed from champaign wine ; is much lighter, very
sparkJing. llvel-y, has a pieasanter taste ; and is ev-
eryiway worthy of more attention, and of a more
extensive, iiMiniifacturc; than it at ]>resent receives
in New England.

The Baltimore" American Farmer, whicli has
beeij conducted for nearly twelve years with dis-
tinguisjied reputation and success by John S.
Skinnef, Esq., has been transferred to Messrs I.
Irvine Hitchcock and Co., who have engaged Mr
Gideon B. Smith as its Editor, a gentleman emi-
nently well qualified to maintain its former reputa-
ion and usefuhitos.

FALL. SOWING OF SEEDS.

Cabbages, Parsnijis, Carrots, Spinach, and
Onions are sowed to the best advantage in the fall,
when it is desirable to get them early the next
season. Miller's Gardener's Dictionary says, ' to
cultivate parsnips, sow the seeds in autumn, soon
afltr they are ripe ; by which means the seed will
come early the following spring, and let the plants
get stiong before the weeds will grow so as to
injure them. The young plants never materially
si)lfer through the severity of the season.'

PARMER'S AllMANAC.

The New England Farmer's Almanac, for 1831,
by TuoHAS G. Fessenpen, Editor of the New
England Farmer, is now in press, and will be
published by J. B. Russell, 52 North Market-street,
and Carter & Ilendee, corner of School and
Washington-streets, in the course of next week.
This Almanac, it is thought, will be found to be
essentially improved in its usefulness and appear-
ance ; being printed in a very neat inanner on new
type, at the ofiice of I, R. Butts. The astronom-
ical department has undergone a complete revision,
by Robert Treat Paine, Esq. the Editor of the
astronomical part of the American Almanac. The
tides are noticed with great precisipu-^a large
drawing, containing two views of the great eclij>se
of the sun, February 12, 1831 — n very full list of
national, and of state officers, in New England, and
of the provincial government in New BruJiswick,
Canada, and Nova Scotia, is added : with a mem-
orandum of the most prominent events of the )iast
year — besides the usual agricultural matter for
farmers, calendar of courts, miscellaneous matter,
&c, &c,by the Editor of the New England Farmer.

IMPORTANT EVENTS IN FRANCE.

Paris Journals to the last of August have been
received in this country, and contain details of
proceedings of unparalleled interest, which cannot
fail to exite and agitate 'all people and all Gov-
erntnents.' In consequence of some Koyal De-

crees and Ordinances of the government af-
fecting the freedom of the Press, and anticipated
and commenced attacks on the offieea of certain
opposition newspai)ers, the citizens of Paris as-
sembled in great numbers on the morning of the
•27th of July. Collisions ttK>k place between the
troops 6f the i)olice aitfeid by gens d''armis and the
Parisians', and the former gave orders to fire on the
people;' 'The population, headed by scholars
of the military schools, attacked the Royal Guards
and the troops of the police, and after a protract-
ed- and sanguinary contest, obtained a complete
victory. The city hall, several military posts, the
Tuilleries, the Louvre, and other places, feebly de-
fended by the Swiss and other guards, and troops
of the lines were captined and surmounted by the
tri-coloredjiag. TJie defeatetf party retreated to
St Cloud, where the King and Royal family had
retired. Some accounts state that the streets
were deluged with blood for many hours on two
days in succession, and that the killed amounted'
to some thousands.

While these events were occurring, at a 'meet-'
ing of Free Frenchmen,' it was decreed that in
consequence of alleged violations of the preroga-
tives of the people, Charles Philip Capet, formerly
Count of Artois has ceased of right to be King ofi
France, &c. The Duke of Orleans is Lieutenant!
General of the Kingdom, and La Fayette com-
mander of the National Guards.

These eventsare of deep, thrilling, and universal
interest ; and we are hapjiy to (>erceive in the el-
evation of La Fayette, and othermoderate and ju-
dicious measures, that we are justified in the anti-'
cipation of the most auspicious results from the
preliminary movements in the progress of ration,
al freedom in France.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY-

Saturday, September 4, 1830.

FRUITS.

Apples. — Summer Russet, by Mr E. M. Rich
ARUS. Porter Ajiples and Grand Sachenr, by M»
WiNS,yip, of Brighton. Cream Apples — Lady
Haley's Nonsuch, and Sweet Red Crab, from seed
of the Siberian Crab, by Mr MArijxr.No, of Salem.
Large Red Apples, very fine, no name, and Sibei
rian Crab Apples, from Mr R. Howe. Large
Green Apples, called in Hingham, ' King Apples,
by Henry Cushing, Esq. of Hingham. Englisl!
Codlin and Paris Pippin, by Mr James Read
Keurick Apples, a seedling from the farm of J
Ke.nrick.

Pears. — Andrews Pears from Mr R. Howe. Aj

French Pear, (name unknown,) by Mr R. MaKi

NING. White Doyenne, or Cox's Julianne, by Ml

B.Weld, of Roxbury. Chelmsford, Tyngsboro

or Summer Mogul, of great size, but otherwise oi

ordinary quality, by Mr E. T. Andrews.

Peaches. — A fine Seedling Peach, from Z. CooKi

r
Jr. Jaques Peach, Noblesse, and two varieties" o

seedlings, all very fine, from Mr James Read

Fine sjiecimens of this fruit from IMr Winship, o

Brighton. A rich Seedling Peach, of handsome

appearance, by Dr S. A. Shurtleff. Moiisieiii

Jean, (Cox, No. 3) an excellent peach from Mr R

Manning, of Salem. Two seedling varieties o

good quality, from Mr E. M. Richards. Gtossi

Mignonne, of uncommonly fine appearance am:

ricli flavor, by Mr Elijah Vose.

Plums. — By Mr R. Manning, of Salem, 4 sorte

not named. Canada Plums, the American Red o

American Yellow, of Prince's Catalegue, Earlj

Coral or Golden Droji, of Bloodgood's Catalogue,

I

Vol.IX.— No. 8.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

6f5

and the German Prune. This latter variety is a
valuable plum, possessing much of the appearance
and many of the qualities of the French Prune.
Fine Plums and Nectarines, by Mr HovEr, of
Cambridge, and Plums from Isaac Fiske, Es(J. of
Weston, of large size and very fine flavor and a[>-
pearance.

A specimen of large native Grapes, (white) by
EL Phi.v.net.

On Saturday evening, after the exhibition, a
fine box of Plums was received from E. Edwards,
Esq. of Springfield, Mass. They were taken
from a seedling tree, which was planted about 20
years since in the garden of Judge Piatt, in
Whitesboro, N. y.%,The stone was brought from
Amsterdam, in Holland. Mr Edwards describes
it as a great and constant bearer, very hardy, and
not subject to blight He states that he had on
the end of a very small limb of a tree, that was
planted out a year ago last spring, in the space of
12 inches, 35 full grown, ripe plums. Some of
these trees in Springfield, have produced this year,
two bushel-i each.

As Damel Lomb.vri), Esq. of Springfield, was
the first person who introduced the tree into that
quarter from Whitesboro. N. Y., it has beenuppro-
priately called the Lombard Plum. It will, from
its external showy appearance, make an excellent
market fruit ; but it is deficient in flavor, compar-
ed with our fine Plums. It can of course be ex-
tended by suckers from the roots, or by planting
the stones without grafting. Mr Edwards has
very generously offered to distribute the grafts
and suckers to any gentlemen in the proper season
for removing them. Some of them would be
very acceptable in this quarter.

A gentleman who had left Westchester, Pa. his
native village when .30 years of age, and had
never revisited it, lately returned unexpectedly, at
the age of 82, and was recognized by two old ladies
in different (daces, who had not seen him since
his departure. Perhaps when younff he had made
an impression on their hearts which 52 years
could not efface. — Patriot

Hops. — The Concord Gazette states that the
hop-growers are the greatest sufferers by the gale
of 26th ult. Hops nearly ready to pick were
much beaten and torn. In Littleton, Bo.xboro',
and Wilmington, great damage has been sustained.
Before the gale the growers expected large crops
oCJirst quality hops, but these are so much injin-ed,
that they will hardly now pass for second quality.

The stone fruit, apples, corn, &c. were much
damaged.

In Charlestown, Va. an innumerable swarm of
bees ascertained that a merchant had a tierce con-
taining 30 or 40 gallons of West India honey in
his cellar. In three days they carried off the
whole.

Bees for Sale.
Persons in wint of prime swarms of Bees, or Beard's
Patent Hives, can be supplied by Mr Ebenezer Beard of
Charlestown. Purchasers of swarms are supplied with
Beard's Patent Hives, gratis, for their own family use
onlij. The prices of swarms vary, according to their
weight and quality. November and December is con-
sidered the best time for removing the Bees ; they can be
engaged, however, at any time previous. All orders,
either for swarms, or for the Patent Hives only, left with
J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, No. 52 North Market-
street, Boston, will be faithfully executed.

tf Sept. 10.

Seeds for Fall sowirifr.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street —

A great variety of vegetable seeds for fall sowing, viz.
White Portug.il Onion, Prickly or Fall Spinach, (e;rowth
of 1830,) Parsnips, Carrots, Black Spanish or Winter Ra-
dish— all warranted of the first quality. Sept. 10.

Culture of Silk.

For sale at the Seeil Store connected with the New
England Farmer, h2 North Market-street —

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of ren-
dering it a source of individual and national wealth ; with
Directions to Farmers for raising Silk Worms — Bj' John
D'Homcrgue, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau — Price 62^ cents.

Also, Directions for the Rearing of Silk Worms, and
the Culture of the Wliile Mulberry Tree. Published by
the Pennsylvania Society associated for the Promotion
of those objects, (an excellent, plain, practical work.) —
Price 25 cents.

JVetp ^orA; on Farriery.

Inst received and for sale at the Scpd Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Sufgeon ; or, Farri^^rv taught on a new
and o.a.'^y plan : boing a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the cause's and
svmptfims of each, and the most improved remedies cm-
nlnyed for the cure in every case : with instructions to the
Sboeing-Smith. Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farrierv, and the prevontion of
Diseases. Preceded bv a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the prinriplcs on
which these are to be restored Tvhpn dl.sorr1ere<l. Bv.Tobn
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and improvements, particularly adapted to this country,
bv Thomas M. Smith. Veterinarv Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society. Price $1,25.

Sfixon Sheep.
On Thursday the 2.'?d dav of .'Sentember, at Hartrord, (to
''Inpp a concern) will be sold bv Public Auction, an entire
flock of superior full blooded Saxon Sheep bred with care
from the best stock imported bv ^fessrs Georrre Aj. Thos.
Sear'e in 182.T and '?fi ; consisiing of I-I- Rams, 30 Ewes, II
Ram L.Tmbs. nnd 10 Ewe T.ambs.

Also, the we'l known full blooded Purhnm Improved ."^hort
Komed Bull Wye Comet, unquestinnablv the b-^ct Rnll in
America. W. WnODRRinGK,

August 30, ISSO. HENRY WATSON.

Grass Seeds'.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Ensland Farmer, 52 North Market street,

A large assortment of Seeds of the vaiious grasses cul-
tivated in New England, viz :

HERDS GRASS , RED TOP ;

ORCHARD GRASS;

TALL MEADOW OATS GRASS;

FOWL MEADOW GRASS;

LUCERNE, or FRENCH CLOVER ;

RED CLOVER;

WHITE HONEYSUCKLE CLOVER; also

WINTER WHEAT, from Genesee,

BUCKWHEAT, FLAX, MILLET. FIELD PEASE,
and 14 varieties of the most esteemed FIELD TURNIP
SEED, cultivated in Europe and America, all warranted
ol the first quality, and at the customary market prices.

Aug. 13.

For Sale,

A valuable Farm at Lechmere Point; consisting of 30
acres — on the Craigie road, less than three miles from
Boston. With a good two story house and bam thereon —
a thriving young orchard and other fruit trees.

For terms and other particulars, inquire of Wm. E.
Payne, No. 5 Court-street. eptol Aug, 27.

Bolivar Calves, Saxony Bucks, and Brem.en Geese.
For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by the celebrated im-
ported improved Durham short homed bull Bolivar,
which stock have produced 36 quarts of milk a day. No.

1, dam Grey Brown, half Coelebs and half Galloway. No.

2, dam Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3. dam Ceres,
her sire Coelebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No.
4, dam Beauty, half Coelebs and half Galloway. The
Calves are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of Benjamin Shurt-
lefT, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston.

tC Julys.

Slratrbcrry Plants.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street-^ircct fiom
the Brighton Nursery,

A large variety of Strawberry Vines, comprising the
Pine Apple, Roseberry, Bath Scarlet, Royal Scarlet, Mul-
berry, Wood, Chili, &c, at Ijil per hundred. Also Wil-
mot's Superb, Keens' Imperial, and Keens' Seedling, at a
reasonable rate.

H'ants a Place,
A middle aged man as a gardener. Inquire at the Farmer
Office, 3t Sept. 2.

PRICES OF COVJVTRY

PRODUCE.

FROM

To

APPLES, new,

barrel.

2 00

3 CO

ASHES, poi, first sort, -
rearl, lirst sort, -

ton.

115 00

120 fO

"

133 00

135 00

BEANS, white,

hushel.

90

BEEF, mess,

barrel.

10 00

10 50

Cargo, No. 1,

<i

8 50

9 00

Cargo, No. 2,

"

6 50

6 70

BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new,

pound.

10

13

CHKESE, new milk, - - .

"

C

•'

Skimmed milk,

'*

3

6

FLOUR, Baltimore, Houard-street, -

barrel.

5 50

5 87

Genesee. - - -

<(

5 25

aa^

Rye, best,

II

3 5tl

3 75

GRAIN, Corn,

bushel.

58

f,8

Rve,

65

67

Barley,

II

60

65

Oats, ' . . -

II

32

35

HAV,

cwt.

60

70

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,

cwt.

11 .50

12 00

HOPS, let quality.

tl

14 00

15 00

LIME. - . . .

cask.

70

75

PLAISTER PARIS retails at

ton.

3 50

3 50

PORK, clear,

barrel.

19 00

20 00

Navy, mess,

12 25

12.50

Cargo, No. 1,

II

12 00

12 50

SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

bushel

2 00

Orchard Grass,

3 00

Fowl Meadow, -

"

400

Red Top (nortliern,J

'<

62

75

Lucerne, . - . .

pound.

33

VVlule Honeysuckle Clover,

38

Red Clover, (norlhern)
WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -

tt

9

10

It

50

62

Merino, full blood, unwashed,

11

30

35

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

"

60

65

Merino, tliree ft)urtlis washed.

II

47

.55

Merino, half blood,

II

45

50

Merino, quarter

II

37

42

Native, washed,

It

4d

50

Pulled, Lamb's, first sort, -

It

52

35

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.

u

42

*7

Pulled, " spinning, first sort,

"

«

PROVISION MARKET.

CORRECTED EVERT WEEK BV UR' HATWARD,

( Clerk of Fanmil-hail Market.)
BEEF, best pieces, -
PORK, fresh, best pieces,

whole bogs,
VEAL, - "

MUTTON
POULTKY.
BUTTER, keg and tub, -

Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Uye, retail,

Indian, retail,
POTATOS.new
CIDER, [according to quality,]

pound.

8

10

'*

8

10

It

5

6

It

4

S

tl

4

12

It

10

14

It

11

10

'•

IS

20

dozen

11

13

bushel.

85

75

"

20

30

barrel.

350

400

Brighton Market — Monday, Sept. 6,

[Reported for the Chronicle and Patiiot.]

At Market this day, 611 Beef Cattle, 953 Stores, 5214
Sheep, and 1002 Swine. The Market was much ' glutted'
todiy ; more than 100 Beef Cattle, more than one half the
Stores, about 1000 Sheep, and about 2 or 300 Swine, re-
mained unsold.

Prices — Seef Cattle — We shall quote the price the
same as last week, from $3,50 a $4,">0, although w«
think the Market somothing lower ; we noticed some de-
cent Cattle sold for a trifle over $3.

Stores — Sales dull, too many at market for the season,
although there were many buyers who probably intend
purchasing tomorrow.

Sheep andLambs. — From $1,12^ to $1,75 ; we noticed
one lot of 200 for $1,25, one lot of 80 for $1,17, one lot
for $1, several lots for .$1,;G, and several for $1,50 ; also
iotsat $l,62i and $1,71.

.Swine.— One lot of 400, mostly old, were taken at 4i
a 4i ; at retail 4 a 5 cents.

n4

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Sopt. 10, 1820.

MISCELLANIES

In Berkshire county, lately, a gentleman ob-
served a very corpulent man passing, anil inquired

who it was: ' Wliy, tiiat is Mr , fnther of

the town.' ' Bless tne,' saiil the inquirer, ' and
he seems just ready to be delivered of another
town.'

It is stated that 15,000,000 feet of lumber is an-
nually brought fioni Brimswick and Tojisham to
Bath, and thence shipped to the South. A large
portion of it goes to the West Indies.

Death bt Lightmng. — On the 18th July a Mr
McBane was instantly killed by lightning in the
vicinity of Fort Covington, N. Y. while sitting
near a window with one of his children in his
arms.

Caution. — The electric fluid in passing from
the clouds to the earth, or from the earth to the
clouds, as is sometimes the case, generally follows
some conducting substance, such as smoke, the
steam from a mow of new made hay, metals,
trees, &c. It is therefore prudent during a thun-
der shower to keep away from fire [>laccs, stove
pipes, trees, the walls of buildings, and the like.
The best remedy for a person struck senseless by
Ii,'htning is, to dash the body plentifully with cold
water. Many lives have been saved by this rem-
edy, and it should be remembered and applied
immediately. — Vermont Telegraph.

HINTS TO PARENTS.
'JUST THIS ONCE,' OR, THE RULE BROKEN.

'Just this once,' says the fond mother to her-
self, as she allows the cake or sweet-meat to slip
iiito the mouth of her darling-^ in despite of her
rules for preserving health. It is but a crumb,
and how unkind to refuse the friend that so ten-
derly offers it; and then, just for once, it can do
no harm. ' I must [lacify my child this time, at
any rate,' says the mother, pressed with the hurry
of business. ' I may grant an unhallowed in-
dulgence, in such a case as this, and ju.-t for once,'
says she to herself. In the confusion, sometimes,
occasioned by company, where the mistress does
not preserve her calmness and self-possession, her
disturbed manner necessarily propagating itself
through the family, down to the youngest child, —
then, is an urgent case ; and the child must be
kept quiet, at any price, 'just this once,' says the
yielding mother.

A little child is learning to go to bed alone ;
the poitit is nearly gained, but something occurs to
disturb its haliits, and raise a spirit of rebellion.
The mother perhaps is called away in the midst,
and she directs that it be rocked to sleep (/h's once ;
and so the whole work is undone ; aye more than
undone.

The child throws down its hat or gloves ; the
mother fmds them, and docs not e.xert herself to
enforce the rule that should send them to their
place ; ' it is no matter just this once ; another
time I will talk loud and long.' Sometimes
the child (and happy it is, if it is never a
young lady) is suddenly called to go abroad ; and
then the agitation, hurry, and confusion, because
the hat, cloak, or gloves, are misplaced ! They
did not hap])en to be put in place, 'j»5( this once.'

Rules had better not be tnade, if there is not
firmness enough in the mind that makes them, to
resist the least temptation. In none of the ways

of private life, do we more sec the want of steady
principle, than in the management of little chil-
dren, from the first breath they draw. In some
happy exceptions, there is a native firnmess of
tenqier in the parent ; or where this is wanting
it is supplied by principles dictated by conscience,
and accomi)anied by an earnest effort after such
a steady adherence to their principles, as will
yield to no earthly feeling or solicitation.

There is a way of denying the wishes, and yet
of leaving the mind of the child in a pleasant
stale ; and it may be learned and practised by all
parents. This firmness of principle does not in-
volve a constant series of denials towards the
child — for it soon learns what to expect ; and no
one is quicker than a child, to understand a rule
wherein itself is concerned, and to notice, too,
the least deviation from it. These occasional
compliances lead to the destruction of all princi-
ple ; the efiect on the parent is enfeebling to his
own character, .and on the child, to foster an un-
easy and a disobedient temper, to subject it to the
dominion of passion, and to lead on to evil con-
sequences, more numerous than the power of hu-
man intellect can compute. La Jeone Mere.

Vermont Chronicle.

Management of Children. — In reflecting on
the subject, 1 have been impressed with the idea,
that there is room for improvement in the gov-
ernment and management of children. To as-
sist parents in this desirable object, a friend
to good and wholesome government would wish
a space of the Record, sufficiently large to give
a few simple rules, which, if followed, cannot fail
to have the effect suggested.

If one parent has refused a child a plaything,
sugar plum, or anything else, let the other be sure
to interfere, and say, ' poor thing it wants it and
ought to be gratified.'

If a child be stubborn and wilful, and need chas-
tisement, and one parent attempt to inflict it, let
the other by all means interfere, with, 'Poor thing,
it sha'nt be banged to death.' In short, let parents
never agree in what is best to be done, and the
child will soon know what is what, and be fitted
for many things.

If a child offend, either by breaking a plate or
in any other way, never stop to reflect, lest the tem-
per should cool ; box its ears with a smart blow ; a
powerful thump on the head has a wonderful influ-
ence u))on the faculties.

If a child beg for a thing which has been two
or three times refused, and at length sets to crying,
relent, and let it have the thing cried for, by all
means, it will learn him perseverance.

As your daughters grow up, let them run from
home in the evening, without knowing with whom
or where, for why should parents be too ])articular !
This indulgence will fit them for several things.

A good deal of whipping is by all means recom-
mended; it makes chihlron hardy, and a little shame-
less, and generally compels them to lie ; but this
will fit them for the buffetings of life.

Follow these rules, and my word for it, children
will never break their parent's hearts ; for parents
who have hearts to be broken will never follow
them.

Anecdote. — A physician not far from Albany, had an
olj superstitious lady for a patient. He applied a blister-
ing plaster on the back of her neck, for a disorder in the
bead. Alter taking off the dressings from (he blister, be
threw them carelessly into the fite. ' Why, la, doctor,

why did thee throw them dressings into the fire ? Did
thee not know that it would cause my blister to dry up,
and make it very sore and painful .' I always knew that '
it would ever since I was a cbild si.x years old, and I
have seen ii tried filty times or more.' ' No doubt you
liave,' said the quicksightcd doctor; ' but has tliee ever i
seen it have this effect since the large eclipse of the sun,
the daik day ? Did ihee not know the dark had destroy-
ed this evil:' ' Why no, doctor, do thee say so?'
' Certainly I do. Now thee 'II see if thy blister don't do
just as well as if 1 had not put the dressings in the fire.'
'Well, 1 declare,' iiaid the lady, 'I am glad the dark
day has done some good, for sure I never heard before
that the dark day eyer had done any good whatever.'
Tbe blislcr did well, and the lady thought the doctor
truly a learned man, and master of his profession. — .A".
Y. .Medical Inq.

Items for Housekeepers.
Potato (Tieesf.— Select good^while potatof, boil
them, and when cold, peel and reduce them to a pulp
with a rasp or mortar; to five pounds of this pulp, add a
pint of sour milk and the requisite portion of salt ; knead
the whole well, cover it, and let it lemain three or four
days, according to the season; then knead it afresh, and
place the cheeses in small baskets, where they will part
with their superfluous moisture; dry them in the shade,
and place them in layers in large pots or kegs, where
they niav remain a fortnight.

Age improves their quality, and they possess the prop-
erty of never engendering worms. Ifkej)! in a dry, well
closed vessel, they may be preserved for many years.

When a decanter stopper becomes tight, a cloth wet
wilh hot water applied to the neck, will cause tbe glass
to expand, so that the stopper may be easily removed.

Glass vessels inay be cut in two, by tying around them
at the place you wish to divide, a worsted thread dipped
in spirits of turpentine, and then setting the to the
thread.

It is unnecessary to tell any who have had experience
of the evil, that red ants are like the plagues of Egypt.
The following method of destroying tbem seems to be
too simple to be very effective; but I have known it suc-
ceed, when a house had been infested with them for
years.

These insects are extravagantly fond of shag-barks, or
American walnuts: fill a large dish with these nuts,
cracked, and they will quit every thing else, to cluster
upon it. When the dish is well covered, remove it care-
fully, and brush them all into liie fire; at the same time
have a little corrosive sublimate in a cup, to sweep in
such as happen to stray from the dish; and touch all the
cracks and crevices, from which you have seen them
come with a feather, dipped in the same poison. !n one
week if this be repeated they will all be gone. Ily no
means leave the cup, or poisoned feather about for an
instant.

Chloride of Soda.
For sale at the Seed Store connected with the N. E.
Farmer, 52 North Market-street — A few dozen bottles of
Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, removing offensive
smells, neutralizing pestilential exhalations, and destroy-
ing contagion ; prepared by the New England chemical
company for Lowe and Reed. This valuable article is
particularly described, page 390 of this week's New Eng-
and Farmer. — Price $1,00 per bottle, with directions.

[Jj' Subscribers to the New England Farmer are in-
formed that they can have their yoluraes neatly half
bound and lettered by sending them to this office.

Published every Friday, at g5 per annum, payable at the
end of the year-but those who pay within si.xty days from the
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents.

[Jj^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

New York — G. Thof.burn & Son, C7 Liberly-strcel.

PItiliidelphia— 1). & C Landketh, 85 Cheslnui-slrect.

nallimore—G. 15. Smith, Office of the American Farmer.
j Albany — Hon. Jesse Buel.

Flushincr, N. K. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lia. Bot. Garden
! Ititrtford — Goodwin & Sons.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder OiEco.
' Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller.

PfEW ENGIiAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 32 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 183 O.

NO. 9.

From tho Elgin Courier, published in Scotland.

OBSERVATIONS O.V THe'maKI.NG, CURING, AJ(D CASH-
ING OF BUTTER.

A number ofcopies of the subjoined having been
lately printed iu another t'orni at the Courier office
for one of our country gentlemen, we think we can- j
not do a more acceptable service to our agriciiUural
friends than to inieit it in tliis place. It was drawn
up by order of the Agricultural Association, as the
result of inquiries into the practice adopted in Ire-
land in the inaking^f butter, and of the experience
of some cxtensiv^^urers iu the county of Aber-
deen,— Ed.

1st. The milk house or dairy should have no
internal communication with any other building.
It must be kept free from smoke, well aired, and no
potatoes, fish, oniops, cheese, or anything likely to
impart a strong or bad smell, should be kept therein.
In short, nothing but the dairy utensils, which must
be kept sweet and clean.

2d. The milk when brought in from the cows
should be strained through a fine hair sieve or strai-
ner, aud, when cool, put into sweet well seasoned
oaken cogs, kellers, or milk-pans — the latter to be
preferred. A tin skimmer, with holes in it, is the
best for taking off the cream, which should
allways be churned while the cream is fresh.

3d. The churns whether pump or barrel, should
be made of the best well seasoned white oak —
and, as cleanliness is of the first importance, great
attention should be paid to the washing, drying
and airing of the churns immediately after use,other-
wise they are sure to contract a sour and unwhole-
some smell, which must injure the quality of the
Butter.

4th. The BiitteT immediately afler being churned,
should be tlirowninto fresh spring water where it
should remain for one hour at least, that it may
grow Jirm ; and, at the end of the third or fourth
washing, some fine salt should be put into the
water, which will raise the color of the butter, and
purge away any milk that remains among it. Be-
fore salting it is very essential that no milk or wa-
ter be left, otherwise a strong smell and unpleasant
taste will be the certain consequence,

5th. Tho Butter thus prepared should betmriie-
diattly salted. The proportions of salt may be from
one and one fourth to one and one half ounce of
Scotch Salt for the pound of Butler — or, for the
best stoved Rock or Bay Salt one ounce for the
pound. But when Butter is not intended to be
kept through the winter and spring,^ for any long
period, the quantities of Salt above ncommended
may be somewhat reduced, the curer exercising
his own judgment in doing so.

N. B. In Ireland, tho use of salt and saltpetre is
recommended, in proportions of one ounce of
stoved Rock or Bay Salt, and one fifth of an ounce
, of Sahpetre to the Aberdeen pound.

6tb. It is a very injurious practice to keep a
making of Butter uncured to the next churning,
for the purpose of mixing the two together. This
mode invariably injures the flavor of the whole,
and renders it of too soft a quality ever aftewards
to get firm. — This applies to curers who are the
producers of the Butter — but as the greatest quan-
tity of butter in this country is collected and cured
by merchants they are 'particularly cautioned against

the ]iiaclice of throwing the fresh Butter together,
and retaining it in that stale for days until they have
collected what they consider a sufficient quantity
to commence curing — the Butter treated in that
manner is invariably found inferior to what is salt-
ed afier churning. Should, however, there not
be a sufficient quantity collected In one day to fill a
package when cured, the quality of the butter may
in great measure be preserved by giving it a par-
tial salting and covering it over with a clean linen
cloth dipped in pickle, and placing it in a cool sit-
uation. Country Dealers who arc in the habit of
sending carts through the Districts where they re-
side, to collect the Butter should endeavor to ar-
range it so between themselves and the makers
of the Butter, that it is churned upon the day it is
called for.

7th. When the butter is cured, it should be
tramped firm into the firkin with a round, wooden
tramp-stick, of sufficient weight and tliickness.
The firkin should be filled up to the crose, and
then covered over with a little of the purest salt —
sufficient room merely left for the head of the
cask, and must be well secured, to exclude
air, and to prevent the pickle from getting out.

8th. The Liverpool stoved Salt, or Portugal St
Ubes, or Bay Salt, is from strength and quality,
always to be preferred. All Salt must be kept
quite dry, and at a distance from fire, to prevent
the first imbibing the smell of the smoke. If
ke|)t in a cask, a little.unslackcd lime placed un-
dci- it will prevent it from drawing moisture from
the ground.

9th. The mixing of the salt with the Butter
should be done in wooden dishes, after the water
and milk are completely expelled, and no time
should then be lost in tramping it i;ito the firkin
which will make it draw even and firm.

10. The milk of new calved cows should never
be set for Butter until at least 4 days after calving,
as a small quantity of beast-milk Butter will injure
a whole firkin. The practice of scalding cream
in cold weather should also be avoided, as cream
thus treated will never make good Butter.

11. Great care should be taken not to steep the
firkin in boggy or unwholesome water. Nothing
but the purest spring or clear running water should
be used for that purpose — and the firkins should
be rendered perfectly dry inside after being steep-
ed, either by long dripping, or being rubbed by a
smooth towel. Old IJutter should never be mixed
with new — and the lining of the casks with in-
ferior sorts, or Grease Butter, is a practice which
cannot be too much reprobated,

12. The casks ought to be made of the best
oak or ash, (the former to be preferred,) and the
largest size should not exceed 84 lbs. gross, that
being the size used in Ireland, and most conven-
ient and saleable in the London market. The
casks should be tight and well hooped. Beech,
plane, ash, &c, should neverbe used, as that qual-
ity of wood is more apt to absorb the pickle, and,
independent of the injury thereby occasioned to
the butter, it will often lead to dispute about the
tare.

To render these observations more complete, it
might be thought necessary to point out the in-
jurious, and eveo nefarious practices, which more

or less prevail in the making of Butter throughout
the country — but as a perseverance in such prac-
tices niii.st ultimately have the effect of entirely
destroying this profitable branch of agriculluriil
industry, it is hourid the makers of Butter will see
it to be their own interest to produce nothing but
Butter, of the best quality, and that these nial-prac-
tices, which arc perfectly known, will be discon-
tinued. The dealers in the country have it in -
their power to put a check to them — .and it is ex-
pected they will do so, by infusing to purchase
from those who adopt any artificial means to has-
ten the making of the butter, or to increase the
quantity, while the quality is thereby deteriorated.

SM.ALL FARMS— COLLECTING MANURES

The great princi[)lcs of agriculture may be re-
duced to these two points : kcfp small fiirms and
manage them well. What constitutes a small farm,
or in what consists good management, are sub-
jects deeply affecting the best interests of society,
and have engaged volumes uf the most philanthro-
pic writings. The pages of a work, limited in
size and devoted to various purposes, can afford
but a short review of a subject so com[)rehen-
sively useful, yet, by entering directly into real
matter and avoiding the prolixity of books, much
instruction and benefit may be obtained at an ex-
pense of money and time comparatively small.

An anxiety to grow rich has done more injury
and produced aiore disappointment to farmers
than to any ot!,er class of fortune huntei's: the
merchant, who noi only risks his entire capital,
but also his utmost credit on a single voyage, may
succeed even beyond his calculation, and may, at
once, increase liis fortime and enlarge his credit:
the mechanic, who risks all on a single project,
may succeed to riches and its comforts ; but the
farmer, who enlarges his fields beyond his aetual
means of cultivating them never succeeds in his
design.

Land badly tilled and badly fenced, produces ti
small crop, which not unfrequently becomes a
prey to the inroads of cattle, or suffers for want
of liands to secure it in harvest ; yet such must
be the fate of large farms, that is, farms exceed-
ing the disposable means of the proprietor. No
general rule can be laid down to determine the
proper size of a farm, as it must be regulated by
a whole view of the farmer's means, family, &c. ;
but in choosing a farm, it would be a prudent
maxim to prefer one even ap[)arently too small, to
one that might prove too large ; and perhaps the
generality of farmers, who look merely to the
sui)port of a family, might ilo well to confine
their industry, in the first instance to fifty acres of
land, exclusive of the necessary proportion of
woodland. The result would prove so decisively
the superior advantages of small farms, as more
than probably to induce the farmer to continue
his industry on a scale, which would yield so much
in [Kjint of crops, save so much labor, render a
frequent view of the entire farm, and the collect-
ing of the produce to the barn so convenient.
' But,' says the farmer, who has six or eight chil-
dren,' fifty acres will not suffice to support my
family.' It may be replied, and with more truth,
'no, nor one hundred acres,' because of the un-

\

66

JNEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 17, 1830,

deniable lact, that one lamarcd acres badly tilled
will ..roduce less than fifty acres well managed,
and that the labor necessary to the good ullage
aod raanagement of the sn.all farm, will not bo
gufficient even for the slovenly management ol
die large one.

It ia nnnecessary to describe, how a large farm
may be ruined, in the case of a proprietor whose
eapital is small ; every practical farmer can ex-
plain, and the most sni.crficial view of hundreds
of such farms, to be seen in all .lirections, will at
once convince the doubtful. It only remains to
see how the fanner and his family can be suiiport-
ed on a farm of fifty acres.

The skilful farmer will keep his Uuds in a state
of constant prod uctUeness; the most injudicious
manao-ement or the most apparent neglect can
alone''cause land to remain for years or even for a
season without contributing to the farmer'.s susten-
ance ; this state, however, seldom fails to attend
lar-e farms. A rotation of crops and a supply
of manure will secure this constant state of luo-
ductivencss. Every farmer is a sufficient judge
of the managing a rotation of crops, and, in some
measure, acts on that principle ; but the mind and
labor are so divided in the care of large farms,
that neither can be brought to act with sufficient
judgment or effi--ct. A proper disposition of cat-
lle.mlded to ajudicious collecting of manure, will
always produce the means of enriching and m-
Ti-^oratincT the soil, nor can there ever appear any
want of a sufficient supply of macure for eveiy
purpose of the farm.

The collecting of compost, or manure, being
indispensable to the farmer, it shall be here first
attended to. Compost is to be considered, both
as to its quantity and its quality. The <iuanlity
may be increased by mixing clay, or other unfer-
inented matter with the manure; the entire mass
will partake of the salts, and all ferment together.
The quality, which seems of more importance
than the quantity, may be improved by choosing a
proper site for the manure heap. It should not
be made in a hole, because the rain water will
soon fill the hole and chill the manure ; which
ghould, in order to fermentation, preserve a con-
siderable heat: it should not be made on a hill
because its juices will run from it: it should not
be exposed to rain, because the water passing
through it will carry away its most valuable part;
nor should it be entirely excluded from the air
which is essentially useful to it. With these gen-
eral observations in view, the farmer will easily
contrive a jiroper plan for collecting a sufficiency
of rich compost for all the uses of his fiirm,
which, thus plentifully supplied, will never degen-
erate into a barren waste. The manure heap
should be placed near the farm yard, so that the
rotten straw, bedding of the cattle, &c, may be
easily removed to it; a sewer or gutter should
also be contrived to carry off the urine from the
cattle's stalls to a reservoir near the manure ; and
finally, it should be collected on a flat spot of
ground, so hard as to be, if possible, impel vious
to the juices, whi<di woulil otheiwise sink into the
sarth and be totally lost. — JV. Y. Fanner.

32d line, for ' 1820' read 1829. In •2d column,
42d line, for 'your'' read our.

Having bceu absent from homo and much en-
gaged, I did not fully peruse INIr Lowell's letter of
August 27, until this day : I am consequently un-
able to reply thereto in time for your next paper,
but shall in the one next after.

Very respectfully,

WM ROBERT PRINCE.

Lin. Bot. GarJon, N. V., )
Si-l)t. 11, 1830. i

FOR THK NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

ERRATA.

Mr Fessende.n — I must beg of you to make
the following corrections in my communication
inserted in your paper of 3il inst. In first column.

ALBANY HORTICULTURAL FESTIVAL.

The second anniversary of the Albany Horti-
cultural Society was held at Albany, on Tuesday
the 7th inst. in the sjiacious hall and ante rooms
of the Acadamy and Institute. Notwithstanding
the unfavorable state of the weather, it was in i
all respects an elegant and rational festival. The
annual address was delivered at 12 in one of the'
rooms of the Institute, by Doct. T. Romeyn Beck,
a copy of which we have received, and shall ere
long present to the readers of the New England
Fanner. The following account of the exhibi-
tion, &:c, we have abstracted from the Albany
Argus.

The decorations of the hall were chaste and
splendid. This room is SO feet long, 40 broad,
and 20 high, and ornamented by twenty Corin-
thian columns, four upon each angle, exclusive of
four at the corners. The whole room was encir-
cled with appropriate festoons, fastened at the top
of each shaft, and decorated at these points with
twenty large bouquets of the richest flowers, two
and three feet in height, and panially concealing
the ca[iitals. Brilliant bunches of flowers were
also displayed over the different entrances, and
upon the mantles. A large and beautiful star,
composed of the double helianthus, diminishing
to points from a six inch centre, and the intervals
filled with paintings of fruits, was conspicuous op-
posite the principal door. The upper end of the
hall exhibited a bouquet of uncommon size and
singular beauty, eight feet high and six feet broad,
in the form of a heart, and surmounted by a splen-
did floral eagle, jieering amid the drapery of the
festoons; the whole displaying some thousands of
flowers, and of almost every hue and color that is
pencilled by the prolific hand of nature, studding
and encircling clusters of grapes passing iii a con-
tinuous vine through the centre and in parallel
shoots from each side. A large sheet of paintings
of fruit, in colors, by a youth, appeared as a pe-
destal. Above, and near the ceiling, were the
initials of the society, in large letters composed of
the richest flowers, surrounded by an oval of ever-
green, interwoven with roses, &c. — Such were
among the floral decorations of the hall, which
were arr;(nged under the general superintendence
of Mr Wilson, of the Albany Nursery, assisted by
other professional gardeners. The large bouquet
was designed and executed by ftlr Matthew Mur-
phy, gardener to E. C. Delavan, Esq.

Nor were the contributions of Pomona less
splendid and interesting than those of her fair
sister. The centre table, extending through the
hall, was appropriated to these, and exhibited a
rich display of peaches, plums, pears, grapes, ap-
ples, melons, &c, while at the lower end of the
hall, some hundreds of ladies and other visiters
were regaled with these rich delicacies of the
1 garden. In the centre of the fruit tables were
two pots with vines growing in each, and each
'bearing from eight to ten branches of the sweet

water grape, and four pots with branches of the
peach, plum, apple and quince, literally loaded
with their natural fruit, and decorated with rosess
and other flowers by the hands of two fair visiters.
The plums, particularly, excited admiration. They
comprised about thirty varieties, all of great ex-
cellence, many of which are natives of, and alinoBi
peculiar to, our city and neighborhood. ; and otherB
of them seem to have found with us their favor-
ite home. Among the former, we enumerate the
prune and Bleecker's gage, two seedlings grown
from seeds which came from Germany, the Schuy-

ler "age, Chancellor gage, and the Jefferson and
Elea'iior plums, the two latter known to be seed-
lings ; beside a large seedling blue gage. We
also noticed a dish of green gages, every one of
I which grew double, labelled with the name of
D. B. Slingerland. *•

I We have not room for an enumeration of the
different sorts and baskets of fruit. There appears
to have been nodifferiug. A branch of filberts was
exhibited from the garden of Clharles E. Dudley.
The nuts when jierfectly ripe, are very fine, su-
perior to the imported, and the trees can be easily
propagated. They are ornamental and appropri-
ate for hedges.

At half past 3 P. M. about one hundred gen-
tlemen sat down at Cruttendin's. Jesse Buel,
Esq. presided, assisted by three Vice Presidents
and the Chairman of the Committee of Arrange-
ments. Gov. Throop, and several gentlemen,
were among the guests. After the cloth was re-
moved, several toasts were drank ; we have room
but for few of them.

By J. Buel, Esq. President. The Garden —
Created for the felicity of man : a Paradise stiil
to those who know how to estimate its treasures,
and appreciate its charms.

By E. C. Delavan, Esq. 2d Vice President.
Horticulture— May a taste for its pursuits extend,
until all our waste places shall bud and blossom,
and produce an hundred fold.

By Isaac Denniston, Esq. 3d Vice President.
TIte memory of De Wilt Clinton— The friend of
Horticultural institutions — his genius shed a lustre
over our pursuits.

By Dr P. Wendell. James Mease— D'lst'in-
I'uished as well for his literature and science, as
for his ardent zeal in the promotion of horticul-
tural and agricultural knowledge.

By John T. Norton, Esq. Tlie Garden — An

iapt emblem of the heart of man : if neglected, it

I runs to waste and ruin; but if well cultivated and

improved, its usefulness is unbounded, its sources

of delight inexhaustible.

By Rev D. Brown. Our lengthened calalogvt
of blessings—' Comfort me with apples,' said an
ancient Sage. Jf'e have many more delicious fruits.
By Mr James Wilson. Thomas Andreic Knight,
President of the London II. S.— The rude
northern blasts have not withered a fair leaf of
his fame.

Sent by Gen. Dearborn, President of the Massa-
chusetts llorticnltural Society.

The .State of A'eio ForA-.— Distinguished for its
rapid advancement in commerce, manufactures,
rural economy, and internal improvements, as for
the intellectual attainments, enterprising spirit and
elevated patriotism of its citizens.

The annual election was held in the course of
the day, and the following gentlemen chosen
officers of the society for the ensuing year :

VoMX.— No.7.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

67

Jesse Bdel, President.

Alfred Co.vklkng, Isc Vice President.

Edward C. Delavan, Si} Vice President.

Isaac De.v.mston, 3d Vice President.

Douw B. Slixgerland, Treasurer.

James G. Tracy, Cor. Sec'y.

R. M. Meigs, Recording Sec'y.
All tlie proceedings were gratifying in a Iiigli
degree. Tlie festival and its results — the rich
and various fruits and vegetables — the spirit of
emulation and improvement among us — and par-
ticularly the series of eloquent and interesting
annual addresses — are renewed proofs of the
utility of the society. Surely our citizens will
feel a direct interest in the encouragement of what
contrihutes so amply to the necessaries and deli-
cacies of their tables, and to the advancement of
one of the noblest employments of mankind.

From Loudon's Gardener's Magazine.

PACKING FRUIT TREES FOR EXPORTA-
TION.

Sir — The following is the plan adopted by Mr
Prince of New York, in packing fruit trees, and
which I can recommend, from experience, to your
readers : — .-Vs soon as the tree is taken out of the
ground, the roots are dipped in a thick mixture
of earth and water. The roots are then tied in
bundles, and dipped in all at once, and a mat is
lapped over them, to keep the earth round them
together. They are afterwards placed in a box,
and a piece of wood is fixed across the box, over
the top part of the roots, to prevent them from
moving, as the branches are not lapped up at all.
I have had trees packed in this manner, which
have remained in the above condition four months;
and, when unpacked, the roots were throwing
out new fibres. This occurred last spring ; and,
although the season was so unfavorable, the trees
made exceedingly fine strong shoots. The plan
adopted by Messrs Buel & Wilson, of the Al-
bany nursery, in packing their fruit trees, is as
follows : — They dip the roots well in a mixture
of earth and water ; but instead of lapping the
roots in a mat, they lay them in the end of the box,
and fill in between them with wet moss ; so that
the lid of the box presses against the moss, and
thus prevents the roots from being shaken. I,
however, consider the plan of Iai)ping the roots
in a mat superior to that of tilling in with wet
moss, because a dampness proceeds from the moss,
which produces a mildew on the branches of the
trees so packed. This has been the case with
trees that I have received packed iu this way ;
but, after they had been unpacked for a short
time, the mildew disappeared. The trees which I
received this soason, from Messrs Buel & Wil-
son, are : —

[Here follows the list of the trees. Mr Saul
_ipeaks under another date, of these trees, as hav-
ing arrived in better order than any he had
ever known imported. Editor JY. York Farmer. ~\

Lancaster, June 1-5, 1830. M. SAUL.

' Fruit Trees {Pears and Apples) were taken out
to Madras, in 1793, by Mr Main, in a box of damp
moss ; the moss was damp when the trees were
packed, not touched by the way, and, after a
Toyaga of three months, was found dry, but the
trees alive. Some gooseberries and currants,
which were packed with them, were dead. The
Tesael sailed from London on Jan. 1, and arrived
the beginning of April. The trees came from
Messrs LoddigM.

From tho New York Evening Poft.

K-XlrQct of tt loiter from Henry I'oirinc, I'«q. Consul, &c. dated
Sun Junn Hatistu ile Talmnco, Mexico, form.rly Villa Hetmosa, July
2i), 18311, to Samuel L. Milcliill.

Bees without Stings. — ' I send you by Capt.
Powers, of the schooner Washington, a hive of
stingless bees, of which you may dispose as you
may think jiroper.

' .As fibrous plants are my favorites, my prin-
cipal motive for coining from Campeachy to Ta-
basco, was to obtain intelligence concerning that
variety of the Agave Americana, which produces
llie very long fibres calleil Pita. Other plants of
this district, such as Vanilla, Sarsaparilla, and oth-
ers, will engage my attention. Among other
specimens sent from Campeachy to New Orleans,
is the Dolichos Pruriens or Cow-itch.

The Bees have arrived in a lively condition,
and although they were receive. I only ycstenlay
afternoon, (Sept. 1st,) are now making their ex-
cursions to and from their habitation with great
vivacity. Their dwelling i)lace is a hollow log,
part of a naturally excavated tree, in which
these little creatures delight to hve. The little
swarm, after having been released from its im-
prisonment, came forth, and the members visited
the flowers of tho contiguous garden. — It was
observed, as proof of their neat economy, that
after having been immured during the voyage,
the notable insects came forth loadctl with the re-
mains of their deceased associatos, or with some
excrementitous or foul matter. They thus seem-
ed intent on cleaning their house.

A hole in the side of the log, about three
quarters of an inch in diameter, answers the pur-
pose of the entrance as a common hive.

They are not so large as the common honey
bee ; but they have a neat aspect for aninst-ct. As
they are such harmless little creatures, it would
please me very much to get a swarnr of them.
But I fear the number is so reduced that it will
require an apiary-man of more skill than I possess,
to take the best care and make the most of them.
I wish such a person would present himself, and
take the colony under his protection. Something
novel and curious, at any rate — perhaps something
uset'ul, might arise from it.

An entomological description is desirable, but
this must he postponed, on account of its nicety and
difficulty, until a future day.

TEMPORAL INSTRUCTION BY CLERGY-
MEN.

If Clergymen, iji addition to their spiritual duties,
would attend a little more to the things of the body,
and instruct their hearers in matters of natural
science and political economy, as Dr Chalmers
does and proposes to others, they would do them
much real service. By having their attention ex-
clusively directed to a world to come, they are
diverted from their temporal miseries here, and
taught to linger on in suflfering, as if it were a
condition of their existence, and a sort of penance
to insure future happiness, instead of exerting
themselves to improve their worldly circuisistanceg.

[We fully agree with Mr Loudon, that the
usefulness of Clergymen might be greatly extend-
ed by considering the works of nature as well as
the Bible, to be a revelation.} — A*. Y. Fanner.

Average Price of Vegetables sold at Washington
^farket, New York, for August, 1830.
Potatcti, from 25 to 44 cts. per bushel. Bxish
Beans, from 37^ to 75 cts. per bushel. Lima

Beans, from 75 cts to 1,00. Sweet Potatoes, 1,00.
Cabbages, from 37i to 75 cts. jier doz. Beets,
from 2 to 4 els. per bunch. Carrots, from 2 to 3
cts. per bunch of 7. Parsnips, 4 cts. per bunch
of 6. Turnips, ,37J cts. ])cr bushel. Leeks, 0
cts. per bunch of 12. Celery, from G to 8 cts.
per bunch. Cucumbers, from r2J to 37.4 cts. par
hundreil. Lettuce, from 15i to 18^ cts. per doz.
Succor;/, from \'2^ to ISJj cts. per doz. Tomatoes,
from 6:} to 12 J cts. |>er half peck. Egg Plant,
from 2 to 4 cts. per piece. Corn, 25 for 12j cts.
Okra, 12.J to 25 cts. ])er hundred. Sorrel, Cj cts
per half peck. /ra(er-crMS, 12^ cts. per half peck.
Salsifi/, fiom 6 to 8 cts per hunch of 12. Oniont,
from 50 to 62.J ct.-. bushel. Peppers, from 12J W
25 cts per hundred. Parsley, 3 cts. per bunclu
Herbs, of all kinds, from 12 to 18 bunches for
12 1-2 cts. Apples, from 25 to 1,00 per busheK
Pears, from 37 1-2 to 7.5. Peaches, from 50 cts. to
3,00. Plums, from 50 cts. to 3,00. Grapes,
from 8 to 12 1-2 cts. per half peck. If'atermiloni,
from 1 to 12 1-2 cts. per piece. Muskmelont,
from 1 to 8 cts. |)er ])iecc. — N. Y. Farmer.

Expense of Ardent SpiHts. — A farmer in Con-
necticut, who has occupied the same farm, ok
lease, for about thirty years past, was lately com-
plaining that he had been able to lay up nothing,
from his thirty years' labor. A neighboring store-
keeper offered to explain to him the reason ; antl
proceeded as follows: — ' During the thirty years
Ihat you have been on that farm, I have been trad^
ing in this stoie, and the distilled sjjirits I hav*
sold you, with the interest of the mone), would
have made you the owner of the farm you hire.'
On examination of the books of the storekeeper,
his assertion was found correct. The farm was
worth about five thousand dollars. — JV. Y. Far.

THE HAIR.

In children, keeping the hail' short is a circum-
stance of no little importance — and should not
from any light consideration be neglected. Their
health, and we conceive in some resjtect their beau-
ty also, is prejudiced by a contrary practice. No-
thing is more common than to see a luxuriant
head of hair accompanied in children by paleness
of complexion, weak eyes, and frequent complainls
of headache. Upon this subject we find the [nt-
lowing excellent remarks in a little work eatitlsd
' Advice to young mothers — by a grand.-^iother' —
we recommend their attentive perusal to every
parent.

' The hair on children shoijd he cut short until
they are eight or nine yea-rs old — as the shorter
the hair can be kept, the less danger there is of
many maladies peculiar to that part of the body,
especially water on the brain. — Besides, there is
good reason for believing, that children who have
a great qjiaiitity of hair, are tnost liable to erup-
tions, as scald head, &c ; it is at least certain, that
in them eruptions arc very difficult to remove.
The trouble, also, of keeping long hair sufficiently
clean, and the length of time necessary for this
purpose, is often a cause of much ill humor and
many cross words, between children and their
attendants, which it would ho better to avoid.'

'Mothers whose vanity may be alarmed, lest re«
peated cutting the hair for so many years should
make it coarse, may be assiu-ed they have no cnuss
for this apprehension, provided the hair be kept
constantly brushed. I have never seen softer,
finer hair, than on girls who have hail it kept
hort — like that of school boys — until they wer«
in their tenth year.' — Journal of Health,

68

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 17, 183a

FANCY WOODS. need to be strengtheiieil by spurs, wliile tlie ches-

Even at a comparatively early stage of the arts, j iiut required no such sup[)ort. A gate post of
inankind appear to have made use of the bright chesnut, on which the gate had swung for fifty

years, was found quite sound when taken up, and
a barn constructed in chesnut in 1743 was found
quite sound in every part in 1782. It should
seem therefore, that young chcsnul is superior to
young oak, for all manner of wood work that
has to be partly in the ground.

or variegated colors of wood, to give beauty both
to their dwellings and their fur.iiture. The tem-
j)le huilt by King Solomon was overlaid on the
jnsule with boards of cedar: — 'all was cedar;
there was no stone seen,' and among the most
ancient specimens of ornamental furniture that
are to be met with, we tind that attempts have
been made to heighten the effect by the contrast
of various kinds of wood. Although, both in
the materials and the designs, these are inferior
to the productions of modern art, many of the
cabinets which are still preserved have much
higher claims to notice than their mere antiquity.

In all these works a veneer or tliiu plate of the
fancy wood is laid down in glue, ui)on a surface
of a plainer description. This process is of
course cheaper than if the whole work were made
of the solid fancy wood. The beauty of fancy
wood arises in many sorts from its being cross-
grained, or from its prcs:'nting the fihrts end-
ways or oblicpiely to the s' r iioe. These difer-
ent positions of the fibres, as well as their dilfer-
ent colors in grained woods, give a clouded and
mottled variety to the surfiice ; and when some
of the i)arts are partially transparent, as is the
case with fine mahogany, the surface gives out a
play of different tints, as the observer shifts his
jdace, or the light falls upon them, and conse-
quently is reflected al different angles.

In the earlier stages of the art of cabinet mak-
ing, and before the forests of the tropical regions
had been ex|iloredfor those beautiful woods which
liave since added so much to the elegance of mod-
ern furniture, tlie veneering and ornamenting
were in woods of native growth. None of these
have the deep and warm tints of the finest of
the foreign, but the figures with which they are
marked are often very beautiful. The yew,
which, with its other tints, blends a certain trace
of pink or mse-color, and when it is gnarled or
knotty, has a very rich appearance, was the wood
used for the finest and most costly works. The
common veneering tunber was walnut ; but as
that has but few of those variegations, which are
technically termed cuds, the works ornamented
with it were rather deficient in beauty. Th?,
knotty i)arls of ' pollard' oaks, and ' pollard' elms,
are much better ada])ted for the purpose of orna-
ment ; but as the grain of both is open, and as it
is apt to rise, and as the earlier cabinet-makers
vrere not so well acquainted with the art of var-
nishing, as those of modern times, the beauties
of these woods were not turned to the jjroper
account.

Comparative durahility of Oak ami Chesnut —In
the transactions of the .Society of Arts, in En-
gland, there is an account wliich states that posts
of oak and others of chesiuit were planted in
Somersetshire — when thoy had to undergo repair
in 18 years, which is longer than oak posts would
last in this country, tlie oak jiosts were found to
be unserviceable and the chesnut very little worn,
The oak posts were renewed, the chesnut re-
mained, and in twentyfive years afterwards they
were not so much rotted as the oak. In 1772, a
fence was made partly of oak posts and rails, and
partly of chesimt posts and rails— the trees made
use of were of the same age, and were what may
be termed young trees. In nineteen years, the
oak posts had so decayed at the surface, as to

THE INDICATIONS OF LONGEVITY.

Hufeland, in his celebrated work on the
means of preserving health, ])resents the following
beau ideal of a frame destined to longevity.

Let me now be permitted to delineate the por-
trait of an individual destined to long life. He has
a well-proportioned stature, without however being
too tall ; but rather of the middle size, and tolera-
bly thick set, his complexion is not too florid : too
much ruddiness, at least in youth, is seldom a sign
of longevity. His hair approaches more to the fair
than to the black ; his skin is strong but not coarse,
His head is not too large — he has prominent veins
on the limbs, and his shoulders are rather round

than fiat. His neck is neither very long nor short

his stomach does not project — and his hands are
large, but not too deeply cleft. Ilia foot is rather
thick than long, and his inferior limbs are firm and
round. He has a broad arched chest, a strong voice,
and the faculty of retaining his breath for a con-
siderable time without inconvenience or difiiculty.
In general, there is a complete harmony of propor-
tion among all parts of the body. His senses are
good, but not too delicate — his pulse is slow and
regular.

His stomach is excellent — hisappetite good, and
digestion easy. The joys of the table, in moder-
ation, are to him of importance — they increase the
vigor of his system, and tune his mind to se-
renity, while his soul partakes in the pleasure which
they communicate. He does not, however, eat
merely for the sake of eating — but each meal is an
hour of daily festivity — a kind of delight, attended
with this advantage, among others, that it rather
increases than diuiinishes his riches. He eats
slowly, and has not too much thirst. An insatiable
thirst is always a sign of rapid self-consumption.

In general he is serene, loc(nacious, active, sus-
cei)tihle of joy, love, and hojie, — but insensible to
the impressions of hatred, anger, and avarice.
His passions never become too violent. He is fond
of employment, particularly calm meditation and
agreeable speculations — is an optimist, a friend to
nature and domestic felicity — has no unbounded
thirst after the honors or riches of the world — and
bainshes all uimeee.ssary thought of to morrow.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBEEI7, 1830.

DIGESTIO.N.

'It is a common enough belief,' says an Europe-
an medical writer, 'that a dram after meals pro-
motes digestion. But there cannot be a more
erroneous opinion. Those, indeed, who have
acquired this pernicious habit, may find, that with-
out tlieir usual stinudus, digestion goes tardily on.
But this only bes|)eaks the infirm and disoase<l
state to which the stomach has been reduced.
For the digestion of the healthy and unaccustom-
ed, is sure to be interrupted and retarded by a
dram. Common observation might satisfy ns of
this. But the question has been submitted to
direct experiment by Dr Beddocs ; and he found
that the animals to whom spirits had been given
along with their food, had digested nearly one half
less, than other similar animals from whom this
stimulus had been withheld.* — Prof. Hitchcock.

S.WINE

Should not be kept in close and filthy jiens.
Although they are supposed to be naturally filthy
animals, they thrive better and enjoy better health
when allowed clean and airy lodgings. The late
Judge Peters, of Pennsylvania, in an article enti-
tled '■ J\"olices for a Young Faimer,'' &;c, observed
that, ' There is no greater mistake than that of
gon;ing swine, when first penned for fattening.
They should, on the contrary, be moderately and
frequently fed ; so that they be kept full, but do
not loathe or reject their food ; and in the end
contract fevers and dangerous maladies, originat-
ing in a hot and corrupted mass of blood. In
airy and roomy, yet moderately warm pens, paved ]
or boarded, and often cleansed, they are healthy
and thriving. They show a disposition to be
cleanly, however otherwise it is sujiposed, and al-
ways leave their cxcrementilious matter in a part
of the pen difterent from that in which they lie
down. No animal will thrive unless it be kept
clean,'

The same writer asserts that fatting hogs shoul J
always be supplied with dry rotten wood, whicli
should he kept in their pen, for the animals to eat
as their ajipetites or instincts n)ay direct. It has
been supposed, .likewise, that swine thrive better
when they can obtain fresh earth, which they are
oltcn observed to swallow with greediness. Char-
coal, it is said by some, will answer as good if not
a more valuable purpose ; and that if swine can
obtain charcoal, they will not only greedily devour
a portion of that substance, but will be but little
inclined to rooting, and remain much more quiet
in their ]iens than under ordinary treatment.

The modes in which sivine are fattened in some
of the western parts of the State of New York,
are stated to be these. ' About the first of Sep-
tember, begin with boiled potatoes and pumpkins,
mashed together with a little Indian meal, ground
oats and peas, or other grain, stirred into the mix-
ture after it cools. From two to four weeks before
killing time, the food should be dry Indian corn
and clean cold water. Mr Yonglians fattens his
hogs in a large yard or field, with a shelter in it to
which they may retire to sleep. But Elder Turn-
er says hogs should never know what liberty is ;
but should be kej>t close all their lives, and as in-
active as possible. That with this method double
the quantity of pork can be produced with the
same expense of food.'*

Rubbing and currying the hides of hogs while
fattening, is said to be of great advantage to them.
It is not only very gratifying to the animals, but
conducive to their health. It will be well, like-
wise, in every stye to place a strong post for them
to rub against. During the time of their fattening
they should have plenty of litter, which will be a
double advantage, providing for their comfort, and
increasing the quantity of manm'e.

There is a great advantage in boiling, steaming,
or baking, all sorts of food given to swine. The
last American edition of the Domestic Encyclo-
pedia, informs that a ' Mr Timothy Kirk, of
Yorktown, Penn. fed one pig with boiled potatoes,
and Indian corn, and another with the same arti

• Memoirs of the New York Board of Agriculture,
vol. ii. pp. 39, 40.

i

Vol. IX.— No. 9.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

69

cles UDboiled. Tlie two animals were weiglieil
every week, and the diflerence between ilieni was
as 6 to 9. The experiment was continued sever-
al weeks, and the animals alternately fed on boiled
and unboiled food, with a uniformity of result,
which sufficiently showed the very great profit
arising from boiled food.'

Steaming will answer as good a purpose as
boiling, and with a proper apparatus is more easily
and cheaply eflectcd.

Carrots, according to Arthur Young are better
food for swine than jjotatoes , and some other
writers assure us that parsnips are better than
either for feeding them. An English writer says,
' they fatten all their pork in the island of Jersey,
with parsnips. They are more saccharine than
carrots, and it is well known that, nothing fattens
liogs faster, or makes finer pork than the sugar
cane.' Mr Young also asserts that ' the most
profitable method of converting corn of any kind
into food for swine, is to grind it into meal, and
mix this with water in cisterns, in the proponions
of five bushels of meal to one hundred gallons of
water, stirring it well several times a day, for three
weeks, in cold weather, or a fortnight in a warmer
season, by which time it will have fermented well
and become acid, till which it is not ready to give.
The mixture should always be stirred immediately
before feeding, and two or three cisterns should
be kept fermenting in succession, that no necessity
may occur of giving it not duly prepared. The
late Judge Peters, also asserted that ' sour food is
most grateful and alimentary to swine. One gal-
lon of sour wash goes farther than two of sweet.'
Some sentiments, however, which are at least ap-
parently iu opposition to the opinion of the above
celebrated agriculturists have been advanced bj
other writers. An English work, entitled ' Farm-
er's Calendar,' (authors name not given) declares
that much has been said, and little understood
about purposely souring food for hogs. It is not
that acidity can possibly tend to making fat, but
it is found that pigs will readily fatten upon soil
or rather acescent food, a sweetish taste and glu-
tinous quality succeeding fermentation; and that
they will do so still more readily upon such as
never reached the acid state, I know, and have
seen in hundreds of instances.' In order to re-
concile these writers it v.'ill only be necessary to
advert to the different st.iges of ordinary fermen-
tation, and the products of each stage. The first
stage of fermentation produces sugar, and is called
the saccharine fermentation. The second stage
developes alcohol, [spirit of wine] and is called
the vinous fermentation. The third produces
vinegar, and is called the acid fermentation ; and
the fourth and last stage converts the matter fer-
menting into a substance, which is not only offen-
sive, but jmisonous, and is called the putrid fer-
mentation. Thus if you soak wheat or other fari-
naceous substance iu water, of a proper tempera-
ture, it will first become sweet, and begin to si)rout
or vegetate ; it will next afford spirit or alcohol ;
continue the process the wash turns sour, at first
slightly, and then more strong!)' acid ; and at last
the whole becomes putrid. It probably contains
most nourishment when it is sweetest, but is valu-
able till very sour, when it is worth little or noth-
ing ; and when the putrid fermentation has com-
menced it is worse than nothing, as food for any
animals. The wash, then, should be given to the
hogs while it is yet sweet, or but beginning to be
Bour.

IMPROVED COOKING GRATE. fire in the morning, and at other times when it is

^Ve have received a pamiihlet, lately printed in 'o^^, but it should be used sparingly ; for when

Philadelphia, entitled ' Speci/cation of a Patent "sed but a short time, the heat becomes so intense

for an Improved Cooking Grate, intended chiifij l"^' ^° ""•''' '''O ashes and sluny substances found

for cooking by Means of.lnlhraciie Coal. Granted '" '''<= c°"' "'"' '"'J''" °- fcment, which prevents the

io Thomas Vimo.n, of Philadelphia, October 31, fiee circulation of the air, and the fire soon be-

1829. n'ith Remarks by the Editor of the Joxtmal comes dull and sluggish. Whenever -this is the

of the Franklin Institution: case the whole mass should bo brokeu up, by

After giving a description and drawing of this putting the i)oker under the basket part of the

I apparatus, the pamphlet proceeds with the follow- giatc, between the bars, and lifting the coal ; or

ling remarks by the Editor of the Journal. by passing it between the front bars and prying

' Experience, the best test of the worlh of either '''6 coal up. The first method is best ; as it not

persons or things, has so far as it has come to our only lightens the coal, but frees the grate from

knowledge, been altogether in favor of the appa- ashes. The lower the coal lies in the grate, the

ratus above described. An intimate friend in brisker will be the fire.

Philadel|)hia, whose family is large, and in whose ' Slioidd the fire become dull, after the coal is

word and judgment we have entire confidence, has ignited !( is a sure indication that it is clogged,

had Mr Vinton's grate in use for some time, and is with the cement before mentioned, with ashes,

too well ])leased with it to be willing to return to or coal dust, or that there is too great a quantity

the wood fire for the purpose of cooking, or in- in the grate ; in either case instead of running

deed, to any other ijiode with which he is acquaint- down the blower, which will only increase the

ed. At a very early period this grate achieved a difficulty, free the grate in the manner directed

signal triumph in his family ; it not only silenced in tlie foregoing section.

the opposition made to the trial of it by the occu- .por roasting or baking i7 is necessary that a
pants of the kitchen, but has converted them into large proportion of the heat shoxdd be in the basket,
zealous advocates, as they find it answers the jnn-- ^^ lou-er part of the grate ; keep that i)art, there-
poses intended in a very perfect manner, while Core, free from slaty and stonv substances, and
it possesses that valuable attribute of an anthracite from the remains of melted cement, or these will,
coal fire, the requiring so htlle attention to keep it ,„ ^ shon time, when the coal is very impure,
up- occupy the space which should be filled with
' Meat baked in the oven, we are assured, can- pm-e coal and active heat. The pieces of slate,
not be distinguished, by the epicures, from that gtoue or cement, which are too large to fall
roasted before the fire ; the surfttce is well brown- through the grate, should be taken out with tongs,
ed, and the gravy unburned. Bread, and the vari- < Permitting water to boil over, or to be spilled
ous articles of pastry, are baked as well as in a „„ t^e fire bricks will cause them to crumble, and
brick oven, the heated air communicating a much should it reach the cast iron pipe between them,
more equable temperature to the plates of the ;„ ii,e hack part of the fire place, or the small
oven than a direct fire. We have not, ourselves, grate at its end may cause them to warp. Exposing
seen the grate in operation, or tasted of the sa- fhem when heated to the action of cold air, will
vory viands which it sends forth, we should not ^Iso have the same effect, and it is therefore ne-
therefore, have ventured a decided opinion in its cessary that the fire go out gradually, and never
fiivor, had not its character been furnished by he taken all out at once.

those who have no personal interest in bringing it , ,-' m .i r r i

i.iusc ,y,,^iiu.,^ J. on ' For all the purposes of a common family, it

into notice. j^ ^^^^ necessary to have more coal in the grate

'Those grates which have hitherto been put ; than will come to a level with the second bar

up, have not been furnished with boilers. With i (ro,n ,he top. A larger quantity is a useless and

the appendages such as bars of wrought iron to ^ i„ju,.ious weight, which presses that below it so

place kettles &c, above the fire ; a trivet or shelf, , ,.iogy]y to„gther, as to prevent a free circulation

in front of the grate, and the fire brick ; the cost
of them is thirty rive dollars. When a boiler is
added, this of course will increase the price in
proportion to its size, and the material of which it
is made, as of tinned copper, or iron. The cost
of a sliding blower, and the work in fixing it is
not included as not being essential to the use of
the grate. The quantity of coal used is said to
be about the same as that for an ordinary parlor
grate.

The following extracts from Jlr Vinton's ' Di-
rections for making a coal Fire, and for using the
Cooking .Apparatus: will be serviceable as well
for those who do not as those who do use such
apparatus, if they have occasion to burn anthra-
cite coal.

' Anthracite coal, when broken into jiieces from
the size of a hen's egg to that of a common sized
tea-cup, and free from dust, will burn freely,
without the aid of a blower, if left to kindle and
but a small quantity of coal is added at a time.
The fire also, will, in this case be much clearer
and stronger

of air. Putting cooking utensils or other weight
on the fire, will also deaden it.

' A small quantity of coal, in pieces about the
size of a walnut, put on the top of the fire while
baking, will be useful to keep the heat from as-
cending.

' Sprinkling a small quantity of coal dust or
ashes, on the fire at night will preserve it until.
the next morning, when there will be sufficieDt
heat to kindle fresh coal or wood.

' Scrape out the ashes from the ash pit every
morning.'

One of Mr Vinton's Improved Cooking Gratea
is in use in this city, and we are informed that it
fully answers the purposes for which it was in-
tended.

Grapes. — Considerable attention is now be-
stowed on the culture, of this wholesome fruit in-
Nantucket. A corre^Hpondent writes us that one
crentleman has now a number of bushels of Isabella.
Dry wood, or charcoal, should be j Grapes on his vines. Three or four years ago

used for kindling it. | not a vine was raised there.

' The blower will facilitate the kindling of the ' fruit trees is also extending

The culture of

70

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 17,183 0.

HOKTlCt'LTURAL FESTIVAL. ' consisting of black Hamburji, black Cape, and Muscat,

The Second Anniversary of the Massachusetts Horti- ; of Alexandria Grapes ; and the Alberge Admirable,
ruiiunt Society was celebrated on Friday the 10th inst. I Great Montague Admirable, Morris' White or Pine, and
tlhe'Exchan''e Coffee House in a very splendid manner, ' Landreth's Cling Stone Peaches; from E. Vose,of Dor-
nolwithstandin"- the unpropitious stale of the weather for I Chester, beautiful Grosse Mignonne Peaches, Bartlett
several days previous, which, it was feared would prevent , Pears, Persian and Pine Apple Melons, and large Water-
BO handsome a display of fruits as was made last year. ! melons; from Henry A. Breed, of Lynn, Watermelons ;
The Dinino- Hall was very tastefully ornamented with . from Peter C. Brooks, of Medford, by George Thomp-
fesloons and vases of flowers, and the table loaded with son, gardener, large clusters of Black Hamburg Grapes,

numerous baskets of beautiful peaches, grapes, pears, me
Ions apples, 5cc, arranged in a very chaste and appropriate
manner. Much credit is due to the public spirit of E. Ed-
wards, Esq. ofSprinstfield, Ms. a member ot the Society,
who, in addition to the pleasure his own company n:\ve at
the dinner table, enriched it with ten baskets of beiutilul
peaches, plums, and pears, the produce of his own and his
neighbors' gardens. The trellis of grapes, raised in the
ope'n air by Mr Fosdick, of Charlestown, excited much at-
tention. The Hall of the Excliange was literally crowded
with visiters from 12 to 2. , • *

The Society was favored with an eloquent and interest-
In" Address by Z. Cook, Jr, Esq. of Dorchester, at the
Lecture Room at the Atheneum, at 11 o'clock A. M^ which
we presume will be published for members of the Society.

Among the fruits presented, were baskets of very fine
Esperione and Black Hamburg Grapes, from Wm. Dean,
of Salem ; from J. W. Treadwell, Salem, Pears, Johon-
not; from T. H. Perkins, Grapes, St Peters, Muscat of
Alexandria, white Frontignac, black do. ; black Ham-
burg, flame colored Tokay, Chasselas or Sweet Water ;
Peaches and Nectarines, branches of Irish Ivy, from
plants raised by Col. P. from cuttings taken by himself
from Carrisbrook and Warwick castles, England, a beau-
tiful vine and perfectly hardy ; from John Lowell, Grapes,
black Hamburg, (1 bunch weighing 32 ounces,) and
white Tokay ; Peaches ; a plant in flower, of inusea
Coccinea, has never been flowered before in this coun-
try ; from Rufus F. Phipps, Charlestown, Nectarines,
and Andrews Pears ; from Dr Webster, Cambridge,
6owers, dahlias, &,c ; from Dr Adams, Boston, magnum
bonum Plums ; from Thomas Whitmarsh, Brookline,
Peaches ; from John Heard, Jr, Watertowa, Bartiett
Fears; Dr S. A. Shurtleff, Boston, St Michael's and
Broca's Bergamot Pears, White Muscadine Grapes, open
ground; from N. Clapp, Dorchester, Peaches, natural
of the 5th and 6th generation, has never deteriorated
from the parent fruit ; from J. li. Richardson, Boston,
Peaches; from E. M. Richards, Dedham, Summer Rus-
Bet, Rod Juneating, and Benoni (a native) Apples, and
uncommonly fine natural Peaches ; from David Fosdick,
Charlestown, White Muscadine Grapes, tastefully ar-
ranired upon a trellis ; from David Haggerston, Charles-
town,black Hamburg Grapes and Flowers; from Elislia
Edwards, Springfield, Peaches, natural, very large and
beautiful, also large and beautiful Pears and Plums ; from
John. A. W. Lamb, Bostem, Peaches; from Nathaniel
Seaver, Roxbury, Bartlett Pears and Peaches ; from J.
^ F. Winship, Brighton, flowers ; from Messrs Ken-
rick, Newton, flowers; from Ebenezer Breed, Charles-
town, Grapes, five clusters black Hamburg, (2 weighing
24 lbs. each, 1 weighing 2 lbs.) white Cliasselas and Mus
cat, alio flowers ; from S. Downer, Bartlett Pears, Porter
and Ribstone Pippin Apples, Morris' White Peaches, 4
pots Balsamine, and 2 pots Snowberry ; from Ezra Dyer,
Boston, Plums and Peaches; from John Prince, Roxbu-
ry, Ribstone Pippin Apples ; Verte longue, Andrews
Bartlett, and green Catharine Pears; yellow letter Mel-
on, Royal D"lV>ur3, Plums, a large branch of Datura
Arborea, in flower, Dahlias, &c ; from Z. Cook, Jr, Dor

and fine Spice Apples.

REGULAR TOASTS.

A'ew EngJand — The hills that gave shelter to Liberty
are now crowned with the blessings of Ceres.

Tlie Constitution of the V. S- — The vigor of the stock
will soon correct the saplings that may be engrafted on it.

Liberty— iia.\\ng completed her Temple — we would
entwine the stately columns with the peaceful vine.

Our Senator in Congress — Himself invulnerable ; he
furnishes arms for the security of States.

Our Controversies with the parent country — Let them
be manly struggles for a more honorable union on re-
ciprocal principles.

Massachusetts Caltivators — May our efforts and suc-
cess bo in an inverse ratio to our climate and soil.

Golden .ipplcs and Golden Fleeces — May they cease
to be emblems of discord and disunion.

JWillffication — A mode of re-dressing — highly destruc-
tive of the black and ichitc sorts.

Horticulture and Floriculture — By whicli all climates
and all soils may be compelled to concentrate their uses
and beauties at the pleasure of man.

The practical and scientific Cultivator — A man who
makes experiments in farming and in gardening for the
benefit of his neighbor.

Diffusion of kinds and of kindness — Our grapes can
never be sour, for they will be within the reach of every-
body.

Woman — The industry, science, and taste of man, is
improving the soil for a more extended dominion ot
Flora.

The fruits of the Patriots of France — We would re-
turn them renovated and more grateful to the world by
American adoption.

The monarchies of Europe — Vicious stocks must go to
the wall for improved cultivation.

Cultivation in its two great branches, mental and man-

y^nl The latter without the former is an eddy in a stream

always moving, never advancing.

JVovelties in cultivation — NeverJ adopted without cau-
tion nor rejected without trial — for although everything
which is new may not be useful, yet everything useful
was once new.

VOLUNTEERS.

Bv the President, General Dearborn : Laf-Ivette —
' Without fear and without reproach ;' the illustrious
Champion of liberty in three Revolutions.

By His Excellency Gov. Lincoln : The Vine, under
the shadow of which Freemen dwell securely — May its
new growth be protected in tliat country, where it re-
quires rather training than heading.

By His Honor the Mayor: J\'cv' England — May every
farm become a garden, every garden be adorned with
vines — and may it be the boast of our posterity, that

cheater, Bartlett Pears, and flowers ; froi» Hector Coffin, i ^j^^-^ Fathers did not eat sour grapes

Nowburyport, bon Cretien Pears ; from Enoch Bartlett, , ^, . r . .■ r^j ,■ t\ i. c^l

- ■" - . . „ .' „ . _ _' Tj_ .1 — ri-.nf i„<,i,^o ■ Education — The culture of thi

Dorchester, Peaches, and Bartlett Pears ; from S. R
Johnson, Charlestown, White Gage and Bolmar's Wash-
ington Plums ; from R. Toohey, Waltham, by E. W.
Payne, Black Hamburg Grapes, Pears, Peaches, and
Melons; from Wm. Stone, city farm, South Boston, a
muskmolon, weighing 19i lbs.; from E. G. Austin,
Boston, magnum bonum white Plums ; from Edward
Sharp, Dorchester, very fine red roman Nectarines ;
from Richard Sullivan, Brookline, Black Hamburg
Grapts; from Andrew Brimmer, Boston, White Gage,
or Prince's fine white and Hill's native Plums, and a
branch of Swan Pears, and a basket of Pears ; from JI.
A- S. Dearborn, Roxbury, great mogul Plnma ; from G.
W. Pratt, Waltham, large Bouquets of flowers; from
Wm. Carter, Botanic Garden, Cambridge, natural
Peaches, very largo and beau'.iful, and flowerij ; from
Elias Phinney, native Grapes, and Nectarines ; from
Chevor NewUall, Dorchester, fine natural Poaches; from
JJehemiah D. Williams, Roxbury, Porter and other Ap
plei ; from O. Petteo, Newton, Caroline Cling Stone

Bv the Chief Justice
mind, whicli always requites the faithful laborer with
the sweetest flowers and the richest fruit.

By Hon. B. W. Crowninshield : The Apple and Plum
— May we never eat of the apple of discord, and have
pfums enough to make smooth the way of life.

By the Rev. Mr Pierpont : A Garden — the primitive
and perpetual scene of all that makes man great — labor
and serious thought ; in which having seen the smile of
God in the heat, he may hear his voice ' in the cool of
the day.'

By Judge Chipman, of New Brunswick : The city nf
Boston — May it preserve its high character and its pub-
lic spirit.

Communicated by the Hon. John Lowell : — The Mas-
sachusetts Horticultural Society— Mny liberality, without
a tincture of jealousy, and cautious and scientific scru-
tiny, be its distinguished characteristic.

By Zebedee Cook, Jr, Esq. let Vice President: The

Peiches ; from S. G. Perkins, a dressed buket of Fruit, Press — Charles X. and his ' Iravelling Cabinet' — the

best modern commentary upon its power and influence,
when exerted in the cause of civil liberty and the rights
of man.

By the Hon. Edward D. Bangs, Secretary of the
Commonwealth : Agriculture and Horticulture — Pursuit*
in which competition excites no jealousy, and where
ambition is always crowned with success.

By John C. Gray, Esq. : The memory of Stephen El-
liott,of South Carolina — The death of an accomplished
botanist is the loss of the whole world.

By E. Phinney, Esq. Vice President, Rural Employ-
ment— It gives purity and freshness to the opening bud
of youth — beauty and fragrance to the flower of man-
hood— and a wholesome soundness to the fruits of old
age.

By Dr Thacher, of Plymouth : The noble achieve-
ments of Horticulture — Peaches and Pears big as pump-
kins, and Grapes in clusters like that borne on a staff by
two men from tlie valley of Grapes in the wilderness of
Paran.

By Gen. Sumner : The Kullificators — South Carolina
Borers — as nobody cares about them out of their own
State, they ought to be dug out there.

By Dr S. A. Shurtleff: Gen. Lafayette— The Hero of
three Revolutions.

Communicated by Judge Story, who was prevented
by illness from attending the meeting : The pleasures of
the Day — The fruits of good taste, and the taste of good
fruits.

The soil of Algiers under French culture — Let them
plant the tree of Knowledge, and that of Liberty, will
spring up of itself

By J. C. Gray, Esq. : The Republics of South Amerien
— Thrifty plants which have withstood fire and steel by
dint of vigorous shooting — may they never be injured
by any injudicious attempt at Crown Grafting.

By S Downer, Esq. : The Second Anniversary of our
Society — It brings with it the strengthened assurance of
its great success, in promoting the elegant, useful, and
interesting science, which it has for its object.

The Recipes of our English ' Kitchener,' muy suit m
foreign taste — We prefer the prescripions of a yankee
Cook.

The Garden Festival —

* Blossoms and fruiti, anil flowers together rise.
And tlio whole jear in wild profusion lies.'

Aft.er the Governor had retired —

Gov. Lincoln — Fearless, independent, and patriotw
— M,ay he who never forgets his country, be always
supported by his countrymen.

Communicated by Jacob Lorrillard, Esq. President of
the New York Horticultural Society : The Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society — Her blossoms insure a fruit-
ful harvest.

Communicated by Judge Buel, President of the Alba-
ny Horticultural Society : Old Massachusetts — A nur-
sery of Industry, Enterprise, Talent, and Patriotism

Her plants have been widely disseminated, and are found
to flourish and fruit well, in every climate, and in every
soil.

Sent by Wm. R. Prince, Esq. of Flushing,' N. T. :
The Star of Promise — The Ancients watched its glory
in the East — ll'e hail its bright ascension in the IVest.

By Dr Storcr, of Boston : Our Society — in these hel
days of successful operation, may she gratefully remem-
ber the vehicle which has borne her on to popularity ani
usefulness — a Dearborn.

Sent by Alfred S. Prince, Esq. of Flushing, N. York:
Boston — Nature's favored spot, where the flowers of
rhetoric commingle with those which spring frona tha
domain of Flora.

On motion of Mr Z. Cook, Jr, the Hon. Ward Chiju-
man, of New Brunswick, was elected an honorary maav
ber of the Society.

When Judge Chipman retired —

Judge Chipmas — our neio member, and the agent of
the British Gove, nmcnt for establishing our Eastern
boundary — We should be pleased to have such an on*
fixed as would bring him within our limits.

By Mr Edwards, of Springfield : The MassachuseM
Horticultural Society — Success and prosperity to all h»r
experiments.

After the President had retired. Mr Cook gave —

Henry A. S. Dearborn, President of the Massathm-
setts Horticultural Society — Under his assiduous, skilfuk
and energetic administration, this institution cannot (%^
to realize the hopes and anticipations of its founders

Vol. IX. — No. 9.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

7r

By H. J. Finn, Esq. : Lakjsvette — The tri colored
Jlower of France — that unfolUed its blossotns in bright ■
nesa when the tree of American Liberty was a iccrptnix
willow — that, retained its budding honors among the
common deadly nctth's in tlie Keign of Terror — that
never bowed ijefore the red croirii Imperial — that lias
withered Royalty's proud lily — and like our own aloe,
gives promise that its greatest g-lory will burst forth in
Its hundredth year.

On motion of John C. Gray, Esq. it was

Voted, That the thanks of this Society be presented to
the Orator for his address this day delivered, and that he be
requested to furnish a copy for publication.

An original soii^j by Mr Fessenden (see our last pasje)
was sung by Mr Newell of Charlestown; and several comic
•ongs were also sung by Messrs Finn and Andrews of the
Tremont Theatre, and others.

SHARPENING SCYTHES, &c.

Mr Fessenden — .\n improved kiml of Rifle
for setting the edge of the scythe lias been intro-
duced among the farmers in the country ; the
improvement consists of a water proof glue or ce-
ment, on which is spread a coat of tine emery be-
ing very superior to the coat of sand heretofore
used. The common glue is not water proof. It
is desirable that you slioulil ascertain and publish
the best mode of making the cement tliat will bo
proof against damp or rainy weather. In doing
which you will oblige a subscriber, and confer a
favor on the mowers who like a keen edge.
Loudon, jY. H. Sept. 13, 1830.

Remarks by the Editor. — We have collected from
several authors tlie following recipes for water
proof cements. Perhaps some of them may an-
swer the purpose wished for by our correspon-
dent. We have not however, made trial of any
of them and of course cannot vouch for their effi-
cacy.

A cement that resists tnoisture. Melt without
water common glue with half its weight of resin, to
■which add some red oclire. This is said to be
useful for cementing hones to their frames. — fl'il-
lich's Domestic Encyclopedia.

Cement that hardens under icater. 3Ii.v clay and
calces (oxydes) of iron plentifully with oil, the j
mass will harden under water. Mr Gad, Stock- 1
holm, Sweden.

The following is given as a. cement that wil
■land the action of boiling water or steam.

Take 2 oimces of sal-ammoniac, 1 ounce of
flower of sulphur, and 16 ounces of cast iron
filings or borings. Mi.x all well together by rub-
bing them in a mortar, and keep tlie powder dry.

When the cement is wanted for use, take one
part of the a'.iove powder and twenty parts of
clean iron borings or filings, and blend them in-
timately by grinding them in a mortar. Wet the
compound with water, and when brought to a
convenient consistence, apply it to the joint with
a wooden or blunt iron .«patula.

Another cement of the same kind. Take two
parts of flower of sulphur, and one part of sal-
ammoniac, and mix them together with a little
water into a stiff paste.

A peculiar kind of cement is prepared at Ma-
dras, with which most of the buildings erected in
that Indian capital are cemented. It consists of
sand and lime, with the addition only of a small
quantity of water, in which a proportion of coarse
sugar has been dissolved. Tlie quick setting of
this mortar, and the great hardness it acquires
can, as Dr James Anderson has observed, \_Re-
creations in Agricidture, volume 1,] only be at-
tributed to one of these two causes, namely, either
the sugar ad.led, or the quality of the lime-stone
employed at Madras.

A cement that resists the action of fire and water.
Take half a pint of milk and mix it with an equal
quantity of vinegar, so as to coagulate the milk.
Separate the curd from the whey, and iiii.x the
latter with the whites of four or five eggs, after
beating them well up. The mi.xture of these two
sidistances being complete, add quick lime to them,
which has passed through a sieve, and make the
whole into a thick paste of the consistency of
putty. If this mixture is carefully applied to
broken bodies, or to fissures of any kind, and
dried pro|)erly, it is said to resist waier and fire.

We are obliged to defer this week the Report of the
Committee on Fi'uits of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, and the account of the New York Festival, as
well as several comnuinications.

Bulbous Roots.

Just received at the Seed store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

A good assortment of Bulbous FlowerKools, in fine order
— a more particular enumeration next week.

Grass Seeds.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New-
England Farmer, 52 North M.irket street,

A large assortment of Seeds of the vaiious grasses cul-
tivated in New England, viz:

HERDS GRASS; RED TOP ;

ORCHARD GRASS;

TALL MEADOW OATS GRASS;

FOWL MEADOW GRASS;

LUCERNE, or FRENCH CLOV-ER;

RED CLOVER;

WHITE HONEYSUCKLE CLOVER; also

WINTER WHEAT, Irom Genesee.

BUCKWHEAT, FLAX, MILLET, FIELD PEASE,
and 14 varieties of the most esteemed FIELD TURNIP
SEED, cultivated in Europe and America, all warranted
ol the first quaUly, and at the customary market prices.

Aug. 13.

Chloride of Soda.
For sale at the Seed Store connected with the N. E.
Farmer, 52 North Market-street — .\ few dozen bottles of
Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, removing offensive
smells, neutralizing pestilential exhalations, and destroy-
ing contagion ; prepared by the New England chemical
company for Lowe and Reed. This valuable article is
particularly described, page 390 of this week's New Eng-
and Farmer. — Price $1,00 per bottle, with directions.

For Sale,

The well known FARM in Dover, occupied for the last
fourteen years by the subscriber, containing about 300
acres, well located in a square, bounded on the south by
C'ochecho river, and on the east by Fresh creek, on which
is a tide mill, with an apparatus for pounding and grinding
plaster. The Buildings consist of a large two story Brick
House, of 40 feet by 38, with awing of 20 by 16, all well
finished, adjoined to which is a shed 34 feet by 14, con-
necting the cider house 27 by 37, two stories, with one
plastered room, where all the spinning and weaving is
done for the family ; two Barns, one of which is 100 feet
by 42, with two wings of about 40 feet each, one employ-
ed as a stable, the other for a sheepfold, with a good yard
well walled in; the other is a Store Barn of 45 feet square,
of 16 feet post, and will contain 60 tons of hay ; a pio--
gery of 50 feet by 30, with a cellar of 18 feet square un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook for
swine. The fields are divided by permanent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 acres in front of the house, one
of 17 on the East, one of 10 acres on the North, (prinrA-
pally orchard.) one of 15 Northeast, and one of 30 acres
West of the house, with three pastures of 20 to 25 acres
each. .

The Farm has been gradually improving for the last
ten years, and the two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 25 tons of thatch. It is one
and a half miles from the village of Dover, which affords
a good market. There has been planted some hundreds
of Fruit Trees, principally .-Vpple, many of which are
grafted — with Pears, Cherry, Plurn, Peach and Quince
trees, and many in bearing, with a small nursery.

The terms of sale may be known by applying to Major
Andrew Pierce, of Dover, Mr Samuel Lord, of
Portsmouth, or the subscriber on the premises.

June 11. WILLIAM FLAGG.

Strawberry Plants.

For sale at the Seed Slore connected with the Now
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street — direct fiom
the Brighton Nursei'v,

A large viriety of Strawberry Vines, compiising tlio
Pine .Aiiple, Roseberry, Hfth Scarlet, Royal Scarlet, Mul-
berry, Wood, Chili, &c, at §1 per hundred. Also WiU
mot's Superb, Keens' Imperial, and Keens' Seedling, at a
reasonable rale.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

APPLES, new,

ASHES, pot, firsl sort,

Pearl, lirst sort, -
BEANS, while,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. 2,
HUTTEK, ru.spected, No. 1, new,
CliEESE, new milk, - . .

.Skimmeil milk,
FLOUR, Baltiiiu.re, Iloward-slrcet, -
Genesee, - - .

Rye, best, - - .

GRAIN, Corn,
Rye,
Barley,
Oals,
HAY,

IIOC'S LAUn. first son, new,
HOPS, 1st quality.
LLME, ...

PLAISTER PARIS rclails at
PORK, clear,

Navy, mess.
Cargo, No. 1,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,
Orchard Grass,
Fowl Meadow, .
Red Top {northern,)
Lucerne, ....
Wiiiie Honeysuckle Clover,
Red Clover,' (norlheni)
WOOL, Merino, full hlood, washed, -
Merhio, lull blood, unwashed.
Merino, mixed with Sa.xony,
Bier. no, three liiurlhs washed.
Merino, half Mood,
Meripo, quarter
Native, washed,
Pulled, Lamb's, first sort,
Pulied, Lamb's, second sort,
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

from

TO

barrel.

2 00

3 00

ton.

115 00 110 00

"

133 0OJ35 00

bushel.

90

barrel.

10 00

10 50

u

8 30

9 00

'•

r, so

6 70

pound.

10

13

"

G

T

it

3

6

barrel.

r> 50

5 87

'«

5 23

5 6«

II

3 50

3 75

bushel

63

68

It

65

67

It

60

fS

It

32

3a

cwt.

60

70

cwi.

11 50

12 CO

It *

H 00

15 CO

cask.

70

78

3 50

3 60

barrel

19 00

20 00

12 i^

12 60

II

12 00

12 £0

bushel.
It

•Z 00

3 00

4 00

11

62

7»

lound.

33

33

It

9

10

It

50

6S

It

30

33

It

to

65

It

47

47

It

45

65

It

37

60

It

45

42

II

62

60

n

42

66

PROVISION MARKET.

CORRECTEn EVEFV WEEK BT MR HAYWARD,

( Vurk of Faneiiil-hall Market.)

BEEF, best pieces, .... pound 8 lO

PORK, l're.-.h, best pieces, . . •' 8 l"

whole hogs, . . '• 6 ^

VEAL, . . . It 4 8

MUTl'ON ... 11 4 It

POULTHC. ... .1 10 II

BUTTER, keg and tub, ... " n 10

Lump, best, - " 13 10

EGGS. . dozen. 11 15

.ME.\L, Rye. retail, . . bushel 85

Indian, retail, - . " 75

POTATOS.ncw - . . . i< oq 3,)

CIDER, [accordingloqualily,] - barrel. 3 60| 4 00

Brighton Markkt — Monday, Sept. 13. -■

[Reported for the Chronicle and Patiiot.]

At Market this day 737 Beef C»ttle, 670 Stores, 518T
Sheep, and 3.88 Swine. — Unsold at the close of the day
about 75 Beef Cattle, 200 Stores. 900 Sheep and Lambs.
and 200 Swine.

Nearly 100 head of Beef Cattle were taken today by M»
Winchester, probably for barrelling, the first we have no.
ticed this season. Prices as near as we could ascertain,
as follows — for mess, $3,50 a 3,67 for No. 1, «3,00 a
3,17.

Prices— Beef Cattle— From $3,00 to 4,50, those which
brought 4,50 were c.^tra Cattle, and wero not many ia
number.

Stores — About 3 or 400 were sold at quite low prices.

Sheep and Lambs. — We noticed one lot, more than half
old ones taken at 2,08, prices generally from 1,17 to 1,75.
We noticed several lots taken at about $1,00.

Swine. — One lot of 98 wore taken at 4c ; several small
lots at 4 a 4^ — at retail 4 a 5c.

Erratum. — The lot of 400 Swino were taken Im»
week at 4c instead of 4 i as published.

U

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Sept. 17, 1830.

THE COURSE OF CULTURE.

BV T. G. FESSEN'HjNrSSQ."
STJNG ON FRIDAY LAST, AT THE SECOND ANNIVERSA-
RY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL Su-
CIETY, TO THE TUNE—' AULD LANG SYNE.'

Survey the world, through every zone,

From Lima to Japan, •

In lineaments of light 't is shown

That CULTURE makes the man.
By manual culture one attains

What Industry may claim.
Another's mental toil and pains

Attenuate his frame.

Some plough and plant the teeming soil.
Some cultivate the arts ;
Y And some devote a life of toil

To tilUng heads and hearts. "ji. , "•

Some train the adolescent mind,
While buds of promise blow,
And see each nascent twig inclined <

The way the tree should grow.

The first man, and the first of men.

Were tillers of the soil ;
And that was Mercy's mandate then,

Which destined man to moil.
Indulgence preludes fell Attacks

Of merciless disease,
And Sloth extends on fiery racks

Her listless devotees.

Hail, horticulture! Heaven-ordained,

Of every art the source.
Which man has polished, life sustained.

Since Time commenced his course.
Where waves thy wonder-working wand

What splendid scenes disclose !
The blasted heath, the arid strand,

Out-bloom the gorgeous rose !

Even in the seraph-sex is thy

Munificence descried ;
And Milton says in lady's eyo

Is Heaven identified.
A seedling, sprung fiora Adam's side,

A most celestial shoot !
Became of Paradise the pride.

And bore a world of fruit.

The Lily, Rose, Carnation, blent

By Flora's magic power.
And Tulip, feebly represent

So elegant a flower.
' Then surely. Bachelors, ye ought,

In season to transfer
Some sprig of this sweet 'touch-me-not

To grace your own parterre ;

And every Gardener should be proud.

With tenderness and skill.
If haply he may be allowed

This precious plant to till.
All that man ha», had, hopes, can have,

Past, promised, or possessed.
Are fruits which culture gives or gave

At industry's behest.

What the bright srarkling of the finest eye
To the soft soothing of a calm reply ?
Can comelineps of form, or shape, or air.
With comeliness of words or deeds compare .'
No those at first the unwary heart may gain.
But these, these only can the heart retain.

Rowe's Art of Charming.

death
last Char-

For Sale,

A valuable Farm at Lechmere Point; consistino- of 30
acres — on the Craigie road, less than three miles from

Boston. With a good two story house and barn thereon

a thriving young orchard and other fruit trees.

For terms and other particulars, inquire of Wm. E.
Payne, No. 5 Court-street. eptol Aug. 27.

death by htdrophoeia.
We copy the subjoined account of n
from this dreadful disease, from the
lottesville (Va.) Advocate:

Died, at his residence, about 8 miles from tliis
place, on Wednesday last, Mr Wm. C. Wren, of
Hydrophobia We are indebted to tlie politeness
of a friend for the following particulars relative
to this terrible disease -.—Mr Wren was bitten in
two places on the foot, by a strange dog, on the
7th of June last. Both wounds were much lac-
erated, and one of them penetrated through the
tendons on the upper surface of the foot to the
bone. He felt no uneasiness about liis situation,
not supposing the dog to be inad. The woiinds
continued to heal regularly, and in a short lime,
were perfectly well. On the 15th inst., more
than two months after tbe woimds were received,
he felt some uneasiness in the foot, which grad-
ually extended up the leg until it reached the
body. He then had pain in the back, lower part
of the abdomen, and some soreness about the
throat. Tliese symptoms, which continued with lit-
tle variation, were ascribed by himself and friends
to Rheumatism, or cold brought on by recent ex-
posure to a shower of rain. By family prescrip-
tion he was bled and took a dose of oil. The
bleeding relieved his pains, and he supposed him-
self nearly well, until on the evening of the 17th
inst., while attempting to swallow some water he
was immediately seized with spasms. He then
for the first time became fully aware of his awful
condition, and n[)plied for medical aid. The
spasms continued to increase rapidly, and were
much aggravated by the approach of any one to
the bed side, or any sudden noise. Attempts
were made by every means to get him to receive
drink and food, but the approach of either, in any
manner, immediately threw him into the most
violent agitation. In the intervals of the spasms,
and even during their continuance, he retained
1 perfect possession of all his mental faculties, until
within an hour of his dissolution.

He repeatedly invited his friends to bis bed side
to shake hands with him, assuring them that be
was in full possession of his senses, and felt no
disposition to do injury to any one. The spasms
continued with increasing violence 21 hours,
when death relieved him from the most awful
sufferings we have ever witnessed.

Saxon Sheep.

On Tluireday the 23d day of September, at Hartford, (to
close a concern) will be sold by Public Auction, an entire
flock of superior full blooded Saxon Sheep, bred with care
from the best stock imported by Messrs George & Thos.
Searle, in 1825 and '26 ; consisting of 14 Rams, 30 Ewes, if
Ram Lambs, and 10 Ewe Lambs.

Also tbe well known full blooded Durham Improved Short
Horned Bull WvE Cohet, unquestionably the beet Bull in
America. W. WOODBRIDGE,

August 30, 1330. HENRY WATSON.

Seeds for Fall sowing.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street —

A great variety of vegetable seeds for fall sowing, viz.
White Portugal Onion, Prickly or Fall Spinach, (growth
of 1830.) Parsnips, Carrots, Black Spanish or Winter Ra
dish— all warranted of the first quality. Sept. 10.

Culture of Silk,

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street —

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of ren-
dering it a source of individual and national wealth ; with
Directions to Farmers for raising Silk Worms —By John
D'Homergue, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau,— Price 62i cents.

Also, Directions for the Rearing of Silk Worms, and
the Culture of tho While Mulberry Tree. Published by
the Pennsylvania Society associated for the Promotion
of those objects, (an excellent, plain, practical work.)-—
Price 2.5 cents.

Bees for Sale.
Persons in want of prime swarms of Bees, or Beard's
Patent Hives, can be supplied by Mr Ebenezer Beard of
Charlestown. Purchasers of swarms are supplied with
Beard's Patent Hives, gratis, for their own family use
only. The prices of swarms vary, according to their
weight and quality. November and December is con-
sidered the best time for removing the Bees ; they can be
engaged, however, at any time previous. All orders,
either for swarms, or for the Patent Hives only, left with
J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, No. 52 North Market-
street, Boston, will be faithfully executed.

tf Sept. 10.

JVew Work on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan ; being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smith, Farrier,, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles OQ
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and improvements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society. Price $1,25.

BEAUTY.

What is the blooming tincture of the skin
To peace of mind, to harmony within:

The recent events in France have revived the recol-
lection of the dreadful use made of the lantern posts dur-
ing the old Revolution. If a man were but suspected of
being a royalist, the mob shouted ' a la lanterne,' ' a la
lanterne ;' and the unfortunate victim was hung across
the first lantern-rod that presented itself. There was a
strange levity mixed with the cruellies of that period.
We recollect more than one instance where a witty ex-
pression saved a man's life ; — as if a pun were an equiva-
lent for human existence! The Abbe Maury had fallen
in!o tbe hands of the enraged populace, and as usual, the
cry was ' a la lanterne !' Arrived at a convenient place,
they made their brief preparations for immediate execu-
tion ; the Abbe turning round with a smile, said, ' Gentle-
men, I am convinced you won't see any belter for hang-
ing me there.' The joke was received with acclama-
tions ; his life was saved; and he is now a Cardinal.
Journal and TVibunc.

Published every Friday, at g3 per annum, payable at the
end of the year-but those who pay within sixty d.iys from the
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents.

[3= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Kcs5ELL, by I. R. Botts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
RoSBELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street.

^ AGENTS.

Neii Yorlc—G. Thorburn & SoN,67Liberty-6lreet.

Philadelphia— \'>. &. C LANnKETH.86 Chestnul-sireet.

Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Office ofthe American Farmer.

y|/Aiini/— Hon. Jf.sse Ui/IL.

Ftushincr, N. Y. Wm. Prince & SoNs,Piop.Lia. Bol. Garden

//uri'/orrf— Goodwin & Sons.

Halifax^. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.

Montreal, L. C— A. BowMAB, Bookseller.

PTEW

4MIf FAJtJtt^lf.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NOIITII MAllICET STREET, (AT the Agricultuhal Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEX, EDITOR.

VOL, IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 183 O.

NO. lO.

® ® sasa^sr nvBii a a©5j a»

JOK THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

5Ir Fessenden — I transmit von some further

i ceived that this is agitating a new <]:ieslion, and it

is one on tlie relative importance of which pro or

con I am not aware of iiaving ever written a line

in my life and one which was not orij;inally con-

. . ,. , , , , . - . . , temuUited in tlie present discussion, hut I have

descriptions 01 va nab e and mterestmg varietios ; , , ■ n • i- m i m

"„ ' , , , IT- ! thou^lit It as ^v.dl, ni conscdueiiceoi Mr Lowells

hf pears, and I have to announce that 1 am lU , = ,- , , ,• > . ' i .i . .i •

= .' , . ,. . ,. , .,, , ,, ,H-cni confident assertion, to sliow that even thi.s

oossession ot uuormation which will solve all .-'. -^ ,, , . . .,-,,, ,, i .i . i •

r , ,.,,., , r ■ 1-1 position 01 his IS not fuihi tcniib!e, and that his as-

douhts and clearly elucnlatc the lacts in relation i ' . . ., / . •',. .. • , . ,■

, ^ , .. ,. , .,, , ,1 , I sertions to prove that the hiiit IS «/iti7?/s iiiai«/)f»5fi-

to the .imbrctte pear, which will be made the sub- ,,■ r ■ . i • .f i

' ' Ik ill lirmii!;; correct conchL^icns are greatly de-

ject of a future comnuuru-ation.
Very respectfullv,

WM. ROBERT PRIN'CE.

* Zjinna;an Botanic Garden, I
, Seiitembcr 16, 1330. \

SieuUe, Bon. JarJ.—Pr. Cat.
.■ This new pear was raised at l'rasliu,at the seat
of the Duke of Choiseul, by a person whose nanie
it bears. Its first introduction to notice was in
1815. The fruit of medium size, similar in iorm
to the Crassanne, but more swollen towards the
base ; the stem is long and inserted in a cavity,
surrounded by several small lobes ; the eye is
slightly depressed, skin delicate, of a leinon color,
partially washed with red next the sun ; flesh half
melting, the juice sweet, rich, profuse, and agree-
able. The fruit ripens in October and November,
and the tree is handsome, vigorous, and produc-
tive, and may be propagated on both the pear and
quince stocks.

Black seeded Beurre, Pr. Cat.

Beurre noire graine, Lond. Hort. Cat.

Aoi'i grain, Bon. Jard.

Black seeded, Vi: Cat. 25 Ed.
This valuable variety we imported some years
since, but its value being little known, it has been
but partially disseminated. European authors
state that the fruit is of medium size, and that it
is very highly esteemed in Flanders ; the tree is
exceedingly productive, and the fruit is at maturity
in September.

NAPOLEON AND PASSE COLMAR PEARS.

Xhomas G. Fesse.ndex, Esq. —

Dear Sir — I presume my last communication
touching the Napoleon and Passe Colmar pears
has been amply satisfactory and conclusive in
showing the strong grounds I had for my asser-
tions in regard thereto ; but Sir Lowell having
published three communications before he had setii
my reply to one, there are some remarks in the two
last from him dated the 2isl and 27th Aug. which
seem to call upon me for a passing notice by way
of comment and explanation, as well as fur a
correction of the errors therein container'.. The
copiousness of my reply will render it necessary
for your convenience in the insertion, to divide it
into two parts, and I shall consequently ado|)tthat
course. On this occasion therefore in pursuance
of that plan, I will commence by replying to that
point advanced by Mr Lowell, in which he so
strongly deprecates and^condemns the course 'of
trusting to description and to the leaves and wood
without seeing the fniit' and where he positively
assert* ' neither Duhamel, Miller, nor Knight, nor
any other poniologist ever relied on the wood,
leaves, flowers, or seeds, for any other purpose but
as aids and assistances in .discriminating fruits
which are very similar.' It will be at once per-

ticicnt in the point of general application.

1 shall first refer to the Pomological Magazine,
wlicso authority I presume Mr L. will be the last
to dispute. In No. 33, p. 131, of that work, when
ypeaking of the Beurre Die! pear, it is declared by
the r.fithors, that they 'thought it right to give a
figure from a standard in addition to that from a ivntt,
for they are so extremely different in appearance as
to render it intpossible that the identity of the two
would be discovered u'ithout being thus pointed oul,^
and althflfugli two figures are given of the fruit,
they give but one description of the wood, leaves,
and flowers, wliicli proves that these latter points
were relied on as certain and unchangeable. In
ihe same work it is stated that tv>o varieties of the
Chasselas grape, undislinguishahle by the fruit, are
distingiii.'^halile by the foliage, nnd the variation de-!
signated. And again, in speaking of Knight's I
Early Black Cherry, the uiulistinguishable timilar-j
ity of its fruit with that of the Black Tartarian, is]
particularly dwelt on. But as a climax to the in-'
stability of reliance on the fruit, I will refer to the
Brown Beurre pear, which is declared by De la
Quintiiiye, Rozier, and Duhamel, followed by
Miller and the Pomological Magazine, to jiresent
such variations in the fruit, that those guitled
thereby had given it several distinct titles, and
Forsyth, relying on the fruits, has described it un-
der'/o«r distinct Iieails,aud a correct decision could
therefore only bo obtained by the unvariableness of
the n-ood, foliage, and fowers. I might also refer
to the Ambrette and L'Eihasserio pears, whose
fruits have been often confused, and in regard to
which authors agree that the main points of dis- ]
tinction are the indenture of the leaf and the
length of the thorns. I could further ]jroceed to
quote the Doyenn^ gris, and Doyenne roux pears,
and the Alberge Jaime, and Rossanne peaches,
where even Duhamel himself was deceived by re-
lying on the fruit, and where the wood, foliage, and
floiccrs alone, caused the error to be corrected. Mil-
ler himself falls into similar errors and describes
the Little Musk pear under two heads, see Ids
Gard. Die. No. 1, and 5, he also describes the
Orange Musk pear as two distinct fruits, see No.
9 and IS ; he confuses the Muscat Robert, anj
Rohine pears, see No. 14 and 20, and he also de-
scribes the Mouthwatcr pear, under sejiarate heads
and titles, see No. .50 and 36. Forsyth and oth-
ers, state that the Red Roman and Newington
Nectarines, are mo.'-'t essentially distiiigiiished by
the smooth leaf of the one and the ja;T^ed leaf of
the other. He also states that the Peach Apricot,
and the Moorpark, are generally thought in Eng-
land to be the same, and that a minute examina-
tion of their leaves alone, proves their distinction.
The New Duhamel asserts that even the glands
which exist on the petioles of most peach trees

are always constant in the same variety, and their
presence and form liave been adopted by some
French writers v.s precise guides in sectional divis-
ions, audit is stated in the New Duhamel, that the
Transparent Rmide Peach, and the Crosse Mig-
nonnc, differ so little in tlio fruit, that the glands
form the especial di.^Unctioyi. I might e\cn turn to
tropical climates, ami enumerate two s],ecies of
Passirtora, whose edible fruits are an article of
daily consumjition ; the jilants of whicdi can only
be distinguished by a plurality of glands on tlie
leaf, and so might go on almost ad infinitum. But,
?^ir, docs even the untaught wood cutter who winds
his way through our winter forests to select and
fell particular timber, await the return of sprin"
to discern its fruits or view its foliage, and is he
not ill the simplicity of nature able to decide by
the bark alone i W hy, Sir, I could refer to a late
intelligeut Poniologist, remarkable fur his exacti-
tude, who selected a large proportion of the [lear
and other trees from his nursery rows, by the ap-.
pearance of the barfi and buds, although he kept
a record in his pocket; and who affirmed that he
could distiuguish 70 varieties of pears by the win-
ter bark and buds alone. If then the bark and
buds so far sutfice, how inuch more fully may wc
rely on the wood, growth, foliage, and flov/ers.
Will Mr L., then, say that wc are not to trust
our senses to distinguish the very peculiar i'asso
Colmar, from the widely different Napoleon, a
yellow bark from green, broad leaves from narrow,
and large l^owcrs froiii small, when these present
four po-'is .r checks to enable ns to decide with
precis' .n. ' )d the fruit offers but one? With
equal force might it be argued that we arc not to
know an apple tree from a pear tree, without first
viewing the fruit, as that we should not distinguish
two varieties of cither, possessing such strongly
marked distinctions as the Napoleon and Passe
Colmar, which Mr L. himself agrees are ' two
[leais the most unlike possible.'

Allowing, therefore, that I had adopted tlio
course of testing accuracies by the wood, growth,
foliage, and flower.s, (which, however, I shall here-
after show is not tho fact) it behoved Mr L. to
first point out some case of evident and acknow-
ledged error arising from my having pursued it,
before he condemned its application ; for in my
view it matters not by what courso v.e arrive at
correct conclusir.ns, provided the means arc ade-
quate to the ends. Some people do things by intu-
ition. But the" facts of the case are, that it is
this confident reliance on the fruit, subject as it is
to such inconstancy and variation from the cir-
cumstances of culture, (which Mr L. not only ad-
vocates, but declares indispensable) and the gross
inattention evinced to the other points of distinc-
licn, that have caused tlic mass of confusion ex-
isting in Europe.

■ The statements which I have quoted from the
Pomological Magazine, Duhamel, Forsyth, and
other authors, where it is asserted that the fruit
'formed no guide, prove conchuively tliat in these
cases they did rely on the wood, trans, fowers, l-;c, as
Iprincipals, niul ihat thefruils did not always serve
I even the humble purpose of aids in the discrimination.
'Mr L.'s remarks, therefore, that no Pomologist
' ever relied on these points but 'cfs aids ' being an

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 24, 1830,

absolute and unqualified one, i.s amply couti'overt-
ed by the exceptions lisie deduced. In conclud-
ing this portion of my remarks, I have to tliank
3Ir L. for liis compliment to my ' zeal, acquisitions,
and ambition to be useful,' but over all these my
pride for accuracy ])redominates, which carries
with it its own commendation ; and great as is his
superiority over me iu age, talents, and general
intelligence, and feeling most sensibly as I do the
wide disparity in contending witii the ' Duhamel '
of our day, I shall still strive not to be surpassed
in that respect. Very respectfully,

WM. R.' PRINCE.

LinnieaD Botanic Garden, )
September 18, \S'JI1. (

AIr Fessenden —

Dear Sir — I fhall not continue the FRniTLESs
discussion of Mr Prince's error, under any cir-
cumstances. When he shall jiroduce to the New
York, and Massachusetts llorticultm-al Societies,
rijiened specijnens of Knight's Napoleon, and the
true Passe Colmar, and they shall pronounce them
the same fruit, ahUoiigh Mr Pritice's precipitancy
will still remain proved, yet all will admit, that he
made a very lucky conjecture. I fear that a
long period will elapse, before be has even this
consolation. We hope that our Society, which
has tlie earliest means of examining these fruits,
will do it carefully and thoroughly. The New
England inaxjm is ' by their fruits ye shall know
'hem: JOHN LOWELL.

Roxbury, Sept, 17, 1830.

some rotten manure, and if planted out at any tiftie bei^t, but must be kept cut down to 4 or 5 fee
from October to December, or early iu MarclSto ! every season, or the hedge would soon be spoilet
the middle of April, no danger may be appreht^fid- ' Some ,of them would take the lead, and cntirel
ed of their success. They should be kept lioed j destroy the rest.

and clean during the summer. " l,ari', or Larch, is a beautiful tree of the Pinu

1 he following tr;3es for outside plaiiiing's 'for kind, yet drops its leaves in winter — they lool
Lawns, Clumps, or Avenues, are all hardy^arid beautifully in the spring and during the summer

Mr Fessende.n — I wish through the medium
of your i)aper to make known to all who are in-
terested in the subject, that being engaged in the
publication of two works intendeil to comprise
descriptions of every variety of fruit known in
our country, I solicit from those posses.sin<' varie-
ties of Grapes, Pears, Apples, or any other fruits,
which they deem new or peculiar, to transmit me
accurate descriiitions of tliem, accompanied by
suitable remarks on the growth of the vines,
trees, &r, which descriptions will be inserted in
the works referred to with due credit to the con-
tributors. Seed of any peculiar native grapes
would be very acceptable and particularly of tlic
Vitis riparia, or sweet scented grape of Ohio, and
of the Tennessee varieties ami those of the other
Western and extreme Southern Stales.

Very respecifully,

WM. PRINCE.

Lin. Dot. Gar.Im, \. V., )
Sc-pt. 16, 18jn. i

From the New York Farmer.

A Description of Trees and Shhubs, produ-
cing A Succession of Flowers fro.-m Spring
TO Autumn.

Bj Michael Floy, Vice Presiilent of the N. Y. Horticultural ?ociety.

IMr I^ditor — .V corrcs|iondant in your last
number, page 150, under the signature of Phlox,
requesting a selection of flowering plants and
shrubs to ornament a cottage, and flowering from
spring to autumn, observes that he has searched
in vain for informaliou in many ganlcnin" books
— As this gentleman, with many others, may not
know wliat things to |>laiit out for ornamenting
their places, I subjoin a list of trees and shrubs
necessary for his purpose, all of which may be ob-
tained ol'the nurserymen here at reasonaldo rates

that is, good large flowering trees and sliurbs, at from
50 cents to 1 dollar each, or it may be, by the
hunilred, at less juices. The mode of culture is
very simple, the ground should be well du" with

cheap, at the rates above staled.

Alianthus glandulosa, Chinese Heaven tree,.a
very swift growing tree, remarkable fir its'long
pinnated leaves, and is altogether a straightjjsjiu-
tifiil and majestic tree, very hardy, although not
long known, it is getting to be a favorite, and 'will
probably be universally planted.

JEsculus, or Horse Chesnut. The common Eul
ropean Horse Chesnut is a beautiful tree, particu-
larly when in full bloom ; it is, liowever,*best
calculated for open jilaces, where it shows i"tsel>' to
the best advantage; there are, however, some
very handsome S()ccies, native of tliis country, the
most remarkable and beautiful of which is; the
Dwarf long spiked JEsculus mncrostachya' , I'he
tree seldom exceeds 0 feet in height, an^'m'ay
more properly be termed a shrub ; the spjJJes of
flowers are commonly eighteen inches long;- white,
and very handsome. ^^,

Acer, or Maple. The sugar maple is .'a very
clean growing tree, the foliage light, andl'very
handsome — from this tree, quantities of majile
sugar is made in the country ; the scarlet;Jlower-
ing maple is also very beautiful, and the -flow_ers
ajipear very early. ^

Acer psuedo platanus, or Sycamore tree, is also
a very handsome European tree, the lea'Ves jire
larger every way than the sugar majile. '

Broussenetlia or Paper mulberry, makes'a good
shade ; is very hardy, and easily cultivated.

Balsam tree. Balsam Poplar, or Tacmahac, is a
remarkably fast growing tree, gives a fine shade,
and yields a rich balsamic fragrance,! particularly
after a shower of rain ; the balsam which pi-o-
ceods from the buds is of a healing nature for
cuts or wounds.

Catalpa syringcefolia tree, has very large leaves,
and is well calculated for a shade, and the large
hunches of flowers which it jn-oduces, gives it a
most splendid appearance.

Cerasus, or double flowering cherry, of which
there are two varieties ; one is called the French,
and the other the English double flowering cherry ;
the English comes into flowering nearly a month
after the firmer kind — when in full flower, makes
a very splendid a|ipearance, not unlike large clus-
ters of White Roses. They proiluce no fruit,
but the tree is very handsome.

Cuypressus dislichn, or Deciduous Cypress, and
the C. thyoides t\ie former a native of the South-
ern States, the latter of the middle States, botli,
however, are quite hardy, and make a handsome
appearance.

Fagus, or Beech:— A few of these [in particu-
lar situations, have a goodefi'ect.

Fraxinus, or Ash. One European and two or
three American kiiitls mixoil in, to diversify the
scene ami give ef>ect, with trees of a different
habit and foiliage, is very pleasing.

Gledltschia Iriacanthos, — Honey locust, or three
thorn Acacia. It makes a handsome stately tree,
the foliage is hanrlsome, but the dreadful long trip-
pie thorns with which the tree is armed, give it a
forbidding aspect

Liriodendron, Tulip tree. White wood, by som
called Poplar, is a noble and majestic tree, tli,
flowers which it produces in June are much of:,
magnolia appearance, to which it seems nearly re
lated. The leaves arc very singular as if cut ot
at the end. The tree is very symmetrical.

.MSgnoIia tripttala, or Umbrella tree, is ver^
ihajestic, the leaves very large, giving a fine shade
the flowers are also large and white. It sliouk
be planted in clum|is, or for the back ground o:
shrubber}'.

Magnolia acuminata, or Cucumber tree, ha;
bine flowers, the tree is large, and has mucii the
habit of the liriodendron,

.Magnolia glauca, a small sweet scented magno-
lia, is best calculated for the centre row of the
shrubbery, or for clumps. This is a native of oui
country, I'roni Jersey and Carolina, and is iievhap;
the pretiest sluHib in the world, all things consid-
ered. It ought to be ])lanted in every garden anc
shrubbery. It yields it fragrant blossoms fron:
May to September.

Ptatanus occidenialis. Button-ball, by some cal-
led Sycamore, is a large and majestic tree, calcu-
lated foravehties or large lawns, or for ornamental
plantations. It is, however, too stiff and rigid,
having a degree of formality, and spreads its
branches too much for street planting,

Rohinia pseudo acacia, or Locust tree : — The
foliage is light, feathery, and of a fine green ; the
raciines of flowers are white, and is one of our
most beautiful as well as mo,st useful trees. Un-
fortunately it is in most places attacked by a borer
or worm, wdiich causes the branches to break offl
Where it is free from this enemy, it is a most de-
sirable ornamental tree.

Umlas, or Elin, three kinds, the European Elm,
the American White Elm, and the American Slip-
pery Elm, are all desirable to form a good land-
scape for lawns or avenues, &c.

Tilia Americana, the American Lindin, and the
Tilia Europea, are both beautiful trues, well cal-
culated for streets or lawns — the trees grow hand-
some, and when in flower, the honey bees are
much attracted to its sweet, honey-like perfume.
Sdlyx Bahylonica, or weeping willow, in proper
situations, is a most beautiful tree, and from its pe .
culiar mode of growth, very desirable. It makes
a fine screen shade.

To be continued.

ARCHITECTURE OF THE HIVE BEE.

As the wax-workers secrete only a limited
quantity of wax, it is imJispensably requisite that
as little as possible of it should be consumed, and
that none of it should be wasted. Boes, there-
fore, as M. Reaumur well remarks, have to solve
this difficult jreomctricai problem : — A quantity of
wax being given, to form of it similar and equal
cells of a determinate capacity, of but the largest
size in jiroportion to the quantity of matter em-
ployed, and in such a manner as to occupy the
least possible space in the hive. This problem is

solved by bees in all its conditions. The cylindri-
Trces of this kind are often ! *^'^' form would seem to be best adapted to the
used for hedges, and if planted thick, they soon \ shape of the insect ; but had the cells been cylin-
luake an impenetrable fence against man and J''cal, they could not have been apjihed to each

Vol.iX._No. 10.

her without leaving a vacant aiul sii|)eifliioiis
pace between every three contiguous cells. Had
e cells, on the other hand, l)een square or triangu-
r, they might have been constructed without un-
icessary vacancies; but these forms would
ve both required more material and been very
suitable to the shape of a bee's body. The si.x-
led form of the cells obviates crery' objection •
i whde it fulfils the conditions of the problem'
s equally adapted with a cylinder to the shape'
the bee.

W. Reaumur further remarks, that the base of
:h cell, instead of forming a plane, is usually
nposed of three pieces in the shape of the dia"
nds on playing cards, and placed in such a
nncr as to form a hollow pyramid. This .struc-
;, It may be observed, imparts a greater decree
Btrength, and, still keeping the solution of "the
b em in view, gives a great capacity with the
illest expenditure of material. This has actu
, "Uleed, been ascertained by mathematical
isurenient and calculation. Maraldi, the inven-
)» glass hives, determined, by minutely mea-
Bg these angles, that the greater were 109^
and the smaller, 70o 32'; and M. Reaumur
g desirous to know why these particular an-rl
are selected, requested M. Kccnis, a skilful
leinatician, (without informing hiirrof his de

or telling him ofMaraldi's researches,) to de-
ine, by calculation, what ought to be the angle
six-sided cell, with a concave pyramidal base,
ed ot three similar and equal rhomboid plates
at the least possible matter should enter into'
onstruction. By employing what geometri-

denominate the injinilesimal calculus, M. Kce-
)und that the angles should be 109° ^S' for
■reater, and 70° 34' for the smaller, or about
uxtieths of a degree, more or less, than the ac-
Dgles made choice of by bees. The equality
chnation in the angles has also been said to
ate the construction of the cells.
Huber adds to these remarks, that the cells

AND HORTICULTURAT. JOURNAL.

less frequented, and that every good feelin.^ will

.nore ,,revail among thein, than would have been

ti.e case without. Place in a town or city, a spo

w„h pleasant tree... an.l pleasant walks "between

H spot which would serve as an agreeable p ,n'e

nade, and the fc'elings of that people will fl^v Tn „

kinder and smoother channel ; there will be more

happiness than there would have been otherwise

It.s a dchglulul amusement to saunter alon-^ the

French/>™me.a*. about sunset, and observe t e

happy groups of all ages that throng them to

watch the rapid sale of bouquets, at the p "r'n

V Inch line the sides; (flowers are only admitt d

I.erc.) As an American looks at the cheerful scene

.e must thmk with pain of his own cities, S

e^erythlng seems calculated for dull labor or

lynx-eyed gain. ^ It is doubtless owin^ h, smne

<iogree, ,o the provision of sueh places^'in fo ei

countries, that their natives resort less to tave n

for amusement than with us ; and that intoxication

consequently is less frequently seen

'The French have their Boulevards ; the Span-
iards heir Prado ; the Italian their Corso ; a "f
these have their public gardens ; and we_we ha,^
our tipp iMg shops, the bane and disgrace of our
land, and shall have them, I fear, till Ve '.rovide
more innocent places of resort. All attemp ts o
check this current of feeling are vain ; the ^r Im
must flow ; and if we give it a channel, wi '"
fresh and beautify the land it would otlierw se
have desolated and destroyed.' ueruise

75

Lar^e Peach Orc/,W_Mr Jones, of Shrews-
bury, IN. J. has one hundred an,l liftv nties of
ground entirely in peach trees. His iVuit is dady
selling in the New York market

.'In or s gall will sot any color,_silk, cotton, or
wool en. I have seen the colors of calico, which
aded at one washing, lixed by it. Where cue
hves near a slaughter-house, it is worth while to
buy cheap fading goods and set them in this way.
1 he gall can be bought for ,. few cents. Get out
all the h,,uid and cork it up in a large phial. One
largespoonfolof this in a gallon of warm water
IS sufhcient. This is likewise excellent for takin-
out spots Irom bomliazine, bombazot, &c. After
being washed in this, they look about as well as
when new. It must be thoroughly stirred into the
water, an,l not put upon the cloth.— It is used
without soap. After being washed in this, cloth
which you want to clean should be washed in
warm suds, without using soap.— Econ. Housewife,

I nheallhyfegetables.- A. vrher in the Albany
Argus, a ter speaking of the unhealthiness of sal-
ads and fruitsbrought from a distance, and kT, t
o.^ hand sometime by the market people, has tl e
following remarks : f i > ""» "it-

'And what is the remedy for the evil ? In the
fi St place, let us be guided by the law of nature

:ir:;« ' t t^ ''''"''' --^er ^^^

toants of ,ts population, and that the climate ,oill\

•-■■■"'■»=, iiiai Lue ceils , . ., . '^ "' "•"""»« ine clim

_ first row, by which the whole comb is at- ""^ '' '" maturity at the period when i

1 to the roof of a hive, are not like the rest •
stead of six sides they have only fiye, of
I the roof forms one. The base, also, is in

different, consisting of three pieces on the
f the comb, and on the other side of two •
. these only is diamond shaped, while the
two are of an irregular four-sided fi-ure _
arrangement, by bringing the greatest nu'm-

points in contact with the interior surface
iS the stability of the <:omh.— Library of En-
mg Knowledge.

<dMachme,ils.~The 35th number of Silli-
Joiirnal of Science, in an article under the
t Architecture of the United States,' has
lowing just remarks:

ein a village a handsome public monument
r, or church, and I do not hesitate to say
1 other things beings equal, those villagers

bound more to one another, and to their
, than those of another. Place by another
of trees, with a fountain playing in their
have beneath them tasteful seats, and make
ce to which experienced age and prattling

will go for company or amusement ; a spot
the villagers will a.ssemble in the evenin-
-erful conversation, and I venture to sav
■se people will love their homes more, and
ess of changing; will improve them more ;
y will be wiser ; that their taverns will be

adapted to promote hu,nan health and co,„for.

tie second place, those who are able should cul

vate fruis and vegetables for their own tabes

In he third place, enable your horticultural soct

et.v, by a general and liberal patronage to extend

.be sphere of its usefulness ; require them to award

premiums to market gardeners, for the best m-o

cbict.ons of their labor ; buy of those who laL"

^.e.r vegetables in the morning of the day f,

which they are to be consumed, and let the e

not be sold ,n the streets after eight o'clock an.

finally, let a competent person be authorised ,o

inspect the frmt and vegetable stalls, and to con"

ilZIhliy^i^''"^^''-'' '-•----'' an'd I

The effects of MoZti^hU^TthTE^The effect
of moonlight on the eyes, particularly u'Znl
elimates is extremely injurious, mid " oftentimes
fatal to the sight. Carnes, in his letters froiL I e
east says that he came near losing his sight from
"eglec ting the advice of the natives, to cove hi

a dV::" ''^^'^P' -P°-l to the 'moonbeams
and a case came within our observation, where a

moon. The other senses of this child became
however, as is generally the case with those who
lose one, extremely acute, insomuch that he could
at any time distinguish a person who had on o

Mag. of Ue/id and Entertaining KmwUdge. j

Foiolsand Duck.,.— F.very man who keci 8 a pi^
shoul.l keep fowls. Three or four hens and a
cock will prove no small addition to a poor man's
stock; and a few potatoes and peehngs, with the
run o( the pig's trough, which they will always
keep clean.will be all they will require in the
summer; but to make them lay eggs, when eggs
are valuable, they must be well fed with oaK
barley-meal, or Indian corn ; have a dry place to
roost HI, to shelter them in wet weather ; and be
kept quite clean. Young pullets, 9 or 10 montha'
old, are the best for laying in winter. Ducks ail
both useful and profitable : they clear away a deaf-
of unsightly offal, will travel a great distance from
home in search of food, require but little at home
and lay a great number of eggs ; but they are not
good mothers, and seldom rear half their brood
when there are many hedges and ditches In the'
neighborhood ; they likewise very frequently drop
their eggs in the water, if not carefully watched
and shut up when expected to lay A hen an-
swers better for a mother to ducklings than their
natural one. Not less than a drake and two ducks
should be kept. — Loudon.

GoMBo--/fec,;,.._Take an equal quantity of
young tender okra, chopped fine, and ripe toma-
toes skinned, and add an onion shredded small,
and some pepper and salt. Put all in a stew pan
without water and stew for an hour. This is a
tavorite West India dish.-^^m. Farmer

beveralotthe Clergy of this city, on Sunday
last in their sermons, spoke in appropriate terms
, ot the late celebration, and did justice to the
memories of the early settlers of New England.
We have heard the sermon of Dr Channing? who
preached in I-e.leral-street on Sunday for the first
lime lor many weeks, highly commended This
eminent preacher, it is stated, will spend the win-
ter in the Island of Cub:.._B,„iou Ga:</<;.

.J^'" ,^|e 'rack of rail road from Baltimore to
Llhcott's mills had been travelled oi, just 16 week,
on^the.^ieth inst. and the receip/s are nearly'

o,/?h'!.T;"'" T.T,'""^ "'"'"' '"^^°"^ "« wanted
oi the It and 2d divisions of the Rahimore and
Uhio Kail road.

, ^^7 Thompsonian quack^ThTll^son county
have been bound over, for killing a young man bj
their svstHm or o. J • ° '

NEW ENGLAND FAUMER,

24, 1830.

_,. ,. 1 are told, to tlie previous pains taken to cnric'.i the

•■ , , .„ vi.w tl,o silk soil by plcmllul additions of suitable compost.

establishment in Pine street, under the .hrection
of Ml- D'Uomeigue. In the rcai- of the Ijouse is
the reellns department ; this being one of the most
difficult precesses in the whole business, is especi-
ally worthy of notice. From the number ot ree s,
we should suppose that a vast quantity of silk might
be wound in a day ; and heaps of cocoons show
that the work is not closed.

■ Ip the upper part 01- the dwelling, M. D-!Iomei-
.rue had fitted up a neat lisht loom, in winch be

of lar^e farms, there would be little need of em
icrnitiirg Ironi the New England to the Western
suites; for the very tracts which now under a
careless system of cidtiire barely afford susten-
ance for a single family, might be made to support
three or four-and that too, with much less ' tod
and trouble,' in prcportion to tiie quantity culli-
vated. r.iany of our farmers gra'sp at the manage-
ment of too spacious a territory— the consequence

t," -- ',. -„ • „., ■■;p''orl is, thev impose upon themselves a state of slavery

had^placed the white --P ^'r, ^f; ,^ " '-ce "H -^ V^J^^^^^^ ;_^^,,.„^„_ ^^^.^p^ „,,, „„j „„„
silk resembling in some degieethe 1 U.ience l*^ / . , , ^f „..,,te land, which serves oidy

noticed that the wa.phad not been tUrowstedowu g | ^^l^' ~J" ,1 ,"',,,,,,,^,,3 w thout augumenting
to the want of a suitable machine-workmen ^^'^ ?, " ^^f, ;'^ ,,;''^' Ve^ ,ey on the contrary to con-
understan<l the business are to be '^'•;-'->- ^ [h^^^', ^ :^,i:;rL smaller spots, while their
islheexellentquahtyoflhe Americm sdk, thatit nnei ,.e,ulercd equally if not more

had retained its su.oothness notwithstanding «^-

bcifins which it had al ^';i;;^:^^^ "> '"= ~!„„; ,.„^e independent, an.l with their usual
process to v.liich a part had iieen suomitteu. , „

We learned from Mr Duponceau, to whose
liberality the country is indebted for the cstahlish-
men!, that he was particurarly fortunate in securing
the services of .'Messrs Lc Due & Landsberg, dyers,
whose colors for silks have all the brilliancy and
permanency of those of Italy and France.

Mr D'H. was weaving a large and splendid Uni-
ted States fiag, which, wlien finished, will be a
truly gralilVing specimen of American manuHicture.
The smoothness and polish of its texture, and the
brlhancy of its colors, arc unsurpassed by any silk
imported ; yet the whole of this ah ova, to speak
literaliy, from the egg, is American. — U. S. Gazelle.

rrooi the United Sliitcs Literary Adverliser.

FARMING.

Those who have strictly investigated the sub-
ject, consider lar^e farms comiiaratively less pro-
d.iclive than small ones; while they at the same
time imiicse upon their owners a degree of labor
much greater in proportion than would seem to
be required by the mere difference of size. The
cause, it is thought, lies altogether in the differ-
ence of management. A farmer m moderate
circumstances, with fifty or sixty acres of laml,
for instance, will bring every inch of it into a
lii-h state of cultivation— the labor employed ui
l)rcparing his grounds will be more than doubly
compcns'ated in his subsequent exemption from
toil ; while the owner of a wide spread territory

share of sagacity and frugality, more wealthy :
tliey would acquire time to institute experiments,
ami to examine improvements; they would attain
what they now scarcely ever possess— /nsi:re—
whereby we mean not the privilege of being lazy
—but that sort of leisure which poor Richard de-
scribes us 'time for doing something useful'—
time for study, for re.flcction, for fomihar converse,
for lookins alter the education of their ycung—
in short, for realizing the blessings after which they
are constantly toiling. We are no practical farm-
er—but, according to the proverb, ' a wiuk from
a blind horse' is sometimes serviceable.

B E 13 S .
When bees begin to build their hive, they divide
themselves into bands, one of.which produces ma-
terials for the structure ; another works upon those,
and forms them into a rough sketch of the dimen-
sions and partitions of the cells. All this is com'-
plcted by the second band, who examine and adjust
the angles, remove the superfluous wax, and give
the work its necessary perfection ; and a third

band brings provisions to the laborers, who cannot
leave their work. But no distribution of fo :d is
made to those whose charg.-, in collecting propolis
and iiollen, calls them to the field, because it is
supposed they will hardly forget themselves ;
neither is any allowance made to those who begin
the archiiecture of the cells. Their i.rovince is
very troublesome, because they are obliged to leve

MILK PANS.
A writer in Poulson's Dally Advertiser, has the
following remarks on the properties of milk pans.
'The pans used in this coiimry are made either
of tinned iron, glazed earthen, or stone ware. Tir
is prM-haps less objectionable than any other spe-
cies of metal, at least of all such as can be apphei!
to this use; but no metallic vessel whatcve
shouhl be allowed to enter the walls of a we'
re<;ulated dairy. A tin pan becomes a galvani
apparatus the moment an acidulated fluid is pom
ed into it; besides wh.ich, if the seams are close;
1 with solder, a poison is soon generated by the aci
of the milk, and if closed by lapping, the cut edf
exposes the iron to the same innucnce. Tinne
vessels soon communicate a disagreeable taste, at
even smell to water— distilled water ! how UEi
then for preserving such a fluid as milk.

The earthenware jians are generally glazed wi
lead, which renders tin vessels, (improper and dii
as they are and mgst be) very I'referable indet
Here then we have a direct mineral poison {whi(
in the very smallest quantities jiroduces sickne
linin the whole of that surface whicl. is in imtli
diate" contact with the milk. I would as sc
drink vinegar that had been boiled in a cop]
sauccjian as to use butter or cream that has
mained twelve hours in a glazed earthen vessel
■ ' To the stone uwe, I can see no possible ob.
tion ; on the contrary, I am thoroughly conviii
from thcorv, that it alone, is the proper matt
for milk pans. Consider it as you will,^itssi
rior fitness for this purpose is evident. The r
hiiihly concentrated acids have no efiect upon,
the chemists daily avail themselves of this ca<'
substitute for glass, of which the faces are c
posed, an absolute vitrification takmg place Ui;
their baking by means of salt. Stone ware
pans then, are the proper onct, and I shall I
after conclusively demonstrate that stone wa;
glass is the only" proper material for such ve
as are intended to iireserve butter and a vari^
objects wholesome in themselves, but rem
deleterious by being prepared or being allow
remain in improper vessels.'

toil- wdiile the owner ot a wirtc spreaii lei un.i.v very irouu:esomi-, .j. -..!"■=- —j —- r,

of three or four hundred acres, which he has but a„d extend, as well as cut and adjust the wax to
.narin-lv supplied with nourishment, must work ' ,|,e dimensi.ui required ; but then they soon obtain
more sedulouslv upon every acre during the pro- ! a dismission from this labor, and retire to t.ie fields
-res- of ve-emtion, and, after all, reap but a , ,o regale themselves with food, and vvear odjheir

meagre and ina.lcqualo harvest. As a single acre
of land highly cultivated, can be made to yield a
crni) equafto three or four acres scantily jn-epai-
eJ ; it must be obvious, that the extra labor in
dressing the former is abundantly more than saved
by the diminished labor in attending it. A sink-

fatigue with a more agreeable employment. Those
who succeed them, draw their mouth, their feet,
an.l the extrcmltv of their body, several times over
all the work, aiid never desist till the whole is
polished and coini)leted ; and as they frequently
need refreshments, and yet are not permitted to re

ill- exemplification of this fict may be viewed by '; ti.c, there are waiters alwi.ys attending, who serve
aiw of our farmers, who will take the trouble to i ,i,em with provisions when they rcquu-e them.
visit t'le -rounds attached to the House! of Indus- [The laborer who has an appetite, bends down his
trv at South Boston— there, they may have the|t„,„k before the caterer, to intimate that he basan
theory and the iihistration direclly before their i,,ehnation to eat, upon which the other opens bis

eyes. Those grounds, it is sai.l, have produced
this season, from three to four tons of hay per
ncre— which is three or four times the quantity of
ordinary cro|is. So exuberant was^he grass, that
there actually was not room, upon the surface
where it grew, sufficient for the purpose of ina-
» - I -i-;~ «r.+"...olu riwino- n^ we

bag of honey, and pours out a few drops ; these
may be distim-ily Si-cii rolling through the whole
of his trunk, which insensibly swells in every part
the liquor flows through. When this little rejiast
is over, the laborer returns to his work, and his
bodv and feet repeat the same motion as before.
Lib. of Ent. Knowledge.

From the New York Evening Post.

TO AGRICULTURISTS.

The season has now arrived when the fai
are preparing t(i sow their winter grain. Th(
ter of this article has exjierienced the efficai
slack lime, as a manure on ground that wi
liiely worn out, producing nothing but five-fir
leaves and weeds. ' The ground was till©
10 bushels to the acre wa- spread over it
seeded with grain, and timothy and clover,
sown at the same time. It yielded me
crop. I mowed the same five years witho
dipg any manure. The second manuring w
more eflicacious, when 60 to SO bushel
used. Forty bushels is as much as ought
used the first time. I know of a farm in N<
sey, in a lime stone country, conqiletely wor
The most that could be obtained for it was
dollars per acre. I iiresume the purchaser
not now sell it for fifty dollars per acre. I;
tirely renewed by lime, and it is a pleasure t

over it.

The advantage of using lime is, you in!
yourself a certain crop, unless tlie season
"unfavorable. Ground which has not •
wheat fu-l- many years now produces fine en
one instance, fortyfivo bushels per acre h'

Vul.

.■o. 10.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

77

nroduoed tl.is season Vour grain of eve,)' Inui _ .lay. The rarlc of this re.tau.a.U among other
^dl be at its; dou.ile, in many instances trcMe. tl,ings, .-ontaine.l the rollowing-f et de on, sante
Your nastnres will be very abundant-you n.ay ' dans sa glace, mattlotte de serpens, boa a la tartare,
double and treble vour stock of cattle. If you fraise dc hon a la ponlette [M.ds de l.on farcis,
have more pasture 'than you want, plough under lion fiaise aux pcl.ts po.s, &c.
your clover — it will mellow and very much enrich

your gi-ounil. The fanner will then reap abun-
dantly", anil the old cry of ponr crops will be
silenced. A FARMER.

LONGEVITY.

The climate of snine districts in Yorkshire,
England, is remarkably salubrious, and, as a proof
of h, a writer iii the London Wesleyan Magazine
for July states, that out of 300 persons who enter-
ed a benefit society in 1772, some of whom at the
time were upwards of fifty years of age, only
twelve had deceased in 1794. Tlie same writer
llowin

To Preserve dead Gome. — The Journal drs Con-
naissances Usuelles states that if the entrails, &c,
of the game to be iireservcd betaken out, the in-
side tilled with wheat, and the hare or bird after-
wards iddced in a heap of wlieai, so as to be com-
pletely covered, it will keep fresh for two or three
months. The skin or feathers should not be taken

oir.

The Rich not to he envied. — The jioor do not
.lave the dyspepsia, the rich do. The healthy
pn;;r may consume as much superfine Jlour as they

BOSTON, FRIDAY, S E P T EIS! B E R 2 4, 1 8 3 0.

also transcribes the following account of lle,n-y | .-at, get, while tl>e dyspeptic rich are condemned

Jenkins, a native of Yorkshire, which was written i to Iran.

by a Mrs Anne Saville, and first published in tlie
year 17o2. Jenkins, we believe, is the oldest man
on record, who was born since the times ol the
deluge. He was distinguished for temperance.

' When I came tiist to live at Bolton,' says Mrs
Saville,'! was told several particulars of the great
age of'llenry Jenkins, but I believed little of the
storv foy many years, till one day, he coming to
becalms, I desired him to tell jne truly how old
he was. He paused a little, and then said, that to
the best recollection he was about 16'2 or 163. I
asked wliat kings, he remembered. He said,
•llenrv VIU

PRESERVING CABBAGES.

Mr M'Mahon, recommends the following meth-
od for preserving cabbages, for winter and s|)ring
use. Immediately previous to the setting in of
hard frost, take up your cabbages and savoys, ob-
serving to do it in a dry day, turn their tops down-
ward, and let them remain for a few hours to

„^..._, . I asked what public thing he | jrai,, off miy „.aler that may be lodged between

could longest remember. He said, 'Eloddentield,' j (|,^,j,. j,,;j,.gg . (],p„ make choice of a ridge of dry
■ ' ' ' ■' ' '"■ " ~ ■' "" """' earth, in a well sheltered, warnt e.xposure, and

I asked whether tlie king was there. He said
' No ; he was in France, anil the earl of Surrey
was general.' I asked him how old he might be
then. He said. ' I believe I might be between ten
and twelve ; for I was sent to Northallerton with a
horse load of arrows, but they sent a bigger boy
from thence to the army with them. All this
agreed with the history of that time; for hows and
arrows were then used. The Earl he named was

plant them down to their heads tlicrein close to
one another, having previously taken oft" some of
their loose hanging leaves. Immediately erect over
them a low temporary shed of any kind that will
keep them perfectly free from wet, which is to be
open at both ends to admit a current of air in
mild dry weather. These ends are to be closed
with straw when the weather is very severe. In

gi^neral, and king Henry VIII was then at Tour- ; ,]|i5 gi,„.i,jo„ your cabbages will keep in a high
nay. And yet it is observable that this Jenkins j-j^^p of pi.eservaiion till sjiring, fur being kept per-
could neither read nor write. There were also f(,c.]y free iVoni wet, as well as from the action of
four or live in the same parish that were reputed the sun, the fro^t will have little or no effect on
all of them to be 100 years old, or within two or them. In such a place the heads may be cut off
three years of it ; and they all said, he was an „ hen wanted, and if they are frozen soak them
elderly man ever since they knew hiin, fur he was j„ spring, well or jiump water, for a few hours
born iu another parish, and before any registers ^ |||.evjoi,s to their being cooked, which will dissolve
were in churches, as it is said. He told me then, ' ,i,g f^ogt and extract any disagreeable taste occa-
too, that he was butler to Lord Conyer.--, and re- | g-jmipj thereby.'

menibered tiie Abbot of Fountain Abbey very well,
before the dissolution of the monasteries.

' Henry Jenkins departed this life Decembsr,
1670 at Ellerton-upon-Swale, in Yorkshire: the
battle of Flod.lenfield was fought September 9th,
1511 ; and he was then about twelve years old;
so that this Henry Jenkins lived 162 years, (si.v-
teen longer than old Parr,) and was the oldest man
born iiiion the ruins of this postdiluvian world.

Good ripe fruit, it is said, has superseded pas-
try at the Philadelphia dinner tables. In Boston
we have ri|)e fruit and pastry together, in the
shape of peach dumplings. If pro|ierly done, with
gpod sauce, they are very ' nice,' as the Frugal
Housewife would say.

This writer prefers this mode of preserving
cabbages to placing them in the ground with tlie
roots upwards, and says that the application of
straw immediately round the heads is a bad prac-
tice, as the straw will soon become damp and
mouldy, and will of course communicate the dis-
order to the cabbages.

Mr Derby of Salem, Mass. states his mode of
preserving cabbages as follows: 'I have selected
one of the most airy situations on the farm, spread
a few leaves on the ground to keep them clean,
and placed them upside down, close to each other,
and shook in among tlicm leaves sufficient to
cover them, leaving part of the root prnjecting
out, then threw on them, just enough sea-weed
to prevent the leaves blowing away.' Mass. J}gr.
Rep. vol. vii. p. 57.

The principal gardener in the Shaker establish-

there is danger of their freezing too fust to be got
up. If there happen an early snow it will not
] injure them. When they are removed from the
garden, they ^•!lould be set out again in a trench
dug in the bottom of a cellar. If the cellar is
pretty cool it will be the better.'

Gathering and preserving heels and other roots.
In a report on Agricultural E.xperim-nts by a
Committee of the iMass. Agr. Society, pnblislied ill
the third vol. of the A~ew England Farmer is a
statement of certain premimn crops, obtained by
Messrs Tristram and Henry Little of Newbury, in
the County of Esse.x, Mass. It is stated by those
gentlemen that they had tried divers ways of pre-
serving turnips, mangel wurtzel &c, ' by putting
them into a barn and covering them with hay, and
by putting them into the cellar ; the last mode we
think the best.' Col. Powel observed thatonc of his
crops of mangel wurtzel was 'piled in a cellar in
rows as wood, and covered with sand.' A writer
in the English Farmer's Journal observes that he
has practised with success the following mode of
preserving the mangel wurtzel roots: ' I pack
ihem in long heaps about seven feet wide at the
bottom. I begin by forming the outsides with
the roots, not stripped of their tops, outward ;
the internal parts to be filled with roots without
leaves; continue one layer over another, until the
heap is about six feet high, and about two feet
broad at top, which may be covered with straw
and earth ; the ends of the heap may be covered
in the same way ; the leaves form an efficient
covering against frost.'

Sir Bl'Mahon's mode, of jireserving beets and
other roots is as follows : —

' Previous to the commencement of severe frost
you should take up, with as little injury as possible,
the roots of your tm-nips, carrots, parsnips, beets,
salsity, scorzonera, Hamburg or large rooted pars-
ley, skirrets, Jerusalem artichukcs, tmciip rooted
celery, and a sufficiency of horse radish, for the
winter consumption ; cut off trieir lo])s, and ex-
pose the roots a few hours till sufficiently dry.
On the surface of a very dry spot of ground, in
a well sheltered situation lay a stratum of sand
two inches thick, and on this a layer of roots of
either sort, covering them with another layer of
sand, (the drier the better,) and so continue, lay-
er about of sand and roots, till all are laid in, giv-
ing the whole, on every side a roof like slope ;theii
cover this heap or ridge all over with about two
inches of sand, over which lay a good coat of
drawn straw, up and down, as if thatching a house,
iu order to carry off wet, and prevent its entering

JVai) Dishes.— The Corsaire, a French paper,

says — 'One of the outposts of the French army at , ...^ , , „. „_

Algiers killed two snakes and a lion, which they ment, in New Lebanon, Columbia county, iN. \.
s.'tto the floating restaurant on the following . directed not to pull up cabbages in autumn, till

...e roots ; then dig a wide trench round the heap,
and cover the straw with the earth so dug up.
with a depth sufficient to jireserve the roots effect,
ually from frost. An opening may be made on
the south side of this heap, and completely cover-
ed with bundles of straw, so as to have access tc
the roots at all times when wanted either for sale
or use.

'Some people lay straw or hay, between th<
layers of roots, and immediately on the top o
them ; this I do not ajiprove of, as the straw o
hay will become damp and mouldy, and very of
ten occasion the roots to rot, while the sani
would preserve them sweet and sound.

' All these routs may be lueserved in lik
manner in a cellar ; but in such a place they ar
subject to vegetate and become stringy eariier i
the Sfiring. The only advantage of this metho
is that in the cellar they may be had when wan

78

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 24,1830

ed, more conveniently dining winter than out of
the tiehl or garden liea])S.

' A'b/c. — All the above roots will preserve better
in sand than in the common earth ;' but when the
former cannot be had, tlie sandiest earth you can
procure must be dispensed with.'

NEW YORK HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Tlie Anniversary Meeting of the New York
HorticuUnral Society was lield at tlieir room,
Niblo's Garden, on the "ih inst. Tlie Inspecting
Committee of the Society, consisting of J. J. Palm-
er, W. R. Cooke and E. Wade, Jr, liave given a
report, which onr limits will not permit us to in-
sert entire. From this it appears that Dr Hosack,
Patron of the Society presented 6 fine AV'ater
Melons, one of which weighed 4"2,Jlbs. and a
basket of fine Grapes. Nathaniel Prim, Esq.
from his place at Hurlgate, a basket of fine Grapes,
composed of some of the best kinds grown under
glass, viz. Black Prince, White Hamburg, Frontig-
nac, &c. Procured from the Vinery of Mr Perkins,
of Boston, Muscat of Alexandria, Grizley Tokay,
White do, Chasselas white, Red do. Hamburg
Black, Cape Black. Miss Allen Wyckoff presented
some excellent Scuppernong wine, made at the
plantation of General Daniel N. Bateman, Tyrrel
County, N. Carolina. ' A quantify of very fine
fruit was procured from Boston, from Mr Downer,
consisting of Bartlett, Andrews, Gushing, HaT-
vard, and St Ghelien Pears, all of superior sorts, and
deservedly esteemed.' Timothy Whittemore, Esq.
Greenwich — A dish of fi.ne figs, raised in the
open air, &c. Dr Pascalis^A branch of the
White Mulberry, lately introduced by him from
the Horticultural Society at Paris, &.c, &c.

The following are some of the Volunteer Toasts.

By the Mayor. The culture of fruits, plants
and fowers — INIay the delightsome task be ever
honored by the sons and daughters of the republic.

Mr Bacon, on belialf of the Albany Horticul-
tural Society — We are a scion taken from the jia-
rent stock — as the stock thrives so will the scion
flourish — May both grow under the genial influ-
ence of pid)lic favor.

Judge Buel, the President of the Albany Hor-
ticultural Society, sent by liim. Horticultural
improvement — While it asks no monopoly may its
rewards be as liberal as its blessings are diff'usive.

Richard Hatfield, Esq. Our sister horticultural
societies — Sisters of the same family, living witii-
Dut envy, and rejoicing in the number and pros-
lerity of each other's lovers.

Benjamin Poor. The Farmer and Horticidlurist
>f La Grans;e, who, after assisting our ancestors to
lefend the Nursery of Freedom, sowed seeds of
he same kind in France, which he now lives to
ee bearing fruit abundantly.

[We regret that want of room obliges us to
mit further details of the proceedings on this
iteresting occasion.]

MERRIMACK CATTLE SHOW.

The, Merrimack N. H. County Agricultural
ociety are making ])reparations for an extensive
attle Show and Fail- and Exhibition of Domestic
lanufattures and Agricultural Products, at Can-
rbury, N. H. on the 13lh and 14tli days of Oc-
ber. Able Committees are appointed for the
lamination of the various articles. The agricul- i
ral Address will be delivered by the Hon. Phillip j
irrigain ; after which the Hon. John Vose, will !
diver au address ou the subject of Temperance. '

MONTREAL CATTLE SHOW.

The Montreal (Canada) Agricultural Society
took iilace at St Laurent, on the 9th inst. — Lib-
eral premiums were awarded on Draft Horses, Neat
Cattle of improved Canadian breed, as well as of
other im|)roved breeds. Sheep, Swine, Cheese,
Butter, and Domestic Manufactured articles. The
Show of Horses, Neat Cattle, Sheep and Swine
was stated to be more numerous than at any for-
mer County Cattle Show, from the first institution
of the Society ; and the manifest improvement in
all descriptions of Stock prove how extremely
beneficial the exertions of the Society have been
to the country ; and from the number of Canadian
Farmers present, it is quite evident that a great
interest is excited amongst them in the improve-
ment of Stock, and success of the institution.

Hoic to destroy Rats. — A friend in Salem, Mass.
informs us that rats are easily destroyed by sprink-
ling a little of the powder of Spanish flies on
some buttered bread, or other food of which rats
are fond, and it will soon destroy them.

Remarkable Calf. — Mr William Furness of Med-
ford, Mass. owns a Heifer calf, which was calved
the 17th of March last, and weighed on the 20th
inst. 465 lbs.

NOTICE

To Dairy Farmers llirougliout tlie United States.

Jl first premium of one hundred dollars,

A second premium of fifty dollars

Will be paid by The Treasurer of the Mas-
sachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, for the
best Butter, from any State in the Union, ex-
hibited at Boston on the second day of Decem-
ber, 1830.

A sum raised by private subscription has been
placed in the hands of the Trustees of said
Society by a number of the most respectable
citizens of Boston, to pay the above premiums.

The object proposed, by procuring, if j)racti-
cable, an exhibition at Boston of the best Butter
made in any of the States, is to promote improve-
ment, near home, in the process of making and
preserving an article of very general consumption.

The country at large will also benefit by so
extensive a competition for the prizes.

The quantity offered by any one person for pre-
mium, to be not less than three hundred weight

put up in new tubs or firkins, with the competi-
tor's name and place of residence marked thereon.
Any remarkable attention to nicety in the manner
of putting up the Butter will not escai)e the notice
of the examining committee.

As a further encouragement to become com-
petitors, all persons who send Butter will have an
opportunity, on the day after the Exhibition, to sell
it at public auction without expense. The most
liberal prices may be expected for a large quantity
of good Butter, put up for family use, as there is,
probably, no market in the Union better than that
at Boston.

All iiarcels intended for premium, agreeably to
the above notice, nnist be sent on or before the
first day of December, to the Agricultural Ware-
house, care of Mr Jon.v B. Rossell, No. 52,
North Market Street, Boston, and on Thursday
the second day of December at 10 o'clock, A. M.,
a committee of competent judges, to be appointed
by the Trustees, will attend to inspect the Butter,
and to award the i)reniiums, which will be jiaid

place, by the Treasurer of the Society ; and on
the following day, all such parcels as have not
been previously disposed of at private sale, may
be sold at Auction by an auctioneer appointed by
the Trustees, and seasonable public notice will be
given of such sale.

N. B. — Persons intending to be competitors are
particularly desired to notify such intention by
letter, addressed to Benjami.n Guild, Esq., post
paid, Boston, several days previous to the exhibi-
tion, that arrangements may be made accordingly.

RICHARD SULLIVAN,

PETER C. BROOKS,

JOHN HEARD, Jr,

GORHAM PARSONS,
Boston, Sept. 1830.

Committee of
Trustees.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, September 18, 1830.
FRUITS.

Apples. — From John Prince, Esq. Ribstone
Pippins, very fine, and deserving more extensive
cultivation ; from the same. Summer Pearmains,
and Early Greenings. From Mr Wells, York
Russetts and Wells' Pippin, an apple of high re-
putation. From Mr Manni.n'g, large fruit supposed
to be the Alexander, but as it fell unripe, it could
not be identified.

Pears. — From Mr Heath, of Brookline, medium
Pear, name unknown. From Mr Richard Ward,
of Roxbury, Bartlett Pears, very large and beauti-
ful, from Grat't of 1829. From Mr Joh.\ Green,
of Pepperell, Seedling Pears. From J. Prince,
Esq. Green Catharine, very superior ; Andrews
Pears, very large; Fulton, Johonnot, Verte Longue,
and Green Satin : the two last appeared to be the
same. From Mr Manning, a fine Pear, from the
garden of Mr Hooper, of Marblehead. The tree
was received from Spain several years since, and
called ' Golden Beurre,' a most beautiful fruit,
and unlike any other known to the Committee,
but different from the Beurr6 D'Or, of pomological
authors.

Pbims. — From John Derby, Esq. of SaleiM,
Smith's October Plums, unripe; a valuable sort
ripening late in October. From Mr Manning,
Plums from the garden of Mr Secomb, of Salem ;
can be preserved by drying, like the European
Prune.

Peaches. — From Mr E. M. Richards, two sorts,
Natural Clingstones, Freestones, and Old Mixon
Freestone Peaches. From Mrs Sigourney, Boston,
Natural Freestones,of beautiful appearance. From
Mr Manning, Alberge Peaches, Cox No. 11, a
good variety.

Nectarines. — From Mr Manning, Vermach
Nectarines, Golden Clingstones, very beautiful ;
see No. 5, Prince's Treatise.

Grapes. — Native Grapes from Rev. G. B. Perry,
of Bradford, Dr Williams, of Cambridge Port,
and Mr Amos Perry, of Sherburne; the last
were superior, and worthy of cultivation. From
Mr FosnrcK, of Charli>stown, Golden Chasselas
Grapes, raised in the open ground.

Bristol County Cattle Show. — This exhibition
for the benefit of agriculture, mechanics, and
manufactures, will be on Wednesday, October 6,
at Taunton. The attention which is given to
these subjects in this County, and the improve-
ments which have been made in the several
branches to which this association have extended
their patronage, give promise of an exhibition, that

on the afternoon of the same day at the same will do honor to the County,

Vol. IX. — Nn. 10.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

79

ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Arrangements for the Exhibition at .Imlover, {.Yurth

Parish) on Thitrsiloy, Sept. 30, 1830.

All stock, intended lor premiums or exhibition, must be

entered with the Secretary on or before 9 o'clock, of the

morninj; of the day of Exhibition.

All Animals must be placcil in the pens under the direc-
tion of the marshals, at 9 o'clock and must not be remov-
ed therefrom until 2 o'clock.

.\ll Manufactured Articles must be entered and depos-
ited, in the Hall in Mrs Parker's dwelling house, near
Steven's Tavern, on or before 9 o'clock. Annexed to each
article must be a written description of the same, with
the name of the person ofl'ering it for premium.

The Committee will examine the slock at 10 o'clock,
when the keepers must be present to give any informa-
tion that may be required.

The plonghjng match will commence at 11 o'clock, at
Mr Steven's field. All entries for these premiums must
be made on or before the Monday, next previous to the
day of Exhibition.

Any persons claiming the premiums offered for best
working oxen or plough, will give notice thereof to D.^.v-
lEL POTNAM, Esq. Chairman of the Committee on
these snbjects ; and will prove their claims in such manner
as the committee may direct.

Gentlemen who have fine animals, not intended to be
offered for premiums, will gratify the Society by exhibit-
ing them ; and suitable pens will be provided for their ac-
commodation.

At half past 1 o'clock, the Society will dine together at
hlevcns Hall. Tickets for the dinner may be obtained at
the Bar.

At 3 o'clock, the Society will meet at the North Meetino-
House, where an Address will be delivered by J. H Duiv"
c AN, Esq. of Haverhill. After which the Reports of the
several committees will be read, and officers chosen for
the ensuing year.

By order of the Committee of .Arrano-ements.
J. W. PROCTOR, Sec'u.
Sept. 16, 1S30.

Grass Seeds.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England rariner, .52 North M irket street,

A large a-ssortment of Seeds of the vaiious grasses cul-
tivated in New England, viz :

HERDS GRASS ; RED TOP ;

ORCHARD GRASS;

TALL MEADOW OATS GRASS;

FOWL MEADOW GRASS;

LUCERNE, or FRENCH CLOVER;

RED CLOVER;

WHITE HONEYSUCKLE CLOVER

WINTEK WHEAT, Iroin Genesee,

BUCKWHEAT, FLAX, MILLET, FIELD PEASE,
and 14 varieties of the most esteemed FIELD TURNIP
SEED, cultivated in Europe and .\merica, all warranted
of the first quaUly, and at the customary market prices

Aug. 13.

also

Chloride of Soda.
For sale at the Seed Store connected with the N. E.
Farmer, 52 North Market-street— A few dozen bottles of
Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, removing offensive
smells, neutralizing pestilential exhalations, and destroy-
ing contagion ; prepared by the New England chemical
company for Lowe and Reed. This valuable article is
particularly described, page 390 of this week's New Eno--
and Farmer.— Price $1,00 per bottle, with directions. "

Treatise on Bees.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store conneeted
with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

A further supply of a Practical Treatise on the .Manage-
ment of Bees; and the Establishment of Apiaries, w^th
the best method of destroying and preventing the depre-
dations of the Bee Moth. By James Thacher, M. D.
Price 75 cents.

PRICES OF COUKTRY PRODUCE.

Andover,

To Correspondents.— An account of the proceedings
of the last meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, with an interesting letter from S. P. Hildreth
Marietta, Ohio, we are obliged to defer till next week!
with some communications.

.Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
Members of the above Society are informed that Dip-
lomas are ready for delivery on the payment of the Annual
contribution ol two dollars each, or, any member may
compound for his luture contribution, by the payment of
fifteen dollars. rHri-i'c-Tj Tv-nir.T . r . ™' ■'

Sept. 24, 1930.

CHEEVER NEWHALL, Trea

surer.
No. 36 Broad Slrcet.

•Agricultural .Votice.

The members of the Worcester Agricultural Society
are hereby notified, that a semi-annual meetintr of said
Society, will be held at Thomas' Hall, in Worcester on
Thursday, the 7th day of October next, at eleven o'clock
before noon, foi the admission of members and the trans-
action of other business, at which place they are requested
punctually to attend.

WILLIAM D. WHEELER

Worcester, Sept. 18, 1830.

Hec. Scc't/.

To the Public.
The Proprietors of the Linna?an Botanic Gar-
den and Nurseries have increased the Estab-
linhment in all its departments and have an
immense stock of Trees, Flowering Shrubs,
and Plants, comprising all the most interesting
and valuable productions of the Globe, and being fully
sensible that the establishment of Nurseries in every part
of our country would be a great national advantage, they
now offer all the facilities in their power to advance that
object.

They will furnish all articles required in quantities for
Nurseries, at a liberal discount fiom the usual prices, and
where secure, a credit will be allowed to accord with the
convenience of the purchaser.

AH oiders will receive the greatest attention and des-
patch.

Lin. Bot. Garden, N. Y. )
Sept. 14, 1830. i WM. PRIXCE & SO.NS.

A*e«) ffork on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connecleil
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable adilitions
and improvements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society. Price $1,25.

Bees for Sale.
Persons in want of prime swarms of Bees, or Beard's
Patent Hives, can be supplied by Mr Ebenezer Beard of
Charlestown. Purchasers of swarms arc supplied with
Beard's Patent Hives, gratis, for their own family use
only. The prices of swarms vary, according to their
weight and quality. November and December is con-
sidered the best time for removing the Bees ; they can be
engaged, however, at any time previous. All orders,
either forswarms, or for the Patent Hives only, left with
J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, No. 52 North Market-
street, Boston, will be faithfully executed.

If Sept. 10.

APPLES, new,

ASHES, poi. first sort.

Pearl, first sort, -
BEANS, while,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, Nn. 2,
BU'TTEK, uispecied, No. 1, new
CHEESE, new milk, - - ' .

Skinimeil milk.
FLOUR, naliiniore.lloward-slreet, -
tieuesee, - . .

Rye, best,
GRAIN, Corn,
Rvc,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

noes LARD, first sort, new, '.

HOPS, 1st quality. . .

I.I.ME.

Pl.AISTER PARIS retails at I
PORK, clear.

Navy, mess.
Cargo. No. 1,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass, '.

Orchard Grass,
Fowl Meadow, -
Red Top (norlhernj
Lucerne, . - . .
While Honeysuckle Clover,
Red Clover, (norlhern)
WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -
Merino, full M.iod. mm ashed.
Merino, mixed with Saxony,
Mer.no, ihrec l.iurlhs washed,
iMenno, halt blood,
SlcriHO, quarter
Nai've, washed,
Pullefl, Lamb's, first sort.
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

1 barrel
ton.

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel

cwt.

CWl.

cask.

ton.

barrel

Sushel

pound

FROK TO

2 00 3 CO
115 00 120 00
133 OU 136 00
90

10 00
8 30
6 50

10

6

3

.5 75

5 37

3 50

53

60l
32 1
601

11 5o!
14 001

70
3 50
19 0(1

12 25
12 00

3.3

9
5(1
30
CO
47
45
37
4,=.
52
42

10 50

9 00

6 70

13

T

5

5 87

6 68
3 75

68

67

6&

35

70

12 00

15 00

75

3 50

20 00

12 50

12 50

t 00

3 00

4 00
7i

38
10

6S
35
65
47
55
60
42
50
55

4e

Culture of Silk.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street—

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of ren-
dering it a source of individual and national wealth ; with
Directions to Farmers lor raising Silk Worms — By John
D'Homergue, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau— Price 624 cents.

Also, Directions for the Rearing of Silk Worms, and
the Culture of the White Mulberry Tree. Published by
the Pennsylvania Society associated for the Promotion
of tlioseobjecu, (.m excellent, plain, practical work.) —
Price 2.5 cents.

Bv2hous Roots.

Just received at the Seed store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

A good assortment of Bulbous Flower Roots, in fine order
— 1 more piuicular enumeration next week.

Seeds for Fall sowinpc.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street

.i great variety of vegetable seeds for fall sowing, viz.
W hite Portugal Onion, Prickly or Fall Spinach, (growth
of 1830,) Parsnips, Carrots, Black Spanish or Winter Ra
dish— all warranted of the first quality. Sept. 10.

PROVISION MARKET.

CORRECTED EVEBV WEEK BV MR HAywARD,

f Clerk of Fanetiil-hail Market.)
BEF.F, best pieces, - - - .
PoKK, fresh, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VE.\I.,
.MUTTON
I'ori.TKY.
BUTTER, keg and tub, -

Lump, best,
EGGS,
.MEAL, Rye. retail,

Indian, retail,
i'OTATOS.new ....
ClUER. [according In quality,] new

pound

S

•*

8

'■

5

"

4

"

4

"

10

It

11

"

13

dozen.

11

bushel.

«

20

barrel.

1 00

10

10

6

8

12

|4

10

SO

15

S5

75

30

1 50

Brighton JMarket — Monday, Sept. 21.

[Reported for the Chronicle and Pali lot. ]
At Market this day 714 Beef Cettle, 667 Stores, 2840
Sheep, and 1152 Swine. Nearly all the Beef Cattle and
Sheep were sold, and about half the Stores and Swine.
Market quite spirited.

Prices— Beef Cattle— An advance of 17 a 23c from
last week— we quote $3,50 a $4,50, (one pair were taken
at $4,75) althou.gh a much largci number than usual were
taken at 4,50, also at 4,25. and 4 ; the barrellers have tak.
en hold, though rather light.

Sheep and Lambs. — Sales quick, and prices advanced •
we noticed two large cosset wctheis taken for about $7,00
each ; three were taken for about .*:4 and nine at $3 ; one
lot of 80 old Sheep, at 2,55, one lot of 50 at $2, one lot
of SO at 1,80, one lot of 40 at 1,75, several lots at 1,.50 a

For Sale,
A valuable Farm at Lechmere Point; consisting of 30
acres— on the Craigie road, less th.in three mile°s from ' ^,58, several kt"l>3a7,38, and 'o'ue"lot~'k7lT7,°a'nd''one

Boston. With a good two story house and barn thereon I at l,12i.

a thriving young orchard and other fruit trees. Swine.— Odb lot of 50 old hogs were taken at 4c ; one

tor terms and other particulars, inquire of Wm. E. lot of 20 Shoats at 4^0. one of 25 at 4ic. one of 40 at 4c.
"■■■'" eptol Aug. 27. one of 20 at 3c.

Payne, No. 5 Court-street.

NEW ENGLA?^D FARMER.

Sept. 24, 1830.

MISCELLANI

SOXG.
Whitlicr. all 1 whither is my lost love straying—
Upon what pleasant land beyond the sea ?

Oh ! ye winds now playing,
Like airy spirits rouml my temples, free,
Fly and tell him this from me.

Tell him, sweet winds, that, in my woman's bosom.
My young love still retains its perfect power.

Or like the summer blossom.
Still chanjing from the bud to the full-grown flowsr,
Grows wilh every passing hour.

Say, and say gently, that since we two have parted,
How little joy — much sorrow I have known,

Only not broken hearted.
Because I muse upon bright moments gone,
And think and dream of Jiim alone.

WAR.

Whene'er contending nations fight

For private pique or public right ;

Armies are rais'd, the fleets are mann'd,

They combat both by sea and land.

Then, after many battles pass'd.

Both tired of blows, make peace at last ;
Vvhat is it, after all, tlie people get .'
Why — widows, orphans, taxes, wooden legs and debt.

BR HAMILTON.

Doctor Robert Hamilton, a most profound, clear-head-
ed, and amiable man, frequently became so absorbeil in
his own reflections as to lose the perception of e.\lernal
tbin'^s, and almost that of his own identity and existence.
In public the man was a shadow. He p'ulled offhis hat
to bis own wife in the streets, and apologized for not
having the pleasure of her acquaintance ; went to his
classes in the College on the dark mornings, with one of
her white stockings on one leg, and one of his own black
ones on the other; often spent Ihe whole time of the
meeting in moving from the table the hats of the students,
which they as constantly returned; sometimes invited
them to call on him and then fined them for calhn;- to in-
sult him. He would run auainsl a cow in the road, turn
round, beg her pardon, ' M.id.im,' and hope she was not
hurt. At other times he would run against posts and
chide them for not getting out of the way; and yet his
conversation, at the same time, if anybody happened
to be with him, was perfect logic and perfect music. A
volume might be filled with anecdotesof this amiable and
excellent man, all tending to prove how wide tlie di.itinc-
tion is between first-rate thought, and that merely animal
use of the organs of sense which prevents ungifted mor-
tals from walking into wells. — The fish market in Aber-
deen is near the Dee, and h s a stream passing

lonfounded — 'I expected to go before long,' said he, —
but 1 was not prepared for so abrupt a summons.'

The Camel. — It is intendvrd to introduce this useful
animal into the South of Franco. Should it be found
possible to naturalize, the advantages would no doubt be
great. Its patience, hardy nature, and power of endur-
ing fatigue, are proverbial.

Silk in Swcilen. — A company for the production of
silk in Sweden has been established at Stockholm. The
prince-royal has made them a grant of land sufficient for
liansplantiiig 2,400 mulberry trees, of bom two to four
years old, which are p aced at the disposal of the society.

110 pigeons were lately taken from Antwerp to London,
and released, to see if they would find their way back. —
The swiftest pigeon flew to Autwerp in 5k hours ; dis-
tance 186 miles.

There has been a severe drought in the Southern and
Western sections of the United States, while we at the
East have been deluged with rain. The Southern pa-
pen speak with rapture of a copious rain, but say they
want more.

Wtat is Life ? — There is eIor|tience of tliought
as well :is of language in llie following- paragraph

EPITAPH
On Thomas Kemp, hanged for Sheep Stealing.
Here lies the body of Thomas Kemp,
Who lived by wool, but died by hemp ;
There's nothing would suflice this glutton.
But, with the fleece, to steal the mutton ;
Had he but work'd, and lived upriohter,
He'd ne'er been hung for a sheep-biter.

Description of a Cow. — At the sale of a farming stock
in Gloucestershire, in England, the auctioneer gave the
following extempore description of a cow :

Long in her sides, bright in her eyes.
Short in her legs, thin in her thighs,
Bitr in her ribs, wide in her pins.
Full in her bosom, small in her shins.
Long in her face, fine in her tail.
And never deficient in filling her pail.

through it that falls into that river. The fi^h-women ex- 1 Eletnents of Pliysic;

pose their wares in large baskets. I he doctor one day !""'"' J

marched into the place, where he was aitractcd by a cu-
riously carved stone in a stack of chimneys. He advan-
ed tovvardsit till he was'interiuptcd by one of the bench-
es, from which, however, he tumbled a basket into the
stream, and the fish which it contained were speedily
borne towards their native element. The visage ol the
lady was instantly in lightning and her v:iice in thumler,
but the object of her wrath wasdcif to the loudest sounds,
and blind to the most alarming colours. She stamped,
gesticulated, and scolded ; brought a crowd that filled
the place ; but the philosopher turned not Irorn his eager
gaze, and his inward meditations on the stone. While the
woman's breath held good, she did not seem to heed bis
indifference, but when that began to fail, and the vio-
lence other acts moved not one nmscle of the object, her
rage felt no bounds; she seized him by the breast, and
yelling in an etlbrt of despair, ' Speak to me or I'll burst,'
sank down in a state of complete exhaustion, and before
she had recovered, the Doctor's reverie was over and he
had taken his departure.

The following toast was given by Judge Fi.ske, at
the late celebration of the anniversary of the Charleston
Forensic Club :

The Lawyer's Declaration —
J*'ee simple and a simple fee,

And all the fees in tail.
Are nothing when compared to thee.
Thou best of fees, FE-male.

This reminds us of an elegant and complimentary
tetrastic attributed to the Doctor's illustrious poetical
namesake, the late R. B. Sheridan, who having on one
occasion, staid — not away, but too long with his fair one,
exclaimed at parting — .

Too long I've staid — forgive the crime,

Like moments tlew the hours ;

How lightly falls the foot of time.

Whene'er he treads on flowers.

When Dr Sheridan called one morning on Miss M'
Fadan, to take his leave of her for a few days, the younc
lady asked, in a tone that well o.vpressed more than the
words accompanied it, how long iio intended to stay
away? To which ho immediatelv replied

tely replied-
You ask how long I'll stay from thee :

Suppress those rising fears :
If you should reckon time like ms,

Perhaps ten thousand years.

£ad Singing. — There was sometliing of novelty, it is
tru», but not less of reason, in the proceedings of a late
esteemed minister of New England, who at The close of
a very badly sung psalm, read another to the choir,
"lying, ' you must try again, for it ia impossible to
preach after such singing.'

ANECDOTE OF FRANKLIN.

Not long after Benjamin Franklin had commenced ed-
itor of a newspaper, he noticed with considerable free-
dom the public conduct of one or two influential persons
in Philadelphia. This circumstance was regarded by
some of his patrons with disapprobation, and induced one
of them to convey to Franklin the opinion of his friends
with regard to it. The Doctor listeneil with patience to
the reproof, and begged the favor of his friend's company
at supper, on an evening which he named; at the same
time requesting that the other gentlemen who werejdis-
satisfied with him should attend. The Doctor received
his guests cordially, — his editorial conduct was canvassed,
and some advice given. Supper was at last announced,
and the guests invited to an adjoining room. The tabic
was only supplied with two puddings, and a stone pitcher
filled wilh water. All were helped, none could eat but
the Doctor. He partook freely of the pudding, and urg
ed his friends to do the same ; but it was out of the ques-
tion— they tasted and tried in vain. When their host
saw the difficulty was unconquerable, he rose and ad-
dressed them, ' My friends, any one who can subsist U|)-
on saw-dust pudding and water, as I can, needs no man's
patronage.' — M'atson's Jlnnctls of Philadelphia.

.\ sailor who had been round the world with Capt.
Cook, returned in safety to his native village. Of course,
it was supposed that he must know more than anybody
else ; the whole village gathered round him to ask ques-
tions. He seemed to have little to say lor himself, 'till
someone asked him, il the world was round .' Then wiih
a lone of authority, he exclaimed, 'As to that, I'll tell
you what it is; tliey say the world is round — but I've

been all round it, and I'll be ■ if it an't asjlat as (his

table'! .

At the time Mr. Peale was exhibiting his beautilul
picture of the Court of Death in this city, he sent the
late Rev. Ur. Osgood a ticket, on which was inscribed,
'Admit the bearer to the Court of Death ;' the old gen-
tleman never having heard of the picture, was utterly

The function, by which the animal body as-
sume.s foreign matters from around, and converts
them into its own subtsance, is little inviting in
some of its details, but taken altogether is one of
the most wonderful subjects which can engage the
human attention. It points directly to the curious
and yet unanswered question — What is life ?
The stuileiit of nature may analyze with all his
art those minute portions of matter called seeds
and ovci, which he knowes to be the rudiments of
future creatures, and the links by which endless
generations of living creatures linng to existence:
but he cannot disentangle and display opart their
mysterious life ! that something, under the influ-
ence of which each little germ in due time swells
nut, to fill an invisible mould of maturity which,
determines its forms and proportions. One such
substance thus becomes a beauteous rose bush ;
another a noble oak ; a third an eagle, a fourth an
elephant — yea, in the saine way, out of the rude
materials of broken seeds and roots, and leaves of
|dai)ts, and hits of animal flesh, is built up the hu-
man frame itself, whether of tlie active male, com-
bining gracefulness with strength, or of the gentler
woman, with beauty around her as light. How
passing strange that such should be the origin of
the bright human eye, whose glaiice pierces as if
the invisible soul were shot with it — or the lips
which pour forth sweetest eloquence — of the la-
rynx, which by vibrating, fills the surronnding air
with music : and more wonderful than all, of that
mass shut up within the bony fortress of the scull,
whose delicate and curious texture is the abode of
the soul, with its reason «hich contemplates, and
its sensibility which delights in these and endless
other miracles of creation.

Published every Frid.ay, at ^3 per annum, payable at the
end of the year-but those who pay within sixty days from the
time offuli'cribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents.

|Ij= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Hiissell, byl. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
HussELi., at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52'NorlU
Market Street.

AGKNTS.

IVem York — G. Thorbirn it Son, G7 Liberty-street.

PhUadetphia—^t. & C L.iNnKETH. 85 Cliestiiul-sireet.

Baltimore — G. B. .SrniTH, Olhce ollhe American Farmer.

.i'bdny — Hill. Jf.sse Biiel.

Flushing, N. Y. WiM. Prince &. SoNs.Prop.Lia. Bol.Gardt*

/In t ford — GoonwiN d^ Sons.

Hi/;/u.r,N. S.— P. J. Floi L.\rn. Esq. Recorder Office.

Montreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW ENI^EiAMB FAM.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aguicultubal Wareuoosk.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY,

OCTOBER 1, 183 O.

NO. 11.

<s<©sasawEfj:(Si\s:i©Era9

Mr Fes3k.nden — Amor.!; the miseries of tin;
Farmer and the Gartlciier there are iioue so pro-
voking', none so ijijtirions to the peace, and the
temper, as bad aeed.s and misna:iicd fruit trees,
.\iiion',' the ean.ses of the l.ilter, the most prom-
inent is the self-conlidenee in jiersonal skill, jind
judgment of fruits liy llieir bark and buds. Let
(hose who feci this confidence, take warning hy
the following e.vutnples of recent occurrence.

Is it true, as I have understood from high aii-
tliority, lliat penr scions of Mr Knight's last trati.*-
missinn have liecn njistakcn, evef> at that must
accurate estahlishment, the Linna-an Garden at
Flushing, for apple scions, and inserted as such
during the last year? If this is not so, I shall
be glad to be undeceived.

it is true that an old, o.vpericnced, well educated
gardener inserted apple .scions on a pear stock of
15 years old, and the error was never detected till
a pear shoot started lielow. It is true, that an
accurate, cautious, and thoroughly experienced
cuhivator, after due examination, took an unmark-
ed pear scion for an ap|)le ajid inserted it as such.
These three facts have come to my notice. If
then very careful and observing men have mis-
taken t«o distinct species for each other, how can
wo feel any confidence in those who would haz-
ard the sending varieties of the same fruit on the
very fluctuating criteria of b.Tikand buds.' We
hope tliijrc are no siucli bold men now, and tliat
the race ceased w'/.h the pomologist, who, with
lijs list in his pocket, scorned to consult it.

AGRICOLA.

make his own deductions. The trees are growing of latitude witii Maryland, is subject to n teinper-
on a light sandy soil, and annually cultivated as a 1 ainre seldom aliove SO or below 50 degr.es of
kitchen ganh-n. From the precocity of bearing ! Fabreidieil. The soil is tliin, and incnndx-nt on
in this variety, and their abundant bearing, the in- !:coriu-^ and other uiidi-composcd volcanic snii.stances;
ferenco may bo fairly drawn, ih.-it ihey are not of hot naturally exceedingly fintile. For n long
ling dnraiion, and others ought to be coming oji period of time, every part ncce.«:.ible to the plough
in succession. | |jas been in tillage ; and, with the e.xccption of

I send you herewith, a small .sanifile, that yon .selected patches, shiflrd for lla.v, under alternate
may judge, if the frnit has so deteriorated, what it crops of wheat and Indian corn, (the latter being

1 or. THE mw KKQLAHD rAlxaKR.

ST MICHAEL PEARS.
Ma Fesskkdkk — In the 0th No. page 41, of the
present volume of your usefii! paper, I observe a
paragraph over the signature of a ' Subscriber,'
Inmenting ' the unfruitfulncss and the decay of
the St Michael Pear Trees, of which ho h.as a
considerable number of different agcii, and almost
of every size on his farm; and itiquiring what
niay be the probable cause of their miprodiictive-
ness.' It is difficult even ts conjectuic what is
iha cnu.se, without a more definite knowledge of
their aspect and situation ; whether growing in
green sv/ard, or tender tilth, whetficr Ihey have
ever been bearers, or have recently become so. I
exceedingly regret to hear freqiietttlj n.eniioned,
ond also to see in your paper, that this delicious
fruit has of late become, in tlie vicinity of lUislon,
an uncertain bearer ; and that the fruit, when any
is produced, is much deteriorated. I regret It the
more from the fear that the proniulgatian of three
facts (which tnay arise fronj local causes) may
lead to, or induce the neglect of the cultivation of
this excellent variety, which in this section is of
recent .icquisition. It is not more than 20 or 25
years since I have witnessed their cultiration here,
and of course the trees are all young, or in their
prime and vigor, and I have never known one in-
stance of one being otherwise than an abundant
bearer, and that with little variation every year.
From these and other facta your Subscriber can

may have been in the ' green tree.' The sample
sent is selected ; the whole produce are not
e<[ually large. Yours, very respectfnilv,

ST MICIIAKL.
Plymovth, Sept. 27, IS30.

THE lupin! "

Mr Fessexde.x — Inclosed is the seed of the
Lupin IJean, used as a manure for the soil in Ma-
deira and the Western Islands. 1 believe it is not
unlike a flower, which is ofien seen in gardens and
flower pots in this country. The seed I forward
to you wa.s received lately from the Western
Islands by Mr Smith, of Singsing, N. Y.

It is said by the gentleman from whom they
were received, that this bean is extensively used
there as a dressing for land, and is much valued.
It issoweil in October, and in A[)ril, when in the
white flower, it is ploughed in. Perhaps in this
climate it would not do so well as where the wint-
ers are milder.

I do not know that you will bo at all interested
in this plant, but I take the liberty to inclose the
seed, and give you a statement of facts.

Tlu.y were kindly given to me by the above
named gentleman, and sin uld any more particular
information be desired by yourself or any of
your readers, a letter directed to James Smith,
Singsing, N. Y. will be cheerfully acknowledged.
Mr Smiih is interested in the subject of agricul-
tural improvement, and would be happy to spread
through the country in which he resides, or
through New England, any useful information
which he may possess. G. D. A.

Remcu-ks by the Editor — Lupin is a genus
of plants comprising a great many species, most
of which are cultivated in gardens, on account of
their beautiful flowers.

In November, 1821, S. W. Pomcroy, Esi-j. ad-
dressed a letter to John S. Skinner, Esq. of Balti-
more, then Editor of the American Farmer, from
which the following is eilracted.

Among the various plants applied us green

White Lupi.n stands pre-eiifinent in those eli-
inatcs that will pennit their growth between the
periods of seed lime and harvest. That a trial
may bo had with them, I have forwarded half
a bushel of the seed, which I trust you will cheer-
fully distribute for the benefit of our Southern
bretl'iren. They were sent to me from Fayal ;
and the following account which I have collected
of the effects of their culture, will, at least serve
to convince ns that the Earth ' ever siihservient to
lite wants of man,' when exhausted by his insa-
tiable demands, requires from him but a little me-
chanical aid, to enable her still to spread his
walks with flowers and his table with plenty.

the chief food of the laboring classes.) Such a
system of severe cropping, the sources for man-
ure very limited, and without the advantage of
improved implements or modes of culinre, caused
a visiliU: deterioration of the soil ; the crops les-
sened from year to year ; partial importations were
resorted to ; and tlie tccll bor", of the island be
came .seriously ap[)re'iensive of the most distress-
ing conseipicni:es.

' Providr'ntially some 15 or 20 years since the
fyidle Lupin was introduced from Italy, and
though it came by .-icci.lent to a people strongly
bigoted to old [)ractices of husbandry, the cultiva-
tion soon became general.

' The wheat and corn are harvested in August,
the land is soon alter (doughed, and Lupins sown
on the *!i)/iice, or but slightly covered, at the rate
nf two bushels per acre. In I'ebruary tlicv
flower, and are then turned in with the wheat,
corn or flax in their several rotations. Ily this
management a progressive improvement of the
soil has become apparent ; there arc no longer
apprehension.-; of fuidiio ; a very redundant Jiop-
ulation subsists ; and besides sUDplying 10,000 in
the neighboring island of Pico, where .scarce any-
thing but the riJie is cultivated, a surplus is often
sent to other islands, and in some instances to
Lisbon.

' Lupins are rnnkc<! by gardeners among the
hardy annuals, but I am notable to say what de-
gree of frost they will bear. From a single ex-
periment I am led to believe that, owing to the
drought to which our climate is subject, not much
advantage will be derived by sowing them on sum-
mer fallows as a dressing for winter crops. Their
application to spring crops in those sections of
our country where lliey can be grown in season
for thai purpose, will probably become ihe first
object of experiments.'

FOR THK JJEvr ENGLAND FAnUER.

Directions for the gathering and preserving lerhs,
dressings for the restoration of worn out soils, the for medicinal and culinary purposes. — Herbs are.

nerally, in their greatest perferiion when the
fidiage is fully expanded and they begin to flower.
.At this time, in a fair, dry day, tlioy shoidd be
collected and carefully dried in the shade. When
perfectly dry they should bo pressed into the
shape of a common brick by nleal^s of a curb for
that purpose. They should be, immediately after
taken from the press, papered, labelled and put
into a box, and kept in a dry place for use.

The common practice is — The good woman of
the house collects such a number of herbs as she
thinks may be necessary and usefid for her family,
without much reference to the state of the plants
or the season of the ye.ar. When collected they

The island of Fayal, though ia the same parallel are tied with a string and hung uji, or laid on a

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. I, IB30.

shelf in ll,e gin-ret, there to remain with other
coiiihii?tihle:=, 111 the air, uiiul wanted.

In the .leailof the night, perhaps, an herb is
wante.l— a person is sent with a hu'ht to bring it
in a hiirrv, an.! after t.iinhling over and over, annm-
ber of different l<in.U,itis at length Ibund, having
been oxi.ose.l so long to the action of the air, a;^ to
have lost its flavor. If in this nianner, turning
over in a hurry, a heap of dry conibust.hle matters
,vith Olio hand, and holding the light carelessly
with the other, if the house is not set on lire, it is
a lucky circumstance. A hint to the wise is .suft-

cieut.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts^Ilor-
ticultural Society, was held at Iheir Hall, onh^hn-
day the 16th inst. when the iollowing Officers
were elected.

PRESIDENT.

IIe.nrt a. S. Deaubob'), Roxbunj.

VICE PKESIDENTS.

Zebedee Cook, Jr, Dorcheskr.
John C. Gray, Boston.
E.NOCH Barti.ett, RoxhuTij.
Elias Pni.NNEV, Levingloii.

TP.EASUr.ER.

Cheevcu Newiiai.l, Boston.

coara:si'OSP!>G secretary.
Jacob BitiELon', M. D., Boston.

BECOBDING SECRETARY.

Robert L. Emvons, Boston.

COUXSELLOr.S.
Au^.u, A.plnwall, BrooU..c. ^ J..kn Le-ls[, i?o^^un,
Tl,u,..s Hre.er, Borh^ry. \-,;.:,-:.,t- "'Rlrlfn .V,"

Henry A. Brt-eJ, Lynn.
B. V\*. t'rowiiinaliieltl, Salem.
J O. I'o-^wnll, MiiTtkamploii.
Nathaniel Davciipon, .Uilloii.
B. il. Derby, SaUin.
Samuel Downer, Dorchester.

Oliver FUke, IVorceaHr.

n. V. French, Boslo'i.

J. M.Goursaa, ll'cston.

T.W. IliirrLsM.D- -»'"»"■

Pamual Jaim-s, h ,Cltarlcsti,ini

Jos.O. Jaw,Busl«u.

VVillinra Keiirick, Xr.irtm.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

Malthus a. Ward, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF EiNTOJIOLOGY.

T. W. Harris, M. D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTCRAL CHEMISTRY.

J. VV. Webster, M. D.
STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE COUNCIL.

ON FRCIT TREF.S, FRUITS, &.C.

Elias Phinney, Ctiainmm.
Samuel Downer,
Oliver Fiske,
KoBERT Manning,
Charles Senior,
■ Eli.iah Vose,
Wm. Kenrick,
E. M. Richards.

Ilenjamin Rncim:in,.Vcio Btdfvrd.
J.ilin B. Rus-ii'll, Hn.fluTi.
CliMrlea AMiiiir, Raibiirij.
William H. Sumner, Darch'Ster.
Charles Tappan, Boston.

.lacnli Ti.ia, Ihnbury.

M. A. \V;\r,l, M. n.,Siilsm.

Jnna. Winsliip, BriglUmi.

William \ViirtliinEl"n,W'""t/ll'S(cr,

r.liiall Vnio, llf.rrllestrr.

A.ir„il II. Willl.iins HoihmiJ.

E. iM. Uicli.irils, Dedkiim.

on THE CULTCRE AND PRODUCTS OF
GARDEN.

Daniel Chandler, Chairman.

Jacob Tidd,

Aaron D. Williams,

John B. Russell,

Nathaniel Seaver,

Leonard Stone.

■liE kitchen

David Haggerston,
George W. Pratt.

on the library.
H. a. S. Dearborn, Cliairman.
John C. Gray,
Jacob Bicelow,
T. W. Harris,
E. H. Derby,
Zebedee Cook, Jr.

COMMITTEE ON THE SYN0NYME3 OF FRUITS.

John Lowell, Cliftirman.
Samuel G. Perkins,
Samuel Downer.

executive committee.

Samuel Downer, Chairman. ,

George W. Brimmer,

Charles Tappan,

J. B. Russell,

Elijah Vose.

The following Gentlemen were admitted as Jlem-
bers of the Society.

Richard Eletcuer, Bos(o?i.

Joseph B. Joy, "

Samuel H. Bradford, "

Robert T. Paine, "

■Leverett Saltonstall, Salem.

Russell Freeman, .Vfic Bvilford.

JoHiN Mackay, Boston,

Edward Eldridge, "

John Williams, Cambridfreport.

S. P. Hildrf.th, of Marietta, Ohio, was elected
an honorary member.

Voted, That the alterations which have from time
to time been made in the Constitution and By-Laws,
with a correct list of all the members and standing
Committees of the Society, be appended to the An-
niversary Address.

The following letter from S. P. Hildreth, Esq.,
addressed to the President, was read. It was ac-
companied wi'-li a drawing of a fine Seedling Pear,
to which th3 Society was requested by the writer, to
affi.\ a name, and tiiey accordingly gave it that of

the BURLINGAME.

To General Dearborn —

Dear Sir — From your known attachment and
devotion to the culture of fine fruits, made known
to me through the medium of the N. E. Farmer,
I take the liberty of forwarding to you the drawing
and description of a pear, which I think disserves
1 to be ])reserved among the native fruits of our
common country. The drawing was made hy
myself, but I practise the art so seldom that it
lacks much of the nicety of a good artist, though
you may rely on it as correct. The seed from
which this pear originated was collected by the
wife of Mr C. Eurliiigaine, a daughter of the late
Gen. Ruliis Putnam, in New Jersey as early as
the year 1790, and saved among other seeds
from fruits eaten on their journey from Blassa-
(diusctts to Marietta. These seeds were jdanted i
the following wiiilcr in a nursery and transplanted j
in due time into au orchard on the Ohio boUom a .
mile below Marietta. This tree hap|ici)cd to be j
planted on the base of a poor cla3ey hill, at the
extremity of a row ; its growth was tardy and it
was not known to he a pear tree until it produced
iVuit in its 14lh or I8th year — since then it
has been a regular bearer and free from the Might,
so ruinous to all otlier jiear trees in this part of
Ohio. The following is a description of the fruit
&:c. (The drawing is accurate as to size of fruit

ON ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers, and!'"" '■" •) .,,.., , , , lir I

uREEN-iiousEs | Tree pyramidal, with a broad base — Wood

Robert L. Emmons,' Chair,m,n. \^»"<^S, lij,'i't brown inclined to green, sprinkled

Jonathan Winsoip | with numerous light colored, hue dots — Leaves

Joseph G.Joy, ' I largo on the young wood ; oval, noinled and uo->-'u

flat, with a finely serrated margin— Petioles, lon^
and strong — leaves numerous about the fruit buds,
from two to six on each bud, but smaller than on
the young wood. Fruit medium size ; skVn when
rijie, yellow, with fine green dots and on the
tawny side of a rich crimson — surface smoolh,
with slight longitudinal depressions — Flesh melt-
ing, white, very juicy, sugary and delicious; iii^
eating from the iwddle of July to the last of
August, best when ripening on the tree, hut very
-ood if gathered when hard and ripened in the
house; a great and constant hearer.

This pear is probably of the Bergamot family,
impregnated with the golden Beurre or Crassanne.
I can find no pear in Coxe's work which answers to

(his. If you know a more proper name tlian the

one given by me please suggest it.

Fruits of most kinds, suitable to this climate
vvere ec.rly and extensively cultivated. The tree,
grew most luxuriantly, and bore fruit when very
young. 1 have seen pears of the variety called
'pound pear,' weigh 36 or 38 ounces — hut most
of the trees are either dead or in a perishing
condition. The last spring, or eai'ly part of sum-
nier lias been rather the most ruinous to pear
trees of any since 1822— -many of them died; but
latterly the young trees had been quite healthy,
I view it as a disease of plethora. The tree becomes
from its luxuriant growth too full of sap, and a
sudden check to its circulation by cold, or a de-
pression of 30 or 40 degrees of temperature, ia
the latter part of May or June, when the juices
circulate more rapidly, is certain to be followed
by what is called ' blight.' Trees planted in a poor,
hard, clayey or gravelly soil, 1 have noticed are
much more healthy, than those in a rich soil, and
especially if highly nianurcd. Doubtless some
trees perish by the ravages of the ' Seolytus Pyri ;'
but for one by this insect, ten die hy blight or
plethora, in this vicinity. I have examined many
trees for this purpose, but could never find one
whose disease could be attriliuted to this iiisoct.
Plums and Nectarines, are tormented by the
puncturing instruments of the little curcnlio, and
in my orchard have as yet set at defiance my plans
for their preservation. 1 have tried paving under
the trees extensively, but without benefit. My
iie.'st trial will bo with sulphur and soap suds
thrown over the leavesand fruit, through the month
of May. It is to be hoped your Horticultural Socie-
ties will raise a sutficient bounty to encourage
some one to give full attention to the matter till a
remedy is found. I have the stones of a wild
plum, whose fruit is the size of a moderate
peach, brought from near Granville in this state
The tree is small, and a regular bearer. If they
do well 1 can furnish yon some of the scions, and
also some from the Biirlg Pear, if you wish for
iheni. J?eing a cultivator and admirer of fine
liowcrs, I am anxious to obtain a few seeds of
the Clarkia Pnlchella and Schizanthiis piiinatus,
sent to your Society, last spring, from Paris. If
the plants have ripened their seeds, a few might
he sent in a letter, by mail. We have several
handsome wild tiowers, cultivated in my garden
from which 1 could furnish seeds— two or three
varieties of PWo-r, as many Perennial I>e/;)/ji)iium,
&c, which could be furnished in exchange for some
ofyour exotics, without much trouble.

Wishing you continual health, and abundant
satisfaction in your horticultural pursuits, 1 remain
your friend. S. P. IIILDRETH.

Marietta, Ohio, Sept. 2, 1830.

Vol.IX— No. 11.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

83

pli.^licd, was never known ; hut when he returned
from liis journey, the liorse wjis as gerjtle as a lanih
and would ohcy his master's verhal orders on all
occasions. When what are called irrational ani-

mandof a superior order, it is in generally su|i|iosed
to ho the effect of fear ; but Bakewell never made
use of whip or sjiur. When on Iiorsehack he had a
strong wulkinr;- stick in his hand, which he made
llie most use of when on foot; he always rode
with a slack rein, winch lie frequently let lie up-
on the lio:se's neck, and so great was Iiis ohjec-
tions to spurs, that lie never wore them. It was
his opinion that all such animals might he conquer-
ed hy geiiile means; and such was his knowledge
of animal nature, that he seldom failed in hisopin-
ion, whether his attention was directed to the
body or the mind.' — Jlgr. Mem. page 127.

The Society was then adjourned to Saturday, the
25th inst

Of the getieral principles of rearing, managing and
feeding domestic animals.
Imtnediately after the hirth of every animal, even

of such as are domesticated, the rudiments of its

education, as well as its hudily nomisliinenf, are

necessarily given hy the mother. For this purpose

the latter should, during her pregnancy, have been

<laily protected ag;iinst all extremes of temperature

well provided with shade and shelter, and abund-
antly supplied with food and water. When the

period of gestation arrives, s!io should, in general,

also be se|)arated from the rest of the flock or herd,

and by w hatcver means the case may demand, kept

comfortable and tranquil.

After the birth, the first interference on the part

of man shoidd be that of supplying the mother

with food of a light and delicate quality, compared

to that wljich she had been in the habit of using,

and also of administering the same description of

food to the otTsi)riiig, so far as it may by its nature

be able to use it. The gentlest treatment should
accompany these o|)erations ; and the opportunitv
taken of familiarizing both parent and offspring
with maiT, by gently caressing them, or at least,
by familiar treatment on the part of the attend-
ant.

As the animal increases in size and strengll), they
should have abundance of air, e.xercise, and food,
according to their natures ; imd whatever is at-
tempted by man in the way of taming or teaching
should be conducted on mild and conciliating [)rin-
ciples, rather than on those of harshness and com-
[wlsion. Caresses, or familiar treatment, should |
generally be accompanied by small supplies of food,
at least at first, as an inducement to reinler the
animal submissive to them ; afterwards habit will,
even in the inferior creation, render the familiari-
ties of man agreeable to them for their own sake;
but even then, to keep up these feelings, small por-
tions of select food should frequently be employed
as a reward. By contrasting this method with
that of taming or teaching animals by fear or com-
pulsion, the advantages of the former mode will
be evident.

Interest is the grand mover of animals, as well
as man. In taming by fear, all the interest which
the animal has, is the avo-.ding an evi! ; in taming
by caresses and food, it is the attainment of en-
joyment. The most extraordinary results are re-
corded as having been obtained by the mild mode
with almost every species of animal on which it
lias been tried; to this maybe advantageously
joined, in the more jiowerful animal, hunger and
fatigue. 'The breeder I'akewell, surgeon liund
informs us, at an advanced period of life, not only
conquered a vicious restive horse, but, without the
assistance of either grooms or jockies, taught this
horse to obey his verbal orders with as great at-
tention as the most accomplished animal that was
ever educated at Asllcy's school. Bakewell was
accustomed to say, that his horse could do every-
thing but speak. The method which he took to
conquer this vicious animal was never told, even to
his own domestics, lie ordered his own saddle
and bridle to be put on the horse, which at that j matter, it should be diluted with water, as when
time was thought to be uiigovemable, when he i pure it contains too large a quantity of animal

SIGNS OF A GOOD KAR.MEK.

His corn land is ploughed in the fiill — his bull
is from two to five years old, and he works him.
He seldom lets his work drive him. lias a cool

mals are taught such strict obedience to the com- : ing stove with plenty of pipe to it. The wood

TO DRY PEACHES.

Tiic following mode of drying peaches is adopt-
ed by Thomas Belanjec, of Egg Harbor, New
Jersey.

He has a small house with a stove in it, and
drawers in the sides of the house, lathed at their
bottoms. Each drawer will hoM neariy half a
bushel of |)eaclies, which should !)e ri[ie, and not
pceleil, but cut in two and laid on the laths with
their skins downwards so as to save the juice.
On shoving the drawer in they are soon dried by
the hot air of the stove, and laid up. — Peaches
thus dried eat like raisins. With a paring ma-
chine, which may be had for a dollar or two,
ap[)les or pears may be pared, and suflicient quan-
tity ilried to keep a family in pies, and apple bread
and milk, till apples come again. With a paring
machine, one i)er8on can pare for five or six cut-
ters.

LIQUID MANURE.

In Flanders, according to Loudon, 'Urine cis-
terns are formed in the fields to receive purchased
liquid manure : but for that made in the farm
yard, generally in the yard, or under the stable.
In the latter case, the lu-ine is conducted from
each stall to a common grating, through which it
descends into the vault ; from thence it is taken
up by a [lutiip: in the best regulated farmeries
there is a partition in the cistern, with a valve to
admit the contents of the first space into the sec-
ond, to be preserved there free from the more
recent acquisition, age adding considerable to its
efficacy. This species of manure is relied on be-
yond any other, upon all the light soils through-
out Flanders, and even upon the strong lands
(originally so rich as to jireclude the necessity of
manure) is now coming into great esteem, being
considere<l ap])licable to most crops, and to all the
varieties of soil.' — Encyclopedia of Agnculture.

Remarks by the editor of the M E. Farmer — With
regard to ' age adding considerably to the efiicacy'
of this sort of manure, we perceive there exists a
difference of opinion. Sir Humphrey Davy says
' Dming the putrefaction of urine the greatest
[)art of the soluble animal matter that it contains
is destroyed; it should consequently be used as
fresh as possible ; but if not mixed with solid

lots ho ])ossesses are fcncc<l. His sled is housed
in summer, and his cart, ploughs and wheelbarrow,
winter and smnmer, when not in use ; has as

many yoke of good oxen as he has horses Does

not feed his hogs wiih whole grain — Lights may

be seen in his house often before break of day in

winter — His hog pen is boarded inside and out

—has plejity of weeds untl rimd in his yard

in the fall — .Ml his manure is carried out

from his buildings and barn yard twice in the

year, and clii|) dung once a year — His cattle are

almost all tied up in the v.inter — He begins to

find out that manure put on land in a green state

is the most iirofitable — Raises three times as many

turnips and potatoes fin- his stock as he docs for

bis family — Has a good ladder raised against the

roof of his house — Has more lamps in his house

than candlesticks — Has a house on purpose to

keep his ashes in, and an iron or tin vessel to lake

them up — He has a large barn and a small house

— seldom has more (ligs than cows — adjoining

his bog pen he has a bole to put weeds ami sods,

and makes three loads of best manure from every

old bog and two from every liig. A good farmer

in this country begins to "find out that steaming

vegetables can he done at erne tliiril the expense

of boiling— and that Mangel Wnrtzel, Millet,

Ahringham Carrot, and Rnta Baga are things

worth thinking of— he fences before he ploughs

and manures before he sows — He deals more for

cash than on credit.

■was prepared fir a journey of two or three hun
dred miles ; and, that no one might be witness to
the contest, he led the horse till he was beyond
the reach of observation ; how far he walked, or

matter to form a proper fluid nourishment for ab
sorption by the roots of plants. Putrid urine,'
however, continues Sir Humphrey, ' abounds in
ammonical salts ; and though less active than

in what manner this great business was accom- fresh urine, is a very powerful manure.

CATTLE STALLS.

The common cattle stalls of our country are
so ill contiived and so straightened in their dimen-
sions, that the cattle arc constrained to lii; down,
in part, in their own dunir. This dries and forms
a thick coat on their hind quarters, from which
they are not relieved till they shed their hair in
the spring. They are thus rendered uncomfortable.
To be uncomfortable is to suffer some degree of
pain ; and no one will suppose that animals in
pain can thrive, or preserve their plight, with the
same food, equally with others perfectly at ease.
Even bogs, though prone to wallow in the mire,
in warm weather, are always jileased with a dry
bed, and thrive best when kept clean Col. Pick-
ering.

Vegetable Extract. In the north of France an
excellent extract of tlie herbs used in Soups and
broths is made by boiling them very slowly with
a siifiicient quantity of salt, and afterwards evap-
orating the fluid. .\ litlie of this extract, ilissolv-
ed with gum in water arable in hot water, is said
to make capital Soup.

The Selectmen in Amesbury and Salisbury, have
determined not to recommend anyone to retail
spirits in those towns. The Selectmen of New-
bury, have been forbidden, by a vote of the people,
to grant any licenses.

A boy named Perez Wade has been sentenced
in Plymouth to 6 months imprisonment for steal-
ing fruit ; it was a second offence.

Commerce of Boston. — From the 12th to the 20th of
September, 64 vessels were entered at the Custom
House in this city, fioia foreign ports, and will probably
pay duties to the amount of $100,000.

84

NEW ENGT.AND FAUM.l^R,

Oct. 1, 1830.

From the Nuw York Farmer.

A Descriptiok of Tkees and Shrubs, prodi-
cij»3 A Sdcce'^siox 01' Flowers from Spring

TO .■VCTUMN.

By Michiel Floy, Vico Presidant of the N. Y. Horticultural ?cckty.

Continued from pago 7r.

I .-hnll now select a list of hardy flowcrir!';

shrills, calculated fur shrul;!>erie.=, clunipis, and

ornsiTientul ])lantiiig. The collection will iiirni.«i.'

a flowcrirg .-iiccessinii iVoni llie early .^jpriiifr, until

late ill the fM. Thpy :ne all to be oblaiiifd at

ihe utirseries here, ni.d at jirices as i!Ja!cd ahovr

■jmorp

iha fruticosa — Indi-go Ehnib, with hand-

some bunches of inirple (louvers iu great f)iianli-
ties. AmygiMrs nur.a, Dwarf double (ioweiiup
Almond, a very beauiifiil dwarf shrub, about 3
feet high, .-h-alia spinosa or Angelica tree, aliout
10 feet high, Howers in very large bnnche:;, and
eoiiliiiues a long season. C;/lisus Laburnum, or
Golden cliain, a most elegant s^hrub, witii long
racemes or bunches of yellow l!owcrs, in the great-
est profusion— there arc two liiniL^, tiie Ejigli.-h,
and the Scotch Laburnum. The Scotch is the
large.st, forming a pretty largo shrub ; the lOnglish
kind is greener, more comi^act, and by some,
thought to be the handsomest — they ought to he
in every garden. Calyccnlhus foridu«, Alspice
or sweet secntcd sbnib, a native of the Soutlicrn
States ; the flowers are of a very dark chocolate
color, and the fragrance very much reseinbles ripe
strawberries, easily kept where once introduced

very early, are yellow, and come out before the
leaves.

Gijmnodadiis canadensis, or Kentucky Coffee
tree. The berries have a resemblanec to coffee,
and are said to be iisctl for this purpose ; however
it is a beautiful tree, with handsome feathered
leaves, and makes a fine contrast with others. It
should b.; ]iliintcil in the back or centre of the
plantation, and is very hardy.

Hiilesia dijiitra and Il.iic.sia tdraplera, two wing-
ed and four winged Silver bell, or snowdrop tree.
They are both natives of the Sontlierii States, but
perfectly hardy here ; our most severe winters do
not hurt them. The former kind flowers a month
later than the latter kind, which flowers early in
May. They are both elegant shrubs.

Hibiscus sijriacns,fl. plena. The double flower-
ing althea friitex, of which there are several va-
rieties, the double white, double red, and white,
and striped, are the most showy ; ihey com-
mence their flov/ering late in July, a:id continue

lated for the centre of the clump or shrubbery.
Its large branches of fringe remaining all sum-
mer, give it a curious and sn iking effect.

7?iips .Missouritnsis, or IMissouri currant ; there
are tv.'o species of this very ornamental shrub
froin Misso-.ri, introduced by Lewis and Clarke ;
they are qiiiie hardy, and flower in great prolusion.

Hobistia ^hdinosa, awd Rvbina Iiisj-ida.t]iC for-
mer a ])retly large shruli, with large bunches of
flowers iu great abund;jiiee, the other a smaller
shrid) — tliey are both of them worthy of a place
in all large collections.

Sorbns aucnpar'.a. Mountain ash, or Uoan tree —
This is a very beaiitiliil shrub of the larger size,
the leaves are ornamental, the flowers and fruit
which are produced in large bunches, are beauti-
ful ; the fruit reinitins till late in the autumn — it
is a native of Europe. The Scotch mountaineers
attribute to it, virtues to ])revcnt witchcraft.

Snrbus canadensis. This is a native of our
northern frontiers and mountains; it does not
grow as large as the former, the berries are small-

there are several species of this small beautil'ul ' broom has white
shrub, all natives of the Southern States, but per-
fectly hardy here. They all (lower in the great-
est profusion, and continue for a long season.

the shrub generally grows about 5 feet high in j 'I'bey should be planted in the front row.

gaidens. CeciHoi/itw at/ierj'canu.9, Ked root, or Jer-
sey Tea tree, worth having a plant or two in the
collection, as it flowers in profusion. — Cercis sil-
iquastrum, or Judas tree. The flower.-! apjicar
very earlv, bef )re the leaves come out, and make
a fine apjiearance — as it grows rather tall, it is
calculated for the back row of the shrubbery.
ColuUa arboresccns, or Iliad, !rr Vienna, jfiaviiig
bunches of yellow flowers, w liicb arc succeeded
by seeds in a kind ofbladd'^r, calculated for the
backer centre row of shrubberies.

Craleegus oxijacantha, the Hawthorn. It makes
a pretty a|)[iearance planted out singly in the back
or centre row, the flowers are very fragrant, it i>.
sometimes called the Pride of May ; the double
whiU, double scarlet, and single scarlet Hawthorn,
are extremely beautiful, and ought to be in every
j)lantation. Hawthorn hedges are nmch used in
England, where they look very hamlsome when
kept clipped, but they do not answer so well in
this country, the heat of our summers causing
the leaves to fall ofi' early, ol'ten in July ; on that
account they are not much used — -we have seve-
ral things which are better calculated for that pur-
pose.

Cydonia japonint, or Pyrns japonlca, a very
beautiful scarlet flowering shrub, from Japan, has
not been in cultivation here for many years. It
is found to be very hardy, resisting our most se-
vere frosts ; it is evergreen, flowers very early, and
continues a long time. A second flowering takes
place in the latter [(art of the summer. It is every
way a desirable shrub. Daphne Mazertum, one
of our most early flowering sluiibs, often flower-
ing in Feburary, and very sweet scented. It is rather
tender in some situations, but will stand our or-
dinary wintei's very well in a sheltered situation.
Dircapalusti-is, or Leather wood, a pretty little
shrub, growing very regular in shape, and has the
earance of a large tree in miniature ; it is a

till fall, coming in at a very acceptable lime

The single kinils, of which there are many vane- j or and red, the fljrnier larger and of an orange-
ties, are sraree worth cultivating, the d.-niblc ones I color, but otherwise much resemble it.
being raised quite as -.veil, and are eipially hardy. Sparlium scuparium and Genista, two or three
These are indispensable in every plantation. species ol' Broom, with bunches of yellow flowers

Kypericum frutcscens. Shruhliy Hypericum ; in very great profusion; the Genista or Spanisit

flower.«, is also very pretty, but
not (jiiite so h;i'rdy as the former.

Sympltoria rjcemosa, or snow berry, sometimes
called snow apple, a pretty little shrub ; the bunch-
es of wax-like white berries which it produces
during the whole summer, gives it a beautiful ap-
pearance.

Syriiiga ru'garis, or common Lilac is well
known to all, and needs no comment. The white
variety not quite so common — they are only fit
for outside plaiitiiig.s, as they sucker very freely
and soon make themselves common.

Syringa pcrsica, or Persian lilac, is a delicate
low shrub, the flowers very abundant, and the
leaves small and delicate. There are two varie-
ties of the Persian lilac; the white flowering, and
the blue or purple flowering.

The Chinese cut leaded lilac is very curious ; the
leaves are finely cut like parsley ; the flowers
growing in longer racemes than the former. ISib-
crian, or Inrsie Persian lilac. The bunches of
flowers are very large, and continue in season a
long time after the common lilac.

Rosa, or Roses, A pretty numerous variety of
them ; some reckon five or si.\ hundred kinds.
They are accounted the most beautil'ul of Flora's
productions. Perhaps a very handsome collec-
tion might he made of about 50 of the best sorts,
which, by taking said quantity, I suppose might
be obmined at about 50 cents each under name ;
and generally a fine cidlection un-nnmed at half
that amount. No good garden or shrubbery catj
he without them.

Tamarix Gullica or French tamarix, and the Ta-
mnrix Germnnica, German tamarix, aie two pretty
shrubs, the leaves and brHiiches arc small and
slender, producing qnanlities of beautiful flowers,
and form a very striking coplrast to the other
part of the shrubbery.

To bo continupd.

appe

Kerriajaponica, or Corchorus japnnica — yellow
Japan Globe flower; although a native of Japan,
like many other Japan flowers, it is perfectly har-
dy here. It flowers in the greatest profusion at
all times, except in the very dead of winter, and
will grow almost in any soil or situation.

Ka:lreidtria paniculata, — Japan bladder tree, or
Koelreterius. This is anotlii:r hardy shrub from
Jnpan. It has long racemes of flowers, sui-ceeded
Iiy bladder like, frtut, and is worthy of cultivation
in every good collection.

Ligustrum vulgurc, vircns. Large European
Privet, a very handsome evergreen shrub, flower-
ing in great profusion, and succeeded by bunches
of black round berries. It bears clipping well,
and is therefore well calculated for hedges, or to
enclose ornamental plantatione. It grows quick,
and is well adapted to our climate, and when
planted in a hedge row, and kept clip[)ed, it makes
a beautiful hedge, and ought to be in more gen-
eral use.

Philadclphus coronaris, or common syringo, is
very ornaincnial, )iroducing its sweet scented
flowers early, and in abundance, and also swccl
scented Philadelphus inodorous, and P. grnndi-
Jlorus, Garland syringo, both natives of the South-
ern states, but quite hardy here. The flowers are
large, and they keep their flowering for several
months in wreaths or garlands — it is well ciilcu.
lated for the centre row, and also to hide unsightly
objc.'cts. It has a beautiful effect when mixed
wiih monthly hoiiey-snckle, lvc.

Persica or Amygdalus Persictt,Jl. rosea pleno —
The double flowering Peach is very beautiful in
shrubberies. It sometimes bears fruit, but it is
cultivated entirely for its beautiful blossoms. A
few trees also of the Chinese double flowering
apple, Pyrus spectabilis, lias also a beautiful efl^ect
for the same purpose.

Rhus cotinus, Venetian sumach, Aaron's beard.

native of our northern states, the flowers appear ] sometimes called fringe tree, is afineshrttb, calcu-

Early Frost — On the night of the 18th Jnst, a
severe frost put a sto]) to many kinds of vegeta-
tion, and caused much damage to many industri-
ous cnllivators ; particularly those who supply
our markets with vegetables- The Northampton

Vol. IX.— No. 11.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

85

Gazette of the 'lid iiist. observes that ' the late
severe frosts liavo been destructive to garden
vegetables, an J to many fields cil" Indian corn and
brootn corn. Ice of consiucr;ibIe tlii. kncss was
observed in many jilaces on Saturday niornin

nursed with ns nnich care, as though tliey bore
choice fruit. — Extract from a Letter from England.

Ficinct and Enf^land. — The editors of the Bul-
letin des Sciences state, that tiie aiiricnlturc of

The Courier printed at the same phicc say.s, 'Uroom Eiiglatid is much sn|>erior to that of France; and

that the former country with an unfavojaljje ch-

Corn, Indian Corn, anil Poach Trees, have been
injured in this country, it is estimated to the
amount of 1 0 or $15,000.'

Messrs Daskam and \V'ood, Geneva, N. Y. Iiavc
obtained a patent for the ' Franklin Cracker Ma-
rhinc,' which rolls, presses, cuts, stamps and
linislies ready lor the oven, at one operation,
crackers, pilot bread, &c. By it, two persons can
Ao as much in one day as ten by tlie usual mode.

been dissolved, and 'vbitencd with rye meal, oat
meal, or the flower of buckwheat.

Scratches in Horses. — This disorder or difficulty
is too well known to all who own these noble ani-
mids, or deal in them, to need a particular descrip-
tion of it. Tlie remedy is simple, safe, and cer-
mate, and upon a suii not half so extensive „s ! 'ai", "n "H cases which have come to my knowl-
France, possesses 6 millions of sheep and 1.3t>,000 »'<';.'''. however inveterate. It is only to mix wliita

Elder leaves, put around the roots of peach
trees, is roconimended as a perfect antidote for the
injury arising from worms. — jV. 1'. Farmer.

Signs — An oM gentleman presenteil us with a
handful of ripe Strawberries of the second growth
on Thursday last, and informed us that tlicy were
quite plenty in his neighborhood. He also inform-
ed us that he had seen onions, bc(.'ts, carrots, and
cabbages, which were sjv.'u last spring, running
up to seed, and had no doubt but it uas ' a sign
I of something.' — Doubilets it is a sign, but we pre-
sume a stopper was put on it last Friday night,
for (;n Saturday morning all the vegetaliles iji this
neighborhood were completely stiffened by a
» killing frost.'

The usual rariety of mammoth pumpkins, cab-
bages, squashes, &,c, have been noticed by our
contemporaries this season, but we know of none
more marvellous than u remarkable growth of
beans, the [iroduct of our own garden. They
were planted about the first of June ; the vin s
ran to the usual length, and the pods, which are
Tery r.utnerous, are front two to two and a half
feet in length, containing from 20 to 30 good-
sized beans in each. For string beans this kind
is unequalled, and no other preparation is necessary
than to pick and cut them to a proper length.
Some of these beans may be seen at our office ; —
we consider them a 'sign' that gardeners who
procure the same kind of seed can raise more and
better beans tiian in any other way now known.
— fVilliamstown Advocate.

hiirned cattle, more than France, hi England
the soil belongs exchisively to 30,000 proprietors;
in France there are four millions' of pnipriitors. —
Some appear to consider the small nund)er of pro-
prietors in England as the i)rincipal cause of the
agricultural prosperity of that country, but the
editors of the Bulletin think the cause may be
found in the liberty and industry of the body of
the nation, and in the favor and protection bestow-
ed on agrjcniture, commerce, and manufactures,
by tlie privileged class. Ignorance ami prejudice
are fuMiidable obstacles to agriiullural improvo
ment in France, especially in the souther]) depart-
ments.

lead and linseed oil in such proportions as will
render the application lonvenicut, and I never have
known more than two or three applications ne-
cessary, to eflfect a common cure. — Tarf Reg.

liidlnn Corn and Flax. — M. Madner of Saxony,
attributes the exhaustion of the soil by Indian
corn to the roots after the crop is gathered. He
tberefiirc phndis u]> the roots with the plant, and
remarks that his cornfield is favorably distinguish-
ed froin those which surround it. The same
gentleman once sowed some (lax seed that was
12 years old, and to his astonishment it produced
the most beautiful flax he ever saw.

Sheep. — The number of sheep in England is
estimated at 45 millions, in France 36 millions, in
Spain oldy 14 nVillioiis. — Bull, des Sciences.

In Cincinnati, a ereat number of cows graze on
a com'iion where they eat some plant which poi-
sons them. Last year several died, and two per-
sons lost their lives by skiiming them. This year,
about 50 valuable cows have died, and four per-
sons who skiiined some of them.

Product of the JVewpurt .itmsliousc Farm, 1829.
— 30 tons hay ; 200 bushels corn ; 675 do [iota-
toes; 379 do onions; 2232 bunches do; 58
bushels barley ; 75 do oats.

The product of the farm exceeds that of any
other year, and is yearly improving in walks,
buildiiig-j, (Sec. About two acres for an orchard
have been walled in, in which trees will be set
this season. There is at present, 55 acres cultivat-
ed ; 57 i in meadow.

Several persons have this week been convicted
for robbing an orchard in l{ri<lge street, in Salem
and have been fined ten dollars for their ofTenco

srigNjy i2sr^2»iisr2) iFiisaiais*

UOSTON, FRIDAY, OCTOBKU 1, 1830.

F.NGLISH AGRICULTURE.

The English carry agriculture to great perfec-
tion. Every spot of groimd capable of cultivation
is improved. Wherever I have been, the fiehls
j we generally small, enclosed by hedges, and made
j perfectly smooth, by means of cast iron rollers.
j Numerous trees are left to grow around the hedges,
I and scattered over the fields. These are so nicely
' trimmed, as to add greatly to the beauty of the coun-
try. Not a weed is suffered to grow. The crops
all look well, and are much more productive than
ours. The cattle and sheep feed on grass up to
I their knees, and look, as we shoul* say^ fit tO' kill.
I — The slight enclosures that keep thoni in their
1 pastures, would be but a poor protection against
onr lean, half fed, unruly animals. Here the cattle
hare no need to break fences. They have food
sufficient within their own domains. I came here
under the impression that tUe country was bare of
trees. On the contrary, Jjlind it better stocked
in this respect than the thicfc settlements of our
own country. We wantonly destroy trees aa if
they were of no value : here ^ey are planted and

DUTCH DAIRIES.

For the sake of cleanliness, the tails oftlip cows
are tied to the roof of the cow house with a cord
during the time of milking. The cow houses both
in Flanders and Hollan<l are kept remarkable clean
and warm; so much so that a gentleman ' spoke'
to RedclifT ' of having draid< coffee with a cow
keeper in the general stable in winter, without the
amioyance of cold, dirt, or any offensive smell.' —
The Dutch are particularly aveise in unfolding
the secrets of their dairy management, and not-
withstauding the pointed queries of Sir John Sin-
clair on the sidjject, no satisfiictory idea was given
him of their mode of maimfucturing butter or
cheese. — Loudon.

COW KEEPING.
In Holland the food for one cow in winter for
twentyfour hours, is straw, eighteen pounds ; tur-
nips, sixty pounds. Some farmers boil the turnips
for them ; others give them raw, chopping them
with the spade ; oTie or other ojieration is neces-
sary to obviate the risk of the animal Ixjing chok-
ed, where the turnips, which is usually the case in
Flanders, are of too small a size. In lieu of tur-
nips, potatoes, carrots, and grains, are occasionally
given ; bean straw likewise, and imiforndy a
white drink, prepared both for cows ami horses,
and consisting of water in which some oilcake has

TO KEF.P APPLES FOR WINTER'S USE.

Put them in casks or bins, in layers well cover-
ed with dry sand, each layer being (hovered.
This preserves them from the air, from moisture,
and from frost, it prevents their perishing by their
own perspiration, their moisture being absorbed
by the sand ; at the same time it preserves the
flavor of the apples, and [irevents their wilting, —
Pippijis have been kept in this manner sound and
fresh till midsummer; and bow much longer they
would have kept is not known. Any kind of
sand will answer, but it must be perfectly dry.

BREEDING ANIMALS AND VEGETABLES.

Dr Cooper, Editor of the last edition of Dr
Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia, observes, that
' The wlnde art of breeding animals and vegeta-
bles for particular pnr[)0ses may be included in
this direction : Choose those animals or vegeta-
bles to propagate from, that i)ossess the qualities
you wish to propagate in the greatest perfection.'

ELDER BERRY SYRUP.

Take of the juice of elder berry one quart ;
boil to one i)int ; strain and add two pounds of
double refined sugar ; again place it over the fire i
so soon as it shall have boiled remove it from the
fire ; and when cold bottle it for use, taking care
to lave it well corked. Should a less quantity of
sugar be used there will be danger of iis becom-
ing nionldy. As a gentle purgative this syrup is
an excellent medicine of very i)leasant taste ; and
is particularly serviceable to children, who ore
not inclined to take medicine. The dose for an
adult is a wineglass full.

Hints with, regard to fnttrnin^ sicine. — If your
object is merely profit in fattening your hogs, you
must take time for the process, and make them
tin roughly fat. A fanner, stating the result of
some experiments in the Bath Society papers, vol.

86

NEW ENGLAND FAUMER,

Oct. 1, 1830.

vi p. 382 says ' 1 invariably fouNil that quantities in this country are alivays scarce and high priced
of food consumed by fatting hogs increased every i in tlie spring months. A glass cover, when it
M-eek till the animals became three parts fat ; after j can be obtained, will be of infinite advantage, and

this period they ate bnt little ; and altnost all tliey
ate turned to fat : and that can only be done by
giving tiiTie.'

The experienced farmer need not be told that
fatting hogs should have now and then a <hise of
antimonv civen witli their food, in j

will admit of a great variety of tender plants for
preservation, ] am, Sir, &c., A. GORRIE.
^'}nnat Gardens, Fel> 4, 1830.

The British Society foi the Diffusion of Useful
Knowledge have commenced the publication, in
their series of tracts, of accounts of Select Farms
in various parts of Englaml, and on the Continent.
The substance of these, as far as they will be of
any usrt to American Farmers, will appear in the
New England Farmer.

A few copies of the catalogue of Buel and
Wilson's Albany Nursery, can be bail gratis at the
New England Farmer otiice.

SALE OF STOCK.

.rim-tone or antunonv siven witn men- iuo„, .„ , Wc tvish to call the attention of the public to
order to preserve theiV health and increase their the advertisement, in this week's paper, of the
.ippetite. But there may be some, who never , snl" of Mr Hall's stock in New York. Besides
knew or have forgotten that rotten wood, thrown j <"ie oC the finest collections of Horned Cattle,
to them occasionallv, will be eagerly devoured, and : some valuable Horses will be offered, among them
oerve as an absorbe'r of those acrid juices, which ! tl'e celebrated brood mare. Lady Lightfoot, well
uii-'ht otherwise occasion a disorder. It is like- ] known in the racing calendar, several of her colts,
■wise said that to throw them now and then a few the imported mare Alarm, and colt by Eclipse,
pieces of charcoal will answer the same purjiose. ""<! several stud horses, of the Eclipse, Henry and
. . Biissorah stock.

From the Gardener's Magazine.

On preserving tender Plants in Jfinler h;j means

of the Temperature of Spring Water. By Mr A.

GORRIE, F. H. S.

Sir — There is a curious coiucidonce between
the annual mean temperature in the open air, and
the annual mean temperature of water in a deep
spring well at the same i)lace. In a s|iring well
of that description at Annat Gardens, I lind the
temperature of the w.ater to indicate from 4G° to
47° in the winter months, unaffected in the least
by atmosphere temiieratnre, however low that may
be. As spring wells are frequently to be met
with, and are always desirable appendages to a
farm-stead or cottage, it occured to me that many
plants, useful to the cottager, or amusing to the
farmers wife or daughters might, be easily pre-
served in the winter months, in the coldest regions
of Scotland, by that class of people whose finances
would not enable them to erect more costly struc-
tures for the purpose. To ascertain how far this
theory was correct, I placed a small frame over
the well on a floor of deal two inches wide by
one inch thick, ami one half and an inch between
each spar, to admit ofthe beat rising in the frame
from the water. Knowing that glass could not be
purchased by that class, whose advantage I
had in view, I covered the sash with cotton wrap-
per at Ad. per yard, and in the same frame I plac-
ed pots of cauliflower, lettuce, pelargoniums of
different sorts, Chrysanthemum indicum. Primula
sinensis, &c. Tlie circumambient air is generally,
as might be supposed nearly saturated with mois-
ture; and, consequently, fresh air to be admitted

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY-

Saturday, September 25, 1830.

FRUITS.

Jlpples. — From Mr Warren, of Weston, War-
ren S|)ice Ap))les, a Seedling. G. W. Pratt,
South Bridgewater, Red Sweet Seedling Apples.
N. Davenport, Milton, two sorts of Sweet Apples.
Mr E. Wight, of Dedhani, Monstrous Pip|)iii,
Gloria Mnndi, of Cox, No. 27. S. Dow.ner, Fall
Pippin .'Vpples. R. Manning, Menagere, (very
large) Parmentier's Catalogue, and Prince's Trea-
tise, No. 129. Mr Edwards, Springfield, Ponime
Royale, very large. The committee did not re-
cognize the name.

Pears. — From Mr Benjamin Gibes, Boston,
Basket of Broca's Bergamot. The best specimens
of this fruit seen by the committee. Mr R. F.
Pniprs, Cliarle=town, Andrews Pears. S. Dowi-
er, Capiamont (large and beautiful) Iron Pear,
Passe Colmar, (unripe) and Beurrc Knox. Mr
N. Tofts, Charlestown, Broca's Bergamot, and
Andrews Pears. Dr Shurtleff, Broca's Berga-

as frequently as possible. The vegetables and i mot, Beurro Oris, Seckel, and Beurre d'Hyver.

plants continue fresh, and the Pelargonium odora- E. Wight, Dcdham, Pound Pears. Largest

tissimum has been all along in flower; and I am
fully convinced that, where such spring can be ren-

weiglied 27 ounces. R. Manning, Endicott Pears.
Beurre Rouge, from James Bloodgood's Catalogue.

dercd available by means of a cut two feet deep, 1 This name cannot be correct. Also a fine Pear
two foot wide, with two or three inches offsets I (name unknown) from the garden of Thomas
at each side ofthe rill, to .«npport the ends of I Saunders, Esq. Salem; supposed to have been
bo.ves, nine inches wide and four or five inches i introduced from Europe many years since. Wm.
deep, placed within two inches of each other over R. Prince, Esq. Flushing, Ruslimore's Bon Cre-

the rill, into which boxes lettuce and cauliflower
plants, chiccory, &c, might be planted, the whole
to be covered over with hoops and loose mattiner
to prevent the descent of what meteorologists
call frigorific pulsation, a winter conservatory
might be easily constructed on one spring for the
use of a whole village. As the rill brings a con-
tinual flow of water at the temperature of 46° or
47°, the earth in the box will always be kept con-
siderably above the freezing point in the coldest
nights. It may also bo useful for nursery men
and others for preserving cauliflower plants, which

ticn, also Colmar Souvrain,one of Van Mons' new
Pears. The Committee were highly gratified
with this mark of attention from Mr Prince, and
hope for a continuation.

Plums. — F'roiii Messrs Winships, Brighton,
Semianna Plums.

Peaehes. — From Mr Otis Pettee, Newton,
Red and White Rare Ripes, Lemon Clingstones,
Old Newington Clingstones, Kenedy's Carolina,
(Cox, No. 24) Kenrick's Heath, Prince's Treatise,
No. 68. Mr E. Breed, Charlestown, several va-
rieties of beautiful Peaches raised under glass.

Mr E. VosE, Morris' White Rare Ripes, and one
sort unnamed. E. M. Richards, Dedham, Nat-
ural Freestones. Mr Wheelwright, Boston,
beautiful Peaches, unnamed. R. Manning, Matta
or Belle d'Paris, Perkins' large White, Sargents'
Rare Ripes, (said to be same as the Pearl Street)
Old Mixon Clingstones, Orange Freestone, and
Washinston Clingstones ; the two last from Cata-
logue of C. R. Smith, Burlington, N. J.

Grapes. — From S. Downer, Isabella Grapes.
From Coleman Sellars, Esq. Pliiladeljihia,
Cluster of Black Grapes, (original Vine raised from
Seed) very fine, hardy, and deserve to be exten-
sively cultivated. R. Manning, Jordan's Blue,
Ctom Catalogue of C. R. Smith. Messrs Win-
ships, Brighton, Black Cape, Black Hamburg,
White Chasselas, and While Sweetwater Grapes,
raised in the open ground. These genilemen have
paid gre.it attention to the raising of the choice
foreign varieties in the ojien ground, and the lilack
Cape and Black Hamburg, were beautiful speci-
mens of the success which has attended their ex-
ertions. R. Manning.

FLOWERS.

From Wm. Pratt, Esq. Watertown, fine vari-
eties of Double Dahlias, Hibiscus maniliot. Hibis-
cus palustris, Lantana cammara, Canna coccinea.
Salvia spleiidens. Mr Pettee, Newton, Trades-
cantia virginica. David Haggerston, Charles-
town Vineyard, fine Double Dahlias, Ccntauria
Americana, Salvia 6plendens,Double Dahliag China
Asters.

The number of vessels which j.assed through
the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal during the
week ending 3d lilt, was 116. Fourteen of the
vessels from the Chesapeake were loaded with
wlie.at for Brandy wine and Philadelphia.

Middlesex Cattle Show, Exhibition of Manu-
factures, AND Ploughing Match, at Concord,

October 7, 1830. j

The Committee of arrangments for the approach- (
ing Cattle Show give notice that :

Proper pens will be made for the exhibition of all
Animals offered for premium, and assistance furnish-
ed in confining and arranging them. All entries
of animals for the pens are to be made with Mr
Phineas How, by 9 o'clock. A. M. on the day ofthe
Exhibition.

Such Manufactures and Fabrics, Improvements in
Machinery, all Implements of Husbandry offered for
premium, must be entered at the Court-house by 10
o'clock, A. M. on the day of exhibition, where direc-
tions and aid will be given. Persons in the imme-
diate vicinitv are requested to forward their articles,
for exhibition at the Court-house, at as early an hour
in the morning as possible.

The Trustees have appointed a Committee to<
award premiums on the best specimens of Apples,!
Pears, Peaches, Plums ond Grapes, it being under-
stood that such as are offered will be used at the
Dinner ofthe Society.

The Ploughing Match will take place at 9 o'clock
A. M. precisely, and those who wish to contend for
the prizes, must leave tlieir names with John Stacy,
secretary of the Society, by 8 o'clock, A. M. on the
day of exhibition.

A procession of officers and members ofthe Soci-
ety will bo formed at half past 10 o'clock, A. M. at
Shepherd's Hotel, and proceed to the Meetinghouse,
where an Address will be delivered by Elias Phin-
NEY, Esq.

After the ceremonies at the Meetinghouse, the
several Committees will immediately proceed to the
discharge of their duties.

The Trial of Strength and Discipline of Working
Oxen, will take place immediately after the services

Vol.lX. — No.ll.

AND HOllTICULTUKAL JOURNAL.

87

in the meeting-houae. Entries of the same to be
made with the'Secretary by 9 o'clock.

A Dinner will be in reaiiiness at 'i o'clock, at Shep-
herd's Hotel. Tickets to be had at the Bar.

At 4 o'clock, P. M. premiums will be publicly
declared at the Court room, in the Courthouse ; after
which the choice of Otficers will take place.
John Keves, Cyrus HrfinARD,

D.^NIEL Shattuck, Cykus Hosmer,
Elijah Wood,
(■EORGE M. Barrett,
Natvian' Barrett,

Cumniitteeof Arranjements.

Silas P. Tarbell,
Abrah.\m Cona.xt,
Nahum Hardy,

,\'ew Knixland Fttrmers' Almanac^ for 1831.

Just published, and for sule liy J. B. Rl'ssell, at his
Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Streut, the New
EsGLA.VD Farmer's .\lma.vac, for 1831. By
Thomas G. Fessende.v, Editor of the New England
Farmer. The Asti'onomical Calculations, by the Editor
of the astronomical part of the American Almanac.

Our object in this and in the former numbers of our
little annual, has been, and continues to be, to give to the
busy part of mankind the greatest quantity of useful in-
formation in the least convenient nuinlier of words. We
do not wish our readers, like the gold hunters of North
Carolina, should be obliged to silt and e.xamine huge
masses of useless matter, ioi the sake of selecting now
and then a grain worth preserving.

Together with the calculations customary in diaries of
the kind, we b.ive under the head, ' Farmers' Ciileridar,'
given some brief intimations of what may be denominat-
ed the usual current occupations of the correct cultivator.
In this we merely assume the humble part of prompter,
re:;iinding those, who may ha\ e occasion to glance at our
columns, when and how certain operations are generally
best perfornjed. It is belter for an agriculturist to consult
an .\lmanac lor hints relative to some of the most impor-
tant rur.il labors, than to undertake to obtain any infor-
mation from erratic gueises about the weather ; which
are no better guides to a Farmer than would be a jack
■with a lantern to a traveller. But we ask our readers lo
be always aware that circumstances vary cases, and thai
when we take the libeity to advise, we have not the as-
surance to dictate. Our hints are necessarily concise, be-
cause our limits arc narrow, and we hope to be useful
rather by furnishing materials for thought, than absolute
and invariable rules for action, ' Calendars,' according;
to a celebrated agiicultural writer, ' should only be con-
sidered as remembrancers, never as directories.'

This .\h:!anac contains the usual miscellaneous and
agricultural articles — a list of the civil officers of the
United States, with the Governors, Lieut. Governors, and
Judires of the United States, and the Governors of the
British Colonies — a chronicle of the niost remarkable
events between August, 18'.J9, and Sept. 1830— a com-
plete Calendar for each State in New England, including
the Probate Courts for New England — the Sun's declina-
tion, &.C. The tides are particularly calculated, .\mong
the agricultural articles, are a descripiionof Mr Phinney's
Improved roller, with a drawing ; and a drawing and de-
scription of an Improved Harrow, used on Capt. Daniel
Chandler's Farm in Lexington,

Price .$S,00 per gioce — 62i cts. per dozen. Oc(. 1.

Bulbous Roots.
Just received at the Seed store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

.\ good collection of Lily Roots, viz, — the Tiger, (spot-
ted) Martagon, (spoiled) Oiange, and While Lilies.
These make a tine appearance in the borders of gardens.
They are hardy and durable. These plants have bulbous
roots, and should be planted in rich soil, four inches deep,
measuring from the lop of the bulb. The small roots be-
low the bulb, are perennial. Martagon Lilies grow from
five to seven feet high, and produce from fifteen to twenty-
five very delicate flowers on a stalk. The White Lily
grows to the height of three to four feel, and products
large, while, fragrant flowers, 'fhe whole are easily
cultivated, and are well calculated to beautify a border.

Autumn is the proper season for transplanting all the
above.

Price l'2ii cents each— $1 per dozen,
Ahn, a fine collection of Tulip Roots, of all colors ;
splendid variegated, red, yellow, rose, striped, red and
white like a carnation, double, single, early and late of all
prices, from $10 for twentyfive roots of the very finest
kinds, to ije per hundred, mixed. Good roots with their
colors marked, l^i cents each — $1 ptr dozen.

If October 1.

Orapt J'ints.
The subscriber has for sale al his garden in Dorchester,
the choicest variety of Gr.ipe Vines ever oifered (or sale
in this vicinity. Many of them are now in fruit, and
purcliasers are invited to call and make a selection. The
following compose A part of the vaiiely.

Black Hamburg,

Black Cape,

White Muscadine,

Golden Muscat,

Gore's, (a beautiful Clack Grape)

Caroline.

Napoleon,
White Chasselas,
Golden Ch.isselas,
Red Chasselas,
Black Constantia,
Bland,
Fcrrol.
8 varieties of superior fruit from Xeres and Malaga,
-too two years old Is.apellas.
1400 one" " " "

200 Catawb.\., or what hasheretofore been considered
the Bland. It is now satisfactorily ascertained that the
Bland grape will not ripen in this climate, in the open
ground.

Orders by mail, addressed lo the Subscriber, or person-
al applicati.in at bis office, No, 1\ Congress-street, ior any
number of Vines from one to one hundred or more, will
meet with prompt attention. Application may also be
made to Patrick Kennedy, at the garden,

7Jos«p;i, .?(7>^ 27, 1S30, ot " ZEBEDEF. COOK,

To Farmers, Graziers, SfC.

The Subscriber wiil offer for sale at public Auction, at
his residence at Harlem, in the 12th Ward of the city of
New York, on Monday, October 11, ISliO— his valauble
stock of Blood Horses, Brood Mares and Colts, short
horned Durham Cattle, Bakewell Sheep, &c, comprising
the most extensive selection of thorough bied animals in
the United States, and well worthy Ihe attention of those
who ilesire to improve the breed in this country.

For further particulars, or catalogues, apply to the sub-
scriber, at No. 4, Wall-street Court, or at Harlem.

CHARLES HENRY HALL.

A'ewYork, Sept. 25, 1830. 2w

Brighton Cattle Show, October 20.
.Ml persons are desired to take notice, that in conse-
quence of the change by the Trustees of iho Massachu-
setts Society for Promoting Agriculture, of the day of the
Briohton Cattle Show, from Wednesday the 13lh, to
Wednesday the 20lh of October next, ail the offers of
Premiums, and all the Rules and Regulations, must be
understood as for Wednesday the '20th, instead of \N'ed-
nesil.iy the 13lh. Per order of the Trustees. Oct. 2.

To the Public.
The Proprietors of the Linnajan Botanic Gar-
den and Nurseries have increased the Estab-
lishment in all its departments and have an
immense stock of Trees, Flowering Shrubs,
and Plants, comprising all the most interesting
and valuable productions of the Globe, and being fully
sensible that the establishment of Nurseries in every part
of onr country would be a great national advantage, they
now offer all the facilities in their power to advance that
object.

They will furnish all articles required in quantities for
Nurseries, at a liberal discount from the usual prices, and
where secure, a credit will be allowed to accord with the
convenience of the purchaser.

,\ll oiders will receive the greatest attention and des-
patch.

Lin. Bot. Garden, N. Y. ( Pijivrp t, =n\s

Sopl. 14, 1830. t " "■ PRINCE & SO.XS,

MdssacliuSftts Horticultural Society.

Members of the abo\e Society are informed that Dip-
lomas are ready for delivery on the payineiit of the Annual
contribution of two dollars each, or, any member may
conipound for his future contribution, by the pavment of
fifteen dollars. CHEEVER NEWHALL. Treasurer.

Sept. 24, 1930, No, 36 Broad Street,

Bees for Sale.
Persons in want of prime swarms of Bees, or Beard's
Patent Hives, can be supplied by Mr Ebenezer Beard of
Charlestown. Purchasers of swarms are supplied with
Beard's Patent Hives, gratis, for their mm family use
only. The prices of swarms vary, according to their
i weight and quality. November and December is con-
i sidered the best time for removing the Hees ; they can be
I engaged, however, at any time previous. All orders,
either for swarms, or for the Patent Hives only, left with
J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, No. 52 North Market-
street, Boston, will be faithfully executed.
\ tf Sent. 10.

.Agricultural .\"otice.

The members of the Worcester .'Xgricultural Society
are hereby notified, that a semi-annual meeting of said
Socicly, will be held at Thomas' Hall, in Worcester, on
Thursday, the 7lli (lay of October next, at eleven o'clock,
before noon, tor the admission of members and the traiis-
aclion of other business, at which place they are requested
punctually to attend.

WILLIAM D WHEELER, Rec. Sec'y.

Worcester, Sept. IS, 1S30.

PKJCES OF COUjVTRY PRODUCE.

FBOX

TO

AIMM.F.S.npw.

-

barrel.

2 00

3 (0

A2sHE:3, [>oi. tir.*i son,

Pearl, firsl sort, -

-

ion.

113 00 120 (10

,

133 00 135 00

lUvWS.ivhite,

bushi-l.

90

BKEF, mess,

barrel.

9 00

9 iO

Cargo» No. 1,

7 50

8 CO

Cargo, No. 2,

"

6 50

6 70

HUTTEK, insppcled, No. 1, new,

Dound.

10

i.T

CliKK^SL, new milk,

<*

G

7

SkiinnipiJ milk.

.

tt

3

fi

FLOUR, P.altimore,Hovvard-sireel

.

barrel.

5 75

5 87

("Piiesee, -

5 37

5 75

live, best.

11

3 .';0

3 7.-.

GRAIN, Corn,

bushel

C5

f,n

l\yc,

65

70

liarlev,

ti

60

62

Uals,

tt

3"

35

HAY,

cwt.

60

70

IKKi'S KAUn. Hrst sort, new,

CWI.

U 50

12 OO

HOPS, 1st quality.

\Z 00

14 CO

I.IMK. ^ . . .

.

cask.

70

75

PI.AISTFR PARIS retails at

ton.

3 50

3 50

PORK, clear,

barrel.

19 00

£0 00

riavv, mess.

\t -25

12 50

Carj,'o. \o. 1,

<•

12 00

12 50

SEEDS, Mprd'b Grass.

- bushel

COO

Orcliarci Grass,

fi

3 OO

Fowl ,Mc,-»(Iow. -

tt

4 CO

Red Top {northern,)

"

fi2

75

Liurrne, . - .

pound.

33

Wliitp Honeysuckle Clover.

"

38

Red Clover, (noriheru)

tt

9

10

WOOL, Merino, rull I.Jood. wR^.hed

.

"

58

62

Merjiio. lull l)!nod.iii)wnshed,

<<

30

35

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

((

CO

65

*>Ii'r,!n), [urt-o lounhs washed.

**

47

47

Mcrmo.haJl blood.

.

tt

45

55

MeriHo.quarLer

.

tt

37

iO

^;^^'VP, washed,

.

tt

45

42

Pulled, Lani!.".s, first sort,

.

It

52

60

Piilicd, (<amb's, second sort.

tt

.W

55

pulled, " spijinin;^. first

sort

■'

4!

PROVISION MARKET.

COItr.ECTEn EVEEY WEEK BT UR HiYWABI),

( CtrrK of FaJttuil-haU Market.)
BEEF, best pieces, . - . .
POUK, fresb, best (lietes.

whole bogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON
I'Om.TUY,
BUTTER, keg and lub, -

Liicnp, best,
EGGS,
.MEAL, R.vc, retail.

Indian, retail,
I'OTATOS.new ....
CIDER, [a ceo ruing ;o quality ,] new

pound

8

lO

■'

8

10

6

c

tt

4

8

••

4

12

tt

10

11

tt

11

10

•'

13

SO

dozen.

11

16

bushel.

85
75

'*

JO

SO

barrel.

1 CO

1 50

BniGiiTOM Market — Moiiday, Sept. 27.

[neported for the Chronicle and Patiiot.]

At Market this day 896 Beef Cattle, 1115 .Stores, 2064
Sheep, and 957 Swine. About one third the Stores aod
one third the Swine remain unsold.

Prices — Tlecf Cattle — .\bout the same as last Monday,
from $3,25 to $4,50; a few choice extra Cattle were
taken for something more than .«14,50.

.Stores. — Sales rather higher, though purchasers appear
to hang back.

Sheep and Lambs. — Sales quick ; as many more would
have been sold i-eadily ; we noticed one lot of 90 taken at
$1,50. one of 100 at 1,75, and several lots .at $2.

Swine. — Trade not verv brisk ; we noticed only three
or four lots sold, at from Si to 4c.

N. B. We shall not be able probably through the fol.
lowing season, to particularize Beef Cattle from the
Stores. We shall also report Sheep instead of Sheep and
Lambs, and ?hall have three heads only, viz : Cattle,
Sheep, and Swine.

88

MISCELLANIES.

As the season is approaching when militia tjaiii-
inijs will be frequent, we call the attention of our
readers to the follouinjr judicious anJ pertinent re.
marks. Tlie subject demands attentive considera-
tion.

TUnCGUTS O.N THE MILITIA.

1. It is not strange that provision was m:ule for
ariiiing and traininj; the great body of ciiizens, on
the first orgauizaiion of the national luid stale
governments. The number of people was then
small; the remembrance of the iionors lunl dan-
gers of war w.is viviil ; onr young nation was like
a lamb among ravening wolves ; and we knew no
otiier method of being 'prepared for war in time
of peace,' luiving discarded 'standing armies.'

2. Onr situation is extremely different now.
Tiiere is litile danger of war; if it should occur,
not one tenth of the able-bodied citizens would be
needed for service ; the martial spirit, from various
causes, has almost entirely subsided, and the char-
acter of oiu' pojiulution is eminenljy pacific.

3. Sufficient reli.TiLce may be placed on the valor
and patriotism of the people, jo/icn diingtr comes ;
and three weel:s' drilling woni I prej)aro them,
when pursued daily, with a prospect of using the
knowledge when acquired.

4. The knowledge of military tactics obtained
by our niililia, is not worth one dollar as a prepa-
ration for actual war; except what is gained by a
few select companies. So testify revolutionary
soldiers and all competent judges, with one voice.

5. The direct expense of the present militia
system is enormous; and if it is not necessary to
the pidjlic welfare, it must be deemed oppressive.

6. The system is so injurious to the morals of
tlie people, that its continuance can be justified
only by a most evident and higli necessity.

7. Successive Legi.slatures have had the 'amcnd-
tnent of the militia laws' a. standing topic for forty
years, at a great expense of the public time and
money; and the only point yet settled is, that the
whole sy.item is radically defective.

8. By the constitution of the Union, lioweyer,
we must have a militia, organized ^nd armed, and
annually inspected.

9. If the present LcgislatuiH should abolish all
trainings, except one in a year for the inspection
of arms, they would jiroclaim a jubilee to their
constituents, and .secure the grateful renicinbrance
of posterity.

10. If the Legislature s!ioulJ abolish trainings,
and provide for the military in?tructio:i of n few
officers, the State woidil soon be heUer prepared
for war than it now is.

1 1. If the present expenses were saved by such
an alteration, anil the same sum devoted to inter-
nal improvement, the State might construct a
Rail Road to Providence in one year, or to Alba-
ny in five years, and not incur a debt of one cent.
.Millions for Public Imjirovcment ; not a cent for
useless Drudgery. — Boston Recorder.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

to procure their drams the idle and dissipated
have left them; and althoug'i some of them may
have resorted to the tavern instead, yet this effi-ct
is not so great as might have been expected. Pub-
lic sentiment has so much changed, that it is not
common to see even drunkards around taverns.
Taveruer,-; are ashamed of them, and do not in
many ])laces encourago their attendance. The
conscfuence is, tliat public drinking, even of those
who continue to drink, is much less than formerly.
Many traders in this State, and some few tavern-
ers, do not keep the article of spirits for sale — in-
duced to abandon the traffic from a conviction of
its pernirioiis and immoral eflects. Your com-
mittee wish the number of such was greater, or
that they knew the true number of such traders
and taverners, that they might give their names
to the world, as patriots and philanthropists, whose
conduct does honor to themselves and their coun-
try, and affords such conclusive evidence of the
beneficial influence of temperance societies.

Your committee have ascertained that the num-
ber of intemperate persons in this State, who have
become reformed men since tho institution of tem-
])erancc societies is about one hundred. This is
to the philanthropists one of the most pleasing
effect of the doctrine of total abstinence from spir-
ituous liquors. Who will refuse to rejoice that
one himdred persons in this State, who were not
only useless to themselves hut pests to socielj', are
reclaimed, and restored to usefulness and respon-
sibility? After this, let us not hoar from a mem-
ber of tho New Hampshire Legislature, that ' the
only way to cure a drunkard is to cut off bis head.'
Tho temperance enterfirise has indeed effected a
reformation not only from the moderate but from
the immoderate use of spirits. One thousand and
five hundred persons in the United States are as-
certained to have experienced this reform, and bear
testimony that abstinence is better medicine than
decapitation.

Eitract from ths Report of tlie Ncw-II>m|>3hiteTomperaD«i Sficioty.
The extent of the tem])erance reformation may
be seen at our stores and taverns. Formerly in
every village the store and the tavern was the re-
sort of the idle and dissipated. Here they spent
a great proportion of their titne and money : but
few stores in the state now mix liquors, or sell
them in glasses and gills. To an attentive observ-
er, the change in the character of our stores has
been such aa to excite admiration. Not being able

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIPJS.

Agricultural societies'are increasing in this state,
and are exciting a spirit of improvement among
our farmers which must be productive of the hap-
piest result. We hope to be able, shortly, to pidj-
lisli accounts of the organization and proceedings
of several, in tiie neighboring counties. In the
Western Reserve we notice the formation of a num-
ber of new societies, and we hope that nil the wes-
tern states will follow the example of Ohio, in
making these establishments in nil their counties
svhicli arc sufficiently populous to enable them to
act with vigor. The resources of the west are
devclo|)ing with a rapidity unequalled in any coun-
try, and we trust that her weight will hereafter be
felt in our national councils, and thai ihe general
l)rosperity will be proirioted by the exercise of that
influence to which we are fairly entitled, and
which a just estimate of the true policy of the
nation by our representatives, will give ns.

In compliance with the request of several ofonr
.subscribers we republish the constitution of the
Hamilton County Agricultural Society in our pres-
ent number. — Western Tiller.

A*f«> Coach. — A new coach, loyally named after
our excellent Queen, has begun to run, of which
the announcement is very whimsical ; being as fol-
lows : — The Queen Adelaide ! starts from the
King's Arms, at Bushy, every morning at eight
o'clock. — London paper.

Oct. 1, 1830.

Petersburg Rail Road. — Donald McKen-iie is choseii
Pic ident ot the Corporation, nnd has been instructed to
visit the Rail Roads in the United States, and to consult
engineers. Sec.

Among the v.iluabic spoils laken at Algiers, there are
vases of -ock crystal, oriental agate, jasper, and jaile, of
the lar£;est size, the inoiintin;* of Ftoretitiae enamel and
Venetian Roid, seemingly of the ISlh century. There is
also a great deal ol Spanish and ftloorish armor, said to
be of exquisite workmanship.

College in JYew Sottth fra/«s.— A college has been ■
founled a* Sydney, in New South Wales. The first
stone was laid on the 2Glh ol January last.

I.-nprisonmentfor Debt.— -Tlw lioslon Manufacturer
says that, all the Judges of the Supreme Court of Mas-
sachusetts have expressed a decided belief that the law

authorizing imprisonment for debt is unconstitutional.

Daniel Webster has offered his servir 'S gratuitously, to
plead against its con-tilutionali'y, whenever any respec-
table body of citizens shall request them.

On the 20lh inst. Charles Carroll o( Carrollton coaiplc- '
ted his 94ili year.

A .Mr Hounes, of Lancaster, N. H. attempted to cross
the Connecticut River in a ftate of intoxication, and was
upset and drowned.

C. Ivin Edson, the Living Skeleton, has engaged him-
seir lor a two years' exhiljilion in Europe for $!40,0(lO,
conditioned that for every pound of flesh be gains'$500 is
to l)e ileducted.

For Sale,

.\ valuable Farm at Lcchmere Point; consisting of 30 '
acres— on the Craigie rojd, less than three miles from i
Boston. With a good two story house and barn thereon-
a thriving young orchard and other fruit trees.

For terms ami other particulars, inquire of Wm. E. i
Payne, No. 3 Court-street. eptol Aug. 27.

Cidture of Silk.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, oS North Market-street —

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of ren-
dering it a source of individual and national wealth ; with
Directions to Farmers for raising Silk Worms — By John
D'Homergne, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau— Price 62i cents.

Also, Directions for the Rearing of Silk Worm.s, and
the Culture of the White Mulberry Tree. Published by
the Pennsylvania Society associated for the Promotion
of those objects, (an excellent, plain, practical work.) —
Price 2.^ cents.

Seeds for Fait sowing.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 Nortli Market-street —

A great variety of vegetable seeds for fill sowing, viz.
White Portugal Onion, Prickly or Fall Spinach, (growth
of 1830,) Parsnips, Carrots, Black Spanish or Winter Ra
dish— all warranted of the first quality. Sept. 10.

Chloride of Soda.
For sale at the Peed Store connertc.l with the N. E.
Farmer, 52 North Market-street — A few dozen bottles of
Chloride of Soda, for preserving meat, removing offensive
smells, neutralizing pestilential exhalations, and destroy-
ing contagion ; prepared by the New Engband chemical
company for Lowe and Rood. This valuable article is
particularly described, page oDO of this week's New Eng-
»jid Farmer. — Price $1,00 per bottle, with directions.

Published every Friday, at gi per annum, |iay,able at the
end of the year-but those who pay within sixty d.ays from the
time of subscribing;, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents.

|Jj= No paper will bo sent to n distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by 1. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing: can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
RusBELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

IVeio Vor/i—G. Thorburn & Son, 67 Liherly-slrcet.

Philadelphia— 1). & C L.^NliKETH. 85 Chesliiul-slrret.

Baltimore — G. B.Smith, Office otlhe Ameiican Farmer.

Albany — Hon. Jesse Buel.

Flushing, N. Y. Wm. Prince &SoKs,Piop. Lin. Bot.Gardgi

Hailford—GiioitwiK & Sons.

Halifax,^. S.— P. J. Hollanp, Esq. Recorder Offi««.

iloiHreal, L. C— A. BowMiK, Booksellsr.

]\EW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. UUSSBLL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AcKictLTORAL Warehodse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL, IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 1 .> , I S 3 O.

NO. IS.

ina a a >s ^ iL a ^ uj 13 »

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for the Pro-
motion of Agriculture, encouraged by the patronage of
the Legislature of this Stale, inlcnJ to offer in premiums,
not only the sum granted by the Government sor that
purpose, but also the whole amount of the income of their
■own funds. They therefore announce to the public their
intention to have a cattle show and e:?hibition of manu-
factures, &c, at Brighton, on Wednosdaj, the 20th of Oc-
tober, IS30. The whole business to be transacted in one
day. The follawing premiums arc offered : —

For Stock:

For the best Bull, above one year old, 830.
For the next best do, §20. For the next best
«lo, $10.

For the best Bull Calf, from five to twelve
months old, 815. For tiie next best do, SIC For
the next best do, §5.

For the best Cow, not less than three years
old, S30. For the pext best do, $20. For the next
best do, 615.

For tiie best Heifer [having had a calf] §15.
For the next best do, 810.

The Bulls, Cows, and Milch Heifers for which premi-
ums arc awarded, to be kept, at least, one year thereafter
within the State.

For the next best Heifer [not having had a
calf] 812. For the next best do, 810. For the
next best, 88. For the next best, 86.

For the best Ox, fitted for slaughter, regard to
be had to, and a particular statement to be given
of, the mode and expense of fatting 825. For
the next best do, $20. For the next best, 810.

For the best pair of Working Oxen, §25.
For the next best do, 820. For the next best do,
$15. For the next best do, 812. For the next
best 88.

No oxen to be admitted to trial as working oxen, under
four years old.

For the best Caramanian or Camlet Wool
Ram, $40. For the best do, do. Ewe, 40.

For the best Disldey Ram, 30. For the best
do. Ewe, 830.

For the best South Do^n Ram, 830- For the
best do, Ewe, 830.

The above premiums will be awarded on Sheep either
imported or raised in the State ; but the persons receiving
the prenjiums are to enter into obligation to keep the
same within the State for Breeding.

For the best fat Wethers of extraordinary
quality, not less than six in number, 820.

For the best Boar, not exceeding two years
old, $12. For the next best do, do, 88. For the
next best, 85

For the best Sow, 812. For the next best do,
do, $8. For the next best, 85.

To be kept one year thereafter for breeding, by the
persons receiving the premiums.

For the best Pigs, not less than two in num-
ber, nor less than four months old, nor more
than eight $10. For the next best do, $5.

None of the above animals, except Sheep, as above
q>ecified, will be entitled to premiums, unless they are
teholly bred in the State of Massachusetts.

Any of the above Stock, when raised and still owned
at the time of the exhibition by the person who raised
them, will entitle the claimant to an allowance of ten per
cent ID addition.

; No .inim.ll, for which to any owner one premium shall 1 quantity of dry Peas on an acre, not less than

I have been awarded, shall be considered a subject for any j -jq bushels .''■'0
I future premium of the Society, except it be lor an en- 'p .u ' ~ ' i in

' lirely distinct premium, and for quahties different from lO the person who shall raise the greatest

those for which the former premium was awarded. .\ny I quantity of dry Beans on an acre, not less than
' animal which shall have obtained a premium as a Milch j :J0 bushels $20.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of Mustard Seed not less than 20 bush-
els, 820.

To the person who shall give proof of hav-
ing i^oduced the largest quantity of dressed
KUfl^Qd not less than 500 pounds on an acre,
820. *«•>-

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity and best quality of Hemp on an acre,
840.

To entitle himself lo either of the premiums for Grain
or Vegetable crops, the person claiming, must cultivate a
tract of at least one acre. In one piece, with the plant or
production for which he claims a premium, and must state
in wriling under oath of hlniself, and one other person,

f accompanied by a ceitificale of the measurement of the
ind by some sworn survcj'or,] the following particu-
lars : —

1. The state of the land in the spring of IS.SO.

2. The product and general state of cultivation and
quality of manure employed on it the year preceding.

•3. The quantity of manure used the present season.

i. The quantity of seed used, and if Potatoes, the sort,

5. Tho time and manner of sowing, weeding, and har-
vesting the crop and the amount of the product, ascer-
tained by actual measurement, after the whole produce,
for which a premium is claimed, is harvested, and the en-
tire expense of cultivation.

6. In regard to Indian Corn, the entire crop of the aero
offered ibr premium, if shelled, must be measured between
the 15th Nov. and 1st December. If not shelled, the wholo
must be weighed within the same dales — and the Trus-
tees have determined to consider 75 pounds of Corn and
Cob as equivalent lo one bushel of shelled Corn.

And In relation to all vegetables, [except Potatoes, On-
ions, and common Turnips] at least 40 bushels musit be
weighed, and 56 pounds will be considered as equal to
one bushel, free from dirt.

Heifer shall not afterwards be entered for premium as a
Milch Cow.

j For Grain and Vegetable Crops.

I To the person who shall raise the greatest
' quantity of Indian Corn on an acre, not less
than 100 bushels, $20.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of vegetables, [grain, peas, and beans
exceprted] for winter consumption, of the stock
of his own farm, and not for sale, in proportion
to the size of the farm, the stock kept, having
regard to the respective value of said vegeta-
bles as food, stating the expense of raising the
same, and the best mode of preserving the same
tiiroughout the winter, 830.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of Winter Wheat on an acre, not less
than 30 bushels, 820.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of Barley on an acre, not less than 45
bushels, $20.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of Rye on an acer, not less than 30
bushels, $20.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
crop of Millet on an acre, cut and cured for hay,
not less than three tons, the claimant giving ev-
idence of the time of sowing, the quantity of
seed sown, and the quantity of hay produced,
820.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of Carrots on an acre, not less than
600 bushels, 820.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of Potatoes on an acre, not less than
500 bushels, 820.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of common Beets on an acre, not less
than GOO bushels, .$20.

For Exfierimcnls and Discoveries.

For a mode of extirpating the worm that at-i
tacks the Locust Tree, which shall appear to
the satisfaction of the Trustees to be effectual,
$100.

For a mode hitherto unknown, to extirpate

To the person who shall raise the greatest | the Borer that attacks the Apple Tree, which
quantity of Sugar Beets on an acre, not less than j shall appear to the satisfaction of the Trustees
600 bushels, 820. ' to be effectual and cheaper than any mode now

To the person who shall raise the greatest ' in use, 850.
quantity of Parsnips on an acre, not less than i For an effectual and satisfactory mode of de-
400 bushels, 820. i stroying the Bee Moth, or of preventing its rav-

To the person who shall raise the greatest | ages, $20.
quantity of Mangel Wurtzel on an acre, not I To the person who shall make the experiment
less than 600 bushels, $20. ^ of turning in green crops as a manure, on a

To the person who shall raise the greatsst I tract not less than one acre, and prove its utility
quantity of Iluta Baga on an acre, not less than and cheapness, giving a particular account of
600 bushels, 820. i the process and its result, $20.

To the person who shall raise the greatest j To the person who shall use tho Drill Plough
quantity of Turnips on an acre, not less than | ^^ Machine and apply it most successfully to the
600 bushels, 820. ■ cultivation of any small grains or seeds, on a

To the person who shall raise the greatest

quantity of Onions on an acre, not less than
600 bushels, .$20.

To the person who shall raise the greatest
quantity of Cabbages on an acre, not less than
25 tons' weight, free from earth when weighed,
820.

scale of not less than one acre, 820.

To'the person who shall prove to the satisfac-
tion of the Trustees, that his mode of rearing,
feeding, and fattening neat cattle, is best, 820.

To the person who shall prove to the satisfac-
tion of the Trustees, the utility and comparatite

To the person who shall rais^ the greatest I value of the cobs of Indian Corn, when used

98

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 15, 1830.

itself ground or bro-

with or without the grain
ken, 820.

Claims under the two last heads, together with the
proper evidences, must be deUvered, free of expense, to
Benjamin Guild, Esq. [in Boston] Assistant Recording
Secretary of this Society, on or before the 1st day of De-
cember next. The Trustees will decide upon said claims
at their meeting on the second Saturday of said mouth.

For Butter, Cheese, mid Cider.

For the best Cheese, not less than one year
old, and not less in ijuantity than one hundred
pounds, §10. For the nest best do, do, ■'^5.
For the best Cheese, less than one year old,
810. For the next best do, do, -$5.

For the best Butter, not less than fifty pounds,
815. For the next best do, do, .810. For the
next best, do, do, $7. For the next best, do, do,
85.

For the greatest quantity of Butter and
Cheese, made between the 15th of May and the
1st of October, from not less tiian four Cows,
the quantity of Butter and Cheese, and the
number of Cows, to be taken into consideration,
and specimens to be exhibited at the Show, of
not less than 20 pounds of each, and the mode
of feeding, if anything besides pasture was
used, 820.

For the best specimens of Cider, not less
than one barrel, made in 1829, manufactured
by the person who shall exhibit the same, and
from apples grown on his own farm, S15. For
the next best barrel, .^lO.

The person obtaining the first premium shall
be entitled to a further sum of 85. as a com-
pensation for the premium barrel of Cider,
which will be retained and used at the Show
Dinner, in order that he may have the credit of
it.

[These premiums will be continued in future years.
Persons claiming them must state, in writing, their pro-
cess of making and managing their cider, and the kind of
apples used.]

Besides the above premiums for Butter, the
Trustees will award two, as follows, in the month
of December next.

For the best lot of Butter, in tubs or firkins,
(not less than three hundred pounds) 8100.

For the second best, 850.

The butter offered for these two premiums
must be deposited at the Agricultural Ware-
house, No. 52, North Market street, Boston, care
of Mr John B. Russell, on or before the Isl
day of December, and a claim in writing be ad-
dressed to Benj. Guild, Esq. (in Boston) As-
sistant Recording Secretary, (post paid) on or
before said day .

Farmers in other States are invited to com-
pete for these two premiums. Competitors are
offered the further inducement of a ready mar-
ket, and high prices for good butter. An auc-
tioneer will be employed by the Trustees to sell
at public auction all the butter presented, with-
out charge to the owners, unless the owners
should prefer to dispose of it at private sale.

For Inventions.
To the person who shall invent the best ma-
chine for pulverizing and grinding plaster to
the fineness of 25 bushels per ton, and which
shall require no more power than a pair of oxen
or a horse, to turn out two tons per day, and
so portable that it can be moved from one farm
to another without inconvenience, 630.

To the person who shall produce at the Show
any other agricultural implement of his own in-
vention, which shall, in the opinion of the Trus-
tees, deserve a reward, a premium not exceed-
ing twenty dollars — according to the value of
the article exhibited.

In all cases, proof must be given of the work done by
the machine, before it is e.xhibited ; — and of its having
been used and approved by some practical farmer.

Persons who have taken out patents for their inventions
are not thereby excluded from claiming any of the above
premiums.

No claimant will be entitled to a premium, unless, in
the opinion of the Committee, the machine or implement
presented by him shall be superior to any designed for
the same use, and which shall have heretofore gained a
premium.

For raising Trees mid Hedges.
To the person who, on or before the 1st De-
cember, 1832, shall have raised the largest
plantation of the White Mulberry Tree, not less
than 2000 plants, nor less than three years old,
850.

To the person who shall exhibit within the
same time, the greatest quantity of raw or unman-
ufactured silk, not less than ten pounds, of his
own raising, 820.

For the best plantation of White Oak Trees,
not less than one acre, nor fewer than 1000
trees per acre, to be raised from the acorn, not
less than three years old — and which trees shall
be in the most thriving state on the 1st of Sep-
tember, 1830, 8100.

For the best plantation of White Ash, Larch,
or Yellow Locust Trees, each of not less than one
acre, nor few.er than 1000 trees per acre, to be
raised from the seeds, and which trees, not less
than three years old, shall be in the most thriv-
ing state, on the 1st September, 1831, 850.

For the best Live Hedge, made either of
White or Cockspur Thorn, planted after 1820,
not less than 100 rods, and which shall be in
the most thriving state in 1831, $50.

For the best Buckthorn Hedge, not less than
100 rods, and which shall be in the most thriv-
ing state in 1830, 850.

To the person who shall have planted out on
his farm sincethe spring of 1820, the best Apple
Orchard, of not less than 100 trees, and who
shall exhibit to theTrustees at the Show in 1830,
satisfactory evidence of his having managed the
same with care and skill, $50.

For Domestic Mmmfaciures. \

For the best l" Woollen Blankets, not Ie§3
than ten pairs, .*50. :

For the best Worsted Camlet or Bombazett,
not less than sixltj yards, 840.

For the best Linen Sheeting, not less than
fifty yards, 8-30.

For the best Linen Shirting, not less than
fijty yards, 830.

For the best Sewing Silk, not less than ten
pounds, 830.

All the above must be manufactured within the state
of Massachusetts. And all manufactures, when present-
ed, must have a private mark, and any public or known
mark must he completely concealed, so as not to be seen
or known by the Committee, nor must the pro|)rictors be
piesent when they are examined — in default of cither of
these requisitions, the articles will not be deemed entitled
to consideration or premium.

Gratuities will be given, as in former years, for speci-
mens of useful and ornamental manufactures, of extraor-
dinary quality, presented at the hall for exhibition.

For the best cidtivated Farms.
For the best cultivated Farm, $100.
For the next best cultivated Farm, 875.
The farm to consist of not less than seventy
acres, exclusive of woodland. The owner or
tenant, to entitle himself to either of the premi-
ums, must state in writing the nature and quali-
ty of the soil; the proportions suitable for till-
age, mowing, and pasturing, respectively, and
especially the quantity of irrigated meadow or
low land which is never tilled or ploughed.

The number of acres planted the present
year with corn, potatoes, and other vegetables.
The number sowed with winter and spring
grains, and other vegetables, specifying the sev-
eral kinds, and the number of acres planted or
sown with each.

The quantity and kind of manure used for
each crop, and the times and manner of apply-
ing it.

The quantity and quality of each crop.
The number of acres mowed the present year,
specifying the proportion of irrigated, meadow,
or low land, and the proportion which had been
ploughed or tilled, and the kind of grass and
quantity of hay on each.

Manner of irrigating the lands, and dressing
and manuring meadow or low land, and irriga-
ted upland, if any, and laying down tilled land
to grass.

The kinds of grass seed sown, the quantity of
each, the time of year, and whether sown with
oats, barley, or other grain, or alone.

The number of acres of pasture, the part, if
any, that had previously been ploughed; when
this part was laid down, and the kinds and quan-
tities of grass seed sown per acre.

The number of apple trees on the farm; the
proportion grafted; whether planted in orchards
or partly by the fences against the road; the
quantity of winter apples gathered and cider
made; treatment of the trees, and manner of
making cider.

The form and dimensions of barns, sheds,
and barn-yards, and manner of collecting and
making manure.

The number of oxen, cows, and young stock,
horses, and sheep, kept on the farm through
the year, and the quantity of butter and cheese
made, distinguishing the new milk from the
other cheese, and the breed of cows, whether
foreign, mixed, or native.

The number of swine and quantity of pork
made.

The labor employed in carrying ou the farm,
and the quantity of ardent spirits consumed

As it is deemed important to ascertain the
best rotation of crops, it is expected that the
applicants for these premiums will state the kind
of crop, if not able to state the quantity, raised
on the several and respective pieces of tillage,
mowing, and pasture land described in their
statements, for two years nest preceding the
present one.

The whole statement to be sworn to by the
applicant. The Trustees to be at liberty, in
all cases, before they award the premium, to
visit, by a committee, or such other persons as
they shall appoint, the farms of the applicants,
if they deem it expedient.

JV. B. Claims to be addressed to Benjamin
Guild, Esq. in Boston, (nost paid) before the 20th
day of Ocinhcr.

Vol.IX.— No.l3.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

99

Plonffhing Match. i

On the 20th day of October, premiums will
be given to the owners and Ploughmen of the
three Ploughs, drawn by two yoke of oxen,
and to the owners and ploughmen of three
ploughs drawn by one yoke of oxen, which
shall be adjudged by a competent committee,
to have performed the best work with the least
expense of labor, not exceeding half an acre to
each plough. Entries may be made of the
names of competitors until the morning of the
20th. Preference will be given to those who
enter first — but if, on calling the list at the
hour appointed, precisely, those first named do
not appear, the next in order will be preferred.
There will be two committees, of three each —
one to be judges of the ploughing by double
teams, the other of the ploughing by siuijle
teams; — the latter to have assigned to them a
part of the field distinct from that of the double
teams.

Premiums as follows, [being the same for
the double and single teams: — ]

First Plough, 815,

Ploughman, 3,

Driver, 4.

Second Plough, $10,

Ploughman, 5,

Driver, 3.

Third Plough, s6.

Ploughman, 3,

Driver, 2.
In each case, if there be no driver, both
sums to be awarded to the ploughman.

Those who intend to conteml for tliese prize?, must
give notice in writing to the person who shall be appoint-
ed for that purpose in Brighton, whose name will he sea-
sonably published. The competitors will be considered
as agreeing to follow such rules and regulations as may
be prescribed by the committees. The ploughs to be
ready to start at 9 o'clock, A. M.

Rules and Regulations.
Animals may be offered for a premium at
Brighton, notwithstanding they may ' have re-
ceived a premium from a County Agricultural
Society.

All manufactures and implements, also Butter,
Cheese, Cider, lie, must be brought to the
Hall, and entered on Monday the 18th, to be
examined on Tuesday the 19th.

All entries of animals for the pens, or as
working cattle, must be made before Tuesday
the 19th.

The Ploughing Matches will commence on
Wednesday morning, at half past nine o'clock
prccisclij.

Trial of Working Oxen at eleven o'clock
precisely.

The public sales of Manufactures and Ani-
mals at twelve o'clock.

The applicants will be held to a rigid com-
pliance with the rule relative to entries, as well
aa the other rules prescribed.

Besides such animals as may have been of-
fered for premiums, any others that are consid-
ered as possessing fine qualities will be admitted
for sale. And for all animals or manufactures,
that are intended to be sold, notice must be
given to the Secretary, before ten o'clock of
the 20th. Auctioneers will be provided by the
Trustees.

It is understood, that whenever, merely from

want of competition, any of the claimants may
be considered entitled to the premium, under a
literal construction; — yet if, in the opinion of
the judges, the object so offered is not deserv-
ing of any reward, the judges shall have a right
to reject such claims. Persons to whom pre-
miums shall be awarded, may, at their option,
have an article of plate with suitable inscrip-
tions, in lieu of money.

In cases where pecuniary premiums are offer-
ed, the Trustees may, having regard to the cir-
cumstances of the competitors, award either
the Society's gold or silver medals in lieu of
the pecuniary premium annexed to the several
articles.

That if any competitor for any of the Socie-
ty's premiums shall be discovered to have used
any disingenous measures, by which the objects
of the Society have been defeated, such person
shall not only forfeit the premium which may
have been awarded to him, but be rendered in-
capable of being ever after a competitor for any
of the Society's premiums.

Time ofPaijing Preimdms. — The Treasurer
will attend at the Hall at 5 o'clock, P. M. on
the day of the Show, and on the next day from
9, A. M. till 12, M. to pay all premiums awarded.

All premiums not demanded within six months
after they shall have been awarded, shall be
deemed to have been generously given to aid
the funds of the Society.

By order of the Trustees,

R. SULLIVAN, ^

G. PARSONS, (

E. H. DERBY, ( Committee.

J. HEARD, Jr. ■'

January, 1830.

From the Microcosm.

PAWTUXET FAIR

CoDtioued from page 94.
SHEEP AND SWI.VE.

The committee on Sheep and Swine, awarded
the first premium for the best boar Pig, to Arthur
Greene, $6

To Abner Sprague, next best, 4

To Elisha Baker, for the next best, 2

To Russel Proctor for two fine Pigs, 6

To Arthur Greene, for the next best, 4

To Abner Sprague, for the next best, 2

They award for the best Ram, belonging to
Charles Potter, $8

The next best, to the same, 3

The next best, to the same, 3

To William Potter, for the six best Ewes, §6
To Charles Potter, for the sis next best, 4
THOMAS HOLDEN,

For the Committee.

W0RKI>G CATTLE.

The Committee on working Cattle beg leave to
report that after viewing a large number of fine
looking oxen, they award the first premium to
Olney Williams, Cranston, $8

The second premium to H. Sarle, 6

The third do, for a pair of Oxen, owned by
James F. Simmons. 4

The fourth do, to Seneca Stone, 2

On three year old Steers, the first premium, to
John Foster, 6

The second premium to Olney Williams 4
The third premium to Philip Paine, 2

On 2 year old Steers, the second premium to
Samuel Budlong, of Cranston, 4

For yearling Steers, not mentioned in the pre-
mium list, the committee reconimciid a premium
of 1 dollar, to John H. Arnold, of Warwick.
STEPHEN WATERMAN, Covcnin),
For the Committee.

HORSES.

The Committee on Horses, having attended to
the duties of their appointment, rejiurt, that they
have noticed with great pleasure for several years,
an increased competition, in the exhibition of this
noble animal ; and on no year so great a competi-
tion as the present.

After a careful examination, your committee are
of opinion that the premium of thirty dollars be
awarded to the Highlander, owned by Ralph
Watsont $30

Several other fine Horses were exhibited, and
your committee woidd rcconmiend that a premi-
um of eight dollars be awarded for the horse Ro-
meo, owned by Stephen B. Cornell, $S

And a like premium of eight dollars for the
horse Young Swamp Lion, owned by Daniel
Farnum, 8S

There were several other fine horses on the
ground, and your committee regret their inability
to notice them in a more stttisfactory manner.

The first premium on brood mares and colts,
is awarded to Thomas G. Allen, of N. Kings-
ton, $10

The second premium of eight dollars to Abra-
ham C. Atwood, of Johnston, $S

It is recommended that a premium of two dol-
lars be awarded to Charles Potter, of Ports-
mouth, for a fine mare and colt, presented by
him , $2

CHARLES ELDRIDGE,

For the Committee.

SIGNS OF A GOOD FARMER.

His corn land is ploughed in the fall. He
seldom lets bis work drive him. Has a cook-
ing stove with plenty of pipe to it. The wood
lots he possesses are fenced. His sled is housed
in summer, and his cart, ploughs and wheelbarrow,
winter and summer, when not in use ; has as
many yoke of good oxen as be has horses — Does
not feed his hogs with whole grain — Lights may
be seen in his house often before break of day in
winter — His hog pen is boarded inside and out
— has plenty of weeds and mud in his yard
in the fall — All his manure is carried out
from his buildings and barn yard twice in the
year, and chip dimg once a year — His cattle are
almost all tied up in the winter — He begins to
find out that manure put on land in a green state
is the most profitable — Raises three times as many
turnips and potatoes for his stock as he does for
his family — Has a good ladder raised against the
roof of his house — Has more lamps in his house
than candlesticks — Has a house on pm-pose to
keep his ashes in, and an iron or tin vessel to take
them up — He has a large barn and a small house
— seldom has more pigs than cows — adjoining
his hog pen he has a bole to put weeds and sods,
and makes three loads of best manure from every
old hog and two from every pig. A good farmer
in this country begins to find out that steaming
vegetables can be done at one third the expense
of boiling — and that Mangel Wurtzel, Millet,
Carrot, and Ruta Baga root crops are things
worth thinking of — he fences before he ploughs
and manures before he sows — He deals more for
cash than on credit.

100

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 15, 1830

is®3iasawsrit®iisa®sjt2.

NAPOLEON AND PASSE COLMAR PEARS.

Thomas G. Fessendeiv, Esq.

Dear Sir — In your paper of Sept. •24lh, the
Hon. John Lowell states that he shall not continue
the discussion which has existed ' under an;/ cir-
cumstances.' Believing that such was rtaU;/ the
intent of Mr L., and being willing at all times to
])ursue a conciliator}' course, I had coiicludiid to
.suppress nearly four columns of matter ])rcpared
about two weeks since. It is therefore to he ro-
gretted that the /?)-s< arh'c/e, in your vei-tj next pa-
jier, should be a renewal of the attack by Mr
Lowell, under the anonymous title oi '■ Agricola,''
I forbear all coni:uent, but the widely altered Style
of this last comniiinieation might have concealed
from one unskilled as myself the real author of it,
were it not that I have no recollection of having
ever imparted to any one the circumstances to
which it alludes save Mr L. himself. That cir-
cumstance (although I do not acknowledge the
justice of the call.) I will now e.\i)lain, and, for
the sake of harmony, it is perhaps to be regretted
that lie has noticed a circumstance so conelusive
against himse/f. In the summer of 1829, 1 paid a
visit to Boston, and in one of my letters addressed
To Long Island. I stated that I should soon send
a quantity of scions of the Huhbardston Nonsuch,
Red Baldwin, and other choice apples of that vi-
cinity. In the mean time, Mr Lowell, with that
liberality which so particularly distinguishes him,
and to which no one jiays more homage than
myself, presented me with scions of several of
liis newest i>ears, the whole being carefully en-
veloped and numericalli/ labelled. In the haste
of the moment I transmitted the scions to Flushing
without remark, myself gtopj)ing at Rhode Island,
where I was speniling the summer. The ])erson
to whose hands they wore consigned, expecting to
receive only apple grafts, and having no advice
from nie to guide him, still thought (although the
scions had not a leaf on them) that their appear-
ance WAS THAT OF PEARS, and he consequently
took the precaution to inoculate half of each
parcel on pears, and half on apples, thus proving
that the bark alone had even with hiin a most
powerful influence, and was the only means u'hich
led to a correct judgment. Last spring, in writing
to Mr Lowell, for a renewal of some scions, I
stated, as an apology for trcspa.--siiig on him again,
the circumstance that part of the )irevious parcel
Iiad been budded on ap[)les, and not eiitciing into
particular detail, he ajijjearsto have misunderstood
the facts.

I could here quote ;i humorous case where Mr
L. himself, told a gentleman that lie could distin-
guish some apple and ])ear grafts which Mr L.
had jiresented to him, by the bark, hut I omit it for
the present.

In mv first communication in relation to the
Napoleon jiear, no idea was entertained of cen-
suring Mr L., for I never doubted his intentions to
preserve the utmost accuracy, and to mistakes wo
i;re all liable. Jly object was simply to explain
the existence of an error, which may have been
more or less widely disseminated. The eristence
of that error has been fully proved by the jiresen-
tation to the Mass. Ilort. Society, at their meet-
ing of the 2.5th Sept. i,f \]iu fruit troni a tree ob-
tained as the A'^";''/(o(i which was pronounced by
all to be Passe Colmur — and the distinguished Po-
mologist who presented it, (and whose siqierior

we may vainly look for in our country) declares,
that although he has twice obtained scions called
Napoleon, he has not yet a genuine tree ia his
possession.

Where other trees are similarly situated, the
owners can easily correct the error by the foliage,
wood, and growth, without waiting for either flow-
ers or fruit, and my first object is therefore an-
swered.

In conclusion, I have to state, that in no jiart of
my communications, have 1 censured Mr Knight,
or even referred to him, and I shall always en-
deavor to equal IMr Lowell in discussing all dif-
ferences with good humor and free from prejudice
and ill-will. Very Respectfully,

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

Linns&n Botanir Garden, \
Oclober 4, JS30. )

BEES.

Mr Editor — A singular circumstance has tak-
en place in two swarms of bees, which I think
will be interesting to those who have studied the
economy of this interesting and useful insect.

You must know that I am quite a young bee
master, having commenced last spring with two
hives, from which I have had three middling and
two small swarms : all, excepting the first, I hived
myself without any difficulty. The two small
swarms which are the occasion of this communi-
cation, swarmed on the 5th and 7th of June.
The first lit upon a small peach tree in the c ir-
ner of my garden. After they were hived they
were jilaced about twelve feet from the ground
on the beams of my wood shed adjoining my
house, where the other three swarms had ]irevious-
ly been placed. The bees remained in the hive
for three or four days, until I was fearfiil they
would starve. I examined all the books I had, to
find a similar case without success. I thought at
first they had lost their Queen, but I found if they
had they would be in confusion, and would prob-
ably return to the place where they first lit in
search of her, instead of which they remained
quietly and peaceably in a clump in one corner of
the hive. I then thought they disliked the titua-
tiuii of the hive and had it removed near the place
where they had lit, and had the s.ilisfaction to
find that they commenced working immediately.
The other swarm was hived and the hive
placed on top of this other hive with a view to
unite the two swarms ; the two hives v.cre con-
nected by a small hole in the top of the bottom
hive; ihey also had each of them an external
communication, so that the bees would go in and
out of their respeciive hives without interfering
with each other. I examined the upper liive
several times in the course of three or four day.-s,
and found they had formed a piece of comb about
4 inches by 6 in a corner of their hive, and that
they apjieared peaceably disposed towards each
other. I then closed the external entrance of the
toj) hive so as to compel all the bees in it to de-
scend through the bottom hive to get out. I
watched them to see if this would occasion fight-
ing or commotion in the hive, Ihu everything ap-
peared [leaceable. .After a day or two I examin-
ed the upper hive to see if they continued to work
separately or had united, and found the comb in it
the same as it was before I had closed the entrance.
It was now a question whether the bees in the
upper biro had deserted both hives, or one of the
queens had been sacrificed, or if thoy had united
and dwelt together in harinonv.

Everything appeared however to go on pros-
perously until last Friday, when, as the hive was in
a very exposed situation with but a slight and tem-
porary covering, I directed my man to remove the
hive in the evening and place it on the beam in
the shed, where it had originally been placed.
Not thinking the bees would desert their winter
store, I gave myself no trouble about them. But
on Sunday evening, about sunset, he told me the
bees had left the hive and gone back to the old
place. I immediately went there, and found
about a good quart of bees hanging under the bench
upon which the hive had stood. I examined
the hive and found only a jiait of the bees had left
it. I then placed the hive in which they had been
hived with the piece of comb in it as they had
left it on the bench where the other hive had stood,
and on JMonday morning found they had taken
possession of it and had commenced working.
The question now is, is this a new swarm at this
late season, 24 Sept., or is it the original swarra,
and have the two queens dwelt together in har-
mony in the same hive all summer. If they have,
is it not a very singular circumstance that this
queen's antipathy to the jilace should be so great
as to cause her to forsake her winter store at this
season of the year? JACOB TIDD.

Jto.rbury, Oct. 4.

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

Mr Fesse.nde.n — Much difference of opinion
has existed as to the advantages of siniug and fali
planting of trees, &c. Spring being the season
when our feelings are the most awakened to
pleasurable sensations and when we take the moss
satisfaction in making our rural improvements, it
has from that circumstance probably arisen that
it is generally selected as the season for trans-
planting trees.

Experience however has proved that jilanta-
tions formed in autumn, are far the most success-
ful, and in all climates where the excessive cold
or the delicacy of the trees are not insurmount-
able objection, the fall plantiyig is to be preferred.
It allows a sufficient period for the ground to be-
come settled and compact about the roots, and
the latter become prepared during the same space
of time, to throw out the small fibrous roots
whose vegetation commences at the first return of
spring, uninterrupted by any retardment which a
spring removal is calculated to produce. Their
growth in such case seems unaffected by the
transition, and the settled state of the earth which
allows the young roots to extend themselves
jjromptly, forms a powerful protection against the
eftecis of drought, whereas when they are remov-
ed in the sjiring, the looseness of the earth for
a considerable period, retards the advance of
vegetation, and renders them liable to much in-
jury, thereby causing many trees to entirely fail
unless they are nourished by frequent waterings.
Cherry trees, of which a large jiroponion perish
in the spring, arc generally trans[)lantcd with suc-
cess in the Autumn, but notwithstanding my father
has fur more than thirty years stated these facts
j in public communications, still many omit to pur-
sue the course advised, and great annual losses
result to the public.

With regard however to those fruits that have
' been originally brought from warmer climates —
I such as the i)each, apricot, nectarine, and almond,
j which are natives of Persia, Armenia, &c, — it is
' necessary for us to consult the ojicrations of cli-
' mate also, and fiom a consideration of the attend-

Vol. IX.— No. 13.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

101

int circumstances, I have otinie li< ibe followinfi;
ronclusioii : — In localities soutlj of New York, the
fall season is preferable for transplanting all trees

north of New York, the fall is preferable only

for the apple, pear, plum, cherry, quince, and all
other trees of northern latitudes ; whereas the
^pruig is to be preferred for the jieach, apricot,
nectarine, and almond, which, for the reasons be-
fore stated, might, during severe winters, suffer
Irom the intensity of the frosts. Still I do not
mean to assert, that trees of these kinds are cer-
tain to he injured by the winter, as in very many
seasons they aie not iu the least affected, but they
ara exposed to vicissitudes which may or may not
occur. Blany gentlemen, however, of excellent
'judgment, make their plantations in the fall even
of the more delicate fruit trees, which only serves
:to prove, that even in the most intelligent minds a
diversity of opinion exists.
: Very respectfullv.

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.
Rhode Island, Oct. 5, 1830.
I P. S. Capi. Jacob Smith, of this place, has this
moment called in and presented me with an
Orange quince weighing 17ozs. — it is the largest
I have ever seen, and is rather more plainly groov-
ed from the head to the base than is usually the
case. He accompanied it by a splendid cluster of
the White Muscadine grape, of which he has a
great crop ; the mildew, fugs, and humid atmos-
phere of this Island yielding readily- to the all
powerful influence of sulphur and lime.

CULTURE OF THE PLUM.

Thomas G. Fessende.v, Esq.

Dear Sir — I have remarked that erroneous
impressions ap|)ear to exist in regard to the
character of this tree, among persons not conver-
sant with the subject. — Many jieople residing in
the colder latitudes, suppose that it is equally
delicate with the Peach, Apricot, and Nectarine
and because their climate is unsuitable for these,
tliey likewise reject the culture of the Plum; but
the fact is the latter not only possesses a much
more hardy character, but is often found to pro-
duce fruit most abundantly in lattitudes too far
north, for the Peach to be cultivated successfully.
In the vicinity of Albany, and in the most west-
ern and northern sections of the State of New
York, the Plum trees produce abundantly, and in
the neighborhood of Montreal, and other parts of
Lower Canada their crops are also very great. —
On the Islands of the St Lawrence, near Montreal,
I have myself rambled through groves of Plum
trees, the natural growth of the soil, and loaded
with red and yellow fruit. — It is doubtless true
that some varieties are more tender than others,
and that a judicious selection should be made ;
hut I conceive the number is very limited of such
varieties as will not support the winter of the cold-
est latitudes of our country, and those which {
have originated among us may certainly be select-
ed with little doubt of success. In no case how-
ever when removed to a cold climate, should the
trees be budded on the peach stock, as the root
might then perish, although the [dum growth
would otherwise have succeeded. And indeed
the stocks invariably to be preferred are such as
possess ths most hardy character, and perhai)s
none is more suitable than the yellow variety of
the Prunvs americana. In England the Muscle
and the Pear Plum are principally used for ?tocks.
In France, the St Julien is preferred for that pur-
pose i but although I have them all under culture.

I prefer the one first referred to. There is another
point to be considered in forming plantations of
plu m trees, and which forms with some persons a
great objection to their culture. This is, their
being subject to injury from an insect that stings
the branches and causes large protuberances to
(orm on them, which if not removed, produce a
canker that in time destroys the tree. This ob-
jection may howeverbe readily remedied by a judi

the penalties shall have accrued, and not after-
wards.

LARGE FRUIT.

Mr Editor — The papers mention that six ap-
ples of the Pomroyal species, gathered from a tree
of Col. J. Goodman of Springfield, averaged more
than a pound each, and one of tliem weighed

nineteen oimces. I now send for your inspection
cious selection of the kinds, for there is a consider- 'Ji'-'e apples from my orchard, known as the Quince

ble number of varieties, whicli are very little sub-
ject to the attacks of this insect, and some which
are not at all so. Among those least subject to
be attacked, may be enumerated the Yellow and
Red Chickasaw, American Cherry, Atnerican Red
and Yellow, Yellow Egg, Washington, Iluling's
Superb, Tomlinson's Charlotte, Imperial Violet,
White gage. Smith's Orlean, Italian Prune, Elfrey,
Violet Empress, Miller's Spanish, Lewistown egg,
Coc's golden drop, the large Red, Violet, and
White Dame Aubert, Imperial Milan, Imperial
Ottoman, and a number of others. But even
when trees are stung by these insects, if proper
attention is paid at an early stage, and every branch
carefully cut off in February or March below where
any apjiearance of the canker extends, and these
branchc, in which at that period the eggs of the
insects sare deposited, are immediately burned,
such attention will in a short period, totally eradi-
cate them.

Very respectfully.

WM ROBERT PRINCE.

Linnxan Botanic Garden, }
Ocl. 7, 1830. i

TRESPASSERS IN ORCHARDS.

The following is an abstract of the Statute 1818,
Chap. 3d, for the prevention of trespasses in Orch-
ards, and Gardens, SfC.

Sec. 1. If any person enter upon any grass-
land, orchard, or garden, without jiermission, tcilh
intent to cut, destroy, take, or carry away, any
grass, hay, fruit, or vegetables, with intent to in-
jure or defraud the owner: such person shall, on
conviction, before a justice of the jieace, forfeit
and pay, for every such ofl^ence, a sum not less than
two, nor more than ten dollars ; and be also liable
in damages to the party injured.

Sec. 2. If any person, having entered as afore-
said, shall take, without ])ermlssion, and with in-
tent to injure and defraud the owner, any grass,
hay, fruit, vegetable, or shrub, cultivated for orna-
ment or use ; such |)erson shall, on conviction, by
indictment or information before any court of
Common Picas, forfeit and pay a sum not less than
five, nor more than fifty dollars, for each offence,
and be farther liable to the party injured, in dam-
ages, equal to three times the value of the grass,
hay, fruit, vegetable, or shrub carried away.

Sec. 3. If any jierson, having entered, as
aforesaid, shall, without permission of the owner,
and with intent to injure him, break, bruise, cut,
mutilate, injure, or destroy any fruit-tree, tree for

apple, which, when taken from the tree, weighed
lo'^vlherfve pounds and three ounces; the largest
weighs one ;/o!mrf and five ounces; and measures
one foot and two and an half inches in circumlcr-
ence. The fruit for cooking especially, is as fine
as the apples are large. The tree is a good bear-
er. I will, with pleasure, give scions, in the
proper season, to such gentlemen as may desire
them. L. LINCOLN.

Sept. 27, 1830. .Waw. Spy.

BOSTON, FEIDAV, OCTOBER 15, 1830.

MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW.

The ' Middlesex Society of Husbcindmcn,' held
their annual exhibition at Concord, on Thursday,
the 7th inst. The assemblage of spectators was
numerous and re<:pectable, and the different
branches of the displays and ])roccedings of the
day were a|)propriate and well conducted.

The Ploughing Match was well contested, and
indicated much dexterity in the most iinijortant
part of the art of husbandry. Five double teams
and nine single teams were entered. Of the
double team.", AbicI H. Wheeler, of Concord, ob
tained the first premium ; Samuel Hoar, 2d of
Lincoln, the 2d do; Maj. Ephraim Flint, of do,
the third. Of the single teams, Silas Conant, of
Concord, obtained the first premium ; Nathan
Brooks of Acton, the second, and James B. Brown,
the third.

Seventeen yokes of cattle contested in the trial
of strength. The first premium was awarded to
Prescot Barrett, of Westfonl ; second to Isaac
Brooks, of Lincoln ; third to Edward Wetherbee,
of Acton ; and fourth to Silas Conant, of Con-
cord.

The premiums on farms were awarded to Abncr
Wheeler, of Franiingham, first jiremium ; Dea.
Thomas Hubbard, of Concord, second do ; Francis
Richardson, of Billcrica, 3d do.

.\n able and very useful Address was delivered
by Elias Phinney, Esq. of Charlestown and Lex-
ington. This was plain, ))raclical, and replete
with usefid information relative to some of the
most important topics of agriculture. It gave
directions for subduing and cultivatino- peat and
boggy lands ; stated the kinds of crops, which
theory and practice concurred in proving to be
best adapted to such soils ; shewed that the
plough, although the most important and indis-

ornameiit or shade, or shrub cultivated for orna- 1 pensable implement in agriculture, may, by its in-
ment or use, such person, on conviction as in sec. judicious use, deteriorate, instead of imjjrovingthe
2. shall forfeit and pay a sum not less than ten, I soil. The address, was scientific as well as prac-
nor more then one hundred dollars. I tical, and, what added to its value, mostly found-

Sec. 4. If any person shall conjinit any of the led on actual experiments, made under the super-
above mentioned trespasses on the Lord's day, or intendcnce, or within the observation of the Ora-
in the night time {that is between sunsetting and tor. A vote of thanks was presented to Mr Phin-
sunrising) he shall be liable to pay double the above I ney, and a coi)y of his Address was requested for
penalties. And all prosecutions for breaches of i the press, which request, we are happy to leani,
this act, shall be conunenced within one year will be complied with,
from the time the offence shall be- committed, or After the Address, the Society again formed in

102

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 15,1830.

procession, escorted by the Brigade Band, marched
to Shepherd's Coffee House, where an excelleut
dinner was partaken of by more than 200 persons.
A number of regular and eccentric toasts exhih-
rated the mind, while the body was feasted, and
excellent music served to complete the entertain-
ment.

The Song, given on the last page of this day's
paper, written expressly for the occasion, was
6ung with marked approbation, by Mr J. W.
Newell, of Charlestown.

Berkshire Cattle Show. — The twentieth Anniver-
sary Meeting of the Berkshire Agricultural Society
was holden on the 6th and 7th iust. An address
was deliveied by Theodore Sedgwick, Esq. of
Stockbridse.

Remarkable Calf. — William Furness, Esq. of
Medford, Massacliusetts, owns a Heifer Calf which
was calved 17th of March last, and weighed on
the 20th of September, 465 lbs. Its Sire, we under-
stand, belongs to Nathan Adams, Esq. of the same
place.

VERMONT PRODUCTIONS.

Mr Russell — From the twelve seeds you gave
me, of what is called the Valparaiso squash, I
succeeded in raising nine plants, (the bugs having
destroyed the other three,) which have produced
a large quantity of squashes — some of the bran-
ches run to a very great length. I procured a car-
penter to measure one of the Vines — the greatest
extremity from east to west 92 feet ; the whole
branches from one plant 34S feet. We have cook-
ed one of these squashes, which I think superior
to any I have ever raised. The shell or rind is
very hard, and when boiled, the inside is scraped
from the shell with very little trouble.

I have also a Pumpkin Vine ; the produce of the
pumpkins from a single vine when weighed was
3921bs.

If you wish, I will send you one of the squashes
which weighs 46 lbs.

Yours, truly, WIGHT CHAPMAN.

Middlebury, Ft. Oct, 4, 1830.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, October 9, 1830.
FRUITS.

The display of fruits, today, was unusually
great. Our Horticultural friends, on this, as well
as upon former occasions, have manifested a zeal
for the dissemination of a knowledge of their best
varieties, which is liighly commendable in them
and gratifying to the lovers of good fruits. To
those gentlemen living at a distance, particularly
Col. Gibbs, of Brooklyn, N. Y., Mr Stephen II.
Smith, of Providence, R. I., and Mr E. Edwards,
of Springfield, for the trouble they have taken, in
forwarding fine specimens of fruits, the Committee
feel greatly obliged.

Pears. — From Mr Toohey, no name. Napoleon
and Passe Colmar, from Mr S. Downer. Very
large and fine St Michaels, some of them weigh-
ing 9 oz., from Mr E. Edwards, of Springfield
A splendid specimen of St Michaels, for exhibition,
from Dr Shurtleff, of Boston. Seckel Pears, from
Mr Paine. Capsheaf, (supposed to be the Doyenne
Gris) Wilkinson, and a very superior Seedling
Pear, from Mr Stephen H. Smith, of Providence,
R. I. : of the latter variety, the committee would
be pleased to know more of its origin and history,
from Mr Smith.

Peaches. — Congress Clingstone and Washington
Free Stone Peaches, from Mr R. Manning, of Sa-
lem. Fine Seedhng Peaches, from Mr Davenport,
of Milton. Handsome Heath Clingstones, from
Mr E. M. Richards, of Dedham. 12 very large
and handsome Clingstone peaches, the three larg-
est weighing 1| lb. and measuring from 10 to lOJ
inches each in circumference, from Mr E. Edwards,
of Springfield.

Grapes. — Fine specimens of Black Cluster,
Black Hamburg, and Sweet Water, from Mr A.
T. Penniman, of Boston. Very large Catawba,
(the vine having been girdled) and Schuylkill Mus-
cadel, from E. Phinney. Very handsome speci-
mens of Black Hamburg, Barcelona, Oval Malaga,
Catawba, Schuylkill Muscadel, Isabella, White
Muscat, Red Chasselas, and some otiier varieties,
names not known, all of out door growth, from
Mr Z. Cook, Jr, of Dorchester. Part of a cluster
of large purjde grapes, imported from Gibraltar,
weighing, it was stated, when the cluster was en-
tire, and when taken from the vine, 1 1 pounds, by
Capt. Urann, of Dorchester. Chasselas grapes,
raised in open ground, from Mr Cheever Newhall,
of Dorchester. A basket of Grapes, of very fine
flavor, names not known to the coinmittee, from
Col. Gibbs, of Brooklyn, N. Y. Fine Esperion,
Black and White Corinth, Black Cape, Black
Hamburg, and a foreign Grape, (vines from M.
Loubat) all out door culture, from Mr D. Hagger-
ston, of the Charlestown Vineyard. Also, two
very beautiful boxes of Pine Strawberries, from
Mr Ilaggerston.

Apples. — A beautiful apple, name unknown,
from Mr Pickering Dodge, Jr, of Salem. A Spice
.^pple, weighing 18 oz. — circumference 14 inches,
from Mr AVatts Turner, of Medford. President
apples, from R. Manning, Salem. Pomme D'Api,
or Lady Apple, and two fine apples name un-
known, from Mr Thos. Whitmarsli. Governors
Apples, from Benj. Weld, of Roxbury.

Specimens of 55 varieties of apples, were ex-
hibited by ,Tohn Prince, Esq. of Roxbury. These
were all from tlie grounds of Mr Prince, were all
of excellent quality, and bear honorable testimony
to his enterprise and horticultural skill, in the se-
lection and propagation of the choicest fruits.
The names are contained in a subjoined letter from
Mr Prince to the Committee.
Per Order,

E. PHINNEY, Chairman.

JiMiic.i Plaixs, Oct. 8, 1830,
To THE Committee on Fruits —

Ge-ntlemen — I send you a sample of fiftyfive sorts
of Apples, the produce of my own farm. Many
kinds, (nearly twenty) have already passed by, this
season, and I have also many sorts not yet in bear-
ing. I trust they will give satisfaction.
I am very truly yours,

John Prince.

Pomme D'Api, or Lady apple ; Newtown Pipjjin ;
Ribstone Pippin ; Bellflower, from a graft of May,
1830; Old Pcarmain — produced full crops ; Baldwin;
R. I. Greening ; Roxbury Russet; Buckman's Pear-
main ; Seaver's Sweeting, (uncertain) ; Esopus Spit-
zenberg ; Golden Pippin ; Sweeting, from Hamburgh;
Violet, from France ; Royal ; Blue Pearmain ; Doc-
tor, or Devvitt (says W. R. Prince) ; Red flesh ; Car-
ter— English ; Pomme Neige, or Snov/ ; Calville
rouge and Calville blanc, from France ; Nonpareil,
from France ; Old French Dwarf, very prolific ; Sca-
verns, very fine — good till April ; another, much
resembles the last ; St Crispin, natural in Weston ;
Marigold ; Flat Pippin, from Maryland — superior ;
iHubbardston Nonsuch; Gardner's Sweeting; Cat-

head, or York Russet ; Swaar — celebrated in Phila-
delphia ; Golden Russet ; Fenouillet, from France;
Ducassade, from do ; Wareham Russet — England ;
Garden, from Salem ; Spice Pippin; Chataignier, from
France ; Court pendu gris, from do ; Reinette da
Canada, from do ; Fall Greening ; Pippin, fin France;
Imperial Table Apple from Holland ; Marean's ;
French Russet — and eight varieties of English,
French and American Apples, to which the tallies
are lost.

Among the fruits exhibited last week, was the
following, a description of which was accidentally
omitted. The Colmar Souvrain, one ot Van
Mons' new Seedlings, was brought to the i
Hall by Wm. R. Prince, 25th Sej)!., then not in
eating, but since ripened ; has been tasted and
proves an excellent pear. In size, it will compare
with the Brown Beurre, not so round and full, but
tapering more towards the stem and eye — color,
yellowish russet ; the eye and stem set in a small
cavity ; flesh, melting, juicy, and fine flavored ;
not quite so high flavored as a superior Brown
Beurre. It may be considered a good acquisition
to our list of Fruits.

From the Centinei.

Bees. — The attention of the public has been of
late often called to the culture of Bees. My own
experience and what I believe to be important
improvements in their management and in the
construction of their hives, have been such as to
enable me to make statements which have gained
some regard from intelligent keepers of apiaries,
which may deserve still more than they have re-
ceived. I have practised the making of hives 14
inches square by 7 deep ; the top perforated by
three round holes an inch in diameter, which are
to be placed over each other in order to remove
the top hive without disturbing or distroying tiia
bees.

The present year I had swarms from six hives.
One came out on the 5 th of June ; I put it into a hive
over which I placed another ; and at the same
time put an empty hive upon that from which the
swarm had issued. On the 31st of Jtdy I took
off my top hives : that from the before mentioned
swarm contained thirtyone pounds of good honey,
and that which had been put upon the old hive
twevtytwo pounds; making fijlythree pounds of
[Hire honey, and my six hives yielded one hundred
and eightynine pounds.

I added an empty hive to each, leaving a sufii.
cient quantity of honey in them severally for the
winter, and still, without impairing their winter
supply. When these top hives are removed this
fall, they will be found to contain much honey.
EBENEZER WITHINGTON.

Dorchester, August 14, 1830.

Grape Vines. — Eftbrts have been made at dif-
ferent times in this vicinity, tu introduce the cultW
vation of the vine : nearly, if not all, have failed, or
have been only partially successful. Two years
ago, Mr Loubat, a gentleman from the south of
France, commenced the undertaking on a much
more extensive plan than had heretofore been
done. For that purpose he purchased a farm on
Long-Island, fronting on the harbor, and about
five miles from Brooklyn, where he has laid down
upwards of sixty thousand vines, in a vineyard
of nearly fifty acres. The vines embrace ev-
ery description known in France, and were all
imported from that coimtry. They were mostly

Vol. IX. — No. 13.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

103

laid down two years ago last spriug. Tlie first
year they took root well, and were not injured by
the weatlier. In the spring following, they were
dressed, and quite a number of plants produced
grapes. The season of trial was considered to be
die following winter; but the last spring the roots
appeared to be in a healthy state — they were
again trimmed, in the same manner that they are
in France, and have flourislied in a most luxuriant
manner. A large portion of them arc now in
' successful bearing — many of them have from ten
to fifteen bunches on one stock, of the largest aud
most delicious flavor. Mr L. is now sending
them to market, and will begin to realize this sea-
son, being only the third summer, some return for
his large investment and great labor. Mr L. states
that his vines liave come forward more rapidly,
and on the third year produce more fruit, than in
Fiance. He has, thus far, experienced no injury
from the inclemency of the weather, although his
Tines have not been protected in the least. No
damage or inconvenience has been experienced
from insects, nor has there been any mildew. Mr
L. says that the experiment has exceeded his
most sanguine expectation, and has no doubt in
one year more lie will be able to furnish the tables
of the citizens with a supply of all kinds known
in France, at a very moderate price. Mr L. is
exerting himself to extend his culture as exten-
8i\ely as possible. — .V. Y. D. Mv.

To Correspondents — We regret the necessity of
deferring till next week,tlie remarks of '4 Cultivator'
with regard to the discussion respecting the Napoleon
and Passe Colmar Pears, and many other articles.

Erratum. — In our last paper, in the 1st article of the
firstpage, with the signature ' Looker On,' column 2d,
line 2d from the bottom, an error occurs, which destroys
the seuse of the passage. The word 'evidence' should
have been wildings.

The signature of S. D. in the last Horticultural Report,
was accidentally omitted.

Black
Fruit.

Grape Vines.
The Subscriber offers for sale at his Garden, the follow-
ing Grape Vines.
Black Hamburg, i

Black Cape,

ters,
Frankendaldt,
Esperione,
Isabella,
Grizzly Muscat,
Red Frontinac,
Red Chasselas,
Purple Muscat,
Red Constantia,
Golden Chasselas, &c.
Parsley leaved, or
Early Oval,

Muscat of Alexandria,
White Frontinac,
White Corinthian,
White Chasselas,
Chasselas de Fontainbleau,
Bar Sur Aube,
Cioutat,

Thomery Vines.
These Vines are from one to four years old, with fine
roots and fit for planting immedialelj^ The black Ham-
burg, Muscat of Alexandria, and the Corinthian, were
sent to the subscriber by Sir Joseph Banks, from Kew
Gardens, and are known to be genuine, the original plants
having all borne fruit for many years. The fine Black
Hamburgs from Mr Breed's Vinery, which were so much
admired at the Horlicultural dinner this season, were
raised from the subscriber's vines. Orders left at the
Garden or with the subscriber, will meet due attention.
Plants may be seen at the Garden.

SAMUEL G. PERKINS.
N. B. A few Pear Trees of the new species, both of
this country and Europe, are also offered for sale ; amon^
which are the Anguoleme, the Sieulle, and the Colmar
Souvrajn. Oct. 15.

Executor''s Sale at Auction.
Qn the premises, at 3 o'clock, P. M. on the 22d inst. —

A Farm of 30 acres on the Craigie road, less than three
iniles from Boston, with a good two story house and farm
thereon. A thriving young apple orchard and other fruit
trees. For terms and other particulars apply to Wm. E.
P-^i-Be, No. 5, Court-street, Boston. 2w Oct 8.

' Pomological ManuaU

By WILLIAM PRINCE.

To obviate the difficulties which
those who are strangers to the
qualities of the different fruits often
realize in endeavoring to make
their selections, is the object of
this publication. A descriptive work
by which every possessor of Fruit
Trees can himself test their identi-
ty, carries with it a guarantee for the correctness of Nur-
sery Establishments, at the .same time that it nullifies the
cavillings of the ignorant, who often complain without
possessing sufficient intelligence to understand the respec-
tive distinctions.

' ThePomologic AL Manual' will comprise descrip-
tions in detail of the various Garden Fruits, viz. Apples
Pears, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines,
Almonds, Walnuts, Chesnuts, Mulberries, Quinces, Fil-
berts, Gooseberries, Raspberries, Strawberries, Sic. &c.
The number of varieties therein described will be very
great, and will embrace all those comprised in the new
edition of Duhamel, a work for which the first cost at
Paris is over $400; and also, the most important of those
contained in the Pomological Magazine and other works
of the highest note, — the object being to concentrate at a
cheap rate all the pomological information necessary and
requisite towards making a judicious selection from the
great variety of Fruits, of such kinds as are best calcula-
ted to suit the wishes and purposes of cultivators.

This work will be published in two parts of about 200
octavo pages, each part of which will be complete in it-
self, and persons can subscribe for one or both as they think
proper. The terms will be $1 for each part, which can
be remitted in advance. The first part will be ready for
delivery in October.

Also was recently published, A Short Treatise on Hor-
ticulture, by Wm. Prince, price 7-5 cts.

A Treatise on the Vine, by Wm. Robert Prince, 350
pages, octavo, price .§1 ,-50.

The most convenient and least expensive mode by which
persons in the interior can receive these works, is by as-
certaining from their local bookseller, the address of the
house they deal with in New York, on transmitting which
to the autJior, the books desired can be deposited with
them to be forwarded.

WM. PRINCE & SONS.
Mr J. B. Russell will receive subscriptions for the Po-
mological Manual, and has the other works now for sale.
October 15.

Kenrick N'urseries in JVeicton, near Boston.

For sale atthe Kenrick Nurseries in
Newton, an extensive assortment of Apples,
Pears, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, Apricots,
Nectarines, Mulberries, Quinces, Raspber-
ries, Grape Vines, Gooseberry and Currant
hushes, and ten finest varieties of Strawberries, including
Wilmot's Superb, Genuine Keen's Seedling, do.

Also about 200 varieties of the most ornamental hardy
trees and shrubs, including the Double Silver Fir and
Double Spruce, Horse Chestnuts, Mountain Ash, Gum
Acacia, Three Thorned Acacia, Butternuts, Ailanthus or
Tree of Heaven, Elms, Sugar Maples, Flowciing Catal-
pas. Weeping Willows, Napoleon, do. do. Honey.suckles,
and a superb variety of bardy Roses, &c, &c. Many of
the above soi-(s of trees of extra sizes.

White Mulberry Trees by the 100 or 1000— for
plantations.

Isabella Grape Vines, either singly or by the 100,
at reduced prices.

Written orders addressed to John or William Ken-
rick, Newton, and transmitted by the daily mail, or
otherwise, or if more convenient, left at the office of the
New England Farmer, where catalogues may be obtained
gratis, will he promptly attended to.

But purchasers are invited when convenient, to call and
examine (he trees, &c, for themselves, and make their
own selections.

Trees, &c, will be delivered in Boston free of expense
for transportation, when ordered; and when particularly
desired, they will be packed in matts with cither clay or
moss for sea or land tiansportation. epiD Oct. 8.

Splendid Bulbous Roots.

Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store,
No. 52 North Market-street, direct from Van Eeden &
Co. Harlem, Holland, and a large assortment of Bulbous
Flower Roots, comprising the finest varieties of

HYACINTHS -(double and single) dark blue, por-
celain blue, red and rosy colored.pure white with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes ;
from 13 cts. to .«il 00 each.

TULIPS — splendid variegated, red, yellow and mixed,
12 cts, each $1 00 per dozen, (our importation of fine'
tulips is very large, and we are enabled to put some sorts
as low as $5 per 100— an object to those who wish to
form a superb tulip bed.)

CROWN IMPERIALS— assorted, of the most splendid
colours, and showy flowers, large roots, 25 to 38 cts.
each.

JONQUILLES— sweet scented, finest roots 12 cts.
each.

POLYANTHUS NARClSSUS-fragrant, white with
citron cups, and yellow with double while cups, extaa
sized roots, 25 cts. each.

DOUBLE NARCISSUS— fi-agrant, of all colours, 12
cts. each — per dozen. $1,00

SPRING CROCUS— of all colours, 6 cts. each— 50
cts. per dezen.

The above roots ai-e horn the same house from which
we received our supply last season, and which gave such
universal satisfaction; some of the double Hyacinths
having produced bells 1 inch and 8-lOths in diameter.

Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots
are not purchased at auction, and are all remarkable for
their size, and for the beauty and delicacy of tint of their
flowers.

Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising
Large White fragrant Lilies, 12 cts. each, I dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price, Martagon or
Turk's Caps LiUes, same price.
Oct. 15.

Grape Vines.
The subscriber has for sale at his garden in Doi-chester,
the choicest variety of Grape Vines ever offered for sale'
in this vicinity. Many of thera are now in fruit, and
purchasers are invited to call and make a selection. The
following compose a part of the variety.

Black Hamburg,

Black Cape,

White Muscadine,

Golden Muscat,

Gore's, (a beautiful Black Grape)

Caroline.

Napoleon,
White Chasselas,
Golden Chasselas,
Red Chasselas,
Black Constantia,
Bland,
Ferrol.
8 varieties of superior fruit from Xeres and Malaga.
400 two years old Isabellas.
1400 one " " "

200 Catawba, or what has heretofore been considered
the Bland. It is now satisfactorily ascertained that the
Bland grape will not ripen in tJiis climate, in the open
ground.

Orders by mail, addressed to the Suhsciiber, or person-
al application at his office. No. TJ Congress-street, for any
number of Vines from one to one hundred or more, will
meet with prompt attention. Application may also be
made to Patrick Kennedy, at the garden.
Boston, Sept. 27, 1830. 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr

Pomace Shovels.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 52, North
IMarket-strcct, a few very superior pomace shovels.
Also a few of WUhs' improved Apple and Quince pearinc
Machines.

Brighton Market — Monday, Oct. II.

[Reported for the Chronicle and Paliiot.]
At Market this day 2265 Cattle, probably from ISOO to
1900 for beef: 5G83 Sheep, and 1422 Swine.

Prices— Beef Cattle— From $3 to 4,50, about 25 a 30
cattle brought 4,50. We noticed one pair taken at 4,67 ;
we also noticed four beautiful cattle fed by Samuel Sweet-
ser, Esq. Athol, and driven to market "by him, taken at
5,.50; one pair purchased by Mr A. Ward, of Newton,
the best pieces of which are engaged to Messrs. Sar-geant
and Muidock, for the table of the Agricultural Society,
on 'Cattle Fair Day :' the other pair was purchased by
Mr C. Prackct, and will probably be displayed upon his
stall in Merchants Hall Market.

BnrrellinslCattle. -Mess 3,50 a 3,67, No. 1, 3 a 3,25.

.S?iff/).— Sales quick, from $1,50 a 2,42. We noticed
lots taken at $1,50, l,62i 1,75, 1,88, 2, 2,12A, 2,25, and
2 42.

Swine. — Brisk sales — we noticed one lot of 100 weigh-
ing each 250, taken at 4c ; one entire lot of 75, part old
and part Shoals, taken at 3|c ; one lot 100 selected Shoals,
Barrows, at 4i c. ; Sows at 4 c. ; one lot of 60 Sows and
Barrows, at 3J ; retail price 4i for Barrows, 4 for Sows.

104

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Oct. 15, 1820.

THE CONCORD CATTLE SHOW.

A SONG

Written by the Editor of the New Englan<i Farmer, anJ sung by Mr
J. W. Newell, of Charleetown, at the entertainment at the
Concord, [Masa.l Agricultural Exhibition, &c, on the Sth inat.

Since Time in the Primer first sharpened his scythe.
And the sands in his glass were beginning to flow,

There never was speclacle bonny and blithe,

Which came fairly up to our Grand Cattle Show.
Derry dotcn, down down, derry down.

Here's Bulls, Hots, and Horses, and Sheep not a few,

Respectable animals, worthy a prize,
Like good go-to-meeting folks, each in his pew.

All sober as deacons — if not quite so wise.

Master Pig is the Chorister, just twist his tail.
And he'll give you altissimo trills in high style.

The finediatonics which ran through the scale
Of his exquisite gamut will ring for a mile.

Our Roots have run down to gravity's centre.

Some wenton to China, and thieves pulled tliera thro' —

But that's a tough story, and I should'nt venture.
In a high couit of Justice Jo swear it is true.

And here we have oxen, stout animals, which
Might well go to Congress, representing their race,

Round gravity's centre just give them a hitch,

And I guess they would twitch the whole world out of
place.

The match of our Ploughmen was ne'er matched before.
Save when a lorn lover is matched to his Fair ;

They turned the earth over as flat as this floor,
Such chaps the great globe, like an apple can pare.

In troth, all the world's nothing more than a show
Of animals, shut up, or running at large,

You meet with/queer creatures wherever you go,
And pity their keepers, who have them in charge.

A calf sent to College comes out a great bore.

An odd metamorphosis that, it is true,
But one which has taken place over and o'er;—

Now I do not mean you, Sir, nor you. Sir, nor you.

I hate personalities, therefore won't say.

How a jackass conducts when made just ass of Peace.
Such animals now and then come in my way.

But I never shear hogs for the sake of their fleece.

A vile pettifogger, all quibble and jaw.

Is 99,000 times worse than a brute,
In a sunbeam he'll pick an indictable flaw.

And against his own shadow show cause for a suit.

Here's health to our Orator, one who can boast
That he practises well what he preaches about ;

But gentlemen please not to butter my toast,

For we like him so well we can take him without.

Here's 'Middlesex Husbandmen,' doing more good

Than all the political clubs ever known.
Unless a man's head is the essence of wood,

He ranks them above any king on his throne.

Derry doxcn,down down, derry down.

CANNIBALISM.

Captain Cook having one day gone ashore in
Queen Charlotte's Sound accompanied by Mr
Banks, Dr Solander, Tupia, and other persons
belonging to the ship, they found a family of the
natives employed in dressing some provisions.
' The body of a dog,' says Cook, ' was at this time
buried in their oven, and many provision baskets
stood near it. Having cast our eyes carelessly
into one of these as we passed it, we sav/ two
bones pretty cleanly picked, which did not seem
to be the bones of a dog, and which, ujion a near-
er examination, we discovered to be tliose of a
buinan body. At this sight we were struck with
horror, though it was only a confirmation of what
we had heard many times since we arrived upon

this coast. As we could have no doubt but tlie
bones were human, neither could we have any
doubt that the flesh which covered them had been
eaten. They were found in a provision-basket ;
the flesh that remained appeared manifestly to
have been dressed by fire, and in the gristles at
the end were the marks of the teeth which had
gnawed them. To put an end, howevei-, to con-
jecture founded upon circumstances and appear-
ances, we directed Tupia to ask what bones they
were ; and the Indians, without the least hesita-
tion, answered the hones of a man. They were
then asked what was become of the flesh, and
they replied that they had eaten it ; but, said
Tupia, why did you not eat the body of the wo-
man which we saw floating upon the water .-
The woman, said they, died of disease; besides,
she was our relation, and we cat only the bodies
of our enemies who are killed in battle. Upon
inquiry who the man was whoso bones we had
found, they told us that, about five days before, a
boat belonging to their enemies came ijito the
bay, with many persons on board, and that this
man was one of seven whom they had killed.
Though stronger evidence of this horrid practice
prevailing airiong the inhabitants of this coast will
scarcely be required, wo have still stronger to
give. One of us asked if they had any human
bones with the flesh remaining upon them ; and
upon their answering us, that all had been eaten,
j we afl'octed to disbelieve that the bones were hu-
man, and said thit they were the bones of a dog ;
upon which one of the Indians, with some eager-
I ncss,took hold of hisown fore-arm, and thrusting it
j towards us, said that the bone which IMr Baid<s
j held in liis hand had belonged to that part of a
human body ; at the same time, to convince us
that the fle.-ih had been eaten, ho took hold of his
I own arm with his teeth, and made show of eating.
He also bit and gnawed the bone which Mr Hanks
had taken, drawing it through his mouth, and
showing by signs that it had afl^orded a delicious
repast.' Some othei-s of them, in a conversation
with Tupia ne.vt day, confirmed all this In the
fullest manner ; and they were afterwards in the
habit of bringing human bones, the flesh of which
they had eaten, and ofi'ering them to the English
for sale.

When Cook was at the same place in Novem-
ber, 177*3, in the course of his second voyage, he
obtained stitl stronger evidence of what he e.\-
pi-essly calls their ' great liking for this kind of
food' — his former account of their indulgence in
which had been discredited. He tells us, by many.
Some of the officers of the ship having gone one
afternoon on shore, observed the head and bowels
of a youth, who had been lately killed, lying on
the beach ; and one of them, having purchased
the head, brought it on board. A piece of the
flesh having then been broiled and given to one
of the natives, he ate it immediately in the pres-
ence of all the ofiicers and most of the men.
Nothing is said of any aversion he seemed to
feel to the shocking repast. Naj', when, upon
Cook's return on board, (for he had been at this
time absent on shore,) another piece of the flesh
was broiled and brought to the quarter-deck, that
he also might be an eye-witness of what his offi-
cers had already seen, one of the New Zealanders,
he tells us, 'ate it with surprising avidity.' ' This,'
he adds, ' had such an eflfect on some of our
people as to make them sick.' This very head
was afterwards deposited in Mr Hunter's Museum,

ERRATA.

The number of letters in each co])y of the
Chronicle will not vary much froin 100,000
There are then, 100,000 places where errors may
be committed. Any letter of the alphabet is lis-
ble to get into either of these places. The nutn^
her of letters besides that which should be set, ji
•2-5 ; so that each of the 100,000 places is e.\pose«
to either of 25 difl'erent errors, and the whoj
number of errors which must be guarded again
in every paper, is, 2,500,000 ! Or rather, thii
would be the number if we used but one fount o
type. Bi;t we use four, which raises the nnmb^
of wrong types, liable to get into a particular )ilac«
to 103, and the number of possible errors to 10,
300,000 ! ! And this, without counting capital^
points, figures, &c — so that tlie chances again?
perfect accuracy, to be guarded against by thi
skill and care of the printer, are more than 10,
300,000 to one. From these premises we infei
1. That compositors and proof-readers ouglv
to he very careful ; and 2, That readers ought nO
to ho surprised, if they find an error now aiii
then. — Vermont Chronicle.

For Sale,

The well known FARM in Dover, occupied for the las
fourteen years by the subscriber, containing about 201
acres, well located in a square, bounded on the south b
Cochecho river, and on the east by Fresh creek, on whic
is a tide mill, with an apparatus for pounding and grindin
plaster. The BuMdings consist of a large two story Brie
House, of4G feet by 38, with a wing of 20 by 16, all wel
finished, adjoined to which is a shed 34 feet by 14, con
nccting the cider house 27 by 37, two stories, with oa
plastered room, where all the spinning and weaving i
done for the family ; two Barns, one of which is 100 fee
by 42, with two wings of about 40 feet each, one employ
ed as a stable, the other for a sheepfold, with a good yan
well walled in ; the other is a Store Barn of 4.5 feet square
of 16 feet post, and will contain 60 tons of hay ; a pig <
gery of 50 feet by 30, with a cellar of 18 feet square un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook foi
swine. The fields are divided by permanent stone walls
and consist of one of 40 acres in front of the house, oci
of 17 on the East, one of 10 acres on the North, (princi-
pally orchard,) one of 15 Northeast, and one of 30 acre:
West of the house, with three pastures of 20 to 25 acre;
each.

The Farm has been gradually improving for the las
ten years, and the two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 25 Ions of thatch. It is oni
and a half miles from the village of Dover, which aflbrd:
a good market. There has been planted some hundred,
of Fruit Trees, principally Apple, many of which an
grafted — with Pears, Cherry, Hum, Peach and Quinci
trees, and many in bearing, with a small nursery.

The terms of sale may be known by applying to Majo
Andrew Pierce, of Dover, Mr Samuel Lord, o
Portsmouth, or the subscriber on the premises.

June 11. WILLIAM FLAGG.

Seeds for Fall sounng.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the Nev
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street —

A great variety of vegetable seeds for fall sowinrr, viz
White Portugal Onion, Prickly or Fall Spinach, (growll
of 1830,) Parspjps, Carrots, Black Spanish or Winter Ra
dish— all warranted of the first quality. Sept. 10.

Published every Friday, nt g3 per annum, payable althf
end of the year-but those who pay within sixty da)'s from th(
time of eubpcribing, arc entitled to a deduction of fifty cents-

[13= No paper will be sent to a distance without paymen'
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by wbon
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet th*
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 N«nl:
Market Street.

AGENTS.

New York — G. Thokburr & Son, 67 Liberty-street.
Philadelphia— \'). Si, C Landketh. 83 Cbesinut-slrecl.
Baltimore— G. B. Smith, Olfice otihe American Farmer.
Albany — Hon. Jesse Buel.

Flushing. N. Y. \Vm. Prince & SoKs.Piop.Lia; Bol. Garden
//iirt/oz-rf— Goodwin & Sons.

. .. . v., r r> , ,.. ;,"~~"':"' I /y<i/irar,N. S.— P. J. Holland. Fan. Recorder Office,

where it now is — Lib. of Entertaining Knowledge. Montreal, L. C.-A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural \Varehouse.)-T. G. FESSENDEX, EDITOR.

NO. 14.

VOL IX

BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 22, 1 8 3 O.

(s vo sa ja ^ sf :i vs vii a a © i? 3*

FOR TBE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

NAPOLEON AND PASSE COLMAR PEARS.

Thomas G. Fessenden", Esq.

Sir — I have read the discussions between Mr
Lowell and Mr Prince, in your papers, relative to
the Pear called the ' Napoleon,' and it seerns to
me there lias been too much h-iste manifested in
asserting that the ' Pear Trees cultivated in Bos- ' ^oliiiiii",' was
ton imder the name of ' .Yapolcon,' 'are wrong,' I •'^'""' '"'>'•

or that the 'Passe Cotmar,'' has been baptized by I ^ ''^^'^ never seen the London Pomological Mag-
us generally by that name. — That this may be the i oz'"('i "or do I pretend to know anything about
case ill some instances is very probable, as all cul- 'li<^se fruits, or much about any others — but I can

marked as such. This shows that he agreeil with
those from whom I received the fruits. Again,
Mr Lowell was good enough to give nie a graft
of the pear he calls the ' .Yajjoleoii;' it has never
borne fruit, but the leaves of this tree differ essen-
tially from the tree which I have under the name
of the 'Passe Colmar.' The fruit recognized by
Mr Lowell, as the ' JVapoleon,' was Ihcn ripe,
November) and that which he called the ' Passe
not ripe until December, and

tivators are more or less liable to mistakes of this
kind, whether propagating new or old fruits;
and none more so than men who like Mr Prince,
are placed at the head of great Nurseries.

From the hurry and confusion that usually ex-
ist in Nurseries m grafting and budding seasons

hardly believe that Mr Knight could have mis-
taken one of these fruits for the other ; and as he
sent the trees to Mr L. as a present, I must, un-
til 1 have further evidence to the contrary, be-
lieve that the trees sent him for the Napoleon are
such in fact. My Passe Colmar, has been trans-

the oldest trees is 35 or 40 years. The c.vtrem-
ities of their branches are decaying anil the whole
appearance of the trees indicates a disease which
will finally destroy them unless something can be
done to stop its progress.

The fruit does not co4ne to maturity before it is
bla.<ted to such a degree that it is not worth pre-
serving. I would not wish to say anything which
might hinder in the least the cultivation of this
valuable fruit wherever it is practicable. If your
correspondent have any questions to propose res-
pecting the trees I have irientioned, they will be
j answered with pleasure by

A SUBSCRIBER.

tlie mixing of scions by the men who are perform- ' f'^f'^J to the garden of Mr John Prince, of Rox-
iug the duty of budders or graftsmon ; the mis- , ''"O'! a gentleman well known for his accuracy
takes in tallying trees ; the ignorance or careless- i ''"'^' ^xteiisive knowledge in horticulture; and par-
ness of those who supply them ; the perseverance ' '"^"''"'ly so in the pomological department. Tliis
in error not iinfrequently found among those who , §''"''snian has no doubt, as I understand, that the
have once committed it, all combine to make ' con- i I'^'^'' ''^ received from me as the ' Passe Colmar,'
fusion worse confounded;' and when errors of '^ such in fact,
tliis kind have taken root, it is not easy to eradicate
them altogether. I do not think that private cul-
tivators are equally liable to make these mistakes,
because they have fewer objects to attend to, and
generally give their personal attendance to the
insertion and tallying of buds and grafts in tlieir
own grounds. There is another reason which has
its weight. Nursery men like Mr Prince, who
order large quantities of trees from Europe at
once — are liable to all the mistakes which are
committed by their confreres abroad ; while cen-
tlemen, hke Mr Lowell, who receive their trees as
prcsenis from such men as Mr Knight, and the
London Horticultural Society, are less liable to im-
position or error,

Sir William Robert Prince of Long Island, had
not seen all the trees cultivated in the vicinity of
Boston under the names of the ' Passe Colmar,'
and 'Napoleon,' when he wrote his article of the
3l£h qf July, and he of course was liable to mis-
take facts when he made his ' strong remark,' in
regard to the ignorance of the Boston Cultivators.

I do not, however, see that the subject requires
so much discussion, or that the mistake, if there
was one on the 'part of Mr Lowell, in giving
scions, deserves to he arraigned in the manner in
which it has been done by flir Prince. If we are
all to be called to a severe account for oiu" errors
of this nature, I have doubtless much to answer
for, in common with others ; and even Mr Prince,
It is true that Mr Knight and the gardeners of "'hose ' Pride for aceuracy,^ in these matters, 'pre

the Horticultural Society of London, may make
tnistakes like other people, — but we think they
'are less subject to do it than those who depend
on the contingencies that attach themselves to
public Nurseries.

Mr Prince has been too broad inhis declaratirtr,
land too positive in his manner of treathig the
subject for one who is himself open to the attacks
■at many who have jjurchased trees from hisNur-

dominales over his zeal, acquisitions, and ambition
^iej;,se/i(/,' is not exempt from the lot of

A CULTIVATOR.
Brookline, Oct. 10, 1830.

FOR THE KEW ENGLAND FAR.MER.

DECAYING PEAR TREES.
Mr Fesse.nuex — I noticed in the 11th No. of
5ery for years past ; and if it were true that Mr your paper a conmiunication in answer to some
Lowell had, through mistake, in some instances inquiries, which 1 made throuirh the medium of
given the ' Passe Colmar,' for the ' Napoleon,' it your paper, respecting St Michael Pear Trees.
13 no excuse for Mt Prince, to assume the tone of; Your correspondent says it is difficult even to
Jxultation that he does in his replies to that gen- \ conjecture the cause without a more definite

iJeraan. To show that MrLov»ellis well acquaint
id with the two fruits in question, I will state a
jact.

Last November, I sent to Mr Lowell six or eight
■wars, each wrapped in a blank pai)cr, numbered
m the outside, and requesting him to give me
heir names so far as he knew them.

In his reply he marked the fruit which I re-
vived from the London Horticultural Society for
■he' Passe Colmar,' by that name ; and the fruit that

received from France as the ' JVapo/ecn,' he

knowledge of their aspect, situation, &c. The
trees to which I had reference in ray inquiries
have the appearance of old trees, worn out with
age and bearing ; although some of them have
not been bearers more than six or eight years. I
have also a considerable number of young trees
which are not of sufficient growth to yield fruit,
and which have the same sickly appearance as
the older ones. They are situated on a rich light
soil, which has been improveil for the last 15
or 20 years as a kitchen garden. The age of

GREAT SALE OF STOCK.

The following is from a friend of ours who at-
tended the sale of valuable Horses, Cattle, and
Sheep, on the 11th ult. at the residence of Charles
H. Hall, Esq. Harlem, N. Y.

No. 1. Lady L'irhtfoot, a noted running mare,
4 colts from her having sold at an average price
of ylOOO each was sold for $1475,00. Destina-
tion, Chenango County, N. Y.

No. 2. Alarm, bred by Lord Grovesnor, foal-
ed in 1S20, now in foal by the imported Horse
Barefoot, $650,00.

No. 3. Gazelle, bred by ?.Ir Hall, (one eye
imperfect) with her colt, No. 10, sold for $330,00.

No. 4. Knott, a sorrol mare, 6 years old ; by
Bellfounder out. of Cinnamon ; in foal by Bald
Eagle, sou of American Eclipse, (one knee defect-
ive,) $110.

No. 5. Lady Mary — A bay mare, with a star
and one white hind foot, 10 years old ; a beautiful
animal, purchased by A. Dey, Esq. §425,00.
Destination, his farm at Newark, N. J. for a Brood
mare.

No. 6. A brown colt, 6 months old ; oiit of
Lady Lightfoot, by American Eclipse ; purchased
by Charles Green, Esq. $850,00. Destination, his
farm on the Kennebec, Maine.

No. 7. Lightning, a brown filly, one year old
last May, out of Alarm, by American Eclipse,
§400. Purchased by Mr Stevens, the owner of
Eclipse.

No. S. A brown filly, 6 months old, by Eclipse
Lightfoot, out of Alarm. Purchased by A. Dev
Esq. $200. Destination, his farm at Newark, N. j.

No. 9. A Dark Bay, 2 years old, a fine Stallion,
by Bussorah Arabian, out of Alarm, .$500,00.
Purchased by J. Ford, Esq.

No. 10. Sold wlih her Dam, No. 3.

No, 11. A sorrel filly, out of Knot, by Eclipse
Lightfoot, 4 months old, $60. Purchased by Mr
Suydam, N. J.

No. 12. Constellation, 5 years old, a fine Stal-
lion, color dark sorrel, got by American Eclipse,
out of Olivia, a Virginia mare, $675,00. Purchas-
ed by R. M. Field, Esq.

No. 13. Bald Eagle, 5 years old, by American
Eclipse, out of Hyacinth, $500,00. Purchased
by Mr Ely.

The Durham Cattle, about 30 in number, were
in fine condition, and gave additional evidence of
theiruaiural r/uieJ dispositions. iJe9i(es<,an imported
Bull, 8 years old, sold for 8300, to S. P. Britton,
Esq. Destination, Elizabethtown, N. J.

106

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 22, 1830.

Prince, 4 years old, got in England, by Fitz
Favorite, out of Princess ; was purchased by David
Austin, Esq. for $210. Destination, liis farm, at
Throgffs Neck.

Several Cows, sold at $250, each. Tlie stock
will be very much scattered. One line Bull was
purchased by Benjamin Poor, Esq. which will be
sent to Indian Hill Farm, near Newbin-yport. Dr
Hosack, purchased for his Farm, at Hyde Park;
and on the whole the sale may be said to have
gone off well, and satisfied buyers, and sellers^
The best Leicester sheep sold at an average of $95
each.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MrFessenden.— I have made several extracts from

the June number of the Annales D'Horticulture, which

has been recently received, on Manures, tlie Chinese

Mulberry, a Hindoo mode of grafUng, and the use of salt

tor accelerating vegetation, which please to insert in the

New England Farmer.

With great esteem.

Your most obedient servant.

H. A. S. DEARBORN.

Brinley Place, Koxbury, )
October 15, 1830. (

M,

has been sufliciently ascertained, that they are
eaten with avidity by the silk worms and that the
silk which they form, is of the first (|uality.

This mulberry has not suffered in the least,
from the rigors of the last severe winter.

The zealous traveller, who has given to France,
America, and Africa, this precious plant, has ac-
quired a just right to public gratitude, and it is
not only easy, but proper, to give him, at this
time a proof of it, by affixing his name to the
tree, which has given him celebrity, and which
will contribute so much to the prosperity of
French industry.

We will set the example, and continue to call
it the Perrotet mulberry, every time we speak of it.

Pqiteau.

extract no. xxiii,

Mode of grafting in the East Indies, described in the Extracts
from the Transactions of the Agricultural Society of India ; by M.

SoULANQE BoDIN.

Mr Leycester learned from the nabob of Mol-
laghun, that he had a gardener, who was skilful
in various modes of grafting, and that he practised
one common in the upper provinces, but which Mr
Leycester had never found described in any book,
and gives the following account of the process.

At the season of the year when the bark is
easily separated from the wood, having cut off
the end of a shoot, about a quarter of an inch
above a bud, the Indian gardener makes an an-
nular incision through the bark, half an inch be-
low the hud, and then, with a piece of cloth in
his hand, he carefully removes this ring of bark,
so as not to injure the bud contained in it, after
which he proceeds in the same manner with the
bud below.

Having thus collected a number of buds, which

he kept fresh, in the hollow of a large leaf witli a

little water in it, he operated on the stock to he

grafted, by first cutting off the head, at the point

where it appeared to be of the proper size, — that

is to say, of a diameter a little less than the ring

of bark, which he intended to place on it ; he

then cut the bark in longitudinal strips, which

were pealed down suiSciently low, to allow the

ring containing the bud to slip down and exactly

fit the end of the stock. After this, the little strips

of bark were raised up over the bark ring, and

3d. Insoluble snlts, and the orids, form, what is tied to the upper end of the stalk, when the whole

commonly designateil under the name of eartlis. ] was covered with a little moist clay, care being

They can only be considered as capable of amel- ! taken, that no injury was done to the bud by this

ioraling tin: soil, of which they form a part. These application.

tablished fact, that plants in a soil prepared with
common salt, rarely suffer from the cold and the
sudden changes of the weather.

The half of a bed of early Peas raised ia
a garden of Worcestershire was dresssed with
Silk, and the other half with common manure :
u])on the part which had been prepared with salt
and in the proportion of about twenty bushels to
the acre, the Peas were fit to pick three weeks
before the others, and the vines yielded five or
six times as many.

GREAT PRODUCE OF POTATOES.

Mr Fessenden — The following remarkable
produce ought to be read by every New England
Farmer. Mr Antipas Maynard,of Waltham, Mass.
bought of Capt. Tombs, in Boston Market house,
2 Chenango potatoes this last spring, which he
cut into seventyfour or five pieces, and planted
them in a drill. He dug from the same two bush-
els and one peck, or a flour barrel full. This can
he relied on. Who can beat this ?

IFeston, Oct 15, 1830. J. WARREN. ,

EXTRACT NO. XXI.
! From the Annaleg de la Societe D'Horticulture Da Paris.
Extract of a report oa Manures, m nde by
Payex.
Four different things are often confounded un-
der the name of manures, which it is important
to distinguish.

1st. The debris of organic matter, or of veg-
etables and animals, to which alone this denomi-
nation belongs, and among these, the more azotic
the matter, the greater is the befl-.eficJal efTect of
the manure in the nourishment of plants; thus
we should place in the first rank nuiscular Jlcsh,
blood, horn, and geluline. All these substances,
drieil and pulverised, act more or less promptly,
according to their degree of changability, un-
der the diverse influences of the atmosphere.

2d. The soluble salts, are only excitants of the
vegetable energies, and do not contribute to their
organization, |«-operly so called ; their actual
value, as applicable to agriculture, is less than
that of manures.

are the true amendments, whicli are obtained, at a
low price, in the vicinity of waste places.

4th. Carbon, whose useful action appears to
consist in absorbing the calorific rays of the atmos-
phere, and thus warms the soil. Perhaps it may
be admitted thai a portion of carlion is imbibed
by the plants, hut there are no positive facts, in
support of such a theory.

extract no. sxii.

Mote on the Perrotet Mulberry (Morus Multicaulis,)
or Cliinese Mulberry.
By the information which we receive from all
quarters, it appears that this mulberry is destined
to replace the common white mulberry, every-
where, fin- nourishing silk worms ; its property of
continuing low and bushy, so that the leaves can
always he gathered without a ladder, and the
arge size, abundance and tenderness of the leaves

This mode of grafting very much resembles
that which is described in the ' Cours de Cultm-e
et de Naturalisation des Vegetoux d'Andre
Tliouin,' under the name of Graffc des faunes,
(tome ii. page 463, et figuree planche 5G de I'At-
las BBbb.); but what is most retnarkable, Mr
Leycester states that he was convinced after par-
ticular inquiries, the method was not taught by any
European, but that it had been transmitted from
generation to generation, from time immemorial ;
he thinks it unites so much simplicity, and fiicility,
that it would be one of the first, which would
rationally present itself to the mind of original
cultivators.

extract no. xxiv.
Saline Manures.
Gardeners and all those who endeavor to ob-
tain early legumes or fruits, may profit by the

EXPERIMENTS IN PLANTING POTATOES.

Mr Fessenden — The following experiments
with regard to the expediency of planting Pota-
toes, cut or whole, were made by B. Nason, Esq.
of ."Augusta, Maine, a very intelligent, practical
farmer. They are at your disposal, for insertion
in the New England Farmer, if you think proper.
Yours, &c, .

Keene, J^. H. Oct. 19, 1830.

20 Chenango Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs. planted
whole, produced 97 lbs.

20 Chenango Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs. in halve^
99 lbs.

20 Chenango Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs. topsj
middle, and butts ; tops 32^, middle 30J, buttsi
35, total 9S lbs. " 1

20 Chenango Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs. eyes]
taken out, 120 lbs.

60 small Chenango Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs.
planted whole, 105 lbs. i

20 white Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs. planted
whole, I24h lbs.

20 white Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs. planted it
halves. 111 J lbs.

20 white" Potatoes, weighing 6 Ihte. seed end
middle, and butts ; seed end 38j, middle 39j
butts 39, toial 117 lbs.

20 white Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs. eyes takei
out, 150i lbs.

60 small white Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs. whole
95> lbs.

20 long red La Plata Potatoes, weighing 6 Ibf
whole, 92 lbs.

20 long red La Plata Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs
halves, 102 J lbs.

20 long red La Plata Potatoes, weighing 6 lbs'
seed end, middle, and butts ; seed end 32, middl
38, butts 33, total 103 lbs.

20 long red La Plata Potatoes, weighing 6 Ibi I
eyes taken out, 129 lbs. '

60 small long red La Plata Potatoes, weighin
6 lbs. whole, 94 lbs.

A single potato, planted last spring in one hil
in Halifax, Vt. produced half a bushel of potatof
and 70 lbs. of vines.

cannot fail to give it a decided preference. It I following experiment, which confirms an es-

il

BRISTOL COUNTY CATTLE SHOW. ^
The annu.il exhibition of the Bristol Count
Agricultural Society took place in Taunton, o

Vd.IX.— No.l4.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

107

the 6tli inst. The Columbian Reporter slates
that ' one advantage has been gained by fixing
an earlier day for Show than had been customary
before the last year. The weather is milder and
spectators witnessed the cxiiibition with more
gratification no doubt than they would while shiv-
ering, as has sometimes been the case, in their
great coats. The day of the show in this town
the present season, was one of the most bland
and attractive of October, in New England, and
brought together a large number of farmers, man-
ufacturers and others from difierent parts of the
county.

At the Ploughing Match ' sixteen ploughs,
■which was the greatest number ever entered,
started in the contest, and executed their work in
good time, and with no lack of skill, and anima-
tion. Two teams only had drivers — one being a
j-oke of steers and a horse, and the other, two
yoke of steers. All the single teams were requir-
ed this year, for the first time to be driven by the
ploughman. The experiment was completely
successful. The work may not have been quite
as perfect as it was last year, (which exceeded
|>revious exhibition) but it was equal or superior
to the work at several of the matches iu past
years.

' At the trial of the working oxen in draw-
ing, twenty yoke engaged in the competition.
The manner of their drawing as well as the great
weight of the loads, showed them to be well
trained as well as to possess great strength.'

After speaking somewhat diminutively of the
exhiliition of manufactures, the Editor proceeds
' A larger quantity of Butter and Cheese was
presented for exhibition this year than usual, and
for the most part of excellent quality.

' The show of Cattle was larger, probably, than
it lias been at any former exhibition of the So-
ciety. All the pens were filled, without furnish-
ing room for the whole; a considerable number
and some of the finest animals exhibited, were
excluded. The show of fat cattle was conceded
on all hands, we believe, to surpass in quality as
well as numbers, that of any former year.
Upon the whole, the Society and its friends (Bris-
tol County Agricultural Society) under whose
direction and patronage the Show was held,
have good reason to be satisfied, and highly grat-
ified and encouraged by the exhibition the present
year. The fruits of these Shows, are becoming
every season more and more apparent, and we
trust the time is not distant when the most scep-
tical will cease to question their beneficial influ-
ences.

The Society marched in procession preceded
by the Taunton band of music, from Rev. Mr
Hamilton's meeting house to the Taunton Hotel,
(Munroe's) where a bountiful and excellent dinner
was provided : a longer table than we have seen
at any former Exhibition was spread, and few if
any seats were unoccupied. Several Toasts were
given at the call of the President of the Society
who presided also at the table. We are not able
to present the whole, and will not at present, there-
fore, publish the portion of them which are re-
collected.

Soon after dinner the members of the Society
re-assembled at the meeting house for the transac-
tion of the business of the annual meeting. This
occupied several hours.

'One new standing committee was added, viz.
a committee for viewing farms and mulberry trees.

The sum to be awarded for the best farm or farms
will be fixed by the Trustees at their meeting in
March next. The other committees and officers
were mostly reelected, with the exception of
Chairmen of some of the committees. The time
of the committee is so much occupied on the day
of exhibition in their examination necessary for
deciding upon the awards to be made by them,
that little opportunity is left for drawing up their
reports. To aid them in this part of tln-ir duties,
gentlemen have for a year or two past been plac-
ed at the head of some of the committees who
were not prnetkal ag-riculturists or manufacturers.
This principle of selection, as we understand it,
has been again and to somewhat larger extent
adopted the present year.'

Stout Squashes. — Two beautiful crook necked
squashes grew on one vine, this season, on the
farm of Mr William Mercer, Lincoln, one of
which weighed 47 lbs. the other 33. The small-
est girted 20 inches round the neck, and the larg-
est, which straightened out would have been near-
ly five feet long, girted 19 round the neck.

Five squashes were raised by Capt T. G. Banks
and A. H. Stickney, of this village, from three
seeds : they weighed 352 lbs. and the largest of
them weighed 125 pounds. — Dunstable ('jV. H.)
Gazette.

These squashes were not, probably of the crook
necked species.

Mr Wm. Gault, of Concord, N. H. raised two
'large white Turkey,' cucumbers this season, one
of which weighs 9 lbs. 6 oz. is 20 J inches round,
and 16J in length ; the other weighs 8 lbs. 4 oz.
is 19J inches long and 13| round.

The editor of the Palladium has been presented
with a dozen apples from a friend in Bedford, one
of which is 14 inches round. The tree from
which it was taken is supposed to contain 20
bushels of the same species, which average from
11 to 12 inches each. The tree has borne fruit
for about ten years, is 12 or 15 feet in height, and
extends nearly 75 feet. So heavily laden are its
branches, that many of them rest upon the ground.

Mr Comfort, in Bucks co. Pa. has gathered this
season an apple 15 inches round, and weighing
ticentysix ounces.

Mr Aaron Hewitt, of Utica, N. Y. has a pig a
little over a year old, which girts 7 feet, and is
near 8 feet long. It is intended to make him
weigh 1000 lbs. or more, Feb. 22, when he is to
be slaughtered.

Grapes. — The Isabella grapes have been plenti-
ful and very fine the present season ; and we have
seen none of any other kind equal to them. The
French vines generally fail entirely, or bear but
a few sickly bunches, and it is doubtful whether
they will ever become naturalized. Almost every
yard and garden in Brooklyn has an excellent vine,
and we have abundant reason to remember and
respect Miss Isabella Gibbs, who first introduced
this excellent fruit among us. — Brooklyn Star.

Mr Delany of New York has a vine in a small
yard, that has borne 2000 bunches of grapes in
one season.

Remedy for Stings and Bruises. — In the trials, of
many years, in our family, we have never found — lb

Olive Oil, or common Sweet Oil, to fail of giving
innnediate relief, and effecting a complete cure of
poisonous stings, if gently rubbed on immediately,
and continued for a short time. And for a bruise,
the application of water as hot as it can be borne,
cither by a wet cloth, or by immersing the part,
we have always found effectual. It may be ne-
cessary to continue the application of water, and
to renew the heat, for a considerable time, and to
rub the swollen parts softly. — Pennsylvania Exam-
iner.

TEMPERANCE.

We have heard the following facts recently stated.
The first occurred in our state ; the second relates to a
town in Maine.

Last fall, in cold weather, just as the flakes of
show began to descend, a miserable man, scantily
covered with rags, presented himself to a farmer
and wanted work. He had no particular employ-
ment for him, and besides, his appearance was
against him; he did not want him. The poor
fellow begged hard to stay till he could earn a
pair of shoes, and pointed to his bare feet to
strengthen his cause. The farmer pitied him, and
agreed to take him — but he must drink /lo rum.
This was a hard condition : but cold and hunger
compelled him to assent, and he began his work ;
though for the first two or three days ' he thought
he should die.' By the time he had earned his
shoes, he found out that he was better off" without
rum: he lived with the temperance man through
the winter, and in the spring went home to his
wife, his father and his friends, decently clothed,
and to all appearance a reformed man.

In one town, of 3000 inhabitants, where, a year
or two ago, they used to spend .Sl4,000 a year,
for strong drink, last year they spent only 1000.
The same people used to raise §1000 for their
schools, \\ith great difficulty; but this year they
voted cheerfully to raise 81500. So much does
the temperance of the fathers tend to the intelli-
gence of the children. — Portsmouth Journal.

Sage is said to be as much of an article
of luxury in China as tea is with us ; and there
can be no doubt but if sage, catnip, pennyroyal,
and pepperbush were cured in the same way and
brought from as great distance as tea, they would
be as much admired and bear as high a price.

Census of Boston. — The population of Boston is
61,381, of whom 59,506 are whites, and 1875 free
blacks. The number of aliens is 3448.

By the Census of 1820 the whole population of
Boston was 43,298 ; increase in 10 years 18,083,
which is equal to 41J per cent. The number of
colored persons in 1820 was 1690 ; increase 165.

In makinp; toys, the Chinese are exceedingly expert —
Out of a solid ball of ivory, with a hole in it, not larger
than halt an inch in diameter, they will cut from nine to
fifteen distinct hollow globes, one within another, all
loose, and capable of being turned round in every direc-
tion, anil each of them carved full of the same kind of
open work that appears on the fans. A very small sum
of money is the price of one of these difficult trifles.

Commerce of Bostoti.— From the 12th to the 20lh of
September, 64 vessels were entered at the Custom
House in this city, from foreign ports, and will probably
pay duties to the amount of $400,000.

The whale ship Awashonks, of 340 tons, built of live
oak and coppered, lately launched at Woods' Hole, was
built without the use or abuse of ardent spirits.

Those have a short Lent who owe money to be paid
at Easter. — Franklin.

What maintains one vice would bring up two children.

108

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 22, 1S3((.

P A

I R

WTUXET FA

[Concluded from page 99.]
HOUSEHOLD MAXnFACTURES, &f.

The committee on Butter, Cheese and House-
hold Manufactures, beg leave, respectfully to re-
port : That they have proceeded to the discharge
of the arduous duties assigned them, with a deep
conviction of the importance of extending to the
branches of Industry, embraced by their appoint

To Mary Harris, for the best piece blue broad- | premiums be offered for wrought buttons of silk

cloth 3-4 wide, 22 yards long, the Society's first
p re mi u in, 3

To Hannah Anthony, of Warwick, for the sec-
ond best blue broadcloth, the Society's premi-
um of 2

To Eliza Thomson, of Apponaug, for the best
woollen blanket, 8-4 wide, 5

In addition to the preceding regular premiums,

ment, every encouragement within the means of the committee recommend for the premiums set

the Society, not inconsistent with what may be
considered as due to other branches. The vari-
ous articles, entered for prendum at the jiresent
Show, evince, on the whole, an improvement on
those exhibited on previous occasions ; and the
committee are persuaded, that tlie money, hereto-
fore paid out in premiums on similar articles, has
been a truly profitable expenditure. They have
awarded for the article of Butter, exhibited at this
present Show, the following Premiums : —

To Clarissa Webster, of Johnston, for the
best box, containing forty pounds, the first premi-
um $10

To Joseph S. Budlong, of Warwick, for the
ne.xt best lot, the second jnemium, 8

To Silas Spink, of Cranston, the third premi-
um, 6

To Welcome Alverson, Johnston, the fourth
prennum, .5

To Abigail Spencer, of Warwick, the fifth jire-
ndum, 4

To Thomas R. Greene, of Warwick, for one
firkin, weight 50 lbs. the first premium on firkin
butter, 6

To Hannah Dawley, of \Varwick, for one fir-
kin of fifty pounds, the second premium. 4

The committee regret to have to state, that
some firkin butter was entered for premium which
proved on examination, to have been pUilcd ; the
under layers, being found to consist of butter of a
quality very inferior to that presented on the sur-
face. Several parcels of the box butter were so
nearly alike, that the committee found it difficult
to decide between them.

For the best lot of Cheese, one hundred pounds,
made by Benjamin Greene of Warwick, they award
the first premium on that article, $8

For the second best lot, of 100 lbs. the second
premiuu!, to Nicholas S. Frey. 6

There was very little competition in this article;
but the two lots on which the premium are
awarded were found to be of excellent quality.

On Household Manufactures, by females, they
have awarded the following premiums.

To Mrs. Rosanna Greene, of Warwick, for the
best piece of Carpeting, being of excellent quality,
the first premium, $6

To James W. Gorton, of Coventry, for the sec-
ond premium, 4

To Hannah Anthony, of Warwick, for the third
premium, 3

To Mary L. Greene, Warwick, for the best lot
of woollen hose, the Society's first premium, be-
ing 2

To M. E. Stafford, Warwick, for the bestfiaien
hose, 2

To S. F. Stafford, of Warwick, for worsted
hose, 2

To Mary L. Greene, of Warwick, for the best
piece woollen Flannel, 32 yards, the Society's first
premium, 5

This Flannel was, in the opinion of the Com-
mittee, the best ever presented for premium.

against them, respectively, the following articles

To Ahnira Greene, for <i piece of cotton and
wool flannel, $2

To Rosanna Greene, for damask diaper, 2
To Ann M'Kay, Providence, for a rug, 1

To Eliza M' Kay, of do, for do, 1

To Esther R. Cleavelaud, for rug and
stool covers, 2

To Lydia Eowen, Coventry, for linen
diaper.

To Julia Ann Battey for a hearth rug.
To Ruth M. Waterman, Coventry, for a
yarn coverlet,

To Olive Waterman, Coventry, for 2 do.
To Henry Carpenter, of Fiskeville for a
beautiful piece of silver mixed satinett.

To Mary S. Fiske, Providence, for a lace
collar.

To do, for a lace veil.
To Mrs J. TourtcUott, Gloucester, for
linen diaper.

To Misses Grant, for a wrought hearth
rug.

To Mary Parker, for sundries.
To Eliza Sarle, Cranston, for a lace veil,
To M. R. Greene, for lamp mats.
To Octavia Greene, Warwick, feather
fire screens,

To Sarah C. Peck, for card racks,
To Phebe Shaldon, for a rug.
To 3Irs Rhodes, Pawtuxet, for a lace
scarf.

To Miss E. Deane, Providence, for
wrought lace caps.

To Miss Mary E. Willard, for imitation
Chinese boxes.

To Eliza S. Chase, for handsome silk
buttons,

To Miss Sophia Parkinson, for a coun-
terpane.

To M. S. Levalley, Warwick, velvet
Paintings,

To Abbot and Miller, Coventry, for white
knitting cotton yarn.

To Nancy A. Philips, white spread
To Barney Merry, two pieces striped
jean, excellent,

To same, for two packages table cloths.
To Lydia Collins, patch work spread.
To Sarah Ann Crooker, black lace veil.
To same, one wrought cape.
To Eliza Lawton, one white wrought
gown.

To Eliza Stevens, one white lace veil,
To M. D. Cooke, Providence, 1 sampler, 0,50
To the Dorcas Society, Newport, for one
box of sundries, containing more than 180
pieces, g

To Altha Richmond, Bristol, patchwork
spread, j

To H. M. H. Gricve,»for five pair cloth
mitts.

1
2

1

3
1
1

1

1
1
1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

2

2
2
1
1
1

2
1

and worsted; and for wrought mitts, jn quantities j
and that, hereafter, all fancy and ornamental arti-
cles, presented for j)reniium or sale, at the exhi-
bition of this Society, must be made of American
materials, if such can be obtained. All which is
respectfully submitted, by

WILLIAM E. RICHMOND,

For the Committee.

pa-

RAW SILK AND MULEERRV TREES.

[A report of too great length for this
per, was made by the Committee, embracing
some facts and statements, believed to bo useful
in reference to this important branch of industry.
In conclusion the Report says]

The Committee regret to have to state, that
there is a great falling off this year, compared
with the last, in the exhibition of raw and sewing
silk. At the same time they notice with satisfac-
tion, an increased attention to the cultivation o
the Mulberry Tree in this state. This is the
foundation of the silk business, and the rearing of
worms will follow, as a matter of course, the cul-
tivation of the tree. Most of those who ])resented
specimens last year, are ready to continue and
extend the experiments, as soon as they can find
a market for the material produced.

In silk there was but one specimen offered
this year, a very fine sample, remarkably well
handled. The quantity was small, being 2J lbs.
of raw silk, for which the Committee award.

To Miss Maria S. Levalley, of Warwick, §5

To the same, for small samples of sewing silk
and cocoons, 1

To Charles Dyer, on certificate of the rearing
of more than 10,000 mulberry trees, from seed
planted the 17th of last April, at the Mulberry
Grove Nursery, in Cranston. The first premium,

5

Elisha S. Johnson, of Wickford, for 4000
Mulberry Trees, from seed this season, sowed the
last of April, 4

Lemuel Burgc, of Wickford, for over 4000
Mulberry Trees, raised this season, 3

Benjamin F. Spink, of Wickford, for 4500 trees,
sowed the 1st of May, 3

Rhodes Budlong, of Warwick, for 1700 Trees
accidently raised from seed in manure, taken from
the fowl yard, 2

Which is respectfully submitted by
BENJAMIN F, HALLETT.

For the Commillee.

1

The Committee beg leave to recommend that

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Pennsylvania Horticultural Society held a
special meeting on Wednesday evening last, at the
Washington Hall, for the purjiose of exhibiting to
the members and their friends the Fruits of the
season, the growth of our city and vicinity. The
notice was sliort, but the collection brought to the
room was extensive, and gave great satisfaction.

Charles Chauncey, Esq. sent several Lemons,
of a very large size and flavor, raised by himself;
Pound Pears, very large Ajiplos, and the beautiful
Lady Ap|)les (pomme d'api).

The collection of Peaches was truly grand.
Mr Bates, of Camden, New Jersey, the well
known extensive and successful cultivator of frtlit,
sent a quantity of his fine white free-stone Peaches
(seedling,) in high order, tender and luscious; and
Rodman's Cling. Heath Peaches, from Mr George
Pepper. Do, ibr preserving, by Mr M'Arann,
Several other parcels from different persons, not

Vol. IX.— No. 14.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

109

known. Mr Fred. Fox, of Kensington, and Mr
Jacob Pierce, of Philadelphia, sent parcels of their
seedling free-stone Peaches, which were much
and deservedly admired. The last were raised iu ;
the garden of the Friends' School, south Fourth-
street.

Pears. — Doyenu6 Gris, from Mr Maupay. The
favorite Seckle Pear, from Mr M'Araiin, Mr Pe|i-
per, and tVom several othei-s. The Petre Pear, by
Mr Carr: the original tree bearing this delightful
fruit was sent to the late John Bertram by the
eighth Lord Petre, who died in 17-1'2; the tree
still lives in a thrifty state, and the fruit preserves
the higli character it has hithurto obt.'iined. Mr
Carr also sent a pleasant tasted seedling Pear.

Grapes. — Several sorts raised by Jacob S. Wain,
Esq. from foreign stocks. Isabella Grape, from
George Vau.v, Esq. all in high perfection. The
Bland Grape, Alexander or Taskcr Grapes, from
others, names not known.

The variety of .-ipples was great and the spe-
cies excellent. The monstrous Cat-heads, a va-
riety of the fall Pippin, attracted particular atten-
tion, from their great size ; several of them weigh-
ed a poinid each. The genuine fall Pippins were
nearly as large and very beautiful : these were
sent by several persons ; those of Dr Spence
were particularly noticed. The Bell-flowers of
Mr Carr were also large and fine. The Hay's
Apples, from Mr M'Arann, were a good sample of
that excellent fruit. — The Ashmore Ap[)le, from
James E. Miffiii, nurseryman, Wrightsville, York
county, Pa., was greatly praised : they came from
the original tree on the farm of Mr John Ashmore,
of Broad Creek, Hartford county, Maryland:
color, deep lively red, streaked ; taste, slightly but
pleasantly acid ; flesh, tender; above the common
size : besides being a very excellent dessert and
culinary .Vpple, it is valuable for drying, and keep-
ing until mid-winter. Numerous and excellent
as the varieties of our Apples are, the Ashmore
Apple promises to be a valuable addition to the
stock, combining a beautiful exterior and excel-
lent quality.

The Yellow Egg Plum of Mr M. Lawrence, of
Penn township, which were first shown at the
preceding regular meeting of the Society, were
again produced : they were large and brilliantly
yellow, and would have done credit to Albany.
Dr Mease sent blue Pruen Plums, of good flavor,
and Mr Smith excellent Butter Pears,

Mr Copia, of Pine street, sent Quinces, Butter
Pears, and late Pears, the growth of the same
tree — a Quince. The Butter Pears weighed
nearly a pound ; last year they weighed 1 lb. 6 oz.
in the presence of several persons.

Culiuary Vegetables. — By 3Ir Engleman — im-
mensely large hard head Cabbages, strings of
very large Onions, very fine red and white Celery,
large Salsify, a foot or more long. By Mr Bar-
low— Egg Plants, which were weighed and found
to balance 9 lbs. 2 oz. Do, by Mrs M'Mahon ;
one weighed 11 lbs. 2 oz. Several more were
nearly of the same bulk.

Melons. — Water and Nutmegs, from Mr Bates,
of Camden, N. J. The Water Melons were truly
excellent, and of a brilliant red color. They ap-
peared to be of a new sort, being very tender and
peculiarly sweet.

Sweet Potatoes, from diflTerent persons. Those
of Mr Bates were so large and handsome as to
strike all observers, and call forth the praises of
the practical gardeners present.

Quinces wore sent by Mr Collins, of Haddou-
field, N. J., fair and free from knots.

The tables were ornamented with a variety of
elegant trees and shrubs, in pots and tubs, and
with a tasteful display of cut flowers, among
which the superb Dahlias of Professor Gibson
were conspicious. ftlr Carr also exhibited speci-
mens of that singular flower, the Aristo lochia
Labiosa, from Brazil.

From the Oxford, N. C, Examiner.

'FARMERS' ARITHMETIC

Profits of ^Agriculture — If the great Franklin
had ever lived in the country, his observing eye
would have noticed, and his discriminating judg-
ment have solved the following diflicult problems :

1. Farmers are more imposed on than any other
class of the community ; they pay nearly the
whole expense of the State Government; are
sometimes oppressed by onerous measures of the
General Government, and by the commercial
regulations of foreign nations; never have much
money, yet every industrious, prudent farmer
grows rich !

•2. The mechanic receives his 75 cents or a
dollar a day, yet remains poor ; the farmer earns
his seventeen cents a day, and grows rich !

3. Merchants, Physicians, Lawyers, and others,
receive their tliousands per annum, and die poor,
while the Farmer scarcely receives as many tens,
yet dies rich !

How are these strange results produced r AH
calculation in dollars and cents fiiil to account for
it. — Those who are determined to bring every
thing to the standard of dollars and cents, pro-
nounce agriculture to be wholly unprofitable,
when the fact that nearly all the wealth of the
country has been obtained by agriculture, stares
them in the face. In the opinion of these calcu-
lators, agriculture is the proper pursuit of such
only as have not sense enough to pursue any-
thing else.

The mischief which such calculations are
doing in our country, first induced me to call the
public attention to the Farmer''s Arithmetic. But
having been more accustomed to handling the
plough than the pen, I am altogether unable to do
justice to the subject. If some abler hand would
take it up, dispel the mist now resting on the sub-
ject, and show us clearly the whole truth of the
matter, it would be sutliciently good to compen-
sate the labors of the ablest patriot.

When the mechanic lays down his tools, and the i
professional man is idle, they are sinking, because '
their expenses are going on and their profits are
suspended. Not so the/«rmcr.- while he sleeps,
his crop grows and his stock continues to increase,
and when he spends a social evening with his
neighbor, everything continues to advance. The
Farmer''s Arithmetic siiows ihat the farmer grows
rich by saving while others continue poor by
spending. Others have first to make money and
then give it for meat, drink, and raiment, while
the farmer obtains all those at home. If he wants
a fat lamb or pig, he has it without, losing a day
or two in trying to buy one. If he wants a new
coat, the industry of his wife su[iplies it. In
short, he wants but few, very few things which he
cannot obtain on his own farm. Why, then,
should the farmer repine because he has not the
money to buy abroad? or measure his wealth by
comparing his money with that of others, who
must give it all for things which he has without

buying! Surely n farmer may without a sigh
resign to others the gaudy fabrics of foreign art-
ists, while he is clothed by the labor of the hand
that sooths his cares and strews with pleasure his
journey through life. When I sec a farmer ap-
pear in company genteelly dressed in homespun I
think of Solomon's description of a good wife —
' her husband is known in tlie gates tchen he sitleth
amo7ig the elders,^ and most cordially do I con-
gratulate the possessors of such a prize.

JACK PLANTER.

SPERM OIL.

Few people arc aware to what extent the adul-
teration of this important article of comfort is
carried by some of those who offer it for sale.
There is a kind of oil known by the name of
Whale, worth about 30 cents per gallon, which
n)ay readily he made to resemble the Spermaceti
in color, smell and general appearance, but is by
no means suitable to the purposes to which the
latter is applied. These two species of oil will
easily amalgamate, and the mongrel article so
coniposeil is daily presented to the public under
the name and at the price of good Sperm Oil.
There is abundant reason to believe that more
than three fourths of the oil sold in this city and
vicinity is of this description. Indeed, there is
no place in the Union where this disgraceful prac-
tice abounds so extensively as in tbis,and our cor-
rect traders are frequently made to feel how much
the character of trade has suffered abroad in con-
sequence of it. But the jiresent year far tran-
scends all former ones in the amount of this busi-
ness. Numerous establishments have been form-
ed where Whale Oil is refined and mixed with
Sperm to an extent hitherto unthought of. To
form a faint idea of the amount of money filched
in this way from the pockets of the community,
let us suppose the average sales of Whale Oil per
week to be 50,000 gallons, which is an exceed-
ingly moderate calculation. If the cost of this
be 30 cents, and the price at which it is sold 75
cents, we find an excess of more than i?'20,000
paid weekly by the consumers of the article — for
what? For the benefit solely of those by whom
the community is defrauded. Such imposition
deserves exposure and demands the unqualified
reprehension of every honest citizen.

It may be that in these times of severe retrench-
ment, the oil thus adulteraled may burn sufficiently
well for those who are willing to sacrifice a por-
tion of ilicir convenience for the purpose of re-
ducing their expenses. — Oil of this character may
likewise suit those retailers whose customers are
satisfied wiihan inferior article at a proportionate
price. But wherefore should such individuals
submit to the inconvenience of the practice, and
yield the advantage of it to others? Why not
procure the Sperm and the Whale themselves and
mix them lo their own satisfaction ? Both may
be had |iiue, by due precaution on the part of pur-
chasers, and every man may sup|)ly himself with
both or either, and mix or use them separately at
his own discretion. Some people there are who
would prefer a genuine article, and if such ex-
jipct to gratify their choice, they will find a pecu-
liar necessity at the present time of looking well
into the jiretensions of those of whom they pur-
chase. For many of these my lecture will per-
haps he in vain, and they will at la«t be taught
only by EXPERIENCE.

A", r. Mercantile Advertiser.

110

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 22, 183ff.

SriSW @£rva-2>iiS73i> li'ill^SillS^Sa

BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 23, 1830.

From the Gardener's Magazine.

On the Birch Rind of the American Indians, and the uses to
which it might be applied in gardening. In a Letter from Mr Haw-
THoBrr,of the Honorable Hudson's Bay Company, to Mr Baillie of
Dropmore Gardens ; with a Note by Mr Baillie.

Sir — Having some time ago spoken to you on
the subject of birch rind, and suggested its ap-
plication in liorticuhural practice, I venture in a
simple manner to relate what I have witnessed
with regard to the usefulness of this rintl, and in
my humble opinion tlie many ways in wliich it
might be applied to our gardens.

The settlements of the Hudson's Bay Company
are supplied with this rind by the Indians. The
Europeans never venture to peel it from the tree,
for in this process much skill and ingenuity must
be displayed, otherwise the trees soon become
weak, and in a few years perish.

It is part of the Indian's study, particularly of
the inland tribes to watch with care the growth of
this beautiful tree, the height of wliich may be
judged by the circumference, as the first-rate trees
measure from 18 to 20 feet round. The rind on
an average is half an inch thick, and this is re-
duced in a most scientific and easy manner by a
people whom we are accustomed to call savages.
They begin by separating the outside, rough and
knotty parts from the more delicate, which, when
prepared, tliey use for tentings or tent covering,
small and large baskets and various other utensils.
The rind next the outer bark is principally used
for large and small canoes ; the latter will carry
20 cwt. They also construct measures of it,
which will hold from one to two bushels, and are
exceedingly li^ht and durable. But as that part
wliich is used tor tenting appears to me of most
importance to tiie horticulturist, I will endeavor
to explain how the tenting is formed, and its use
among the Indians, and leave it to tiie decision of
the amateur and gardener how far it might be
useful in our gardens. I have frequently seen
the Indian, his wife and children, forming this
covering, which generally consists of four lengths,
each length 12 feet, and the width 4 feet. The
making is simple, but no European was ever
known to me that could finish off ono to answer
the purposes with the readiness and nicety of the
natives. The women sew the lengths together
with roots which the children procure in the
woods : these undergo the process of barking,
cleaning, and dividing. The men frame each
separate length at both ends, so that any conven-
ient length or breadtli might be obtained. The
utility of the rind tents is acknowledged by the
hunter and traveller of North America. They
are used throughout the year : hut during the
hot months of June, July and August they are
found particularly comfortable, and are easily
removed from place to place. The rain may
descend in torrents, but all beneath are safe from
the storm.

I have seen an Indian tent forming a circle of
60 feet, and 10 feet high, covered in the short
space of half an hour ; so that flower beds, con-
taining choice roots or plants might thus be de-
fended from frost and heavy rnins, particularly the
latter, which do so much injury to our half hardy
shrubs and trees. There are many other purpo-
ses in gardening to which this rind might be ap-

plied that vrill readily suggest themselves to prac-
tical men.

My motive in bringing this article into notice is
to serve the public, trusting that it will one day
or other become a national benefit.
I am, sir, &c.

Hamlet Halsat Hawthorn.
Mr Baillie, Dropmore Gardens.

The following is an extract from Mr Baillie's
reply.

Sir — Having mentioned this article to several
of my friends and acfiuaintauces, they, as well as
myself, were of opinion that the rind might be
usefully employed in horticultural practice, and
applied with advantage in a great many ways not
enumerated in the above communication. From
many that suggest themselves the following are
abstracted :

1st. As a durable substitute for the portable
marquees in use in the pleasure grounds of Brit-
ish gardens ; the materials of which, as at present
constructed, being inadequate to the purpose to
which they are applied, to repel heavy rains and
intense sunshine. These tentings may also de-
mand the particular attention of the florist, as
affording in my opinion excellent material for
protecting tulip beds from heavy rains in winter,
by rolling them up and down, as circumstances
might require. To stages of caniations, auriculas,
&c, they might be applied with advantage either for
shade or shelter.

2dly. Ranges of pine, and melon pits and frames
might be safely defended from rain and frost by a
roll of this kind, as also pots of alpine and other
plants that suffer more from wet than cold during
our winter months.

Portable copings for garden walls might also
be constructed of this article, which would de-
fend peach and apricot blossoms from rain and
spring frost. This rind might also jirove a good
substitute for the wicker protections now in use
for half hardy trees and shrubs. In the kitchen
garden its utility is also apparent. Beds of such
vegetables as are readily injured by frost, by being
previously arranged, and planted so as to admit
of two rolls of this kind, of 4 feet wide and of
any given length, being run along' a few hazel or
rods, arched across them ; rows of early peas and
beans ; beds of cauliflowers, broccoli, lettuce,
potatoes, &c, might be readily and securely pro-
tected in this way ; and a few square yards of
this rind, placed in a favorable quarter of the
kitchen garden would assist in ripening abund-
ance of tomatoes for a large family and obviate
the pernicious practice of planting them near
fruit trees, &c.

Another warning to Fruit Stealers. — A fellow of
the name of Foster, was committed to jail in Rox-
bury the week before last, for stealing fruit from
the orchard of Mr Aaron D. Williams. He
was detected shaking the trees, regularly, on the
Sabbath, was arrested in behalf of the common-
wealth, and for want of bail has been committed
to prison, where it is not unlikely he will remain for
some time. The business of stealing fruit from
orchards has been carried on so largely of late, by
a few worthless vagabonds, that the markelmen
think they have generally more fruit stolen on the
Sabbath, than they sell during the week.

Cure' for the Cholera Morbus or Bowel Complaint.
— One ounce of cinnamon water, one grain of

ipecacuanha, 35 drops of tincture of opium, one
drop spirits of lavender, and two drops tincture of
rhubarb, to be taken at once, and the complaint
will be instantly relieved. — Long Island Star.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, October IC, 1830.
FRUITS.

Some very fine specimens of fruit, were thia
day exhibited, ahhough the display did not quite
equal in its variety, the very extensive exhibition
of the Saturday preceding.

Pears. — From John Prince, Esq. were received
specimens of Passe C'olmar, true, and in eating,
(prematurely) ; Winter Auchan, from Flushing, a.
very long green pear, not in eating; Oliver's, a large
pear, supposed to be the Spanish Bon Chretien,
not in eating ; ' Dr Hunt's,' ' Connecticut,' (un-
named,) and the Beurree du Roi, a pear of good
flavor. From John C. Gray, Esq. a pear called
in the American Gardener, at p. 132, a 'striped
variety of the Moorfowl Egg,' called by others the
Striped Dean, and the Culotte de Suisse, and Veile
Longue Panacli6e, of some other authors. From
Mr Manning, a pear cultivated in Salein, as the
Capolette or Muscat Vert ; (doubtful.) From Mr
Downer, Capiaumont Pears. From Hon. Benj.
Crowninshield, of Danvers, specimens of a large
round jjear, v.ery good, name unknown. From S.
G. Perkins, Esq. Duchesse d'Angouleme, remarka-
bly large and beautiful, but not in eating. (This
is probably the first specimen produced in Ameri-
ca.) The form and appearance of this fruit agree
well with the figures in the Transactions of the
London Horticultural Society and Pouiological
Magazine. For a more particular account of this
pear, see Mr Perkins' note subjoined ; also a fine
pear received by him from England, under the
name of Charles d'Autriche ; in size and form
like a St Michael. We have seen three varieties
of pears, each bearing alike the name of Charles
d'Autriche, and as unlike to each other as possi-
ble in everything else. The committee were not
prepared at the moment to decide confidently as
to the correctness of the name of this fruit, bul
it seemed, however, to be the impression with at
least one of them, that this specimen was rightly
named. From Mr R. F. Phipps, of Charlestown,
specimens of the Andrews Pear.

Peaches. — Late Clingstone, very fine, from John
Prince, Esq.; this appears to be the same variety
called the Hyslop.

Apples. — 15y Mr Jonas Monroe, of very large i
size, from the garden of Mr James Vila, of Bed-
ford ; tree produced 20 bushels. From Mr E. '
Weston, Jr, of Duxbury, apples from a seedling I
tree, nearly 100 years old, wliich has borne in a'
single year, 76 bushels of sound ripe fruit : name
unknown. From Mr R. F. Phipps, Russet and
Baldwin Apples, both from a limb of a Baldwin 1
tree. Some of these were in their appearance ofi
an intermediate grade between the Russet and
Baldwin.

Grapes. — Lombardy Grapes, from Mr R. F.
Phipps. Catawba Grapes, from Mr N. Seaver, of
Roxbury. Isabella, from Mr D. Fosdick, of
Charlestown ; and from Mr Downer, four varie-
ties, namely, Isabella, Schuylkill, Muscadel, EU
senburg, or Elsenborough, free from pulp, one or
two seeds in a berry, and of good flavor ; and a
sample of true Bland Grape, free from pulp, one
and two seeds in a berry, and good flaTored, colpr
pale red, and transparent.

i

Vol. IX.— No. 14.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

Ill

strawberries— Fine specimens were exhibited ' Cambridge, a Milch cow and yearlhig from S.
ty Mr Haggerston, of the Pine Strawberry. | Wyinan of Shrewsbury/rom A. Washburn, 2d of

Mr Downer also presented samples of fine large Bridgewater, 1 Bull 2 years and 7 months old,
Sha-'barks, taken from scions sot in the spring of j weighing 1494 lbs., a bull from S. Morse of Rox-
1826 in a' pig or common nut tree, and samples j bury, one fourth Admiral stock, a fine Bull calf
of Tood nutst from a tree planted 24 years since, ! from L. Baker of Bloton, a Bull calf 6 months old,
from a very large nut from Ohio ; has been in from N. Johnson of Medford, weighing G44 lbs. a
tearing 4 years.

Mr Samuel Stillman, of Roxbury, forwarded to
the Society, specimens of the grub producing the
Canker Worm ; these insects were found in mo-
tion, 15th Oct. 1830, but in 1829, they did not
commence their movements till the 24th.

WM. KENRICK.

NOTE REFERRED TO ABOVE.

To the Committeo on Fruits, Horticultural Hall.

' Mr S. G. Perkins sends to the Committee on
Fruits, two Pears, taken from trees sent him from
Europe. The large Pear came to Mr Perkins
from France, under the name of" Duchesse d'An-
gouleme."

'The small Pear cattle from England, under the
name of the ' Charles D'Autriche.'

< Mr P. will thank the committee to inform him
whether these fruits arc correctly named. Mr P.
sends a description of the large Pear, taken from
Pirolle,p. 70.

'Angouleme Pear.' — 'fruit, larger than the
Doyenne, nearly the same form. Sktn, yellowish,
red next the sun. Flesh, melting, very fine tex-
ture, and sprightly ; the flavor more delicate and
aromatic than the Crassannc.'

' This precious pear, which keeps until Decem-
ber, was found a few years since, by Madame
Amaille, in a hedge near Angers. The tree is a
great beaver.' [Noisette, 182.3.]

The specimen sent, measures eleven and three'
tenths inches, as it is the only one that grew on
the tree.'

BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW.
The annual exhibition of Cattle, Ploughing
Match, &c, was held at Brighton on Wednesday
last. The day was uncommonly fine, the collect-
ion of people very large, and the show, partic-
ularly of fine cattle, about equal to that of most
former occasions.

We have time and room this week for but a
sketch of the proceedings. The pens were all
filled with LIVE stock of the first quality and
appearance ; among which we noticed 17 Cattle,
beautiful heifers, calves, &c. of the Holdcrness,
Denton and Admiral stock, belonging to the Hon.
John Welles, of Boston, a fine roan heifer, five
eighths Durham stock, belonging to John Prince,
Esq., a fat ox from D. Farr of Southborough,
weighing 2477 lbs., 2 fat oxen, from S. Billings,
of Hatfield, one weighing 234 lbs. the other
2062 lbs. 3 fine cattle from J. W. Watson, of
Princeton, a fine Bull, by Coelebs, dam Flora, an
imported Durhatn Short Horn, from T. Williams
of Noddle's Island, also 2 fine heifers, by Mr
Williams, one by Bolivar, the other by Coelebs —
" a heifer by B. P. Phillips, of Lynn, a heifer calf
from Wm. Furness of Medford, weighing when
7 months and 3 days old, 518 lbs., a fine Milch
cow from John Ballard of Framingham, a heifer
calf by S. Conant of Stow, two heifers, from J.
Brigham of ^V'estbo^ough, one weighing 1085 lbs.
the other 951, a heifer from J. Birt of Cam-
bridge, a large cow from Jeremiah Fitch, of Bos-
ton, 8 years old, weighing 1633 lbs., a heifer froin
S. Dudley of Brighton, 2 heifers from N. Brown of
Waltham, a heifer and calf from S. Higginsou of

Mr Prince's long expected Treatise on tlie Vine
has at length been received here. We have not
yet had time to examine it, but have no doubt it
will satisfy public cxpectiition.

Bull from J. W. Watson of Princeton, 1 year
anil 5 inonths old, weighing 989 lbs. from J.
Estabrooks of Royalston, 2 fat oxen, 6 years old,
one weighing 2233 lbs., the other 2291 lbs.—
a fine heifer from Seth Davis of Newton — a
heifer from J. Stone of Newton — a heifer from
A. S. Jackson of Newton — a heifer from S. Fi.ske
of Saiigus — a cow and yearling from R. Sanborn
of Charlestown — a cow, two heifers and a bull
calf from Mr I. Bemis of Waltham — a beautiful
pair of twin steers from Wm. P. Endicott of
Danvers — a cow from Asa Wyinan of Roxbury —
a cow 7 years old from N.Saunderson of Waltham
— a heifer from Luke Fiske of Waltham — from
Joel Adams of Newton a heifer — from T. Taylor
a fine cow and two calves — a beautiful heifer
froin Rev. H. Colman of Salem — a fine cow by
Coelebs from A. Aspinwall of Brookline — from
S. Bowen of Adams 2 fat cattle — from Leander
Hosmer of Bedford a milch cow — from John
Perry of Sherburne 2 Bulls, 2 yearlings, and 2 fine
calves — a fine Bull from C. Sanger of Sherburne,
3 pigs from E. Smith, Jr — from A Rice of Wor-
chester 1 Bull 2 years and 5 months old, weigh-
ing 1469 lbs— from B. Page of Shirley 1 Bull 18
months old weighing 1160 lbs — from S. Conant
of Stow, 1 Ox 2 years and 6 months old, weigh-
ing 1456 lbs— from S. Ward of Charlton, 2 fat
Oxen, one weighing 2312, the other 2278 lbs —
from P. P. Pierce of Lexington 7 native fat we-
thers— from E. Silsby of Boston 1 fine Dishley
Ram and 3 Ewes of pure blood, all imported
from Europe — from Eliab W. Metcalf of Cam-
bridge one milch cow — from Asa Rico of Wor-
cester, a fat ox 7 years old weighing 2380 lbs.
a heifer from J. Smith of Newton — a fine heifer,
and some superlative swine from John Mackay of
Boston, viz, 2 Boars, 2 very fat pigs, 2 store pigs,
and 1 sow and 6 pigs that we think were as sleek
and plump and as fine an exhibition of the sort as
a connoisseur ever examined — from J. Bobbins of
Watertown 1 sow and 2 store pigs — from A. T.
French of Milton, 6 fat native wethers — from T.
Williams of Noddle's Islanil, 2 Dishley Ewes and
2 yearling Rams got by Col. Jaques' imported
Dishley Ram — from S. Jaques, 1 Dishley Ram, a
fine imported animal that received the Society's
premium of §30, last year — from J. Prince 1 tine
Ram and 2 Ewes from imported Dishley stock — I
from F. Winchester of Southborough an uncom-
monly large and fair colt, two years old, which
weighed 105.5 lbs. — from E. Sherman, of East
Sudbury a 4 years' old gelding — a cow and calf
from H. J. Kelly — Sir Isaac Coffin's Cleaveland
Bays, a present to the Society, were exhibited.

Hearth Rugs were exhibited that were man-
ufactured by Miss Jane T. Robinson, Miss Susan
W. Lovett, of Beverly, and Miss Eliza Vinton, of
West Cambridge, a very beautiful Diamond Flat
by Miss Aurelia White, of New Braintree, also
fine Palm Leaf Hats, Capes, flannels, painted car-
pets, manufactures in leather, fur, and fancy ar-
ticles from various sources.

Further details with regard to the Ploughing
Match, premiums, address, toasts at the dinner,&c.
we are obliged to defer till next week.

Large Squashes. — We have received from E.
Edwards, Esq. of S])ringfield, thriio Valparaiso
winter Siiuashes, one weighing 45 lbs., the other
two rather smaller — they are a part of the pro-
duce of two seeds, which yielded 36 siiuashes,
of the aveiage weight of 22 lbs. — the whole
weighed 792 lb,s. They will be exhibited at the
Horticultural Hall tomoirow, and the seeds dis-
tributed among the members of the Society, attlie
request of Mr Edwaj-ds.

To Correspondents. — Several valuable communica-
tioDS are deferred till next week.

Ornamental Slirubs.
Just received at the New England Seed Store, No. 52
North Market Street, a small collection of choice Orna-
mental Shrubs, faithfully packed in moss lor transportation,
at the following reduced prices : — cts.

Snowberry, 50

Mezereon, {filled with flower buds: will blossomin

March in the open air.)
Venetian Sumach, {extra size)
Snow Balls,

Kalmia latifolia, {rery beautiful)
Scarlet Trumpet Honeysuckle, monWi/.i; floicering,
Italian Fragrant Honeysuckle,
Persian Lilac, (jiurplc fragrant)
Corchorrus Japonicus, (very showy yellow blossoms)
Syringa, (white fragrant)
Fig Trees,
Double Flowering Almonds, (beautiful, extra sized,

vigorous plants.)
Roses — Velvet Rose,
Damask Rose,

English Double Red Rose, (beautiful)
Striped Rose, red and white,
Royal Rose, (very large)
Dark Marbled Rose, (very double, beautiful.)
Burgundy Double Rose,
Blush, Cabbage, or 100 loafed Rose,
Four Seasons Rose, (beautiful, double,)
Scotch Single, (white, with a little red, early, small

and singular,)
Pennsylvania semi-double autumnal Flowering Rose,

(white, with delicate blush)
Yellow Single Rose, (very beautiful,)
China Primroses,
Tradescantia virginica,

.■Vfiican Blue Lily, 75

Indian Shot, (cannii indica,) 25

The above are all extra sized, vigorous plants, and will
blossom the next season, if properly managed — they are
labelled, and faithfully packed in moss for transportation to
any distance. Autumn is the best season for tiausplanting
them, to insure a vigorous growth, and blossoms the ensu-
ins: season.

Brighton Market — Monday, Oct. 18.

[Reported for the Clironicle antl I*atriot.]

At Market this day 3579 Cattle, 6323 Sheep, and 1117
Swine. The severe storm which commenced about 1 0
o'clock, probably prevented much business being done.
From 1500 to 20U0 Cattle, 800 io 1000 Sheep, and several
hundred Swine, remained unsold at the close of the day.
We shall expect quite a market day tomorrow, Tuesday.

Prices— Beef Cattle— Fiom $3,25 to a 4,50 ; probably
about 20 were taken at 4,50 ; one yoke of Mr Sweetsers
prime Cattle were purchased by Mr T. W. Bennett, at
5,50. The barrellers did not pay so high as last Monday ;
they appeared to fix the price for Mess. $3,50, No. ], 3,
No. 2, 2,75.

Sheep. — We noticed about 100 prime wethers, ('on
drift ') which cost about $3,75 — 4 was offered tor them.
We also noticed one lot taken at 2,25 ; also lots at 2, 1,75,
1,50, 1,42, 1,. 33, and 1,25.

Swine. — We noticed one entire lot ol nearly 500 taken
at 34c; one lot of 50 Barrows, old, at 4c ; one lot of 30
Sows, old, at 3|c ; one lot of 30 selected Shoats, Sows St
Barrows, at 4c ; one lot of 70 Shoats, Sows and Barrows,
at 3ic — retail price 3i a 4c for Sows, 44 a 5c for Barrows.

50
1 00
50
50
50
50

37i
50

37i
50

50

50
374
50
50
50
50
2.5
7*
75

33

50
75
25
25

112

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Oct. 22, 1820.

AUTUMN WOODS.

BT BRYANT.

Ere, in the nortliern gale.
The summer tresses of the ti-ees are gone.
The woods of Autumn, all around our vale.

Have put their glory on.

The mountains that infold
In their wide sweep, the colored landscape round.
Seem groups of giant kinsjs in purple and in gold.

That guard the enchanted ground.

I roam the woods that crown
The upland, wlicre the mingled splendors glow,
Where the gay company of trees look down

On the green fields below.

My steps are not alone
In these blight walks ; the sweet southwest at play.
Flies, ruslUng, where the painted leaves are strown

Along the winding way.

And far in heaven, the while.
The sun, that sends that gale to wander here.
Pours out on the fair earth his quiet smile, —

The sweeiest of the year.

Where now the solemn shade.
Verdure and gloom where many branches meet ;
So grateful wfien the noon of summer made

The valleys sick with heat '

Let in through all the trees
Come the strange rays ; the forest depths are bright ;
Their sunny colored foliage in the breeze

Twinkles like beams ol light.

Tlie rivulet, late unseen.
When bickering through the shrubs its waters run.
Shines with the image of its golden screen,

And glimmerings of the sun.

But, 'nealh yon crimson tree.
Lover to listening maid might breathe his flame,
r^or mark within its roseate canopy.

Her blush of maiden shame.

Oh, Autumn! why so soon
Depart the hues that make thy forests glad ;
Thy gentle wind and thy fiir sunny noon.

And leave the wild and sad.

Ah, 'twere a lot too blest
Torever in thy colored shades to stray ;
Amidst the kisses of the soft south-west

To rove and dream for aye.

And leave the vain low strife
That makes men mad--t}ie tug for wealth and power,
The passions and the cares that wither life.

And waste its little hour.

NEW ZEALAND.

The fifth volume of the Library of Entertaining
Knowledge contains a very interesting account of
these islands ; from which we extract the follow-
ing : — Journal and Tribune.

'Of all the people constituting the great Polyne-
sian family, the New Zealandershave,at least of late
years, attracted the largest portion of' public atten-
tion. Their character e.xhibits, witli remarkable
boldness of relief, many both of the vices and virtues
of the savage state. They present a striking con-
trast to the timid and luxurious Otaheitana, and the
miserable outcasts of Australia. The masculine in-
dependence they at once manifested in their en-
counters witli us, and the startling resistance they
offered to our proud pre-eminence, served to stimu-
late the feelings of curiosity with which we are now
accustomed to regard them. The interest which
they thus e.xcite, is probably created, in a great de-
gree, by the prevading dispositions of our minds to
regard with an.\ious attention any display of human
power. The new Zealandera are not a feeble or
timid people. From the days of their first inter-
course with Europeans they gave blow for blow. —
They did not stand still to'be slaughtered, like tlie
Peruvians by the Spaniards; but they tried tlie

strength of the club against the flash of the musket.
They have destroyed, sometimes treacherously, al-
ways cruelly, the people of many European vessels,
from the days of their first discovery to our own
times; — but it would be difficult to say that they had
no justification in our aggressions, whether immedi-
ate or recollected —or at any rate that they did not
strougly feel the necessity for self-defence on all
such occasions. They are ignorant of some of the
commonest arts — their clothing is rude, their agri-
culture imperfect, they have no knowledge of me-
tals, writing is unknown to them ; — and yet they ex-
hibit the keenest sense of the value of those acquir-
ments which render Europeans so greatly their su-
periors. Many of the natives have voluntarily un-
dertaken a voyage to England, that they might see
the wonders of civilization ; — and when they have
looked upon our fertile fields, our machines for the
abridgment of human labor, our manufactories, they
have begged to be sent back to their own country,
with the means of imitating what their own progress
enabled them to comprehend were blessings. Their
passion is war; and they carry on that excitement in
the most terrific way that the fierceness of man has
ever devised ; — they devour their slaughtered ene-
mies. And yet they feel that this rude warfare may
be assisted by the arts of destruction which civilized
men employ ; and they come to us for the musket
and the sword, to invade,or to repel the invader. All
these, and many more features of their character,
shew an intellectual vigor, which is the root of ulti-
mate civdization. They are not insensible to tlie arts
of civdized life, as the ]>Iew Hollander is ;^or whol-
ly bound in the chain of superstitions which control
the efforts of the docile Hindoo, and hold his mind
in thraldom. They are neither apathetic as the
Turk, who believes that nothing can change the des-
tiny of himself or his nation: nor self-satisfied as the
poor Tartar, who said, ' Were I to boast, it would be
of that wisdom I have received from God ; for, as on
the one hand, I yield to none in the conduct of war,
so on the other I have my talent in writing, inferior
perhaps only to them who inliabit the great cities of
Persia or India. Of otiier nations, unknown to me,
I do not speak.' The New Zealander knows iiis
own power as a savage ; but he also knows that the
people of European communities have a much more
extensive and durable power, which he is desirous to
share. He has his instruments of bone, but ho asks
for instruments of iron ; he has his club,but lie comes
to us for a musket. Baubles lie despises. He pos-
sesses the rude arts of savage nations in an eminent
degree : he can carve elegantly in wood, and he is
tattooed with a graceful minuteness which is not de-
void of symmetrical elegance. Yetheisnot insen-
sible to the value of the imitative arts of Europeans,
and he takes deliglit in our sculpture and our paint-
ings. His own social habits are refined — his cooke-
ry is coarse — his articles of furniture are rude. Yet
he adapts himself at once lo the usages of the
best English society, and displays that ease and
self-confidence which are the peculiar marks of in-
dividual refinement. He exhibits little contradiction
between his original condition of a cannibal at home,
and his assuijied one of a gentleman here. Add to
all this, that he is as capable of friendship as of en-
mity,— and we sliall have no difficulty in perceiving
that the New Zealander possesses a character
which, at no distant period, may become an example
of the rapidity with which the barbarian may be
wholly refined, when brought intocontact v;itli a na-
tion which neither insults nor oppresses him, and
which exhibits to him the influence of a benevolent
religion in connexion with the force of practical
knowledge.'

The sight of European improvements in contrast
with their own ignorance, affects them deeply. On
such occasions they will burst into tears, and say,
' New Zealand no good.'

It is customary with this singular people to go
through the same ceremony upon meeting their
friends, as they do in parting with them. They join
their noses together, and remain in that position for
half an hour ; during which time, they sob and howl

in a most doleful manner. Even the sternest chiefs
will weep so bitterly, that the mats they wear will
be soaked with tears. Yet this people, so passion-
ately attached to their friends, eat the flesh of their
enemies, and consider it more delicious than any
other food.

The captain of the ship Boyd in the year 1809,
flogged the son of a New Zealand chief; in conse-
quence of which the whole crew were murdered, ex-
cept a woman,twocliildren,and a cabin-boy. These
were afterwards conveyed to England by Air Berry,
of the ship Edinburgh, who found them out, and
saved them at the risk of his own life.

'The last he recovered was a girl of two or three
years of age, the daughter of a Mr Broughton, of
Port Jackson, whose mother perished. This child
was found to be in the possession of one of the chiefs,
and although promised, was not brought to him till
after a considerable delay. ' This delay,' says Mr
Berry, ' I afterwards had reason to believe proceed-
ed from the endeavors of the natives to deliver it
up in as decent a manner as possible. It was tol-
erably clean, with its hair dressed and ornamented
with white feathers, in the fashion of New Zealand.
Its only clothing, however, consisted of a linen shirt,
which, from the marks upon it, had belonged to the
captain. The poor child was greatly emaciated and
its skin excoriated all over. When brought to the
boat, it cried out in a feeble and complaining tone, •
' Mamma, my mamma !' This child was carried to
Lima in the City of Edinburgh, ship ; and it was not
till more than two years after leaving New Zealand
that she was restored to her father in New South
Wales. Although of so tender an age when the
destruction of the Boyd took place, she was found,
while ill South America, to recollect well the dread-
ful scenes of which she had been witness. ' I have
more than once been present,' says Mr Berry,
' when the cruel but interesting question was put to
her, if she recollected what the Zealanders did to her
mamma? Her countenance, on such occasions, as-
sumed the appearance of the deepest melancholy;
and, without uttering a word, she used to draw her
liand across her throat. On further questions, she
would say, with every appearance of the most pain-
ful feeling, that they afterwards cut her up, and
cooked and ate her like victuals.'

Instead of signing their name to treaties, grants,
&c. they make an exact copy of the tattooing upon
their faces. This is better than the ancient Russian
custom of daubing the whole hand with ink, and
then laying it upon the paper.

When well treated they are a very kind and hos-
pitable people. Several Englishmen, who have ac-
cidentally been tlirown among them, have been tat-
toed, intermarried with them, and learned to like
their mode of life extremely.

Treatise on Bees.

Just recnived and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New Engl.md Faimer, 52 North Market-street,

A lurlhersupply of a Praclicjl Trealise on the Manage-
ment of Eces; and the Esiabli-lanent of Apiaries, with
liie best nicihod of deslioying and pieveoiing the depre-
cl.ilions of the Bee Molli. l5y James Thauber, M. D.
Price 75 cents.

Published every Friday, at g3 per annum, payable at the
end of the year--but those who pay within sixty days from the
time ofsubscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents.

[13^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for .1. B. ItussELL, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
RussKF.L, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street.

agents.
Neto York — G. Thof.burn &- Son, 67 Liberty-street.
I'liihiiJelphni — 1). & U. LANnKETH. 85 CbesUiiii-sireei.
Baltimore — G. 15. .Smith, Olhce olihe American l''ariner.
Atbaiiii — Ilnn. Jesse liuEL.

Hushing, N. Y. Wm. Pkince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bol. Garden'
W!;-(/w-(/— GooiiwiN &!. Sons.
Neivbunjporl, Ebenezek Stedman, P.ookseller.
HaHfix.r,H. S. — i'. i. Hoi.LA.vii. Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowmak, Bookseller.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 32 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultdral Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, OCTOBER 29, 18 3 0.

IVO. 15.

vS kD Sa at "S' Ef II ^ i\ a a © ST 3a

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

LIST OF VALUABLE FRUITS.

Mb Fessenden — Agreeably to my promise, I send you a list of Pears
selected from the old catalogue of Diihamel, arranged in the order in which
iiey ripen. I should have sent this list to you before had not other avocaiions
jrevented my making it up. However I apprehend, from some observations
which have come to my ears, that the connoisseurs will find it but a meagre
lish to be presented at the present day to the pubhc — The letter F desig-
lates those trees that are very good bearers. A LOOKER ON.

Brookline, Oct. 18, 1830.

A mire Joan net, end of June.

Petit Muscat, July.

Muscat Robert, middle July.

Citron des Carmes

Cuisse Madame
Epargne

F Blanquet (long stalk)

Salviati

Orange rouge,
P Gracioli,

Rousselet de Reitns,
F Fondante de Brest,

1st August.

August.

1st Sept.

F Bergamotte rouge, middle Sept.

P Verte longue Mouille Bouche 1st

Sept.
? Beurr^ (brown) October.

F Doyenne St Michael Beurre blanc,
October.

Bezi de Martigny, 1st October.

Bezi de la Motte, Oct. and Nov'r
Bergamotte Suisse October.

Bergamotte d'Autocrme Oct. and

Nov.
Messire Jean Oct.

F Sucr6 Vert, last Oct.

Rouseline November.

Crasanne Bergamotte "

this is a better pear than the preced-
ing.

this is the Green Chissel, or Made-
leine.

this is erroneously called Jargonnelle
one of the best and largest pears of
the season.

this, with the Petit Blanquet, are
good fruit.

highly musked and excellent, — rots
soon.

a good fruit for the season,
this fruit is not so subject as the ' Sum^
nier Good Christian Musquee' to crack,
small, but excellent in light soil,
delicate, but breaking, rather than
melting.

should be gathered before it is entire-
ly ripe; is excellent — but soon de-
cays.

Excellent fruit — adheres slightly to
to the branch.

this most excellent pear is liable to
crack in the open country, but in cit-
ies, and where it can be sheltered, it
becomes by far the best autumn pear
that is known — Old trees furnish the
best fruit, — all soils suit it.
this excellent fruit should be gather-
ed before it is ripe and kept in the
house till yellow; in our climate it re-
quires shelter ; in towns and back in
the country, it is less liable to crack
or blast than it is in the open country
on the sea board.

melting, musked, and handsome
pears.

melting good fruit,
should be gathered before it is q\iite
ripe, is melting and sweet, re-
quires a shady situation.

excellent fruit.

this is the extreme of the breaking
pears, the fruit is much esteemed by
many ; when raised on old tcees it
becomes pale yellow and is excel-
lent.

fruit is small, always green, flesh
tender, agreeable and very sweet ;
small fruit, but very excellent,
this pear is subject to crack unless it
be sheltered, it requires a good moist

Bezi de Cuissoy or ) ,- ,
T> „ in ■ 5^ November

Kussette d Anjou ^

Doyenn6 Gris,

F Merveille d'Hiver,

November,

November,

F Marquis, Nov. and Dec.

F Eschassery, Nov. Dec. and Jan.

Ambrette, Nov. to Feb.

Bezi de Chaumontel or > Dec. and
Winter Beurr6 ^ January.

F St Germain, Nov. to March.

Virgouleuse

Nov. to Jan,

Royale d'hiver, Dec. to Feb.

Muscat I'Alleman, March to May.

Pound Pear, Dec. to March.

Tr6sor, Amour ditto.

Bergamotte de Paques, Jan. to Mar.
Colmar, Jan. to April.

Bergamotte de Soulers, Feb. & Mar.
Bergamotte d'Holland or i fm. Ap.
Bergamotte d'Aleng ^ to Juu.

Sarazin, keeps the year round

soil ; when in perfection is one of the
best full pours kuown,— fruit is large,
buttered and fine flavored ; there is
a new variety of this fruit called the
'Poire d\iustrasie' or double Cra-
sanne wliiih is not liable to crack and
is an excellent fruit,
tender, buttery flesh ; when planted in
a soil that is congenial the fruit is
very fine flavored, a good fresh and
rather strong loam suits it best,
better than the St Michael, which it
resembles in form, it is however a
distinct variety, juice richer, and
more sugared, skin russet,
this fruit is excellent if planted in a
good, dry soil and good exposition,
large melting, sweet and musked.
small, but very good fruit,
middling size, but excellent fruit in
good seasons.

this fruit is very superior and melting,
in good stong moist loam, but woody
and hard in poor gravelly soil ; it is in
eating when it turns yellowish ; this
fruit should be culled out when it as-
sumes this appearance,
when this fruit is raised in cities or is
otherwise sheltered, or where it is in
a suitable climate, it is the best win-
ter pear known taking all its proper-
ties into view ; it requires a good
moist loam.

in cities, where this fruit may be rais-
ed with ease, it is one of the best, as
well as one of the handsomest fruits
that decorate the table in the winter
season.

this fruit resembles the German Mus-
cat— is an excellent fruit, quite large
and handsome. It requires a warm
light soil.

this fruit resembles the preceding so
much in its ajjpearance that it is often
mistaken for it by the gardeners, the
flesh is melting, buttered and musk-
ed.

for baking.

this is one of the largest, if not the
very largest pears that is known, and
is preferable to the pound pear or the
Catillac for bukiug; they weigh from
16 or 26 ounces,
a very good pear for the season,
this is an excellent and valuable fruit
but it requires shelter, in our cities
it might be raised with great advan-
tage ; when in perfection its flavor is
very fine and the flesh is buttered and
melting ; we think it better suited to
the Philadelphia than the New Eng-
land climate,
handsome and good pear,
large fine pear, highly esteemed and
well worth cultivating.
is very good fruit when ripe both for
table and baking.

114

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct 29, 1830.

BRIGHTON AGRICULTURAL REPORTS.

PLOUGHING MATCH— TWO YOKE OF OXEN.

TU committee on the Ploughing Match with two yoke
of oxen, Report —

That eleven ploughs were duly returned for
this match, (a greater number than were ever be-
fore entered at Brighton,) that on calling the list
at 9 o'clock, thirteen ploughs were offered for
corapotilion, but as only 11 lots were assigned,
tlie two last on the list were under the necessity
of retiring from the contest.

After a most careful examination, the com-
mittee unanimously awarded the first premium to
Abiel Wheeler, of Concord, $15

Do, as jiloughman, 8

Jacob Jepson, driver, 4

2d premium, Sanmel Hoar, 2d, of Lincoln, 10
Do, as ploughman, 5

Franklin Wheeler, driver, 3

8d premium, G. M. Barrett, of Concord, 6

Do, as ploughman, 3

Ira Fisher, driver, 2

$.56

The shortest time occupied by any team was
go minutes; longest time do, do, 41^ do.

Greatest number of furrows to any lot was 21,

Fewest, do, do, do, 17,

except the lot No 1, being about a rod shorter than
ti>e rest from the shape of the field, . required to
be little wider, and 23 furrows were made — the
Size of the lots were 20 rods long and 20 feet
wide, making about 24 rods to each.

Every plough used was of Cast Iron, and
were chiefly of Tice^s make (all that obtained pre-
nlium were of his patent ;) the whole work was
excellently well performed, and much difficulty
was experienced in selecting for the three premi-
ums ; the committee would gladly Lave had it in
their power to have awarded eleven.

It seems necessary to give their reasons for
deciding as they did, and the rules they establish-
ed— which were, that Cattle should not he hurried,
as goodness of work was the object, to be ploughed
not less than 5J inches deep, and the furrow
^ice to be cut narrow, and laid as flat in it as was
possible — the reason of the committee was this,
tliat in this part of our country very little land is
cultivated in winter grain, and the object of fall
ploughing, is to have the sward rotted for spring
cultivation, and which they think best effected by
this mode ; as if laid on edge, and so left till
firing, tnuch grass comes up in rows in the hol-
low of the furrows — and on the fat method it is
all equally covered, and no grass grows.

The connuittee well know that in England,
(and probably in our own country, where
winter grain is cultivated on sward laud) they
adopt the ridge furrow slice, as by this means,
in broadcasting their seed, it naturally falls into
tie lowest itart of furrows, and then by harrowing,
tlie seed is deeper covered, and comes up in rou's
as they wish, giving a better chance for a free
(ilrculation of air in its after growth, and to clean,
b^ hoeing if they wish, and also probably some
saving of seed — having nearly the same eflfect as
solving by drill machine.

The first ploughing match planned in the United
States, was at Brighton, in Oct. 1817. At that
match, not one cast iron mould hoard plough was in
our vicinity, if in the State — and at the present
Sliow none hut of cast iron was in our match.
This shows in the clearest possible view, the im-

mense improvement that our cattle shows, and par-
ticularly the ploughing matches, have produced
in this most important Agricultural Implement.
Respectfully submitted by

JOHN PRINCE, \

EBEN. HEATH, \ Committee.

JOHN NORTHEND, )

SHEEP AND SWIXE.

The committee, who were appointed to award
premiums upon sheep and swine, have attended
the duty assigned them, and request leave to
state —

That they proceeded to the discharge of their
duty by first visiting the pens in which the swine
were, and they found them well filled ; and after
a careful and thorough examination of their sev-
eral points, qualities and properties, they awarded
To John Mackay for the best boar, 12

To John Slackay for the next best do, 8

To John Mackay for the best sow, 12

To John Mackay for the next best do, S

To Isaac Robbins for the next best do, 5

To John Mackay for the best pigs, not less than
two in number, nor less than four months old, nor
more than eight, 10

To Isaac Robbins for the next best 5

They then visited the sheep pens, and were
much gratified to find in them several lots of Dish-
ley or New Leicester breed of sheep. One fine
ram and three ewes belonging to Enoch Silsby of
Boston of pure blood, imported from England.

A buck lamb, six months old belonging to John
Prince of Roxbury from the superior Dishley ram
of Col. S. Jaques, and two ewe lambs CJ months
old from imported stock.

Two Dishley ewes and two yearling rams be-
longing to Thomas Williams of Noddle's island.
They were from the imported ram of Col. S. Ja-
ques, who obtained the Society's premium the last
year, and was presented this year for exhibition.
The committee were not insensible of the respon-
sible and delicate situation in which some of its
members were placed to discharge their duty .sat-
isfactorily, but after a minute and close examina-
tion of the sheep, their form, shape, size, and other
peculiar properties they unanimouly award

To Enoch Silsby for the best Dishley ram, $30
To Enoch Silsby for the best Dishley ewe, §30
And it is v,'i[h great pleasure the Committee
observe the attention of gentlemen turned in fa-
vor of the Dishley sheep. They consider them an
important and valuable acquisition to the country,
and among the farmers' best stock. They v.'ill
yield more profit than other sheep from the fleece,
and their carcass is remarkably well calculated for
the market.

There were two ])ens filled with native weth-
ers. One lot was owned by E. T. French of Mil-
ton ; and the other by P. P. Peirce of Lexington.
Some of those, that were offered by Mr Peirce
were large and in good condition, but there were
not a sufficient nmnber of such extraordinary qual-
ity as to justify the committee to award the pre-
miums

JOHN HEARD, Jr, \
SAMUEL JAQUES, I Ccmmittee.
THOiMAS WILLIAMS, )

Specific character of the Dishley or Now Lei-
cester breed of sheep. Heads clean, straight, and
broad ; bodies round, or barrel sha|)ed ; eyes fine
and lively ; bones fine and small, pelts thin ; wool

id fine, well calculated for combing, anji
ng upon an average eight ])ounds per fleeo''

long and

weighing

when killed at two years old. Fatten kindl'

and early, well calculated for market, thriving, i'

pastures that will scarcely keep other sheep, air

requiring less food than others. Tolerably hartl

and vigorous.

The committee, consisting of E. Ilersey Derb'
Daniel Adams, and Timothy Corey, to whom w;
assigned the ploughing match xcith one yoke of ca
tie Report —

That the land to be ploughed was divided inl
lots of about 24 rods each.

Tliere were eleven competitors for the preni
urns — the ploughs generally of the iinjirove
kinds, and four of them were without drivers.

As the principal object of the ploughing mate
was to show good work, and skill in the plougl
men, they were particularly directed not to hun
their cattle, — shortness of time being no obj©
in comparison with good work — that attentW
would also be paid to the appearance, and docilit
of the cattle, and the management of the driver.
The ploughing to be not less than five inches deej
and that narrow furrows, laid lapping on eao
other would he preferred to wide and flat ones.

Under these regulations the first lot was plougl
ed in 33, and the last in 46 minutes.

The comnnttee state with great pleasure, tbi
the work in every instance was of a su[)eri(
order, that that there was so little difference i
most of it, they found it extremely difficult to df
cide to whom they should award the premiuma-
After great deliberation, they award as follow!

1st premium, to Moses Whitney, of Stow, $1
G. P. Meriam as ploughman,
Moses Whitney, as driver,

§27,0

2d, premium to Otis Meriam of Concord,

aged 17, $1

Same as ploughman,

Abel Meriam, aged 11, asdriver,;

$18,0

3d premium, to John Tilden, Jun. of N. Bridi

water,

Edwin Dunbar, aged IS, as ploughman,
Same as driver,

Su,o

E. HERSEV DERBY, Chairman,
Brighton, 20th Oct. 1830.

cows, UEIFERS, RtTLlS AND EULI. CALVES.

The committee on Bulls, and Bull calves, Ooyir
and Heifers, were gratified to perceive the ill)
proveinent in the value and appearanco of th
stock exhibited this year at the Brighton Cattli
Sliow. The namber of fine animrds with (h
spirit manifested by the great assemblage of agri
cnlturists are pleasing indications of the ill)
provemont which excitement and honorable com
|)etition will effect.

True it is that imported animals of great nam
do not call crowds round a pen as was once tb
case — nor are fine animals so rare as in years pSBt

But your commitlee think that our disceiail^
farmers will be gratified jo notice the advance
grade in the improvement of stock.

They will be jileased and led to usefnl pracfltt
by obsen'ing that not only from the iniporta

Vol.IX.— No.15.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

115

eeds ot" cattle is an obvious benefit derived —
t I'lcii- Report will shew a judicious selection

in equal pro-

I. live stock is moving forward

-5, and to like advantage.

Craving indulgence for these observations
licli seemed due to the occasion, your committee
xeed to announce the preraiuma which they
■aid as follows.

BULLS.

The committee award the first premium, on
Us to Mr G. W. Watson, of Princeton for his
ling Bull 1 year and 5 days old, .^30

This was a cross from the Imported breed, and a
lutiful animal, weighing 987 lbs. It will be
>D that he but little exceeded the ago proposed
Bull calves.

But the committee were governed by the letter
the rules, a'nd hope the distinguishing propor-
lis of this animal may be retained as his figure
arges.

The second premium they award to Mr Peter

Page, of Shirley, $20, for his Bull 19 mouths

y weighing 1160 lbs, partly of the short horned

partly of what is called the Westminster

1, so remarkable for the fleshy hind quarter,

1 said originally to have been of foreign deri-

lOn. This animal was of good size, figure and

portion, and may be exported to reward flir

;e's attention to stock.

To Mr Asa Rice, of Worcester, the third prem-
, $10, for a fine Bull 2 years and five months
a cross of Holderness or cative stock. The
utiful color and hair of Holderness with many
roved qualities is remarkable in his descendants.
le committee recommend a gratuity often dollars
Mr Abraham Washburn, of BriJgewater, for
fine white Bull 2 years and 7 months old,
ghing 1498. This animal was of large growth,
d figiue and well tempered, with many marks
mported blood.

le was a cross from that fine animal Denton,
h the opinions of dislike held by our country-
I, it is to be regretted that the short horned
k so often incline to this color,
laving been driven iu a short time to the show
animal appeared to less advantage,
"here were several Bulls exhibited for premium
rving of commendation,
[r George Morse, of Roxbury, exhibited one
ch excited the attention of the committee,
was a cross from Admiral and a valuable ani-

w exhibition the show was indebted to Mr
mas Williams, of Noddle's Island for a view of
lull blood bull Cicero, 22 months old, of fine
feand promise. Col. Sanger of Sherburne sent
le animal of this description.
he show was in like manner indebted to Mr
3 Perry, of Sherburne, for a view of many of
ligh bred stock.

BULL CALVES.

0 Noah Johnson, for his Bull calf 6^ months
weighing 644 lbs. of foreign cross and good

sarance, $1.5.

lerewere no other Bull calves that were thought

seerve a premium. There was a Bull calf of
!' ted excellent breed for m ilk and of the same
'i with Mr-Saundcrson's cow to which was
t rded the first premium .

lit though fair to view your committee did not
authorised to award a premium. This he may
S? aps merit hereafter.

o.v MILCH cows.
To Nathan Saundcrson, of Waltham, the first
premium, ,^30

This cow was in her origin of imported blood
though not well explained, 6 years old, and had
given 20 quarts of milk, and for some months an
average of 18 quarts, and from her week's milk
14 lbs. of Butter had been made.

To Leander Ilosmer, of Bedford, the second

premium, $20

This cow's milk made 14 lbs. of Butter a week,

and satisfactory evidence was given of her being

a very productive animal ; of native stock.

To John Ballard, of Framingham, the third
premium, §15

This was a well formed animal, and of valuable
inilch qualities. She had for several months
yielded over 12 lbs. of Butter a week. Her stock
was mainly native.

Other fine stock was exhibited for premium — a
cow of Mr Aspinwall, of Brookline, was much
admired and deservedly so — Her figure was beau-
tiful, and her product might perhaps have equalled
that of any other animal exhibited at the show ;
but an excessive feed on apples reduced her
milk soon after calving. For some days she gave
at the rate of 13 lbs. of Butter a week. She is
said also to be in milk nearly all the time, and
the committee doubt not that tmdcr other circum-
stances this animal may hereafter receive a high
premium.

Mr Saunderson, Jun. of Waltham, Col. Met-
calf of Cambridge, INIr Wyman, of Shrewsbury,
Mr Adams, of Newton, Col. Taylor, of Quincy,
Mr Bemis, of Waltham, and Mr Sanborn, of
Charlestown, either for premium or Exhibition
added to the merits of the show.

HEIFERS IM MILK.

The 1st premium to the Rev. Henry Colman
of Salem, ,915.

This extraordinaiy Heifer was o native stock.
She calved 2d of Sept. last, and had given at.
some time when measured 16 quarts in a day.
But it would seem the quality of her milk must
be superior, for in ten and a half days there was
had therefrom 18J lbs. of Butter and at other
times on trial, 14 lbs. of Butter a week. Most of
this appears by the certificate of her former owner
Mr L. Hazelton, Jr, of Haverhill.

The second premium to Se'ch Davis, of New-
ton, or a native Heifer, 28 months old of gi-eat
product and promise.

HEIFERS NOT IN MILK.

The 1st premium to Samuel Fisk of Saugus for
a beautiful heifer out of Bolivar, $1'2.\ her age was
S months 5 days, weighing 584 lbs. and of fine
figure.

The second premium to Mr William Furnejs of
Jledford, for his native Heifer, $10. Its age was
7 mouths and 3 days— Its weight 519 bs. This
animal did justice to the care taken of it and
promised to reward it.

To John Prince, Esq. of Roxbury, the 3il premi-
um, for his Heifer, $8. This handsome Heifer
was of the short horn breed principally, with some-
what of the Bakewell and Alderney blood.

To Mr Thomas Williams, for his Heifer from
Coelebs called Isabella, the 4tli premium, $6. This
was a high bred Heifer and wholly of import-
ed Blood.

There were many Heifers that were ornamen-
tal to the pens both for premium and exhibition.

Hon. Luke Fiske of Waltham, Stephen Higgin-

son.Esq. of Cambridge, MrN. Brown of Waltham,
Capt. Mackay of Weston, Mr Watson of Prince-
ton, iMr Bemis of Waltham, i\Ir Dudley of Bright-
on, Mr May of Roxbury, Mr Phillips of Lynn,
-Mr Swift of Newton, and Mr Williams, of Nod-
dle's Island, {in a fine Heifer from Bolivar.) with
others, gave many good instances of the improved
condition of our stock.

The productiveness of the Milch animals in
fact appeared to your Committee to exceed what
has formerly been cxhihitcd. Ofihe improvement
in the handsome show of Heifers mention has
been made — Of the Bull there were some fine
specimens; of Calves there were few and 1 premium
only was awarded. This is not so much to bo
regretted as these animals are generally so loadsd
with fat as to make it difficult atso early an age to
decide on form or properties.
All which is submitted.

JOHN WELLES, \
GEORGE SMIT H, } Committee.
NATHAN ADAMS, Jr. j

Silk — A beautiful specimen of sewing silk was
exhibited at the Fair of the Ammican Institute, in
N. Y., which was raised from the silk worms, and
manufactured by iMiss Louisa Hewlett, daughter
of John V. Hewlett of Oyster Bay. These evi-
dences of skill and industry prove that our coun-
try is fully capable of being independent of the
old world for this branch of manufacture.

To remove toatcr spots from black crape veils. —
If a drop of water fall upon black, transparent
crape, it immediately turns it white, leaving a dis-
figuriug mark. To remove this, spread the veil
on the table, laying smoothly under the stain, a
piece of old black silk. Then dip a camel's hair
pencil into some good writing ink, and wet the
white spot with it. Immediately, (and beftre the
ink has time to diy) wipe it oft" with an old piece
of canton crape or some thing of similar soft tex-
ture, taking care to rub it crosswise of the crape.
This process will cause the water stain entirely
to disappear, and unless the ink is allowed to dry
before it is wiped off, no mark will he seen on the
place.

Canal Tolls.— The Albany Aigus, stales that the tolls
collected on the State Canals up to tlie Istcl September,
amount to!sjl4,000 being about .$100,000 more than were
collected in the same period last year.

Worcester caUle show, look place on the 1.3th inst. —
The following is from the Report on Manufacturers. A
bed-spread made by Miss Caroline Henshaw of Leicesler,
when three years of a»e, came in close competition with
a bed quilt, made by Mrs Sarah Dunsmoor of West Bol-
ston at the age of Si. Either o( them would do great
credit to parsons in the meridian of life.

.i good (lay's Jl'ork.— At Shutesbury, on Wednesday,
Sept. 29, Mrs Bo^ue on the anniversary of her birih
day, at the completion ot her ninety fifth year, spun fifty
four knots of woollen yarn, of a superior quality. Such
women were our riiotliers! How many of the younger
portion of their descendants at the present day can equal
ibis performance ? — fVorccstcr Spy.

Corn and Cob. — A western paper says Ihal it has been
ascertained that 13 bushels of ears of corn ground will af-
ford as much nourishment to hogs and cattle, as 9 bushels
of shelled corn.

American Cotton goods are now exported to Calcutt
with great profit, and materials for our manufactures are
received here from there. The Raleigh Register says —
' In a letter written by the Rev. BIr. Dwight from Con-
slantinoplc, to a friend in Utica, New York, he slates
that our Cotlon goods are in^ood reputation at that place
— so much so, that the English actually put American
stamps on their goods, to sell them to better advantage."

116

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 29, 1830,

BERKSHIRE COUNTY AGRICULTURAL.
EXHIBITION.

The Pittsfield Argus, of October 14th, contains
the following notices of the Cattle Show and
Fair, lately held at that ])lace.

' The remarks following, with the accompany-
ing reports, were furnished us by the Committee
of publication of the Society.

'The twentieth anniversary of the Berkshire
Agricultural Society was held at Pittsfield during
the past week. At no former anniversary has
there been so splendid an Exhibition, or one so
well calculated to strengthen the heart of the
patriot, or cheer the feelings of the philanthropist.
The man who beheld the first anniversary twenty
years ago, and witnessed the late one, must re-
joice at the rapid advancement of the Berkshire
farmers in agricultural knowledge, prosperity and
improvement; and who during the lapse of he
these years, has marked upon these occasions the
progressive improvement of public manners and
morals, must indeed rejoice. It was calculated
by those who are accustomed to large assembla-
ges, who are used to count the drops of' the wave
of the multitude,' that near six thousand persons
were present. During both days there was no
fighting, no disturbance of good order and in-
stances of intemperance were extremely rare.

'The exhibition was honored with the presence
of many gentlemen of distinction from abroad,
particularly from the neighboring state of New
York. The exhibition of animals was superior in
number and quality to any ever before exhibited.
The highly improved stock of Cattle exhibited by
Col. Dwiglit, attracted general notice. As there
was no premium announced for a stock of Cattle
the spirit which induced him to bring them for-
ward is praise worthy. The exhibition of man-
ufactures, although not so large as would be de-
sirable, evinced an improvement in the excellency
of their fabric' * * *

'The public exercises were held in the old
Church on the second day. It is cause of re-
gret that so many were excnided for want of
room. The religious duties were performed by
Rev. Dr Shepard. It is great praise to say that
he maintained his well established reputation for
piety and talents — the devout aspirations, the fer-
vent supplications, which fell so eloquently from
his lips seemed to alight on the hearts of his
hearers. The address by Theodore Sedgwick,
Esq. was worthy of him, and honorable to the
Society. He did not confine himself to minute
details of small things, the specks of farming, but
he advanced his standard, he recurred to first
principles — practical principles of action, conduct,
and economy, well calculated to extend the pros-
perity, to improve the condition, and promote the
general happiness of the community. As the
Address is to be published, it is not necessary to
enlarge so much as inclination prom|)ts. It was
received by the audience with attention, and when
concluded they testified tlieir approbation by
cheers, long, loud and hcarly.

' The singing, led by :Mr Pollings, was excel-
lent, particularly the beautiful Ode by W. C. Brv-
A.N-r, tlie Berksliire Bard.

' The performances of both days were enliven-
ed by a fine band of music, led by Major Ha.nson.
Much praise is due Col. Nelso.n Strong, and the
Assistant Marshals, for the preservation of good
order, and carrying the arrangements into effect.
The Dinner at the old established house of

Messrs Russell on the first day of the Fair
was served up in their usual elegant and beautiful
style. On the second day, the Society dined at
the new house of Mr Joh.v Fomerot, and were
plentifully regaled with the good things of the
season, uniting elegance with variety.'

WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW.

Was held on the 13th inst. The day was
cloudy in the forenoon and rainy in the afternoon,
but notwithstanding these untoward circumstan-
ces, the collection of people was nearly on an av-
erage with the former similar exhibitions.

The number of teams which engaged in the
Ploughing Match was twentyone, a greater num-
ber than on the former occasion. And it was ob-
served by the Committee that at no other time
has the work been so well done. The President
of the Society, Gov. Lincoln made a brief and
valuable exposition of the present state of the Socie-
ty. A blessing on the proceedings of the daywas in-
voked by the Rev. Mr Miller. An address was
delivered by Ira Barton, Esq. of Oxford. This
is commended as sound, practical and replete with
good sense, clothed in chaste and appropriate
language.

The whole number of entries of stock of all
kinds was two hundred and Jiftyeight animals, ex-
clusive of the teams engaged in the Ploughing
Match, of which one hundred and ninely/'oiir were
neat cattle, and the remainder were the various
descriptions of sheep and swine. This is a larger
number than has been exhibited on any former
occasion, with exception of the year 1828.

The exhibition of Butter and Chesse is highly
commended. Of Cheese there were lots from 44
different dairies, each lot weighing from 100 to
150 lbs. the aggregate of the whole being about
5000 lbs.

FALL RIVER CATTLE SHOW.

The last Fall River Monitor gives a detailed ac-
count of the Cattle Show and Fair which took
place in that village on Tuesday of last week.
The exhibition of manufactured articles was ])ar-
ticularly gratifying, and the specimens of calico
from Mr A. Robeson's manufactory and from the
Taunton printworks might, it is said, vie in beauty
with any of the English patterns. At the sale in
the afternoon, a carpet cbntaining ten yards was
sold fur S16 to a gentleman of this town.

About 100 gentlemen partook of a dinner at
the Exchange Hotel. A number of appro])riate
toasts were given on the occasion among which
were the following.

By James Ford, Esq. — The Fall River Cattle
Show and Fair — May it be iierinanently establish-
ed, liberally encouraged, and the fondest expect-
ations of its projectors fully realized.

By Hon. James L. Hodges. — Our Farms and
Gardens — Owned and cultivated by enlightened
freemen — inay they never be subjected to the
despotism of Wfeds, ignorance or indolence.

Hon. Russell Freeman, on being called upon
remarked — that

'As this was an occasion for local exhibition, it
might not bo ill-timed, to indulge in a little local
I)ride and boasting. Not to name the illustrious
characters, natives of the Old Colony, who had,
in times past, occiq)ied the high places of the
state and nation, our .sister state of Maine, bone
of our bone and flesh of our flesh, is now indebted
to us for both her Senators in Congress, and many
of her high judicial and other functionaries ; and

three of the four of our own supreme Judiciii
Tribunal, the Secretary of the CommonwealtlJ
the Attorney and Solicitor Generals, the Distric;
Judge, and last not least, the Mayor of Bostoi
sprang from among us. He would therefot
propose —

The Old Colony — at the head of the Coinrnoi
wealth in mental exhibition ; not secondary i
mere animal, vegetable or artificial productions.

By M. H. Ruggles, Esq. Vice President — 21
Farmers of Somerset and theeitixens of Fall River-'
The latter may toil and spin, but their fields a)i
not arrayed like one of these. — Providence papeiy

Brookb/n Productions. — We have before stat<
that the Isabella grapes have been abundant ac
excellent throughout Brooklyn. We have seen
single Isabella grape from Mr Leavit's gardf
which measured two inches and eleven sixteenti
in circumference, and perfectly round.

Figs have come to good maturity. We fia
seen a dozen perfectly ripe and very fine fro;
the garden of Mr Birch.

The Lima Cocoa Nut Squash has grown twen'
two inches in length, in the gardens of J. Seam;
and A. Spooner. At maturity they are pronoun;
ed good. — Brooklyn Star.

DOMESTIC COTTONS.

A writer in the Daily Advertiser, states t\
within the last three months, some thousands
tons of merchandise have been imported in oi
ships from Calcutta, three fourths of the hulk
which consists of raw materials for the use of o
manufactories in this vicinity, and upon whi
the ship owners have a freight of twentyfive
thirty dollars per ton, and the importers twenty'
forty per cent, profit — and that, what is more-
be noted and wondered at, apart of these v;
cargoes have been paid for hy our cotton manufj
tures, sold in Calcutta at a profit 15 to 25]':
cent. The instances of profitable shipments I
our coarse cottons to India, he adds, are not d
or two, but many. The intrinsic superiority
our 'domestics' to the 'India cottons' is n|
almost as well imderstnod and appreciated hy i»
natives of Hindostan as by those of New Englai

Upon the same subject, the Salem Gaze)
says — ' It is but a few years since this acti
[carrying Cotton to Calcutta] would have b((
deemed no less absurd than that expressed by tr
corresponding phrase of "carrying Coal to Nf
castle ;" yet it bids fair to be soon one of frequl'
occurrence. The ship Rome, of this port, beloii
ing to P. Dodge, Esq. on th
from which she has just retu
300 bales of American cotton cloths, which ill
well understood, paid a high jjrofit in Calcu
Those whose memory extends to the very recjj
period when the trashy cottons of India, w.(
their uncouth nomenclature, filled our marl
will hardly be able to realize that the native:
Bengal are now dependent upon foreign county
for the cotton with which they are clothed ; fc/
it is true. American cottons find a ready nf
ket in the island of Madagascar, where they ^
a favorite article. Many bales have been sen*
that quarter by our Salem merchants, who h t
found their account in it.' — Boston Palladium.

We have before us a letter from a highly m
spectr.ble physician of this city, to a distinguisllH
philanthropist, in which is given the distressj;
details of a case of Afania a potu, inayoij

[he outward voyiA
jrned, carried abjj

Ml

i

Vol. IX.— No. 1.5.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

117

man about 20 years of oge. The cause of tlie
disease of the youth, is referred, by the physician,
to the Imbit of the mother, who adiiiinistered to
the patient, wlieii lie was an infant, small qiianti
ties of ardent spirits, with a view of correcting
internal weakness; and this early sip of the pois-
on, infused into his nutriment, produced a fond-
ness for it tliat was never conquered, and which
will probably be indulged until the powers of
physical resistance are destroyed, and the poor
wretch dJes a drunkard.

s?j3W i2sr>aa»ii5J2) :i>iissaaia»

BOSTON, FRID.iY, OCTOBER29, 1830.

BRIGHTON C.\TTLE SHOW.

The Agricultural Exhibition at Brighton on the
20th inst. though not equal in some particulars, to
former exhibitions of the kind at the same ])lacp,
yet was, on the whole very respectable, and in
some things superior to what has been before pre-
sented on similar occasions. Tliere was no im-
ported stock, which has, heretofore added much to
the Show ; and to a casual inexperienced obser-
ver there was an appearance of some diminution
in that particulai-. But there was a great show of
our own cattle, improved on the most approved
foreign stock, which constitutes one of the great
branches of rural economy for which Agricidtu-
ral Societies were instituted. There was, it is
said, scarcely one of the pure native breed of cat-
tle, sheep or swine. Nor were there many of any
class, remarkable for size. But there were many
indications of that real improvement, which con-
sists in utility. We were formerly pleased with
everj'thing which was great, as if its goodness
was in proportion to its size, but we have discov-
ered our error, and now judge of the goodness of
an animal, not by its size, but other more valua-
ble and essential properties. And to that discov-
ery we are much indebted to scientific and intel-
ligent gentlemen, who were formerly styled Book
Farmers, or Theoretical Farmers. But the film of
prejudice against cultivators of that description is
disappearing from the eye of our candid and en-
lightened Yeomanry, and they begin to realize
the benefits of ex[)eriment3 and impi'oveinents.

With regard to manufactures, it was not ex-
pected that the exhibition would be splendid. The
Trustees, believing that our manufactures were in
successful operation, and that a better and more
extensive exhibition could and would be made at
the public sales than at a Cattle Show, and the pre-
miums offered would not produce great competi-
tion, discontinued their premiimis for cloths, &c,
and limited those and gratuitous rewards to articles
of home manufacture of taste and ingenuity. In
addition to those on which the Committee passed
their judgtnent, and awarded gratuities there
were several articles, which would have been en-
titled to particular notice for their beauty and ex-
cellence if they had been presented iu season for
examination. The following are among the num-
ber of

MANUFACTURES RECEIVED OUT OF SEASOX FOR RX-
AMINATION.

Mrs Dorothy Wheeler, Concord, 1 Black Lace
Veil.

Cyrus B. Thayer, Watertown, 3 Half Reams
Glass paper, an improveinentwn the sand paper
formerly in use.

iMaiy H. Brammet, Boiton, 1 White Lace Veil,
very good.

Harriet Brumraet, do. 1 Black Lace Veil, do.
Sarah Heath, Roxbury, 1 Black Lace Veil and
1 Rug, imitation Wilton.

Eloisa Beals, Bnsfem, 1 Woollen Hearth Rug.
Harriet F Tenny, Boston, 5 specimens of Rug
Work, very heaiiliful.

Jonathan and R. E. Warren, Grafton, 12 wax-
ed calf skins, prime quality.

Sarah R. Pierce, Roxbury, 1 Lace Cap, rich.
Theodore Richmond, Dighton, 8 Lots assorted
sewing Silks, containing 3550 skeins, weight 7 to
8 lbs.

Do, Do, 1 Lot Black

Silk twist, 130 sticks.

Do Do ' 1 Pair worsted

Stockings, and one skein floss silk do, beautiful ar-
ticles.

Dolly B. Cotting, Marlborough, 1 cotton coim-
terpane, 1 sheet and 1 pair pillow cases, {worked
edges.)

John P. Webber, Beverly, 1 box, of 12 whole
and 18 half canisters of mustard, (best quality,)
tested.

Jane T. Robbinson, Boston, 1 woollen rug.
Lucy E. Heard, Chelsea, 1 black lace veil.
Ladies' Benevolent Society, Danvers, 1 box
fancy articles, viz. couches, needle-books, butter-
flies, fish, bracelets, &c, the most beautiful of their
kind. Were offered at auction by request, but no
bids made.

George Mansfield, Boston, 1 Vandyke or Cape
for a lady's use, cut and wrought by himself. He
was 3 years on board the United States Sloop of
war Falmouth, and is now lame, occasioned by a
fall from the mast head yard; an elegant arti-
cle deserving of notice, as he never saw one cut or
made before.

Harriet Clapp, Boston, 1 large cape, 1 muff, 5
neck tippets, 1 pelleriene do, 1 bonnet, all of down
from geese.

Mary De Luce, South Boston, 2 wrou ght and
painted pictures.

Mary W. Davis, Newton, 2 blank maps, or 2
hemispheres for the use of Lyceums.

Sophia A. Perry, N. Bridgewater, 4 yards white
lace, beautiful.

Julia A Perry Do black lace veil,

beautiful.

William Sheppard, Watertown, 2 pieces black
broad cloth.

Jonas Hastings, Weston, 3 pair half boots.
Sherman U. Houghton, Bolton, 1 whip stock.
Martha A. Hayden, Marlborough, 1 black lace
veil.

Lucinda Goddard, Roxbury, 1 black lace veil,
specimens of painted carpeting.

Among the fat cattle were a pair of young ox-
en sent by Theodore Lyman, Esq. for exhibition
only, which were beautiful and very superior ani-
mals.

The following is an abstract of the j)remiums
awarded.

Fat OxF.y.

The first premiutn was awarded to Col. Dexter
Fay, of Southborough, iu the County of Worces-
ter, Ox, 6 years old, cwt. 2477, $25.

Second premium to Mr Simon Ward of Char-
lestown, cwL 2312. 20

Third premium to Mr Asa Rice, of Princeton,
cwu 2330. 10

Working Oxen.

The first premium was awarded to Benjamin
Woodbury, of Sutton, cattle 4 years old. $24

The second premium was awarded to Leonard
Woodbury, of Sutton, cattle 4 years old. 20

The third premium was awarded to Luther
Whiting, of Sutton, cattle 4 years old. 15

The fourth premium was awarded to George
M. Barrett, of Concord, cattle 4 years old. 12

The fifth premium was awarded to Henry Bar-
rett, of Concord, cattle 4 years old. 8
Ploughi.ng — Two yoke of Oxen.
The first premium was awarded to Abiel
Wheeler, $15
Abiel Wheeler, ploughman. 8
Jacob Jepson, driver. 4
The second premium was awarded to Samuel
Hoar, 2d, \Q
Samuel Hoar, 2d, ploughmaa. 5
Franklin Wheeler, driver. %
The third premium was awarded to George M.
Barrett. 6
George M. Barrett,'ploughman, 3
Asa Fisher, driver, 2
Plodghi.-vo with one toke of oxe.v.
The first premium was awarded to Moses

15
8
4
Otis
10
S
3

to

Whitney of Stow.

T. P. Meriam, ploughman.

Moses Whitney, driver.

The second premium was awarded
Meriam, of Concord, aged 17 years.

Otis Meriam, ploughman

Abel H. Meriam, aged 11 years, driver

The third premium to John Tilden, of North
Bridgewater. 6

Edwin Dunbar, 18 years old, ploughman. 3

Same, driver. 2

Milch Cows.

The first premium was awarded to Nathan
Sanderson, Jr. 30

The second premium was awarded to Leander

Hosmer. 20

The third do, to Mr Bullard, IS

Heifers in milk.

The first premium was awarded to ReT. Sir

Coleman. ]5

The second do, to Seth Davis, 10

Heifers not having had a calf.

The first premium was awarded to Samuel
Fiske, 12

The second do. to Mr Furness, 10

The third do. to John Prince, 8

The fourth do. to Thomas Williams, 5

Bulls.

The first premium was awarded to J. W. Wat-
son, of Princeton, 30

The second do. to Peter Payson, 20

The third do. to Asa Rice, 10

Bull calves.

The first premium was awarded to Noah John
son, 1 5

Sheep.

The first premium for the best Dishley Ram
was awarded to Enoch Silsby, 30

The first do. for the best Dishley Ewe, same, 30

Swine.

The first premium for the best Boar, was
awarded to John Mackay, 1 2

The second do. for the next best, to same, 8

The first premium for the best Sow, was award-
ed to John jiackay, 12

The second premium for the next best, to same, 8

118

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 29,1830-

TliG third premium for the next best, to Isaac
Robbins, 5

The first premium for the best store pigs, to
John Mackay, 10

The third premium for the next best, to Isaac
Robbins, 5

Wethers, of extraordinary quaUty not less than
5 in number.

Tliere was a lot offered by Mr Pelatiah P.
Pierce, some of them were very good, but there
was not a sufficient number of such quality as
to authorise the Committee to award a premium.

BtJTTER, CHEESE, AND CIOER.

The first premium for the best butter, was
awarded to Michael Crosby, 15

The second premium for the next best, to Nath-
an Hardy, 10

The third premium for the next best, to Luther
Gliamberlain, 7

The fourth premium for the next best to Adam
Fay, 5

The first premium for the best old Cheese, was
awarded to Elisha Matthews, 10

The second premium for the next best, to Jol)
Rainger, -5

The first premium for the best new Cheese to
Hooper Holland, 10

The second premium for the next best to Sam-
uel Denny, 5

Inventions.

A premium was awarded to Horace M. Pool,
for a set of Geometrical Protracters, 15

Hancpactures.

A gratuity was allowed to Mary Fairbrother
fijr the best specimen of Brown linen thread, $2

Do, to Mrs Samuel Denny for two linen

table cloths, and 2 pair of socks, 5

Do, to Jonas More, for linen diaper, 2

Do, to Aurelia White, for a straw bonnet, 2

Do, to John Hunter, for rose blankets, 5

Do, to Catherine E. Cook, aged 12 years,

white lace veil, 3

Do, to Sophia W. Farland, aged 12 years,

wtiite lace veil,

" to Louisa W. Chamberlain, black lace veil,

" to Adeline Marsh, for woollen socks,

" to Deborah Walker, palm leaf hats,

" to Eliakim Mcsse, diamond plat bonnets,

" to Susan W. Lovett, woollen hearth rug.

2
2

1
2

5

3

En-

" to William Cobb, diamond plat bonnet
glish straw, 7

The sliow dinner prepared by Messrs Sargeant
and Murdock, and in which it was intended to
display the best specimens of provisions of every
kind, which the season affords, was judged by
connoisseurs to have been the best public dinner,
atul the best served, whioli has been given for many
years in this neigliborhood. Tiiere was a great
vnrioty of fine apples and fine praclics, which for
beauty and flavor were as remarkable as any the
Beason has produced. There were also some
a^iecimens of good pears from John Prince, Esq.
And specimens of nine kinds of grapes, fromZEE-
EDEE Cook, Esq. of Dorchester, in excellent con-
dition, and very creditable to the skill of that gen-
llonan, who is deservedly eminent as an Horticul-
turist. There were also several varieties of Grapes
from the vinery of the Hon. T. If. Perkins, in
j^reat perfection. In addition to these there was
R liberal contribution of peaches, grapes, apples,
and pears, from individuals of the Board of Trustees
o{ the JIassachusetts Agricultural Society which

cannot be enumerated on account of the labels
having been displaced. But we may say in a
word that the dessert was a very fair representa-
tion of the present state of Horticulture in this
vicinity, and such as we have reason to be proud
of.

The style of this dinner was peculiarly appro-
priate. Large surloins and rumps of beef from
the best fatted oxen, large legs of excellent cosset
mutton, &c, were served u]) in a handsome manner,
and the tables were well attended, with great reg-
ularity and order.

The Society dined in the lower hall of that spa-
cious and elegant building the Cattle Fair Hotel,
which was erected by the liberality and public
spirit of several gentlemen in Boston and its neigh-
borhood, and a number of the inhabitants of
Brighton. Such a building has been wanted for a
long time to accommodate our friends from the
country, who attend the Cattle Fair every Mon-
day. It appears to be all that they can desire, and
will well deserve a large share of their patronage.
Although the Hall was unfinished, it was very
beatifully decorated with flags and appropriate
banners, tastefully arranged, surrounded by the
graceful pine and larch, and the posts entwined
with evergreens, under the direction of John
Green. At the head of the Hall was the portrait
of Sir Isaac Coffin, a great patron of the Society,
and to whom they are indebted for many invalu-
able presents. The portrait was by Mr Rand, a
painter of great promise. It gives great satisfac-
tion to the friends of Sir Isaac, and shows the
hand of a master.

The following were the Regular Toasts.

1. Cattle Shows. They present a field of hon-
orable competition to the most numerous class of
productive laborers. Figures cannot compass the
gain from this apparently humble instrument of
improvement. Blay the County Shows still con-
tinue to be cherished under a full sense of their
importance.

2. Plousbing Matches — Matches to kindle Am-
bition. Though Bank Bills make a good tinder,
honorable ambition is a better.

3. Horticidture — The Farmer who has as yet
denied himself the pleasures and benefits of a
garden has not enjoyed half the advantages of his
condition as a Cultivator. The garden may be
made to yield everything and cost nothing.

4. Those who/«;-m, those who tra_ffic — and those
who manvfacture. A mutually dependent and har-
monious brotherhood. — And yet the words agri-
culture, commerce and manufactures, are ever at
odds in the mouths of Political Economists.

5. Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, a Philanlhrophist
in the JVeiv World, and a dislinguished officer in the
OW. United to this country by birth, affection, and a
generous spirit, his benefactions to us are enduring
ami diffusive. May his name endure also, fmd 6e
heard with a blessing on every farm to the latest pos-
terity.

6. General John Coffin. — May he be forever
held in honor for his munificent gift to this Coun-
try. He has presented us a drift,* for millions.

The followingare a few of the Volunteer Toasts
— we have not been able to procure all which
were drank.

By the President. The Farmers, the Merchants
and the Mainfacturers. Let each consider his ex-
ertions to promote the best interests of our Coun-
try to be in constant requisition.

By Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn. — Sir Isaac Coffin.

By his munificence Agriculture is encouraged^
Schools are endowed, and the Mariner is instruct-
ed in nautical Science ; he isau honor and is hon-
ored by bis native state.

By ^udge Story. jVeu-England — Let those have
liberty to reproach her, who first excel her in
morals, in public spirit, and in i)roductive industry.

By T. G. Fessenden, Esq. Gentlemen Farmers.
Men who make expensive experiments in Agricul-
ture for the benefit of the community. May w«
acknowledge with gratitude the favors which ViB
receive gratis.

Some other very good toasts were given, which,
with additional particulars relative to this exhibi-
tion, we hope to present in our next, as want of
room this week renders it necessary to defer them.

The Address of J. C. Gray, Esq. was able, use-
ful, well written, and well delivered. We ate
happy to announce that we shall be permitted tD
give it entire — a part of it will appear in our next.

* Gen. Coffin presented to the Mass. Agr. Soc. some
years ago, a draught Horse of great power, and esteemed
a valuable acquisition to the Stock of the Country.

Large Cauliffoioer. — Mr Otis Pettee of Newfon,
Mass. exhibited to the Horticultural Society, and
afterwards presented to us a Caidifower, which
when divested of leaves, weighed 9| lbs. It was
a delicious vegetable, and much superior in si23B
to anything of the kind we have ever seen, heard
or read of.

Edinburgh Review. — Wells and Lilly, have juet
published No. CII. of this valuable and interesting
journal, which contains elaborate articles on the
following subjects.

The Law of Population — The Life of Bentley—
Niebuhr's History of Rome — Life of Sir Slamford
Rnftles — History of the Commerce of Holland.—
Women as they are, or manners of the day-
New Version of Homer — Remarks on a bill fop
establishing courts of a local jurisdiction — Works
of Thomas Jefferson — Library of Useful Know-
ledge ; Farmers Series — Origin and Affinity
of the principal Languages of Europe — State
of ])arties in England — Quarterly List of New
Publications, Inde.x — Price $.5 per annum.

One of Mr Mackay's Hogs, 16 months old,
exhibited at Brighton, last week, measmed 5 feel
10 inches long, 6 feet, 2 inches round.

Dr RoBEiKs' experiment for preventing the rav-
ages of the canker worm is now in operation in
Roxbury, Gentlemea interested in Agricultural
pursuits, are res])ectfully invited to call and see it
Roxbury, October 29.

Encouraging to Cultivators of Fruits. — Mr San>
ucl R. Johnson of Charlestown, Mass. has receiv-
ed $51,36, for the produce of a single plum tree
in his garden, this season, besides giving away
considerable of the fruit to his friends. — The tree
produces the Bolmcr's Washington Plum, and has
yielded but a little short of $50 per annum, for the
last three years. — St JMichael pears of the finest
appearance, have been sold in our market this
week for §1,50 per dozen.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Saturday Ootobot 23, 1830.

FRUITS.

Pears. — From Mr Joy, St Germain, very fair, with
no appearance of blight ; one of them weighed ]2i
oz. From Mr Manryng, St Michael, from the garden
of Rev. Mr Ellingwood, Bath, Me. of medium size —

Vol. IX.— No. 15,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

119

never blight— Holland Green, Holland Table Pear'
/Co.x, No. 26,) not suitable for our climate. From
Mr Stearns, of Salem, Cliaumonlelle, of large size,
(Co.x, No. 40.) From Mr A. Young, of Boston, a
remarkably fine specimen of his Baking Pear,
weighing '23 oz. From Mrs Chaplin, of Cambridge
Port, pears of good flavor, from a tree imported from
France; a good bearer, name unknown. From Mr
A. D. Williams, of Roxbury, pears from a tree im-
ported from Scotland, name unknown ; appears to be
the same kind as tiie last mentioned. From Mr R.
Toohey, of Waltham, Monsieur John, ("Cox, No. ;33)
a good breaking pear. From E. M. Richards, Rush-
more's Bon Cretien, an inferior fruit, and Monseiur
John.

Peaches. — From Mr Otis Pettee, of Newton, Hys-
lop Clingstone, a very fine and prolific variety ; also
some of the same sort, prepared in the following
manner. ' Eight peaches, woigiiing 2 lbs., brushed
clean, and put into a dish with 3 oz. best brown su-
gar, and set into a steam kettle ; the steam kept up
until the fruit was soft. I liave practised the above
method through the Peach season,Tarying the quan-
tity of sugar according to the taste or (luality of the
fruit.' A pleasant but not rich preparation — will
keep 5 or G days. From E. M. Richards, Heath
Clingstone, (Cox, No. 13) The season has been very
unfavorable for the maturity of this sort.

Jlpples.—Ftom Mr E. Barllett, of Ro.xbury, Mon-
strous Pippin, (Cox, No. 27) one of them weighed
18 oz., Pearmain, Winter Pearmain, (Cox, No. 47)
Newton Pippin, very large. Golden Pippin,(Cox, No.
64) Spitzenburg, and one variety, name unknown.
From Mr G. 'W. Porter, of Medford, a handsome
green apple, weighing 1 lb., not in eating, name un-
known. From Mr Manning, remarkably fine fruit
from a French dwarf tree, name unknown, and a
superior variety, origin not known.

Grapes. — From J. Prince, Esq. of Ro.xbury, White
Scuppernong, of good appearance; not mature ; raised
in open ground.

TO THE FRUIT COMMITTEE.

With the box of Catawba Grapes sent to the Hor-
ticultural Society by John Adlum, Esq. from the
Vineyard near Georgetown, I also send vou an ex-
tract from his letter under date of 20th Sept. 1830,
directed to the subscriber. ''■ The grapes I send vou
axe not so good as usual, the best and earliest are
gone ; they ripened about the 15th of this month —
those you will receive ripened in the shade ; of
course not so high flavored, the bunches not full and
large, caused first by a hail storm when in blossom,
and secondly by a drought when ripening. The
Bland Grapes ripened this season at the same time
the Catawba did, usually a few days later."

Dorchester, October 21, ]S30. S. DOWNER.

The fine vinous Catawba Grapes, from Maj. Adlum,
of Georgetown, (D. C.) Mr Nathaniel Seaver's, of
Roxbury, and E. Piiinney, Esq. of Lexington, are
pronounced identically the same by the committee
on Fruhs. From Mr D. Fosdick, of Charlestown,
fine bunches of White Muscadine, raised in the open
ffround. From Mr Sharp, of Dorchester, Seedling
Grapes, rai.5ed in the open ground, resembling the
Street Water, good for the season.

E. M. RICHARDS.

TEGF.T-lBLtS.

Mr Otis Pettee, exhibited a fine large Cauliflower,
weighing Oi lbs. when divested of its leaves.

E. Edwards, Esq. of Springfield, forwarded three
Valparaiso Squashes, of extraordinary size, which
were particularly described last week.

Dr P. G. Robbins, of Roxbury, exhibited G of the
Pie Squash, twentytwo of uhich grew on a piece of!
ground less than two rods square, twelve of them 1
weighed 401 lbs. averaging '33i lbs. each. . |

Hon. John Davis, of Boston, was admitted a subscrip-
den member of tlie Society, at th» la^t meetins-

To CoF.REspc.NDENTs. — Scver.il cominunica'ions are
on hand The history of the .\nj'jrelte Pear, which wai
fin* noticed in France, in 1690, and of the Kchcssery, will
eosa appear.

Grape Vines, Fruit Trees, S,-c.

4000 Isabella Grape Vines, 1 year

old, at §!25 per 100.
5000 " " 2 years old,

and very strong, §31 j per 100.
SOO Catawba, strong, 2 years old,

at .$33 per 101).
2000 Alexander's, at $25 per 100—
and other Grape Vines, as per
Catalogue.

Pear 7\-ees of large size and exceedingly vigorous
growth, of a great variety of kinds —
Also, the finest new varielios originated in Europe, of
sizes in proportion to the period of their introduction,
some of them 2, 3, and -l years, from the inoculation.
Among these is the genuine Colmar Stiuverain, of Van
Mons, of from 2 to 3 years' growth, one of the most splen-
did fruits yet introduced.

The Sylvnnche vert d'hyver, Colmar d'hyver, Napo-
leon, Passe Colmar. Foxley, Beurre d'Albccq, Prince du
printemps, Colmar blanc, Downton, Marie Louise, Mer-
veillo do Charncux, Garnestone, Burghill, Wormsley
Grange, Beurre Bosc, Rouselench, Lowell, jla belle Ma-
linoise, Beurre Spence, all of which are excellent trees,
for the period since introduced, having been ingrafted 4
to 5 feet from the ground, on young thrifty stocks.

The Plum trees form a collection of more than 20,000,
and are almost wholly on the fine new stock, and gener-
ally 3 years' growth from the inoculation, and very vigor-
ous— some few very new kinds are however but 1 and 2
years' growth.

All the other species of Fruits, such as Apples, Peaches,
Nectarines, &c, are of fine size.

The Proprietors are thus particular in calling the pub-
lic attention, because their great attention and extension
of the Establishment to above 40 acres, compactly filled,
has caused the trees now oflered to be greatly superior to
allformtr periods, and they tender themasMnriua/Wm
size and accuracy. 71 supplement Catalogue, containing
the new varieties of fruits, has been published, and may
he obtained of Mr J. B. Russell, and of the proprietors.
Among the Ornamental Trees, the Silver leaved Abele
stands conspicuous for its great beauty and rapid growth,
and several thousand are now offered of large size.
The collection of the Camellia Japonica, contains several
thousand plants, and they are reduced to very low prices
in the nciv Greenhouse Catalogue, of 1830 — and the
other species are also proportionably reduced.
WM. PRINCE, &. SONS.

Prince's Treatise on the Vine,
Just received at the New England Seed Store, No. 52
Korlh Market Street,

A Treatise on the Vine ; embracing its History from
the earliest ages to the present day, with descriptions of
a'oove two hundred Foreign, and eighty American varie-
ties; together with a complete dissertation on the Estab-
lishment, Culture, and Management of Vineyards.

* Tlie Vine, too, hero her curling tendrils shoots,
Hangs out her cluster* glowing to tlie south.
And scarcely wishes fur a warmer sky.'

By Wm. Robert Prince, aided by Wm. Prince
Propricfor of the Linncean Botanic Garden. 1 vol. octa-
vo, 355 pages. Price $1,50. Oct. 29.

Catawba Grape Vines.

THE GENUINE SORT.

For sale at the New England Seed Store.No. 52 North
Market-street —

50 Vines of the true Catawba Grape, one year old,
price 75 cts. each. This is one of the best native, table,
or wine Grapes cultivated ; the bunches large, with
shoulders, very thickly set, with large berries of a pale
red or lilac color, and in soaie situations covered with a
beautiful bloom, giving them a blueish purple appearance.
They have a slight musky taste, and delicate flavor.
They have a ibin skin, very little pulp, are perfectly har-
dy, and surpass most of the native grapes that have" been
exb.ihited at the Hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, the two past seasons. The pulp diminishes and
almost disappears when thev are left on the vine till they
attain to perfect maturity. The vines are great bearers :
one vine in Mrs Scbell's garden, in Claiksburg, Mary-
land, has produced eight bushels of grapes in one sea«on
— and eleven younger vines in the garden of Joshua John-
son, Esq. of the satne State, have produced in one season
thirty bushels of fruit. A particular history and descrip-
tion of this fine grape will bo found in Prince's new
Treatise on the Vino, just published. Th?ro can be no
mistake with regard to the identity of the .above vines, as
they are all from the garden of Mr Seaver, who raised
the first Catawba Grapes ever exhibited in Massachusetts.

Apples.
Gentlemen in want of fine Baldwin or Greening Apples,
of extra quality and fairness, raised from a V""",? orchard
in this vicinity, can have them delivered at any place in
Boston, at $1,58 per barrel, by leaving their orders at Mr
Russell's Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, where
specimens of the fruit may be seen. Oct. 29.

Pear Seedlings.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market Street —

20,000 Pear Seedlings, in fine order for Nurseries

raised within six miles of Boston— at from 5 to ,4;1U per
thousand, according to their size, &c. They will be suit-
ably packed, as wanted, for transportation to any distance

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by Admiral Sir Isaac
Coffin, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
of Agriculture. The pedigiee of these anijuals can be
given as far hack as Hubbach, who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersey Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 1830.

K'antcd
In a Book and Job Printing Office, in Boston, two
Apprentices. Those from the cotintry would be preferred.
Apply to Mr J. B. Russell, at the New England Seed
Store, No. 52 North Market Street. Oct. 29.

NOTICE.

The Library Committee of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, in pursuance of a vote passed at the
meeting on Saturday, the 23d inst., request all persons
having in their possession, any bookc or pamphlets be-
longing to the Library, to return them to the Librarian at
the Hall immediately, that the committee may be enabled
to form a Catalogue of the same, for publication.

Z. COOK, Jh.

Oct. 29. In behalf of the Library Committee.

Grape Vines.
The subscriber has for sale at bis garden in Dorchester,
the choicest variety of Grape Vines ever offered for sale
in tills vicinity. Many of them are now in fruit, and
purchasers are invited to call and make a selection. The
tbllowing compose a part of the variety.
Black Hamburg, Napoleon,

Black Cape, White Chasselas,

White Muscadine, Golden Chasselas,

Golden Muscat, Red Chasselas,

Gore's, (a beautiful Black Grape) Black Conslantiti,
Carohne. Bland,

Ferrol.
8 varieties of superior fruit from Xcres and Malaga.
400 two years old Isabellas.
1400 one " " "

200 Catawba, or what hasheretofore been considered
the Bland. It is now satisf\ictorily ascertained that the
Bland grape will not ripen in tliis climate, in tho open
ground.

Orders by mail, addressed to the Subscriber, or person-
al application at his office, No. 7i Congress-street, for any
number of Vines from one to one hundred or more, will
meet with prompt attention. Application may also be
made to Patrick Kennedy, at the garden.
Soston, Sept. 27, 1S30. 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Je.

BRiGHTo>f Markkt — Monday, Oct. '25.

[Reported for tlie Chronicle and Patriot.]

At Market this day 3154 Cattle, 6430 Sheep, and 720
Swine, a large proportion of which were sold.

Prices— Beef Cattle— Fmm .$3,25 to 4,.50 ; a few extr»
only brought 4,50. We noticed however one yoke taken
at 5,00. The premium cattle were taken last week at .§fl
a 7. Barrelling Cattle— for Mess. $3,50, a 3,53 ; No. I,
3, a 3.0-'; No. 2, 2,67, a 2,75.

Sheep. — Sales brisk, considering the number at market.
We noticed four prime Co-s?t Wothers, taken at .'?;19, as
follows : one for 8, two for S, and one for 3. We noticed
also another lot of about 25 Wethers taken at $3 each ; »
lot of 30 at 2,50 ; also a lot of more than 200, part weth.
ers, for 2,42; and lots at the following prices: 2,25 9,
1,75, l.-'JS, 1,50, 1,37J, and 1,25— those la.st menlioned
were probably purchased for the pelts only.

Sirine. — Considerable doing; we noticed one entire lot
of 'J.)0 taken 3ic ; one lot of 53 selected Bairows, at 4I[C ,
one of 60 Sows and Barrows, at 4c ; and oneof60 4ic;
also, one remnant, to close, at 3|c. At retail, selected,
4c for Sows, and 5c for Barrows.

120

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Oct. 29, 1830.

MISCELLANIES.

THE DYING CHILD.

Ah, look thy last, fond mother —

On the beauty of that brow.
For death's cold hand is passing o'er

Its marble stillness now ;
Those silken eyelids weighing down

Upon the glazed eye,
Are telling to thy breaking heart,

The lovely one must die.

Yes, mother of the dying one,

The beautiful must go ;
The pallid cheek, and fading eye.

And trembling lip of snow.
Are signets from the hand of Death,

When unseen angels come
To bear the young and beautiful

To their own happy home.

That soft white hand within thy own.

May never more entwine
Its arms around the mother's neck,

Like tendrils of the vine —
Those still, cold fingers never more

Along thy forehead fair.
Shall dally with the raven curls

That cluster thickly there.

The flashes of its speaking eye —

The music of its mirth —
Shall never more make glad the hearts

Around the parent's hearth ;
Then look thy last, fond mother —

For the earth shall be above.
And curtains up that sleeping one,

The first born of thy love.

But let thy burning thoughts go forth —

And pray that thou may'st meet
That sinless one, where worlds shall bow

Before the judgment seat ;
And pray, that when the wing of death

Is shadowed on thy brow,
Thy soul may be beside the one

That sleepeth near thee now.

j\r. E. Review.

A HI.NT TO MOTHERS.

When we contemplate what great things de
l)end on what, to a superficial observer, is of
small moment, we wisli to speak a word of cau-
tion. Our subject is that of the common, every
(lay conversation of mothers to their children.

When giving to your children commands, bej
careful that you speak with a becoming dignity,
as if, not only the right,l)Ut the wisdom also to com-
mand was with you. Be careful not to discover
a jealousy tl^at yoiu' injunctions may not be attend-
ed to, for if the cliild sees tliat you have doubts,
tliey will lead the child to doubt too ! Be cautious
never to give your commands in a loud voice, nor
in baste. If you must speak loudly in order to be
obeyed, when it is not convenient to raise your
voice, you must e.xpect to be disobeyed ; and if it be
convenient for you to speak loudly, you must re-
member tliat it is inconvenient for others to hear it.

But with regard to manner, be careful to speak
in a soft, tender, kind, and loving way. Even
when you have occasion to rebuke, be careful to
do it with manifest kindness. The effects will be
incalculably better. When you are obliged to
deny the request that your child may make, do
not allow yourself to do this with severity. It

is enough for our little ones to be denieil of what
they may think they want, without being nearly
knocked down with a sharp voice ringing in their
tender ears.

If you practise severity, speak harshly, frequent-
ly punish in anger, you will find your children
will imbibe your spirit and manners. First, you
will find they will treat each other as you treat
them ; and after they arrive to a little age, they
will treat you with unbecoming replies. But if
you are wise and treat your little ones with ten-
derness, you will fix the image of love in their
minds, and they will love you and each other, and
in their conversation will imitate the conversation
which they have heard from the tenderest friend
which children have on earth.

TATTOOINe.

The operation of tattooing is one of a still
more severe and sanguinary description in New
Zealand, than it would seem to be in any of the
other islands of the South Sea ; for it is performed
here, not merely by means of a sort of fine comb,
which merely pricks the skin, and draws from it
a little serum slightly tinged with blood, but, also
by an instrument of the nature of a chisel, which
at every application, makes an incision into the
flesh, and causes the blood to start forth in gushes.
This chisel is sometimes nearly a quarter of an
inch broad, although, for the more minute parts
of the figure, a smaller instrument is used. The
stick with which the chisel is struck, is occasion-
ally formed into a broad blade at one end, which
is applied to wipe away the blood. The tincture
is said to be sometimes obtained from the juice of
a particular tree.

Some are tattooed at eight or ten years of age ;
but a young man is accounted very eff'eminate,
who reaches his twentieth year without having
undergone the operation. 3Ir Marsden told one
of the chiefs. King George, as be was called, that
he must not tattoo his nephew Racow, who was
a very fine looking youth, with a dignified, open,
and |)lacid countenance, remarking that it would
quite disfigure his face ; ' but he laughed at my
advice,' says Mr Marsden, ' and said he must be
tattooed, as it would give him a noble, masculine,
and warlike appearance ; that he would not be fit
for his suocesssor with a smooth face ; the New
Zealanders would look on him merely as a wo-
man, if he was not tattooed.' Mr Savage says,
that a small spiral figure on each side of the chin,
a semicircular figiu'e over each eyebrow, and two,
or sometimes three lines on each lip, are all the
tattooing the New Zealand women are requijed
tc submit to. Rutherford's account is, that they
have a figure tattooed on the chin, resembling a
crown turned upside down ; that the iitside of
their lips is also tattooed, the figures here appear-
ing of a blue color ; and that they have also a
mark on each side of the mouth resemblmg a
candlestick, as well as two stripes about an inch
long on the forehead, and one on each side of the
nose. Their decorations of this description, as
well as those of the other sex, are no doubt diflijr
ent in different parts of the country. j

Rutherford states, that in the part of the coun-
try where he was, the men were commonly tat-
tooed on their lace, hips, and body, and some as
low as the knee. None were allowed to be tat-
tooed on the forehead, chin, and upper lij), except
the very greatest among the chiefs. The more
they are tattooed, he adds, the more they are hon-

ored. The priests Mr Savage says, have only a
small scpjare patch of tattooing over the right eye.
These stains, although their brilliancy may per-
haps decay with time, being thus fixed in the flesh,
are of course indelible — just as much as the
marks of a similar nature which our own sailors
freciuently make on their arms and bre.ists, by in-
troducing gunpowder under the skin. — Library
of Entertaining Knowledge.

The conte.nted Fe.male.-A nobleman soliciting
a young country girl to abandon her rustic state,
and reside in a populous city, she replied, ' Ah !—
my Lord, the farther we remove from ourselves, the
greater is our distance from happiness!' — They
who leave their homes, uncalled by Providence, in
search of happiness, generally find they are only
farther from it.

Requisites. — There are five requisites for a
professed drunkard : — A face of brass — nerves of
steel — lungs of leather — heart of stone and an in-
combustible liver.

Prettxj Women. — ' Of all other views, a man
may, in time, grow tired ; but in the countenance
of women there is a variety which sets weariness
at defiance.' — The divine right of beauty, says
Junius, is the only divine right an Englishman
can acknowledge, and a pretty woman the only
tyrant he is not authorized to resist.

Idleness. — Lord Chatham writes to his nephew
at Cambridge — ' Vitanda est improba Siren, Desi-
da, I desire may be aflixed to the curtains of your
bed, and to the walls of your chambers. If you
do not rise early, you can never make any pro-
gress worth anything. If you do not set apart
your hours of reading ; if you suffer yourself, or
any one else, to break in upon them, your days
will slip through your liands, unprofitable and
frivolous, unpraised by all you wish to please, and
really unenjoyed by yourself

J^ew Work on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 Nortli
Market Street, '

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shocing-Smith, Fr.rrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Fariiery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinils, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and irapiovements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society. Price f 1,25_

Published every Friday, at ^3 per annum, payable at the
end of the year--but those who pay within sixty days from the
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of iifly cents.

[ij= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
bemg made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wi'^hcs of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

Neio yor/c— O.Thop.burn & Son, 67 Liberty-street.
Philadelphia- 1). & C, Landketh. Sa Chestnut-sireet.
Baltimore— G. B. Smith, Office ollhe American Farmer.
Albaiiii—lha- Jesse Buel. , . „ ..^ j

Flushing. N. Y. WM.PRiNcE&SoNS.Prop.Lm.Bol. Garden
Hailfi>t°d—Goom\in & Sons.
Neirhinjporl, Ebesezer Steoman, Bookseller.
Hali/ar.H. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder OfEco.
Montreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW E]^GL.A]^D FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AoEicuLTniiAL Warehoose.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 183 O.

NO. 10.

ANADDRESS ' need not say how great are tlie improvements,

DeliTered before the Massachusetts Society for the Proraoiion of wliich, since tlie establishment of these societies
Agriculture, October 20th, 1S30. and shows, havc taken place in every branch of

Bt J. c. GRiT, Ew. I our Agriculture. To give a complete history ol'

It is with great ditfidence, my friends, that I now I those improvements, to draw an exact parallel he-
address you. Tliis duty has hitiierto been dis- j tween the Agriculture of Massachusetts as it now
charged by men distinguished at once as theoretical j 's, and as it was previous to our last war, would
anil as practical fanners, able not only to display | 'je indeed a most interesting task, but it would be
in impressive language the immense importance of j unsuited to the narrow limits of this occasion, and
Agriculture, but to convey to their audience much is vvorthy far abler hands than mine. 1 shall
valuable practical information. I cannot pretend < therefore merely state a very few facts, in relation to
to follow in their footsteps. My experience in I one description of improvements, which while they
Agriculture is comparatively recent, and my pre- are among the most important, are also the most

obvious to the general observer; I mean the cliangos
which have taken place in our Domestic Animals.
The most striking of these, is the entire revolution
which has been eftected in our Swine. A ihw
years ago our state was disgraced by a tall raw
boned race of these animals, who seemed formed

tensions to the name of an accomplished farmer
extremely moderate. But I trust that I yield to
none in n)y zeal for the best interests of this great
art, and having been requested by my associates
to make some remarks on topics connected with
the business of this day, I have not felt at liberty to
refuse so to do, though I can offev you nothing bet-
ter than a few general and desultory observations.

You well know, my friends, that Agriculture is
the most ancient of Arts, unless perhaps we should
' consider the mechanic arts as coeval with it.
You are equally aware, that in our country at
least, it has ever' been considered one of the most
respectable of human avocatious. It has always
numbered among its votaries many of our most
distinguished citizens. It has formed either the
chief business or the favorite recreation of all, or
almost all, those whom the people of this nati^u
have elevated to the highest office in their gift, and
your minds will naturally revert to a distinguished
instance within our own commonwealth of the
zeal, the steadiness, and ability, with which this
pursuit has been followed, amidst the successive
and pressing avocations of the Bar, the Bench and
the Chair of State. But it is only within a short
period, that Agriculture has held the rank in pub-
lic estimation, and engrossed the share of public
attention, due to its immense importance. While
the great interests of Commerce and Jlanufactures,
have occupied at ditierent periods, much of the
time and thoughts of our National and State Le-
gislators, the improvement of our Agriculture was
left for a long time to the detached efforts of in-
dividuals. The MassachusettsAgricultural Society
was founded as early as the year 1792, but for
Several years it stood alone in the Commonwealth ;
it received no patronage from our Legislature, and
its efforts were far less conspicuous, and less effect-
ive than in later times. Notwithstanding the num-
ber and respectability of those who composed it,
it was in every sense of the word a private, rather
than a public association. It was not till nearly
ten years after, that a second society was incor-
porated. The honor of introducing into tliis
5late those important engines of Agricultural iin-
irovement. Cattle Shows — and a high honor it is —
lelongs to the County of Berkshire, where the first
Cattle Show was held in the year 1314. Thefiist
^attle Show held at this place was in October,
1816. At present, there is not a County in the
State without its Agricultural Society, and its
battle Show, with the exception of the County of
'Jorfolk, and of the four Counties of Suffolk, Barn-
table, Dukes and Nantucket, which consist, princi-
)ally or wholly of maritime towns.

ment, though great, was less urgent and manifcsi
in this case, than m those mentioned above. Our
native breed of cattle, commonly so called, is sup-
posed to be derived from the Devonshire stock,
which is held even now in high estimation. The
individuals of this s()ecies of animals brought over
by our forefathers, were probably .-imong the liest
then existing in Great Britian. The first settler.s
of Massachusetts Bay, were in many instances
men of large property, as well as great intelli-
gence. I find in a history of New England writ-
ten as early as the year 1652, a statement of the
expenses incurred by those settlers, lor the trans-
l)ortation of themselves and t'leir effects, up to that
period. From this it appears that the transporta-
tion only (exclusive of the price) of their domestic
animals, cost them twelve thousand pounds ster-
ling. It does not seem probable, that when cal-
led upon to incur so great an expense for the mere

as has been observed by a great poet, of soma of | freight of animals, they should havc neglected to

our own species, merely to consume the fruits of
the earth. This breed bears a great resemblance
to the Gloucestershire breed of Great Britain,
which is supposed by the best English writers on
Agriculture to have once prevailed throughout that
Island, and we may therefore infer, that the two
breeds are in fact derived froui the same source.
This most unprofitable description of stock is al-
most expelled from the commonwealth, and wo
trust will soon be numbered with the things that
..' y. Its place is supplied by animals of a far
different kind, whose superiority is obvious at the
very first view. But though we all know that a
material change has taken place, few of us may be
equally aware of the profit which it has produced
to our commonwealth. This was estiinated by
the most competent judges several years ago, at
not less than one hundred thousand dollars per
annum, and is now probably considerably larger,
as the change at that time was much less entire
than at present. The improvements which have
been produced of late years in our Sheep, by the
ntroduction of the Spanish and Saxon races, wi

select those of a good quality, inasmuch as any
others could hardly be worth the carriage. How-
ever this fact may be, it is certain that we have
long possessed in this state a race of cattle highly
respectable, containing many individuals which
would compare advantageously with the finest an-
imals of this description in any country. Still I
am warranted liy the opinions of the best judges
in asserting, that a marked and important improve-
ment has tr;:'!n place in this, as well as in other
desfri|';ii i,. ,jf oiu' domestic animals, since the in-
troduction of agricultural societies and shows.
I shall not agitate the much disputed question,
whether this result be owing in any degree to the
introduction of fine cattle from abroad. It is
enough for my purpose, that the residt itself is
unquestionable, and that it is the effect of an in-
creased care in the selection of animals for breed-
ing. Now let it be recollected, that a considerable
part of Massachusetts is essentially and unehango-
ably a grazing country — that beef cattle constitute
the great staple of most of oiu- interior districts,
and form a large portion of the remittances made

appear to be of far greater consequence, especially by the country to the sea coast, in exchange for
when we consider the immense and increasing | the articles of use and of luxury which arc drawn

importance of our woollen manufactures. Tii
whole number of slieep in New England is in all

nearly the whole are either ot the foreign or mix-
ed breed. It is believed by our most intelligent

from th .'nco. It apjjears by a statement in the
New England Fanner in 1S2S, that the value of

|)robability not less than 3,600,000, of which cattle sold at Brighton, principally or wholly for

slaughter, in a little more than two months,
amounted to about So-10,000. These two months

and experienced dealers in wool, that the value i were it is true, the busiest in the year, but afler all
added to this product, by the introduction of the jiroper allowance for this circumstance, I think we
above mentioned races, may be safely estimated may safely estimate the value of the horned cattle
on an average, at one third of a dollar per fleece. Isold annually at Brighton, at a million and a half of
Consequently New England has gained in the in- | dollars. When we consider in addition, the im-
creased value of thissta|de nearly twelve hundred i niensc importance of the proilucts of our dairies,
thousand dollars per annum, which to avoid all it must be acknowledged, that too much conse-
danger of exaggeration, I put down at a million, iquence cannot easily be attached to the improve-
A million of dollars added in a few years to the , ment to a still higher degree of our breed of
annual revenue of New England, by the improve- cattle, nor too much praise awarded to those, who

ment of only one branch of her Agriculture!
The improvements which have lately taken place
in our horned cattle, may be less striking than
those which 1 have already stated. In the first
place, as these are animals of much slower growth
tlian sheep or swine, a longer course of years is
equired to render any improvements extensive or

havc so faithfully, and thus far so successfully, de-
voted their attention to this object. There is one
improvement in this description of animals,
which I notice more particularly, because T believe
it to be peculiar to New England, and consider it as
one of her chief glories — I mean that which has
taken place in her working oxen, whether employ-

perceptible. Secondly, the necessity of improve- 1 ed in draught or in ploughing. The ox has been

122

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 5, 1830.

denoininateil by one of the most distinguished
aiid hestofiiien, Dr Watts, our /Mow laborer, and the
appellation is as true as it is beautiful. Yet how
Ion" was it, before we rendered full justice, to the
merits of this humble but powerful auxiliary.
His mcekiiess, his steadiness, his capacity of en-
during severe labor and subsisting on coarse fare,
were indeed too striking to remain concealed, but
it was for a long time snp|)oscd that these good
quahties were in a great degree balanced by the
extreme tardiness of his movements. A proper
attention to his training has convinced us how
much this sujiposition was founded in error, and
we may now boast a race of working oxen, which
for the des|)atch, neatness and efficiency with
whicli they perform their labor, are certainly not
surpassed, and most probably not equalled in any
part of the world. Such, my friends, are a very
few of the improvements which have taken place
in our Agriculture, since the establishment of onr
agricultural societies and Cattle Sliows. In what
way these societies and shows have contributed to
these improvements, is a [loint wliich has been so
fully and ably handled in this place on former oc
casions, as to leave little room for any farther illus-
tration. Indeed I think a candid mind will re-

theory. No one is better convinced, that more is
often learned from a few shrewd remarks from
such an individual, or from a single day's observa-
tion of his course of farming, than from volumes
of essays, and hours of declamation from a mere
theorist in agriculture. No one is more aware,
that there have been, and now are among our far-
mers, men gifted with talents of the highest order,
which would have raised them to distinction, had
such been their object, in any walk of human in-
dustry. But it is for this very reason, that I would
uphold Agricultural Societies and Shows. For,
let nie ask, what becomes of the sterling wisdotn
of these practical men .' Something of it may be
communicated to their children or their innnedi-
ate neighbors, but the greater part goes down
with them to the grave. ' Certain it is,' says an
ancient sage of the law, ' that when a good lawyer
dieth, much learning dieth with him ;' and the re-
mark will apply with equal truth to the skill and
information of the good farmer. My friends, I
would arrest this valuable information before it
passes away. I wouM induce the possessor of it to
visit onr shows and contend for our premiums ; I
would have it coinmimicated by his conversation
and simple statements, to our societies and through

from Agricultural Societies, to the great I'arming
interest of this stale, than that which can be drawn
from their very existence. Twenty years ago
there was scarcely a County Society in this Com-
monwealth. At present, these societies exist,
with scarcely an exception, in all our Farming
Counties. Whence tins increase ? Was it owing
to a sudden impulse of popular feeling .' No, for
these societies rose into being in gradual succes-'
sion. Can it he ascribed wholly or principally to
tlie encouragement afforded by the Comnion-
■wealth .' That encouragement is highly credit-
able to the liberality of the Legislature, for it has
proved amply sutficient to effect the desired oli-
ject, and has been uniformly given with a prompt-
ness, wliich evinced that more would have been
done, had more been necessary. Hut the sum
which any society can receive annually from the
treasury, is limited to an amount equal to the rev-
enue derived by such society from its own funds,
and can in no case exceed six hundred dol-
lars. This bounty, liberal as in fact it is, mani-
festly furnishes of itself a very inadequate motive
for the establishment of an Agricultural Society.
Consider too the character of the people among
whom these institutions have sprung up. It is among
the farmers of Massac husstts, a race not given to
change, men proverbially and wisely cautious,
holding on to their settled opinions and habits with
a grasp, which yields to nothing but the force ol'
cogent reasoning. To what else then can we as-
cribe the multiplication of these societies than to
the existence among our intelligent farmers, of a
general, a deliberate, and may we not add a just con-
viction, of tlieir utility ? There is however, one oh-
jectioii to these in-titution», which though it prevais
much less extensively than formerly, yet still re-
tains its hold on many worthy minds, and is
much oftener felt than avowed. It is said tliat
Agricultural Societies and Shows merely furnish
an opportunity for theorists to display their fan-
cied discoveries-, and that their existence is of little
inqjortance or benefit to the practical farmer. My
friends, no one respects more than I do the intei

quire little other proof of the advantages resulting ! them to the public ; I would have it brought into

the great channel of intelligence, the press, and
diffused throughout the whole community. The
mere writer of agricultural essays has no need of
societies and sliows. His facility of composition
enable him to place his thoughts on paper in
the solitude of his library, and the press is always
open to his effusions. But if we would render
the intelligence and experience of the true prac-
tical farmer either properly creditable to himself,
or properly beneficial to his fellow citizens, I know
of no means by which it can be so well effected
as by those which I have nientione:l. I\Iy friends,
I have spoken of the benefits which have resulted
to the Jlgriculture of our state from the establish-
ment of agricultural societies and cattle shows.
But I believe we should do great injustice to the
subject, if we confined onr attention to this class of
benefits only. There are others of a political or
rather imral nature, of no mean importance. The
youngest of us may remember the time, when
this commonwealth was divided into political par-
ties by questions of the most momentous and
most exciting character; when the contest was
carrieil on between these parties with the activity,
the determination and fervor, which misht have
been anticipated from their nearly equal forces,
from the general intelligence of those who com-
posed them, and from the im|)ortaiice of the sub-
jects in dispute. Men who ]iersonally respected
each other, were ranged on opjiosite sides in bat-
ile array, and many hard thoughts were entertain-
ed and many hard words exchanged, which were
ileeply regretted when the season of excitement
had gone by. These times have happily ]iasseil
away, but our community still is, and always will
be, divided on questions less exciting perhaps than
those whicli once existed among us, but still highly
important and interesting. And yet, my friends,
we nowhere find the slightest vestige of party
spirit in the ])roceedings of this, or of any Agri-
cultural Society. So may it ever be, so we may
pronounce after our past trying experience, will it
ever he. In .Agricnlture we shall ever find a subject
of harmonious interest, and how consoling is the

ligetit practical farmer, if indeed any one can be thoughl, that however we may contend elswhere,
au intelligent farmer, whhout some degree of i here at least we shall be at peace; that here is one

topic which can divide the opinions without sevei-
ing the friendship of good men — one green spot
where the demon of party violence can never in-
trude— one most interesting object of human in-
quiry which we can investigate and discuss with
all our heart and soul, not only without forgetting,
but without being tempted to forget, that we are
brethren. Yes, my friends, if ever all lines of
party division fade away — if we ever realize that
we are all of one blood, nourished at the bosom of
one common mother, it is when the interes.s of
Agriculture are in question.

But it is not political prejudices alone, which Ag-
ricultural Societies have tended to suspend and
soften. They have done much to alleviate othere
equally dangerous at least — I mean those of a lo-|
cal nature. In this respect more has perhaps
been etfected by the Massachusetts Societj', than
by any other in the Commonwealth, not from any ;
superior merit in its members, but simply from the ,
force of circumstances. Owing to the manner ill'
which it is composed and the situation of the
place where its shows are held, it has served as a-
connecting link between the City and the Interior^
To you, niy friends, I need not say that the interests
of these great portions of our community are one.
and that any jealousy on either side is as impolitic!
as it is illiberal. I believe that this importanl(
sentiment is constantly gaining ground, that if inv
pressions of an opposite kind exist anywhere
they are founded in misconception, and are rapidh
passing away. This is indeed a pleasing opinion,
but it may be entertained on far better groundsi
Every day's observation convinces me that i
is not a grateful error but a sober truth. Nov,
what can better promote harmonious feelings be
tween different portions of the state, what caij
more tend to strengthen, diffuse, and perpetuati
them than that friendly interchange of sent)
ments, iqion subjects of deep and immntabl;
interest to us all, which results necessarily fror
Agricultural Societies and Shows .' He must b
singularly inexperienced or singularly unobservinj
who has not seen how often a little personal inter
course, or a word in season has caused the grosi
est misconceptions and prejudices to vanish, lik
the morning cloud, and if this society has conlei
red any benefits on the public, that to which I ai
now referring is certainly one of the greatest.

Permit me now, iny friends, to submit to you,
very few prnctica, siigge?t!0iis. The first relatj
to insects.

These are evils to which our Agriculture is pr
sullied to be more exposed, than that of any poj
tion of the Old World. These animals are pro
ably bred in most cases in our vast forests, and
they are driviiu out from their ancient haunts I
the progress of cultivation, descend in counti
armies upon our fiolils and our gardens. Whi
ever be their origin, their prowess speaks but t
well for itself. The beautiful and active Beet
which attacks the Locust tree, a tree combini
rapidity of growth, wiih hardness of wood t^
most singular degree, this insect I say, has robh
onr country of valuable timber to the amount
millions of dollars.

The borer which mines into the solid trut
of our Apple trees, and the Canker worm, whi
consumes their foliage like a flams of fire, (
equally ilcstructive, within the circle of their ri
ages. It is true that our efforts to extirpate thi
minute but powerful enemies as well as oUiers'
a .similar description, or even to check them

Vol.IX.— No. 16.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

123

any considerable degree, liavo hitherto been nhiiost
uuavaihng, but the object is one of the utmost im-
portance, and should not be relinquished till the
greatest research and exertion liave been exhaust-
ed.

Tiie next suggestion which I shall ortor, relates
to the cultivation of delicate fruits and of orna-
mental flowers. These are delicious luxuries ; but
in the first place they are innocent and salutary,
and in the next they are within the reach of tlie
great mass of our agricultural community. The
farmer who possesses a moderate competency,
may cover his table and decorate his house with
fruits and flowers of the highest degree of flavor
and beauty, in a state of freshness and perfection,
in which they are seldom enjoyed liy the most op-
ulent inhabitants of the City. And all this with a
small expense of time and exertion. A little at-
tention in the right place, a due vigilance in im-
I proving the fleeting opportunities of time and sea-
' son which nature offers us, a proper degree of
\ minute, but light and interesting labor, and the

feelings towards the unknown individual to whose
taste and wisdom we owe them ? Who doubts that
Ills name, had he chosen to record it, would have
been far better perpetuated by such a memorial
than by the proudest monument of brass or mar- j those committees to arrive in each case at a just

as on former occasions, by the assistance of those
intelligent and respectable individuals, who have
consented to he associated with them on coir>-
mittees. It has ever been the desire and aim of

ble. My friends, is there not soniething elevating
in the thought, that we can thus contribute to the
happiness of generations yet unborn, that we can
thus imitate, in some humble measure, the com-
prehensive benevolence of that Providence which
plans, not for years, but for ages.

The season which is just closing, my friends, has
been uncommonly propitious. We have been ex-
emi)ted from all visitations of drought, and have en-
joyed a succession of seasonable rains, to a degree
seldom experienced iti our bright and dry climate.
Our fruit trees have borne with unusual abun-
dance, our crop of Indian Corn is good, and
that of potatoes whether we regard quantity or
quality uncommonly fine.* Above all, our grass,
a product of more importance to this state than
all other products united, has proved, for the

ihad it not engaged the attention of a kindred
society, whose efforts, thus far, have been crown-
ed with a success beyond all expectation.

The last point which I submit to your considera-
tion is the preservation and culture of our forest
trees. My friends, in this respect, if in no other,
we have indeed a goodly heritage. It is stated
by the highest authority on such subjects, F. A.
Michaux, 'that the number of sorts of American
forest trees, whose growth amounts to thirty feet
at least, is not less than one hundred and thirty-
seven, of which ninetyfive are employed in the
arts ; while in France there are only thirtyseven
which grow to that height, of which eighteen
only are found in their forests, and seven only of
these are employed in civil and maritime arch-
itecture.' We are fast consuming these rich treas-
ures of our woods, and I fear that our prodigality
will be followed at no distant period with the
usual consequences of prodigality in other cases.
Fuel has already become scarce in our seaports,
a subject of serious consideration to those who
reflect, that the sufferings of the ])oor in tlils coun-
try are probably greater from the want of this
article, than from all other causes united. The
valuable timber also on which we depend for our
domestic architecture, and for our public and our
mercantile marine, is rapidly passing away without
any earnest or extensive efforts to reproduce it.
The live oak of our Southern States, considered
the best material in the world for ship building,
will i)robably be entirely swept away in half a
century, and our own white oak may follow, after
no very long interval. Independently, however,
of all considerations of utility, the culture of our
finest forest trees merely as majestic ornaments to
the face of our country, well deserves our utmost
care. What can be a more noble object for in-
stance, than one of our full grown American elms,
a tree denominated by the high authority already
quoted, ' the most magnificent vegetable produc-
tion of the temperate zone.' Where can we be-
hold a more striking union of strength and grace
than in its massy trunk and drooping foliage ?
' What is there in the most classical specimens of
architecture in our city, beautiful as indeed they
are, to which the eye turns with more pleasure,
than to the triple row of elms which adorns our
Mall ? Who has ever contemplated those solid
colonnades and shady arches, without grateful

decision, and it is gratifying to reflect, that their
exertions to this end have always been duly ap-
preciated. Whatever may have been said, soino-
timcs doubtless with justice, of their errors, I
am not aware that their impartiality and fairness
have ever been impeached. We entertain the
fullest confidence that the decisions now to bo
announced, will be received by the public in
general, and by the inisucccssful competitors in par-
ticular, in the same fair and liberal spirit which
has been manifested on all former occasions.

business is done. I should say more on this topic, fourth year in succession, remarkably luxuriant.

This abundance has been attended, as might have
been expected, by a diminution in the market val-
ue of hay, but it should be recollected on the
other hand, that our farmers have been enabled to
retain and rear much valuable stock, which must
have been sacrificed in a dry season. It is true
that within the last two years our manufactures
and merchants have been visited with severe trials,
and that our farmers have not been wholly ex-
empted from the weight of the depression under
which the rest of the community have labored.
But such a complete exemption could not be ex-
pected in a country, where the great interests of
Agriculture, Manufactures and Commerce are so
intimately united, as in ours. It may safely be
affirmed however, that our farmers have suffered
far less from the evils to which I allude, than any
other large or important portion of our people,
and this from the very nature of their calling.
The merchant or manufacturer may be robbed of
the reward of his labor, by changes in the foreign
or domestic market entirely beyond his control,
and may wind up a year, in which he has done
everything which intelligence and industry could
do to insure success, not only without profit, but
with an actual diminution of capital. The strong
arm of mechanic industry may be enfeebled or
paralyzed by the j)rostration of those manufactur-
ing or commercial interests to whose existence
it so essentially contributes, and on whom in turn
it so essentially depends. But what has the in-
telligent and industrious farmer to fear ? His
capital is invested in the solid ground, he draws
on a fund which from time immemorial has never
failed to honor all just demands, his profits may
be diminished indeed, but never wholly suspended;
his success depends on no mere earthly guarantee,
but on the assurance of that great and beneficent
being, who has declared tliat while the earth en-
dureth, seed time and harvest shall not cease. I
shall close with a few remarks on the immediate
business of this meeting, the distribution of prizes.
It is obviously a difficult and delicate task, to de-
cide between the claims of competitors deeply
interested in the result, and of nearly equal merits.
The labors of the trustees in this part of their
duty have been greatly alleviated on the present,

FRUGAL HOUSKWIFE.
More than lour thousand copies o( tlie Frugal House-
wife have been sold ; and the demand for it has increas-
ed so much, that the publishers have been induced to
stereotype it. A nutnberof additions suggested by expe-
rienced nurses and housekeepers, have been raade. The
loiu'th edition will soon be out oi the press.

Journal and Tribune.

'I have since been informed that this last assertion is
not universally correct, and that in many places the crop
of potatoes is deficient in quantity.

The Albion (a British paper established in New York.)
states that ' a protecting duty in favor of the Northern
colonies, beyond that conteniplateil by the acts, will be
imposed at the next session of Parliament.'

Tne Eagle Print Works, on Passaic river, N. Jersey,
turn out weekly four thousand pieces of goods. The
calicoes made here are said to eqvial any foreign ones in
richness, brilliancy, and linisli ; they received the high-
est premium from the American Institute.

A Diamond rattle snake was lately killed in the Chero-
kee nation, 7 feet and 1 inch in lengtli, and 1 fool and 1
inch in circumference. The bite of this species is said
to admit ot no cure.

At the Cattle Show, at Concord, a yoki of oxen drag-
ged up hill a load, wliicli weisbcd. wagon and all, 6100
lbs ; another drew a load ol 6090. A gentlenjan, who
did not apply in season for a premiu.ia, put his oxen to the
foremost cart, and they carried both loads up with perfect
ease — a burden of 12190 lbs. These oxen are six years
old, and girt about six feet and a half.

A handbill is circulating in London, for the purpose of
inducing an English colony to emigrate to the lerrilory
of Michigan. The writer of the hand-bill visited Michi-
gan in 1827. and has lately returned there.

Census of PhUaJeJphia. — According (o the census just
finished the population of the fifteen wards of the City of
Philadelphia is 80, .318; the seven wards of the Northern
Liberties, 28,SSS ; and the districts ol Southivark, Ken-
sington, Spring Garden, &.c. 58,437 ; total 167,635.

P'lilip I. walks the streets of Paris with an umbrella
in his hand, a surtout, and a round drab hat — not distin-
guishable by his dress from any other citizen. Charles
X. could be seen only in state, covered with gold and
embroidery and drawn by eight horses in a gilded char-
iot.

Canal Tolls.— The Albany Argus, states that the lolls
collected on the State Canals up to the 1st ol September,
amount to $.314,000 being about ,•$100,000 more than were
collected iu the same period last year.

Worcester cattle show, look place on the 13th inst. —
The following is from ihe Report on i\Linufactureis. A
bed-spread made by Miss Caroline Henshaw of Leicester,
when three years of age, came iu close competition with
a bed quilt, made by Mrs Sai-ali Dunsmoor of West Bol-
ston at the age of 84. Eitlicr ol tiiem would do great
credit to persons in the meridian of life.

A good day's Work. — At Sbulesbury, on Wednesday,
Sept. 29, Mrs Bogue on the anniversary of her buth
day, at the completion ot her ninety fifth year, spun fifty
four knots of woollen yarn, of a superior quality. Such
women were our mothers! How many of the younger
portion of their descendants at the present day can equal
this performance '.—IVorceslcr Sjiy.

Corn and Cob. — A western paper says that it has been
ascertained that 13 bushels of ears of corn ground will af-
ford as much nourishment to hogs and cattle, as 9 bushels
I of shelled corn.

124

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 5, 1830.

(s CD sasaiFsr^® <a s a©si 3a

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Mr Fessende.v — I notice, in your paper of
22d, a communication signed ' A CuUivator,' in I
regard to whicii I will make a few passing re- i
marks. From tlie writer's misconception in
refard to Mr Knight, and liis communication
being dated tlie lOtli, it appears lie had not seen
ray remarlis relative to that point in your paper
of 13th inst. to which I refer him. The writer
veryjuslly states that a person may commit an
error without being censurable. I have censured
no one therefore; and I claim no exemption frorxi
the fate of all, and that 3Ir Knight may also com-
mit an error is proved by the D^Aremherg pear,
the trees of which exhibited by liis correspond-
ents as sent by him at ditterent times, are luidtly
distind from each other. The writer seoms to
misunderstand another point. The two numbers
of the Pomological Magazine, containing the
fruits referred to, where puhlislied in February and
May, 1829, and I have invariably admitted that
no person could fail after receiving that work to
distinguish the two fruits, even if he had been
wrong before ; the one being a pale green, au-
tumn [)ear, and the other a yellowish winter one.
In regard to the supposition that Nurseries are
less correct than those of private cultivators?, it
certainly is not the case where the Establishments
are properly regulated and it can be disproved
b}' arginnent. Precision is most perfect wliere our
interest and reputation depend on its existence.
Almost the sole value of a Ninsery consists in its
character for accuracy, and no proprietor of a
Nursery who values its permanency, would ever be
so silly as to commit an intentional error. There
are, it is true, such numerous sources by which
the proprietor may be himself deceived, and er-
rors introduced, that the business, from its very
nature, is subjected to more inaccuracies than per-
haps any other, and therefore a greater degree of
indulgence should be extended ; but nine tenths
of the trumpery tales attributing inaccuracies to
respectable Nm-sery Establishments, conducted
with intelligence, exist merely in the imaginations
of those who utter them. As to the extent of a
Nursery, it forms no argument against its correct-
ness ; (he simple question is : — Is there a sufficient
number of intelligent persons engaged in conduct-
ing it? For were I to admit the writer's suppo-
sition, the garden of the London Horlicultural
Society would necessarily be more incorrect than
any other, because it contains a greater variety of
Fruit trees. In relation to the necessary accuracy
of propagation, not one frnit tree in our whole
Establishment is ever inoculated except under tite
eye of one of its proprietors. As to ' private culti-
vators,' they have in general no i)articular interest
at stake, and strive to be accurate no farther than
suits their pleasure; besides which, they com-
monly have other occu[)ations the greater portion
of their time, (as 'A CuUivator,' himself has,) and
it cannot therefore be expected that they will be
as exact and precise as tiiose who give the sub-
ject fheir undivided attention : and I feel author-
ized to say that well conducted Nurseries general-
ly serve to correct the errors of jirivate collec-
tions. I perceive the person I am replying to, of-
fers Trees ami Vines for sale in your previous
paper of the 1.5th inst, and I have no doubt he
desires to be accurate ; but on that head I am

ready to compare notes with him whenever he
thinks proper.

In reference to the correctness of the European
sources whence new fruits are received, it is, as
stated, a most important point ; and if there are
any advantages to be derived from presents atid
gratuitous tenders, we have had a large share ;
one collection alone sent by John Braddick, Esq,
of the London Horticultural Society, having com-
prised 32 varieties, and another from Professor
Bosc, of the Royal Garden at Paris, 115 varieties,
besides numerous others. But our present ar-
rangements, however, with Nurseries in Europe,
are such, that there is }io inducement for imposition
or error on their part and one point on which I
place great import is, that we obtain the same fruit
from at least three, and often four and five sources ;
and I further state to them invariably, that the
trees sent for are intended for a specimen orchard,
such being in fiict the situation allotted them, the
originals i<ever being sold. The fact is, no person
who omits to visit our Establishment, can form a
just idea of it ; and few are aware that above
Si 00,000 have been expended in its formation,
and many thousands of it without any prospect
or idea of rennmeration ; and I have yet to learn
the name of any other man who has spent as
much as my father for Horticultural advancement,
and the attainment of accuracy.

As for myself, I ask no plaudits ; and the only
merit claimed is that of but partially reflecting
the great zeal which has animated mj' esteemed
father through life, and which on bis part has been
accompanied with so much intelligence and liber-
ality as to have gained for him the appellation of
a public benefactor.

Very respectfullv,

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

Linnjean Botanic Garden, }
Oct. 23, 1S30. i

FOR THE NEW ENGLAKD FARMER.

TRANSPLANTING TREES.

BIr Fesse.nden — A writer in your paper, of
the 15th inst. recommends the transplanting of
most trees in the fall of the year, in preference to
the spring. — His experience ought to have great
weight in the scale, and I cannot say his recom-
mendation should not be followed ; but the rea-
son he gives in favor of fall planting are the very
same which should induce us to jirefer the spring.
Wlien trees are well set in spring the ground is
rightabout the roots and there is no need of any
process to make the earth ' become settled and com-
jiacf,'' aljout tliem, for it generally becomes so
quite too soon for the benefit of the tree, if
' the looseness of the earth for a considerable pe-
riod retard the advance of vegetation, and nni-
der the trees liable to much injury, thereby caus-
ing many to entirely fail, ' then it should be our
aim in all cases to render the ground settled i\nt\
compact,' to promote vegetation. This we never
attempt to do in other cases, but on the contrary
we dig about our trees to prevent the ground's
becoming ' tight and compact.' We plough our
land tirst before planting that the ground may
be light for the seed to vegetate.

We sow also immediately after planting while
the earth is light.

When we transplant in spring wc ]iut old bay
or straw about our trees to keep the earth 'loose,'
to prevent its becoming too compact about the
roots, and to check the evaporation of moisture.
I believe the practice to be almost universal in

New England, as the writer admits, to transplant
in spring ; and some of our best planters have
recommended, in your paper within the past
year, instead of keeping the tree iu its new
abode a long while before vegetation to take it
up early in spring from the nursery, and cover its
roots deep, until thft ground has become warm in
May ; then place it in its new bed that it may
have a light fresh soil in which to commence veg-
etation ; and I can testify that the most thrifty
trees I ever saw were transplanted in this way.

No doubt the earth shoidd be so compact
about the roots as to leave no crevices for vermin,
or air holes to dry up the roots ; but if the tree
is well set in spring — not too deep — the very
first rain will make the earth sufficiently compact
about the roots for the benefit of the tree.

I confess I have not much experience in fall
])lanting, and I cannot see in the above communi-
cation any good reasons in favor of placing our
seeds in the earth, or of transplanting trees, long
before we expect them to vegetate, fearing if we
do, the ground will become too hard, and compact
to admit of their flom-ishing according to our
wishes. Yours. W. B.

Framingham,Oct. 18, 1830.

RING BONE AND SPAVIN.

Ma Fessenden — I know from eictual erperiment
that the following recipe will —

Cure Ring Bone and Spavin in Horses.

Take 6 oz. of the oil of Origanum — 2 oz. Cam-
phor, and 2 oz. of Mercurial ointment ; mix them
well together and rnh tlie place affected two or
three times a day, keeping the horse dry. A. D.

.Yew York, Oct. 1830.

COMMITTEES OF THE BRIGHTON SHOW-

Ezecutive Committee.
Benjamin Guild,
Israel Thorndike.

On Fat Cattle.
Gorham Parsons, Chxtirman,
Col. Bethuel Penniman,
Abner Wheeler.

Cows, Heifers, Bulls, and Bull Calves.
John Welles, Chairman,
Nathan Adams, Jr,
Capt. George Smith.

Sheep and Siciiie.
John Heard, Jr, Chairman,
Col. Samuel Jaques,
Thomas Williams.

Ploughing ivifh two yoke Cattle.
John Prince, Chairman,
John Nnrthend,
Ehenezer Heath.

Ploughing with one yoke Cattle.
E. H. Derby, Chairman,
Col. Adams,
Timothy Corej'.

Working Cattle.
Luke Piske, Chairman,
G':n. Aaron Capen,
Samuel Brooks.

Marshals.
Capt. Isaac Cook,
Capt. William Prentiss,
Col. Wm H. Spooncr,
Col. John Tyler.

Vol. IX. — \o. 10.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

125

Manufadtires.
Richard Sullivan, Chairman,
Roliert Watersoii,
Joshua Clapp.

Inventions.
Gorham Parsons, Chairman,
Daniel Tread well,
David Jloodv.

Biiller, Cliecsc, anil Cider.
Benjamin Guild, Chairman,
John C. Gray,
Israel Thorndike, Jr,
Isaac P. Davis,
Benjamin Pollard.

Grain, J^egctahks, Crops, Sfc.
William Prescott, Chairman,
Peter C. Brooks,
James Jackson.

Farms.
William Prescott, Chairman,
Peter C. Brooks,
John Welles.
Premiums to be awarded in December next.
./lucfioncers.
Samuel F. Coolidge,
Richard Warren.

Wool. — The Foreign Quarterly Review has an
article on the German Wool Trade, from which
w« gather the following facts :

From 1S14 to 1819, the annual amount of wool
imported into England from Germany increased
from 3,59.5,145 lbs. to 4,557,938 lbs.: and in 1828
it was no less than 23,1 10,822 lbs. At the same pe-
riods the annual amounts of wool imported into En-
gland from N. S. Wales, were 32,971, — 7 284, —
and 1,60.3,512 lbs. Some of the N. S. W. wool is
said to be fully equal to the best from Saxony. —
Great efforts are now made to improve the breed
of sheep in Russia, as well as in Silesia, Bohemia,
Poland, &c. Merinos are also spreading into Italy.
Spain has lost her credit; many of the best flocks
of merinos were driven to France by Napoleon's
Generals, and those that remain, have becon;e so
degenerate, as not to be w-ortli more than one third
as much as the same stock of sheep in Germany.
— The average weight of a German merino fleece
is from 2J to 3 lbs. — The average annual produc-
tion of wool in England is 111,160,560 lbs

Journal of Humanity.

* From the Hartford Mercury.

THE PEACH TREE.

From a desire to encourage the culture of peach
■frees, we ofler the following as the result of experi-
ments and observation.

It is generally known that worms, near the sur-
face of the earth, destroy them by eating the hark ;
the object is therefore to find a preventive, in order
that the trees may become aged in a healthy state.

It is evident that those worms pass through the
common change, and assume the form of milltrs,
aarly In the summer, and deposit their eggs in
the bark as low as they can flnd access to it; and
that the worms proceeding front them, begin to
operate in tlie latter part of the summer ; wiicu
tliey have been found of the size of a common
pin. If suflered to remain they grow to the thick-
■ ness of rye straw; each of them girdles the tree
about an inch, and the wood from the wound to
the heart, dies. Hence it is, that a single wound

impairs the vigor of the tree, and a number of
them kill it. The i>oint to be gained, is to protect
the tree from the millers, and by a single method
we have succeeded tor several years, which is
recommended with lull conflilence.

About the first of IMay, remove the earth from
the body of the tree, and skirt it to the height of
L5 or 18 inches, m such manner as to crcludc the
millers, burying the lower part of it in the earth.
We have use<l straw cut to the length and about
half an inch in thickness, bound on with twine.
This should be removed about the first of Sep-
tember, as we have sometimes found the young
worms within the upper part of the straw, being
then readily discovered on the surface of the bark
covered by a little gum. The process should he
commenced when the tree is young — they have \
been found in a rapid growth, the first fall after ]
it sprouted Thus a few minutes in a year de- I
voted to a tree, will probably protect it against |
this cause of decay; a very triflingexpense com-
pared with the value of this healthy and delicious
fruit. JONATHAN BRACE.

JOHN I. WELLS.
W3I. H. IMLAY.
Hartford, Sept. 8, 1830.

ed his conviction that it was American, though
superior in quality to any European silk that
could be obtained. Two slicks of twist, were in-
cluded in the jiresent, and we think we may chal-
lenge our friends, the merchants, to find better
on their shelves.

We were highly gratified to receive the above
specimen from a friend ; and will comply with
his request to place it in a cons[)icuous situation
in our ofiice where it may be seen. — .V. Hamp. pa.

SILK.

Believing that the culttn-e of silk might be made
a source of profit to this country, we have occa-
sionally called to the subject the attention of our
readers ; and we are pleased to learn that it has
excited some inquiry and investigation, which if
prudently conducted, bid fair to produce import-
ant results. The premiums oflered by the H. H.
and F. Agricultural Society, we trust, have done
some good in the cause, by directing the efl^orts of
individuals who might not otherwise have been
induced to enter the untravelled road of exper-
iments. At the approaching anniversary to be
held at Northampton, we expect there will be oc-
cidar evidence that old Hampshire has not been
sound asleep upon the subject. It is hoped there
will be numerous specimens of American silk ex-
hibited.

We have had occasion to examine some Amer-
ican sewing silk ; and, l^hoiigh it is generally infe-
rior in some respsicts to European silk, yet, we
are told, that when well made it is, except the
blue, preferred to that. One important point, in
which the .\mericajis fail, is the coloring ; which
is usually of a dull, dingy hue, and makes but a
sorry a[)pearance by the side of the bright and
gloss}' skeins of Italy. Ours is not so well twist-
ed as foreign silk ; and a great deal of it is so un-
even that one would almost think it had been pur-
posely made to imitate strings of onions : of
cour.-io such silk is worthless, for no tailor or
sempstress will use it if any other can be obtained.

But our people make some very good silk.
The color is fair, the twisting neat and tight, and
the thread even. This is preferred before the
foreign article, because it is stronger. We have
recently been presented with a few skeins of such
silk, made the last season .by Mrs Shaw, of Bel-
chcrtown. It certainly reflects great credit upon
the lady for her skill and ingenuity. Some of the
skeins are too fine for ordinary use, and one excels
in fineness anything of the kind we ever saw, and
is nevertheless a triple thread. A skein of red
silk amongst it has been pronounced, by a good
judge, to be English ; but an individual who is
in the constant habit of using sewing sill^ decUr-

Remed;i fur the Lockjaw. — Wc are informed by a
friend that a sure preventive against this terril)le
disease is to take some strong soft soap and mi.x
with it a sufficient quantity of [julverized chalk, so
as to make it of the consistence of buck-wheat
batter — jiut it into a cloth or small bag and apply
it to the wound — kec]) the chalk moistened with
a fresh supply of soap until the wound begins to
discharge, and the ])aiirnt receives lelief. Our
friend staled to us, and implicit confidence may
be jdaced in what he says, that he has known
several cases where this remedy has been success-
fully applied. So sini|ile and valuable a remedy
within the reach of every ])erson, ought to be imi-
versally kuowm. — .V. 1^. Evening Post.

In the report of a committee of the Worcester
County .Agricultural Society, Wm. Lincoln, Cliair-
man,it is stated that ' Mr Cyril Flint, of Hardwick,
exhibited an instrument for extracting teeth, so
inviting in appearance and ingenious in construc-
tioit, OS to make one^s mouth water to experience its
application ."

PICKLES.

This being the season of the year at which
almost every housewife is busily employed in
replenishing her annual store of pickles, it may
not be imjiroper for us to say a few words on the
value of these articles, in a dietetic point of view.

No one, we presume, considers the various
pickles usually met with on our tables, as articles
of food — they can be viewed in no other li"ht
than as exciters of the a[)petite, or as a means of
imparting an additional flavor to the more sub-
stantial viands of which the meal is composed.

The articles generally selected for pickling, are
unripe vegetable substances, and those of the
most indigestible class; as, for instance, immature
cucumbers, or melons — the young ears of Indian
corn — unripe walnuts, peppers, and the like.
Whatever principles in any degree soluble by the
stomach, these may contain, previous to their con-
version into pickles, they are completely destroy-
ed by the latter process: hence, when served at
table, a pickje consists simply of an indigestible
sponge saturated with vinegar.

A moderate quantity of vinegar, it is true, is
by no means an unwholesome addition to many
articles of food. When made use of however
in the form of pickles, its wholc.someness is entire-
ly destroyed, as well by the indigestible mass with
which it is combined, as by the pepper and other
spices by which it is highly flavored. These,
besides disordering the stomach of themselves,
are very apt to produce a factitious appetite, or to
prolong the desire for food after the natural ap-
petite has been satisfied — in either case, endanger-
ing the loading of the stomach with a quantity of
aliment far beyond its powers of digestion, or the
actual wants of the system.

By the individual lu perfect health, the same

126

NEW ENGLAND FAllMEll,

Nov. 5, 1830-

bad eftects, tlieielore, are to be anticipated from
the use of pickles, excepting in very minute quan-
tities, as from indulgence in every otiier super-
fluous con.liment — while to the i)ersou whose

stem to the blossom end. The other two meas-
ured each ton inches round. They weighed 5 Ihs.
2 oz. Two of them weighed 15 oz. each. In
the Agricultural Hall we ohserved a very large

digestion is slow, piinful, or imperiect— in otiier , pear from Mr Cleveland, and a basUet of fine
words, to the dyspeptic, or to the invalid from apples from Luke Bemis, Esq. ofWatertown
any cause, the indigestible nature of pickles, in-
dependently of their other pro])erties, renders their
introduction into the stomach, in any quantity,
productive of the most serious injury. Pickles
are to be included, also, among those articles
from the use of which, children are to he strictly
prohibited.

Bv those who cannot be persuaded to relin-
quish entirely the use of pickles, great caution
should be ohserved as to the nature of the vessel
in which they are kejjt. From a want of atten-
tion in this respect, they may be
sonous ; or, at least, a very painfu
times fatal, disease may be induced by partaking
of them.

The glazing of earthenware is in general ])ro-
duced by a ])reparation of lead, which is readily
acted upon by vinegar, and other vegetable acids ;
lience, when the latter are kept in jars of this
description, they become in a short time charged
with what is termed sugar of lead — the introduc-
tion of which into the system is attended with the
serious consequences already referred to. Tlie
only vessels in which pickles or indeed any ve-
getable suhstance of an acid nature, should be
kept are those of stone glazed with salt ; or what
is still better, those formed of green or black glass.
lournul of Health.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, KOVEMBER 5, 1830.

BRIGH'J'ON CATTLE SHOW,
lu our last, want of room obliged us to oniit
some particulars relative lo this exhibition, which
we now furnish.

Among the Fat Cattle were a pair of young
Oxen, sent by Theodore Ltmak, Esq. for exhibi-
tion only, which were reinarkahle for their fine
symmetry and just proportions.

A newly invented Pump, patente<l by a Mr
Elisha Hale, of New York, presented also an at-
tractive oliject. The ])unip box is in the form of
a flat circular vessel, which is placed edgewise,
and the vacuum is caused hy turning a crank
•which gives motion to metallic flies or valves.
We should suppose from its materials, structure,
and little liability to friction that it nmst be very
durable, as well as present a very advantageous
method of ap|)lying power for the purpose of
raising water. This may be seen, and its prin-
ciples explained at the Agricultural Warehouse,
No. 52 North Market Street.

Among the Fruits which composed the dessert
of the show-dinner, in addition to those which
have been before mentioned, were Black Ham-
burgh Grapes, from P. C. Brooks, Esq. and R.
Sullivan, Esq. which were in fine order^ large
and delicious ; several varieties of excellent
apples and pears from Gorham Parsons, Esq.;
Autumn Clingstones, an excellent juicy peach,
from J Heard, Jun. Esq. and an exhihition of
Burgomaster Pears, which were very large, but
not in eating until December. The basket con-
tained five pears, three of which measured each
twelve inches round, and eight inches from the

Among the Volunteer Toasts were the follow-
ing, to none of which, excepting the two last, can
we give their appropriation.

The Politiccil .Igrkulturists in France — May
they who have done so well in hreaking up, be
equally successful in laying ilown.

Our Mamif act wers— May the river head that
turns their machinery never drive that machinery
till it turns their heads.

Harvard University — A Mother of singular
qualities ; the older she grows the more rich and
rendered poi-l ahundant her fruit. May all her ofl'spring hy her
and some- present husband become heirs to a glorious in-
heritance.

The Gold Mines of America — It is Ihe fault of
every farmer if he does not find one on his own
estate without the trouble of dis[)ossessing the
Indians.

The King oftheJVetherlands — Any Faruier'sboy
can teach him to grant his jieople their just de-
mands, and not try to condi their Brussels the
wrong way.

The Farmer of La Grange, La Fayette —
Brought up on the PaHfnt farm of Washington ;
success to his efforts to lay out the Old Estate in
France on tlie American plan.

By Major Jackson, of Newton — May Religion,
Lihcrty, Agriculture, and cultivation of the mind
increase in this world, till it becomes a Paradise
in time

By T. G. Fessenden — The Massachusetts Ag-
ricultural Society — the parent stock of many simi-
lar Societies. May their scions he nmltiplied and
grafted till the whole land is filled with their/rut7s.

entered a pair of well fatted oxen — but tlie com-
mittee had but three premiums to award.

Samuel Bowen of Adams, County of Berkshire,
entered for exhibition only, a [lair of handsome
well shaped oxen ; and when the manner of feed-
ing on Hay and grass only, which was stated to
the Committee and taken into view, they were
considered in very good condition.

Jacob W. Watson of Princeton, County of Wor-
cester, entered for exhihition a fat cow which at-
tracted attention.

William Winn of Burlington, County of Middle-
sex, entered for exhibition a pair of twin oxen,
Coelehs stock, they were well formed cattle and in
good condition. The committee were much pleased
with the exhibition of fat cattle, and think it equal
if not superior lo the best that has been made,
since the first establishment of a cattle show in
Brighton.

All which is submitted by
GORHAM PARSONS, )
BETHUEL PENNIMAN, \ Committee.
ABNER WHEELER, )
Brighton, Oct. 20, 1830.

Mr Prince of Flushing solicits from some gen-
tleman at Boston a description of the ' Lombardy
Grape,' there so called.

Parsnips — Mr Daniel Burnham, of Newbury-
port, has raised this year from 3 drills 25 yards
long, and 15 inches asunder, 730 Parsnips, weigh-
ing 650 lbs. — as smooth as carrots.

Great Growth of Corn — On the farm of Earl
Stimson, Esq. in Galwa}', Saratoga co. N. Y. there
were on the 30th ult. within the space of one
square rod, 49 hills, hearing 516 ears of corn ;
which on being shelled, yielded one bushel and
one quart.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, October 30, 1830.

FRUITS.

Pears. — From Mr Samuel Hyde, Newton, a
pear without a name, supposed to be Harrison's
large Fall pear of Cox. From Mr S.Downer, Win-
ter Rousselette, and Minot pears from a seedling
tree in Dorchester. From Mr Robert Manning,
Pas.se Colmar Pears, true and in eating — of fine
texture, and rejilete with rich, sugary juice. Mr M.
obtained the scions of this fruit from Hon. Mr
Lowell, and supposed them to he the Napoleon,
hut is m,t at all certain that he did not make a
mistake himself in marking them. •

Apples. — From Rev. Blr Gannet, of Cambridge-
port, three varieties ; one of them of beautiful
ap|>earance and a fine flavor, names unknown.
From Mr R. Blauning an apple of russet color
from a French tree, no name. From.IMr S. Hyde,
Hubbardston Nonsuch. From Dr 11. Bartlett of
Roxhury, an apjile of small size and great beauty,
flavor slightly acid ; the committee did not recog-
nize the kind. From E. Vose, a basket of fine
orange Quinces for exhibition. From Mr S. Dow-
ner, a natural ]ic.aeh of good ftavor. The Com-
mittee have received a note from S. G. Perkins,
Esq. in relation to the quality of the Angoiileme
Pear presented by that gentleman at a jirevious
meeting; a copy of which tliey annex.
Per order of the Committee.

ELIJAH VOSE.

The Committee appointed to award premiums on
fat o.xen, have attended the duty assigned them
and report as follows :

To Dexter Fay of Southborough, County of
Worcester, they award the first premiun for his fat
ox, six years old, from Imported Bull Holderness,
weight of ox 2477 pounds, $25.

To Simon Ward of Charlton, County of Worces-
ter, the second ])rcmium for one of his fat oxen
eight years old, from Imported Bull Holderness ;
the ox to which the jiremium is awarded has the
most white on the back ; weight 2312 pounds, §20.
To Asa Rice of Boylston, County of Worcester,
the third premium for his ox seven years old ;
weight 2380 pounds, $10.

Evidence was produced of the manner of feed-
ing, and the expense of fatting the cattle, which
was satisfactory to the conunittee.

Joseph Estahrooks of Royalston, County of
Worcester, entered for exhibition only, a pair of
very fine and well fatted oxen, they were not raised
in this .state, and therefore not entitled to iircmium
by the rules of the society, hut were highly estimat-
ed by the Committee, they were six years old, and
the ])air weighed 4034 pounds.

Henry Chupin ofWaltham, entered forexhibition
only, a pair of oxen from Imported Bull Denton,
and Cows of the Teeswater or short horn breed ;
they were very handsome, fine turned cattle, five
years old, in ])rime condition and raised hy Theo-
dore Lyman, Esq. of Waltham. j 'The Angouleme Pear was cut yesterday, and
Silas Billings of Hatfield, County of Hampshire, I tasted by several gentlemen who are good judges

Vol. IX.— No. 16

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

127

of fruit, ainoiig whom was the first Vice Presi-
dent of tiie llort. Society; it was pronoimceJ su-
perior to the St Michael, it being as abumlant in
juice aiiJ of much riclicr and liigher flavor.'

At llie above nieetiiig tlie following gentlemen
wei'C admitted siibscriiition members: —

Edward INIillkb, Esq. Qkiiici/.

Eliab Stone Urewf.b, Roibtiry.

Rdfcs F. Phipps, CharUstown.
aqd

Joseph Maxwell, Esq. of Rio Janeiro,
an Honorary Member.

Seeds for Country Dealers.
Traders in the country who may wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garilen Seeds for sale, are inforinrd they can be
furnished, at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, connected
with the New Knjj'and Farmer, .52 North iSIarI<C't Street,
Boston, with boxes of various sizes and prices, h'oin 10 to
§51), containing a complete assoktme.'vt of tlie seeds
mostly uscil in a kitchen garden, on as favoral)le terms as
they can be procuieil in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up in small packages, ready for retailing, with
short directions on each package for its culture and
manazet:ient — warranted to be of the growth of IS30,
and of the purest quality. Nov. 5.

To CoKREspo.vDENTs.— We are ohiigeil to defer this
week, the Brighton Report on Inventions and Agricultural
Implements, on account of its not reaching us in season;
no blame is attributable to any of the Committee for the
delay, as it was seasonably forwarded by the Chairman,
but was forgotten by the Stage Driver. We have also
received from Gen. Deabborn, three valuable articles,
on a method to increase the size of Fruits — to make
Camellias produce Seed — and a method of accelerating
tlie maturity of Melons. Several other articles are de-
ferred, and a notice of some recent .Agricultural pubUca-
tions.

Fruit Trees, Sfc.

William Prince and Sons, have
large quantities of the following
trees for sale at their Nurseries at
Flushing, near New York.
Spanish Chestnut, or Maron de

Lyon, 6 to 7 feet in height.
Persian Walnut, or Madeira nut, 6
leet.
■ Sweet soft shell .\lmonds, 7 feet.
Figs, of .50 varieties, of bearing size.
Olfves of the finest French and Italian varieties.
Spanish and English Filberts, of fiir size.
Mulberries, 10 of the choicest kinds, suitable for silk-
worms, including the famous Tartarian, which endures
the coldest climates.
Illinois or Pecan nuts, 7 to 8 feet.
■Quinces, 10 of the linest kinds some of which are of

bearing size.
Pomc<';anates,of 12 fine varieties, several of which pro-
duce fruit at Lone Island.
Oranges, Len;ons, Citrons, and Limes, of above 50 varie-
ties, and niostly at .$2 to §31 each, and a few very rare
kinds at §5.
Camellias of near 60 varieties, many of which at only §2

to §3.-50 each, as per new Greenhouse Catalogue.
The set of Chinese Magnolias, comprising the Purpurea.
Conspicua, Fuscata, and Annoiiffifolia, for §S, and tlie
GraciKs included for .§11, all tine plants.
The set of splendid Chinese Pa-onios, comprising the
Moutanor Tree Psony, the Whiileji,Huinei,and Fra-
g^raus, for §10, all tine plants.
Grape Vines of the finest Burgundy, Chaaipagne, Rhe-
nish, and Tokay varieties, at §25 per 100.
Silver leaved .^bele, of large size, one of the most ele-
gant ornamental trees, now coming into general notice,
lor planting in yards, lawns, avenues, &c.
Also all the other varieties of Trees, Shrubs, and Herba-
ceous plants, Greenhouse Plants, Bulbous flowers. Sec,
as per Cat.i!ogue. Nov. 5.

Pear Seedlings.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market Street —

20.000 Pear Seedlings, in fine order for Nurseries-
raised within six miles of Boston— at from 5 to §10 per
thousand, accoidinjto their size.&c. They will lie suit-
ably packed, as wanted, for transportation to any dist.ince.

Caiauba Grape Vines.

THE GENCINE SORT.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market-street —

50 Vines of tlie tnie Catawba Grape, one year old,
price 75 CIS. each. This is one of the best native, table,
or wine Grapes cultivated; the bunches large, with
shoulders, very thickly set, with large berries of a pale
red or lilac color, and in some situations covered with a
beautiful bloom, giving them ablueish piu'ple appearance.
They have a slight musky taste, and delicate flavor.
They have a thin skin, very little pulp, are perfectly har-
dy, and surpass most of the native grapes that have been
exhibited at the Hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, the two past seasons. The pulp diminishes and
almost disappears when they are left on the vine till they
attain to perfect maturity. The vines are great bearers ;
one vine in Mrs Schell's garden, in Clarksburg, Mary-
land, has produced eight bushels of grapes in one season
—and eleven younger vines in the garden of Joshua John-
son, Esq. of the same State, have produced in one season
thirty bushels of fruit. A particular history and descrip-
tion of this fine grape will be found in Prince's new
Treatise on the Vine, just published. There con be no
mistake with regard to the identity of the above vines, as
they are til from the garden of Mr Seaver, who raised
the first Catawba Grapes ever exhibited in Massachusetts.

Ji'anled
In a Book and Job Printing OlHce, in Boston, two
Apprentices. Those t>om the country would be preferred.
.\piily to Mr J. B. Russell, at the New Englaml Seed
Store, No. 52 North Market Street. Oct. 29.

JVanted,
A young woinan from the country, from 20 to 25 years
of atre, to do liie work in a small family in this city. .\n
active, faithful woman, will meet with kind treatment
and good wages, -^pp'y at this otiice. Nov. 5.

Grape Vims.
The subscriber has for sale at his garden in Dorchester,
the choicest variety of Grape Vines ever offered for sale
in this vicinity. Many of them are now in fruit, and
purchaseis are invited to call and make a selection. The
followins: compose a part of the variety.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by .Vdmiral Sir Isaac
Coffin, to the Massachusetts Society fir the Promotion
ol Agriculture. The pedigiee of these animals can be
given as far back as Hubbach, who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersey Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 1830.

Black Hamburg,

Black Cape,

White Muscadine,

Golden Muscat,

Gore's, (a beautiful Black Grape)

Caroline.

Napoleon,
White Chasselas,
Golden Chasselas,
Red Chasselas,
Black Conslantia,
Bland,
Ferrol.

8 varietiessof superior fruit from Xeres and Malaga.
400 two years old Isabellas.
1400 one " " "

200 C.^T.\WB A, or what hasheretofore been considered
the Bland. It is now satisfactorily ascertained that the
Bland grape will not ripen in this climate, in the open
ground.

Orders by mail, addressed to the Subscriber, or person-
al application at his otfice, No. 7i Congress-street, for any
number of Vines from one to one hundred or more, will
meet with prompt attention. Application may also be
made to Patrick Kennedy, at the garden.

Boston, Sept. 27, 1830. 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
Bolivar Calves, Saxony Bucks, and Bremen Geese.
For sale, 4 Bull Calves,siredby the celebrated imported
improved Durham short horned bull Bolivar, which
stock have produced 36 quarts of milk a day. No. 1, dam
Grey Brown, half Ca?lebs and half Galloway. No. 2, dam
Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres, her sire
Coelebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No. 4, dam
Beauty, half Coelebs and half Galloway. The Calves
are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks,2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of Benjamin Shurt-
leff, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston. July 9.

Krnrirk .Vnrscriis in .Vcieton, near Boston.

For sale at the Kenrick Nurseries in
Newton, an extensive a.ssortinent of Apples,
Pears, Peaches, Pluins, Chciries, Apricots,
Nectarines, Mulberries, Quinces, Raspber-
ries, Grape Vines, Gooseberry and Currant
hushes, and ten finest varieties of Strawberries, including
Wilmot's Supeib, Genuine Keen's Seedling, do.

Also about 200 varieties of the most ornamental hardy
trees and shrubs, including the Double Silver Fir and
Double Spruce, Horse Chestnuts, Mountain Ash, Gum
Acacia, Three Thorned Acacia, Butternuts, .\ilamhus or
Tree of Heaven, Elms, Sugar Maples, Flowering Catal-
pas. Weeping V.illows, N.q)oleon,do. do. Honeysuckles,
and a superb variety of haidy Roses, &c, 4ic. Many of
the above sorts of trees of extra sizes.

White Mulberry Trees by the 100 or 1000— for
plantations.

Isabella Grape Vines, either singly or by the lOO,
at reduced prices.

Written orders addressed to Johx or William Ken-
rick, Newton, and transndtted by the daily mail, or
otherwise, or if more convenient, left at the otiice of the
New Enjland Farmer, where catalogues may be obtained
gr.itis, will be promptly attended to.

But purchasers are iiivited when convenient, to call and
examine the trees, &c, for themselves, and make their
own selections.

Trees, &c, will be delivered in Boston free of expense
for transpott.Uion, whun ordered; and when particularly
desired, tliey will be packed in matts with either clay or
moss for sea or land transportation. eptO Oct. 8.
Splendid Bulbous Roots.

Just received at the New England Faimer Seed Store,
No. 52 North Market-street, direct from Van Eeden &
Co. Harlem, Holland, and a large assortment of Bulbous
Flower Roots, comprising the finest varieties ot

HYACINTHS -(double and single) dark blue, por-
celain blue, red and rosy colored.pure white with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes ;
from 12 cts. to $1 00 each.

TULIP.S— splendid variegated, red, yellow and mixed,
12 cts, each ,§1 00 per dozen, (our importation of fine
tulips is very large, and we are enabled to put some sorts
as low as .§5 per~ 100— an object to those who wish to
form a supeib tulip bed.)

CROWN IMPERIALS— assorted, of the most splendid
colours, and showy flowers, large roots, 25 to 3Scts.
each.

JONQUILLES— sweet scented, finest roots 12 cts
each.

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS— fragrant, white with
citron cups, and yellow with double white cups, extaa
sized roots, 25 cts. each.

DOUBLE NARCISSUS— fragrant, of all colours, 12
cts. each — per dozen. §1,00

SPRING CROCUS— of all colours, 6 cts. each— 50
cts. per dezen.

The above roots are from the same house from which
we received our supply last season, and which gave such
universal satisfaction; some of the double Hyacinths
having produced bells 1 inch and 8-lOthsin diameter.

Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots
are not purchased at auction, and are all remarkable for
their size, and for the beauty and delicacy of tint of their
flowers.

Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, corr.prising
Large White fragrant Lilies, 12 cts. each, 1 dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price, Martagou or
Turk's Caps Lilies, same price.

Brighton Market — Mottday, .\'ov. 1.

[Reported for the Chronicle anj Patriot.]

At Market this day 3868 Cattle, 10825 Sheep, and 962
Swine.

Prices— Beef Cattle— From #3,25 to 4,37i ; we noticed
a few taken at ,§4,50 ; we also ncticed 6 extra piime
Cattle, 4 of which were taken by Mr T. W. Bennett, nl
Brighton, for 5,00, and 2 by Mr C. Brackett, of Newton,
at 5,2").

Barrelling Cattle— for Mess, $3,50, a 3,53 ; No. 1, 3 a
3,17 : No. 2, 2,76 a 2,75.
' Sheep. — Very little variation from last week, not so
many gooil Sheep as usual, for the number ; we noticed
lots at°he following prices : §l,12i, 1,25, 1,33, 1,42, 1,C0,
1,.'>8, 1,63, 1,75, and one lot at §2, part of which were
wethers.

Swine. — We noticed one lot of about 50 selected Sows
and Barrows, at 3|c. : one lot ot 40, 4ic ; one entire lot
of 250, for 4c ; at retail, 4c for Sows, 5c for Barrows.

128

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Nov. 5, 1830.

MISCELLAIVIES.

SONGS,

WRITTEN FOR THE MERRIMACK AGRICULTURAL

EXHIBITION, OCT. 13, 1830.

B T J. B. MOORE, E S q.

TUNE — ' Jluld Lang Syne.'

Should Autumn's blessings be forgot.

And never brought to min'.'
Should all our comforts be forgot.
With auld lang syne ?

For auld lang syne, my dear,

For auld lang syne.
We'll take a cup of kindness yet.
For auld lang syne.

The FARMER ploughs his mellow fields,

He sows the choicest grains,
And lo ! how rich the harvest yields.
How wide a plenty reigns !

Behold ! how wide a plenty reigns !

Around ye far and near !
Sure none can with the Farmer vie —
So let's be merry here.

October's ripened splendors shine.

The Harvest's fruits appear,
The flocks and herds their fathngs yield,
To crown the closing year.

Then merry let us be, my dear,

Push round (he generous wine;
We'll take a cup of kindness yet.
For auld. lang syne.

But not sic' draughts as turn the brain.

And stupid make the min' ;
0 no! we'll leave sic' faults as these
To auld lang syne.

For auld lang syne, my dear.

Yes ! auld lang syne.
Would sometimes tak' a drap too much —
Poor auld lang syne !

But since we've wandered here to see

Sic' sights as glad the min'.
We'll merry make the festive board,
As in auld lang syne.

For auld hng syne, my dear,

For auld lang syne
Ne'er had sic' wine as sparkles here.
Poop auld lang syne.

Then pledge we all the Farmer's weal.

Success to Loom and Plough !
And coming years shall keep alive
The joys that bless us now.

Then merry let us be, ray dear.

Push round the generous wine.
We'll take a Cup of Cider yet.
For auld lang syne.

BY GEORGE KENT.

Assembled once more on their annual duty.

Our Merrimack Farmers will here merry make

The trophies we boast are not ' beauty or booty,'
But the fruits of the soil that we meet lo partake.

Derry down, down, down, derry down.

Warmed with ' fire of tiie flint,' our brave fathers of old
Told the tale of their wron^.': in the thunders of battle :

Their sons, blest with peace, the proud tale may unfold
Of their rights in fine farms, and rich flocks,and fat cattle.

To Ceres a bumper we'll fill, worth the having

Of the purest of wine that Pomona can yield ;

We'll waive other topics, and drink to the waving
Of the harvests that crown every Husbandman's field.

We pour no libations in Bacchanal revels —

The neclar we quaff is the orchard's rich juice;

The parent of drunkenness, and of ' blue devils,'
Gives place to the fruits that our farms can produce.

As patriots we boast not abundance of spii
Sufficient for us if we're goad in the gr

We chant no ' All hail !' at our modest collations —
For all hail will not answer the husbandman's end ;

For the mild rain of peace we send up aspirations —
And from all ' reigns of terror,' may Heaven forefend.

May the web of our life, in the great artist's hand,
Show a warp that is good, and a filling that's true —

Whether ' dyed in the wool.' or the Jt'oo/", let us stand

Fast in color forever — and that be true blue.

Derry down, down, down, derry down.

Parents. — Consider, thou who art a parent,
the importance of thy trust. The being tliou hast
produced it is thy duty to support. Upon thee also
it dependeth, ■sviicther the child of tliy bosom shall
be a blessing or a curse to thyself — a useful or a
worthless member of the community. Prepare
him early with instruction, and season his mind
early with the maxims of truth. Watch tlie bent
of his inclination, set him right in his youth, and
let iio evil habit gain strength with his years. So
shall he rise like a cedar oii the mountain. His
head shall be seen above the trees of the forest.
The soil is thine own. Let it not want cultiva-
tion. The seed which thou sowest, that also shall
thou reap.

A wicked son is a reproach to his father ; but
he that doeth right is an honor to his gray hairs.

Teach him obedience, and lie shall bless thee.

Teach him modesty and he shall not be ashamed

Teach him gratitude, and he shall receive ben-
efits.

Teach him charity, and he shall gain love.

Teach him temperance, and he shall have healtli.

Teach him prudence, and fortune shall attend
him.
Teach him justice, and he shall be honored by the

world.
Teach him sincerity, and his own heart shall not

reproach him.
Teach him diligence, and his wealth shall increase.
Teach him benevolence, and his mind shall be

exalted.
Teach him science, and his life shall be useful.
Teach him religion, and his death shall be happy.

pirit —
: good in the grain ;
As lovers of Freedom, our pride is to merit
A niche, though but humble, in Liberty's fane.

Suspended animation. — When persons die
from hanging or drowning, tlie face is suffused and
swollen with dark colored blood ; wlien from in-
haling any noxious gas, the countenance is pale ;
when from lightning, the fiice is pallid, the limbs
are flexible, and the blood tiiin ; and when from
intense cold, the countenance is pale, and the
limbs are rigid. The most destructive vapors are
the carbonic acid liydrogen, and nitrogen gases ;
as also those that are emitted from animal and ve-
getable matter in a state of putrefliction. Carbonic
gas is the most common ; it is met with in close
apartments where charcoal has been burnt, at the
bottom of large beer casks, in cellars where a
large quantity of wine or liquors .is in a state of
fermentation, and in many natural caverns or cel-
lars. When this vapor is thought to exist, a light-
ed candle should be let down; and if there is a
sufficient quantity of it to destroy life, the flame
will be instantly extinguished. — When death is
occasioned by lightning the whole frame is instan-
taneously exhausted of its nervous power ; when
from intense cold, it is invariably preceded by a
strong disposition for sleep, which, if indulged,
would be generally fatal. Extreme cold deprives
the body of all its animal heat, exhausts it of sen-
sibility of touch and gradually extinguishes life.

Book of Health.

Selling off at cost. — A New York paper
says, that this pretence is so common that labels
are struck off by hundreds for general use. But
the public has a pleasure in being cheated.

' Doubtless the pleasure is as great
Of being cheated as to cheat.'

Otherwise the public would not be so slow to
perceive that an honest dealer is willing to thrive
in the ordinary way, and that selling off at cost is
little creditable to prudence or honesty.

There is another error into which the country
purchasers are apt to fall. They think, in the
simplicity of their hearts, that the purcliaser has
but a standing price for his goods, but that a small
abatement will be made as a personal favor to the
individual buyer. Tlie trader, therefore, who
asks seven dollars a yard for cloth worth four,
has often an advantage over him who sells at four,
if he will take off half a dollar, as a securing gra-
tuity. The honest man, who asks but the value
of his goods, is thus often left for otliers, who
ask double, and will deduct a trifle from the one
hundred per centum. JV. E. Pal.

Cure for the Ringworm. — Take the root of
the common yellow, or wild dock ,■ wash it clean,
bruise it, or cut it in very thin slices; put it in
a cup, or other small vessel, and add vinegar suf-
ficient to cover it. Let it stand a day or two, then
apply the moisture to the ringworm, by rubbing
it with a piece of the root, two or three times a
day, for a few successive days. This, it is said, will
effect au entire cure.

In Ruthford, N. C. a man lately burnt sulphur on his
hearth to free his chimney from swallows. He cover-
ed the top of his chimney, and 214 fell dead upon the
hearth.

Slanderers. — Slanderers are like flies, that
leap over all a man's good parts, to light only
upon his sores. — Rule of life.

JSTeiD Work on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Oifice, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or, Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
\vhich these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and improvements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society. Price $1,2S.

Published every Friday, at ^3 per annum, payable at the
end of the year—but those who pay within sixty days from the
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction oflifly cents.

03= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for .1. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Order? for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

A^ew York — G.Thoeburn it Son, 67 Liberty-street.

Philadelphia- ^^. & C. LANnKETH.SS Cheslnul-slreet.

Baltimore — G. R. Smith, Ollice olihe American Farmer.

A'haitii — Hill. Jksse Buel.

Flushing, N. Y. Wi\i. Prince &. Sons, Prop. Lia. Bot.GardsB

/yurZ/brW— Goodwin & Sons.

JVpirbun/porf, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.

Halifa.r.N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Oifice.

Monlreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW EJ^GLAPfD FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Wakehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 12, 183 O.

NO. 17,

igvQ 321 sa wsruvSii a at® 5J 3a

Mr Fessenden. — Since my last communication, tho

July number of Annales de liSociete D'Hoiticulture D'

Paris, lias been received. I have eilracled such articles,

as appeared most valuable, which are enclosed.

Truly your most obedient servant,

H. A. S. DEARBORN.
Brinley Place, Rotbury, )
October il, ISM. j

EXTRACT NO. XXV.

FroDi Uie Annalea D'Horticuhure.

A method of increasing the size of Fruits ; by M.
Jaome Sai.nt-Hilaire.

were gathered ; the first had increased but 2 bnes ; ! aiRl rocks are situated between the 13th and 21s«
the second was 8 incbcs and 8 lines in cir- 1 degree of South l.ititude ; and yet the nuiiihe^ pf
cumforence, having been enlarged 8 lines. It | cormorants, flaniingo.s, and cranes appears to be
will be seen that the largest of the two pears ! erjually considerable in the islands situated farther
was left suspended and the smallest was supported, j towards the nortli or south. In Asia larfe ma"-a-
An experiineut, the reverse of this was made. zines are erected alongside the shore for" tin

Upon a Chaptal pear tree, tigured in the Flora ccption of the guano.

et la Ponione Francaise (PI. XCIII,) two were se
lected, whicli emanated from the same fruit spur :
instead of placing the shelf under the smallest it
was put under the largest, which, on the l.jtii of
September, was 3 lines greater in circumference,
than the other. On the 1.5th of October, these two
pears were gathered ; the largest was then 3 lines

le rs"
If we consider that, eve»

Amateurs of beautiful fruits, will doubtless read I '«''Sci- than the other, that is, it had increased 6
with jileasiue, the experiments made by M. .laume I ''nes more.

Saint-Hilaire, for increasing the size of Pears, F''om these experiments, it is believed, if they
which are described in a memoir, read by him, on j were repeated the following year, and commenced
the 5th of November, 1829, beftre the Societe | >" -Tii'y O'" Aug. a more marked difteronce and more

Royale et Centrale D'Agriculture.

satisfactory results woidd be produced; and my

since the twelfth, or at least the thirteenth cen-
tury, it has been customary in Peru to manure
with this substance; that many millions of cubic

Pe

et have been strewed over the sandy parts of

On examining the espalier pear trees, in the I '^oory could be applied to other kinds of fruits,

' such as Quinces, Apples, Oranges, «Soc.

EXTRACT KO. XXVI.

A method of making Camellias produce seed; by
J\[. Laffat Fodr.neir.
The author says, that having seen Camellias

Qursery of the Luxembourg and in many other
jardcns, I have several times remarked, says the
iuthor, and particularly during the month of Au-
gust last, that when a pear was accidentally sus-
ained by the trellis and wall, or was placed in the
brk of two branches, it was generally larger,

ban those on the same tree, which were freely ; fiUed with seeds, in a garden be reinarked these
uspendcd from the branches. I presumed that I p|a„ts with more attention, and perceived, that
his difference was thus occasioned ; that when | the most of them had their branches tmitilated

he fruit attained a certain size, its weight con
ac.cd the tubec and vessels of tho peduncle uts-
ned to conduct the sap of the tree, and prevented
from obtaining a size equal to such as were sup-
orted and consequently more favorably situated,
ir receiving the nourishing juices. I was there-
)re, desirous of ascertaining, how far this liy-
othesis would be confirmed by experiments, upon
ifferent kinds of pears ; JM. Dalbert, an intelligent
ad zealous gardener, aided me in making them,
I the department of fruit trees, in the Royal Oar-
BD. We first selected a j'oung tree bearing a
jar called the Duchesse D'-/}ugouleme figured in
le Flora et la Pomone Francaise (PI. LVI.) A
jar, situated near the middle of the tree, was, on
e 15th of September, 9 inches and 4 lines in cir-
imference ; it was left suspended from the branch

and the ends broken off. In February following, Mr
Laffay suppressed the wood buds, which accom-
panied the flowers, on several of his camellias, in
order to direct the sap into the flowers and nour-
ish the seeds ; the experiment was successful, and
has been repeated since with equally good fortune,
particularly with Camellias cultivated in pots.

EXTRACT NO XXVII.

A method of accelerating the maturity of Melons.
This consists in spreading under and around
the melons, a bed of pulverized charcoal two in-
ches deep. Lampodias, at Freiheng, attempted this
experiment in 1813, and he succeeded in ripening
melons in a box filled with earth and not covered
during the cold summer of that year. The sur-

,, , . face of the charcoal attained a temijerature at noon

nother pear snuated lower, was at the satne time : ^^ j.,.^,^^ j jg ^^ jgg ^^ ^^.^i,^ elsewhere it was

inches and 10 lines m circumference. We placed [ „„, ^^^^^ gj ^^ gg ^^^

ider the latter a little shelf fixed upon a stake | Z

iven into the ground, in such a manner that the j for the ne%v England farmer.

ar was supported by it. The 30th of September —

llowing, the two pears were gathered; the first, | GUANO,

hich reinained suspended, had increased but 2 ' Dear Sir — I observed in the J^ew England
es, and the second which was supported by the Farmer of Sept. 3, page 54, an extract of a letter
elf, was 9 inches and 7 lines in circumference ; from the American Consul at Arequipa, Peru,
had gained 9 lines, which is considerable, for so ' relative to a kind of manure, called by the S[)an-
ge a pear, and in fifteen days. |iards,g-!m;w.' Perhaps the following more par-

It may be objected, that the position of the pears ticular account of that substance, extracted from

on the upper or lower branches, contributed to
i'.rease the size of one more than the other.

We selected two pears, called Beurre D'Arem-
Irg, growing on the same branch and emanating
1 m the same fruit spur. On the 15th of Sep-
taber, one of them was 8 inches and 4 lines in
t :umference, which was left suspended ; the
<ier was 8 inches and was supported by a

M. Von Humboldt's letter to M. Klaproth, may be
interesting to those who have seen the above quota-
tion.— Undoubtedly it is the ordure of sea-birds of
the Pacific, which has been accumulating a scaih's
seculorum.

All the Aborigines of Peru were of opinion,
that this substance is birds-dung ; which was,
however, doubted by many of the Spaniards. It

^If. The 7th of October following, both pears 'is worth remarking that all the Guano-Islands

rii (and indeed the possibility of "iiractising
agriculture along the .sea-coast depends entirely
on this precious material); and farther, that the
guano still continues to be furnished in lartre quan-
tities, and that the experience of the present gen-
eration appears to prove that those birds, on one
of the islands, will scarcely produce a ship load
of dung in a great number of years; if we con-
sider all this, we cannot refrain "from being aston-
ished at the long series of centuries, or the vast
number of birds, that must have been required to
accumulate those immense strata of guano.

Though we can no longer hesitate to consider
also the guano as dung of birds, yet it may be
asked, has it originated on the same islands where
it is now fouiiil, or has it been accumulated there
by some resolution of the earth ? Does it point
back to an era when the deluged globe was pro-
vided with a greater number of aquatic birds than
at the preseii' time, in the same manner as the
cn.d foniiaiion rclrs us brick to a vastly luxuri-
ant vegetation .' Or was the guano formed un-
der circumstances perfectly similar to those now
existing, and was nothing required to jiroduce
such immense stratification but a long succession
of ages .' A long residence on the rocks and isl-
ands of the Peruvian coast, and attentive ohserva-
tion of the quantity of dung deposited at present
liy many thousand cormorants and flamingos in
the space of one year, are the means which may,
perhaps, at a future period, enable us to answer
these questions. But it may be asked, what is to
become of Peruvian agriculture, and what of the
population of the coast, when the exhausted
Guano islands shall no longer yield this manure?
Ill the neighborhood of Arica, where the crop
of pepper {Capsicum laccatum, bird-popper,) is
valued at from .3 to 400,000 dollars a year, each
plant is manured three (imes every season with
guano, viz. at the [leriods of taking root, flower-
ing, and producing the fruit.

Under the government of the Incas, the guano
was considered as an important object of political
economy. It was ;)iol)il]ited, under pain of death,
to destroy any of the birds on the Guano islands,
each of which had its inspectors, and was divided
into departments. From Arica to Chancay, a
tract of 200 leagues in length, no other manure
was made use of than guano. This great care
accounts in some measure for the vast increase of
the guano. But those wise regulations have long
been abolished : at present the guano is dug for
without regularity and at all seasons.

In an account of the guano, given to Messrs
Fourcroy, and Vauquelin, [to whom specimens
were communicated] mention is made of a fevr
other circumstances relative to that substance. —

130

Thrgiiaiio, savs Mr Hiiinbokli, is foun.l not only
in the Chinche" islaruls, near Piseo, but it exists
also on the parts of the coast and its isles satiated
more in the South, at Ilo, Iza, and Anra. Ihe
inhabitants of Chancay, who trade m this article,
^o to the Chinche islands, and return m twenty
days. Each boat takes a cargo of from loOO to
2000 cubic feet of guano

The strata in which the guano is disjiosed arc
from fifty to sixty feet in thickness, ami they are
worked "in the same manner as the irun ochre
mines. It is an excellent manure for the Indian
corn or maize ; but if too much of it lie applied
the root is liurnt and destroyed by it.

When cxfiosed to the fire the brownish yellow
color of the guano is converted into black ; it
gives out white fumes, and the smell of empy- j
reumatic ammonia. Water dissolves part of it, j
becomes thereby of a reddish color, ami adopts
an acid taste. Potassia dissolves much more of it
than water; the solution is of a deep brown
color, and is produced under an abundant devel-
opment of ammonia. The result of the chem-
ical analysis, nia.le by Fourcroy and Vauquelin, is
that the iirincipal constituent part is concrete uric
„,j-^. SOLOMON DROWN.

Foster, R.I. Oct. 9, 1S30.

NEW ENt^.AXD FxVRMER,

Nov. 12, 18.30.

TRANSPLANTING TREE;-.

Mr Ff-ssenoen — As there has been considerable
diversity of opinion exhiliited with regard to trans-
iilaiiting fruit trees, I would recnmim-nd in order
that Horticulturists may be satisfied ^vliich is the
best time to remove and plant trees, to try the
following mode with every kind of fruit trees cul-
tivated in New England. In the autumn, any
time after the frost has had a jiroper eftect,
take the trees up, carefaU;/ prcserinng ike roots, lay
them in with an inclination of about twentyfive to
fortyfive degrees in the coldest situation ; cover
the roots and part of the stocks six to twelve in-
ches deep ; during the severity' of winter cover
the tops with mats or any material to exclude the
rays of the sun ; as sining advances throw some
rubbish over the roots if necessary to retain the
frost, until the ground becomes elsewhere warm
and vegetation has commenced, when they may
be transplanted.— By this mode of management
no perceptible injury will be sustained in conse-
quence of their removal— the trees will generally
grow as vigorous as they would have ilone in their
former situation. From experience I am satisfied
this is decidedly the best way of transplanting
trees. I refer with much satisfaction your readers
to the reply of Elias Phinnet, Esq. to the Hon.
Mr Lowell, Chairman of the Committee for the
Mass. Agr. Society as inserted in the New England
Farmer vol. 6, page 122, for a successful experi-
ment in the transplanting and nianajjement of
Apple trees. JONA. WINSIHP.

Brigldon, J^ov. 8.

From the Concord, .\. H. Statoniftn, Oct. 16.

MERRIMACK AGRICULTURAL EXHIBI-
TION.
Wednesday and Thursday last were proud days
for the farmers and home manufacturers of Merri-
mack County, as manifested by the Cattle Show,
and Exhibition of domestic iiroducts and manu-
factures, then attended at Canterbury. The col-
lection of members of the Societies assembled
and the concourse of spectators was unusually
numerous — and tha attention »nd hospitality of

the people of the ]ilace, highly gratifying. — The
Agricultural Society met at the Town house on
Wednesday morning, and, after the admission of
mendiers, ami the filling up of the various Com-
mittees [iroceeiled, at 12 o'clock, in connexion
with the Merrimack Temperance Society, to the
Rev. Mr Patrick's .Aleeting house, where an ap-
propriate Prayer was offered by Rev. Mr Scales,
of Henniker, an eloquent Oration pronounced by
the Hon. Philip Carrigain, of Epsom, on the
subject of Agriculture and the Arts, followed by
an able Address on Temjierance from the Hon.
JoHx VosE, of Pembroke, and concluiled by a per-
tinent prayer from the Rev. Mr Conant, of North-
field— the whole interspersed with music by a
select choir. The Society thence proceeded to
Capt. Brown's, at whose house a suitable dinner
was provided— the choicest of Cider giving a
zest to wholesome food— and two Songs, written
for the occasion by members of the Society, clos-
ing the table entertainment. In the afternoon,
the respective Coramitteos attended to the duties,
assigned them. The pens were well filled with |
cattle of all descrii)tions, and the out door show of
noble animals was considered decidedly superior
to any ever before witnessed in the County.
Within doors the show was not less imposing.
The hall for the display of Domestic Manufoc-
tiires was not sufficiently commodious — but one
could be well content to be elbowed and crowded,
to have his eye regaled with the proud exhibition.
Our limits compel us to be very brief in our no-
tice at this time — a circumstance which we the
less regret, as the Reports, soon to be jiublished,
will give a particular detail. We would barely
observe that we have never, in this or an other
Comity, witnessed so fine a display of articles of
woollen mamifiicture generally, such as flauncis
blankets and carpeting — and of many articles of
cotton, and soms of finer fabric.

On Thursday morning the Society again met
and attended to the reports from the various
awarding committees. In the afternoon the
choice of Officers was made for the ensuing year

the paying of Premiums attended to — and the

whole closed by a well contested Ploughing
Match. The members of the Society separated
in trood season for their respective homes, exult-
in" in the reflection, that while other Agricultural
Societies, much to our regret, are dwindling and
dyins around ns, ours, in the heart of the Gran-
ite State, still lives and (irospers, going on from
strength to strength.

and one year's subscription to the New Englanil
Farmer.

Thomas Ames, Canterbury, next best 2

and one year's subscription to the New England
Farmer.

do do, best Wheat 3,00

.1. Pecker, next best do 2,00

do best Potatoes 3,00

T. ,\mes, next best ^.00

PREMIUMS.

Col. James Cofran, Northfield, best farm, .*5
and 1 year's subscription to the New England
Farmer.

Walter Harris, .Tr. Dunbarton, next best 4

and 1 year's subscription to the New England
Farmer.

Samuel Chadwick, Boscawen, next best 3

and one year's subscription to the New England
Farmer.

J. M. Hariier, Canterbury, next best '2

and one year's subscriplion to the New England
Farmer.

Win. Gault, Concord, best kitchen ganleu 1
and one year's subscriplion to the New England
Farmer.

Thomas Ames, Canterbury, next best one
year's subscription to the New England Farmer.

Jeremiah Pecker, Concord, best Corn 1

J. Pecker, best Oats 2,00

John West, best fielil of grass 3,00

and one year's subscription to the New England
Farmer,

Ebenezcr Dustin, Hopkintoii, general improve-
ment on farm one year's subscription to the
New England Farmer.

E. Lund, do for corn am! improvement in mak-
ing compost manure. New England Farmer.

Ricliard Greenough, Canterbury, best

working Oxen 3,00

Lahau Morrill, do next best do 2,00

J. Pecker, Concord, on working Oxen 2,00

Isaac Virgin, do do 2,00

B. C. Swasey, Canterbury, do 2,00

Richard Greenough, best 3 year's old Steers 2,00

Boiijamin Simpson, Buscavven, next best do 1,00

David Morrill, Canterbury, best 2 years

old Steers 2,00

Reuben Johnson, Boscawen, next best do

Briijamiu Simpson, on 2 years old Steers

Moses Coffin, on do

Richard Greenough, on do

Orlando Brown, Concord, 4 best yearlings 2,00

Olney Thompson, Pittsfield, best Bull 4,00

James Greenough, Canterbury, next do

Simon Green, Pittsfielil, best bull Calf

A. Bnrbank, Boscawen, next best do

Richard Greenough, best Cow

David Morrill, next best do

E. Chickering, Concord, next do

Dr Enos Hoit, Northfield, on do

Charles Glidden, do 1 year's subscription to thi

New England Farmer.

David Morrill, be.-t 3 years old heifer
Richard Greenough, next best
Charles Glidden, best 2 years old heifer
Richard Greenough, next best
Rufiis Wilkins, Concord, best Stud horse
D. K. Foster, Chichester, next best
John Kilbourn, Boscawen, best Mare and
Colt

Isaac Virgin, Concord, next best do
Sibley and Barnard, Hopkintoii, best Saxo
ny and Merino bucks

do do next best do

Dr E. Hoit fiir a fine buck
Sibley and Barnard, 10 best Ewes
Richard Greenough, next best do
Ebcnezer Morrison, Northfielil, best Boar 2,
T. Ames, best Sow and Pigs 4,0

Ri(diard Greenough, best fulled Cloth 3,1

Joshua Darling, Henniker, next best 2,1

Joseph Gerrisli, Canterbury, for Cassimere 2,(
Saiu'iel (^liadwick, Boscawen, on do 1,(

Mrs Porter Blanchard, Concord, best fiorr
Carpeting

Mrs John Head, lluokset, next best do
IMrs S. C. Bartlett, Salisbury, on do
Miss Myra Muore, Lcnidon, do
Stephen Sibley, best Flannel
Joshua Darling, next best

do best pair Blankets

Ahram Brown, Hopkinton, next best
J. M. Harper, on blanket

1,00

3,00
^'2S

4,(«
3,6(
2,0(
2,0(

2,0(
1,0(
2,0(
1,0(
5,0(
3,0(

3,0)
2,0

3.'

2,1

1,
3,

2,0

3,'

2,1:
I.'l
1,

3

2,
2,
1,
U

•Vol.lX— No. 17.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

131

1,00
1,00
1,00

1,00
50

2,00
1,00

Tliomas Potte, Concord, on flannel
Mrs Kioliunl IJiailley, do, on do
j Mrs David Muii-dl, ,1r, Cantcrluiry, on do
I Mrs .losepli Harnard, IlopUimon, "2 host
rs woollen lloso
Stcplirn !>iblc'y, next best do
3Iiss Lncy-Jane Coffin, Boscawen, l)cst
pr. Silk Hose

Miss L. Hliss, do next best do
Mrs Jona. Wood, London, 1 \n: linen bose 1,00
Miss Eliza I'everly, Canterbury, best wool
Coverlet 2,00

Miss Aseenatli Mason, do next best do 1,00

Walter Harris, Jr, Dunbarton, best cotton
and wool do

Miss Sarah Davis, best Coiniierpane
Bliss Eliza Brown, London, next best do
Miss Abigail Calef, Pembroke, for Straw
Bonnet

A. P. Stinson, Concord, best boots & shoes 1,00
Ebenezer Morrison, Northfield, four line
speeinicns of Leather

Ruel Walker, London, on leather No. 7
Isaac Eastman, Concord, best breaking
up plough

do do, best seed plough

Nathan Emery, Canterbury, on plough
A. P. Stinson, best specimen Blacksmith
•work

T. Ames, next best do
Enoch Girrisb, Boscawen, best Cheese
Charles Glidden, next best do
John Kilbonrn, best Butter
Laban Morrill, next best do
Miss L. Bliss, best specimen of Needle
■work

Miss Charlotte Eaton, next best do
Miss Annette Eastman, Concord, Lace Veil 75
Miss L. Stinson, do 50

Miss Lucy Pettingill, Salisbury, do 50

Samuel iMoore, Loudon, best Rob Roy 1,50

Mrs Elizaljetli Morrill, Concord, next best
2ps. 1 on each 2,00

J. A. Potter, Concord, for his improvement in
the fine arts, and particularly for his excellent
likeness of Capt. John Eastman, of Concord 2,00
E. D. Lord, Epsom, on fulled Cloth 1,00

J. M. Harper, on do 1,00

George Hutchins, Concord, stair Carpet 1,00
Misses Eliza and Harriet McClary, do do
Mrs Peter Renton, do on hearth Rug
Mrs J. C. West, do on do

The Committee on carpets and hearth rugs, re-
gretted that the funds of the Society would not
allow them to award premiums on two other
Rugs, wrougiit by Miss Sarah Herbert and Miss
S. M. Cady of Concord, which were entitled to
much connnendation. There were also several
Tery handsome floor carpets, which for the above
reason could not receive premiums.

Miss Eliza Peverly, for cotton Coverlet 1,00
J. M. Harper, growing the Mulberry tree 1,00
Stephen Chase, culture of Silk 1,00

J. C. West, for his garden 1,00

Thomas Ames, for the best Cider 3,00

Isaac Virgin, best ploughing 3,00

Charles Glidden, next best do 2,00

James Greenougli, best teamster 1,00

Stephen Moore, ploughman 1,00

Charles M. Glidden, do 1,00

The Officers of the Merrimack Agricultural
Society, elected for the year ensuing are

Hon. Joseph M. Harper, Canterbury, Pres'l,
Maj. TiMo. Chandler, Concord, V. Pres'l,
Robert M. Wallace, Es(|. Hemjiker; ("harles
Glidden, Esq. Nortbtield; Jonallian Eastman,
jr. Esq. Concord ; Samuel C. Bartlett, Es(|. Sal-

from ihe roots air and heat, the indisper)sabli- agent.s
to vigorous growth. Tnat yuuv trees as you would
favorite corn bills, which you wi.'^li to niaki- the
most of, cxccfitgivc them no unrolled dung. Wash-
iiig with a siroiig ley in May will destroy iiisei-ts,

isbury ; Col. Warren Story, Dutdiarlon ; Harris- and promote ih.' be.ilth and \i;;or of your trees. To
on G. Harris, Es(|. Warner, Directors. persons living remote or who are unable to obtain

Samuel Coffin, Esq. Concord, .S;<Trc(rtr^. their trees for car/i/ spring plantnig, we recom-

— I mend that they procure them in the autumn and

To add to the interest (d" the above Exhibilion 'lui/ them in hfj the heel, as nurserymen lechuically

2,00
1,50
1,00

1,00

4,00
1,00

2,00
1,00
1,00

4,00
50
2,00
1,00
2,00
1,00

1,50
1,00

1,00
1,00
1,00

at CanterbiUT, .Air William (ianh, of Concord, in
addition to bis mammoth cueundjefs before notic-
ed, presented six other varieties, of the cucumber
— viz. Long Green Turkey, Long Orange Turkey,
long prickly, short prickly, early cluster and early
Russia, from more than 500 of which that were
ripe and handsome, we understand he has already
harvested the seeds.

Also, 4 varieties of Beets, viz. Mangel Wurt-
zel, 25.^ inches in circinnference, weighing 10 lbs. ;
French Sugar Beet, 22^- inches do, weighing 7
lbs. ; Long Blood, 19^ do. weighing 7 lbs. ; early
turnip-rooted do. 18i do weighing 4 lbs.

Also, 3 kinds corn, viz. long eared, small cob,
8 row, for field; Tuscarora do. for boiling, sweet
do. for do.

Also, Large Cape Savoy ami Green Globe Sa-
voy Cabbage, and long Dutch parsnips.

Among the Stock exhibited, was a very supe-
rior Heifer Calf, sis months and a half old, of
the common native breed raised by Mr Elliot
Chickering of this town. The Cow, we under-
stand, has had for the season nothing more than
common keeping, and the Calf been i.Uowed but
half the milk. It is a finely formed young an-
imal, of a handsome dark red color, free from any
mi.xture of white, and weighs 480 pounds.

Tlie Reports of the above Society, which are
unusually interesting, we shall publish, as soon as
we have room.

SHORT DIRECTIONS FOR TRANSPLANT-
ING TREES.

Food is as necessary to the health and growth
of plants, as it is to animals. The best food fijr
plants is rich, ))nlverized earth, or rather the vege-
table matter which it contains. That your trees
and shrubs may live and thrive, proceed as fol-
lows : dig for your trees holes at least three feet in
diameter, and 18 inches deep, and for shrubs a
proportionate size and depth, throwing away
the lower spit of earth. Then fill up the hole to a
proper height for setting the tree, with rich surface
earth, or perfectly rotted manure, blended with
four out of five parts of earth. Set your tree and
cover with surface soil, treading down when the
roots are covered with earth. See that the roots
are trimmed of all bruised and broken parts; that
they are separately extended in their natural direc-
tion ; that fine earth everywhere comes in contact
with them. A potato or two, or a gill of flaxseed
or oats, may be advantageously placed in the hole
before the tree is set, and a pail of water turned in
after the hole is two thirds filled. The rich earth
affords nutritive pasture for the young root to
range in ; the potatoes, &c, keep the ground loose
and moist, an#enable them to roam freely ; and
the water brings the earth in contact with the
roots, and jirevents them from becoming mouldy.
Keep the ground free of grass as far as the roots
extend ; for these e.xTSaust the moisture and nu-
triment necessary to the plant, and exclude

term it; which is merely to dig u trench on a dry
piece of ground, laying the earth on one side — the
trench wiile enough to contain the roots; put the
roots into this, close together, letting the stocks
rest in an iiiclini;d position upon the bank of earth
and then cover the roots and a part of the slocks
with earth. In this way lliey escape injury from ihe
frost of wi[iter, and are in readiness for eaily plant-
ing in the spring. Besides, bi-tler plants an^ gene-
rally obtained in the antunm th:in in the spring,
afier nurseries have been culled Bud.

.li^ricullural Sucielies. — On our first page will be
found the proceedings of the meeting in Oakland
County, for the formation of an .Agricultural Socie-
ty. We cordially wish success to the new associa-
tion. The experience of the old States abundant-
ly proves that such enterprise is sure of its reward,
in the impidse it imparts to the operations of the
farmer, in the increased value of his land, and in
the augmentation of his profits. More than all it
diffuses a spirit ufenudation, the good influence of
whicli cannot but be extensively felt.

If similara.s3ociations were formed in each coun-
ty, there would be more fr qnent occasions fir the
publication of such notes as the following, banded
to us by a friend from Tecumseh. — Detroit Jour.

Mr Jere. .'\rnold, of Tecumseh, has this season
cleared 45 acres of land, ploughed 102 acres the
first time, sowed 30 of it to oats, and harrowed,
cross-ploughed ami sowed 60 acres of the above
land to wheat; and he has hauled 95 cwt. from
Detroit to Tecimiseh, distance 55 miles.

The whole of the above work has been done by
Mr Arnold and two small boys, one 14 tlie other
11 years old ; an<l his whole team has consisted of
four horses, but the work has nearly all been done
by three ; he has had but one plough, and all has
been done without the use of ardent spirits.

Sept. 27, 1830.

,S')7/,-. — A Silk-Cultivation Society has been form-
ed in Holland. The ctTorts of a similar Association
in Euiiland are said to have failed on acount of
the humidity of the climate. They have abandoned
their mulberry plantations, one of which was in
England, and the other in Ireland. A writer in the
Bulletin Universel thinks the business camiot be
made profitable in Europe much tarther north than
at present.

Mr Benj. Pickering, Newington, N. H. has a
sweet ajiple tree which has produced three crops
of ripe apples this season.

Mr Jabez H. Hammond, Windsor, Vt. has a
cabbage showing 24 good hard heads, which grew
on ojie stump.

Tlie drought was so great in Tennessee last
sunmier, that thousands of forest trees died, par-
ticularly where strata of limestone were near the
surface of the ground. — Botion Patriot.

132

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 12, 1830.

BRIGHTON CATTLE SHOW.

The Committee on Useful Inventions report as fol-
lows, viz. —

That Mr Hale of New York, by J. R. Newell,
entered for preniidm Hale's patent pump. — This
pimip is of continuous rotary action, the power
being applied to a crank. This very compact hy-
drauhc macliine conihines the actions of the suck-
ing and forcing pumps; and is even capable of
throwing water effectively as a fire engine ; the ar-
rangement and action of the valves is original, and
highly ingenious ; the Conunittee however, forbear
attempting a descri[ition of these, as they coidd
not be made intelligible without drawings. Perhaps
the cost of this pump compared with that of the
ordinary construction, will render its a])|)lication
in some degree limited ; yet the Committee have
no hesitation in expressing an opinion, that it is
superior to any rotary pump heretofore construct-
ed. As this invention was not made within this
Commonwealth, and moreover the inventor has
omitted to furnish certificates of its actual use, the
Committee are restraijicd by the regulations of
the Society from awarding a premium which in
their opinion it deserves.

John & Horace IM. Pool, of Easton, County of
Bristol, entered for premium several geometrical
protractors of a new construction, by which lines
may he drawn with great facility, and at any re-
quired angle to the side of the tablet or drawing
board, which in this case forms a base line; it is
therefore a most convenient itjstrument in formin
plans of surveys, an operation of primary impor
tance to the farmer, considering the simplicity of
the instrument and the ease with which it may be
applied, the Conunittee award to the Messrs Pool,
e ])remium of — Fifteen dollars.

The same gentlemen, the Messrs Pool, present-
ed for exhibition, two steel drafting scales and
a drafting square, the workmanship of which was
executed in the best maimer and e(iual to import-
ed articles of the kind.

Aniasa Dunbar of Sharon, County of Norfolk,
entered for premium a machine for forming Boot
fronts ; good certificates of its having been tried
and found useful were produced; the worlinianship
was well executed, and it did not appi^ar com|ili-
cated or likely to get out of order ; but in the opin-
ion of the Comuiittee, was calculated for large es-
tablishments, and too costly for general use — and
they do not award a premium.

Joseph Hutchinson of Dorchester, entered a
Dash Churn for prprniuni, but it did not appear
to the Commitee to be any improvement on the
connnon churn in general use, and do not award
a premium.

Daniel Chandler of Lexington, County of Mid-
dlesex, entered for premium a double harrow, and
produced a certificate of its having been used and
approved for harrowing among trees, on rocky and
uneven grotnid, and oi)erating in sharp hollows or
valleys, when the two sides would rise, ajid per-
mit all the teetli to como in contact with the earth ;
the workmanship was good; it was made in the
coni.inon Heater shape, in two parts divided longi-
tudinally, and hung with two strong hinges in the
centre, for the purpose of turning up one half and
placing it on the otiier, by which means it is made
fit to pass in narrow places, between trees, stuni])s,
and rocks — When turned up or doubled over,
one half the teeth are not in use. The Committee

were of opinion that strong handles like those of a
plough, passing through the hind bar of the har-
row, braced in the same manner as plough handles,
answers all the purposes of JMr Chandler's
harrow, with the handles a person could raise up
either side of the harrow — raise or depress either
end, and make the whole harrow bear on small
uneven spots of earth, light it up if the teeth
came in contact with a root or fast stone, and gen-
erally give a smoother and better pulverized sur-
face to a field. In harrowing in seed the advantage
of handles must be obvious to every fanner that
makes use of them, or that sees them used ; the
double harrow has been in use in England for
many years; hardly a book on Agricultural imple-
ments, but what contains plates of them, not pre-
cisely of the shape of Mr Chandler's harrow, not
however varying materially. It can be used the
two harrows together, or separate ; and wlieu sep-
arated, being lighter, make two teams — they are
readily put together and as readily detached.
Therefore the Committee do not award a premi-
um.

The jjreceding entries were all made in season,
agreeably to the rules of the Society, and a list con-
taining those entries only, handed the Comnnttee
by the Secretary, at the time of their meeting on
the 19th, to make the examination. The next
day the Comnnttee found other articles had been
entered and placed in the Society's rooms on that
day, viz. — a Washing Machine, by Mr Shepherd,
of Watertovvn ; three ploughs, by Mr Pronty, of
Hanover, county of Plymouth, who appears to be
only the manufacturer of the iron work ; liis cer-
tificate, which has many respectable signatures,
mentioning its having been used and approved, has
in the i)rinted caption, Hitchcock's Patent Ploughs,
mannfactiu-ed by D. Prouty ; no application by
the Inventor, so that no question as to premium
could have arisen, as regards this entry. A double
plough, with two moulds of ii-on and two shares,
two sharp lijis behind, on bottom of moulds, said
to be made for ploughing between corn, but no
person appeared to explain to the Committee.

Messrs Nourse & Co. of Sherburne, introduced
four ploughs, but the Committee could not per-
ceive any i;ew improvements in their construction ;
their certificates stated they had been used and
highly api)roved.

Dr Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, county of Es-
sex, presented two cast iron harrow teeth, of a
new form, differing from any harrow teeth in
common use. In a letter to the Trustees, of the
19th, be gives a particular description of these
teeth ; the superiority over any other in use, with
a certificate from a person that had used a harrow
with his cast iron teetli, and approved of it highly.
The Comuiittee will request the Trustees to i)ub.
lish Dr Nichols' letter to them, in the New Eiig-
land Farmer, and to cause one of his harrow teeth
to be deposited in the Agricullural Warehouse,
miller the same roof of the New England Farmer
Olhce, for |Mihlic inspection ; hut perhaps it may
be well for the Committee to oliserve that the en-
try made by Dr Nichols, for iireminm, is for his
improved harrow teeth, oC east ire^ The distance
of most farmers from iron FoiuWrie.'', the <lifli-
cnlly of renewing the teeth when hrok(.'n, the loss
of time in replacing them, and the probable ex-
pense that would iittacl^ would hav(! pre
vented the Committee from Hwarding a pre
miuni, had the regidation prescribed for mak-

ing the entry, been strictly complied with. All
which is submitted by

GORHAM PARSONS,

DANIEL TREADWELL, > Committee.

DAVID MOODY.
Brighton, October 20, 1830.

icuii

The following is Doct. Nichols' letter alluded
to above.

To tite Trustees of the Mass. Agricultural SoLiety.

Gentlemen — Believing that the Harrow might
be greatly improved without any increase of ex-
pense, I last spring formed a model, and had a
set of teeth cast at the Danvers Foundry which
were immediately set in a frame and put in use
on my farm in Middleton. They fully answered
my ex|)ectations in everything but strength, being
cast of hard brittle iron and too slenderin that part
where the greatest strength is required, to wit, the
part nearest the stock which is not supported by
it. Several of them were broken among large
roots and fixed rocks. I then altered the model
and had teeth cast of softer and stronger iron,
(Scotch iron) such as are herewith exhibited, none
of these have been broken. The projection from
behind the point of the tooth is designed to re-
ceive a brace should the strength prove insufficient
without one. I have not however founil it ne-
cessary to brace the teeth of my harrow. The
notch near the top is designed to secure the tooth
in the frame by a pin which together with a wedge
driven in behind, filling the trough of the tooth
readily secures it, and at the same time leaves it
in a situation to he easily taken out and set in a
smaller frame for harrowing among corn, &c.
With the form exhibited I am well satisfied, be-
lieving it combines a good degree of strength
with a saving of metal. But very possibly it may
still be improved, and as no patent will be taken
out for it, every farmer will be at liberty to have
it formed to suit himself. Each tooth at seven
cents per pound costs about 30 cents — each
tooth moves five inches of earth. Eleven teeth
forms my harrow, which moves and pulverizes
very completely a strip of land .55 inches wide
$3,30 the cost of tlie teeth, which is I think
much less than the cost of the common teeth for
a harrow of this size.

I think it not extravagant to say that with the
same ox or horse power most tillage land may
be benefited rivice as nnich as it can lie by the
use of the common harrow in the same time, and
that should even one tooth on an average be
broken daily, it would still be the most economical
harrow in use. In such a result however, which
is not to be apprehended, it woiTld be cheaper to
make them of wrought iron.

Yours respectfully.

ANDREW NICHOLS.

Da]:rers, Oct. 19, 1830.

rZif Commilfee on Iforkins; Cattle, consisting of \
Messrs Lvke Fis!;e, Aaron Capen, and Samuel
Brooks, hiivino' attended to the -duty assigned

tiicm, ask leave to report — j

Twenty yoke of Cattle were reguliirly entered i

for the Society's pronnums, and they did much j

credit to the fiirmers who offered them. '

The Committee after trial of their power and
training, and a comparison in reference to age,

strength, form, equality of match, and other gen- ;

eral properties, were unanimous in their awards ,

as follows : — i

Vol. IX.— No. n

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

133

To Benjamin Woodbury of Sutton, liis cattle,

four years old, first pieniiuni, $25,00

To Leonard Woodbury of Sutton, bis cattle,

four years old, second premium, $20,00

To Lutlicr Wliiting, of Sutton, his cattle, four

years old, tbird premium, .^i 15,00

To George M. Barrett, of Concord, bis cattle,

four years old, fourth premium, 812,00

To Henry Barrett, of Concord, bis cattle, four

years old, fifth premium, $8,00

Many other Cattle were very deserving and

performed well, and in other years would have

obtained premiums ; but the superiority of the

show, in this respect, over former years, exclude

them.

All which is respectfully submitted.

Per Order, LUKE FISKE,
Brighton, Oct. 20, 1830. Chairman.

herselfjto dispose oftime as best suits her. What a re- the sick, and not as an enjoyment to people in a

liefnottobe oWiVfrf to visit, or obllgid to stay at j state of perfect health

home! This perfect freedom is the only thing that , jf^ny of us have been so tmfortunat,

COMFORT.

This is a very comfortable word ; and it is a sad
pity the French don't know what it means. But it
is a still greater pity that we, who have the word,
and do know its meaning, should so often sacrifice it
for the most unsubstantial reasons. The fact is, we
are ashamed to be comfortable, lest we should ap-
pear ungenteol. The best chamber in the house
must be shut up for company ; the lightest and the
handsomest parlor must be kept closed for the same
reason. We must have a large house, and few do-
mestics, for the sake of appearances, — and we some-
times cut ourselves off from intelligent society, be-
cause we cannot afford to receive them with quite so
much show and ceremony as our neighbors. All
this is foolish. If we cannot afford to be elegant,
we can, at least, be comfortable ; and if we can pro-
cure the elegancies of life, why not enjoy them eve-
ry day.' Why must spring-cushions, and warm car-
pets, and airy rooms, and handsome walls, be shut
up three hundred and fifty days of the year, for the
sake of making a grand show oft", now and then ?
Why do we not consult our comfort by living in
smaller houses, and keeping more domestics .' Sure-
ly, leisure for intellectual and tasteful pursuits is
better than the reputation for lofty rooms and Veni-
tian v.indows. Why should we refrain from seeing
cultivated people in a social, cordial way, because
Brother can give them better wine and rarer fruit.'

I admire splendor, and where circumstances war-
rant it, I am even strongly in favor of magnificence ;
but above all things I do love comfort.

I believe no people in the world have such fear of
public opinion as the Americans. To a certain ex-
tent, the check is a salutary one; but our domestic
life is a matter of much more concern to us than it
is to the public ; and we ought to have sufiicient cour-
age to study our own comfort, and gratify our own
tites.

Our manner of visiting, and of receiving visiters,
is laborious in the extreme. If friends are staying
with us, we feel as if every moment must be devo-
ted to them. We cannot sleep, or ride, or read, or
visit, for fear our friends should be left alone. This
is making visiting a burden to them, as well as to
ourselves. We soon become uneasy at such con-
straint, and they are restless under a conviction that
they impose it upon us. The fact is, it is a luxury to
a visiter sometimes to be left alone — to read, or ram-
ble, or sleep, according to fancy. Many a time,
when I have really admired and loved my hostess, I
would hav3 thanked her from my iieart for a little
lelaxation of attention — the privilege of beino- some-
times left to my own thoughts — the luxury of a little
more freedom, for her and" for myself.

At the South, they manage these things better
than we do. Their hospitality is unbounded. Vis-
iters may be at home in a mansion, without depriving
the inhabitants of the pleasures of home. Every
thing is at the service of friends ; but if the hostess
* Wishes to visit, where her guest has no particular in-
clination to go, she does not hesitate to leave her to

can make visiting a real pleasure to all parties. A i i ■ i .u ■ n . ■ • ^ , . . "^ 'O

(■ „ 1 1 . 1 . 1 1 .• I . 11 1 have acquired the idle habit of Ivinn-late in bed

iriend lately told me ot a very elegant woman he had , • i r • ^""""- "' '}'"s ""■"' '" '"-"j

seen at the South, who formed the most prominent '*■' "^ ^et rid ol it. Nothing is easier. A habit
attraction at all the fashionable parties. i '« nothing but a repetition of single acts : and bad

' I saw her once early in the iiioming,' said he, j habits are to be broke as they were formed, that
'buying some fine fruit, at her door. She had on a is, by degrees. Let a jierson accustomed to sleep
calico morning-dress, and a very neat plain cap. I till eight in the inorning, rise the first week in
I thought her an uncommonly genteel domestic — but '
never dreamed of its being the brilliant belle I had I
seen the evening before, until she bowed and spoke
to me. W"e entered into some conversation con-
cerning the fruit she was buying ; and simple and
common-place as the remarks must have been, dur-
ing such an interview, I was absolutely enchanted
with the graceful ease of her manner. A New Eng-
land woman would have escaped into the house, on
my approach — or not recognized me; or, if I had
spoken first, would have blushed, and fidgetted, and
apologized for her morning dress.' Which course is
the wisest .' — not to ask, which is the most comforta-
ble. An ordinary woman will never get a character
for real elegance by starving herself for state occa-
sions ; and a truly tasteful one will lose nothing by
being sometimes seen without coronation robes.

Journal and Tribune.

BLOATING IN CATTLE.

A gentleman recently from France, communi-
cates to us the following cure for this commonly
fatal disease.

The Volatile Spirit of Ammonia is found to
produce instantaneous relief Its action is chem-
ical, decomposing the gas generated in the stom-
ach by fermentation.

M. Thenard, the celebrated French professor
of Chemistiy, speaking of the utility of scientific
investigations, and of the innumerable instances
where they had been found subservient to the
general interests of society, among many others
adduced this as an example, and related the fol-
lowing anecdote, in illustration of its efl'ccts.

A short time previous, while on a visit to his
native village in some remote part of France, a
drove of 30 or 40 cattle broke into a field of
rank clover, and all of them becanii! affected
with bloating, and when discovered some of
them were so far gone as to full down upon their
fore legs. He called iiiiniedialely for Spirits of
.'\inmonia, but none could be found in the place,
and they were obliged to send four miles to a
neighboring village before it could be procured.
He commenced by giving it to those most severely
ofl'ected, and so on to the others, and all were
saved excepting two. If there had been no de-
lay in getting the remedy, probably none would
have been lost.

The dose for a cow or ox is a table spoonful;
for a sheep a teaspuonful, diluted in water or any
convenient liqr.id. If not effectual, repeat the
dose. — Am. Citizen.

EARLY RISING. X

■ Early rising is a habit so easily acquired, so neces-
sary to the despatch of every business, so advanta-
geous to health, and so important to devotion, that,
except in cases of necessity, it cannot be dispensed
wi;h by any prudent and diligent man.

Thanks to the goodness of God, and the foster-
ing hands of oi# kind parents, this habit is so
formed in some of us, that we should think it a
cruel punishment to be confined to our beds after
the usual early hour. Let us jirize and preserve this
profitable practice ; and let us habituate all our
children and servants to consider lying in bed
after daylight as one of the ills of the aged and

April at a quarter before eight, the second week
I at lialf after seven, the third at a quarter after
seven, and the fourth at seven : let him continue
this method till the end of July, subtracting one
quarter of an hour each week from sleep, and he
will accomplish the work that at first sight appears
so difficult. It is not a stride, it is a succession of
short steps, that conveys us from the foot to the
to|i of a mountain. Early rising is a great gain
of time ; and should the learner just now supposed,
rise all the harvest month at four instead of eight,
he would make that month equal to five weeks of
his former indolent life.

Country business cannot be despatched without
early rising. In spring, summer, and aiitiinin, the
cool of the morning is the time both for the jilea-
sure and riddance of work; and in the winter, the
stores of the year are to be prepared for sale, and
carried to market. The crop of next year, too, is
to be set, or prepared for. Every business worth
doing at all, is worth doing well, and as most bu-
sinesses consist of a multiplicity of affairs, it is
impossible to disentangle each from another, to
put all in a regular train, and to arrange the whole
so that nothing may be neg-lected, without cool-
ness and clearness of thinking, as well as inde-
fatigable application. The morning is necessary to
all this, and the time and the manner of setting
out generally determine the success or the list-
lessness of the day. Besides, all businesses are
subject to accidents, and to set forward early is to
provide for the repair, if not for the prevention of
them. It is a fine saying of Job, 'If my land cry
against me, or the furrows thereof complain, let
thistles grow instead of wheat, and cockle instead
of barley.'

Lying long and late in bed impairs the health,
generates diseases, and in the end destroys the
lives of multitudes. It is an intem|)eianco of the
most pernicious kind, having nothing to recom-
mend it, nothing to set against its ten thousand
mischievous consequences, fjr to be asleep is to
be dead for the time. This tyrannical habit at-
tacks life in its essential powers, it makes the
blood forget its way, and creep lazily along the
veins, it relaxes the fibres, unstrings the nerves,
evaporates the animal spirits, saddens the soul,
dulls the fancy, subdues and stupifies a man to
such a degree, that he, the lord of the creation,
hath no appetite for anything in it, loaths labor,
yawns for want of thought, trembles at the sight
of a S])idcr, and in the absence of that, at the
creatures of his own gloomy imagination. In
every view, therefore, it was wise in the psalmist to /
say, ' My voice shall be heard in the morning.'

Rcmarliahh Hank of Silk. — A hank of silk, pro-
duced by a single worm, was lately reeled in the
presence of several gentlemen, in Bolton, which
was 3(35 yards in length, and on being weighed
was found to be of the texture of 15000 hanks in
the !b. A single pound of this silk would reach 716
miles. The worm was ouly 7 d.-,ys in spinning
the hank, consequently it produced at the rate of
62 yards per diem.

134

NEW ENGLAND FAllMEU,

Nov. 1:2, IS30'.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 13, 1830.

Cattle Shoiv at Mrthampton. — On the 27th ult.
the anniversary of tlie llanipsliire, Hainpilcn and
Frauldui Agricultural Society vv'as celoljrated in
Northampton.

The Hampshire Gazette asserts that ' llie ex-
hibition was on the whole iuferior to former ex-

in sweetness and richness any to which the pre-
mium is given. If the farm offer no particular
advantage for a dairy, great attention in scalding
and purifying every vessel and article used, as
well as great care, that the cream be not kept too
long, and that no hutternnlk remain, would add
many thousand dollars of income to the venders,
and increase the consumption by gratifying the
taste and promoting the health of the purchaser.
Much credit is due to Mr Benfis, of Watertown,
for his exhibition of a jar of Butter made iii the

and of good

hibitions, thoudi in some particulars there was an

evident improvement.' The Hon. S. C. Allen of j summer of 1829, perfectly sweet,

Northfield delivered the address. This is said to , flavor.

have been a very able production. The collection | The i)renfuuns on old Cheese are awarded—

of people, especially of the younger portion of the jThe 1st to Klifha Matthews, $10

comanmity was very great. The manufactures The 2d to Job Ranger, $0

nty _ _

are highly spoken of by the Editor of the Green
field Gazette. Among them were a piece of blue
cloth, which took the first premium ; several
pieces of excellent flannels, and some rose blank-
ets ; do. of stair carpeting ; a cloth floor carpet
wrought in colors with the needle, by Miss Esther
AVilliams, 69 years of age ; A bonnet made of the
down of milk-weed attracted particular attention.
Cutlery manufactured by Mr E. S. Phelps, and
Messrs Fowle and Kirkham, of Noithamirtou,
was highly commended. Spiral springs for fast-
ening doors and windows were exhibited, wliicli
were well calculated for their object. There were
also fine butter, a few skeins of excellent sowing
silk, njadeby Mrs Shaw, of Ikdcliertown, and four
or five pounds of raw silk, raised and reeled by
Mrs Starkweather, of Nortliam|)ton. This silk
was wound on an Italian reel, said to be greatly
preferable to any other.

' The manufactured articles generally were pro-
nounced to be of a quality superior to those
usually exhibited on such occasions,' although they
vrere not so numerous.

at

The Committee on Butter, Cheese, and Cider,
the Brisrhlon Show, respeclftdly report —
That the only articles ofl'ered to them for pre-
miums were Butter and Cheese — tb.at of the sev-
eral entries, more than one half would not be con-
sidered Butter of uncommon excellence, either in

Ou new C!;eese,
The Isl to Hooper Holland, SIO

The 2d to Samuel Denny, $5

All the Cheese offered was, with two exceptions,
from New Braintree and Barre, and from those
excellent grazing townships we are almost always
indebted for the display of Cheeses ; some of them
were certaiidy very good, but not of such uncom-
mon excellence as to deserve higher commenda-
tion than receiving the premiums.

The sage Cheese of Capt. David Lee, offered
only for exhibition, was very excellerit of its kind.
Res|ieclfully sidimitted,

BEN.r. GUILD, ')

J. C. GRAY, ?

I. THORNDIKE, Jr. ] Committee.

I. P. DAVIS, (

BENJ. POLLARD. S

It should be borne in mind for the credit of
those to whom premiums have been given, that as
'most of the Butter entered for premium at Brigh-
ton, is afterwards sent to Boston market, and sold
as Brighton Butter, purchasers are apt to think
Brighton and premium one and the same, though
they are by no means convertible terms.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, November 0, 1830.
FRUITS.

./Ipples.— From Mr John Perry, of Sherljurnc,
flavor, the perfectness with which it was made, or a native apple of good quality. From E. Phinncy,
the neatness with which it was put up ; it might be [ Esq. Baldwin apples, from his premium orchard ;
termed very good butter, and a fair sample of 1 very fine and of large size; the largest apple
what the owners send weekly to market; a fewUveighed 16 oz., and 6 weighed 5 lbs. From Col.
boxes of excellent flavor, pure, hard, and clean in ' Jaques, of Charlestown, Hubbardston Nonsuch ;
appearance, and packed with great nicety and ] this excellent ajiple is stated to be a native of
care. I Hubbardston. From J. B. Russell, a very pleasant

The 1st premium, is awarded to Michael Crosby, I flavored apple, cultivated extensively in West

of Bedford,

2d do

Walthain,

3d do

berlain, of Wcstborougli

4th do

The Committee would lie very happy (if occa-
sion were given) to congratulate the coMuiim'itv

$15 jCaudn-idge, and called the 'Coney Ap|ile.' From
to Nahum Hardy, ' John Prince, Esq. Royal Ajiplcs, (good.) From

610 S. Downer, Esq. Natural apples ; small, handsome,
to Luther Cham-
$7
to Adam Fay, $5

Jardiniur, of Noisette. From Samuel Lalhrop,
Esq. of ^Vest Springfield, a box of Pears, with
the following letter to the editor of the New En-
gland Farmer.

West Springfield, November 2, 1830.
Thomas G. Fessendek, Esq. —

Dear Sir — I have this day put into the Stage
Ofiiri- at Springfield, a small box containing 8 or
10 Pears, known to me by no other name than the
Bagpipe. The scions were sent to me by Col.
Thoiiuts Forrest, late of Germantown, Pa., and
formerly a member of Congress from that State,
He informed me that it was a native fruit — that it
originated on his farm, and that he had given it
the" above name. He spoke of the pear as ex-
celling almost all others in his estimation, and of
the tree as a good bearer.

I esteem it as a very valuable fruit, and have
considered it a great, accession to my assortment,
which is small, the more so, as it was wholly un-
known to any person here, who has seen or tasted
it. It may not be a new kind to the members of
the Society, but if it should be, and any person
should wisii for scions, it will give me pleasure to
fm-iiish them, at the |>roper season, to the extent
of my means.

Tlie fruit which 1 have sent you, is a fair sam-
ple—not a selection of the largest |iears, biuajust
average of the whole produce. It is not so large
this season as common — indeed the season has
proved unfavorable with me for all kinds of pears.
I am, very respectfully.

Your friend and servant,

Samuel Lathrop.

The CommittSe have carefully examined the
fruit, and have idenlifleil it to their satisfaction as
the Hcillaiid Green, No. 26, of Cox, to whose de-
scri|ition Mr Lathrop is referred. Col. Forrest
must have been mistaken in its being a seedling,
or have sent scions of the Holland Green for those
of the 'Bagpipe.' The Holland Green has been
produced for several years by one of the Com-
mittee. In all seasons it has been had ; he there-
fore came to the conclusion that it was unfit for
om- climate, and regrafted his trees, as did others
who had raised the same fruit. The pears sent
to the Society by Mr Lathrop, were of fine flavor ;.
and in the warm soil of Springfield, and in New
York and Pennsylvania, it is no doubt a very de-
sirable friut.

j From Mr Otis Pettee, of Newton, Hyslop Cling-
stone Peaches.

j A melon was also exhibited, which was taken

( from the Vine in Spain early in Septemiier. The

I flavor was good, and the seeds were distributed

for cultivation. ROBERT MANNING.

and said to he very jirolific. Froni George C.
Eaton, ' Russet Sweetings,' very fiiir, keep late,
and said to have been raised from seed in Peters-
ham, Mass.

Piarn. — From John Prince, Esq. Beurre d'Roi,

on the improvements in the art of making Butler Spanish Bon Chretien, and Winter Aucliau. Tl
and Cheese, but in truth for the last few years, Committee had doubts about the correctness of
the Cheese has been rarely capable of sustaining | the last name, on the ground that the fruit was
a premium, and the Butter of no remarkable or much better than the description of Pomological
uncommon excellence; nothing better than what authors woidd indicate. From Jeremiah Cohnan,

POTATO ONIONS.

This cuiious variety of the onion is very early
and mild. They shoidd be planted in common
dry situations, in theaututnn, — covered over about
two inches deejt in gaidens. The small ones
should be planted out 4 incites apart— the large
ones 12 to 14. They are generally ripe about th»
lOih of July, and yield eight to ten fold.

It is stated that there were in Boston on Mon-
day, 18'ships, 6 barks, 86 brigs, 162 schooners,
every farm in the commonwealth might and ought Esq. of Newburyport, Pears, names unknown. I and 58 sloops, total, 330 ; exclusive ot 200 or
to produce, and where there is, as in many places From E. Phiimey, Esq. Doyenn6 Gris, from im- ,„ore fishing craft.

there may he, a well constructed dairy room, pur- ported Tree. From Doct. S. A. Shmlleff, Virgo*-] —

ified by a running stream, stock selected for rich leuse, (Poire d'Glace) not in eating. From S. G. | Mr John Reid, of Halifax, Vt. took from fiv*
milk, sweet pastures, clean and thorough milkers Perkins, Esq. Doyenn6 d'Hyver, a good fruit and | hills of potatoes as follows ; 1st 423, 2d, 4^-5, 3d,
and makers, butler might be offered, far surpassing worthy of cultivation ; for description see Bon 216, 4th, 175, oth, 172 — total, 1049.

Vo). IX.— .-In. i:

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

135

To CoRRESpOiVDEXTs. — We have received the Ail-
Iress recently Jelivtrcd betore the Sjutli Carolina Agri-
cultural Society, by James CuTHBERT: ;ilso one deliv-
ered bc4bre the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, by
Mr Cooii ; — and that belore the Albany Horticultural
Society, by Doct. Beck — extracts from each of which
will appear i:i the New England Farmer as scon as our
columns will ad nit. Several coiiiniunieations are on
file, and will soon nppear.

Sheep for Sale.

On hand and for sale 20UO fine woolled sheep of vari-
ous grades from half to full blooded Merinos. Among
them are about 501) Wethers and fat Ewes. 1250 Stock
Ewes, (a desirable lot for persons wishing to obtain a
flock,) and "250 lambs. The above will be sold on ac-
tommoJating terms and in lots to suit purchasers on ap-
plication to ilie subscriber in Cumminston, Hampshire
County, Mass, CYRUS FORD.

Cummington, jYov. 4, ISiiO. 3t^

Pear Sicdiings.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market Street—

20,00(1 Fear Seedlings, in fine order for Nurseries —
raised wilhiu six miles of Boston— at fro;n a to $10 per
thousand, according to their size,&c. Tiiey will be suit-
ably packed, as wanted, for transportation to any distance.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by .\D-M1ral Sir Is.^.\c
CoFFi.v, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
of Agriculture. The peJigiee of these animals can be
given as far back as Hubbach^ who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed the foundation of this much adinired stock.
Also, sevei'jl Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
Fw particulars, inquire of E. Hersey Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 1830. '_

Seeds for Cuuntri) Dealers.
Traders in (he country who may wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
furnished, at .1. B. Russell's Seed Store, connected
with the New England Farmer, .52 North Market Street,
Pos'on, with bixes of various sizes and prices, from 10 to
§50, containing a complete assortme.nt of the seeds
mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as
they can be procured in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up in small packages, ready for retailin.', with
fhort Jirect'.otis on each package for its culture and
management — warranted to be of the growth of 1S30,
and of the purest quality. Nov. 5.

KcnricI; .Yiirserics in .Yeielon, near Boston.

For sale at the Kexrick Nurseries ix
Newtox, an extensive assortment of Applss,
Peats, Peaches, Plums, Cherries, .Apricots,
Nectarines, Mulberries, Quinces, Raspber-
ries, Grape Vines, Gooseberry and Currant
hushes, and ten finestvarictiesof Strawberries, including
Wilinot's Superb, Genuine Keen's Seedling, rlo.

Also about 200 varieties of (he most ornamental hardy
trees and shrubs, including the Double Silver Fir and
Double Spruce, Horse Chestnuts, Mountain .\sh. Gum
Acacia, Three Thorned .\caci.i, Butternuts, Ailanthus or
Tree of Heaven, Elms, Sugar M.ipIi'S, Floweiing Catal-
pas. Weeping Willows, N.ipoleon, do. do. Honeysuckles,
and asupeib variety of hardy Roses, £ic, &c. .Many of
the above sorts of trees of extra sizes.

White Mulberry Tkees by the 100 or 1000— for
plantations.

U.\bella Grape Vixes, either singly or by the 100,
at reduced prices.

Written orders addressed to John or William Ke.v-
mcK, Nevvtox, and tiansmitted by the daily mail, or
otherwise, or if more convenient, left at the office of the
New Enjlan 1 Farmer, where dialogues may be obtained
gratis, will be promptly attended to.

But purchasers are invited v.'hen convenient, to call and
examine the trees, &.c, for themselves, and make their
own selections.

Trees, &c. will be delivered in Boston free of expense
for transpottation, when ordered ; and when particularly
desired, they will be picked in matls with either clay or
moss for sea or land transporta'ion. eptD Oct. S.

IVanted
In a Book and Job Printing Odice, in Boston, two
Apprentices. Those from the country would be preferred.
Apply to Mr J. B. Russell, at tho New England Seed
Store, No. 52 North Market Street. Oct. 29.

Catawba Grape fines.

THE GENUINE SORT.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market-street —

50 Vines of the true Catawba Grape, onfi year old,
price 75 cts. each. This is one of the best native, table,
or wine Grapes cultivated ; the bunches large, with
shoulders, very thickly set, with large berries of a p.ile
red or lilac color, and in some situations covered with a
beautiful bloom, givuig them a blueish purple appearance.
They have a slight musky taste, and delicate flavor.
They have a thin skin, very little pulp, are perfectly har-
dy, and surpass most of the native grapes that have been
exhibited at the Hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, tlie two past seasons. The pulp diminishes and
almost disappears when they are left on the vine till thev
attain to perfect maturity. Tho vines are great bearers":
one vine in Mrs ScbclTs garden, in Clarksburg, Maiy-
land, has produced ei£;ht bushels of grapes in one season
— and eleven younger vines in the garden of Joshua John-
son, Esq. of the same State, have produced in one season
thirti/ bushels of fruit. -\ particular history and descrip-
tion of this fine grape will be found in Prince's new
Treatise on the Vine, just published. There can be no
mistake with regard (o the identity of the above vines, as
they are all from the garden of Sir Seaver, who raised
the first Catawba Grapes ever exhibited in Massachusetts.

Splendid Bulbous Roots.

Just received at the New England Faimer Seed Store,
No. 52 North .Market-street, direct from Van Eeden &
Co. Harlem, Holland, and a large assortment of Bulbous
Flower Routs, comprising the finest varieties ol

HVACINTHS -(double and single) dark blue, por-
celain blue, red and rosy colored. pure white with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes ;
from 12 cts. 10 i*!! (io each.

TULIPS — splendid variegated, red, yellow and mixed,
12 cts, each .fil 00 per dozen, (our importation of fine
tulips is very large, and we are enabled to put some sorts
as low as .'Sio per 100 — an object to those who wish to
foiin a Siipeib tulip bed.)

CROWN IMPERIALS— assorted, of the most splendid
colours, and showy flowers, large roots, 25 to 33 cts.
each.

JONQUILLES— sweet scented, finest roots 12 cts
each.

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS— fragrant, white ^v«h
citron cups, and yellow with double white cups, extaa
sized roots, 25 cts. each.

DOUBLE NARClSSUS—fragrant, of all colours, 12
cts. each — per dozen. SI. 00 ,

SPRING CROCUS— of all colours, 6 cts. each— 50
cts. per ilezen.

The above roots are from the same house from which
we received our supply l.istseason, and which gave such
universal satisfaction; some of the double Hyacinths
bavins produced bells 1 inch and S-lOths in diameter.

Purcha'^ers are requested to notice that the above roots
are not purchased at auction, ant are all remarkable for '
their size, and for the beauty and delicacy of tint of their
flowers.

.\lso, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, coicprising
Large White fragrant Lilies, 12 cts. each, 1 dollar per
dozen, Tiger (-potted) Lilies, same price, Martagon or
Turk's Caps Lilies, same price.

Grape Pines.

The subscriber has for sale at his garden in Dorchester,
the choicest variety of Grape Vines ever offered for sale
in this vicinity. Many of them are now in fruit, and
purchasers are invited to call and mrike a selection. The
followini compose a part of the vaiiely.
Black Hamburg, Napoleon,

Black Cape, V^'hite Chasselas,

White Muscadine, Golden Chasselas,

Golden Muscat, Red Chasselas,

Gore's, (a beautiful Black Grape) Black Constantia,
Caroline. Bland,

Feirol.
8 varieties of superior fruit from Xeres and Malaga.
400 two years old Isabellas.
1400 one " " "

200 C.'^T.\WBA,or what has heretofore been considered
the Bl.ind. It is now satisfactorily ascertained that the
Bland grape will not ripen in this climate, in the open
ground.

Orders by mail, addressed to the Subscriber, or person-
al application at his office, No. 'i Cnniress-street, for any
number of Vines from one to one hundred or more, will
meet with prompt attention. Application may also be
made to Patrick Kennedy, at the srr-.nlen.

Boston, Sept. 27, l.SSO". 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

Grape I'Ines.
The Subscriber offers for sale at his Garden, the follow-
ing (Jrape A'ines.
Black Hamburg, i

Black Cape,

teis, \

Frankcndaldt, ^

Esperione, \

Ls.ibella, j

Grizzly Muscat,
Reil Frontinac,
Red Chasselas,
Purple Muscat,
Red Constantia,
Golden Chasselas, &c,
Paisley leaved, or
Early Oval,

These \ ines arc fiom one

Black

Fruit.

Muscat of .Mexandria,
A\'bite Fiontin-jc,
White Corinthiau,
White Chasselas,
Chasselas dc Fontainbleau,
Bar Sur .\ube,
Cioutat,

Thoniery Vines,
to four years old, with fine
roots and fit for planting iuMiiediately." The black Ham-
burg, Muscat of .Mexandria, and the Corinthian, were
sent to the subscriber by Sir Joseph Banks, from Kew
Gardens, and are known to be genuine, the original plants
having all borne fruit fur many years. The fine Black
Hamhurgs from iMr Breed's Vinery, w hich were so much
admired at the Horticultural dinner this season, were
raised from the subscriber's vines. Orders left at the
Gardon or with the subscriber, will meet due attention.
Plants may be seen at the Garden.

SAMUEL G. PERKINS.
N. B. A few Pear Trees of the new species, both of
this country and Europe, are also offered for sale ; anionj
which are the Anguoleme, the SieuUe, and the Colmar
Souvrain. Oct. 15.

Bolivar Calves, Saxony Bucks, and Bremen Geese-
For sale, 4 Bull Calves,sii-edby the celebrated imported
improved Durham short horned bull Bolivar, which
stock have produced litj quarts of milk a day. No. 1, dam
Grey Brown, half Calebs and half Galloway. No. 2, dam
Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3. dam Ceres, her sire
Coelebs, her dain Mr Gray's imported Cow. No. 4, dam
Beauty, half Coelebs and half Galloway. The Calves
are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of Benjamin Shurt-
lelf, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston. July 9.

fl ctnted,

.•V young woman froui tho country, from 20 to 25 ycrrs
of age, to do tiie work in a small family ir: tiiis city. An
active, faithful woman, will meet with kind treatment
and good wages. Apply at this office. Nov. 5.

Bulbous Roots.

Just received at the Seed stoie connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Maiket-slreet,

A good collection of Lily Roots, viz. — the Tiger, (spot-
ted) Martagon, (spotted) Oiange, and While Lilies.
These make a fine appearance in the borders of gardens.
They are hai'dy and durable. These plants have bulbous
roots, and should be planted in rich soil, four inches deep,
measuring from the top of t^ie bulb. The small roots be-
low the bulb, ate perennial. Martagon Lilies ^row from
five to seven feet high, and produce from fifteen to twenty-
five very delicate flowers on a stalk. The White Lily
grows to the height of three to four feet, and produces
large, white, fragrant flowers. The whole are easily
cultivated, and are well calculated to beautify a border.

Treatise on Bees,

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Fanner, 52 North Market-street,

A further supply of a Practical Treatise on the Manage-
ment of Bees; and the Establishment of Apiaries, with
the best method of destroying and preventing the depre-
dations of the Bee Moth. By James Thacher, M. D.
Price 75 cents.

Brighton Market — Mohdai/, .Vov. 8.

[fieported for tlie Chronicle anil Pali iol.j

At Market this day 4246 Cattle, 4140 Sheep, and 77*
Swine.

Prices— Beef Cattle— Tiom $3.25 to 4,37* ; we noticed
a few taken at $4,50. Burrelling Cattle — for Mess.
$3..50, No. 1 . $3 a 3.08, No. 2. ,«!2.66 a 2.75.

Sheep. — We noticed a few lots only — one lot for $1,95,
one for 1.37J, one for ],.'J0, one for 1,75, and one for 2,10
— a/e«' cosset wethers were (aken for §5,50.

Swine. — We noticed one entire lot of 250 at 3Jc ; one
lot of 150 Sows and Barrows, at 4c : one of 50 largo
Barrows, at 4ic; one of .36 selected Barrows, Shoats, at
4 jc ; one of 20 selected Sows, Slioats, at Sjc — at retail,
Ai for Sows, 5c for Barrows.

13G

NEW ENGLAND

FARMER.

Nov. 12, 1820.

MISCELLANIES.

The following beautiful lines, by N. P. Willis, illus-
trate the most interesting engraving in the Youth's
Keepsake for 1S31. Vie have never seen a better Juve-
nile annual than this vohnue. — Mass. Jour, and Trib.
TIRED OF PLAY.
Tired of play ! Tired of play !
What hast thou done tliis live long day ?
The birds are hushed, and so is the bee,
The sun is creeping up steeple and tree,
The doves have flown to the sheltering eaves,
And the nests are dark with the drooping leaves-
Twilight gathers and day is done —
How hast thou spent it, beautiful one ?

Playing ? But what hast thou done beside.
To tell thy mother at eventide ?
What promise of morn is left unbroken ?
What kind word to thy playmates spoken ?
Whom hast thou pitied, and wiiom forgiven 1
How with thy faults has duty striven ?
\A'hat hast thou learned by lield and hill —
By greenwood path and by singing rill ?

There will come an eve to a longer day,
That will find thee tired— but not of play !
When thou will lean as thou leanest now.
With drooping limbs and aching brow,
And wish the shadows would faster creep,
And long to go to Iby quiet sleep.

Well were it then if thine aching brow,

A\'ere as free from sin and shame as now —

AVell for thee if thy lip could tell

A tale like this of a day spent well.

If tliine open hand hath relie\ed distress —

If thy pitv hath sprung to wretchedness —

If thou hast forgiven the sore offence.

And humbled thy heart with penitence —

If Naiure's voices have spoken to thee

With their holy meaning eloquently —

If every creature halh won thy love.

From the. creeping worm to the brooding dove.

And never a sad, iow-spoken word

Hath plead with thy human heart unheard —

Tlien, when the night steals on as now,

It will brnig relief to thine aching brow,

And with joy and peace at the thought of rest,

Tiiou wilt sink to sleep on thy mollier's breast.

According to his own account of himself, he was born
in New Jersey, in the year 1728. He is in height a-
bout five feet six inches. His muscular frame and
strength ol constitution, seem to have defied the decay of
years, or hardships and buffetings of a backwoods life. —
The scieniiilc and curious have examined the conforma-
tion of this singular being so far as practicable, and they
represent his ribs, unlike those of his fellow mortals, se-
parate and distinct, but as united together, forming on
each side a solid sheet of bone ; in short, that the vital
part is safely deposited in a ' strong box,' defying all at-
tacks of foes from without.

At the age of 96, he was in the enjoyment of entire
health ; his teeth all souml, his weight about 160, and his
musrular strength truly astonishing. He never shook
hands with an athletic man, but he gave him such a grip
that he was fain to beg for mercy. At that advanced
age, he could perforin more labour than ordinary men
could in the prime of life. His neighbors mention as a
proof not only of his good constitution, bnt of his undimin-
ished activity, that at his advanced age, he would leap
from the ground, and crack his feet together, with the
agility of a boy of .sixteen.

Some 5 or 6 years since, he removed to Indiana, there
to build himself a new habitation, plant a new colony,
and become the father of a new race. He is now living
near Versailles, Ripley county, Indiana, with his sixth
wife, and has two children of the new stock. — Baltimore
Farmer.

A Transparent icatch. — A' watch has been presented
to the Academy of .Sciences at Paris, constructed of very
peculiar materials, the parts being principally formed of
rock crystal. It was made by JI. Rebellier, and is small
in size. The internal works are all visible ; the two teeth-
ed wheels which carry the hands, are rock crystal ; the
other wheels arc of metal, to prevent accidents from the
breaking of the springs. AH the screws are fixed in crys-
tal, ant all the axes turn onrtibics. The escapement is of
sapphire, the balance wheel of rock crystal, audits spring
of gold. The regularity of this watch as a time keepei%
is attributed by the maker to the feeble expansion of the
rock crystal in the balance wheel, &c. The execution of
the whole shows to what a state of perfection the art of
cutting precious stones has been carried in modern times.
— Quarterly Journal of Science.

Account of David Wilson. — This singular Inlividual
was one of the earliest emigrants to Kentucky. From
the time of his settlement in the country, till within a
few years past, he resided a few miles south of Port
Williams, at the mouth of Kentucky river, on the waters
of Mill Creek. The place of his abode, and his style of
living are not more reniakable, than the character of the
individual himself; aiid all I could learn of and concerning
him, is in perfect harmony and good keeping. The ha-
bitation in which he spent so many and happy days, was
composed of round poles atid Kentucky mud. It consisted
of two apartments, simply, with no out-house or cellar.
During his residence in this singular place of abode, he
became the husband of five wives, and the father of for-
ty-six children.

Go-Betweens. — There is perhaps not a more odious
character in the world than that of a go-between — by
whicli I mean that creature who carries to the eais ol
one neighbour every injurious observation that happens to
drop from the month of another. Such a person is the
slanderer's herald, and is altogether more odious than the
slanderer himself. By his vile ofBciousness, he makes
that poison cfTective', which else were inert; for three-
fourths of the slanders in the world would never injure
their object, except by the malice of go-betweens, who,
under the mask of double friendship, act the part of double
traitors.

The French sawyers in Paris put one end of their saw
upon the ground, and the other against their breast.
They then take up a stick of wood in their hands, and
mpve it across the saw until it is divided. In vain has
an American repeatedly attempted to teach them the use
of a wooden horse in sawing; they have only lauo-hed at
him ; and because none ol (heir sticks are large, have
preferred to follow the custom of their fathers.

Atnerican Cotton goods are now exported to Calcutta
with great profit, and materials for our manufactures are
received here from there. The Raleigh Register says —
' In a letter written by the Rev. Ulr. Dwight from Con-
stantinople, to a friend in Utica, New York, ho stales
that our Cotton goods are in good reputation at that place
— so much so, that the Engh^h actually put ."Vmerican
stamps on their goods, to sell them to better advantage.'

Women are greatly deceived when they think that They
recomend themselves to the other sex by an indifference
to religion. Every man who knows human nature, con-
nects a religious feeling with softtiess and sensibility of
heart. At least we always consider the want of it a proof
of that masculine spirit, which of all your faults wc dislike
the most. Besides, men consider ^our religion as the best
security for that female virtue in which they are most sen-
sibly interested. Never indulge yourselves in ridicule on
religious subjects, nor give countenance to it in other- by
seeming diverted with what they say. — This, to people of
good understanding, will be a sufficient check.

Let a woman be decked with all the embellishments of
art and the gifts of nature — yet. if boldness is to be read in
her face, it blots all tb.c lines of beauty. Modesty is not
only an ornament, out also a guard to virtue. It is a del-
icate feeling in the soul, which makes her shrink and
witlulraw herself from the appearance of danger. It is an
exquisite sensibility, that warns her to shun the approach
of every thing hurtful.

To Cure Sore Etes. — ' Good morning land-
lord,' said a tnan the other day as he stepped into
a tavern to get something to drink.

' Good morning, sir,' replied mine liost — ' how
do you do ?'

' Oh, I don't know,' said the man, rai.sitig liis
goggles and wiping away the rheum, ' I'm plagued
most to death with these here pesky sore eyes. I
wish you'd tell rae how to cure em.'

' Willingly,' said the merry host. — 'Wearyotjr
goggles over your mouth ; wash your eyes in bran-
dy— and I'll warrant a cure,' — A". Y. Cons.

A few questions asked and answered, according to
our way of thinking.

Who is the best man.' Not he who makes the
greatest show, or the most noise. But lie who
does the most good at the least e.xpense.

Who is the best Farmer .' Not he wlio has the
largest farm or the most land. But he who does
all his work at Ike right time, and in the right way.

Who is the best Lawyer? Not lie who makes
the most writs, or gets the most money. But he
who has the most knowledge, and uses that know-
ledge honestly.

Wlio is the best Politician ? Not he who rides
the fence till he sees which side is the strongest, or
who intrigues with tlie ignorant, the 2>icioiis, and
the profigate, to get himself into office. But he
who reads candidly, imparts the information he
has ac(|ttired honestly, and is faithful in all situa-
tions.— jY. H. Post.

OvERFEEDiKG. — Most pcfsoHs act as tliough the
strengtli, vigor and health of the body rise in pro-
portion to the load of food they are capable of
forcing daily into the stomach ; and hence over-
fisedingis tlie common error, at least, in our coun-
try. A slight deficiency of food is, however, far
less injurious than too great an amount. The old
maxim ' if liealth be your object, rise from the table
before the appetite is sated,' is founded iii truth ;
and though the epicure will sneer at it, yet were
he wisely to adhere to it, he would save himself
from many a gloomy hour of pain and suffering.

When the stomach is not laboring under dis-
ea,?e, and the individual is otherwise in health, the
natural appetite is one of the best guides — the
only one, indeed, as to the time for eating, as well
as to the quantity of food that may, and ought to
betaken: we should cease from eating tlie mo-
ment it is satisfied.

Aetc Jt'ork on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at tlie Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 Noith
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or, Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed for the cure in eveiy case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and impiovements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society. Price $1,25.

Published every Friday, at ^3 per annum, payable at the
end of the year--but those who pay within sixty days from the
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fitly cents.

\^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whoni
all descriptions of Printing can he executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 JVortk
Market Street.

AGENTS.

New York — G. Thorburn & Son, 67 Liberty-street.

Philadelphia— 1). &, C Landketh. 85 Chestnut-slreet.

Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Office ofthe Ameiican Farmer.

A'-bavii — Hon. Jesse Buel.

Flusliing. N. Y. W,M. Prince & SoNS,Prop. Lin. Bot. Garde*

/y</r//;>i-(i— Goodwin &. Sons.

Newbunjporl, Eiienezer Stepman, Bookseller.

Halifax,^, a. — P. J. HuLLAMi. Esq. Recorder Office.

Montreal, L. C— A. Bowmajj, Bookseller.

J^EW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 183 0.

NO. 18.

iS©2aai^sni'Siiaa©sr3»

FOB THE NEW ENGLAND FAK.MER.

Mr Fesse.nden — Many persons who liave cul-
tivated the common Douhle Piir|)lc, and Douhle
White Althoa Fiiitex, and found them too deli-
cate to support the winter uninjured, are not
aware that there arc other kinds lar more hardy ;
several of which, having originated in this vicinity,
have become completely naturalized to the lo-
cality, and I tliink will support your winters also.
These are the Double Blue Sniped, and the
Double Pheasant Eye. There are also some
single varieties, . which are very beautiful and
showy, and which I have never seen elsewhere,
they having originated here — the two finest of
these are the Deep Red, and the Carnation Striped.
While on the subject of Ornamental Trees, &c,
I will mention some others that arc of a very in-
teresting character.

J\Iagnolia Cordala, or Yellow Twice Flowering
'Magnolia — This is one of the most admired spe-
cies of its class, and will flower freely at the
height of two feet, and continue to do so until it
forms a tree of considerable size. It is highly in-
teresting from being the only species with flowers
of this color ; and the more so, from its jiroducing
them twice in each season ; once in May, and
again in August, whence it has obtained the title
of 'Twice Flowering Magnolia.' It is perfectly
iiardy, and will withstand the winters of the State
ofJIaine.

Magnolia Obovata, or Chinese Purple Flowering
Magnolia. — This is esteemed for the uncommon
richness and beauty of its flower, which, in the
house are produced in March. They are bell
sliaped, of a delicate violet purple outside, and
white within, from which circumstance it is some-
times called the ' Two Colored Jfagnolia.' It sup-
ports our winters unprotected in the vicinity of
Xew York, and perhaps may do so farther north.
It sometinjes produces flowers a second time in
he month of August.

Magnolia Conspicua — Chandelier Magnolia, or
Yulan. — This has very large flowers of a pure
vhite color, very splendid in appearance, and in
.lia|)e like a chandejier. In the house it flowers
n March, but will support our winters unprotect-
d. A tree is mentioned by the London Horti-
•ultural Society, as growing at the seat of 3Ir
i Vbraham Hume, in England, which is 14 feet
! ligh, 1.5.] feet broad, and which produced 9-56
lowers in one season.

Silver Leaved Abele This tree is highly calcu-

atcd to ornament pleasure grounds, &c. It at-
aius to a large size, and is of quick growth ; but
ts great beauty consists in its foliage, of a fine
reen, on the upper surface, and of a perfectlv
vhite silvery hue on the under side. The leaves
'eing supported by slender petioles, are easily
gvtatcd, and hang quivering, with the least
ireeze, like the trembling aspen ; and the green
nd white surfaces of the leaves mingled thereby,
ir^sent a contrast which, at a distance, gives to
le tree an appearance of being covered with nu-
lerQus flowers. This tree has also the advan-
ige of holding its fohage late in the season. — It

is of the most rapid growth and flourishing ap-
pearance, and at present is very much in request
for ornamental grounds, &c.

Very respectfully,
WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

Linnccan Botanin Garden, \
November 1, 1830. (

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Mr Fessenden — The following observations
are contained in a letter received from a very in-
telligent amateur Horticulturist, in New York,
which I have no doubt you will think with me,
merit an insertion in the New England Farmer
The writer has given the subject much attention,
and is eminently qualified to pronounce an opinion
upon any and all matters appertaining to this
branch of national industry.

DORCHESTER.

Destruction of Pear Trees, &c.

' I have been led to doubt the theory of the des-
truction of the old pear trees, by the insect, as
stated by Dr Fiske, and Gov. Lincoln, and as yet
consider the insects only as the attendants of dead
wood ; for

' 1st. Seedlings grafted on seedlings are not in-
fected, as far as I can learn.

' 2d. Seedlings on old stocks are subject to the
disease, as I have two instances before me.

' 3d. In no instance have I found the worm in
a fresh diseased tree in the wood, nor in the green
bark.

■ 4th. That in some cases the centre of the
wood appears to have begun its decay.

' oth. That the decay of the bark begins in the
lower part of the limb, or truidi, but the decay of
the leaves commonly at the end of the branch,
and the leaves are frequently dead, while the bark
is still fresh several feet below.

'•6th. That cutting oft' the diseased limbs appears
only to have the effect of severe lopping, in the
ordinary diseases of trees, to strengthen a few vig-
orous limbs ; but this relief is here partial. I
have preserved a limb in one instance, alive, and
in bearing four years, but this year it perished.

' 7th. That neighboring trees do not appear to
take the disorder indiscriminately. It began in
my garden about seven years since, when two
winter Bon Chretiens died. The year following a
distant tree, the Early Blanquelle, died. The
next, a Litlle Muscat. Since then several others
of unknown kinds in diflferent situations have also
died, but none of tlie St Michael's, and other kinds
near them have suflered. This year, I find the
disease in two Jargonelles, in the Virgouleuse, and
Monsieur John,

' 8th. That girdling would not produce so rapid
a decay as these trees have suffered. This is at
least my present 0[)inion. I purpose the ensuing
year to make some experiments, unless I can find
further satisfactory information on the subject, to
supersede the necessity of such an examination.

' These are all imported trees of thirty years'
standing. In a few years we shall be able to de-
cide ujion the question of the decay of these spe-
cies, and until then, I shall continue my usual
method of lopping, and burning the branches of

my old trees, and seek in the new varieties of Eu-
ro|)e and America, (on seedling stocks) a succes-
sion more promising.

'1 have thrinvn my ideas together hastily, only
for your remarks.

'The rain during the blossoming o£ my Euro-
pean Vines, destroyed the blossoms, so that I have
had hut few grapes this year. I have found as
yet, no advantage from the application of sulphur,
against Mildew, nor in Ross' preparation for the
destruction of the worm in the iieacli tree.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Mr Fesse!vden — I see it stated in your Nov. Oth
paper, that Mr Samuel R. Johnson's phmi tree,
that has produced about $.50 worth of fruit annu-
ally, is the if'nshingion^ or Bolmar ])lum. As the
tree referred to was sent to him by myself, I think
it proper to mention that it is the White Gage,
sometimes called Prince's Gage, and raised from
seed by my father, and not the Washington plum.
By reference to your back files, you will perceive
Mr Johnson stated the facts correctly in the
original notice of the great ])roduct of his tree
about two years since.

Very respectfully,

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

Linn-T-in Botanic Garden, (
Koiember 9, 1830. i

CRANBERRIES.

The Barnstable Journal states that Capt. Henry
Hall of Barnstable has for the last 20 years culti-
vated cranberries. He has now about an acre of
ground under cultivation. For the last 10 years
he has raised an average of 70 bushels, and in some
favorable seasons 100 bushels.

Sandy bog-land is the soil best adapted to their
growth, and it should be kept well drained. —
Capt. Hall has a tract of about fouraores enclosed,
which he calls his ' Cranbrny Yard,' of a damp
sandy soil, surface nearly level, and, where not
planted with cranberries, covered with rushes and
swamp brush. The cranberry vines were set
around on the borders of the 'yard,' some on land,
elevated two or three feet above the general level
of the surfiicc. The vineS grow most vigorously,
and tlie berries are of a better quality and more
abundant where the soil is most sandy and damp.
In very dry seasons, the cranberries are liable to
be eaten and destroyed by worms ; but, in general,
are, under skilfid management, as certain a crop
as any kind of grain or garden vegetables.

The manner of transplanting is simple. Holes
are dug four feet apart ; only they are made deeper
than for corn : into each of these, sods of vines are
placed. The cranberry has creeping roots, spreads
very rapidly and in three years from the time of
planting will entirely cover the ground. If the
land is overgrown with bushes they must first be
removed ; hut it is not necessary to destroy rushes,
for the cranberry vine will do it in a few years.
When the land is very low or covered with a thick
growth of weeds and rushes, Capt. Hall practises
spreading over it a quantity of beach sand before
planting. The fall is the best season for trans-
planting. No other cultivation is performed or
required, than to keep the laud drained, and cattle

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 19, 1830.

from iiiJLiiing the vines. The cranberries sell from
$1,00 to 1,50 per bushel, and the cost of picking
is 20 cents per bushel.

Mr F. A. Hayden, of Lincoln, has gathered
from his farm in Lincoln, this season, 400 bushels
of Cranberries, which he sold in this city, last
week, for §600.

Committees for the Cattle Slwio of the Worcester
Agricultural Society, Oct. IS, 1830.

On Ploughing.
Goorge A Tufts, of Dudley, Chairman,
Ebenezer D. Ainniidown, Southbridge,
Jonathan P. Grosvenor, Paxton,
John Bachellor, Grafton,
Benjamin Harrington, Princeton.

On Milch Coios and Fat Cattle.
Joseph G. Kendall, of Leominster, Chairman
Lewis Barnard, Worcester,
John Whitney, Princeton,
Luther Chamberlain, Westborough,
Charles Mirick, Princeton.

0)1 Working Oxen.
Samuel Mixter, of New Braintree, Chairman.
Seth Davenpoit, Mendon,
Benjamin Munroe, Northborough,
Thomas Drury, Jr., Ward,
Jolin Wadsworth, Barre.

On all other Mat Stock.
Daniel Henshaw, of Worcester, Chairman.
Daniel Tenney, Sutton,
Henry Sprague, Charlton,
Samuel Sawyer, Sterling,
Josiah Gleason, New Braintree.

On Sheep.
William JM. Towne, of Worcester, Chairman
Thomas Bottomly, Leicester,
Benjamin N. Child, Worcester.

On Swine.
Isaac Davis, of Worcester, Chairman.
Cyrus Leland, Grafton,
Lewis Bigelow, Worcester.

On Butter and Cheese.
Jonas L. Sibley, of Sutton, Chairman.
Pbineas Gleason, Westborough,
Seth Caldwell, Barre. |

0)1 Manufactures of Cotton, Wool, and Flax. ,
William S. Hastings of Mendon, Chairman. '
Calvin R. Stone, Shrewsbury, !

Amory II. Bowman, New Braintree,
Walton Liverniore, Spencer,
Ivers Jcwett, Fitchburg.

On all other Manufactured Jirticles.
William Lincoln of Worcester, Chairman.
Nathaniel Lakin, Paxton,
Walter Russell, Ashburnhani,
Henry W. Miller, Worcester,
Horatio Carter, Lancaster.

The Committee appointed to award Premiums on

Working Oxen, ask leave to Report : —

That twentythree pairs of Oxen were entered

for piemiuiri — (almost twice the number that was

entered last year) — and the Conmiittee were of

opinion, that this part of the exhibition excelled

any preceding year ih number, appearance and

■ j)erformance generally.

The Committee were gratified to observe an
increase in the number of 0.ven entered for pre-

mium from a few towns in the County, whose
inhabitants have herelefore, on similar occasions,
given proof of their skill in training Oxen for the
draft —It is so apparent to every practical farmer,
that the usefulness and value of the ox, for labor,
consists so much in his docility and discipline
under the yoke, that it is to be regretted, that com-
petitors for the premiums are generally from a few
towns oidy ; and that the owners of good oxen
in otlier towns should be found unwilling to be-
stow the small portion of time and labor necessary
to prepare them to compete for a premimn, when
at the same time they would be doubly paid for
tbeir trouble by the increased value of their labor
on the farm.

In awarding the ))remiums, the Committee had
particular regard to the strength, equality of
match, and docility of the cattle, as well as to
their size and appearance. The manner in which
the labor was performed was so nearly equal as
to render it difficult to designate to whom the pre-
miums were justly due.

After occupying the short space of time allotted
them for the examination, the Committee satisfied
themselves, that the premiums ought to be award-
ed as follows: —

To Benjamin Woodbury, 2d, of Sutton, the first
premium of twelve dollars.

To Simon Carpenter, of Charlton, the second
premium of ten dollars.

To Leonard Woodbury, of Sutton, the third
premium of eiglit dollars.

To Halloway Bailey, of Nortliborough, the
fourth premium of five dollars.

Thomas Harback, of Sutton, woidd have bad
one of the premiums awarded to him ; but it was
made known to the Commlltee that be received
tlie second ])romium on the same oxen last year ;
and therefore was not entitled to ami except the
first.

By order of the Committee.

SAMUEL MIXTER, Chairman.

The Commillcc
Report :

on Sidne submit the following

Your Committee have been highly gratified in
the examinattou of the various animals which
have claimed their particular attention as a Com-
mittee oil Swine. — The Hog was introduced into
this country liy the first discoverers of this west-
ern world, and is a native of all tlie temperate
climates of Europe. From the excellence of its
flesh—its prolific nature — its qiuck fattening [iro-
perties— it may, with groat propriety, be considered
as one of the must jirofitablc and advantageous
of domestic animals. Such seems to be the opin-
'ion of the practical farmers of Worcester County.
Although a portion of the pens allotted to Swine
were filled with fine animals — still there were
none exhibited frcjin any town in the County
except Worcester. Not that the farmers do not
appreciate the value and importance of Hogs,
but do not exhibit them in consequence of the
trouble and inconvenience of driving or bringing
them any consiilerable distance. "Your Commiltce
are however conrMli-nt that there might have been
a much larger exhibition of Swine of a superior
qnidify, without lu'inging them any considerable
distance.

There was hui one Boar in the pons, so that
the compotilioo with th'S animal did not long
puzzle the Commiltre. This animal offered by
Hon. Oliver Fisk is of tlie Bedford breed — called

in England from whence the race was imported.
The Bedford English Whites or English Broad
Backs, introduced into this country by the Duke
of Bedford, and sent by him as a present to Gen.
Washington. Dr Fiske has had the breed about
10 years. The mother of the family obtained the
first premium here 2 years ago. From this breed
the best Hogs in New England originated. Your
Committee are of an opinion altboogh this animal
had no competitor — that the Hon. Oliver Fisk, is
entitled to the first premium of $5,00 for the best
Boar.

Tlicre was but one Sow in the pens. She was
offered for premium Ijy Mr Elisha Flagg of Worces-
ter. A very beautiful animal and possesing in an
eminent degree the fine quality of a profitable Hog.
The Committee award to Mr Flagg the first pre-
mium for the best Sow, $5.

On Pigs your Committee liad more difficulty in
ascertaining who was entitled to picmium. 10
Pigs wi;re ofTered for premium by Messrs Salis-
buo' and Williams ; 2 Pigs by Artemas Ward,
Esq. ; 2 by Mr Elisha Flagg, and 2 by Capt. John
F. Clark. Your Committee were at a loss to
ascertain to whom the premium should be award-
ed liiit after a considerable deliberation, have

awarded it to Messrs Salisbury and Williams for
the best Pig, $.3. ,

Two premiums provided by the Society have
not been awarded for tlie very best reason — be-
cause there were no animals exhibited for them
Your committee had no inconsiderable difficultj
in coming to the result on Pigs, such was the com-
petition. They have endeavored to do their dutj
fiiithfully— if they have satified their fellow citi
zens, it is all they wish for. On former occasion;
the Society have been highly entertained with th(
interesting and witty reports of able and iiigen
ions centlemen. Your CommiUee would no
shrink from going the whole hog on this occasion
as they feel confident that no former exhibitioi
has merited a stronger and warmer approbatio:
of the animals, considering the number exhibited
than the present.

It is not, however, the wish of the Committe'
to bore you with a long report— and will close on
remarks — having alluded to tlie most useful am
profitable breed of hogs— by congratulating th
Society upon this occasion that after a carefo
attention to our duty, we have not witnessed
single specimen of that iiiiprofiiable and sloven!
breed of animals sometimes delicately called Hogi
by our charitable neighbors across the waters, wh
w.llk on two legs— and the Committee ftattH
themselves that the Iireed is nearly or quite e;
tinct ill Now F^iiffland.

ISAAC DAVIS, k

LEWIS BIGELOW, \ Committee

CYRUS LELAND. )

[To bo continui^u.]

Peal ./hhes. — It has been found by tri.ils that tl
ashes of peat is an important mamire, and 1
Deane, asserted that it had three times the vak
of wood ashes. Fifioen bushels are recommend(
for an acre, used as a top dressing. It is an e
cellent manure for cold lands; and fur all cro;
on dry soil, which require much heat to bril
them to maturity. They should be sowed I
hand, as they can thus be more evenly sprea
It may be done in winter with the least danger
hurting plants by its beat. If sown in sumrn
\ it should bo just before a rain, by which it wou
bo deprived of its burning quality. These ash

Vol. IX.— No. IS-

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

139

nre said to liave a better effect on winter than on
summer grain ; and not to be gocd for beans,
peas, &c, as they make the vines too hixuriant.

Sir Ilimiplirey Davy, observed ihat -Pijat ashes
are used as a topdressing for euhivated grasses,
partjcniarly sainfoin and clover,' and wo find that
peat ashes are very commonly used in Great Brit-
ian for manure.

From tbo York, [Pa.] Reoublican.

NEW VARIETY OF WHEAT.

The Hon. R. Rush, has sent to our office some
parcels of remarkably fine wheat, accompanied
with the loiter which will be found below. Any
of our York County fanners who feel disposed to
try it, will be supplied by calling at this office, as
it is the desire of fllr Rush that it should be dis-
tributed among them.

York, Oct. 19th, 1830.

Dear Sir — I beg leave to send you herewith
a few samj)les of wheat, originally from Syria,
afterwards raised in England, and new, as far as 1
am iuforniod, in our country. Its quality is said i
to be very fine, and its productiveness very great.
I place the sample.;!, regretting that they are not
larger, in your hands, to be given away to such of
our farmers of York County as you think may
fool a disposition to make trial of them upon their
farms. I have ventured to give it the name of
the ' Be.vley Wheat,' having received the first
samples of it from Lord Bc.xlcy in England, who
obtained it from Syria, as I understood. When
at Washington, I gave a small quantity to mv
friend Col. Maynadier, of Annapolis, ftlaryland,
under whose cultivation in that neighborhood, it
has, on a single trial, succeeded wondenully.

In the Iioi)e that it may prove useful anjung us,
I remain very respectfully

Y'ours, &c.

RICHARD RUSH.

T. C Hamblt, Esq.

Editor of ttiD York Repoblicao.
From ihe Daily Choniile.

SAUERKRAUT, OR SALTED CABBAGE.

It is only 10 or 1-5 years since this article was
introduceildii hoard British ships of war,as an article
fiossessed of valuable anti-scorbuilc properties. —
Experience proving it to be valuable for the above
mentioned qualilies, it is still retained in their su[)-
Jtlies. It has longbeen in use on hoard ofGcrman
and Dutch national vessels, as well as merchant
ships, the crews of which, even during the longest
voyages, remain perfectly free from scorbutic com-
plaints. From time immemorial, it has formed a
favorite standing dish to the robust inhabitants of
the nortli of Europe during their long and rigonus
winters. It is recommended by chea|)ness, sa-
vor, sabilirity and simplicity of prep.-i ration.
Cabbage shoidd be taken that has sustained two or
three white frosts [trevions to being gathered; sound, [
compact heads should be chosen, the -green and
imperfect le.ives should be carefully removed, each
head divided, and the stalk cut out; then sliced
fine with an instrument made for the purpose ; a
suitable tub, barrel shapeil, should be prepared.
After culling, it should be salted with the proDor-
tionofapint of fine salt to the bushel ofcabhage,
well intermingled, which may then be gradually
packed in the tub, pressing it continually with an
appropriate wooilon rammer. It shoidd then be
covered with a circular board, two inches less in
diameter than the tub, and a weight of 20 or 30 lbs.

placed on it. In two weeks it will undergo the
acetous fernicntaton, when it will be fit for use.
Attention should be paid it every week, to skim
the froth from the brine, to wash the lioard, stone,
and sides of the tub. When Sauerkraut is taken
out of the tub to cook, it should always be washed
with fresh water and cooked without the addition
of any other vegetable. A piece of fat pork —
beef — or a fat goose, enclosed with the Sauerkraut
in a close tin vessel, and stewetl three hours, forms
an excellent dish, and is the more valuable as it can
be bad at the seasons of the year, and under cir-
cumstances that vegetables cannot be procured.

From the Newburyport Herald,

CIDER.

As the time for laying in cider has come, I would
observe, that mustard seed put into new cider will
keep it much belter than any other thing I have
tried, I put a half pir.t comnion mustard seed into
a barrel of new cider ; and let it remain on the lees
without drawing off, till it was "all used, and it kept
perfectly sweet till ihe last — not the new sickly
sweet, but more like mellow old wine : the cider
tasted a little of the mustard, but some gentlemen
who drank of it thought it was improved by it.
As the last year was the first lime I put in the seed,
I cannot say that it will always have the same ef-
fect; but so simple a thing is worth trying for my
cider was decidedly the best I ever had. S,

We can add our own testimony in confirmation
of the above. We took two barrels last season from
the same pressing, and put half a pint of mustard
seed in one of tbein as soon as fermentation com-
menced, and bunged it up tight. The other barrel
was carefully treated in the common mode, letting
the fermentation go on as long as anything was
discharged from the bung hole, and than stopping
it tight. That in which the mustard seed was
put, was decidedly the brightest, clearest, and
finest flavored cider we ever saw, and was so ad-
judged to be by all our friends who tasted it, and
continued so to the last, — some of it remaining
late in the spring, while the other barrel became
hard and unpalatable, being very ordinary in its
quality, and remains undrunk in our cellar to this
day,— £rf. Wor. Spy.

The following pithy article from the New Y'ork
Journal of Commerce expresses, probably, the
feelings of a majority of the community upon the
Mililia System : ■ Aa/, Jle<r{s.

Down with the Tyrant ! Now is the time

to get rid of the odious, useless, and oppressive
militia system with which we are burdened.
Now is the time ! The ineicbants are against it
— the working men arc against it — the whole
community are against it. What more is wanting ?
Simply to have this united feeling express itself
in some visible, tangible shape ; so that it may
tell upon the decisions of the next Legislature,

Down, we say, with the tyrant ! It interferes
with the pursuits of industry — corrupts the pub-
lic morals — operates as a tax upon the community
of five million dollars per annum — is worse than
useless as a means of discipline and subordination
— a burlesque upon patriotic fueling — and a libel
upon the military spirit of the nation. Follow
citizens ! when danger approaches, every man of
us will enter the ranks like good soldiers ; we will
cheerfully submit to be drilled from day to day,
and week to week, if need be ; we will march
to the combat with gallant hearts and deter-
mined spirits ; and the country shall say that
we have done our duUj. It is not that we shrink
from any necessary burden, in short, which as
good citizens it becomes us to bear ; but we have
some pride lefi, both for ourselves and our coun-
try ; and therefore we say, down with this hateful,
useless, ridiculous, militia system.

Mrs Eliza Clasby, who keeps a boarding house
in New York, has recovered $800 of one William
Brown in an action for slander. The less men
have to say and do with female charaders of any
kind, the better.

ey — It will be recollected that a survey
elween Weymoutli anil Taunlon Rivers,

Canal Survey -
for A Canal belw

with a view lo connect the w.iter^ ot Boston and Narra-
ganselt Rays, was begun and parlially completed two or
three years ago, by order of the General Government.
The U. Stales' Engineers were joined and altcnded In the
survey by lliree Commissioners appointed by Ihe Gov-
ernment of Massachusetts. Tbis survey not having been
fully completed, no report has ever been made to the
Engineer Department at Washington. During Ihe pre-
Maine State House. — The pillars of the colon- |*'^°' '*''''*°"' ^"°''"^'' '""'"^ ha.s been surveyed by Col. An-

nadeof this new edifice at .\ugusta, eiirht in iium
her, elegantly wrought of granite, have been raised.
They are 21 feet in length, exclusive of the base
and capitals, lOi feet in circumference at the hot-
toin and 9 at the top, and weigh 10 tons each.
The outside of the building will be finished before
winter.

We observe in the Halifa.x Recorder of October
23, a person advertises, as just received from Liv-
erpool, '100 pieces <d" Satlineis, assorted colors,
which will be found criUa! to the .American.'' This
is a novel style of puffing off English manufactur-
ed goods, but one, we dare .say, that the venders
find e.xpedient, if not necessary.

The revival of business in Boston is universal ;
every trade — every branch of business feels it.
The city wears a cheerful aspect, the stores are
let at advanced rents, and everything shows life
and activity.

derson, who commenced the former survey three years
ago. We learn that die nen- route is to the westward o(
the former one, is somewhat shorter than Ihe other, and
aflbrds greater fatililie* for the cnnstruclion of a canal.
The summit level is at Howard's Meadow in Randolph ;
the route meets the Taunlon River at Williams' Landing
in this town, and thence is down the river on the west
side to Dighlon, till a ilepth of ten feet of water shall be
found in the river at low tide. The Engineers have aU
r_-ady reached near ihat point, which is said to be not far
from Ihe ' Four Corners,' in Dighton. The new survey
is for a canal sixty feet wide and ten feet deep, sufficient
for coaslinc vessels, with a low path also for horse boats;
the locks to be 100 feet in length. We learn that the
Engineers have become entirely salisfied as to the prac-
ticability of a canal of this description, after a thorough
examination of Ihe country, Ihe adjacent ponds, &c. No
doubt is entertained, we understand, as lo the sufficiency
of the supply of water. A favorable repoit from the En-
gineers may Iherefoic be anticipated ; but whether any
thing will be done towards Ihe construction of the canal
durinp; Ihe adrainislralion of our veto President, is anoth-
er and ditfercnt matter Taiintoti Reporter.

The Wheeling Compiler, on Ihe authority of recent

experience by some of Ihe shopkeepers of that place, rec-

. 1 omtneiids the use of ho^'s lard, in lamps, as a substitute

Large quantities of copperas have been manu- ' '"'' 'f '" "'',■ . ''"'"' !'-•;' ''^'"'^''^ ''X " '' ■-^W '» h^ lu'l.v
c„». J . u 11 1. ' .1- CI . ■ equal 10, and IS much cheaper than sperm oil. The dis-

lactured at Hubbardston, m tins State, the past covery is not a new one.
season.

140

NEW ENGLAND PARMER,

Nov. 19, 1830.

From Prince's * Fomologicai &Ianual.'

AMBRETTE.

TouRN. Dun.

of various col-
lections.

Qci.v. Roz.
Mil. For.

Amhrit,.linhrette, IVinUr Amhret. Evcl.

Trompc-vald, of some countries according to
Quintinye.

Cheat-servant, synonyme according to Evelyn.

Ambrdtc iThiver,

Ambrette avec fpines,

Amhrette d'hiver avec epines,

Ambrelte grise,

Thorny Amhrette,

The first notice I have found of this fine pear is
in the works of the celebrated De la Quintinye,
published about the year 1690. He enumerates
three varieties of the Amhrette, viz.

The Amhrette, ripe in .Vovember, December, and
January, a very good pear.

The Amhrette of ]3ourgeuil, or Graville, ripe the
Uiirteenth of October, an indifferent pear.

The thornless Amhrette, ripe in JVovember, an
indifferent pear.

It is the first of these that is the subject of the
present article, and strange as it may appear, the
other two are not described by either Duhamcl,
Rozier, Miller, or Forsyth, or noticed in the Jardin
Fruitier, or Bon Jardinier. This fine fruit is said
to have derived its title from its musky odor,
which has a strong atKnity to that of the Sweet
Sultan flower, called in France Amhrette.

In the description giveu by De la Quintinye,
after first reuiarking that the Ambret or Ainbrettu
and the L'Echasserio bear considerable resem-
blance to each other, he proceeds to comment on
the differences that exist between them. The
Amhrette, he states, is in point of shape a little
flatter, and its eye sunk in a cavity, whereas the
L'Echasserie has its eye or crown ipiite jetting
out : their size is similar, and they resemble each
other likewise in color, though the former is com-
monly of a deeper and ruddier hue, and the latter
lighter and yellower, more especially when it be-
comes fully ri|je. They are also nearly alike in
their stems, and ripen at the same period. They
greatly assimilate in the delicious qualities of the
fruit when at maturity, in which respect however,
the L'Echasserie partially surpasses the other.
The flesh of the Amhrette is sometimes rather
more of a greenish hue, its seeds blacker and in
large cells, and its skin is usually a little more
rough to the touch.

The L'Echasserie is occasionally knobbed or
warty, but it is the v.'ood which presents the most
striking distinction, that of the Amhrette being ex-
tremely thorny and prickly, precisely like the wild
trees seen in tlie hedges, which is not the case with
the other; for although it shoots out some points,
they are not however sutficiently sharp to prick
the fingers as those of the Anibrette will do. M.
De la Quintinye further remarks, that the L'-
Echasserie had not made its appearance above
twenty years, but that the Am!)rctte was already
of ancient standing.

I will now proceed to give the description of it
£fe detailed by Duhaniel, and Rozier.

The shoots of the Ainbrctte tree are short,
straight, and perfectly round, of a light grayish
greeiv hue where shaded, and a gridelin color
next the sun ; the buds arc large, rounded, very
acute, turned ofl' from the branch, tlie base that
supports them projecting but slightly ; the leaves
are of medium size, not indented, but furrowed or
wrinkled; the flower consists of oval petals, hol-

lowed in the manner of a sjioon, and the summits ^ trees that I have seen'or heard of, that have been
of the stamens are light purple mingled with white ; ', obtained from New Jersey, as the Auibrette or TiU
tlie fruit is two inches in diameter, and twentyfive I ton pear, have indented leaves, and this fact, with
hues in height ; its form is rounded, and inclining j the circumstance of their being devoid of sharp
to oval, diminishing a little towards the stem, : thorns settles the question of identity satisfactorily,
which is large, nine lines in length, and inserted

Quin. Evel. Blil.

syn

Mil.

jyn.

in a very small cavity, whose circumference is
swollen by some small protuberences ; the head is
very round, and the eye is placed in a slight de-
pression .surrounded by some small projections:
the skiu is whitish, and sometimes grayish, accord-
ing to the soils ; the flesh is greenish white, melt-
ing, and of a sweet, rich, and very pleasant flavor';
the seeds are black and contained in broad cells,
and the fruit begins to ripen in Novend)er, but
keeps well till in February ; the branches are
thorny, a}id tlie tree may be propagated on the
pear, but better on the quince. It delights in a
dry warm soil, with a good exposition, and suc-
ceeds better as a standard than as a dwarf; in
wet and cold soils the fruit is far inferior to that
produced in more favorable situations.

ECHASSERY. Pr. cat. Mil. N. Ddh.

L\'chcisserie. Coxe. Pr. cat. 25 ed.

Amhrette. Coxe. Fes. New Amer. Gard.

Bezi/ de Chassery. Duh. syn. Mil. syn.

Eschassery. For.

Lcschasserie,

Vcrte tongue d' hyver,

Besidery, Handry. Quin. Evel.

Echasscte, ri Bezi de Chasseri. Roz.

Winter green long. Evel.

Winter long green. M

Wilding o/Echassery.

Yat or Yut pear.

Besidery Landry,

Landry tvilding,

Tilton, of New Jersey.
The shoots of this tree are very slender, bending
at every joint, very much speckled (tiquec), gray on
one side, and of a greenish gray on the other ;
the buds moderately large, longish, pointed, turn-
ed oft" from the branch, and have a small and
very slightly projecting base ; the leaves are long,
narrow, somewhat wrinkled or furrowed, indented
very i)artially, but coarsely ; the flower is formed
of oblong petals, each somewhat hollowed or
spoon-shaped, and terminating in a plicate or
plaited point ; the fruit is round, approaching to
oval, aiid diminishes in size towards the stalk, con-
siderably resemljling the Amhrette; it is generally
two inches in diameter, and twentynine lines in
height, but sometiines it mcnsiu-es no nipre in one
direction than in the otiier ; the stem is large,
eight to fifteen lines long, inserted in a small cav-
ity, which is commonly surrounded with some
small protuberances ; the part next the head is
perfectly round, and the rye is there placed even
with the fruit ; the skin is a whitish green, but
becomes of a yellov/ish hue at maturity ; the flesh
is melting, of a sweet, musky, and very agreeable
flavor ; the seeds are brown, and the fruit ripens
in -November, and January ; the tree may be in-
grafted upon either the ])ear or the quince ; it is |
productive and soon begins to bear fruit.

I have examined the subject very minutely,
and have ascertained decidedly that this is the
Amhrette pear of Coxe's work, a fru-it of great
excellence .ind held in the highest estimation.
The only diflTerence he sjjeaks of is in regard to
the indenture of the leaf, and on this jioint I find
he fell into an error iu his description, for all the

Curious discovery — cause and remedy for carious
teeth. — M. La Beaume, the medical electrician,
has made a curious discovery, that the accumula-
tion on the teeth termed ' tartar,' is occasioned by
animalcula, which are visible on microscopic exam-
ination. According to this gentleman, they grad-
ually burrow between the teeth and gums, pene-
trate the enamel, and enterthe interior of the teeth,
thereby producing the destruction termed ' caries'
and also tooth ache. Blr La Beaiune, after numer-
ous experiments, ascertained that the true malic
acid {the purified acid of the crab apple) not pnly
destroyed them, but di.ssolve<l the nuicus collection
which protected them. He therefore, recommends
tliC teeth to be brushed every morning, and also the
tongue, which, when loaded with foul slime, is-
covered with animalcula, with a lotion composed
of malic acid and rose water, and afterwards with
the ])repared areca-nut charcoal. Tliis mode of
managing teeth is extremly beneficial, as it not
only removes, and wdien used only once a week,
prevents its rcaccurnulation, but cleanses the tongue
and jnoduces a relish for food. Its good eflTecta
on the tongue and palate, proceed in fact, from sym-
pathy, or from a continuous influence transmitted
to thestomach. The irritation produced bythean-
imalcula, and ofliensive eflluvia from them or their
surrounding slime, probably of a fa>cal nature, are
extended to the saliva glands ; the consequence of
whicli is, that their secretion is unhealthy, and
no doubt, a very common cause of indigestion. —
Ilyppocrates, who, in all cases, j)aid particular at-
tention to the state of the stomach, was of a simi-
lar opinion, that a perfect or good digestion dejienda
as much on the healthy state of the teeth, as on
the sound condition of the digestive organs.

Etching Feet. — Among the minor evils to which
the human frame is .subject there are few more tor-
menting than that of violent itching of the feet,
during severe frosty weather, caused by incipient
chilblains. The following specific is so simple
and chtap, that no person ought to be ignorant of
it; it is merely one part muriatic acid, mingled
with seven parts water, with which the feet must
be well rubbed for a night or two before going to
bed, and perfect relief will be experienced. Th«
application nnist of course he made before the
skin breaks, and it will be found not only to allay
the itching, but to |ircvent the farther ])rogress of
the chilblains. — The feet may be a little tender for
a short time, but this slight inconvenience will soon
disappear. — .Viif Bedford Courier.

J\l'ew Steam Carriage. — Extract of a letter from
the Sheflielil Iris, signed ' An Engineer.' 'Being
last week at Lynn, I was induced from rej)orts I
had heard ofa sleam carriage, to visit the manu-
factory of Carlton ainl Galbee where I saw
this beautiful [)iece of machinery perform its evolu-
tions. In view'ing this modern wonder of mechan-
ics, the beholder is at a loss which most to admire,
whether the beauty, yet the simplicity of its con-
struction, the ease with which it is guided, or tlie
velocity of its movements. After going several
times round tlie yard it took up a number ofgentl©-
men, and I had the good fortune to be one of tiw
number. It proceeded towards Brandon at the velo'

Vol. IX.— Xo. IS.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL

141

TjSty of twelve miles per hour. The fiieiiian the" town, has pioikiced three full grown s(|iKishes !
Wpeiicd the valve for the heated air, which inereas- weighing tog'ether one hundred and Jifli/ Jive pounds.

«d the speed to thirty miles an hour. The trees,
gates, and houses, appeared to be retrograding at
a most inoredihie voloeity ; the efterts of which,
■was grand indeed ; and after passing rivers, brooks
and gentlemen's houses, it arrived at Brandon with-
out any accident, iu one hour and ten minutes from
die time of its leaving Lynn, (a distance of twenty-
five miles) which surpasses any thing that has been
performed either on rail roads or turnpikes.

The leogtlj of the vine and branches was 36S ft.

BROOM CORX.

This crop has become a very imjiortant one in
this part of the Connecticut valley. More; acres
were planted the l.ist spring than in any previous
season, but not far from one fourth of tlie brush,
and the greater part of the seed, were destroyed by
J, I the early frosts. In consequence of the diminished
seems, therefore that more depends on the con- ' T^antity, increasing .lemand, and other circum-
struction of the carriage than its running on rails.' | "''".";f'' ""', V""" "^ l^'-oom-brush has advance.l

English paper. (rapidly, and is now about 100 per cent higher

than it has been for some years past. Itisanobject

' Scratches in Horses. — This disorder or difficulty ! of speculation, and large quantities have been sold
is too well known to all who own these noble ani- | and re-sold within a short time. The price a Cnw
Dials, or deal in them, to need a particular descrq)- | days ago was from 8 to 9 cents per pound ; it is
tion of it. The remedy is simple, safe, and certain, [ now 10 cents, and it is reported that some has been

The exhibition and e.xplanalion of a few Geo-
logical specimens at the various' county conven-
tions of teachers have induced and enabled very
many of those who witnessed them, to introduce
the subject into their schools, by which niesns
several thousand children are now familiar with
the conunon rocks and minerals which como un-
der their observation.

The e.xperiments already made upon this sub-
ject, are proof that if Lyceums generally should
make Geology a specific object of attention for a
few months, the whole country would bo tho-
roughly explored, our resources in the mineral
kingdom extensively develo|)ed, and new sources
of industry and wealth opened to individuals and
^the jmblic. — Traveller. y/

in all cases which have come to my knowledge,
however inveterate. It is only to mix white lead
and linseed oil in such |)roportions as will render
tlie application convenient, and I never have known
more than two cr three applications necessary to
effect a common cure. — Turf Reg.

From the Mary laod Gazet to.

THE BITE OF THE SNAKE.

Sir — I observed in your paper of Thursday
last, a notice, extracted from the Boston Travel-
ler, giving an account of a .Mr Dunlap, one of the
keepers of the New England Museum, having
been bitten by a Rattlesnake. The probability
is, had not Mr Dunlap applied the ' cord' with the
promptitude which he did, that in a few hours after
the accident, he would have been numbered with
the dead. Mr Dunlap, however would have saved
himself much suffering, and have immediately
placed himself beyond all danger, had he with the
same promptness have sucked the wound after
festening the ligature about his finger. The ignor-
ant may start at this suggestion, but every intelli-
gent and well informed reader knows, that not
the slightest inconvenience could have resulted to
him from it. The late Professor Barton, of the
University of Pensylvania, and successor of the
ever to be lamented ' Dr Rush in the department
of the Theory and Practice of Medicine,' in his
lifetime tried the effect of the poison of the
Rattlesnake upon himself, by taking it into his
mouth, fresh from the fangs of the reptile. It
proved jjerfectly innocent, and was attended only
with a slight jtiingency, which readily passed
away on rinsing his mouth, (if I rightly recollect,)
with a solution of common salt. It is to be re
gretted, that the efficacy of pressure upon the
'side of the wound nearest the heart' in cast
where poisons have been infused into the blood by
the bites of snakes, is not more geuerallv known.
The bite of the Asp, which is ranked among
the most poisonous of reptiles, it is said, may be
rendered harmless by the timely application of
the ligature and cupping glass. The editor of a
distinguished scientific work in my possession
says, 'dreadful as the poison of the Asp, and in-
deed of most vipers, is, it may be remlered en-|
tirely harmless by immediately applying forcible
pressure on the side of the wound nearest t!ie
heart, in this way the cupping glass, ligature,
&c, produce their beneficial effects.

Squashes. — The Baltimore Gazette states that
one Squash Seed, deposited the present season in
the garden of Mr William B. Trufant, of that

sold at a still higher rate. A man recently purchas-
ed 7.500 pounds at 8 cents, and sold it immediate-
ly at 10 cents. We have heard of one bard case

a farmer who planted several acres last spring,
made a contract at the time of planting, by which
he is bound to deliver all his brush at 5 cents per
l)ound, which is only half the present price.

Hamp. Gazette.

Flaxseed. — This article seems to be higher than
usual — at least it brings more salt. Two bushels
of American salt have been given in this place for
one bushel of fla.xseed. — Ibid.

Burns. — Equal parts of lime water and sweet
oil mixed and incorporated, will form a kind of
soap, which makes an excellent application for
burns. It is said to be very eflicacious in taking
out the inflammation, as well as for healing the
wounds caused either by burns or scalds.

STRAFFORD, (N. H.) CATTLE SHOW.

The Cattle Show and Exhibition of articles of
Domestic Industry of the Strafford Agricultural
Society was held at Gihnanton, on the 6th and 7th
of October — We have not room for a detailed
statement of the premiums &c. The following
gentlemen were elected officers for the coming
year.

Nehemiah Eastman of Farmington, President.
Wrii. Hale, jr. of Barrington, \st. vice do,
Jeremiah Wilson, Gihnanton, 2d, do do,
Francis Cogswell, Ossipee, C. Secretary,
Daniel Pickering, Wolfborough, Treasurer,
John Ham, Gihnanton, R. Secretary.

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

Augustus Rollins, Somersicorth.
Ezekiel Hayes, Milton.
Daniel Tucker, .Meredith.
Richard Furber, Centre Harbor.
Paul Wentworth, Sandwich.
Francis P. Smith, Ossipee.
Ehsha Rollins, Jfakefeld.

Geology. — Governor Crafts, iu his late message
to the Legislature of Vermont, recommended the
subject of Geology and Mineralogy to public
attention as a source of industry and wealth.
Some of the papers in that state b.ave warmly ap-
proved of this suggestion of their Governor, and
proposed that a Lyceum in each town collect its
own specimens and furnish ^ deposit for each
county Lyceum, by which meanfe all the specimens
could be named and described at the semi-annual
meetings. _ -

A late convention of the friends of education
and general improvement in L'tica, recommended
that the second number of the Scientific Tracts,
which treats upon Geolog}', be read in each town
in the state, at meetings for appointing delegates
to attend an adjourned meeting of the Convention
iu January. ^

From the Cherokee Phoenix.
PHILOSOPHY.
Going into a bookstore the other day, I accidentally
look up a new pulilicatioii called 'The FrugalHousewile '
Turning over the leaves, my attention wascauglit liy the
following story, which 1 thought was worth live "shil-
lings, the price ol the book ; accordingly I bought it, and
now send the extract for publication.

• Philosophy is rarely found. The most perfect sam-
ple I ever met, was an old woman, who was apparently
the poorest and most forlorn of the human species ; so
true is the maxim which all profess to believe, and none
act upon invariably, viz. that happiness does not depend
on outward circumstances. The wise woman, to whom
I have alluded, walks to Boston, from a dislanee of twen-
ty miles, to sell a bag of brown thread and slockin^-s and
then patientiv walks back again with her liltle gains.—
Her dress, though tidy, is a grotesque coUoclion of 'shreds
and patches,' coarse in the extreme:

'W hy don't you come down in a wagon ■' said I. when
I observed she was evidently wearied with her lone
journey. *

'We han't got any horse,' replied she ; ' the neighbors
are very kind lo me, but they can't spare Iheir'n; and
it would cost as much to hire one as all my thread would
come to.'

' You have a husband, don't he do any thing for you '■'

' He is a good man, he does all he can, but he's a crip-
ple and an invalid. He reels my yarn and specks the
children's shoes. He's a kind husband as a woman need
to have.'

' But his being a cripple is a heavy misfortune to vou '
said I. ^

' Why ma'am I don't look at it in that light,' replied
the thread woman ; ' I consider that I've great reason to
be thankful that he's never took (o any bad habits.'

' How many children have you r'

' Six sons and five darlers. ma'am.'

* Six sons and five daughter
poor woman to support !'

^ ' It's a family surely ma'am, but there an't one of 'em
I'd be willing lo lose. They are as good children as need
be— all willing to work, and all clever to me. Even the
littlest boy, when he gets a cent now and then for doing
a chore, will be sure lo bring it to me, ma'am.'

' Do your daughters spin your thread r

' No, ma'am ; as soon as they are big enough they go
out to service. I don't want to keep them always delvin
lor me; they are always willing lo give me what Ihey
can; but it is right and fair they should do a little
for themselves. I do all my spinning after Ihe folks are
abed.'

' Don't you think you should be better olT, if you had
none but yourself to provide for?'

' Why no ma'am I don't. If I had'nt been married. I
should always have been to work as hard as I could, and
now I don't do more than that. My children are a great
comfort to me ; and I look forward to the time when
they'll do as much for me as I have done for them.'

Here was true philosophy ! I learned a lesson of that
poor woman which I shall not forget.

What a family for a

142

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 19, 1S30.

BOSTON, FUIDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 1830.

from their appearance when taken out, (being al-
ways entire and perfect,) it is probuble they would
continue their heat tliroujrh a second year.'
After some further details tliis writer observes,
' I believe oak leaves are preferable to those o(
any other sort ; but I have found by repeated
trials, that the leaves of beech, Spanish chestnut,
and hornbeam, will answer the purpose very well.
It seems that all leaves of a bard and firm te.\lure
are very proper ; but soft leaves that soon decay,
such as lime, sycamore, ash, and those of fruit
trees in general, are very unfit fur this mode of
practice.'

The superiority of oak leaves as a material for

wliich is nearly twentyfive years, I never once
knew their heating with violence.

'The heat of oak leaves is constant ; whereas
tanners bark generally turns cold in a very short
lime, after its furious beat is gone off.

There is a saving in point of expense, and de-
cayed leaves make good manuje ; whereas rotten
tan is experimentally found to be of no value.'

Fallen Leaves for Manure, Hot eeos, &c.
In the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository,
vol. iv. page 60, will be found ' Extracts from the
Bath Society papers, with remarks by Joun Low-
ell, Esq. from which the following are selected.
'A correspondent of the Bath Society in England
warmly recommends a species of manure for po-
tatoes, which 1 think peculiariy applicable to our

country, because easily attainable. It is the em- ^. ..,„„,

n?ovn.ent of mould and fallen leaves taken from hot beds according to this wnter, consists m the
the woods. This, the writer observes, be has found following particulars :-' They always beat regu-
an excellent substitute for other manure, lie ] larly ; for during the whole time I haje used them,
found the potatoes raised in this way, nuich more
mealy, and of a finer flavor, nmcli finer than when
produced by the application of ashes and dung ;
and he considered it of great importance to poor
people, who have not the means of procuring
much dung. This, he observes, can always be
procured in woody countries, and in tho.se which
are not so, it may be obtained in hedges and
ditches and in old ponds. If this be a fact and
we have little doubt of it, since it is known that
few substances are more favorable to vegetation
than rotten leaves, and the soil fortned by their
decomposition, there is scarcely a farmer in Mas-
sachusetts, who may not, by two or three days'
labor, collect enough to plant all his potatoes, and
thus save his manure for bis corn and grnss lands.'
The leaves of trees are very valunble for the
purposes of gardening and for fruit trees. Speech-
ly, an eminent English gnrdener, gives the follow-
ing account of bis mode of using them :

'After being raked into heap.?, they should im-
mediately be carried to some place near the hot
house, where they must lie to couch. 1 generally
fence them round willi hurdles or anything else to
' keep them from being blown about the garden, in
windy weather. In this |)lace we iread them
well, and water them, in case they happen to
have been brought in dry. We m.ike the heap
six or seven feet in thi'-kness, covering it over
with old mats, or anything else, to prevent the up-
per leaves from' being blown away. In a few
days the heap will come to a slrong heat. For
the first year or two that I used these leaves, I did
not continue them in the heaps longer than ten
days or a fortnight : but in this I discovered a
considerable inconvenience, as they setlled so
much, when got into the hot house as soon to re-
tpiire a supply. Taught by experience, I now
let them remain in the heap for five or si.\ weeks,
in which time they are properly prepared for tbe
hot house. In getting tliern into the pii;c piis, if
they appear dry, we water them asain, tre.-iding

Green Pens in .Wovcmhci: — We were presented,
on Friday last, Nov. 12, by .Iohn Henshaw, Esq.
of Roxbury, with a basket of Green Peas, being the
third crop raised by him this season, in the open
air, from our Early" Washington Peas. The new
vines are still green, and uninjured by the frost.

American Manufactures.— TUe brig Danube,
cleared from Boston for South America last week,
with 395 bales of American cotton cloth, measur-
ing 413,000 yards. ^

Poultnj. —Fowh of every sort may be profit-
ably fed on boiled potatoes and meal, mi.xed. Hens
which do not lay in winter should have access to
pounded bones," oyster shells, or some ether matter
which contains lime, in some of its compounds,
because something of the kind is necessary to
form the shells of eggs, which are composed of
the phosphate of lime.

Indian Con>.— It is stated in a letter from Paris,
that in consequence of the total failure of the
crops of Cobbett's corn in tbe vicinity of the
French capital last season, very tew experiments
of the kind will be tried the next year. A farmer,
near Rouen is said to have lost 15,000 francs by
his speculation in this way .— Edinburgh Journal of
Science.

London Horticultural Socidij.— There were ex-
hibited ata late lueetingof tliis.Society one hundred
sorts of apples from Mr Hugh Ronalds. A bundle
of asparagus consisting of 1-2.5 heads, weighing

_ ._ ^, twentyeightpounds, from Mr Wm Roberi (iraysoM,

them in' layers exceedingly well till the pit is 1 „f Morllake. A scarlet Brazilian pine apple liom
quite full. We then cover the wtiole with tan to i ,[|e garden of the Society. Asparagus, blanched
the thickness of two inches, and tread it well till ] j„ tubes from the garden of the Sociecy.
the surface becomes smooth and even. On this we j ^^.j^^orrfi^mn/ Ca66ng-e.— jTbi^ H. Hammond,
place the pine pots in the manner they are to ^^^^ ^ ^^ .• _ ,^,^ possession, antl rea.ly to be

stand, beginning with the middle row first, and j ^^^^^^^^ thot has 24 good hard head.-<, that grew to
filling up the spaces between the pots with tan , '^^^^ '■ ^^_^j j..,,,,, ^,,,^ ^^^j_ ^^^ ^, •„,,,,

In bke manner we proceed to the next row, I'" | j|,„j ^,,1^ i,g,,,s ^1,^ Cow Cabbage— JFwW C/.r.

the whole is finished ; and this operation is per- , _____

Ibrmed in the same manner as when tan only is j 'phe papers in all our great commercial and
used. 1 manufacturing cities and tovviLS, give us the chcei-

'Thus prepared, they will continue a constant I j,,;, intelligence of a revival of business. If i.-* like
and regular heat for twelve momlis, without stir- i ,,„ electric shock, it reaches the whole body
ting or turning ; and if I may form a judgment | politic.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, Novemtier 13, 1800.
FRUITS.

Pears. — From Mr Burr, of Iliughani, Holland
Green Pears — were not of so fine ipiality and ap-
pearance as those exhibited on Saturday last, from
SaniUil Lathrop, Esq. From JMr Webster, of
Haveriiill, Marsh Pears, so calleil, a nicilium good
eating pear. A description of this pear, if a foreign
or native variety, &c, would he acccpiahle to the
Committee. From Mr William Prait. Jr, large
and very fair Chaumontelle Pears— not in eating.
From S. Downer, Ambrette Pears — not in eating.
These pears were exhibited to show the variation
in form of this variety — some being in the shape
of a duck's egg, and a cluster of four, resembling
thin Jargonelle pears. Those exhibited grew on
difterent trees, but the same variation may be
found on the same tree. From Mr R. Manning,
Bon Louis Pears, (Forsyth's 7th edition) of good
quality, and in fine eating.

Apples.— From Mr Burr, of llingbam, a Seed-
Jing Sweeting, said to be a great bearer, and keeps
well, flesh tender and crispy, flavor very pleasant.
From Mr Manning, Menagere Apple, (of A. Par-
mentier's Catalogue,) also see Prince's Treatise.
Fall Pippin, from Mr Floy's Nunnery. Winesap
Apples (Cox, No. 89.) Danvers Winter Sweet,
or Eppcs' Sweet. This fruil was of remarkable
fine appearance, not a blemish could he discover-
ed on the dozen exhibited. They were of medium
size, bright yellow color, good flavor, and worthy
of cultivation for our market — will keep from De-
cember to April. From Mr John Perry, of Sher-
burne, Native Sweet Russets ; a good apiile, and
said to keep well.

Crapes. — From Mr John B. Rus.sell, frnit of the
Isabella, received from Mr Rufus Kittredge (Ports-
mouth,) with the annexed letter. The fruit ex-
hibited was of the true kind, hut not sufiiciently
ripe to have attained flavor.

Portsmouth, Nov. 12, 1830.

Mr j. B. Rossell,

Sir Six years ago I received some Isabella

grape vines from Prince's Nursery, from which I
have distributed cuttings to many of my friends in
this town. It not having fully answered our ex-
pectations, we have had some doubts of its being
the true Isnbella. Our doubts have been strength-
ened by comparing it with the figure in Prince's
New Treatise on the Vine. They are much
smaller, and not so oval. 1 have sent you a bunch,
and wish yon to inform me by the bearer, if they
are the Isabella. If not, what kind are they ?
Resiiectfullv yours,

RUFUS KITTREDGE.

J\/'ul,-,. — From S. Downer, a sciim of the Shag-
bark Nut. This scion was set in the spring of
1826 — it measured eight feet in length, and one
inch in diameter at the foot.

In behalf of the Committee,

SAMUEL DOWNER.

NOTICE.

i A box of Dahlias, received from M. Faldermann,
!(of the Imperial Butanic Gardens of St Peters-
I burgh,) wilfbc distributetl at the; Mall on Saturday
'next. Also a bundle; of cuttings (received from
I Mr Amos Perry, of Sherburne,) of the Native
I Grape, exhibited by him at the Hall, this season,
I are at the Hall for distribution

Vol. IX.— N". IS.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

143

JVcio Engtand Farmer's Mmanac, for 1831. |
Just published, and foi- sale by J. B. Russell, at his
Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, the New
England Farmer's Almanac, for 1831. By
Thomas G. Kessenden, Editor of the New En|land
Farmer. The Astronomical Calculations, by the Ldilor
of the Astronomical part of the American Almanac.

This AlniaiKic contains the usual miscelLineous and
agricultural .irlicles— a list of the civil olRce.s of the
xfnited Slites, with the Governors, Lieut. Governors, and
Judges of the I'nited Stales, aud ihe Governors of the
British Colonies — a chronicle of the most remarkable
events beuvcen August, 1829, and Sept. 1830— a com-
plete Calendar for each State in New Kngland, including
the Prob.ile Courts for New England— Ihe Sun's declina-
tion, c&c. The tides are particularly calcuLited. Among
the agricultural articles, are a description of Mr Phinney's
Improved Roller, with a drawing ; and a drawing and
description of an Improved Harrow, used on Capt. Daniel
Chandler's r.\rm, in Lexington. |

Price $6.01) per groce— G2.i cts per dozen. Oct. 1.
ifct?' Cyclopedia,

American edition, revised, corrected, enlarged and ^
adapted to the United States, in 47 volumes, quarto, in-
cluding a l.irgc ail.is, and 5 volumes of plates. This val-
uable worl., tlic l.i'oor of 20 years, is illustrated by eirveii
hundred aiuifijlu engravings, by the most distinguished
artists. (Theic .ire 43 plates upon agriculture alone, con-
taining 391 figures; upon Niilural History, including
Botany, the number of pistes e.vcceds 2G0.) The original
cost of this work in boards was $470, and will now be
sold iu elega'nt Russia hall binding ccri/ low, if applied for
soon. Apply (post paid) at the otBce of the N. E. Farmer.

Nov. 10,1330. 3t

Sheep for Sale.

On hand and for sale 2000 fine woolled sheep of vari-
ous grades from half to full blooded Merinos. Among
them are about .300 Wethers and fat Ewes. 1250 Slock
Ewes, (a ilesirable lot for persons wishing to obtain a
flock,) and '250 l.imbs. The above will be sold on ac-
commodating terms and in lots to suit purchasers on ap-
plication to ihe subscriber iu Cumiuington, Hampshire
County, Mass. CYRUS FORD.

Cummington, JVov. 4, 1830. 3t.

Pear Seedlings.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market Street—

20,000 Pcir Seedlings, in fine order for Nurseries-
raised within six miles of Boston— at from 5 to $10 per
thousand, according to their si7.e,&c. They will he suit-
ably packed, as wanted, for transportation to any distance.

Catawba Grape Vines.

THE GENITINE SORT.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market-street —

jO Vines of tlie true Catawba Grape, one year old,
price 75 cts. each. This is one of the best native, table,
or Mine Grapes cultivated; the bunches large, with
shoulders, very thickly set, with large berries of a pale
red or lilac color, and in some situations covered with a
beautiful blooiu, givuig them a blueish purple appearance.
They have a slight musky taste, and delicate flavor.
They have a thin skin, very little pulp, are perfectly har-
dv, and surpass most of the native grapes that have been
exhibited at the Hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, the two past seasons. The pulp diminishes and
almost disappears when Ibey are left on the vine till they
attain to perfect maturity. The vines are great bearers :
one vine in Mrs Schell's garden, in Clarksburg, Mary-
land, has produced eight bushels of grapes in one season
and eleven younger vines in the garden of Joshua John-
son, Esr]. of the same State, have produced in one season |
thi'rii/ bushels of fruit. \ particular history and descrip- '
tiou of this fine grape will be found in Prince's new
Treatise on the Vine, just published. There can be no,i
mistake with regard to the identity of the above vines, as
thev are all from the garden of Mr Seaver, who raised
the first Catawba Grapes ever exhibited in Massachusetts.
Splendid Bulbous Roots.
Just received at the New England Farmer Seed Store,
No. 52 North Market-street, direct from Van Eeden &
Co. Harlem, Holland, and a large assortment of Bulbous
Flower Roots, comprising the finest varieties of

HYACINTHS -(double and single) dark blue, por-
celain blue, red and rosy colored.pure white with yellow
eye, white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes ;
from 12 cts. to $1 00 each.

TULIPS — splendid variegated, red, yellow and mixed,

' 12 cts, each $1 00 per dozen, (our importation of fine

I tulips is very large, and we are enabled to put some sorts

I as low as $5 per~ 100— an object to those who wish to

form a supeib tulip bed.)

CROWN IMPERl.VLS— assorted, of the most splendid
colours, and showy flowers, large roots, 25 to 38 cts.
each.

JONQUILLES— sweet scented, finest roots 12 cts
each.

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS— fragrant, white with
citron cups, and yellow %vith double white cups, extaa
sized roots, 25 cts. each.

DOUBLE NARCISSUS— fragrant, of all colours, 12
cts. each — per dozen. $1,00

SPRING CROCUS— of all colours, 6 cts. each— 50
cts. per dezen.

The above roots are from the same house from which
we received our supply last season, and which gave such
universal siitisfaction ; some of the double Hyacinths
having produced bells 1 inch and 8-lOths in diameter.

Purchasers arc requested to notice that the above roots
arc not purchased at auction, and are all remarkable for
their size, and for the beauty and delicacy of lint of their
flowers. '

.\lso, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, coinprisiug
Large White fragrant Lilies, 12 cts. each, 1 dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price, Martagon or
Turk's Caps Lilies, same price^

PRICES OF COU^TTRY PRODUCE.

APPLES, new, - barrel.

ASHES, poi, first sort, - ion.

Pearl, lirsl sort, - **

BEANS, white, . bushid.

BEEF, mess, - ibarrcl

Csrgo, No. 1, ■ I "

Cargo, No. 2, " "

IJUT'l'Elt, iiispectid. No. 1, new, - Ipound
CMEE.SL, new milk, " i "

Skimmed milk. - *'

FLOUR, Baltimore, Hnwardslreel, - Ibarrel.

Genesee, - j "

Rye, best
GRAIN, Corn, - bushel

Rye,

Barley,

Oats,
HAY, - cwt.

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new, - ^wt.

Htll'S, Islqualilv,

LIME, " - cast.

PI.AISTER PARIS retails al - ion

PORK, cleiir, - barrel

Navy mess.
Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass, - bushel

Orchard Gross,

Red Top (northern)

Lucerne, . pound,

Wliiie Honeysuckle Clover, -

Red Clover, {iioriliern)
WOOL, Merino, lull Mood, washed, -

iMeruio, lull blood, unwashed.

Merino, mi.ved with Sa.\ony,

Merino, ilnep fourths wasliod,

Mcruio, hallblood.

Merino, quarter,

Native, washed,

Pulled, La.nb's, firs, sort,

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.

Pulled.

spinning, first sort.

FROKl

TO

1 &

1 50

I(i Oo!l20 00

33 00

135 00

90

1 00

8 00

9 00

6 00

700

6 50

6 70

14

15

C

8

3

5

5 75

5 87

5 62

5 75

3 50

3 75

64

66

65

70

60

62

36

38

GO

70

12 00

13 00

12 00

14 00

70

75

2 75

3 00

16 00

18 00

12 ib

12 50

13 00

14 00

1 75

200

3 00

(i"2

75

33

38

25

38

9

10

53

C2

30

35

G(

67

52

67

45

50

3:

40

.36

38

52

55

42

45

Durham Shod Horns.
For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by Admiral Sir Is.\ac
Coffin, to tlie Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
of Aaricullure. The pedigree of these animals can be
given as far luck as Hubhach, who was calved in 1777,
and is repute. 1 the foundation of this much admired slock. |
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various !
grades, from liali' up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particular:, inquire of E, Horsey Derby, Saiem.
Salem, October, 1S30.

Seeds for Country Dealers.
Traders in the country who inay wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
furnished, at .1. B. Russell's Seed Store, connected

with the New England Farmer, .52 North Market Street, i purch.asers are invited to call and make a selection
Boston, with hoxcs of various sizesand prices, fiom 10 to followino- compose a part of the variety
$50, containing a complete assortme.n r of the seeds
mostly used in a kitchen garden, on a? favorable terras as
they can he procured in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up iu small packages, ready foi- retailing, with
short directions on each package for its culture and
manas^er:ient — warranted to be of the growth of 1830,
and of the pur-^ t quality. Nov. 5.

Grape Vims.

The subscriber has for sale at his garden in Dorchester,

the choicest variety of Grape Vines ever oiTered for sale

in this vieinity. Many of them are now in fruit, and

■ ■ ■■ The

PROVISION MARKET.

CORRECTEn EVERY WKIK BV MR HiVWARU,

( Cccrk of Funenil-hail Market.)
BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, fresh, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
CUT]'ER,keg3iidlub,
Lump, best.
EGGS,
.MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail.
POTATOES,
CIMER, faccordlng to quality]

pound.

7

**

6

(.

6

"

6

"

4

"

8

It

12

"

IS

dozen.

14

bushel.

u

20

barrel.

1 00

10
14
20
18
70
80
30
1 50

Boston Vegetable Market, — Prices at Faneuil
Hall Market,— Cranberries, 1,50 per bushel — Potatoes,
(raised in this vicinity) 20 to 30 cts, per bushel ; (Eastern,
from the coaslers, 33 to 374 eis,) — Cabbages, o7\ cLs, per
dozen — Cauliflowers, 12i to 25 cts, per he,id — Sweet Po-
tatoes, 1,00 per bushel — Chestnuts, 1.75 per bushel — Shag-
barks, ].,50 per bushel — Onions, 1.25 per b.irrel — Winter
Crookneck Squashes, 1,00 per 100 lbs — Small Canada
Squashes, 1,50 per 100 lbs. — Quinces, 2,00 per bushel.
The m.uket is oiso well supplied with Radishes, Lettuces,
&c, Ihoerh out of season.

Bolivar ('alvrs. Saxony Duc/cs, and Bremen Geese.

For sale, 4 Bull Calves,sired!iy the celebrated imported
improved Durham short horned bull Bolivar, which
stock have pr.idured 36 quarts of milk a day. No. I, dam
Grey Brown, half Ccelabs and half Galloway. No, 2, dim
Juno, three f)unhs Fill Pail. No. 3. dam Ceres, her sire
Coelebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No 4, dam
Beauty, half Crclehs and half Galloway, The Calves
are heauLiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported faxony Bucks,2 Yearlinss, and 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Erem:;ii Geese. Inquire of Benjamin Sliurt-
leff, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston. July 9.

Black Hamburg

Black Cape,

Wfiite MuscaiUne,

Golden Muscat,

Gore's, (a beautiful Black Grape)

Caroline.

Napoleon,
White Chasselas,
Golden Chasselas,
Red Chasselas,
Black Consfantia,
Bland,
Ferrol.
8 varieties of superior fruit from Xeres and Malaga
400 two years old Isabellas.
1400 one " " "

200 CAT,\wBA,or what has heretofore been considered
the Bland, It is now satisfactorily ascertained that the
Bland grape will not ripen in this climate, in the open
' ground.

Orders by mail, addressed lo the Suhscriher, or person-

I al application at his oflice. No. 7* Congress-street, for any

number of Vines fi cm one to one hundred or more, will

\ meet mth prompt attention. Application may also be

i made to Patrick Kennedy, at the garden.

Boston, Sept. 2T, 1830. .jt ZEBEDEE COOK, Jb.

Br.iGBTON Marki.; t — Mon day, Ao i' . 1 .5 .

JKrpcrtfid for tlie Chronicle and Patiiot,]

At Market this day 3.573 Cattle, 6US4 Sheep, and 1123
Swine.

Prices— Beef Cattle— From ®3,25 to 4,374, A few ex-
tra Cattle were (aken for something moie.

Barrelling Caiile— For Mess $3,50, No. 1 , .^3 ; No.
2, $2..50 a 2,75.

Sheep. — Sales about the same as last Monday. We no-
licerl lots sold as follows : .'{!l,33, L.'iO, 1,58. i;62i, 1,75,
and 1.8.8 — one lot of wethers weic taken at.«;2,50 a 2, To-
one lot of 11 Cosset We.bers, were laken at prices liom
$3 to 8.

Su'ine. — A small advance on Sho.ils. We noticed one
entire prime lot of 50 Sows and 80 Barrows, taken at 34c
for Sows, and 4i for Barrows. Also another entire lot of
120, two thirds Barrows, taken at 4 7-16c ; one or two
lots of old Swine, at 4r at retail: large Shoals, 4c for
Sows, and 5c for Bairows; small Shoats, 4ic for Sows,
and 5ic for Barrows.

144

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Nov. 19, 1830.

MISCELLANIES

AUTUMNAL SCENERY.
How bright is the scene when the Autumn sun glowing.

Spreads richness and plenty o'er mountain and vale !
Wheu the orchards and fields their ripe fruits are be-
stowing,

And the Harvest liymn floats on the breath of the gale I
And while tlie gay sea.=on our hearts fondly cherish,

Still shaded with sadness its visions appear ;
For they tell us of beauty which bloomed but to perish, —

That beauty whicli passed — with the Infantile Year .'

Where now are those sweets which fond nature discloses.

When first she assumes her gay mantle of green ;
When Spring decks the fields with her garlands of roses.

Or Summer's bright verdure enlivens the scene ? —
They have passed — and, like beauty by age superseded,

Gray Autumn has left them all withered and sere !
They have fled, one by one, all unwept and unheeded.

Too frail to abide, with the Ripening Vear.

But bright is the livery which Autumn is spreading.

To garnish the fields where the early flowers grew !
A hardier race their rich perfumes are shedding.

Of growth more majestic and ruddier hue !
The fields and the brooks and the hedges are bordered

With herbage and flowers to the Autumn winds dear ;
While the plains with rich cornfields and vineyards em-
broidered.

Exult in the pride of the Bountiful Year.

And see, through the woodlands what hues are extending,

As midst the sere foliage the arid winds blow !
How the crimson, the gold, and the scarlet are blending.

And the purple, the green, and the orange tints gloiv !
But false are those colors, whose splendor thus heightens

The charms which fast verging to ruin appear .' —
As the hectic's deep flush oft the dying cheek brightens,

They mark but the flight of the Hastening Year !

For soon shall the flo.wers to rude frosts be subjected.

The orchaids and fields their late joys shall deplore ;
The herbage shall die on the plains unprotected,

And Nature look gladsome and smiling no more !
And soon shall the long tedious nights be prevailing.

The sun to the Tropic shall speed his career;
Wliile through the bare woodlands the piercing winds
wailing.

Commence the sad moan for the Languishing Year.

Salem Observer.

The facetious Mr. Sheridan, on hearing his father
speak of the antiquity of lus family, stating, at the same
time, that the original name was O'Sheridan, humorous-
ly observed: 'No doubt of that, father; no one has a
better right to the O, for we owe every body.*

A writer in Blackwood, complaining of the march of
intellect, says :

'Crossing Grosvenor-squarc, I was followed by one of
those wretched beings who volunteer sweeping the pave.
He had some r.igged pieces of le.allier on his h'and. The
polite mendicant! .\s he helrl it out for the pejiny, 'Ex-
cuse my glove,' said this Chesterfield of (he mire.'

An old lady, remarkable for her confused idea of (he
meaning of words, described a clear summer evening
thus: ' It was a beautiful bright night — The moon made
every thing as light as a cork.'

Dancing.— •! am an old fellow,' says Cowper, in one
of his letters to Hurli, ' but I had once my dancing days
as you have now ; yet I could never find that 1 could
learn half so much of a woman's real character by danc-
ing with her, as by conversing with her at home, where
I could obseive her behaviour at the table, at the fire
snle, and in all the frying circumstances of domestic life.
We are al^good when we are pleased; but she is the
good woman who wants no fiddler to sweeten her.'

' .Married iVell.' — There is iiot an expression in the
English language more wretchedly abused than this mar-
ried u'ell; his abused, becausu- it is misapplied. Wlien
properly used, it tells of a heart and hand connexion ; a
blending together of similar tastes atid fancies lor the
journey of life; a giving away early in the spring of
years the aflecfions of the heart ; and a joining then of
the sexes in marriage, with the determination of adding
a joy to each other. But this is all forgotten in the race
of selfishness. We live to be happy — ^\e ponder much
upon the best mode of becoming so; yet it we v/ander
from the true path in marriage, we get lost in a wild of
misery, where the sun light of enjoyment scarcely ever
finds its way. Now I for one, do not believe that money
is the grand panacea for every ill of marriage, or that it
will create a smile of joy upon the brow where affection
does not dwell. Take the word of an old fellow for it ; he
who woos and wins modest merit ; who seeks a partner
for the social circle, and a helpmate for the domestic
concerns of life ; who uses the voice of reason, and I have
no objection to his listening a little to the warblings of
fancy in his choice, will marry well, although he may
not obtain a copper with his bride, yet she brings to him
a willing heart and a free mind : and these are of infinite
value, to have around us, as we journey through the
world.

From observations made on the river Rhine,
it appears that granite, sienite, and argillaceous
slate soils, are atnong the best for the vine, with
respect to both productiveness and quality.

An American gentleman in Paris, during what
an English lady lias most felicitously denominated
the hae^ pattern revolution,' after detailing the
events of that glorious and proud epoch of French
history, exclaims, in the fullness of his feelings,
' if I were not an American I would proudly be a
Frenchman.' We admire the sentiment; it is wortliy
of an American bosom ; and we pray Heaven that
the time may be far distant when there will be more
of point than patriotism in it. To be an Amei-ican
is now to bold the higliest elevation on earth. To
claim indentity with Washington, with the Han-
cocks, the Jef^ersons, the Piiickneys, and the Rut-
leges, of United America, is, indeed, a distinction
above all Greek, ' above all Roman fame.' There
is a glory belonging to the humblest native of the
soil where true liberty first sprung, which we had
hoped would be ])crpetual as its own mountains.
But what becomes of that glory, when that sacred
soil is made the theatre of disumo.n ? When that
grand experiment upon which a whole world has
looked with breathless solicitude, becomes a
'splendid failure.' ' The heart sickens over the
idea I

I.N'NOCESCE AND GuiLT. — To dread no eye, and
to suspect no tongue, is the great prerogative of
innocence — an exemption granted only to invari-
ble virtue. But guilt has always its horrors and
solicitudes; and to make it yet more shameful
and detestable, it is doomed often to stand in awe
of those to whom nothing could give influence or
weight, but their power of betraying Ramhler.

Sick Head Ache. — A correspondent in the
Tuesday's Advertiser states, that three or four
small lumps of nitric acid, dissolved in cold water,
and drunk off, is a cure for sick bead ache, arising
from the deficiency of acid in the stomach. The
experiment is simple, and worib a trial, at least.
\\c are not informed whether the remedy has a
similar effect when the disease arises from a sn-
ppiubundaiice of acid on the stoiriach. — Liverpool
Mercvrij.

Health. — The princi[)al secrets of health are
eariy rising, exercise, personal cleanliness, and
leaving the table unoppressed.

For Sale,

The well known FARIH in Dover, occupied for the last
fourteen years by the subscriber, containing about 200
acres, well located in a square, bounded on the south by
Cochecho river, and on the east by Fresh creek, on which
is a tide mill, with an apparatus for pounding and grinding
plaster. The Buildings consist of a large two story Brick
House, of 40 feet by 38, with awing of 20 by 16, all welt
finislied, adjoined to which is a shed 34 feet by 14, con-
necting the cider house 27 by 37, two stories, with one
plastered room, where all the spinning and weavino- is
done for the family ; two Barns, one of which is looleet
by 42, with two wings of about 40 feet each, one employ-
ed as a stable, the other for a sheepfold, with a good yard
well walled in ; the other is a Store Barn of 4.5 feet square,
of 16 feet post, and will contain 60 tons of hay ; a pig-
gery of .50 feet by 30, with a cellar of 18 feet square un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook for
swine. The fields are divided by permanent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 acres in front of the house, one
of 17 on the East, one of 10 acres on the North, (princi-
pally orchard,) one of 15 Northeast, and one of 30 acres
West of the house, with three pastures of 20 to 25 acres
each.

The Farm has been gradually improving for the last
ten years, and the two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 2.3 tons of thatch. It is one
and a half miles from the village of Dover, which affords
a good market. There has been planted some hundreds
of Fruit Trees, principally Apple, many of which are
grafted— with Pears, Cherry, Plum, Peach and Quince
trees, and many in bearing, with a small nursery.

The terms of sale may be known by applyincp to Major
Andrew Pierce, of Dover, Mr Samuel "Loed, of
Portsmouth, or the subscriber on the premises.

June 11. WILLIAM FLAGG.

jVfitf Work on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed lor the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention Of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions hi health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. Vv'ith considerable additions
and improvements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Jlember
of the London Veterinary Medical Society. Price $1,25.

Culture of Silk.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, ,52 North Market-street —

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of ren-
denng it a source of individual and national wealth ; with
Directions to Farmers for raising Silk Worms — By John
D'Homcrgue, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau— Price 62i cents.

Also, Directions for the Rearing of Silk Worms, and
the Culture of the White Mulberry Tree. Published by
tlie Pennsylvania Society associated for the Promotion

of diose objects, (im excellent, plain, pracfical work.)

Price 25 cents.

Pomace Shovels.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 52, North
Market-street, a few very superior pomace shovels.
Also a lew of Willis' improved Apple and Quince pearing
Machines.

I'ublislicd every Friday, at gS, per amium, [ayaLle at the
andoftheyear-but those who pay within sixty days from the
time ofsubscribiiig, are entitled to a deductioii ut'fifty cents.

(]j= No p.iper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 is'orth
Marl.et Street.

agents.
New York — G. Thuf.buhn & Son. G7 Liberty-street.
I'hUadelphia— 1). & C LANnKETH. 85 Chestnul-slreel.
BLtllliiipre — G. B. Smith, Oiiice otthe American Farmer,
AH'jriif — Hon. Jesse Bull.

Fiusiiing. N. Y. Wni. Prince & SoNs,Prop. Lia. Bot. Garden
H.iiilhnl—GuODwitt & So.'^s.
Nrir/iunjport, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
j'7«///kr,N. S. — P. J. HiiLLA.VD, Esq, Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller.

]^EW ENGLrAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 62 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBERS 6, 183 O.

NO. 19.

a i3^y a i2S w»

From the American Farmer.

The following Review of Mr Prince's Treatise on the
Vine, by a distinguished gentleman oi' Virginia,
has saved us the tioublo of a detailed notice of it;
and the many extracts heretitfore made from the sheets,
with which wc were politely favored by the author,
while in the course of publication, will have enabled our
readers to judge of its merits from the text ; but still we
deem it proper to urge upon cultivators and amateurs the
great advantage to be derived from the possessing the
work. It should be in the hands of all Vignerons and
Gardeners.

TREATISE ON THE VINE.

Embracing its history from llie carlieat ages to the present day,
with tIe9Cri|ilioiis ofabovft two hundred foreign, and 5ij|ity Ameri
can varieties ; together with a complete dissertnion on the
establishment of V int-yards, by \Villiam Robett '.•rings, aid
ed by William Prince, Proprietor of the Liiina>an Botanic Gar-
den, Vice I'lesidenl of the ?^"e\v York Horticultural Society, &c.
&.C. ice. -Neiv York, ]a;iO, pp. 355.

The piihlic lias been for sume time in expecta-
tion of the ap|)e;inuice of Mr Prince's 'I'rcatise on
the Vine, wljicli lias recently issued from the New
York press. The hmg experience of the elder
Mr Prince, who has devoted so much of his atten-
tion to the suhject of the vine, and wlio has been

Mr Prince coiniiicnces
historical account of the

hut as the vine has liceii extendcil in a much great'
er degree than just jirinciples of culture have
heeii ailoptcd, there became consequently a propoi--

tioiiatc deiiiaiid for correct rules applicable to this i formation. lie naces me origni ot tins plant to
branch of industry. It was to sup[ily this want, | Asia ; indeed he goes so far as to fi.\ upon Pc
anil at the same time to slimnlate to still greater as its native land, though the evidence whicii
exertion, that the Treatise of Mr Prince has been aihbices in favor of this opinion is not altorrethcr
published. No efliirt lias been spared to rentier j striking. From Asia its culture was e.xtended to
't in the highest degree useful and accejitable, the southern parts of Europe. Its iiroTcss was

Ins work with a brief

vine frotii the earliest

times, which contains a good deal of curious in-

traces the origin of this

" rsia
' e

since not only has the pai-ticidar adaptation of our
own country to the vine been fidly considered, to-
getlier with such departures from the foreign

mode of ctdture as our experience has suggested
to be profitable, but all the information which
could be deriviid from the best Etuopean authors
has been collected in relation to the whole duties
of the vine dresser. It was one great object of
the author to jiresent in his work the concentra-
teil intelligence of every clime, derived from all
the experience of the past, for the benefit of the
American horticultiM-ist. The most careful obser-
vation and the greatest research have evitlently
been made to render the offering as acceptable as
[lossible.

As many persons seek with avidity everything
connected with the vine, it may not be uninterest-

for twenty years engaged in importing and cuiti- '"?-' to give a brief .sketch of the contents of this
vating the finest varieties of Europe, as well as Treatise; suggesting at the saine time to every
bringing into notice many of ournative kinds, has 'person who has half a dozen vines that he could
caused the lovers of this interesting plant to look "ot expend a dollar and a half more appropriately.

forward with great anxiety to the public.ition of
this woik. No American perhaps was so well
jj'.i.-.!:.'".^('. ,-:; JI:- ,".-::!r^ to render sticli ar. accepta-
ble service to tiie public. He wa.s, moreover, one
of the fii-st persons who strenuously contenihd
that the vine must succeed in the United States.
Amidst the diversity of soil ami climate whicli
our countiy presents, from the Gulf of Mexico to
the 4.5tlj degree of N. latitude, and from the At-
lantic ocean to the western wilds, in the same
zone with the celebrated wine countries of Eurof.e,
be could see no just reason why we might not in
time become einially successful in the cultivation
of this plant; and, with sufficient ex|)erience,
rival its pioduclioiis in the other hemisphere.

than in purchasing the work. It may be taken
fir granted that no one who has ever feasted once
upon this di-licious fruit, but would be well pleas-
ed to riiise enough for his own use; and whoever
has succeeded in raising enough to supply his own
wants, has no doubt felt tiiat passion common to
all who ai-e fond of the vine, tiamely, a desire to
extend his stork and inti-oduce into his collection
still finer varieties. It is certttinly one of the
most delightful ami emiobling ptu'suits that can
engage the aitention ; a fact, which may enable
us to account for the enthusiasm which invaria-
bly seizes the minds of those who become in the
least enaniorcil of the subject.

Among the many sti-ong considerations wliich

What was then a matter of speculation, is now in I should lecommend Mr Prince to our favor, not
the full tide of succfssful experiment. M.my of
our most intelligent citizens are engaged in rear-
ing the vine; fruit of the. most delicious tjuality
has been laised ; extensive vineyards have been
plantetl in some ]iart5of the country; and excel-
lent wine has been made fi'om them. Even socie-

the least is the one, that he is an American
in feeling as well as by birth. He takes a dceji
interest in the prosperity of our country, and he
hasemplojeil his (leii, not so ninch with a view
to his own profit, as from the laudable desire to
instruct his fellow citizens on the important snb-

ties have bt'en formed to promote an extension of j"*^' °^ whicli he treats. Wishing to see eveiy
litis culture. i branch of induslry thrive, and to extend the sphere

That there may have been some disappointment "^ nsefulne.-s its much as possible, he has devoted
sxperienced by inilividuals inthedegree of success a" his energies to prove the adaptation of his
which they have attained, is very probable and eountry to the extensive introduction of the vine,
not to be wondered at. Our native vines are ' I" ^ most admirable and beautiful argun'ient,
seen everywhere in rich luxuriance, extending founded upon known facts relative to other liuils,
heir branches over an ainple space, and yielding ''^ demonstrates this to the satisfaction of every
Jurlhens of fruit without any caie from the hand ""^ "'''° •""}' f'^''"! ''• L'nder these patriotic fcel-

)f man. Hence it was not unnatural to suppose
hat even the foreign vine would prosper in otir
;ardeu.s, and bear tibundantly. Expectations founil-
id on such conclusions could never be realized,
ind hence some failures have been the residt.
More correct practices, obtained in time, and a

iiigs, he has not inappropriately inscribed hisTrea
tise to a distinguished statesman, whose life has
been closely connected with the prosperity and in-
dependence of our Union. Tiie dedication is re-
markable for its neatness and simplicity, written in

onsiderable increase of knowledg-e was iliffused;^"0''"=''.

the sjiirit of one freeman addressing himself to Hi iilentjfying tlicin.

at first slow, but as its advantages came to be better
known, it was commimicated with an inconceiva-
ble rapidity when contrasted with the ditfictilty
which exists in the present day in causing the
best precepts and best modes of culture to be
ailopted. The vine was very early transmitted to
the Narbonese province of Gaul, but the cold was
so intense beyond the Cevennes that it was deem-
ed impossible to mature the grapes so far to the
north. The climate had not become ameliorated
to the degree it afterwards attained by cidtiva'ion ;
and the vine being a native of amuch more south-
ern region, needed that acclimation by culture
which it subsequently attained. As these difiictd-
ties were surmounted, vineyards were gradually
established in the interior jiarts of the country.
Kings and princes did all in their power to promote
its extension by jjlanting vineyards on their own ac-
count. Through a long course of time, the vine
has become so completely naturalized in that gen-
erous climate, and has attained such full develop-
ment, that it might now be supposed it was its na-
tive region. These facts with many interesting
particulars are very approni-iatcly r.airnlMi ■ and
may very justly lead to the conclusion that our
own climate, without waiting for the softening and
ameliorating hand of time to work a change in
its tempeiature, is already sufficiently genial to in-
vite an e.Mcnsive cultivation of the vine, even if
we had no varieties of our own capable of with-
staniling every vicissitude of season.

The auih.ir next devotes some chapters to a con-
sideration of the effect of climate, soil, exposition
&c, upon the flavor of the grape, and in a series
of very sensible and forcible remarks, examines the
subject in iletail. There is a fund of valuable in-
formation on all these points, which should be re-
ferred to by every person who wishes to ac-
quaint himself with the proper manner of loca-
ting his vines.

Wc were next treated with descriptions of a
vast number of the most estimable grapes, both
for wine and for the table, amounting to upwards
of two him.lred foreign, and eighty native varie-
ties. Thc^■ descriptions are frequently very mi-
nute, being in most instances made from a particu-
lar itersona! examination of the frtiit. The ex-
tensive nurseries of the author, in which he has
planted two standard vines of every variety, for
the purpose of testing their merits and submitling
litem to the insj)eetion of visiters, have enabled
him to enjoy an advantage in jierfecting this part
of his work, whicli very few persons have had an
opportunity to possess. So faithful and r.niple
are the descriptions in many instances, that per-
sons Jiaving the vines in their possession and ~
iJpiJy ignoiant of their name.--, will find no difficulty

Phis part of Mr Prince's Treatise contains a

146

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 26, 1830

great deal of exceedingly valuable inrormatioii to many valuable varieties of our native vines that j ties of the grape, and after devoting some pages to
the scientific horticulturist, as well as to the prac- remain to be, discovered. It would be well for j the distinctive characteristics of our native species.

tical man. He appears to have taken the utmost every person who seriously directs his attention to
pains to render the Nomenclature as perfect as pos- the culture of the grape, to make a careful exam-
sible The importance of this branch of the sub- , itiation in his own neighborhood, that he may at
ject, cannot be too highly estimated. It is within least contribute one more valuable kind to the gen-
the knowledge of almost every person that the eral stock. By this attention, many which now
same fruit oftentimes passes under entirely differ- ] waste the fragrance of their flowers upon the des-
ent names. From a want of due care in preserv- | ert air, and whose delicious fruit is only jiicked by
ing and perpetuating that which most properly ap- \ birds, might he brought into successful cultivation

pertains to it, it will not unfrequently take the
name of the person who may have been instru-
mental in extending it, or of the place from
whence it has been obtained by a new cultivator ;
the effect of which is to produce immense confu-
sion, and to unsettle that which might with very
little trouble, have been established on a solid
foundation. So deeply rooted is this evil in
Europe, that though the most scientific men have
endeavored to eradicate it, their labor has been in
a great measure without success ; and if it is per-
mitted to become effectually transplanted in our
young country, we may find equal difliculty in
getting rid of it. It cannot be too forcibly im])ress-
ed upon the minds of those who either collect or
distribute vines, to use the utmost caution iji giv-
ing them their jiroper names. Nothing can be
more mortifying than to beat considerable trouble
or expense to procure a plant which may happen
to bear a high sounding title, and nurse it with
the greatest tenderness luuler a belief that it is
something very rare ; and after all, when it bears
fruit, to discover that we had it before, or were
well acquainted with it ; and that perhaps it is of
no great merit. A valuable part, therefore, of the
Nomenclature, is the very careful arrangement of
all the synouynia;, which Mr Prince has made.
These are so numerous as it regards some of the
foreign vines as to amount sometimes to fifteen or
twenty ; and even our own native 'Bland' has ac-
quired almost a dozen titles, under each of which
it is cultivated in some district of country. It is
therefore very obvious that every attempt should
be made to rescue this subject from such endless
confusion. Mr Prince reccmmends that the Ag-
ricnlturul and Horticultural Societies should take
it under their care, for much no doul-.t yet remains
to be done.

Surprising as it may appear, not less than eighty
native varieties are enumerated and described in
the Treatise. It is already well known that some
of these are exceedingly vahiahle, being at the
same lime pleasant for the table, and possessing
those quahties necessary for making an excellent
wine. It is extremely jirobable that niany of the
others will be found to be i;o less deserving of culti-
vation. With a public s|iirit and liberality truly hon-
■ orable, intelligent persons from all parts ofth'e coun-
try have vied with each other in sending their rich
contributions to the extensive nurseries of the
author; and have been free in imparting all the
information in their possession relaiive to their
merits. A noble and generous feeling seems to
have animated all hearts. Mr Prinze does not
fail to dwell on this interesting development with
delight and enthusiasm ; he even compares the
spirit which prompted these spontaneous offerings,
to that which animated the people of France iji
tliat joyous jieriod of her history, when the em])e-
ror Probus restored the vine to that lovely coun-
try ; and when songs of rejoicing were heard on
the hills and in the plains, on being again permit-
ted to cherish the beloved ami long lost plant.
There can be no reasonaJjle doubt that there are

and prove to be great acquisitions. It is the opin-
ion of many intelligent persons that we should
chiefly rely u])on ournative varieties for the pur-
pose of making wine ; though the general opinion
that the quality of the foreign grape is so much
deteriorated by a change of soil and climate, as
that its i)roduct no longer resembles that which
was derived from it in its original locality, is most
probably founded on error. That there may be
some change is not improbable. But many of the
foreign vines produce very abundant crops ; and
ilr Herberniont of South Carolina, a gentleman

Mr Prince enters upon the subject of culture.
This be divides into three parts : first, great or
vineyard c ilture, comprising that of fields or plan-
tations on an extended scale for the manufacturer
of wines, brandies, and raisins; second, small or
garden culture on a more limited scale, for the
supply of markets with fresh fniits, or for family
supfilies alone ; third, hot-house culture, where ar-
tificial heat is resorted to, either to obviate the
effects of climate or to advance the maturity.

The author treats at considerable length what-
ever relates to these modes of cultivation. He is-
so ample and minute that scarcely anything is left
untouched. The preparation of the ground ; the
planting of vines; the most approved man-
ner of raising vines from cuttings, the oper-
ations of layering and engrafting ; the location of
vineyards with enclosures suitable to protect them ;.
propping and training according to the various
meihods which have been found to succeed best

whose zeal, intelligence and experience are so well ! in different climates, from the low to the high
known, has made a very rich and delightful wine i trained vines, and from the common trellis to that
from his ' Madeira,' supposed to have been origi- ; ailmirable system of espalier by which the delicious
nally brought from the island of that name. | and highly gilt fruit of Thomerry is perfected,
Other kinds have also been found to yield a very 1 with several other modes applicable to i)articular
pleasant wine. Much of the disappointment j circmnstiinces ; all this, with every form of man-
wliirh has resulted from oUr endeavors to raise , agemeni which can contribute to the prosperity

foreign vines, has in all probability proceeded from
our ignorance of their manai;ement, and from a de-
sire to obtain too much fruit before they arrived at a
state for mature bearing. No change of soil and
climate can produce any alteration in the distin-
guishing characteristics of any variety of this
plant: the same general appearance of wood and
foliage remains identical. With due attention,
therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that the fruit
itself will not undergo material change for the worse,
as some persons have contended ; on the contrary,
it can be established in numerous instances that
the most abundant crops of the most delicious
quality, have been raised in various places in this
country from the exotic vine, not at all inferior to
what they are in France. In the vicinity of Bal-
timore this fact has been completely verified ; and
even as far north as Boston, singular as it may
appear, not less than one hundred thousand pounds
of grapes are amiually raised in the neighborhood
of that city. We caimot, therefore, but consider
the sentiment which seems to prevail of laying
aiiide the foreign species, as founded on a very
imperfect trial of their capacity for productions.
We would not, however, by any means, be thought
to discourage the e.xtensive propagation of our
valuable native varieties. In the eastern world, as
Mr Prince very justly and forcibly remarks, they
have never possessed but one species of the vine ;
whereas in ."Vmerica we have not less than fmir or
five, indigenous to the country. By long and
continued cultivation the qualilies of these natural
productions of our soil, may become so ameliora-
ted, as to be eqintl perhaps in every respect, to the
most celebrated varieties of Eurojie; lor it was
only by subjecting them to similar treatment, that
such transcendent varieties have been obtained.
Let us, therefore, not despair of equal success,
though the time may be somewhat distant.

After this, pcrba))S unseasonable, digression, it is
pro])er that we return to the Treatise, and give
some account of the concluding part of the work,
which forms one of the most valuable portions of
its contents. Succeeding the descriptions with

of t!ie ftdlest development of'the fruit, is dwelt
upon with minute attention. Jt would extend
this article nuich beyond a proper limit to endeavor
to condense the views of the author on these im-
portant subjects. Thsy could not in any event
be so well understood as by consulting the work
itself, where the reader will find all elucidated in a
clear and satisfactory manner.

A|)|iended to the Treatise is a catalogue of all
the vines in the extensive gardens of the author,
amomuing to not less than five hundred varieties;
affording ample selections for every diversity or
soil and cUniatc, where the vine may be brought to
flourish.

Thus far we have only spoken of the work in
connexion with the subject, because it is naturally
more interesting on thr.t account. But it would
be an unpardonable omission to pass over it en-
tirely without paying a tribute to its literary
merits. Mr Prince has not only been able to im-
part a vast fimd of infonnalion to his readers, but
he has evinced a talent for doing it in a i)crspicu-
ous and agreeable maimer. His language is well
chosen and engaging ; full without being redun-
dant ; easy, flowing and frcquemly nervous ; and,
v/Iiere the subject admi;s of it, abounding in clas-
sical allusions. It is evident that it is for the
most part, the effort of an ardent and sprightly
mind, devoted enthusiastically to the vine. And
if we sometimes discover some indications of al-
most youthful fervor, which might itiduce sober
age to indulge in a smile; yet he who has ever
known what it is to love and to c/icm/i tl^e vine, will
duly ajipreciate any occasional exid)erance of feel-
ing, ami have a hi^'her opinion of t!ie generosity |
and ainiablcness of the author. A. I

CROWS.

Few birds are more numerous and annoying to
the fanners of the Atlantic States than the com-
mon crow (C. coronr), which, throughout a con-
siderable part of the ye;u', collects in astonishingly
large Hocks, and makes destructive descents upon

newly-planted maize and other grain. In this
which we are favored, of so many delightful varie- ' species it seems as if all the evil propensities of

Vol. IX.— No. 19.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

U'i

the race were uniteil uiul augiiieiited. Exceed-
ingly cunning in detecting every contrivance in-
tended for their destruction, they are rarely de-
stroyed to any great extent, except in seasons of
excessive and long-protracted cold weather. Then
(as during the winter of 1828 — 9) vast numbers
perish Iroin starvation, since the earth, brooks,
rivers and hays being comiiletcly locked up, all
their sources of supply are cut off. At such
limes, their hunger is so distressing as to force
them to the most extraordinary exertions, and
they devour substances, whicii nothing but exces- ]
sive hunger could induce any animal to swallow.
During the hard winter alluded to, immense flocks j
■were observed passing from the direction of the :
famous roosting place in the vicinity of Bristol, '
Pa. (particularly noted by Wilson), towards the
shores of the sea and bay, and returning regularly
jn the afternoon. Thousands upon thousands, for
several hours, moved heavily along in a broad,
irregular line; and, from the numbers fuund deail
in the field, it is most probable that, durin" the
severest weather, but little benefit resulted from
their long diurnal pilgrimage. The common crow
is voracious at all times, and nearly, if not quite,
as omnivorous as the brown rat. Grain of all
sorts, but especially Indian corn, insects, carrion,
eggs, fish, young birds, tlie young of various do-
mestic fowls, and even young iiigs, are sought for
eagerly, and devoured with aviility. Tjjis species,
from the peculiar excellence of its sight, smell
and hearing, by which it is very early warned of
appi^aching danger, is very audacious, frequently
coming close to the farm-houses in search of prey,
and persevering in efforts to rob the hens of their
chickens, until successful. The writer has wit-
nessed several times, in the state of Maryland,
where crows are far too abundant, the pertinacity
^ of one of these robbers in attempting to seize a
young chicken, notwithstanding the fierce defence
made by ihe hen. His approaches appeared to
have in view the withdrawal of the hen to a little
distance from tlie brood ; then, taking advantage
of his wings, he would fly suddenly over her, and
seize the chick. The same attempts were fre-
■quently made upon the goose, with a view to
seize her goslings, but the vigilant gander, though
sorely fatigued by his struggles, never failed to
•defeat a single crow: it was otherwise, however,
■when two or more miited for the purpose of feast-
ing on the young. It is not an uncommon thing
for farmers to be under the necessity of replant-
ing corn several times in the spring, and, when it
IBJust rising above the ground, to be obliged to
keep several persons continually on guard in the
fields. When the corn has shot up an inch or two
above the surface, a host of these black-coateil
plunderers invade tlie fields, and having posted
aentinels in several commanding situation.s, n;arch
regularly along the corn-rows, drawing uj) the
grain, pulling skilfully by the shoot, and then
swallowing the germinating corn. Among the
most successful experiments made to prevent the
crows from doing this mischief Ls that of coat-
ing the seed corn with a mixture of tar, oil, and
a small quantity of slacked lime, in powder. The
ingredients being mixed in a tub, the seed corn is
stirred in it until each grain receives a thorough
coating of the mixture. This pre))aration. as" it
necessarily keeps the grain from being readily
affected by moisture, is found to retard the ger-
minating about three days. In the instance we
witnessed of the trial of this preventive, it was

fully successful ; for, although the field was daily
visited by hosts of cri)ws, they were content wiih
pulling up enough corn, in various places, lobe
satisfied that it was, throughout, equally unpala-
table. During their breeding season, which is in
the spring months, the flocks spread over a great
extent of country, and build their nests of small
sticks, lined with grass, in lofty trees, choosing
the most remote and diflicult of approach. Tlie
young, generally, are two in number, and until
fully fledged are most solicitously protected by
their parents. When the young crows first begin
to receive lessons in flying, nothing is more re-
markable and affecting than the efforts made to
preserve them, by the parents, when a gunner ap-
proaches the vicinity. Every artifice is employed
to call attention away from the young, which seem
to cojnprehend the directions or calls of their
paretits, and remain perfectly silent and motion-
less. In the mean while, the father and mother
fly towards the gmmer, taking care not to remain
an instant in one place, and, by the most vocifer-
ous outcries, deprecate his cruelty. These efforts
being continued, their voluntary exposure, and the
eagerness with which they fly about a particular
spot, are almost always successful in withdrawing
the sportsman from the place where the young
actually are. As soon as they have succeeded in
leading him to a sufficient distance, they cease
their accents of distress, fly a little farther from
their yoimg, and from a lofty perch, which enables
them to watch all around, utter an occasional cry,
which one may readily imagine to be intended for
the direction and encouragement ot their offspring.
The most successful mode of destroying crows, is
that of invading them in their extensive dormi-
tories during the night. When they have selected
a pine thicket, or otiicr dense piece of wood, for
a roosting place, they repair thither with great
regularity. Every evening, vast flocks come sail-
ing to the retreat, and the trees are literally cover-
ed and bowed down. When the state of Mary-
land received crow scalps in payment of taxes, at
three cents each, parties were frequently made to
attack the crow roosts. Gunners were stationed
at various parts, surrounding the roosts, and all
those of one division fired at once; the slaughter
was necessarily dreadful, and those remaining un-
hurt, bewildered by the darkness, the flashing and
report of the guns, and the distressing cries of
their companions, flew but to a little distance, and
settled near another party of gunners. As soon
as they were fairly at rest, the same tragedy was
reacted and repeated, until the approach of day
or the fatigue of their destroyers caused a cessa-
tion. The wounded were then despatched by
knocking them on the head or wringing their
necks, and the bill, with so much of the skull as
passed for a scalp, was cut off and strung for the
payment of the taxgatherer. The poor people,
who had no taxes to pay, disposed of their crow
scalps to the store-keeper.i, who purchased them
at rather a lower rate. This premium has long
been discontinued, and the number of these ma-
rauders is, in many parts of that state, quite large
enough to require its reestabljshment. — Ency.
Americana.

Beet sugar. — Thesuccessofthis branch of indus-
try, in the North of France, leaves no doubt of
its success in Belgium, the soil and climate
of which are so favorable to the cidture of beets.
The rapid increase of the number of manufactories
of indigenous sugar in many parts of France

is a proof of the advantages which this new species
of activity will aflbrd to the country, and which
doubtless will acquire great extension, at no distant
period. One of the principal manufacturers,
M.Crespelle Delisse, of Arras, is of opinion that
in ten years, France will gather from its own soil,
the sugar necessary for its consunqilion and which
is estimated at 120,000,000 pounds.

PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

The season is now approaching when the dis-
trict Schools throughout the State conunence for
the winter.

Among the nudtitude of our statutes there are
none which reflect more credit upon the wisdom
of our Legislators, and are better calculated to
secm-e the rights and liberties of the people, than
those providing for the estahlishirient and support
of |)ublic schools in every town.

Knowledge is power; and so long as our cit-
izens receive a good common education, there can
be little fear of the decline or decay of the soimd
principles of free government established by the
toil and bloo<l of our ancestors.

Those to whom the charge of procuring teach-
ers is intrusted, fill a highly responsible office,
and have much to answer for to their country and
to the rising generation.

There has an opinion prevailed to some extent,
which we think to be erroneous, that it is best in
procuring teachers to take the one who will keep
the longest time for the amount of money^ihe dis-
trict has to expenil ; if the merits of all instruct-
ers were equal, this would undoubtedly be cor-
rect; but there is no situation perhaps in which
men are ever placed, where similar acquirements
produce such entirely different results as in that
of teachers.

The teacher, who, to a ;/ioro»gA knowledge of
the branches he professes to teach, joins a happy
facility of imparting information, and the art of
preserving good order in his school, is calculated
to be of the most service to his scholars.

Experience in teaching and managing a school
is of no small advantage. Where order is not
preserved, little progress in learning can be ex-
pected. The teacher who is obtained at a low
rate is not always the cheapest. It is a great
error in School Committees to attend so much to
the price of the teacher's services, and so little as
they sometimes do to their qualifications.

Children in the country have an op])ortunity of
attending a school of only a few months duration
in each \ear; they ought then to have the best
instructers that can be procured.

No pains, no care and attention that can be
bestowed upon the schooling of the youth of our
country and in furnishing them a good, thorough
and substantial English education, can be consider-
ed as lost or wasted. It is like money put to
usury, the profit to be received in the end is cer-
tain, tliough the operation of its increase may not
be visible. — J\/'at{onal .-Egis.

Improred pavements. — In London, pavements are being
made of hewn granite blocks, nicely Qtled so as to make
a smooth surface, and made crowning or arched so that
the pressure of a load acts on the whole bed. This is an
impiovement. We have taken occasion long ago to sug-
gest wooden blocks for streets nearchuiches and other
places where it is important not to have noise. — Journal.

Factories. — We understand the foundations of two
new factories were commenced at Lowell, last week,
near the expected terminus of the contemplated Rait
Road.— Con. Yeo.

148

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. -26, 1830.

(B © ai sot wsjitvSiis a® sr 3a

AN EXCURSION ON THE HUDSON.

LETTER 1 .
Mr Fessenden —

Dear Sir — I commenced my excursion 29tli
September, l)y way o( New Bedford to Newport,
where I devoted two days to tlie kind civilities of
the family of my wortliy friend Dr K. This pro-
cured me a gratifying visit to the stupendous for-
tifications now erecting at Brinton's point, under
the able superintendence of Col. Tolten. Tliese
works of a mile in extent, and most formidable
in heiglu and strength, have been five years in
progress, at an annual expense of ,$100,000. It
is calculated that in another five years tlie whole
will be completed, at tlie cost of one million of
dollars, and will present an impregnable barrier
against the strongest force. At Newport, I cm-
barked in the Cliancellor Livingston, one of those
massive arks which in tlie days of our fathers
would have been viewed as a terrific phenomenon
Irom the infernal regions. We now estimate it
as a vehicle of great utility and convenience, a
pleasant resort for the fashionable world, for re-
creation and amusement ; steaming onward with
2 or 300 people at the rate of 16 miles an hour;
one can scarcely enjoy a reposing nap ere he
awakes at the end of the voyage. The well
known skill and experience of the commanders
on this line, preclude all apprehension of the
awful disasters which have so frequently occurred
in other places. Wlio, since the days of Cubim-
bus, more than Robert Fulton, has conferred
wealth and benefit on the world of mankind ?
Where is the genius to be found, bold enough to
predict the incalculable results yet to be derived
from that all powerful, sj)ace-annihilating, iabor-
savins agent, expansive steam .-' At New York,
I embarked on board the North America, a still
more furmidalde and splendid vessel, accompan-
ied by my respected friend Dr Hosack, bound to
bis noble residence at Hyde Park. Soon after
leaving the wharf we passed on the left Hoboken ;
a short distance above are the romantic and
beautiful hills called Weeliavvken, three miles
from New Ym-k. Here occurred the tragical fate
of the illustrious Hamilton, and this spot has ob-
tained a reckless notoriety as the resort of duel-
ists to adjust their misconceived points of honor.
At Weehawken, on the western margin of the
Hudson, commences a very singular and stupend-
ous range of trap rock, called the Palisadoes. This
range extends about 2-2 miles, sonie parts of
which rise to 20 and others to 550 feet in height,
presenting an almost perpendicular surface.
Seven miles from the city, on a beautiful and
commanding site on the east side, stands conspic-
uous, that noble edifice, the New York Lunatic,
or Bloomingdale Asylum, erected a few years
since. It is a S[)lendid fabric of liewn freestone,
and was the favorite object of that philanthroi)ist
the late Thomas Eddy, Esq. The ridge of high
land which extends across York Island is called
Harlae.m heights, well remembered for a line of
fortifications in the eariy part of the revolutionary
war. Fort Ler^ on the west side, is 300 feet above
the level of the water, and was evacuated in 1776,
after the fall of Fort irashinfrton, erected on the
summit of a high hill on the east side, 12 miles
from the city. The fate of this fort falling into
the hands of the Hessians in 1776, together with
2,600 men was among the first and most appalling

disasters of the war. AVe passed, October 2d, in
distant view of Tarrytown, on the east side, the
place where was captured the lamented Andre,
and Tappan on tli,' west, where 1 witnessed the
execution of that unfiutunate officer on the 2d
October, 1 780, precisely fifty years since ; — nn in-
teresting retrospection 1 Sing Sin/r, or Mount
Pleasant, is on the east side, 34 miles from the
city. This is a noted place, where the bones of
thousands of our unfortunate prisoners have been
mouldering since the American war. The new
state prison now located on the bank of the river
makes a conspicuous and noble appearance. ' It
is built of hewn white stone, quarried on the
premises. The whole work was performed by
the convicts. Its dimensions are 44 by 4S0 feet ;
it has a double row of cells built back to back,
fun- tiers high, and 200 in each tier ; making in
nil 800 cells. The average nundier of convicts
here is ,550. The discipline is that of the Auburn
prison supposed to be the best now in use. The
next object of interesting reminiscence is Slony
Point, on the west side 40 miles from New York.
This is a bold rough promontory on the summit
of which a light house is now erected. It was
a fornddable fi)rtification, wrested from ihe British
by assaultby the gallant general Wayne, July 16tli,
1779.

VcrplctnVs Point, opposite, was also the site of
a fort, and a s|)lendid mansion is now situated
upon it, occupied by Blr I'liilip Verplank. Here
comiuencethe celebrated Highlands. The majes-
tic river resemldes a vast canal traversing a wild
forest, its banks on each side for many miles ex-
hibit a sublime spectacle of mountain based on
mountains, preciiiitous crags, and huge rocks in wild
confusion.

,S( ./Inthonifs JViise — This is a mountain on the
east side, rising 1228 feet above the river, direrily
opposite old Fort Montgomery, from which may
be seen the Catskill mouf?lains, part of Connecti-
cut, wiih a view down the Hudson extending to
New.Iersey and llarlaem heights, Long Island, &c.
This mountain is called St Anthony's nose, erro-
neously supposed to be that which exhibits a pro-
file of a human face, the name of which is deriv-
ed ac<'ordmg to Washington Irving, from the
nose of Anthony Van Corlaer in early times.

If'est Point. — Of al! situations on the Hudson,
this is incomparably the most important, more
celebr.ated in the history of our revolution than
any other military post, and fraught with objects
of peculiar interest at the present day. The ven-
erable Fort Putnam occupying a majestic and
commanding situation ; the pride and boast of
our military chiefs, from which we were prepared
to hurl engines of destruction on the assailing foe,
arul which was shorn of its strength by the vile
traitor's hand, is now reduced to a mouldering (lile
of ruins. There is now at this noted place a
hospital which is a fine st(uie edifice with a piazza
in front and an extensive wimr at each end. On
a counnanding eminence is a spacious hotel in a
style of much elegance, the keeper of which, Mr
Bispham, is famed for gooil cheer and obliiing
deportmeot. The United States Military Academy
and all the buildings appertaining to that excel-
lent establishment, exhibit a magniliccnt view.
These consist of six brick buildings for the officers
and professors, and the mmiberof cadets is about
209 imder the superintendence of the accomplish-
ed Lieut. Col. Thayer. This noble institution for
the instruction of our youth in the important

sciences of engineering and tactics, refiects much
honor on our government, and on our national
character. In a conspicuous place on the jioint,
is erected a handsome monument of fine hewn
marble ; the inscription oh it is ' Kosciusko.'
' Erected by the corps of cadets, 1828.' Among
the interesting recidlections jjertaining to West
Point is Kosciusko's garden, situated in a deep
rocky valley near the river, where in 1778, I was
amused in viewing his curious water fountain,
spouting jets and cascades. ' Clustei's of lilacs
are still growing which are said to have been
planted by the Polish Patriot.' Col. Thaddeus
Kosciusko was a genileman of distinction in Po-
land, and a favorite of the king. But having
eloped with a beautiful lady of high rank, they
were overtaken in their flight by lier father, who
made a violent attempt to rescue bis daughter.
Kosciusko was reduced to the alternative of des-
troying the parent or of abandoning tlie object of
his affections. His noble spirit disdaining the
atrocious deed, he sheathed his svvonl ; and soon
after, having obtained permission of bis sovereign
to ipiit Poland, he resorted to America, where he
resolved to exercise bis gallantry in a new sphere
of action. He served in the engineer department
with the rank of colonel in our army- After or
before the close of the war, Kosciusko returned
to his native country, where he acted the part
of a zealous patriot in heading the Poles against
the Russians. He was severely wounded in battle,
and died in Switzerland in 1817. A little below-
West Point, on the opposite side, is seen the small
poiiii from which the traitor Arnold look his flight
and reached the British sloop of war Vulture in
Septendjci-, 1780. JViw Windsor— li on the west
side, where is seen a low house formcHy the dom-
icile of Mr Ellison in whose family Oeneral
W.isliiiigton fi)r some time resided. Mrs Ellison
who pcrlbrmed many domestic offices for the
conunandcr in chief, is still living, and is the wife
of Mr Bullis. J^^tchwg, is on the west side. A quar-
ter of a mile south of this village stands the old
s!one house in which Washington held liis head
quarters at the time when the celebrated anony-
mous ' Newburg letters' created so nmch excite-
ment in the army, and so iinu-h distress to the
commander in chief. Povghkeepsie — on the east
side is a handsome and pleasant village contain-
ing two elegant hotels famed for their excellent
acconunodations.

Hyde Park, is on the cast side, six miles above
Poiighkcepsie, anil divides the distance pretty
eipially from New York to Albany. This pleas-
ant village received its name from Dr.Tohn Bard's
country residence, now in the possession of Dr
David Hosack, and this is the extent of my pre-
sent excursion. Landing at the dock on the pre-
mises, we were met by the Doctor's carriage and
conveyerl up a circuitous road about half a. mile
to the mansion. The approach is truly enchant-
ing, the house a jialace, the landscape a rural par-
adise, the respectable occupants distinguished for
the kindest hospitality. Hyde Park estate was
the country residence of Dr John Bard,* and it
was the scene of his latter days. After him his
son Dr Samuel Bard* erected a s])lendid liouse
and made considerable improvements, while his
son in law, Rev. Mr McNicker, erected a beauti-
ful dwelling in the finest style of an English cot-
tage.

*For a biographical sketch of the characters of thesa
excellent men see, American Medical Biography.

Vo). IX. — No. 10.

AND IIOIITICULTURAL JOURNAL

140

From both tliese elegant seats the eye sweeps j low Onions. The Piirsrjips and Beets were re-
over the noble Hnd.son, which is nearly a mile in | niarkubly straight and free from fibrous roots ; the

Kiita Bai;a the finest I ever saw, exce|)tiMg those
only raised from the seed of Cubbett, above men-
tioned. I have selected 46 of the handsomest

width, specUled at all times wiili the white spread -
iu"' canvas, or the more formidable Fnltoii steam-
ers. A richer prospect is not to be fouml, a more
varied and lascinatin;; view of pictnrcs<pie scene-
ry is scarcely to be inia;.'ined. The present pro-
prietor, Dr Uavid llosack, has since the year 1794,
been distingnished for assiduity and devotion to
the practical duties of his profession, and fidfilling
llie office of teacher in various branches of med-
city of New York

and largest of the Ruta Baga for seed, which
after they were divested of the leaves weighed
442 lbs. one of the largest weighed 16 lbs. I

The leaves are radical, weilge shaped, ;ind each
has at the eijd a biloped appendagi', surrounded
by bristles. It is in those lob.-s that the power of
moving resides. They can expaml and shut or fold
themselves. A kind of clammy exudation at-
tracts small flies and winged insects, who come to
sip it ; but no sooner have thry tickled the lobes by
their feet, than the lobes

, shut and entangle the

mention these facts in justice to you, and for the , fliee by their bristles, holding them fast, and never
benefit of those who are in want of seeds, that unfolding again until they are dead, and cease to
they may know where they can procure such irritate the leaves by their struggles to escape,
ical science in the city of New York. Many ol' as niny be depended upon. j The (lowers are" white, fm-niing a cluster of

his works have been republished in foreign conn- | Though not immediately connected with agri- Corymbus, upon a leafless stem: "hey have five
tries, and among the honors w hich he has receiv- culture, yet conclusive as to a fact highly interest- | pet,-ils and ten stamina ; therefore beloui; to Decan-
ed from the learned institutions of Europe, he has ing to it, whether the use of ardent spirits is ne- j dria, or the 10th class of Linnaeus. In a natural

ce.ssaiy for laborers, I avail myself of this opportu- [ arangement this plant is the type of tl

DlONIDIA.

hceii elected a fellow of the Royal Society of
London, and also of the Wernerian natural history
Society of Hdinhurgh. His more recent work,
the life of the late Governor Dewilt Clinton, with
an account of the origin and |)rogress of the great
Erie Canal, has been received as a splendid pro-
duction, justly delineating the character of his il-
lustrious friiuid, and redounding to the fiuie and :

honor of the author. Dr Hosack susiaincd the; Irish; that our labor was of the hardest kinil ami
ofiicc of president of the New York Historical most trying to the constitution, at least one third
Society for several years, and in May, lS24, was part of our men half leg deep in mud and water,
elected presiilent of the New York Horticultural ' digging drains ; that we slept on the ground with

mty t inform you that tli is past season from the
25th of July to the 25th of October I was con-
cerned i'l the execution of a contract for the mak-
uig of 19 miles of the U. S. Military Road be-
tween Bangor and lloulton ; that we had on an
average about 40 men employed, about one half
were our own countrymen, and the other half

family of

Societj'. He was the foimder and proprietor of
the Elfin Botainc G irden in 1301. the first and
best in the rniled States, which has been purchas-
ed by the Legislature of that State for the pur-
pose of coinpl ting a system of medical instruc-
tion. Although this eminent physician and phil-
osopher has exchanged his professional labors du-
ring the summer mouths for the delightful scenes
of rural and pastoral life, yet he retains a high
sense of the importance of medical science, and
the public is still to be benefited by his literarv la-
bors. He is woll qualified as a practical agricul-
turist and liorli<'ulturist, having devoted much at-
tention to the nature of soils and the [irinciples
of vegetalde lil'e when lecturing on botany and
georgics. F^'om tlie spirit displayed during the
short period of IS months in his system of iin-
provenietits, it may be predicted that as an agri-
culturist, he will become no less eminont than in
medical erudition.

lie rises early, and soon repairs to the point
where his ju-esence is most required, allowing
himself little relaxation either of mind or nmscle.
He never snflcrs his talent to be hid in a napkin,
nor his wealth hoarded under a raiser's key.

Please accept the respectful regards of your
humble servant. JAMES THACHER.

PlynwiUh, JVovsmber, 1830.

It has recieved the generic name of Dionia, which
was one of t!ie ancient names of Veims, and the
specific name of Mlscipula, means fly catcher.
Only one species is known, ami no varieties arc
afi^orded. It is thercfi)re an unique wonder.
I It may be considered as a true emblem of cau-
tion, teaching us to beware ofdcccitful attractions

and the concealed snares of the world. Ohio

Mil. Rep.

Opening of the Manchester and Liverpool Rail
Road. — According to our report, the speed of the
car was, while he observed the lime, at the rats
of 18 or 19 miles an hour; but he was assured by
Mr Stephenson that, when the interruption took
place, the rate was 24 miles an hour, and atone
time even 38 I

This is unquestionably one of the greatest tri-
umphs of Mechanical Science. It is the commence-

only a few boughs under us, a blanket over us,
with no other shelter than a camp, the roof of
which was so leaky that at'ter every rain we were
compelled to hang our blankets out to dry ; not-
withstanding this mi.xture of our own countrymen
and the Irish, who are thought not to accord, not
a cross word was spoken in our camp. Notwith-
standing the severity of the service to which we
were exposed, only equal to six days of one man
were lost by sickness, and both these facts are t» j ""-'"t o'"'* '"^^^ era in loco-motive. We may ex-
be attributed to the fact, that not one drop of any ! 1"==' ''"^ construction of rail-ways on all the roads

ardent spirit was brought into our camp. After
this, let no advocate of Rum say that it is neces-

wbere ihe dense population would render the spec-
ulation profitable. Already the shares of this coni-

FOR THE KEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Ma J. B. RrssELL —

Sir — In December last, I bought a lot of gar-
den seeds at your Store ; I then told you that you
should hear from me on their account, whether
satisfied or dissatisfied. I have now the pleasure
to inform you that, with the exception of a box of
seeds which I had several years ago, from those
sent out by Win Cobbett to this country, the seeds
from you were the best I ever had, and their pro-
duce has proved conclusively that they had been
raised from selected plants, and that care had bei n
taken to prevent a mixture of kinds. Among
others, I shoulil nieiuion as those which were pe-
culiarly excellent, the Ruta Baga, the Large Cape
Savoy and Low Dutch Cabbages, the Long Dutch
Parsnip, Blood Beet, and White Portugal and \'el-

sary to keep out the cold or to ward ofl'the eflfects P^">' "'"« "' " premium,which is the best proof of the
of exposure to dampness and wet. i general opinion as to the speculation.

We shall be at work on the same road next I Distant cities are now brought near to eacb
year from the first of June to the last of Septem- i °^^'^''- '^'''e ranuns call of the Poet to annihilate
bcr. We shall want as many hands as we had ^P'^ee and time, may almost be said to be realised,
the past season ; we will give them as much as they , Before a citizen of London could proceed in one of
want to eat, Coffee and Tea three times a day, '''"«e lumbering coaches which yet disgrace the
plenty of hard work, their cash when their work streets of the metropolis, the stroniihold of so many
is done, hut not one drop of Rum. Those who '"">ioi"''i''S 1° 'lie west end of the town, a Liver-
want to engage on these terms may apply to the [ P°"' merchant will have finished his journey to
subscriber at his camp on the Military Road be- ' "'^"'■''e*"er.
tween the Moluncus and ilie Fork of the Mattaw- ' The power of man over the material world

amkeag. CHARLES JARVIS.

Ellsworth, Me. .Yov. 16, 1830.

VENUS' FLY TRAP.

Botanic name, Dioniea Mustipula.
English name, Venus' Fly Trap.
French name, Altrape Mouchc.

This strange American flower is one of the
greatest wonders of tlie vegetable world. — There
are many plants showing evitable signs of irrita-
bility and spontaneous motions, but few that de-
coy and ensnare insects so completely by acts emu-
lating volition.

This wonderful plant is quite peculiar to Ameri-
ca, and even confined to a very small range. It
lias only been found wild in the swamps of North
Carolina, and seldom if ever out of that state. It
is much adnnrcd and prized in all gardens, being
rare, difficult, to procure, cultivate and propagate.
It must be kept in pots, always moist and surround-
ed by moss.

has been augmented within a few years in so ex-
traordinary a manner, invention having succeeded
rapidly to invention, that there has been generated
a dispositinn to believe that the elements may be
made available to man to a degree far beyond ny-
tliing of which we have experienced. Had rail-
roads along which carriages might proceed at the
rate of 36 miles an hour been hinted at to Swift,
he woiild certainly have deemed the speculation
adapted to Laputa. — Lon. Morn. Chron.

Enormous Bones. — The skeleton of an animal, of
prodigious size, was discovered about four weeks
since, at the Big B.me Lick in Kentucky. Wb
have the following paiticulais from a friend, who
received them from a gentleman who resiiles near
the Lick : —

There are ten or twelve sets of tusks, from 4 to
12 feet long ; the claws are 4 feet long 3 broad;
the tusks were arranged in a circular order, as if by
the liandsofman; within the circle the bones
were deposited, which, when placed together,

150

NF.W ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 26, 1S3(/.

that came in tlieli- way, still I conceived they
mijilit i-elish them more as a coniliment or meili-
cine than as (bid, till I was assnred hy a friend of

once

showed the animal to have been at least 25 feet
hi"h, and 60 feet long. The sknll bone alone

wpitrhed 400 pounds. Thev were found by a Mr , ■ ,, , ■

Finnevabon 14 feet below the surface of the tT^ine, long in command of a .h,,,, that he

eaX who had refused .^5,000 for them. The j U.tew of a pig ben^g losUor several weeks m a

skeleton s said to be complete, saving only one or vessel which he co.nntanded, and >t vvas at las

slveieion IS .a c found to have tumbled into the coal hole, and

'men and how this animal existed, nu,st baffle there lived all that period without a single tnorsel

all I cula ton. The ,nanut,oth himself, so long' of anything to feed on but coals ; on bcng drag-

tl e^^^nXr of hese latter tin.es, must dwindle into ged out it was found as phunp and lat as .ft had

com ara live insigtuficauce before this newly dis- been feasting on the most nn.r.fous food Anoth-

cove ed prodiW.' If carniverous. a buffido would er friend told me of a snmlar case winch came

scarce y serve him for a meal, and if granivorous under his observation ; and ahhough these may

trees must have been his tender herbage.— An(. int.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 1830.

LEAVES FOR MANURE.
In our last, we gave some remarks on this subject,
but the following in addition may, perhaps, piove
useful. We are assured that great use is made
of leaves for manure in some parts of Europe,
and that farmers pay for the privilege of gather-
ing them from public walks, shaded by trees, as
well as from forests. Oiu- excellent correspond-
ent J. M. G. of Weston, Mass., in a communica-
tion, published in the New England Farmer, vol.
vi. p'age 102, observed that 'the gathering of leaves
may be greatly accelerated by suitable arrange-
ments: a cart with ladders fore and aft, and long
slats of boards to go Ironi ladder to ladder to se-
cure the sides and stakes, is the best adajiied car-
riage. The leaves should be raked into small
heaps, a sheet of tow cloth two yards square,
should then be laid on the ground, and the small
heaps be rakeil into it ; when full a man ties the
corners of the sheet, and hands it to a boy, who
keeps on the cart and receives it ; he unties the
bundle and lets the contents go, and keeps treading
all the while ; inthisvvay a load is soon obtained ;
and to the above tackling, some little brush may
be added to ilie sides of the load to build it up,
and hold on the leaves. I have tried to use bas-
kets to load the leaves : but have found the above

be solitary instances, yet they serve to show the
wonderful facility which the stomachs of certain
animals possess of ada|iting their digestive powers
to such an extraordinary species of food, and
extracting wholesome nourishment therefrom.
When we consider coal, however, as a vegetable
production, containing the constituent principles
of fitt, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen our surprise
will decrease.'

Bishop's JVew Eartij Dwarf ProU/ic Pert.— Mr
Jude Kimball of Lyndon, Vt. has cultivated this
pea extensively the past summer. He considers it
a most valuable variety, being very prolific, of the
richest flavor, and continues in bearing a great
length of time; one vine 12 ins. high produced 108
pnds, two had 94 pods each, and many had from
50 to 70 pods each. — It seldom grows more than
10 to 14 inches in height, of course requires no
sticks. It is but a few days later than the Early
Washington Pea. It should be planted 2 or 3
inches a]iart in tlie rows, which its spreading habit
recpiire, and which answers better than when
sown closer ; hence it is obvious there will be a
great saving of seed, as a quart of this will go as
far as three quarts of other peas. It begins to blos-
som when three inches high. They should be
planted every fortnight for a constant succession,
and green peas may be obtained all the summer
and autuiim. From the nature of its growth, it
appears well calculated to withstand the great heat
of our summers.

Kuis lu i"u" >"- ■- Potatoes food for Horses. — To every 300 pounds

sheet to work easier and quicker, and in order to of potatoes, washed and steamed, is added half a

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, Noycmber 20, 1830.
F R TJ I T a .

Apples. — From Mr Manning, the Conway apple
and the Reinnctte d'Es]iagne. From Gen. New-
li.ill, of Lynnfietd, specniiens of yellow and red
a]>ple3.

Pcnrs. — A St Germain, weighing 12.^ oz., a fine
specimen from J. B. Joy, Esq. of Boston. ChaU'
mcmtelle, very fine, from Wm. Pratt, Esq. Both
of these fruits, and especially the former, however
perfectly fine and fair in cities and some highly
hivored situations near, are liable to blast notori-
ously in the vicinity of Boston. From Mr Down-
er, St Germains and the Chamnontelle of Cox, ■
and the Iron Pear, weighing 16 oz. Presumed
by the committee to be the ' Black Pear of Wor- i
ccsier,' of Langley's Pomona : also Winter Rons- I
selctte, of high niu-ky flavor, but dry. From Mr
Mamiing, Pears, name nidcnown, and the Spanish
Bon Chretien. From Wm. RolK'rt Prince, Esq,
of the Linnaean Botanic Garden, Prince's St Ger-
main, fine and well deserving of cultivation; also,
a small poar, in a state of decay received by him.
fruin a French Nursery, for the Vcrte longue d''
Automne, and not true; also Cohnar Souverain,
one of the new sorts of Van Mons, large and fine.
This fruit has been noticed in the report of a for^
mer meeting.

Quinces. — Mr Prince sent also for exhibitiotJ-
specimens of French apple-shaped Quince, and"
and the Coignassier commun of France, or com-
mon French Quince. WM. KENRICK.

FLOWERS.

Chrysanthemums, grown in the open ground^
from R. L. Emmons. Quilled Flame, Curled Li-
lac, Tasselled White, Golden Lotus, Large Lilac,
for ]n"emium, and the following sorts for exhihitiou
oidy. Changeable Buft', Paper White, Crimson,.
Pink, Lilac, aiid White, Semi-quilled White, Parks'
small Yellow, Golden Yellow. From Nathaniel
Davenport, Milton, the following Chrysantheirniras
for premium. Quilled Flame, Quilled Lilac,
Quilled White, Golden Yellow, Golden I,otus,
and Pink. A beautiful plant of Camellia Japoni-
ca, var. Double Striped, full of flowers and buds,
was also exhibited by Mr Davenport.

make it more durable, I have had a small rope
sowed round the edge of it, and let out about
eighteen inches at the corners, which make it easier
to tie, and secures the sheet from getting torn.
Such a sheet will cost about one dollar.

' In the use of leaves, hogs excel ; for whether as

a litter in the covered part of their stye,,or whether

thrown in moderate quantities in their yard, when

miry, they soon work them, and secure them from

the power of the wind ; when u.sed for littering

cattle it is absolutely needful to work them with

their dung. When the floor is cleared in the

morning, the dimg, tn-ine and leaves, should be

v.-ell worked and chopped iosether, with the shovel

before they arc thrown out on the heap ; if it is

not done, the wind will surely take hold, and dis-

a|)pointment ensue ; when so mixed, they will

soon dissolve in the ground, and seldom any trace

of them bo seen in the fall, when potatoes are

dug.'

Fattening Pigs on Coal. — Cunninghain, in his
Two Years in JVeio Soxilk Wales, relates, ' I had of-
ten heard it said among sailors that pigs would
fatten on coals, and though 1 had observed them
very fond of munching up the coals and cinders

pint of salt, and occasionally a small portion of
sulphur ; this quantity will more than supply a
horse kept at work constantly for six days.
Horses thus fed will perform with the greatest
ease, all the common labor of a farm, without hay
or oats. — English publication.

The Bunker Hill Aurora recommends a con-
vention of Military Officers, to devise measures for
relief in the |)resent Militia System. We doubt
if tliev wouUI do nuicb towards relieving the on-
erous hiu'dens o{ Privates, whose complaints have
generally been overlooked in the thousand and one
transformations of the militia system.

Two genllemen of Liverpool, England, have
subscribed liberally to the stock of the Virginia
Rail Road, from Petersburg to Roanoke.

Hi/drojihohia. — Three cases of the cure of this
formidable disease by friction with mercurial oint-
ment one of them at 40 days after the bite, when
slight symptoms of the disease, attended with
Spasm, liad become manifested, and described in
the Bib. Univ. Mars. 1830.

Mr Cook's Address is now ready for delivery to
members of the Society, at their Hall.

State Prison. — Thee are at present, 290 convicts in
the prison in thistown — who are confined in solitary cells
in the ni{;lit lime and dnrino; meals. The whole cost
of the new Prison — too;elher with a new chapel and,
cookery, erected the past year — is ,f31,0(IO,includiiig the
labor ot the convicts. The cost of the old prison, erected
in 1SIU-.5, was $170,000. This is now used principally
for a Warehouse. The new prison contains 300 cells. —
Charlestown Aurora.

(lj=The legislature of Vermont has repealed imprison-
ment for debt, except in cases of Iraud.

Qui tain suit. — George J. Willis, vs. H. F. Sanders
and L. Wilson, brought to recover a jienalty incurred
under tlie statute to prevent the making or setting up of
lotteries, v as tried before the county court of Miis county,
which closed their session last week. The Jury found
the respondents had incurred a penalty under ihe statute
equal to the amount of tlie scheme, and accordingly re-
turned a verdict for the complainant of $402,660. — Ver~
mont Gazette.

Bice was iolroduced into South Carolina in 1693 from
the Island of Madagascar. Thomas Smith went on board
of a British vessel which touched at Sullivan's Island on
licr nay to Engand'. He received a small bag of seed
from the Captain with directions for cultivating it, which
he distributed among his neighbors. We believe that the
culture of Rice in the Southern provinces v/as protected
by the British government as early as 1740.

Vol. IX. — .-In. 19.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

151

&5^.%^

Moms .Midlicaulis., or .\'cio Cliincst .Mulberry.

.\bout 50 young trees IVoiu 2 to
3 feet liigli, cJii be siipplied of this
most valuable variety, lately ia-
troiluced to France iVoiu the Phil-
lippine Islands, and Ibiiivl to sur-
pass all other kinds for silk worms.
Price jij:9 perdozeir.

Also 14 other varieties, the most
esteemed in France, Italy, ami
Turkey, for tlic silk cuUure, including the ISroitj lobed
leaved^ Large oval leaved. Count D.uidolo's celebrated
Fogiia dajj/iia and the Tartitrian. paiticularly esteemed
for its peculiarly hardy character, and which would prob-
ably support the winters of Lower Canada.

olio Madeira nut or I'crsian Walnut, 10 feet in hei;i;ht.

iXP' Orders received at the New England Seed Store,

No. 5'2 North .Market Street, Boston, by J. B.Russell.

Gru/ie lines, &;c.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market Street, an extensive assortment ol^Grape Vines,
of both American and European sorts at nursery prices,
compiasingall the standard varieties, now cultivated either
in the open air or tlie Green House.

.Vlso Vcllow Locust, Scarlet and Sugar Maple, Honey
Locust, Early Washington, Blue Impe"rial, and Bishop's
New Earljf Dwarf Prolific Peas, of this year's growth.

Patent Door Springs.

BurweH's superior article of Door Springs, on an entirely
new construction, wliich have been r.iost higlily approved
of V. i'.ertrer used, are now offered for sale by .1. R New-
ell, at the .-igricultural Warehouse, No. 51 and 52 North
Market Street.

N. B. Mr Sraallidge is now in the city and will per-
; Miiilly allei-d to the setting of them during the few days
i:i may teinain. Nov. 26.

Mf.ssachuseils Horticultural Soeieli/.
The members of the ILissachusetts Horticultural Soci-
ety, are requested to meet at the Exchange Coffee House
on Saturday,27th insf. at 10 o'clock, for the purpose of con-
sulting upon and adopting measures relative to the pro-
curing a suitable room for the future meetings of the So-
ciety. A general and punctual attendance is t»que3ted
ROBERT L. EMMO.\S,
Nov. 29. Recording Sccetnru.

Thanksgiving .Articles.

For Sale at the New England Seed Store No. 52 North
market Street, Prime Double and Single distilled i^.ose
Water and Peach Water from Downer's garden ; price of
the double distilled 50 cts per bottle — Single distilled 31 cts
Peach water 31 cts.

Also fresh Pulverized Sweet and Pot Herbs, from the
Shakers at Harvard, packed in tin caimisters, viz. Swcjt
Marjorum 37i cts. per cannister — Summer Savory 25 cts.
Thyme 33 cis.— Sage 17 cts. — Tomato Mustard 50 cts.
per bottle— Tomato Ketchup 33 cts.

Iniprored Vegetuhlc Steamers.

For Sale at the -Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North

Market Street, Boston, Improved Vegetable Steamers

; for cooking all kinds of vegetables, particularly Potatoes,

They aie of cast iron, of convenient size for every day

use, and it i; thought that any family who has once used

them, and no'.iced the superior manner in which Potatoes

are cooked in them, would consider them an indispensrsble

article — they are of two sizes, price of the smallest 75 cts,

larsest §1,12^ cts.

JV'iite Mustard Seed wanted.
The subscriber at the New England Seed Store, 52
N.or'.h .Market, Boston, is in want of White Mustard Seed,
of Jmerican growth, to be well cleaned, free from
must, dlit, or imperfect seed, for which he will pay 20
j per cent per l)inhel more than the wholesale marljet price
.for Europeoii While Mustard Seed. J. B. RUSSELL.
Farmers and .Mechanics
In the country, who are in want of good boys from the
city of various ages, as apprentices, are respectfully in-
formed that a register is kept at tlie New England Seed
Store, No 52 North Market Street, of the names, ages
and residences of such boys, of good character, (generally
oiphans o_r of poor pare'nts) which is furnished by the
ReT. Dr Tuckerman, general Missionary to the poor in
this city. Any information will be given gratis at the
Seed Store with regard to the boys, or letters can be ad-
4Tessed (post paid) to Rev. Dr Tuckerman, Boston.
3t. Nov. 26.

Silk Cocoons wanteds
Cash and a fair price will be given at the New England
Seed Store, No, 52 North Market Street, for about 20 lbs
of prime Silk Cocoons, to be delivered soon,

" 3t. Nov. -26.

Premium Butter.
The competitors for the premium intended to he
awarded on the 2d day of December n3.\t, are notified
i that the Committee have been obliged to postpone the
examination till FRIDAY tlie3d, in consequence of the
2d having bsen app.jin ted as a day of public Thanks-
giving in .Massachusetts.

Per order of tJie Cam mittee.
Nov 26. BENJ. GUILD.

Prince's Treatise on the Vine.
Just received at the New England Seed Store, No. .52
North -M irket Street,

A Treatise on the Vifie ; embracing its History from
the earliest ages to the present day, with descriptions of
above two hundred Foreign, and eighty .American varie-
ties ; together with a complete dissertation on the Estab-
lishment, Culture, and Management of Vineyards.
' Tiie Vine, too, here her curling tontlriU shoots.
Hangs out her clusters glowing to Ijie south.
.\nd scarcely wishes for a warmer sky.*

By Wm. Robert Prince, aided by Wm. Prince,
Propriefor of the Linnaan Botanic Garden. 1 voL octa-
vo, 355 pages. Price $1,50. Oct. 29.

PRICES OF COU.YTRY PRODUCE.

new,

.Yew England Farmer's .Almanac, for 1831.

Just published, and for sale by J. B. Russell, at his
Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, the New
E.VGLAND Farmer's Alma.nac, for 1831. By
Thomas G. Fessenden, Editor of the New England
Farmer. The Astronomical Calculations, by the Editor
of the Astronomical part of the .American Almanac.

This .Almanac contains the u<ual miscellaneous and
ajricultural articles— a list of the civil olficers of the
United States, with the Governors, Lieut. Governors, and
Judges of the United States, and the Governors of the
British Colonies — a chronicle of the most remarkable
events between .August, 1S29, and Sept. 1830— a com-
plete Calendar for each State in New England, includino-
the Probate Courts for New England— the Sun's declina^
tion, &c. The tides are particularly calculated. Amono-
the agricultural articles, are a description of Mr Phinney's
Improved Roller, with a drawing ; and a drawing and
description of an Improved Harrow, used on Capt. Daniel
Chandler's farm, in Lexington.

Price $6,00 per groce— G2i cts per dozen. Oct. 1.

Rees' Cijclopedia,

.American edition, revised, corrected, enlarged and
adapted to the LTnited States, in 47 volumes, qiiarto, in-
cluding a large atlas, and 5 volumes of plates. This val-
uable work, the labor of '20 years, is illustrated by eleren
hundred and fifty engravings, by the most distinguished
artists. (Theie are 43 plates upon agriculture alone, con-
taining 394 figures; upon Natural Historv, including
Botany, the number of p'ates exceeds 260.) The original
cost of this work in boar Is was .f47n, and will now be
sold in elegant Russia halt binding rfCi/ low, if applied for
soon. -Apply (post paid) at the office of the N. E. Farmer

Nov. 10, 1S30. 3t

AI'PLF.S.new,
ASHEri, pot, first sort,

Pearl, lirst sort;
BEANS, white,
BEEF, r.iess,

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, No. 2,
I'.UTTEK, iusppded, No. 1,
t.'HEE.Sh, new milk,

.Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,

FLUUU, lialtim('re,Itn\vard. street, -
Genesee,
Rye, best,
fiRAIN, Corn,
Kyc,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

H( ili'.S LARD, first sort, new,
illH'S, 1st quality,

i.i.Mi;,

I'l.AlSTER PARIS retails at

PORK, clear,

Navy mess.
Cargo, No. I,

SEEDS, Herd's Grass,
(Jrchard Grass,
Red Top (nortliem)
Lucerne,
Red Clover, (northern)

WOOL, ^lerino, ftjilhlood, washed, -
Merino, full blood, unwashed,
ftlerino, mixed with Saxonv,
ftlermo, three fourths waslibd,
Merino, half blood,
IVIerino, quarter.
Native, washed.
Pulled, La-nb's, lirs. sort.
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.

Pulled,

spiunnig, lirslsort.

1

1 ^■R0^

TO

barrc

.1 1 tt

1 50

ion.

117 Ot

120 00

125 01

127 60

'husht^l

yt

1 00

barrel

8 6C

y 00

n

7 Ot

7 60

I "

G 25

6 .50

pound

13

15

(•-

S

7

tt

3

4

n

1 12

1 50

'barrel

b 7.')

0 87

b C2

6 87

3 5ti

3 75

bushel.

Gl

G6

It

68

70

tt

.58

60

tt

36

38

cwt.

1 GO

70

cwl.

12 or

12 50

li

2 00

14 00

cask.

7l

75

ion.

12 75

3 00

barrel.

17 on

18 00

ti

12 bO

13 00

tt

tlb

13 75

bushel.

173

2 00

3 00

"

fi»

75

pound.

3.^

38

"

10

11

"

60

C2

"

30

35

It

6'J

67

ii

52

57

It

47

60

tc

37

40

"

3G

38

52

53

40

42
4o

Sheep for Sale.

On hand and for s,\le 20i)0 fine woolled sheep of vari-
ous grades from half to full blooded Merinos. Among
them are about 500 Wethers and fat Ewes. 1250 Stock
Ewes, (a desirable lot for persons wishing to obtain a
flock,) and 250 lambs. The above will be sold on ac-
commodating terms and in lots to suit purchasers on ap-
plication to the subscriber in Cummington, Hampshire
County, Mass. CYRUS FORD.

Cummington, J\''ov. 4, 1830. 3t,

Seeds for Country Dealers.
Traders in the country who may wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
furnished, at J. B, Russell's Seed Store, connected
with the New England Farmer, .52 North Market Street,
Boston, with boxes of various sizes and prices, from 10 to
JgoO, containing a complete assort.ment of the seeds
mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as
they can be procured in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up in small packages, ready for retailing, with
short directions on each package for its culture and
management — warranted to be of the growth of 1830,
and of the purest quality. Nov. 5.

PROVISION

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, liesli, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL, ^ '

.MUTTON,
POULTRY
aUTTE!{,kejandiub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
.MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail
POTATOES,
CIDER, taccording to qualiiv]

MARKET.

pound

7

•'

6

'*

6

"

6

"

4

"

TO

'*

12

''

13,

dozen.

IS

I'ushcl.

'<

20;

barrel.

] ool

7

S

8

U

16

20

20

70

SO

30

00

BosTOK yEGEr..BLE M..RKET.-Prices at Faneuil
Ha 1 Market-Cranbernes, 1,2;, ] ,50 per bushel-Potatoes,
raised in this vicinity) 20 to 30 cts. per bushel ; fEastern
Irom the coasters, 20 ,o 25 c.s,)-c'abbages, srV cL p™;
dozen— Cauliflowers, 6 to 19 cts, per head-Sweet Po-
tatoes, 75 per bushel-Chestnuts, 1.75 per bushe'-Shao--
barks, 1,50 per bushel-Onions, 1.25 per barrel_Wint?r
Crookneck Squashes, 1,00 per 100 lbs-Small Canada
Squashes LoO per 100 lbs,-French Turnips, 37i-
Carrots, oO cts.-Quinces, 2.00 per bushel. The market
IS also constantly well supplied with Radishes, Lettuces,
sc, though out of season.

Brighto.\ Market-

.Monday, JVov. 22.

.At market, this day, 3009 Cattle, 7270 Sheep, and 90
Swine.

Prices.— Beef Cattle from $3 25 to 4 37* ; a few ex-
tra Cattle were taken at 4 50.

Barrelling Cattle dull; very few sales effected; the
barreljjrs have had as many as they could conveniently
turn their hands to of late, and appcirto have already pur-
chased nearly or quite their supply: lots were offered at
the former prices, but refused — a' falling off of nearly 17
cts. the hundred, say for Mess S,33a3,42; No. 1.2 84 a
2 92.

Sheep. — Sales not so quick as usual, probably in conse-
quence of the weather, and we were of opinion that former
prices were hardly supported : we noticed one lot of several
hundred taken at 1,00; also lots at 1,25, 1,33, and 1,37J ; a
lot of about 800 at 1,40; lots at 1,50, 1,62, 1,88, and 2,00 ;
and one lot of 80 wethers at 2,50.

Swine.— Scarce, and in better demand than barrelling
cattle; buyers arenotyet fully supplied; a .small advance
was effected on those retailed, say 4i for Sows, and 5J («
Barrows, — Patriot.

152

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Nov. 26, 1830.

THE COTTAGE CONTRAST.

Nulla esl siiicera voluptaa
Solicitumque aliquid Istia iulervenit.

Had I the least of little farms,

A chatty wife to bless luy arms,

A chubby child to fri-k and play,

To sleep all nioht ami romp all day,

A snug thacthed house, though small, yet warm,

A dog to hark in case of harm,

A sturdy horse, a good fat cow,

The last to miU, tiie tirst to plough,

A fine I'at pig, a pleasing book.

An honest friend, a babbling brook,

A distant chuich its chimes to ring,

A neighboring wood for birds to sing,

A ganlen gay, a swarm of bees,

A dabbling duck, some gabbling geese,

A cackling hen, a crowing cock,

A cask of ale, a kitchen clock, —

Had I but these, then, free fioni cares,

I'd laugh, and sing, and say my prayers ;

Happy to live, content to die,

^\~hat prince more truly blest tlian I ?

Then grant, kind Fortune, if you please,
I may be gratitied with tliese ;
Mao wants but little more, 1 guess,
Nor should he be content with less.
Unhappy man ! 't is s.id to see
Thy various turns of destiny !
'Twixt good and ill forever lost,
From pleasure still to misery tost;
Through life's dark Wilderness we grope,
Depressed by fear, revived by hope ;
Still poring o'er the text we look.
Till Death steps in and shuts the book.
Thrice blest, indeed, had mortals been,
If friends forever might remain ;
If kindred kind and parents dear
Did multiply from year to year ;
The old remain the young increase.
In circling harmony and peace.

The lots of man two pitchers fill;
One holds the good, and one the ill.
No mortal yet could ever drain
The cup of pleasure free from pain;
Nor ever pain fill up the measure
'^Vithout some corre-pomling pleasure —
The wi-cst seem conlcht to quaff
A mixture fair of half and half.

As precious gems, opaque and daik.
Condensed retain their native spark.
Till science points the artful way
To liberate the slumb'ring ray.
Then, sparkling o'er some sordid foil.
Its beaming splendors gaily smile ;
So to comparison we owe
One half our sense of weal and wo.
Thus sun and rain, thus hopes and fears,
Alternate fill 'he circling years;
Thus youth and age, thus strength, disease.
With smiles and tears, and toils and ease
Together mixed, conjbine, compound.
Connect and fill the mortal round;
And on their systematic strife
Depends the balanced beam of life.
<ontent and health, two standing dishes.
Compose the best of human wishes.
This happy medium understood
Leads in its train each earthly good ;
For sweet content, wheree'er she goes,
Brings peace of mind and sound repose.
And hfalth attends on every station.
With exercise and moderation ;
And blest are those that early find
This equal balance of the mind,
Nor high, nor low, nor rich, nor poor,
In worth and innocence secure !

But wit, 't is said when best is brief:
'T is very true — so turn the leaf.

Now wo '11 proceed the scene to vary.
To view niy life when quite contrary.

My barking dog begins to bile ;
My chubby child cries all the night ;
My sturdy horse has got the glanders ;
The fox devours my geese and ganders ;
My fine fat pig has got the measles ;
My hens are worried by the weasles ;
The ducks destroy my gar !en seeds,
And all my flowers are choked with weeds ;

My cackling cock forgets to crow ;
My kitchen clock forgets to go ;
Incessant rains drown all my wheat ;
Mj honest friend turns out a cheat;
My chatty wife begins to rail ;
The thunder sours my cask of ale ;
My cow, unconscious, gravely stalks

And along my gravel walks ;

My pig. to scratch his measly rump.
Mistakes my beehive for a stump.
And when the indignant realm rebels,

Continues in their cells ;

The jarring screaujs of birds attest
Some truant schoolboy lohs their nest;
My distant chimes nocturnal toll
A requiem to some rustic soul ;
My snug thatched house, oh ! sad to tell,
Instead of home, is grown a hell ;
And discord dire and worse alarms
Assail the worst of wretched farms.
Despair ensues, and mental ease
And health give place to slow disease ;
Condemned to live, afraid to die.
What mortal half so cursed as 1 !

Like learned jud^e, w'ith serious face.
The nior'al now sums up the case.
And calls on wisdom to decide
From counsel heard on either side.
Wisdonr attends, but first with awe
Adjusts his \vig, then gives the law ;

Let Reason early take the rein,
And over Sense its sway nraintain ;
For, if too close your joys you cluster,
Vou 'II find they 'II lose their wonted lustre.
Leaving behind the sad remains
Of galling grief and endless pains. R. T.

Columbian C'entine!.

'THE WAlUiV THE JERSEYS.'

From various accounts it appetirs -that tlie
warfare between the friends and foes of distilled
spirits is carried on in a spirited manner in New
Jersey. One light skirmish is reported of rather
an amusing chai-acter. Several kniglits of tlie
[runclieoi: who liad been annoyed by a cold water
company, conceived the design of making tlieir
favorite beverage the weapon of its own defence.
Thinking the artillery as irresistible by otlieis as
by themselves, they actually invailed tire dwelling
of one of their principal tiiuagouists, a clergyman,
with a barrel of rum. This ])iece of ordnance
was jilantcd in the front of the door, and a depu-
tation sent ill for Iris surrenrler. A barrel of rum,
they thought, was certainly a present, which even
a preacher of riglrteousiiess and teniperauce could
not refuse. In tiris they were not deceived. It
was most politely rrccepted, and with many tlianks.
The deputation eyed each other with significant
gratulaiion. The fm-trcss was gained. But, alns!
the triumph of the wicked is short. What was
tlieir astonishment when the clergyman continued,
' Here, Thomas, bring the axe.' 'Twas a word
and a bhiw. In went the barrel heail, and out
gushed tlie rtuii. The victory was on the otlier
side, and tlie clergyman declared liis door-yard a
depository for all the rum in the country, free of
storage, and axes furnished to boot. Spirit of
Monmouth tind Trenton ! If the Jerseymen go
on at this rate tlie victory will he their.s, without
blood shell, though not without rum slieil ; and
though 'distilled spirits shoiilil be' iioured on to
'the laud' instead of being ' banished from it,' we
are not certain that we should find fault with this
mode of warfare if the soil does not suffer. —
Genius of Temperance.

For Sale,

The well known FARM in Dover, occupied for the last j
fourteen years by the subscriber, contairring about 20£> '
acres, well located in a square, bounded on tlie south by
Cochecho r-iver, and on the east by Fresh creek, on which
is a tide mill, with an apparatus for pounding and grinding
plaster. The Buildings consist of a large tw o story Brick
House, of 40 feet by 38, with awing of 20 by 16, all well
hrrished, adjoined to which is a shed 34 feel by 14, con-
necting the cider house 27 by 37, two stories, with one
])lastered room, where all the spinning and weaving is
done lor the family ; two Barns, one of which is 100 feet
by 42, witli two wings of about 4U feet each, one employ-
ed as a stable, the other tor a sbeepfold, wilh a good yard
well walled in; the other is a Store Barn of 4.5 feet square,
of 16 feet post, and will contain 60 tons of hay ; a pig-
gery of 50 feet by 30, with a cellar of IS feet -square un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook for
swine. The fielils are divided by permanent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 acres in front of the house, one
of 17 on the East, one of 10 acres on the North, (princi-
p.illy orchard,) one of 15 Northeast, and one of 30 acres
West of the house, with three pastures of 20 to 25 acres
each.

The Farm has been gradually improving for the last
ten years, and the two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 25 tons of thatch. It is one
and a half miles houi the village of Do\er-, which altbrds
a trood market. There has been planted some hundreds
of Fruit Trees, principally Apple, many of which are
gii'.fted — with Pears, Clrerr'V, Hum, Peach and Quince
trees, and many in bearing, with a small nursery.

The terms of sale nray be known by applying to Major
Andrew Pierce, of Dover, Mr S.\muel Lord, of
Portsmouth, or the subscriberon the premises.

.Uine 11. WILLIAM FLAGG.

Mw ll'ork on Farriery.

.'ust received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
wiih the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

Trie Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
acciilents to which the Hoi'se is liable ; the causes and
syiiiptums of each, and the most improved remedies ero-
ployt'd lor the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
.*shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Gr-oom, how to acquire!
knowledge in the art of Farriei'y, and the prevention rfj
Diseases. Preceiled by a popular description of the sn*
rrrrl functions in health, and showing the principles oij
which these ar'C to be restored wbi'n disoider-ed. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With consincrable addition^
and impiovements, particularly adapted to this country
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Membeil
of the Lonrlon \'etei*inary Medical Society. Price $1,251

Culture of Silk.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street — ,

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of reor,
dering it a source of individual and national wealth ; witll*
Directions to Fanners for raising Silk Worms — By John
D'Homergue, Silk ManufacLurer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau— Price 63i cents.

Also, Directions for the Rear'ing of Silk Wor'ms, and
the Culture of the White Mulberry Tree. Published byi
the Pennsylvania Socipty associated for the Promotion
of those objects, (.in excellent, plain, practical work.)-
Price 2.5 cents.

If 'anted

In a Book and Job Printing Office, in Boston, fwo-i
Appi'enlices. Those tVom the coitntr-y would be pr-eferred.
Apply to JNIr J. li. Rirssell, at the New Eirg land Seed
Store, No. 52 North M.rrket Sirtet. Oct. 29. '

Perfection. — To arrive at perfection, a man
should liave very sincere friends, or inveterate
enemies ; because lie would be made sensible of
his good or ill conduct, either by the censures of
the one, or the admonitions of the other.

rubliirlied every I riday, .''t J?5 f cr ajinrim. | a\rLie at the,
nnd of the year-bat those who pay within sixty days fronith«'
time ofsirb-'^cribing, are entitlerl to a deductiorr irf iifty cents.

(Jj^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being rnrrde in advance.

Printed for J. B. RussKLL,byI. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions oi" Printing can be executed to meet tbs
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.^
RussF.i.i., at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 Nortlt
Market Street. ' ,'

AGENTS.

New York — G. TiionBCRN & Sons, 67 Liberty-street.

Plii!aJeljihia—'\>. 6l C L.\Nr»KETH. S3 Chcslnui-slreet.

Badimore — G. B. SMITH, Ollice ollhe American Farmer.

y4.'/iijnv— Hon. Jksse Buel.

Flushing, N. Y. W»i. PrriNCE & SoNS,Prop. Lin. Bot.GardM

Hartford — Goodwin & Sons.

Nai'huryporl , ErjKNEZKR STEuraAN, Bookseller.

llalU'u.i',ti. S. — F. J. Holland, Ksq. Recorder Office.

Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Boo.k.««iller,

]yEW EJVGLAIVD FARMER.

^f^fLISHEDJY^^B^^RUSSEI^^ AT NQ. 52^NORTH MARKET STR^t;

TOL. IX.

BOSTON,

^_^Z^'^^±^^i.rvZ^:^:^uovsr.^-T. G. FESSEND^:^:^E5rT^

IT The following interesting communicatioQ is from
an intelligent gentleman in Ohio, from whose pen we
hope frequently to receive assistance.

Poland, Trumbull County, Oliio, Nov. lOth, 1830.
Thom.^s G. Fessenden Esq.

Sir— A few days since I acciflentallv met with
several volumes of the New EiiglamI Fanner, with
winch I was so much pleasoii, tliat I wish to be-
come a suhscriber. I have enclosed a three dol-
lar hill, which you will place to my credit, and if
It be in your power to send me all the back num-
bers, will commence my subscription with the be-
ginning of the 9th volume.

The information, contained in your puhhcation
on the subject of the diseases of fruit trees, is be-
commg highly important in this section of the
country. For a number of yeans, after its first
settlement, the late spring-frosts frequently des-
troyed the young fruit, but the trees remained

FRIDAY, DEC EMBER 3, 1830

fu^e chips and damp shavings, which were renew- 1 Oil of Sun fJowrr. U U. ii- —=

ed, so as to keep up a constant smoke, for a week spoken of b^i to on • L ^V"''"''' ''^'"' "^^^
or more, till all the insects disappeared. No oth- been so s,icces-fMr ^"'''''^"^"''' "" «'"' •'-■- yet
er cause could he assigned why Ibis tree ma.ure.l Lialitv as M B n! yT'^^V "' ''" «"'
."ore than a bushel of fruit, while those contigu- .some npro ^men • hi V " "" " "''''"'^ ">
ou.sto,t, entirely failed, though they blossomed we belie e for own ', ^''] '"''"'^'^' ""J
and set equally full. desho nf.V fi, i'"^'' """^ "°' from any

The bhght appeared in this country ,,„^r^-:i'.<""^ '-«'•''- .-tented. ^

twelve years since, and having destroved'most of
the pear trees, is now showing itself in the Quince
bush, the cultivated Apple tree, and in a few in-
stances in the thorn and native crab Apple. Its
origin IS imputed to as many different causes, by
tlie people in this vicinity, as it is by the corres-

The uses of this oil are various. Mr Barnit^
."forms us that he has tried many e.xperi , "r o
ascertain to what purposes it may' be 1 'ed
For paintmg, u answers as well as Linseed o for
J"rmng, ,t is equal to the best winter stiai'ned
Sperm ; and for culinary purposes it is prono ed
qwrte as agreeable as the Olive oil. We have, it

It to be the effect of too high cultivation and over-
hearing of fruit, I would state, that I have lo.st a
luimber of fine young pear trees in a moderately
rich soil, some of which were seedlings and others

i.eahhy,and exempt fi-om the dcp;;d;t^ :^r ^=^ d^brlrh l"^''" ^^f ""f r"' "'"''^ '"'"'''' ^^^-a iiii/T^^i^ „ir '' W^
fects. More recently, as the forests have become t^sucl'ir^^ and ourselves seen it buinin.. at Mr B : . .

:leared up, no inconvenience is feh fn. „ ITrf"" 1° '?,'\."' '^'^''^.^''^ " '° ""^ " ^'"-oke of the sun, I nuicb pleased wi,h ,h ' .Tm!l.^'^'^;r' ,'"''

fects.

leared up, no inconvenience is felt from the frosto
lut ilie curcidio, rose-bug, and bligbt have ap-
>eared, and are far more injurious.

Tiie cuiculio has destroyed most of the plums
ar ilie last ten years ; and attacked the apples and
larcUo cherries for the first time, during the last
M^on.

lu the month of July, I visited the beautiful
irl.'iiient ot Mr Rapp, at Economy, on the bank of
le Ohio, 14 miles below Pittsburg, and was hi"h

„ ■■= ■s-'iuiieii ill u:

for lights, as of coal for fires; beside which, any new
a tide, except it he a ne,o face, is always receivd

e.xcited, before a lair trial is given. We have

would observe that many trees first showed the
disease three years since, during a long period of
cloudy weather, when the sun did not shine lor
more than a week.

If like causes produce like effects, why did not
'verheaiing of fruit, too high cultivation, or the
• -nression of the sun destroy fruit trees m for-
nier times ?

-cMeased with the bt^liancya,;ddearner^

It answers as a cathartic when taken in sufli'

cieiit quantities, and from the hull or husks of he

eed It IS said a good ink may be prepared, wl e

n::r;;::^fi:f^^"''^''^'-''''=^^''^""-«^^'!!e

The rultur. and ma.mfacture of ibis truly valu

The largest pear tree with which I am acquaint, ve!: wllhi 7 Sisu'^IZ^/"""' ' ''' ^^ '^
111 the st.nfo ^f fii,:„ ;, .1 ... . . I - ""o ^" immsii inturmation to any gentle-
On an acre

, . , " ' ".^'^ * rtiii tiuuuajlll- VCI V VV 1 inir to tllrilis 1 inf",. .........

gratified to see his num^r^^rPh^^^d ^un:! h f dLm f ^'^"^ f- ''''"'' " ^''"" ^'^'"^'=" i-hes man who i^ dispo e t> ^ ~ " ^^'^^ S-«'-

^es loaded with fruit, uninjured by t in "t „tZa ' Tt" " ^'™""'f !" "" '=°""'^ "' Co lof good land, alfont 60 to 70 i i 's of t"! ""'

.0 senior Mr Rapp informed me, that while lis " icart' lo. 'V"'™""''=' ^"'' ^''°"' ''^ 'H '^'^ '•^'^^'^''' -'-'--vorth aho t 60 «" , ' Tf
r^ ,vp,-o ;„ 1,1 I,:, __..,. , . ^ ^'='" <^ait loads of Stone, amonsr which tl,PP;nrl„...-Tl,„ =.;„„i„ i._ ,_, . /'o''. ou cts. per bushel.

licscmorMr Rapp informed me, that while his
- were m bloom, his gardener placed around
'- body of them, a few inches above the
nun.l, two pieces of boards, of suitable size, say
^; inches by twelve, out of which, a semi-circu"-
I- p.jrtion had been cut, so that when fitted to-
ilier, around the tree, they would completely

. . -'■^"-' '"111 iiuiii si.\ to uc raiscti

eight cart loads of stone, among which the cinders The single' hi^ded ^IZ^kZ" r,"'' ""' '""'"'
from a blacksmith's shop have been thrown for the I ductive." It is c d, -at 1 r i" ' n"^' '"'"' '"•°-
^st ten years. The tree is very productive, and 'any one who will wlm^a iCtt '^nS ^^^

^■est the body. These were confined together readv^ '""". ', "'')'?"""'"' '""^ "" "'^^
t«-o narrow battens, secured with sere vs 1 ,,!' '""^l diseased but wMouf a favorable effect.

free from the blight, while those in that vicinity
have died. Its owner a German, considers it's
preservation owing to the stones an.l cinders.
I have seen the ex|)eriment tried on tree's a

. - •■• uia Liiiiiiie a, will

.t once learn the capabilities of his soil and til
mode of culture. ^

t«-o narrow battens, secured with screws, oth The Rose R ""'"" ' '"'""''

Jer surface. On tl,P Mnr,o,. .„..r„„„ _ ::.__., . ^'"^ Rose Bug was a stranger to

Jer surface. On the uppe; smia;;;';!;;^! the^:::.^:^:" ^ "^^"^^^ " '"" P- of '^^ ^^"'h n;:rta:: rSl^^^^^^
annel was cut, half an inch deep, and one inch T,hZ^^ T ^''''"'' ""''^' ^'"^ ' '"^"^^^'s ' 7 °^ '"' '""""'y ^^''''^<^ '^>^^> >!'e ravages of wir

le,.oasto surround the tree The ioims he "V ,'"','"' "''"' ^"'-"' '''" ''■''' of this, ^ «"d still more perhaps by the idle ,ik1 !ni Ihl
=en the two hoards, where eroded i; tic .at I^'^,'; ^Jn '"■' '":"""]' " ""^ ^^^'' '" "^ ' '/l'^""^" ''"' '^"^^'' from the, ' G • ' J
. ^v.•re closed with putty, and any vacancies be- on it dh '•■""'' T ''■'""' ""^ '''^^ '"''- 1 ^"''-""'"S"^' """^ ^^ ""^ yo""? Greeks, who "h ^
- "^■- •-— ■- ' ■ ■ - -on, itdnected its attacks principally upon the P'-'^^^d acour.se of agricultural studies it h!

sassafras and the rose. 1 mstitution of Roville in France, has relu^red to his

Ihe Bee Moth was unknown here, except by '^°""try, in order to devote his knowledge nerfJ
report until the last summer, when it began its "^^ by the management of a large a.^riculM rai p,
depredations upon the late and weak swarms, and ''-^l^'isl'ment which had been confided to him i^^
destroyed many of them. rn,-=;„„ .„ .,,. , . „ .. """ m

Very respectfully yours.

JARED P. KIRTLAND.

the hoards and the tree carefully stopped

!. clay mortar. The circular chann'el is then

•<■ with tar, and presents an effectual barrier to

iJi ogress of the insects. .Some attention isre-

q id, to see that the tar does not leak out or be-

c le hardened.

^ V few of the insects, notwithstanding this pre-

1. will find means to pass, and will injure

1 the fruit which will drop prematurely

' - 1^ immediately picked up and committed to

■' iin.'.

plum tree, belonging to one of ray neighbors,
Muced a great abundance of fine iVuit this sea-
» He informed me that for several years, all
11 .hirns dropped before they ripened ; that last
pig, being confined to his home, by ill health,
K ally watched their progress, and when about
^^'^^e of a pea, he discovered an insect in the

lc.°f Ji!-Tu"'1,°m''*™' '^'^ selected one tree, M^- ^.iruiiz, £.sq. has rendered himself prominent tinn^rn " .7- •;i'-"^'= ^" ""-- micccssiui cultiva
r which he budt a fire, with a quantity of re- by his suecess in the culture and expresi on of the Z ^ '" '""^ ''''""' ^'"' ''""^^" "'lood.

p 01 mo But many years must still elapse before this desira.

, Corsica, to the benefit of his country. He em-

I barked with a considerable provision of implements,

■ seeds &c, supplied by the committee at Paris Ca-

_ jpoDIstna l.a.s placed at his dispo.sal a national

SUN-FLOWER SEED OIL. I °TT ^^'".'''«'''' 'f '"''" ""= ^■'"^'""^ °'' Oal'".-."ara,

It has been often said, and truly too, that ■ this ' not of '"'"'^ ," ^'^'^ "''"'■'f^'Tyrinthus, for the pur-
country has a resource for everythiL, vitll he n. cT ''"'• "'" ^'''' '''' ^^'" ^e the
self' Our territory exposes some siu'fa e to evei' io of a ""'" "T"^"'" "'"' '"'"' '^e orea-
chmate, and those loreign productions which wT "s -urn" "'"?' '"^ ''" ''''^°^^ ^Y
have not already succeded in acclimating, our cTt! I ^e ive ""f "°''" ,'" l^'"' '"°""""^- ^'°'P'''' °^
izens are daily and successfully e.xercisin. tleiL' ,io ,Tf l|'"f" ""'"'l ''"''"'"'"'^ '° ''"= "'«'""-
selves in finding substitutes for I °^ 1 alaiologue. It must become a focus of

1" tl"s pursuit, our enterprising citizen, Charles ^Ife know pH. "'" .'^.'^"•'^"'o throughout Greece
A. Barnitz, Esq. has rendered himself pomine, io 1 17 oif r"""' '" '',' '"'"'''^"' •="'"-
by his suecess in the culture and exore.s.in Jll ^ 5_!.""' '"^""^ '^^'^'•"l ^i"' ''"".an blood.>

We object cun be comi-leted. Europe, m deliver-
in^ Greece has not iinisl.eJ its work. Ennche.1
bV the arts of peace, is it not our duty to devote
uportiou ofwltat they have funiisbed us to eu.ble
our brethren of the cast to enjoy its benefits .-—
Rev. Enajc. Mars. 1830.

From the Wcsleyaa Methodist Magazine.

OBSERVATIO.NS ON

OF THE

PROGNOSTIC AT10.-«S
WEATHER.

Bii the Rev. Mam Clarke, L. L. D. F. A. S.
From niv earliest childhood I was bred up on
a little fariii, which I was taught to care for, and
cultivate ever since 1 was able to spring the ratt.e,
use the whip, rnai;age the sickle, or liandle the
<pade- and as I found that much ot our success
depended on a pro]ier knowledge and numagc.neut
of the weather, I was led to study it ever suice I
was ei"ht years of age. I believe Mekorology is a
nahind science, and one of the first that is stuuied ;
and that every child in the country makes, un-
tau'dit, some progress in it: at least so it was with
me." I had actually learned, by silent observation,
to form "ood conjectures concerning the coming
weather, and, on tliishead, to teach wisdom among
those who were iicrfect, especially among such
as had not been obliged like me to watch carncst-
Iv that what was so necessary to the favnbj sup-
port, should not be spoiled- by the weather before
it was housed.— Many a time, even in tender
youth, have I watched the heavens with an.xicty,
examined the different appearances of the moni-
in.' and evening sun, the phases of the moon, the
schitiilation of the stars, the course and color of
tbe clouds, the flight of the crow and the swallow,
the crambols of the colt, the fluttering of the ducks,
aiurthe loud screams of the scamew— not forget-
ting even the hue ami croaking of the frog. From
tlie°Uttie knowledge I had derived from close ob-
servation, I often ventured to direct our agricul-
tural oi.erations in reforence to the coming days,
and was seldom much mistaken in my reckonaig.
When I thought I had a pretty good stock of
knowledge and experience in this way, I ventured
to give counsel to my neighbors. For my kind-

r^EW ENGLAND FAIl.MER,_

may insert it in the Magazine, as it has hitherto
been confined generally to a few Almanacs.
A T AB1.E for foreldling the ivcather through all the
Lunations of each year forever.
This table and the accompanying remarks, are
the result of many years actual observation ; the
whole being constructed on a due consideration
of the attraction of the sun and inoon in their
several iiositions respecting the earth ; and will,
by simple inspection, show the observer what
kind of weather will most probably follow the
entrance of the moon into any of its quarters, and
that so near the truth as to be seldom or never
found to fail.

Dec. 3, 1830.

If the New Moon— the First Quarter— the Full
Moon— or the last quarter happens.

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OBSERVATIONS.

1. The nearer the time of the Moon's Change,
First Quarter, Full and Last Quarter, are to Mid-
night, tlie fairer will the weather be during the

to give counsel iw iiijf ..^.^.."-.^- , ..Mutii,

nes=i or Tierhaps officionsness on this head, I met seven days following.

one^'day with a mortifying rebuiT._ I was about | 2. The space for this calculation occupies from

ten years of age ; it was harvest tiine,^and what
sort of a day tomorrow would be,' was the sub-
ject of conversation. To a very intelligent geu-
"tleman who was lu-esent, I stated in opposition to
his own opinion, ' Mr P. lo morrow will be a/oii/

^„,,' To which he answered, 'Adam, how can

you tell ?' I answcrc.l, without giving the nil." on
uhich my proguostication was founded, 'O Sir, I

ten at night till two next morning.

3. Th'e nearer to Mid-day, or Noon, the phases
of the Jloon happen, the more foul or wet weath-
er may be expected during the next seven days.

4. The space for this calculation occupies from
tcninthefcrcnoontotwoiu the aftenioon. These
observations refer i)iiucipally to Summer, though
they affect Spring and Autumn nearly in the same

luiow it will be so.' ' You know ! how should riitio.

vou know " ' Why, Sir,' I [deasantly replied, ' be- , 5. The Moon's Change,_First Quarter,-!- ull,
cti-se I am u'eakmcisc' 'Yes,' said he, ' or _and Last Quarter, happening during six of the
" - ■ .... I ^ftg,noon Ijoui-s, i. e. from four to ten, may be fol-

otheriinse.' The next day, however, proved that
my augury was well drawn.

About twenty years ago, a Table, purporting to
bo the work of the late Dr Heicshel, was various-
Iv pubhshed, professing to form prognostics of

lowed by fair weather ; but this is mostly depen-
dent on the wind, as it is noted in the Table.

6. Though the weather, from a variety of irreg-
ular causes^ is more uncertain in the latter part

ly pubhshed, professing to form P'-S -. ^ ^ Aim: the whole of Winter, and the begin-

''' r oniS^i^iirTie^a SG^;^;i£ nh ^of SpHng ; yet, in the main the above obser-
Sblef sTeaU.

its general accuracy :— for though long, as you
have seen, engaged in the study of the weather,
I never thought that any rules could be devised
liable to so few exceptions. I have made a little
alteration in the arrangements, illustrated it will

7. To iirogiiosticate correctly, especially in
those cases where tbeu'ind is concerned, the obser-
ver should be within sight of a good vane, where
the four cardinal points of the heavens are correct-
ly placed. With this precaution he will scarcely

I

It is said that the late Dr Darwin, having made
ail apiiointment to take a country jaunt with some
friends on the ensuing day, but iierceiving that the
weather would be unfavorable, sent as an excuse
for not keeping his promise, a poetical epistle con-
taining an emimeration of most o( the signs of ap-
proaching ill weather.— I have enlarged these by
adding several new ones, and remodelling others;
and subjoin it as very useful, and a thing easy to
bo remembered.

SIGNS OF approaching FOUL WEATHER.

The hollow ivinds begin to blow ;
The clouds look black, the glass is low ;
The soot falls down, the spaniels sleep ;
And spiders from their cobiceis peep.
Last night the sun went pale to lied ;
The moon in halos hid her head.
The boding shepherd heaves a sigh,
For see, a rainbow spans the sky.
The walls are damp, tlie ditches smell.
Closed is the pink eyed piinpcrnell.
Hark ! how the chairs and tables crack,
Old Betty's joints are on the rack :
Her corns with shooting pains torment her,
And to her bed untimely sent her.
Loud quack the ducks, the sea fowl cry.
The distant hills are looking nigh.
How restless are the snorting swine !
The busy flics disturb the kitie.
Low o'er the grass the swallow wings.
The cricket too, liow sharp he sings .'
Puss on the hearth, with velcet paws,
Sits wiping o'er her ichiskeredjaws.
The smoke from chimneys right ascends;
Then spreading, back to earth it bends.
The wind unsteady veers aroimd.
Or settling in the South is found.
Through the clear stream {\ie fishes rise.
And nimbly catch the incautious JJiCS.
The gloiv worms, numerous, clear and bright.
Illumed the dewy hill last night.
At dusk the squalid toad was seen,
LiliC quadruped, stalk o'er the green.
The whirling ivind the dust obeys,
And in the rapid eddy plays.
The frog has changed his yellow vest,
And in a russet coat is dressed.
The sky is green, the air is still ;
The mellow blackbird's voice is shrill. |

The dog, so aUered is his taste,
Quits mutton bones, on grass lo feast.
Behold the rooks, how odd their flight, '

They imitate the gliding kite.
And svem precipitate to fall,
As if they felt the piercing ball.
The tender colts on back do lie.
Nor heed the traveller passing by.
In fiery red the sun doth rise.
Then M-aJes through clouds to mount the skies.
'Twill surely rain, we see't with sorrow,
No working in the fields tomorrow.
Hoping tliat this paper will be of some use to :if
country readers, I am, dear sir, yours truly,

ADAM CLARK

•ilrpr.ntiou in the arrangements, iiiusiiaieu u "lui ■.; i-—. , . , ,• .i rr„i,io

furtLerTervatious, a'ud liav'c sent it that you I ever be deceived m depending on the Table.

Preservation of iron from rust.— A mastic or ■ »
enng for this purpose proposed by M. Zemi n
sanctioned by the Societe'd' Encouragement, s
follows: eighty parts of pounded brick, pail
through a Silk Sieve, are mixed with 20 pario
htharge; the whole is then rubbed up by l"-
muller with linseed oil so as to form a thick fi'i

a

Vol. IX.— No. 20.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

1

'i:j

which may be dihited with Spirit of turpentine ;
before it is apfilied the iron should be well cleaned.
From an experience of two ycai-s, upon locks
osposed to the air, and watered daily with Salt
water, after being covered with two coats of this
mastic, the good ofl'ectsofit have been thoroughly
proved.— BuH. d'Encour. Jan. 1830.

CROUP.

Wc are not going to present to our readers a
jiew and sovereign remedy for the croup ; one
•vhich never fails until it is trieil, and then is found,
u the particular juncture, to be utterly inert or
prejudicial. We leave discoveries oTthis nature
:o almanacs, and books on popular medicine.
Our design at this time is to call the attention of
mothers to the means of prevention, which they
have in their own power. But first, let us ask
them — for however preimsterous the question may
seem, the conduct of many of tlierii justifies it —
When a child is nearly suffocated or actually dead
from croup, does the mother derive consolation
in her alarm and grief, by reflecting that the dear
little one has been always dressed in the latest
fashion, with very fidi and short sleeves, and low
breast ? She may, in reply, accuse us of sporting
with her feelings — well then, we take the liberty
of telling her, that she trifles with them herself,
au'l endangers, if she does not actually sacrifice
the life of her child, by laying bare its little bosom
and shoulders, which are among the most sensitive
parts of the skin. And what is the reason of this
exposure? None. What the excuse? Because
tlie little dear looks so well in this dress ; that is,
in (act, because it is made to look like a diminutive
woman, a new variety of the species; neithcrchild
or adult; neither natural or graceful. Some as-
sign a better motive, viz : in order to accustom
ihe child to resist the vicissitudes and inclemencies
of the seasons. — 'Tlie intention, though good, is
not adapted to the variable climate of this country;
and its adoptioji, the rest of the body being at the
same time covered with warm clothing, renders
the chest more susceptible of injury. Inflammato-
ry diseases do unquestionably often arise from
this ex[)Osure, which might he avoided even by a
slight covering of muslin. Lentin, a celebrated
German physician, as well as many of our own
countrymen, arc of opinion that croup is not un-
frequently thus produced.' These remarks of
an English writer, are strictly applicable to our cli-
mate and its inhabitants. — Journal of Health.

RUINED BY HARD STUDY.

The history of very many of our students might
be briefly lold. A lad is sent to college, and after
a few months he returns, pale, emaciated, and puny.
Immediately a general lamentation is raised among
the circle of friends, that the dear youth is ruinuig
himself with liard stuil;/. It is high time that hi.tli
friends and the |)ulilic should be disabused on this
su!)jcct. The truth is, in most cases, hard study
has had little or nothing to do with the business.
He may have studied well or he may not ; but this
is not tlie ground of the difliculty. He has indulg-
ed his youthful ajipctite, without regard to even
the common rules of discretion. At the same time,
he has indulged in indolent habits, neglecting exer-
cise, or taking it so irregularly as to do him more
hurt than good. And very jtossibly, too, he may
have learned the very gentlemanly habits of drink-
ing wine, if nothing worse, and smoking, chewing,
and snufiing tobacco. And no wonder he looks pule.
Meanwhile there is something so pleasant to the

cars of a young stuilcut in the report that he is ru-
ining himself by liarii slii'li/, that he feels almost
willing to endure his sufleriugs ; and as he looks in
the glass, he thinks lie can discern in his pale fea-
tures, plain indications ol" future greatness. \Vliere-
as, if he would learn to read aright, he woidd unly
discern indications of present imbecility, and future
worth lessness. Only convince the young gentle-
man, that it will not be fatal to his scholastic dig-
nity to bestir himself a little, and live and act like
other people, and at the s;une time put a little re-
straint upon his gluttonous propensities, and the
blush of health, and strength of limb, will soon re-
turn ; and with them will return that energy of
mind which will qualify him to study to some pur-
pose.— Christian .Mirror.

I

Cohlietfs Corn. — Cohbett's Corn is this year a
complete failure, even worse in gardens than it
was last year upon farms, none ripened in the
fields; but in gardens in favorable situations some
was saved which looked perfect, but when sown
tliis spring, has not vegetated, to the full amount
of three fourths of seed. — London paper.

March of lnlellis;enr.e. — This is truly the march
of intelligence. The following; is an extract from a
Liverpool paper ;

It is said that a new telegraphic system is about
to be established in France, which will be at the
service of the public, like the [lost oflice. The
results will be most important to the commer-
cial world ; for it is calculated that a de?p.atch con-
taining several lines, which woidd traverse a dis-
tance of one hundred leagues in a few moments,
would cost but '20 francs. M. Ferrier de Dra-
puignan, the inventor of this new system, proposes
shortly to organise a line of telegraphs from Paris
to Havre. Several exijeriments have been already
made, in the presence of persons appointed by the
govermcnt, and they are said to afford every pros-
pect of the success of the \i\an.

be well rubbed fur a night or two before gouig to
beil, and perfect relief will be experienced. The
application must of coiu'se bo made before the
skin breaks, and it will be found not only to all.iy
the itching, but to previmt the farther progress ol
the chillilains. — The feet may be a littli' tender lor
a short time, but this slight inconvenience will soon
disappear. — JVcio Bedford Courier.

MISERIES OF A RICH MAN.

do;

at midnight ? The rich man. Whose house is
broken into by robbers ? The rich man's. Who
has his pockets cut out, and his coats spoiled in a
crowd ? The rieii man. Who is in doubt whether
people are laughing at him, in their sleeves, when
they are eating his dinner ? The rich man. Who
adds to his trouble by every story winch he adds
to his house ? The rich man — for the higher he
ascends, the colder is the atmosphere. A bank
breaks, and w'ho Suffers? The rich stockholder
and depositer. AVar blows his horn, and who
trembles ? Death approaches and who fears to
look him in the face ? Why, the rich man — and
yet all the world envies the rich. Depend upon it
the length of your face will always be proportion-
ed to the length of your pm-se. If you live in a
two-story house, he thankful, and not covet the
loftier mansion of your neighbor. You but dishon-
or yourself, and insult your destiny, by fretting and
repining. — .Morn. Cow.

Itchins; Feet. — Among the minor evils to which
the human frame is subject there are few more tor-
menting than that of violent itching of the feet,
during severe frosty weather, caused by incipient
chilblains. The following specific is so simple
and cheap, that no person ought to be ignorant of
it ; it is merely one part muriatic acid, mingled
with seven parts water, with which the feet must

Scieiice in Madrid. — There are in the city of Ma-
drid three distinct establishments for instruction
in the Sciences. The first is the Museum of Natu-
ral Sciences, which is divided into two parts ; tho
iMusenm, which contains a hev.utiful cabinet of
natural history iuchiding one of the richest collec-
tions of minerals in the world. The Botanic Gar-
den, containing a rich collection, among which is
the Flora of Bogota, Santa Fe, &c. Second the Con-
servatory of Arts and Trades, including models
of the various kinds of machinery, &c.

Two barns of Maj. A. Goodwin of S. Berwick,
were burnt night of 18lh, with 100 tons hay,
several of barley, and six large oxen : loss $20CO
no insurance.

In Wake Co. N. C. a i)umpkin weighing 86 lbs.
and measuring .5 feet 2 inches round, was raised
last season.

Chevalier de Rivafinoli, agent of a Londcn
IMining Co. has arrived in North Carolina with n.
number of Germans, and is making extensive
arrangments for mining.

The Bath (Me.) Gazette is to be discontinued by
the present publisher, who believes he can do
better in other business, although with prompt
payment, it would have given him a reasonable
support.

JMr Bouvicr, Philadel|)hia, has made 16 pieces
of furnittu-e, sur|)assing anytiiing of the kind in
the President's House. They were ordered by a
lady in the West Indies or S .America, in the coffers
of whose late husband, inunenso riches were found.

Militia officers in the Western part of New-
York, are holding meetings to petition Congress to
modify the Militia system.

The body of a man who fell from the steam"
boat Ohio, Oct. 6, near Poughkeepsie, was found
a few days after and decently interred at iMilton,
N.Y. is that of Mr. Thos. Harrison, of Yorkshire,
Eng. in the employ of Admiral Cofiin, and had
charge of the celebrated horses, Serab, Barefoot,
and Cleveland Bay. He is supposed to have fallen
over when asleep.

Letters from France to some of the English editors
seem to imply that the elements so suddenly quieted,
still heave a litllc. A good many English travellers h v.e
hurried home, thinking it hest to scud before a squall.—
These fears may be without foundation ; they are foun-'-
cd on the restlessness of the republican parly, impalient
unt!cr a eovcrnment that even bears the name ot mon-
rehy, and the malicious instigations of Ibc olil royalists,
aho try to foment faction, in order to answer their own
wrposes.

It is said the age o( salmon is marked by circles in the
!)aek-bone, as the age of trees is by the concentric rings
in the heart ; every year adds a circle.

Extraordinary speed of a Steam Carriage. — In the
London Globe and Tiaveller of the 14lh ot Oct. is the
following article taken from the Taunton Courier.

' Vnparallelled Steam Engine Trip. — Mr Slepenson,
the proprietor of the Racket Engine, on the Manchester
and Liverpool Rail Way, had this week decided in his fa-
vor a wager of one thousand guineas upon the speed ol
liis Enf^ine by traversing the distance between the two
towns, (thirty two mttes) in thirty three minutes
— [or in other words, at more th,in 58 miles per hour.]

156

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Dec. 3, 1830-

AN

EXCURSION ON THE

LETTER II.

Mr Fessenden —

Dear Sir — The mansion liouse at Hyde Park
is elevated about '200 feet above the surface of
the river. With its two wings it presents a
noble front of 136 feet, and is two stories above
the basement. The centre or principal building,
has a piazza on both fronts : the west front is open
to the Hudson, and the east looks over a spacious,
beautiful lawn towards the turnpike from New
York to Albany. The hall, and several apart-
ments above and below, are warmed by heated
air from a coal furnace in the basement storj'.
The south wing contains a rich and well selected
library, consisting of 4 or 5000 vols, purchased
at the expense of .§20,000. Here is to be found
a collection of works in every branch of litera-
ture. In no private library is there a more com-
plete collection of European and American ])eri-
odical Journals ; scarcely a production of merit
of this description, but may be found in this
collection, and the number is constantly increas-
ing. The Dr has also in his hall and gallery, a
valuable collection of paintings, by the first artists
both ancient and' modern. At a proper distance
north from the house, is situated the coach house
and stable, built of stone in a chaste style of
Grecian simphcity, and is 61 feet in front by 40
deep. At an equal distance south, is to be seen
the green house and hot house, a spacious edifice,
constructed with great architectural taste and
elegance, and well calculated for the (U'cservation
of tlie most tender exotics that require protection
in our climate. It is comi)osod of a centre and
two wings, extending 110 feet in front and from
17 to 20 feet deep. One apartment is appro-
priated to a large collection of pines. Amoiig
the rich dis[ilay of rare shrubs and plants, are the
magnolia grandiflora, the splendid strelitzia, the
fragrant farnesiana, and a beautiful tree of the
Ficus elastica or Indian rubber, about S feet high,
5 years old. Contiguous to the green house is an
extensive ornamental garden, in which is arrang-
ed in fiue style, a beautiful variety of ti'ees, shrubs
and flowers ; among which stands that glory of
the forest, the magnolia glauea, bearing large
■wliite flowers, perfuming the atmosphere with a
delightful fragrance. The forest trees which sur-
round the domicile are identically the natives
which arc found in our forest ; some of the oaks
are a century in age, and all are large and so
grouped and intermingled over the lawn, as to
present at every step the most fantastic views that
can attract the pencil of the artist. From the
piazza, and from the bank on the west side of
the house we have a charming view, extending to
the opposite side of the river, of the blue summits
of the Catskill mountains, and many gentlemen's
seats, and cultivated farms. Whether indeed we
direct the eye across the river, or glance over its
surface north orsouth, we have a variegated land-
scape embracing the borders of the noble Hudson,
from 20 to 40 miles in extent. In either directi(m
the curling colmnns of smoke announce the ap-
proach of the Fulton arks, their decks covered
with an assembled multitude, and impelled with
astonishing sjieed, the bosom of the stream seem-
ing to swell with pride as if conscious of the
Talue of the burden it stistains. From the house,
gravelled walks rtiverge and extend in opposite
directions nearly half a mile, exhibiting a diver-
sified scenery of hills and dales, now descending

HUDSON. I a sloping declivity on the verge of a precipice,
again ascending to a commanding plain, opening
a scene of unrivalled beauty. At the termination
of these romantic walks fanciful pavilions are
erected, where visitors may contemplate a capti-
vating display of nature's magnificence in these
regions of wonder. From the turnpike road
there are two gates of entrance into the premises,
about half a mile from each other, and a porter's
lodge is connected with each gate. The north
lodge is 19 by 31 feet, with a jjortico projecting
over the north and south fronts, each supported
by 4 Grecian Doric coluiniis. Two wings project
from the sides, which serve as lodging rooms.
This little building has been much and deservedly
admired for its architectural beauty. The en-
trance gate is finished in a very neat and impos-
ing stylo of architecture. IMr Thomjison of New
York, is the skilful architect employed in the con-
struction of these buildings. The south lodge,
connected with a neat gateway, with the improve-
ments of the surrounding grounds, present a very
picturesque apjiearance. This is tlie most com-
manding point from which to view advantageously
the mansion, green house, stable, and out houses,
which appear at considerable distance from each
other in the extensive lawn. This avenue to the
mansion is over a stone bridge, crossing a rapid
stream ])rccipltated from the milldams above, and
falls in a cascade below. The winding of the
road, the varied surface of the ground, the bridge,
and the falling of the water, continually vary the
prospect and render it a never tiring scene.

Agricullvn. — Hyde Park estate consists of i
tract of about SOO acres of excellent land, border-
ing on the Hudson one mile and half, and extend-
ing one mile back from the river ; the turnpike
from New York to Albany passing through the
[ircmises. The farm comprises every variety of
soil and aspect, and has not been exhausted by
cultivation. It is well wooded and supplied with
numerous unceasing springs of pure water. A
creek also meanders through the farm, furnishing

accompanied by 16 Saxon bucks and a pair of
Surat goats. The buildings, comprising the farm
yard, consists of barns, stables, low sheds, calf
and sheep pens, cider house, having a cellar to
contain 100 barrels, and wagon house forming
the three sides of a hollow S(|uare of about 175
feet. The centre of the yard is dished out for
the manure, over which is erected a covering in
the form of an umbrella, about 40 feet diameterj
to prevent evaporation, and serve as a temporary
shelter for cattle and a roost for poultry, &o.
The excavation is so contrived as to keep the
yard dry, and no manure is wasted, the liquid
|)art being conveyed by a covered drain into the
kitchen garden, and nursery. The sheep yard
is located between the barn and garden, and a
spacious room is provided beneath the barn for
the ewes and their young when their condition
requires a shelter. The hog pens are admirably
calculated for the accommodation of about 70
swine, and to keep the difteient breeds separate,
having a cooking apparatus in the rear. The/orm
house stands a small distance from the farm yard
and is well arranged for the purpose intendeds
The cellar is devoted to the purpose of a dairy,
being floored with stone flagging and the win-
dows wired to exclude flies. On entering the
dairy I was struck with a jiew of a novel process
of butter churning. This oiieration is performed'
by a single dog. The animal is placed on a hori-
zontal wheel, the surface of which is covered
with coarse cloth to receive his claws, he is tied
by his neck, and by jiawing witli all his feet, the
wheel turns under him and moves a crank and
shaft connected witSi the churndash. The dog
docs not complain of his labor on the treiui wheel,
knowing that he is to bo well fed as soon as tlie
butter is produced, but he evidently appeared
sheepish.

Apiary. — During my visit at Hyde Park, by
request of Dr H. I su|)eriiitended the construction
of an apiary upon my improved plan. The house
is 30 feet long and two tiers in height and will
contain nearly 40 hives. The hives are furnished

in the

falls well calculated for manufactories and mi

seats, and being dammed at proper places, forms j with two sliding boxes or drawers
excellent pickerel and trout ponds. The 500
acres under culture yield large crops of hay and
grain, and the soil is adapted to the production
of every article of luxury and convenience which
man can desire. Dr Hosack commences his
labors with characteristic ardor, and evinces a
fine taste for agricultural pursuits. His imju-ove-
meiits are not only in the buildings he has erected,
and the embellishments of the pleasure grounds,
but in the more solid operations of the iiirin, as
Ming liills and precipices, opening roads and

I „

avfuues, erecting bridges and turning water
courses. INlany acres of rugged, hilly land hither-
to deemed almost inaccessible to the plough or
not worth the labor, have this season been subdued,
the stones worked into wall and the soil sowed
with rye.

Slock. — This consists of short horned Durham,
Devonshire, Alderney and Holderness, all recently
imported. His flock of sheep consisting of 600,
are Merino, Saxoiiand Balcewell. Besides these,
the Dr has lately imported the Welsh, so highly
celebrated for its mutton. Having been careful
to introduce the best breeds, he is no less attentive
in preserving them unmixed, by which he renders
an iinportiiit service to other cultivators. In
front of his house, on the lower bank of die river,
he has a park stocked with deer, and at present

upper
fiart, glazed in front, but shielded from light ;
they are withdrawn in the rear of tiie hive.s, and
this affords the greatest facility for taking the
honey witliout destroying the bees. The close
house secures the hives from the ravages of tlie
Eea-moth and from tlie weather, and may be
opened occasionally for ventilation. It tnay with
truth be asserted that this [dant lias been found
by experience to posssss aiWantages superior to
any other. Dr H. is now in possession of a family
of bees without stings which were sent to Dr
Mitchell from Mexico. He kepf)s them in his
green house that they may enjoy an atniueiplieie
similar in temperature to that in their native
climate. There is on the the stream belonging
to Dr H. the workshop of Mr Hale, the ingenious
inventor of the patent rotary pump , which the
inventor assured me will discharge 160 gallons a
minute, and will elevate a column of water to
the altitude of 300 feet, which he had engaged
to perform for a gentleman in New York. The
base of the machinery appears to consist of a
circular box of brass, or other tnetal, furnished
with fly valves, but no description from me can
do justice to the subject. This pimip may be
applied to ships or fire engines. Dr H. has two
of them in operation, at his green house and
bathing room. On inspection I find that tlio

Vol. IX.— x\o.20.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL

157

power is aiiplieil by turning a crank, and the water mountain and iilaced lier foot on tlio lionsetop,
is forced out continuously. The principal part , gave me a glowing description. 'The view troni
of this hydraulic machine is, I believe, original ; the summit is most delightCul, but IVom the house
with Mr Hale, and I observed to him, 'you [ top it is still more enchanting. I saw the rising

inventive geniuses are getting the wor\d of miin-
kind jierlect, ynu leave nothing for posterity to do.'
I met at Hyde Park, Mr Bennet, an English
gentleman, and au eminent landscape painter,
■who has been for some time engaged, in taking
landscape views of some interesting objects.
Had Hjsil Hall been so fortunate as to have visit-
ed Hyde Park, the grand display and the gener-
ous hospitality w hich he would have experienced,
could nut tail of renjindiiig him of some of the
noble seats in his own country, and of correcting
l)is unjust prejudice against oiu's.

I was rejoiced w hilc at Hyde Park to have an
interview with an old friend and associate in the
revolutionary army, General M. L. Having sus-
pended our acquaintance for the last .50 years,
and unapprised of each other's situation in life,
this unexpected meeting was truly gratifying.
General L. is one of the very few survivors of liis
military brethren, who possesses the means of
sumptuous li\ing and domestic enjoyments. His
uiagnificcnt mansion is located on the banks of
the Hudson, 4 miles above Hyde Park. The front
towards the river is ornamented with a colonnade,
a spacious and lofty piazza walled on three sides
with Venetian blinds. From this there is a fine
view of the Catskill mountains, in all their variety
and magnificence, and an extensive landscape of
variegated scenery [leculiar to these regions.
Here resides, during the summer months, the
venerable jiatriarch, surrounded by objects of
interesting reminiscence, of glorious achievij)ents
ind tragical events, with which he was familiar
in days which tried the souls of men. He pre-
sented at his bountiful board a numerous funilv,
even to the 4th generation, and although his hair
isgray, and his eyes dim, yet integrity of intellect
is jircserved, his war worn frame is erect, antl an
excellent spirit dwells within him.

Ca(skill moioi/auis, are on the west side of the
Hudson, about 110 mdes above the city of A'^cw
York. Of tliese celebrated mountains, I couM
JDJoy only a distant view. They have beconje so
uuch a fashionable resort, that a splendid hotel
s erected on the summit, elevated 2214 feet above
he river. This edifice is 140 feet in length and
1 stories high, and cost the mountain association
bout §22,000. It occupies a part of table rock,
aleulatcd to be 3000 feet above the water. At
'atskill dock, stages are in readiness to take par-
es to the mountain house. The distance bv the
ircuitous road is 13 ndles, although in a direct
ne it is only 8, and is found to be a journey of
hours in going and a little over two in return-
ig. This site, it is said, coimiiands the most ex-
insive and roujantic prospect in America : steam
Mts and other olijects may be traced to the dis-
mce of nearly 70 miles by ihe naked eye. ' At
[■st glance one would be led to believe with
tathtr Stocking, that creation was all before him,
id he is forced to admit that his wildest anticifia-
)HS are more than realized. The view from
ble rock has been compared by those who have
en both, to that from the summit of Vesuvius
er the bay of Naples and the adjacent coast,
features they are unlike ; but in character the
me. From this lofty eminence all inequalities
surface are overlooked.' An accomplished
ly in New York who has recentlv visited the

sun in all his glory, and could not wonder that the
Persians worship the sun. The highlands ap-
peared like small elevations and the majestic river
was narrowed to a ribbon.'

I have now detailed, perhaps too minutely, an
account of the most interesting objects which
engaged my attention during my excursion, and
trust that my friend DrII. will require no apology
lor the liberty I have taken » ith his domains and
coiuernnicnts.

I subscribe myself very respectfully,
Your very humble servant.

JAMES THACHER.

Cnftlc S!iou:—On the 11th ult. about 120 yoke
of Working Cattle and Steers, were exhibited
near the centre of Feeding Hills. Although there
were no premiums offered, and only eleven days
notice given, a large number of farmers were as-
sembled, and a very laudable interest in the exhibi-
tion was manifested. Committees were appointed
to examine the Cattle, and report on the six best
pair of different ages. Among other advantages
of the exhibition, it afl^orded a good ojjportuidty
for buying, selling, exchanging and mating; antl it
was resolved to have a similar exhibition annuallv,
in tjie centre of the town of West-Springfield.—
Sjir{7igJ!eld Rep.

Domestic Mamifnciurcs. — I3rig Hudson, which
sailed from this port lately for Calcutta carried out
99,807 yards of Domestic Cotton valued at SS,5S9
98. How long, at this rate, will it be before our
Commerce will sink under the opressive weight
of our Jlanufacturers.' — Boston Cenliiiel.

^ Lon^iviti) of Animals. — A writer in the New-
York Times gives the following as the greatest
number of years to which any of the animals have
attained: the Cricket, 10 years. Spider, some-
tnnes, but seldom more than 1 year. Scorjiion, 1.
River crayfish, 20. Carp, lo'o to 1.50. Croco-
dile, 100. Tortoise, 100. Hen, 10. Peacock,
24. Lark, 18. Sparrow hawk, 40. Goose, .50.
Swan and Eagle, 100. Parrot, 110. Rabbit, 9.
Goat, 10. Sheep, 10. Hog, 20. Dog, 23 to 28.
Cat, 18. Squirrel, 7. Wolfand bear, 20, Fox,
15. Lion, 60. Cow, 20. Bull, 30. Ox, 19.
Deer, 20. Horse, 25 to 30. Ass, 25 to 30.
Camel, 50 to 60. Elephant, 1.50 to 200.

Good Farming. — A farmer in the town of Sing
.•5ing, N. Y. has raised during the past season up-
wards ot'/rc //!ow^«nrf6Ks/if/s of good Wheat! The
Chemung Canal passes through his land — and this
is a substantial argument in favor of the benefits
to be derived from the Canal Elmira Republican.

HORRIBLE CASE OF HYDROPHOBIA.

A correspondent of the Auburn Free Press, com-
municates the following account of the termina-
tion of one of those distressing cases of disease,
upon which it is impossible to reflect without a
shudder.

Mr Vale of the town of Ovid, Seneca Co. died
of this awful and distressing disorder on Sunday,
the 31st of October last, leaving a wife and one
child to deplore his melancholy fate.

The particulars as far as I have been able to
gather them are as follows; — Nine or ten weeks

previous to his death, Mr Vale discovered for the
first time, that his dog exhibited symptoms of Hy-
drophobia, and thinking it unsafe that he should
run at large, confined him ; but while in the act
of chaining the dog, he was bitten sevendy on the
hand. The animal was immediately Killed, and
conseipiently did nut live to prove the correctness
or incorrectness of .Mr Vale's suspicions. But a
cow, which had been bitten by the same dog, a
short time previous to his confinement, died a few
days after, with every symptom of Hydrophobia,
which was fearful evidence to the wretched man,
that he too had within him all the elements of a
quick coming ami most aiipalling death. Medical
aid was immediatly secured, and all known speci-
fics fur hydrophobia put in rcipiisition.

Eight or nine weeks had passed, and he felt that
he was out of danger — felt that the applicationg
had the desired effect ; when he learned that the
mysterious and maddening agent was at work with-
in him — learned that he must die a mad man ! On
Thursday evening previous to his death, while he
was sitting before the fire, his mother had occasion
to pour some water into a dish before him, which
caused him 1.o shudder and catch his breath, some-
thing as a person does on being suddenly immers-
ed in water. This was the first symptom he ex-
hibited. Doct. Pearl, of Genoa, in this county, was
called on Friday, who says that he saw nothing un-
usual in the appearance of Mr V. excejit in the eyes,
which were considerably protruderl out of the
head — very glassy in their appearance, and the
pu|)ils of which were very much enlarged.

The patient continued in this situation, free from
pain and well at heart, until one o'clock on Sunday
morning, when he suddenly sjirang from his bed
and exclaimed to the bystandpis, (fifteen or si.x-
teeii in number, who from fiieiidsliip or curiositv,
remained with him through the night) — 'Clear the
room ! Clear the room !' They immediately » itl>-
drew, and he was confined in the room alone I
Now commenced a struggle which the pen cannot
describe — the imagination cannot conceive. He
raved and struggled — grated his teeth — frothed at
his mouth — and yelled most distressingly. His
distorted visage, staring eyes and furious geslures,
presented a spectacle, to which by those who have
witnessed it, can never be forgotten. The first
attack continued but a short time when he became
more calm, and asked his friends to come into the
room where he was. ' Now,' said he, ' bind me,
keep away from me !' Solemn and awful as was the
duty, it was done as he requested, and the wretch-
ed man was bound hand and foot to his bed, where
with agonies, and groans, and shouts too fearlul to
be told and too dreadful ever to be forgotten, he
died, at about 10 o'clock on Sunday niorniiig.'

BE PCSCTOAL.
' Ob ! he does not want it.'

But he does want it. And even if he did not
your own engagement has nothing to do with his
private circumstances.

Such is the self-excuse of many a careles*
creditor, and such the jiroper answer.

It is to be lamented that there is no charge to
which many, who may be good men, are more
subjected, than the want of punctuality in pay-
ment of little debts. And there is no plea by
which conscience is more readily satisfied, than
that of the declaration that the creditor does not
need the amount. The same thing applies to a
hundred little borrowings.

158

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 3, 1830.

A book is lent : it is detained until tlie lender is
unable to recollect the name of the borrower —
but then, ' he does not want it ; he lias many others ;
or he has read it already.' But he does want it.
If he has others, it is no reason why he should
not lend it to others as well as to yourself.

j1 small subscriptio7i Is due : 'The society docs
not want it ; the sum is so small that it can make
no difference.' Rut the Society does want it. If
every member did as you do, there would bo no
funds in the hands of the Treasurer ; and your
neglect is dissolving the society as far as your own
item of influence goes. That influence goes thus
far to discourage schemes of benevolence, and to
destroy public confidence. You inspired a hope
which you crushed again.

An Editor's paipnent is due: 'He does not
want it.' But he does want it. And this very plea
of yours gives him more trouble than all others put
together.

ROXBURY.

We have read Mr Dearborn's Centennial Address
with much pleasure. He has taken expanded views of
principles and causes, and detailed in an agreeable man-
ner striking particulars ot local history. We quote a
short specimen. — Tour. & Trib.

' Ro?:bury can number among her sons, or inhabitants,
many distinguished men. It has been the favorite resi-
dence of Governors Thomas and Joseph Dudley, Shirley
and Barnard, when under the colonial government,— and
since the establishment of Independence, of the pro-
scribed Hancock and Adams— the civil Nestor and
Ulysses of the revolution, and of Bowdoin, Sumner and
Eustis, forming a constellation of statesmen, whose el-
fulgence illumined ihe national route to prospcrily and
grandeur, and willbe ever conspicuous in our historical
zodiac : and here were born Generals Warren and Heath;
Warren! that immortal patriot, that eloquent ^advocate
of the risbis ef man, that dauntless soldier, that firsl great
martyr of American Liberty. At the mention of his ven-
erated name, we involuntarily turn towards that conse-
crated battle-ground where he ciTered up his iile in his
country's cause, and the whole story of national advent
comes fresh and glowing upon the mind,iu the mustering
reminiscences ol that glorious epoch.

When first the May-llowcr on this r>,ck bound strand
Sent forth her ' few and fdthful' pilgrim band,
No friendly foot slood waiting on the sliore
To bid them ' welcome home,' their w.inderings o'er ;
To hail with joy the long expected guest
From weary wanderings, lo delightful rest;
Where trembling joy half doubts her happy lot.
Blest even in sorrows, thus lo be forgot ;
Np blazing hearth, no cheering voice of home.
No temple's lofty spire nor vaulted dome.
No altar-hre, no censor's breath was there.
Where rose the pilgrims first deep voice of prayer.
But from the roofless rock their praise was poured,
Where forests sighed, and answering surges roared.
And as their echoing anthem jiealcd on high.
The startled panther howled his fiorce reply;
And the grim savage yelled in wild dismay,
\nd paused lo wonder, where he came to slay.'
* * * •

Years glide along — in silent swiftness plays
The Change that steals away our flying days.
But sadness lingered now where joy had been.
And o-rief hung darlceuingo'er each sunbright scene.
Then shrunk the flowers on Freedom's fairy tree.
And drooped thy lofty genius, Liberty. "•

I.on*^ did' St thou weep unheeded and alone,
,\nd mourned like Meinnon as each sun went down , —
Ay ! wept — 'till grief to indignation turned —
And strong and bright within, thy spirit burned.

And then another Change came o'er the land.
Whore iron power had urged her stern command.
VVh"re bristling bayonets gleamed from north to south.
And laws were uttered Iroin the cannon's mouth ;
Doomed soon to sink beneath a crimson flood,
And unlike Draco's, be effaced m blood.

site to it is Ihe picture of an aged woman dying in neg-
lected poverty. The two pictures convey an impressive
lesson — may the young and fashionable lay it to their
hearts.

.\lthough Mrs Hale has continued this periodical a
number of years, we do not perceive that it declines at
all in interest, — lb.

The last No. of the Ladies' Magazine contains a well
engraved and well colored print of the lashions. Oppo-

JonuNAL OF Health. — The conductors of this
highly useftd and valuable publication, have stere-
otyped the first volume, and embellished it with an
elegant lithographic frontisjiieco. We feel happy
to state that this work has already acquired great
popularity, and it merits it. We cannot better
express our o|iinion of its wortli, than by borrow-
ing the following from the Philadetphian. 'The ar-
ticles which it contains are eagerly copied into the
public prints of every description. Nevvs-])apcrs
and magazines, whether federal or republican, re-
ligious or irreligious, all emich themselves from
this well conducted Journal. Its language is
chaste and scientific, without being technical, and
its main subject one, about which every one daily
inquires, when he meets a friend.'

GOOD ADVICE TO YOUTH.

Frnm a wort; by Rev. Ilosea Hildretli, of Gloucesler, recently
publiaiied.

It is highly important, my young friends, that
you early acquire and establish habits of economy
in matters of expense. It is important to your
own personal welfare — to your success in the
world, as well as to the welfare of your couutry.
Young people aieapt to entertain extravagant and
absurd notions of life — to estimate their enjoy-
ments by the money they cost ; to choose enjoy-
ments which are expensive, and connected with
display. But you may depend upon it, the most
valuable enjoyments are easily obtained ; they cost
but little money, and are within the reach of all, of
the poor as well as of the rich. If a person's de-
sign is to secure such ])rivileges and enjoyments
only as are connected with virtue, with sobriety,
intellectual improvements, and elevation of charac-
ter, he may carry his designs into operation with
very limitedifunds. It is dissipation, sensual enjoy-
ments, enjoyments which have no good rnoral
tendeney — it is such enjoyments as these that cost
money and very often put young persons upon
disagreeable and dishonorable expedients to meet
their ex|>enses. The truth is, men's dispensable
wants, wants which their own folly have created
or which the absurd customs of society have im-
posed— these wants are all expensive ; and they
do more than a little' to prevent young people
rising in the world— to bring on failures, dis-
couragements, habits of intemperance and crimes.

A hank of silk, produced by a single worm,
was lately reded in the presence of several gen-
tlemen, in Bolton, which was 3G5 yards in length,
and, on being weighed was found to be the texture
of 1,500 liaidis in the lb. A single lb. of this silk
Viould reach 71G miles. The worm was only seven
days in spinning the hank, consequently produced
at the rate of 52 yards [ler diem.

Th" Indian Head Woollen Factories, at Dunstable, N.
H. whose o])erations have been suspended, have been
sold for ^90,000. The new owners ai^ to be called the
Jackson Company. President, David Sears ; Directors,
Samuel Applcton, Amos Lawrence, Ebcnezer Francis,
and Daniel Abbott.

The history of the late memorable events in France
have been published in Paris on Iri-colorcd paper ; one
third red, one third blue, and one third white.

Messrs Carter &. Hendee, of this city have had this
wcr.k translated, and we understand it will be published
in a few days on tri-colored paper.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND TARJIER.

FRUITS.

Mr Fessenden — I have thought the following
information might be acceptable.

Harrison's large fall pear of Coxe is synony-
mous with Jiushmore's Autumn Bonchrelien, and it
was once intimated to me by a Bostonian, that he
thought the Mogul Summer of that vicinity, to be
identical also. — I send you a description of it.*

Catawba grapes have been sold in large quanti-
ties ill the New York markets the present season,
brou\diL from the adjacent vineyards, and readily-
brought 25 cts. per lb. f

The Blue Pcarmain, the fruit of whicli was ex-
hibited to me when last at Boston, is identical with
the Flushiiig Spitzenb%irgh.

Yours respectfullv, •

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

* This description we have been obliged to defer this
week.

t The Catawba Grapes have sold in Ihe Boston Fan-
eiiil Hall market readily this autumn, at 37^ cts. per lb.
from Mr Seaver's Garden, at Roxbury— the Isabella
(which is now much more abundant here) at '25 cts. ; the
white Sweetwater at the same price — Editor.

Jlliite Mulberry seed. — Owing to the early frosts
in Connecticut, vvbich prevented the ripening of
the fniit, the usual crop of White P.Iulberry Seed
has been wholly cut of!'. We advise our friends
in the country to be cautious in their purchases
of tliis seed, as a large quantity of old seed is, we
understand, hawked about the country, as fresh.
This seed will not vegetate when one year old.
We shall endeavor to get some from the South
that may be relied upon. In the mean time we
advise all farmers who have large vvliiie mulberry
trees, in bearing, to save all the seed in future
seasons, as it will no doubt continue to be in great
demand for several years.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Saturday, November 27, 1830.
F K U I T S .

Pears. — Mr R. F. Pbipps, of Charlestown, pre-
sented a specimen of the Royale d'Hivcr, from a
tree received from Vihnorin and Andrieux, of
Paris. This fruit was in eating, under size, btitj
from its close resemblance to the character of that]
pear, was thought to be genuine. m

Apples. — Mr Stephen Chase, of Fryeburg, Mel
presented by Mr Charles Tappan, a specimen of al
fine seedling apple, who suggested that it shouldP
be called the ' FesseiNde.v Apple,' in compliment,
to tlie worthy editor of the New England Farmer.
in which the committee most willingly concur
They are said to have originated in that town, ane
were of very pleasant flavor anil fair a])pearaiice
represented by Idr Chase as keeping till March
who thinks the properties of this variety tend t^i
controvert the theory of Coxe, that apples of gooi'
flavor camiot bs raised in Maine. It is to be hopei
that the result of the exertions of that gcntlcnia
and others, who are engaged in ameliorating th.
qualities of the fruits of that State, may rends
such an opinion general.

05^ The season has now arrived when it is ri
quisite to suspend the weekly exhibitions of fniit
&c, till the Spring ; should, however, any ind
viduals have any of the new, or valuable late v
rietics, they are solicited to send specimens,
they may come into eating, to the ila'l of the S
ciety for examination.

In behalf of the Committee on Fruits.

ELIJAH VOSE.

Vol. IX.— No. 20.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

159

Prospectus of the .Vaturalist,

A Periodica) Publication.

The Subscriber proposes lo compile a work of the above
description, Ireatins on llie tliree kinsdouis of Nature-
each number to be accompanied with a Lithograyhic
frint. The work will be divided into three departments,
"v'a :—

I. Zoo/o^i/.— In treating of an animal, will be given its
•classification and habitallon ; describing its properties,
uses, modes of existence, arms of delL-nce, and the sev-
eral advantages to which it may be subject.

n. Botany.— In treating of a vegetable, will be given
its classification, habitation, geographical situation, and
dnration ; describing its properties, uses, the nature of its
substance, and other circumstances relative to vegetable
Physiology.

III. .Wncrahgy.—\n treating of a mineral, will be
given its classilication and the place where it is lound ;
describing its properties, uses, manipulation, and the oth-
er important chemical changes to which it may be subject.

It is evident that a work of the above description may
be carried to an indefinite extent, that ils continuance, of
course, depends on the patronage of which it may be
deemed worthy. It will be compiled from the best wri-
ters on the subject ; and it will be the object of the editor
to use his utmost exertions to render the work useful and
interesting. Those who may subscribe for the proposed
work, may rest assured that its design shall be justly
fuiaied. DANIEL J.VY liKOWNK.

Boiton, Oct. 27, 1830.

COXDITIONS.

The work will be published monthly, in an Svo. form,
on paper of a superior quality, making a volume of about
400 pages. The price to subscribers will be TtM Dollars
a year, to be paid on the receipt of the first number.

§100. Premium Butter. December 4.

In consequence of the appointment of the 2d day of
December for a day of Thanksgiving in this Common-
wealth, the examination of the butter offered for premium
is postponed till Friday, the third day, [THIS D.\Y] and
on S.\TURD.\Y, the fourth, at 11 o'clock, .\. M. at i
QUINCV HALL, will be sold at public auction, several
thousand pounds of BUTTER, put up in kegs for f\imily
use, and with the expectation of gaining the premium.
Though all cannot gain the prize, it is hoped all will find
a generous market, and that there may be hereafter, as
now, a multitude of competitors from Pennsylvania to
Maine.

Per order of the Committee. BENJ. GUILD.

Early Top or Tree and Potato Onions.
Just received at the New England Seed Store, No. 52
North Market Street—

A quautily of Early Top or Tree seed Onions. Those
produce onions at the bottom and a bunch of small ones
on the top of the seed stalk. The small onions are proper
to plant very early in the spring, or in autumn, which is
the best time, and seldom fail to produce a good crop under
proper cultivation. They should be planted in rows ten
or t^velve feet asunder, and set two or three inches apart,
and one inch deep, taking care to place the bottom down-
wards. They soon spring up, and from their size and
vigorous growth, are not subject to be destroyed by insects.
Should they put Ibrth seed stalks, as many of the larger
ones will,they should be broken off soon after they appear,
otherwise the onions at the bottom will not be so large.
These onions are mild, grow to a large size, and are, gen-
erally raised with less trouble than the common kind.
Also, a few Early Potato Onions. This curious
■ variety of the onion is very early and mild. They should
be planted in common dry situations, in the autumn, cov-
ered over two inches deep in gardens. The small ones
should be planted out four inches apart — the large ones
twelve to fourteen inches. They are generally ripe
about the 10th of July, and yield eight to ten fold.

Seeds for Country Dealers.
Traders in the country who may wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
furnished, at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, connected
with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,
Boston, with boxes of various sizes and prices, from 10 to
$.50, containing a complete assortment of the seeds
mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as
they can be procured in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up in small packages, ready for retailing, Wi'fA
short directions on each package for its culture and
inana^ement — warranted to be of the growth of 1830,
and of the purest quality. Nov. 5.

.=-^f^%

"•'^Wfj-

.Moms Mullicaulis, or .Yew Clihicsc Mulberry.

.About 50 young trees from 2 to
3 feet high, can be supplied of this
._ most valuable variety, lately in-
%^ troduced to France from the Phil-
I [ipine Islands, and found to sur-
, I.-- all other kinds for silk worms.
I'rice f 9 per dozen.

AlsD 14 other varieties, tlie most
esteemed in France, lt.aly, and
Turkey, for the silk culture, including the ISroail lobed
leaved. Large oval teai'ed. Count Dandolo's celebrated
Foglia da/i'jiia and the Turtnrian, paiticularly esteemed
I'orits peculiarly hardy character, and which would prob-
ably support the winters of Lower Canada.

500 Madeira nut or Persian Walnut, 10 feet in height.

{tCy- Orders received at the New England Seed Store,

No. 52 North Market Street, Boston, by J. B.Russell.

Grape Vines, &;e.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 Xorth
Market Street, an extensive assortment of Grape Vines,
of both American and European sorts at nursery prices,
comprising all the slamlard varieties, now cultivated either
in the open air or the Urocn House.

Also Yellow Locust, Scarlet and Sugar Maple, Honey
Locust, Early Washington, Blue Imperi.al, and Bishop's
Xew Early Dwarf Prolific Peas, of this year's growth.

Patent Door Sptings.

Burwell's superior article of Door Springs, on an entirely
new construction, which have been most highly approved
of wherever used, are now olTered for sale by J. R. New-
ell, at the -Agricultural Wai-ehouse, No. 51 and 52 North
Market Street.

N. B. MrSmallidge is now in the city and will per-
sonally atterd to the setting of thorn during the few days
be may remain. Nov. 26.

Thanl;ss:ivinsr Articles.

For Sale at the New England Seed Store No. 52 North
market Street, Prime Double and Single distilled Rose
Water and Peach Water from Downer's garden ; price of
the double distilled 50 cts per bottle— Single distilled 31 cts
Peach water 31 cts.

Also fresh Pulverized Sweet and Pot Herbs, from the
Shakers at Harvard, packed in tin cannisters, viz. Sweet
Matjorum 37t cts. per cannister — Summer Savory 25 cts.
Thyme 33 cts.— Sago 17 cts. — Tomato Mustard 50 cts.
ncr bottle — Tomato Ketchup 33 cts.

Improved Vegetable Steamers.
For Sale at the .Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street, Boston, Improved Vegetable Steamers
for cooking all kinds of vegetables, particularly Potatoes,
They are of cast iron, of convenient size for every day
use, and it is thought that any family who has once used
them, and noticed the superior manner in which Potatoes
are cooked in them, would consider them an indispensable
article — they are of two sizes, price of the smallest 75 cts,
the largest $1,124 cts.

White Mustard Seed iranfed.
The subscriber at the New England Seed Store, 52
North Market, Boston, is in want of White Mustard Seed,
of American growth, to be well cleaned, free from
must, dirt, or imperfect seed, for which he will pay 20
per cent per bushel more than the wholesale market price
for European White Mustard Seed. J. B. RUSSELL.

Farmers and Mechanics
In the country, who are in want of good boys from the
city of various ases, as apprentices, are respectfully in-
formed that a register is kept at the New England Seed
Store, No 52 North M.arket Street, of the names, ages
and residences of such boys, of good character, (generally
oiphans or of poor parents) which is furnished by the
Rev. Dr Tuckerman, general Missionary to the poor in
thii city. Any information will be given gratis at the
Seed Store with regard to the boys, or letters can be ad-
dressed (post paid) to Rev. Dr Tuckerman, Boston.

3t. Nov. 26.

Slieep for Sale.
On hand and for sale 2000 fine wooUed sheep of vari-
ous grades from half to full blooded Merinos. Among
them are about 500 Wethers and fat Ewes. 1250 Stock
Ewes, (a desirable lot for persons wishing to obtain a
flock,) and 250 lambs. The above will be sold on ac-
commodating terms and in lots to suit purchasers on ap-
plication to the subscriber in Cummington, Hampshire

I County, Mass. CYRUS FORD.

I Cummington, A'or. 4, 1830. 3t.

Princess Treatise on the J'ine.

Just received at the New England Seed Store, No. 52
North .M.crket Street,

.\ Treatise on the Vine ; embracing it.s History from
llie earliest ages to the present day, with descriptions of
above two hundred Foreign, and eighty American varie-
ties ; together with a complete dissertation on the Estab-
lishment, Culture, and Management of A'ineyards.

* Tlio Vine, too, licro lier curling tcnJriU shoots,
Han<;g out licr clusters glowinij lo the south.
Aiitl scarcely wishes tor a warmer sky.'

By Wm. Robert Prince, aided by AVm. Prince,
Proprietor of the Linna^an Botanic Garden. 1 vol. octa-
vo, 355 pages. Price .^1,50. Oct. 29.

PRICES OF COLWTRY PRODUCE.

APPLES, new.

ASHES, pol.lirsi sort,

Pearl, lirsl sort,
I'.EANS, while,
liEEF, incss,

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. 2,
BUTTER, inspected, No. 1, new, -
('tiEESE, new milk.

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,
FLOUR, Baltimore, Howard-street, -

Genesee,

Rye, best,
GRAIN, Corn,

Rye,

Barley,

Uals,
IIAV,

HOGS LARD, first sort, new,
HOPS, 1st qualiiv,
LIME,

PLAISTER PARIS retails at
PORK, clear,

Navy mess.

Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Orchard Grass,

Red Top (northa-n)

Lucerne,

Red Clover, (northern)
WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -

Blcriun, full blood, unwashed.

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

Merino. Iliree fourths washed,

Merino, half blood,

Merino, quarter.

Native, washed.

Pulled, La.Tib's, firs, sort, -

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort,

Pulled, " spiniung, 6rstsorl,

FROM 1

TO

barrel.

1 25

1 50

ton.

117 tlO120 00

127 50

32 00

bushtd.

90

1 10

barrel.

S 50

9 CO

7 00

7 50

It

6 25

6 50

pound.

11

6

15

„

3

4

It

I 12

1 5<)

barrel.

5 75

5 87

6 62

6 87

tt

3 50

3 75

bushel.

65

67

it

68

70

„

«8

60

it

36

33

60

70

10 00

11 00

it

14 00

15 00

70

76

Ion.

lii 75

3 OO

barrel.

18 00

19 00

"

12 .W

13 00

12 75

13 75

bushel.

1 75

2 00

3 00

tt

62

75

pound.

33

38

"

10

11

It

50

62

tt

30

35

tt

62

67

it

52

57

"

47

50

"

37

40

"

36

38

"

52

53

n

40

42
45

PROVISION MARKET.

BEEF, best pieces,
POIIK, fresh, best pieces,

whole hogs.
VEAL,
MUTTON.
POULTRY,
BUTTER, kef and tub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, (according to quality]

pound.

6
6

li

tt

6

ti

4

II

10

It

12

ti

18

dozen

18

bushel.

tt

20

barrel.

1 00

11

16
20
20
70
0
30
2 00

BBIG^To^f Market — Monday, A'od. 29.

[Iteported for the Chronicle ami Patriot.]

At market, this day, 1493 Cattle, 4362 Sheep, and 324
Swine.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — rather quicker than last Mon-
day, and there may be a small advance on some qualities.
We shall quote the same from §3,25 to 4,50. We noticed
one or two yoke taken at 4,75, and one yoke for g(5 — also
one single ox at $90, or $6 per cwt.

Barrelling Ca«/e— Mess. 3,33 a 3,42; No. 1,2,83 a 2,92.
No. 2, 2,.50 a2,5S, anddull.

SAec/).— Lots were taken at 1,33, 1,50, 1,62, 1,75 and §2
— a few Cosset Wethers, at!!;5 ea«h. We also noticed a
lot sold alive, by weight, at 24c per lb. — alio a lot of 120,
at 2|c per lb.

Swine. — We noticed the sale of one lot only at 5e —
brisk at retail at 5 for Sows, and 6 tor Barrows. — Patriot.

160

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 3, 1830.

MISCELLANIES

THANKSGIVING HYMN.

BY HENRY WARE, JR.

Father of earth and Heaven !

Whose arm upholds Creation !
To thee we raise the voice of praise,

And bend in adoration.
We praise the power that made us,

We praise the love that blesses ;
While every day that rolls away,

Thy gracious care confesses.

Life is from Thee, blest Father I

From thee our breathing spirits ;
And thou dost give to all that live,

The bliss that each inherits.
Day, night, and rolling seasons.

And all that life embraces.
With bliss are crowned, with joy abound.

And claim our thankful praises.

Though trial and affliction,

May cast their dark shade o'er us
Thy love doth flow a heavenly glow.

Of light on all before us.
That love has smiled from heaven

To cheer our path of sadness.
And lead the way through earth's dull day.

To realms of endless gladness.

That light of love and glory

Has shone through Christ, the Saviour,
The holy Guide who lived and died.

That we might live forever.
And since thy great compassion

Thus brings thy children near Thee,
May we to praise devote our days.

And love, as well as fear thee.

And when death's final summons.

From earth's dear scenes shall move us,
From friends, from foes — from joys, from woes,

From all that know and love us ;
Oh, then, let hope attend us !

Thy peace to us be given!
That we may rise above the skies.

And sing thy praise in heaven !

American Goods — Nothing can be more gratifying to
the lover of his country than the rapid strides we are ma-
king in the paths of science, manufactures and the arts.
The rank which this republic now holds in the history ot
nations is eminent, but we have no question that as the
resources of the soil are developed, and the energies of
the people are fully brought into play, we shall command
more intluence for our political, mercantile and manufac-
turing character than could ever have been imagined in
the most sanguine moments of our lorelathers. In noth-
ing have we made more rapid strides of late days, than in
•he manufacture of American printed calicoes. The
Merrimack Manufacturing Company deserves in this
particular especial mention. The respectable agents for
this establishment in this city, observe, ' it has been a
matter of notoriety that within the la^t ten or fifteen
years, the printed calicoes imported trom Great Britain,
with the exception of a few of the higher grades, have
been generally deteriorating in quality; the width has
been reduced from about twenty eight to an average of
scarcely more than twenty two or twenty three inches ;
their texture has become light and flimsy, in the same
proportion, whilst the colors have frequently been of the
most fugitive character — so that in many cases the man-
ufacture of calicoes has proved almost a total waste of la-
bor and stock, as the deluded purchasers have found to
their cost, when the garment was subjected to the ordeal
of the washtub.'

This fact has doubtless contributed to disparage and re-
duce the consumptiou of American goods of this caUbre,

but undaunted by this circumstance, the company pro-
fess their determination to continue the manufacture of
iubstantial and perfect cotton goods of all descriptions
and we trust their efforts wsll be properly appreciated by
the community. — Philad. Inq.

Losing time. — Dr Johnson having formed one
at a wliist )iarly at Mrs Tliale's house, was asked
by the laily at the close of the evening, whether he
had lost anything ; ' Notliing but my time,' replied
the moralist.

Hickory Led<j;e. — James Neal of Unity, N. H.
has discovered on bis farm the present season, a
bed of Copper Ore, ill an extensive ledge. The
ore has been examined by competent judges, and
pronounced to be of good quality. The owner
has erected a building over the break be has made
in the ledge for the purpose of working the same
the ensuing winter. — Portland Adv.

HELP ONE ANOTHER.

We have too often noticed a pro|)cnsity among
individuals of a compact and flourishing village, to
make purchases and to trade generally with stran-
gers, iu preference to a fair and mutual interchange,
neighbor with neighbor. Tliis is an evil, and we
can only account for it by supposing that the indi-
vidual who will r.ot encourage business in his own
village, is possessed of envious feelings toward his
neighbors, and dislikes to see them prosper. When
such feelings are clierished between man and man,
they soon render the most flourishing village deso-
late, and [laralyse the efforts of those who sincere-
ly wish for the prosperity of the place where they
chance to dwell. ' Help one another,' is the motto
to for every Coi-intry Village, and wlicn the inhab-
itants will throw aside all little petty differences,
which always exist in every community, and in
defiance of ])crsoual feeling trade in their own
villages, and let what little cash they may have to
spare, go to support their own folks, instead of
driving off a dozen miles at the expense of a dollar,
to save a cent in a trade, that village will be mark-
ed by every stranger as thriving and prosperous ;
the mansion of the Parson and its premises will
afford ample token that his parishioners possess the
means of paying him a liberal salary, the hatnmer
of the mechanic will be heard at early dawn,
buildings will rise as if by magic, and the whole
village will present a prospect of industry and
contentment. But mark the village whose inhab-
itants suffer tlieir own mechanics to languish ;
while they are spreading their money with a liberal
hand to support those of the neighboring towns,
and the reverse of this picture may be seen ; the
parsonage will be found tenantless and in ruins,
decay will be visible about every tenement, sloth
will have settled upon the inhabitants, and the
rising suu will generally find them snoving away
the best of the day in bed ; everything will wear the
livery of desolation.

The mechanics of every village must be support-
ed, and if you wotdd have good ones they must be
liberally supported. There is opposition in every
branch of business, and there are those who have
the art of slighting work so as to afibrd it cheap ;
you go to a first rate mechanic, his price will per-
haps appear to be high, even if he works as rea-
sonable as he can possibly aflbrd to work well, you
leave him and employ a cheap workman in some
other place, depend upon it your money is wasted,
and your mechanics, by such a course, will either
be forced to leave you or be ruined. — JVew Hamp-
shire Spectator.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by .-Vdmiral Sir Isaac
Coffin, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
of Agriculture. The pedigree of these animals can be
given as far back as Huhhuch, who was calved in 1777
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersey Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 1830.

Bolivar Calves, Saxony Bricks, and Bremen Geese.

For sale, 4 Bull Calves,sired by the celebrated imported
improved Durham short horned bull Bolivar, which
stock have produced 36 quarts of milk a day. No. 1, dam
Grey Brown, b.ilf Ccelebs and half Galloway. No. 2, dam
Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No, 3, dam Ceres, her sine
Calebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No. 4, dam
Beauty, half Ccelebs and half Galloway. The Calves
are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese, Inquire of Benjamin Shurt-
letr, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston. July 9.
Culture of Silk. '

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street — ■

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of ren-
dering it a source of individual and national wealth ; with
Directions to Farmers for raising .Silk ^^'ol■ms — By John
D'Homcrgue, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau — Price 62^ cents.

Also, Directions for the Rearing of Silk Worms, and
the Culture of the White Mulberry Tree, Published by
the Pennsylvania Society associated for the Promotion
of those objects, (an excellent, plain, practical work,) —
Price 25 cents,

Catawba Grape J'ines.

THE GENUINE SORT.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No, 52 North
Market-street —

50 Vines of the true Catawba Grape, one year old,
price 75 cts, each. This is one of the best native, table,
or wine Grapes cultivated ; the bunches large, with
shoulders, very thickly set, with large berries of a pale
red or lilac color, and in some situations covered with a
beautiful bloom, giving them a blueish purple appearance.
They have a slight musky taste, and delicate flavor.
They have a thin skin, very little pulp, are perfectly har-
dy, and surpass most of the native grapes that have been
exhibited at the Hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, the two past seasons. The pulp diminishes and
almost disappears when they are left on the vine till they
attain to perfect maturity. The vines are great bearers :
vne vine in Mrs Schell's garden, in Clarksburg, Mary-
land, has produced eight bushels of grapes in one season
— and eleven younger vines in the garden of Joshua John-
son, Esq, of the same State, have produced in one season
thirty bushels of fruit, A particular liisfoi'V and descrip-
tion of this fine grape will he found in Prince's new
Treatise on the Vine, just published. There can be no
mistake with regard to the identity of the above vines, as
lliey are all from the garden of Mr Se.aver, who raised
the first Catawba Grapes ever exhibited in fllassacliusetts

Pear Seedlings.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No, 52 North
Market Street—

20,000 Pear Seedlings, in fine order for Nurseries-
raised within six miles of Boston — at from 5 to $10 p
thousand, according to their .size,&c. They will be suit
ably packed, as wanted, for transportation to any distance

Published every Friday, fit ^3 per annum. | iiynblc at the
and of the year-but those who pay within sixty days from tbe
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents,

03= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by 1. R, Butts— by whom
,all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J, B,
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No, 62 North
Market Street,

agents.
AVw York — G.Thop.burn it Sons, fi7 Liberty-street,
Pln!ailelphia-V. & C. Lanoketh.SS Chestnul-street.
Bijlfimore — G, B. Smith, Olfice of the American Farmer.
Alliariii — Hon, Jksse Buel,

r/iishing, N. Y. Wm. Prince & SoNS.Prop, Liu. Bot. Gardes
Hii/ford—Goohwiii & Sons,
Newbitnjport, Euenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Hali/ux.N. S.— I', J, Holland, Esq. Recorder OfBce.
Montreal, I.. C— A. Bowman, Book)">Jler.

]\EW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. J2 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultdral Wabehodse.)-T. G. FESSENBENTEDlTORr

JVO, 22.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 17, 183 0.

«Sv©aiSaiSEra^iiaa^sT3(

Mr Fesse.nde.x — I enclose some extracts from
tlie August numbers of the Aniiales D'llorticnl-
ture, anil of the liislitut De Fromont, containing
iccounts of several varieties of pears, and a very
iUieresling plant, from the North West Coast.

In one of the above named juiblications, is an
epitome of a Horticultural tour n'ade in England,
luring the last year, !iy M. Filippar, who frankly ac-
linowlcdges the preeminence of that country in all
lie branches of rural culture. I shall send it to
.ou in a few days, as it gives a pleasing account
)f the wonderful progress which has been made in
Jreat Britain in useful and ornamental tillage,
ind of the efforts which are ra|)idly developing in
•"ranee for tlie advancement of the science and
Jt of gardening.

Since the general pacification of Europe, each
lation appears to have sent out its intelligent and
nteriirising travellers to explore all others, for the
onunendable purpose of collecting horticultural
: iformation, and bringing back the vegetable
measures of every clime. I trust the period is
ot far distant, when we shall participate in the
enefits and honors of such meritorious and pa-
iotic explorations.

With unfeigned respect,

Your most obedient servant.

H. A. S. DEAllBORN.

Brinlcy p]acp, 7
Utc.8lh,iS30. 5

EXTUACT NO. XXVIII.

From the' ADDales D'Horticulture.
JVew fruits, or such as are hut little known.

PEARS.

BEruRE-CuRTET. Fruit oval, rounded ; skin
reen, thin, unctuous at the moment of becoming
lellow, striped, and stained with red, on the side
vposed to the sun. Flesh white, melting, full of
.Teet juice, quickened by an aromatic tartness,
eculiar to the Bergaraots. Ripens from the last
r September, to the middle of October.

This new Pear, described by Var Jlons, was

Amon;j
&c.

irica.

ends ; skin of a delicate green, covered with nu- ; ""'y lo botany, proj)erly so called, but to the nat-
nierous wliite spots, forming a kind of not work. ! "''"l sciences generally, by the introduction of
The tlesh is white, tender, melting, full of very i plants I'rom the Northwest coast of Ameri
abundant sugary juice.

At the epocli of its maturity, which is towards
the end of October, the skin assumes a yellow
shade : the fruit can still be kept three weeks lon-
ger in a good state.

AI. Van aions says, that seed from the pear tree
which produced the Scrruner, and whicli was
sown at the same time, produced a new Sauguiiie.

rcscmlding in every respect, as to the form of the
fruit and the color of the flesh, the ancient, but
riclicr and more tender.

De Raqui.nche.v. The tree is vigorous, branch-
es erect, bark reddish : buds small and slim ; the
shoots often thorny ; leaves narrow, downy on
the under surface, and a little dentated; fruit
round, compressed ; stump an inch in length ;
skin, rough and brown, like that of the Messire
Jean ; flesh very melting, buttery, and sugary ;
high flavored ; ripens in November and December.

This species of Pear tree merits dissemination,
from tlie quality of its fruit, which is as melting
as ;he Beurre Dore and the Crassane ; its branch-
es should be trimmed at full length, for after the
fruit buds are formed at the ends of tlie young
shoots, in order to obtain fruit soon, it should be
cultivated in the form of an 'espalier ; the fruit
grows in bouipiets like the Crassane, of which it
is believed to be a variety ; it succeeds better up-
on a free stock than ujion the quince, although it
iv.'oduces fruit sooner, when engrafted upon the
latter. Tliis new acquisition is very interesting,
from the quality of its fruit, and the beauty of
the tree. It was obtained by M. Noisette.

CoLMAR D'Ete. Ripens in August and Septem-
ber; the tree in all respects resembles the Colinar,
but its bark is always creased ; a great bearer ; a
very good species, but little disseminated. Pro-
duced by M. Noisette.

Bei;rre de Sai.nt QrEXTi.v. Ripens in Sep-
tember ; the tree erect and beautiful ; wood reddish :
leaves long and narrow ; fruit in form of the com

_ the plants, there are an astonishin"-
variety, of the Lupimis, Penstcimn, (Enotliera
h seems that nature lias placed, in those
localities, the nidus of these genera, from whence
some species have been scattered hero and there
upon the surface of the earth. During three
years, each monthly number of the Botanical

to us
charming

jtained, in 1828, by IM. Simeon Bouvier, an j mon Doyenne, not quite so long and larger in its

circumference; deini-beurre; well calculated for
large orchards, being a great bearer. Produced
by M. Noisette.

EXTRACT NO. XXIX.

A method of destroying iveeds which grow between
; the paving stones of yards and courts, and in
garden walks.

, Boil about 20 pounds of quick lime and two
; pounds of sulphur, in 2.5 gallons of water ; let

>othecary of Jodoigne, who has dedicated it to
. Curtet, a physician of Bruxellcs.
Beurre D'Aremberg. M. Van Mons lias de-
;Tibed this pear, which is no longer new, but is
ill one of the best, which we know. We only
leak of it now, to show how much confusion
IS been produced in the nomenclature, by the
nonymes. The Beurre D'Aremberg can scarce-
number twenty years of existence, and iwver-

eless it has already four names. Obtainel ati,, ,. ., ,,..„- ' -

ngheim, bv the Abbe Deschamps, in the gard.u of , "^. '"1""^ •^°"'', '',"'" ." °^ "^'"''^ =^"J ^^•"'' "^ "''-
e Hospice Des Orphelins in that city, Des- T""" P°'' 'i'""^'^" " °'-'' ''"= I'avement and
.atnps at first called it Beurre des Orphelins M.I™' "° "f to moisten the ground thoroughly,

in Mons, soon after named it Beurre Deschwips, ! .'!'"' "° "'"'"'^ 'X'" '""P'^f ' ^'" "'''""''' y"'"'^- '' '^

tliiis tiiat the Corns des Mornaies in Paris, al-
though but little frequented, is prevented from ex.
hibiting the least vegetation.

Register, and Botanical Magazine, reveal
the existence ot one or more of those
plants, reported by Mr Douglas. I,, Octobe
1827, Mr J. Lindley, described and figured, in the
first of these periodical collections, a magnificent
species t.) which he gave the name of Lupinvs
potypliyllus. After many attempts, we had the
pleasure of receiving some of the seeds at the
commencement of the year 1 829. They came
up readily ; but only produced radical leaves the
first year, which were muhifoliolated, and borne
on long petioles. Being transplanted into rich
earth, but exposed to all the intemperance of the
rigorous winter which we experienced, the roots
did not suffer in the least. In the month of Aliril
the stalks began to be developeil, and produced
toward the middle of May, spikes of flowers
which were more than two feet in length.

Plant herbaceous, vivacious, perennial; the
eaves composed of from II to 15 green leaflets,
lanceolate, hairy on the under side ; the flower
disposed in n long terminal cluster. These flow-
ers arc of a beautiful azure blue, with a reddish
border, and they form a kind of whorls very near
each other, or to speak more exactly spirals round
Q common axis. The general appearance of this
plant IS something like that of the Baptisia
(I odalyna) auslrnlis ; but it is, without contradic-
tion, more elegant.

When this plant shall become common, it will
be generally cultivated, on a large scale, for for-
age, as It requires no more care than sainfoin, or
any other legume.

It is thus noticed in the AnnalesD'Horticulture.
We believe we can announce to the amateurs of
flowers, cultivated in the open ground, that it is a
long time since anything has arrived, so magnifi-
cent, as this plant. Its culture and inidtiiilication
appear to be very easy. It is a fortunate acquisi-
tion for our parterres.

honor of its discoverer ; others have calbd it
°urre U" Hardenpont ; and finally the nauB of
iurre D\iremberg has been given to it, by misake,
ithout doubt, but it has prevailed and wil pro-
hly be the only one that is continued.
Serrurier D'Actom.ve. M. Van Mons says
e tree is tall and majestic ; the leaves snail,
mgated, and apositely folded.
The fruit is very large, oblong, obtuse a' both

EXTRACT no. .XXX.

From tho Annalos L'Institut Royal Honicole Do Fromont.
Remarks on the Lxipinus Polyphyllus ; by Guilleimin
We early signalized, in the Annales of Fromont,

Mr Fessendejv— The following letters havin<r been
read, at a recent meeting of the .Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, it wa. directed, that they should be pub-
lished in the New England Farmer.
Very respectfully,

^ our most obedient servant.

T, . , „, H. A. S. Dearbok.v.

Brinley Place, J
Dec. 1,1830.- i

Letter from F. Falderman, Esq. Curator of tht

Imperial Botanic Garden at St Petersburg.

Sir — I was very happy to be informed, by Doct.

Harris, that the Massachusetts Horticultural

Society had considered me worthy of being

elected one of its Honorary Members. For this

favor, which you have kindly conferred upon me,

I promise to do whatever is in my power to render

the services which Mr Douglas has rendered, not myself useful to the Society.

170

NEW EiM^LAND FARMER,

I take the liberty of scmring to the Society, a ! mile below the town, on the Ohio river ; she is
ciioice cnlloction of tloiihle Dahliiis which were | quite advanced in years, but still siuart and active ;
chieflv viiiscd in tlie Imperial Botanic Garden, i the mother of a numerous race of children, and
from "seeds which ripened in this country. I hope j grand children. Any communication to her, can
wben they flower, you will he pleased with them, '. I)e readily made through me, or directly to her,
and allow them a pUice in your garden.

Willi the utmost respect,
I am, Sir your most

Obedientscrvant.

F. Falderman.
Gen. H. a. S. De

:arborn.
Pre9. Mas3.

Hort. Soc.

With great resiject,

I remain yours truly.

S. P. illLDRETH.

* The Laily who«e name was given to the pear raised
from seed, which she collected in N. Jersey.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Letter irom S. P. IIildreth, Esq.

Marietta, Ohio, 8lh Nov. 1830.
To General Dearborn.

Dear Sir— Your favor of the 7th as been
received. 1 feel highly gratified by t!ie flatter-
ing notice your Hortieultm-al Society have been
pleased to take of my commimication of August
last. I shall endeavor this winter to make them
some suitable return for their politeness. I [iro-
pose in aildition to the scions of the Burlingame
pear and plum, to send to them, 10 or 12 new
varieties of the apple, jn'oduced in the vicinity of
Marietta, from the seeds. No part of the west-
ern country, has a greater variety of superior en-
grafted fruit than Washington County ; and in
the lapse of thirty years many new and excellent
apples must of course spring from the seeils. By
a little attention tliis autumn, I have discovered
a number wlii'di are fully equal to any of our best
enn-rafied fruits. From these, I shall select a few
and send to your Society, and if convenient, per-
haps drawings of the fruit — also some of our
native crab apples, seeds and scions. Ten or a
dozen varieties of oiu" best peaches, from the
stones, seeds of as many of our indigenous or-
namental trees and sln-tdis as I can collect — also
cree|)oi-s and wild (lowers — with a few seeds from
my garden of Dahlias and Crown Imiierials. I
send the Crown Imperial seeds, because I thiol;
thcv are a rarity— perha|)s not, but mine never
seeded before this year— the spring was a forward
one and very fine, which was probably the cause.
If the winter is open, I shall endeavor to forward
the box in February, to Mr Lamdreth, of Phila-
delphia. I shall then write for a few articles in
rctm-n. The seeds of the Schizanthns iiinnatns
were lost on the way— the other came safe. The
Diploma yon are pleased to mention, may come
on in the returned box. I shall dip the ends
of the scions in melted wax and roll them up in
moist paper, and pack in a tight box. Is there
any otiier better method ? I also take the liberty
of sending you, in company with this letter, two of
our Marietta papers, containing the agricultural
address and report of the Society in this comity,
for the year 1830. The Society is small a, id funds
for premiums still smaller, but yet much good is
done. If yon get from them no new ideas, yon
will learn sonjctliing of our views. Tliis state is
probably destined to become one of the first in
the union— the fertility of the soil, the genial in-
fluence of the climate, and the geographical posi-
tion, bordering on two navigable waters, creating
an outlet for her produce both to the east and the
west, afford every facility to wealth ; while her
civil and religious privileges are equally favor-
able tn the growth and in:i)rovenient of the mind.
Nothing but the wickedness or imbecility of her
rulers, if favored with the blessing of Providence,
can check or retard her progress.

Mrs Burlingame, * after whom you so kindly in

SHEEP HUSBANDRY.

Sir — 1 have somewhere met with the remark,
that all useful discoveries in agriciiltin-e should be
considered common stock ; and the selfish princi-
ple which would lead ns to keep such discoveries
for our own individual use, ought never to find
a place in the bosom of the farmer.

Acting on this princii)le, I wish to communicate
through your journal, some exjjeriments on the
interesting subject of S/jec/i Husbandry, than which
no branch of agriculture is of more importance
either as it regards the interests of the Farmer, or
in a national point of view.

1 shall in the fir^t place notice some facts respect-
ins the texture of wool. About 6 years ago, I placed
a flock of sheep on one of my fiirms under the care
of a Scotchman, whom I considered one of the best
shepherds in this section of country. Besides being
extremely careful, he was a very high feeder. At
the time, he took charge of these sheep, they were
about an average of my whole flock. A large
portion of them were perfectly unmixed with com-
mon blood. Alprestnt they are a full eighth coars-
er than those on my other farms, that have not
been so highly fed. They have increased some-
what in size, and I think not less than 25 per
cent in weight of flecee. The flocks on my other
farms remain aliout stationary as to weight of
carcase and fleece ; but by strict attention to the
selection of the best prime bucks, we have been
enabled to make great impovement in the texture
of the wool. I find that with all our c.ire in the
choice of rams, we are barely able tn prevent de-
terioration in the quality of the wool of the Scotch-
man's flock. The result of my cxpcriuients proves
that a flock of full blood merinos, under high
keeping, and breeding indiscriminately from the
produce, may be reduced to three quarters grade
in six or eight years. I am not sure, however,
that considering the increased quantity of wool
and mutton they would be less jirofitable.

I have an aditiimal inducement to give publici-
ty to my experience respecting the shearing of
lambs, as on a furmer occasion, I advocated what
1 uovv believe to be an erroneous opinion on this
matter. In a letter, addressed to John Hare Powtl,
Esq. which was pidilislied among the proceedings
of the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, and also
if I mistake not, in your pa[ier, I condemned the

I

Dec. \1, 1830.

The present flattering prospects which are held
out to most growers, will no doubt induce many
to embark in the business without experience. To
such these hints maybe useful. Should this he
the case, I shall be amply compensated for my trou-
ble.

It is high time our cotmtry should cease to
be de])endenton Euro|ie either for wool or cloths.

It is not less absurd for the United Slates to im-
port wool, except the very coarsest kind, at thia
day than it would be to import cotton.
Yours very truly.

ALEXANDER REED.

irashington, (Pa.) Dec. 3, 1830.

THE SEASON.

P. S. — The past summer was nnusiially dry,
very little rain fell from the first of June till
the middle of October, and even until this date we
have bad moderate showers. We hear of heavy
and continued rains, both east and west, but here
the Autumn has been the most pleasant within
the recollection of the oldest inhabitants- We
have ap[des and strawberries of the second crop —
the Lima Bean and Passion Flowerare as green asl
in August, and the buds of the apricot and each
are considerably swollen. Our fall crops present
a beautiful appearance, and in many instances have
been pastured.

The crops of the last season were, on the
whole, abundant. Wheat, oats, and barley, fully
one third more than an average crop. Indiani
corn about as much below the common crop.
Rye, a good croji. Potatoes and apples abouti
half a crop. Peaches not plenty but fine. Pears
scarce, the trees having died, or being on the de-
cline. A. R.

iractice of shearing lambs. Additional experience
has entirely changed my opinion. Aliont four
years ago, I bad my lambs shorn on one farm. I
found they stood the winter better, came on to
grass in fine order and with less loss than those
on my other farms. Since that time I have con-
tinued the practice, and with uniforn.i success. I
believe the great advantage is derived from the
destruction of the titdv. If a lamb is closely and
smoothly shorn, about the last of June or first of
July, very few of these troublesome and destruc-
tive vermin will be found on it the next spring un-

quircd, is still 1

ivmg ; her re;iilence

is about a less they are communicated from other sheep.

HORTICULTURAL.

At a meeting of the committee of the Masrsa-
chusctts Horticultural Society, on Fruits, on Sat-
urday, the 4th December, 18.30, the following pre-
miums were awarded. '

For tlie best Apples, to John Prince, of Rox-
bury, $4

For the best summer Pears, (i^ndrews) to Rufus
F. Phipps, of Charlestown, $4

For the best autumn Pears, (Bartlett) to Enocl
Bartlett, of Roxbury, $4

For the best native Pears, (Heathcot) to Roder
ick Toohev, sardeuer to Mrs Core, of Wallhani

S-i

For the best Peaches, (Grosse Mignonne) t(
Elijah Vose, of Dorchester, §4

For the best native Peaches, to E. M. Richards
of Dedham, $2

For the best Apricots, (Bioor Park) to E
Phinney, of Lexington, $3

For the best Nectarines, (Red Roman) to Ed!
ward Sharp, of Dorchester, $3

For the best Plums, (Bcdmar's Wasliington) t\
Samuel R. .Tohnson, of (Jharlestown, $S.

Fo' t!ie best Cherries, (Black Tartarian) l
RufuJ Howe, of Dorchester, $2

Fo: the best native Cherries, (Downer's MaZ'
zard)to Samuel Downer, of Dorchester, $^

Fol the best foreign Grapes, (White Muscadine'
of oiii door culture, to David Fosdick, of Charles,
town, $1-1

For the best native Grapes, (Catav.ba) to Na
thanie! Seaver, of Roxbury, $i|

Forthe best Gooseberries, (Jolly Angler) to.N
Seavo^ of Roxbury, 6'.

Fertile best Strawberries, ('Keens' Seedling)!
D. Ilalgerston, of the Charlestown Vineyard, $!j

Vol. IX.— No. 22.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

171

To Tliomas Willet, gardener to Mr E. Breed,
of Cliarlestown, for the best Grnpc:, (Black Ham-
burg) grown under glass, presented to ilie Society
at their .Xnniversary Festival, in September last,
the committee recommend a gratuity of §5.

To Elisha Edwards, of Springfiidd, for several
beautiful varieties of rare and valuable Fruits,
presented to the Society at various meetings, a
gratuity of $5.

I By order of the Committee,

! E. PHINNEY, Chairman.

The Standing Committee on Ornamental Trees,

Flowers, &.C, award the follow ing premiums for

the year 1S30.

For the most successful cultivation of the
Rhododendron .^la.ximnm, a premium of $5, to Mr
Roderick Toohcy, of Walthiim.

For the best specimen of Chinese Chrysan-
ihemums, a premium of ^3, to Mr David Hagger-
slon, of Charlestown.

For the six finest Tulips, a premium of $2, to
Mr Augustus Aspinwall, of Brookline.

For the six finest Hyacinths, a premium of 1S"2,
:o Sir Augustus Aspinwall, of Brookline.

For the finest Ranuncidus, a premium of $2, to
Mr George W. Pratt, of U'atertown.

For the finest cultivated native Flowers, a pre-
nium of ,'<2, to iMessrs Winships, of Brighton.

For the finest Roses, a premium of $4, to Mr
•A.ugiistus Aspinwall, of Brookline.
I For the finest Dahlias, a premium of S2, to Mr
Oavid Haggerston, of Charlestown.
I For the finest Pinks, a premium of .92, to Mr
3enrge Thompson, of Medford.

For the best Carnations, a premium of .$2, to
Messrs Winships, of Brighton.
. The many specimens of native Flowers pre-
iented by Messrs John Russell, Daniel Chandler,
ind E. M. Richards, have rendered the weekly
:xhibitions of the Society peculiarly interesting.

I By order of the Coninnttee,

R. L. EMMONS, dudrmnn.
\ N. B. Those members to whom premiums
lave been awarded, can obtain an order on the
Treasurer for the amount, on application to the
chairman of the Committee.

lOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PROLIFIC SHEEP.

Mr Fkssexdex — Having lately visited Col. John
'ale of Chelsea, and noticed young lambs among
is flock, he informed ine, that the last year he
ad 44 ewes of mixed breed, which began to pro-
duce lambs, Nov. 24, and continued till some time
■1 January — That 2 sheep brought 3 lambs each

ne of which died young That from June 14th

) July 2d, he sold 41 lambs at 8ii,50— That 5
■•ere sold after that time at the same price, among
ifhich were the 3 from one sheej) — that since
uly 20tli, he has 18 lambs of the second crop.

.Vou. 22, 1830. A. B.

whole, we shall find the remark not only generally taking from the ground. Cabbages in a state of
true, but much more so than a casual observer nature, are little better than wild mustard ■ and
would be wdhng to believe. Go where you will, cotton, now one of the principal staples and a
a thoughtless and careless adherence to old | source of w.'alth to our cnuiry, in its original
customs will be met with on all sides, with but an state, coidd ^carcelv be appropriated to the use of
occasional exception. Here and there, a beauii- ,„an. These are but few instances ; the whole
ful man.sion, well arranged barn-yard, well tilled, catalogue of agncnliural products were in the
luxuriant and properly fenced fields, healthy and same slate, till Imnmn wi..dom and industry i,„
thritty orchards, and improved stock, will be seen ! ,,roved them by cultivation If, then such has
like a bright star in the wilderness of ephemeral |,cen done, may we not fairly conclude that ihe
and misty meteors of the system. The most

I

IMPROVEMENTS IN AGRICULTURE.

The greatest and almost exclusive obstacle to
nprovements in agriculture, is tho prejudice ex-
iling in favor of old systems, or rather want of
(•stem. The practices learned from thei." fore-
ithers are taken for granted to be the best, and
ny attempt at improvement upon them is treated
'ith derision and contempt. There are many
•orthy exceptions to this, it is true ; but if we
ko a view of our agricultural comrauniy as a

unaccountable circumstance in tlii.s state of things
is the fact, thafcthe great success that universally
attends these instances of improved practice does
not disperse the doubts and prejudices of the
neighboring farmers; but so it is. They view the
fine crops, fine cattle, and all the other fine things,
results of a wise practice, as the result of accident.
' O I he is a lucky farmer, ' say they, and give
themselves no further trouble about the cause of
his prosperity. Indeed his great success is itself,
by the weakness of human nature, no small ob-
stacle to his example being followed by his neigh-
bors. It too often excites envy instead of emula-
tion, and from this cauldron the vials of all the
malevolent passions are filled, and their contents
directed towards him. How ha[)py would be the
condition of farmers in this country if tl.e reverse
of this state of things existed ! There is no
country on earth in which the condition of the
agricultural communily is susceptible of bein"
made so comfortable and happy, as in the United
States. While in the most favored country on
the globe, except this, the labor of farmers is
taxed to almost a moiety of its earnings, it is here
comparatively unvisited by the tax-gatherer. We
know well that much and loud complaint is made
by our farmers against the ojipression of taxes ;
but let them look at the amount of taxes paid by
the agriculturists of any other, we care not what
country, and their com|daints will cease. That
their condition is at |)resent not prosperous, is
readily admitteil, but we contend that the fault is
with themselves; and nothing but the unexampled
fertility of onr natural soil, and the propitioirsness
of our climate saves them from utter ruin. How
long would the farmers of England keep them-
selves from starvation, if they pursued the system
generally practised in this country .'

It is not for want of sources of information
that so little improvement is made in our agricul-
ture ; but from the neglect of them. This arises
from, besides a prejudice for old customs — they
are unworthy of the title of systems, — a prejudice
against ' book farming,' as it is termed. This has
done much injury, and is utterly groundless. It
is 'book fanning ' that has brought our agriculture
even to its present state. The fact is that agricul-
ture has derived as much benefit from the invention
of printing as any other department of human
industry. Through the medium of the press,
farmers have been informed of the objects of
agricultural attention in distant jiarts, and thus
been enabled to introduce su<-h of them as were
adapted to their soil and climate. But that every
subject of agricultural attention is susceptible of
improvement is easily proved ; and if so, that it is
the interest of farmers to make the improvements
will not be denied. Let us glance at a few instan-
ces of improvement that are now considered in a
Slate of perfection by farmers generally. Wheat
in its natural state was scarcely anythitig more
than cheat. Potatoes were small contemptible roots.

(irocess o( improvement may be continued ? for,
as it is not allowed to human naturo to attain a
stale of perfection, so we may fairly conclude that
the works of man are imperfect and are capable,
of improvement ad infimtuin Jlmeiican Farmer.

Among the articles sav -d (lom the wreck of
ship Superb, bound from Philadelphia to New
Orleans, was a bundle about a foot square which
being opened in New Orleans, contained counter-
feit bank notes on the Salem and Philadelphia
Manulacturing Co. to the amount of .^ilO.COO.
It is said they were to have been forwarded to
Illinois for circulation.

In Bedford Co. Pa. the children average 3 to a
family.

Mr Law, of Liberty Co. Ga. has raised a ' brim-
stone' potato 18 inches long. 22| round, lOJ lbs.
On one acre he laised more than 600 busheFs.

Last September and October, 700 teams cross-
ed the Jlississippi, for the upperparl of Illinois.

The Russian government has ofl>^red 2.5,000
roubles (about £1,000.) for the best treatise on
cholera morbus. — The French physicians are not
enumerated in the address of the offer, and the
treatises are to be written in Russian, Latin,
German, English or Italian ; French not being
included. They are to be sent to St Petersburg,
addressed to the Council of Medicine, before Sept.
1, 1831 : the name of the author to be in a
separate and sealed cover.

Mr Rajjp, of Economy, Pa, hearing of a |)ump-
kin in N. Carolina weighing 86 lbs. was induced
to weigh one which had grown on his farm. It
weighed 124 lbs. was nearly 4 feet round one
way, and Si the other.

In Alexandria, D. C, 2d inst. there was hoar
frost and ice ; yet strawberries were for sale in
the market.

20,0(0 hogs were lately met in in the Western
country, on thc'r way to Alexandria.

It not being legal to sentence a Spimish nobleman
to punishment lor life, the Supreme Court at Mal-
aga have lately sentenced a young nobleman, for
murder, to the galleys, for 100 years and a day !

Elegant ribbons are manufactured at Wayne,
Kennebec Co. Me.

Mr Richard Inilay, of Baltimore, has made
and shipped for New Orleans a beauiiful rail road
carriage, intended for the Lake Poiitchartrain
Rail Road.

Two of the shillings coined in .^lassachusclts
in 16-52, were lately tbund in a scull bone, while
removing earth next the burying ground in Con-
cord, Ms.

Mr Harding the distinguished artist ot Boston, is en-
gaged in making a full length portiait of Dan-
iel Webster, at Ihe request of Hoston Mechanics, who
have raised S600 by subscription (or that purpose.

JiailroaJ from Baltimore to IVashington. — Thi»
project seems to gain consistency. The public and the

such as we at this time, would scarcely think of Ohio and Baltimore Company are (or it

172

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Dec. 17, 1830.

PROFITABLE COWS. Give your horse, (after, and while lie is heateil)

At the Hartford Comity Agricidtiiral Exhiliition one quart of oats or dried corn, with a sprinkle of

and Cattle Show, this foil, Doct. Samuel B. Wood salt, after his first draught of water, of two quarts.

ward, of Wetherslield, had two Cows exhihited, ] These portions of each, water and food, may be

one of which took the lirst premium, $5. Dr
Woodward, in his letter to the Committee, says,
that ' on the 1st of May, he had three cows, one of
which had a calf which was well fatted, and killed
at 5 weeks old. ' It will bo interesting to our Far-
mers to know what Doctors can do in tUc'wlinc of
business. Cannot some of our Farmers give an
account of their receipts from the same source

repeated at discretion, during the reasonable, but
necessary time for the rest of the animal, and yon
may then with certainty and safety, pursue yonr
joiu-ney to any distance and time.

Jlcripc- — When the above directions are omitted,
and the bad effects are apparent, give the animal
the following: —

Tincture of Benzoin, one ounce ; Spirits of Am-

We therefore ]>ublisli the following statement of j monia, one do; Arotnatic Confei^on, half an
the quantity of butter made, &c, from the Doctor's! ounce ; Ginger one ounce. To be mixed in one

quart of water. When a horse is over heated,
tins application will relieve hiin — and it may also be
given with success, in cases where a horse is affect-
ed with cholic or gripes, flatulency in the stomach
or intestines, mixed with a pint of warm oil —
to be repeated at every three lioiu'S until relieved.
Wm Cooke, Vtlmnanj Surgeon.

stateinent, viz :

In May, 110 lbs. 2 oz.; June, 109 11 ; July,
93 ; August, 80 S, Sept. 101 8 ; Oct. 25th, 81 12 ;
total 570 lbs 9 ozs.

On the 1st of Sept. another cow was added
which including what was made the last week in
Apriljto wit,'21 lbs. would make 597 lbs. 9 ozs. in 6
months Besides all this, milk and cream have been
Bold, to the amount of S3, and a family oC 16 per-
sons furnished with milk and cream, worth at least
$1 a week, at 4 cents a quart, and pork fed to the
amount of at least .91. Not a pound of Butter
was sold for less than Is. per pound.

Butter, SI 00

Milk, &c, sold, 3

Milk used in the family, 26

Pork, 13

j .Moderate watering of the plants in dry weather
j prevents exhaustion in a drought, and repletion on
the return of rain. Mr. C. states the following :
' A very inteligent friend informed me, a few
days ago, that a Swiss, of his acquaintance, settled
in Jlissoiiri, plants his vines thus: he digs a ditch
the length of a row, and three or four feet deep,
and at the bottom of this ditch he plants long cut-
tings, (eighteen or twenty inches,) a common
dtpth below it. On the bottom of this dilcli he
scatters a little manure, and from time to time as
his vines ascend, (which they do most vigorously,)
he fills in the surface of the ground with the poor-
est earth he can get, (to discourage the growth of
side roots, we may reasonably suppose, but a mat-
ter of no importance to our text,) and that their
success is surprising ; and no rot or mildew is
known among them. The ends of his cuttings
must lay four or five feet deep.'

The Philadelphia papers mention a Grape vine'
growing near the banks of the Schuylkill in the
township of Upper Merion, on the farm of Isaac
Jones, which measures at several |)laces between
the root and the height of ten feet, from 30 to 35
inches in circumference. It is a curiosity worthy
the attention of those i)crsons who have doubts re-
specting the soil and climate of this country being
favorable to the growth of the vine.

S144

The cows were fed on grass only after the mid-
dle of May, before which time they had rowen
hay and 2 quarts of meal a day. One cow is 6
years old, the other 5 years — one is half blood
Devonshire, the other common stock.

The calves from the 3 cows sold
in the spring for

Whole product,

15 75
144 00

$159 75

Names on Trees. — In the last number of Dr
Brewster's Journal there is a curious paper on
'Inscriptions in Living Trees,' translated from the
Swedish. Words or figures are often idly cut
on trees ; ami the general opinion is, that they are
soon obliterated by the growth of the wood. It
appears however, from a number of examples cited
that they are faithfully retained in the tree as long
as it endures ; and that, if it is not seriously injured,
the number of concentric rings of wood tbuiid
above the inscription will accurately denote the
time when it was cut. Professor Lanrell of the

University of Lund, made two incriptions in two

IN RELATION TO WATERING AND FEEDING beech trees, in 1748. The o.ie was opened in
ir« Kr.i^ii.iiui'r jjoRgj£s, 1756, and had the inscription remaining, with

To prevent all inflammatory disorders arising eight rings of wood over it, the other in 1764, and
from the too prevalent practice on the part of the , had sixteen rings over it. Bishop Faxc sent late-
inexperienced, in the use and application of the ly to the museum of Lund two pieces of wood
necessary and proper quantity of both food and j from a tree which grew near Ilclziuborg, and
water, to the comfort and preservation of their j which, during the sawing and cleaning, scpariitcd
health and consequent usefulness— I subjoin the , in such a way, that the inscription stands right on
followinir unerring rules and directions, to secure the one piece but reversed on the other

lowing unerring
and insure the health, vigor, and consequent utility
of this most valuable and indispensable animal, to
man.

When the horse is heated from any cause, great
care should be taken while in that state, to allow
hiui to take but a very small quantity of cold water
at a time — say not more than two (piarts, wliieh may
be repeated at intervals, during liis meals, which
should also be limited. New hay and corn should
always be rejected, when pure hay and oats can be
obtained ; the natural and certain tendency of
the introduction of either new or green hay, and
Indian corn (in too great quantities) into the stomach
of the horse, is to produce diseases in that organ,
and conseqi-.ently the derangement of his whole
system ; the animal is rendered therefore worse than

It is ' F.
M. d. 21, I. 1817.' hut the letters and figures ^are
placed below one another, in four lines. It w,as
cut in 1828, and. the incri|)tion was found to be
covered with nine concentric layers of wood, the
tenth being imperfect. Several other examples
arc given, but they are less precise.

To prevent the rot or Mildeiv of Grapes. — JMr
George J. F. Clark, in the Southern Agriculturist,
supposes this disease of the fruit of the vine to arise
from the mot being too near the ground. A few
days of hot drying weather absorbs so great a por-
tion of the moisture from the roots that, on return
of a plentiful shower, they drink in the rain so co-
piously as to ])roduce a repletion that results in
the rot. Mr. C. savs the vine, under favorable

Arabian Horses. — Mr Rliind late Agent of ou
government, has transported to this city from Ca*,.
stantinople, four Arabian stud horses. They are
five or six years of age, and considerably smaller
than our common horses. Two are sorrel, one
gray, and the other bay. The last had been taken
Irom the desert but a short time, and was pronounc-
ed the swiftest horse in the Turkish Capital.

Large Cucumbers. — A cucumber (the Bloor's
White spine) was cut on the 8th of June in the
garden of W. llardman, Esq. of Chamber Hall,
near Bury, of the following dimensions : — Length
26 in., girth 11 in., weight 5 lbs, 8j^ oz. It did
not appear overgrown, but in jiroper state fortlio
table. — Morn. Chronicle, June 23.

The Washington, N. C. Times, after .nn eight
months' publication, has been discontinued, !>»•
cause many people subscribed, not to paij hut to
encoiiragf:.

This is about equal to those who subscribe to en-
courage a ]irinter to establish a paper, and then
discontinue a! the end of six months, leaving him
in the lurch with a large debt on his shoulders.

Geographj of Boston. — Messrs Carter & Hentfee
have iHiblished a little volume under this title, by
the author of the History of Boston. It cmbraceia
description of the topography of the city, and of its
principal buildings and other objects deserving of
notice, illustrated by cuts representing the pritici-j
pal buildings, and by maps of the city and of the '■
adjoining country. It will he found a useful and
aareeable work.

useless Vfor delay's, and frequently further remedies I circumstances, has a strong propensity to form a
are vainlv sought for, because it too often happens, tap root, which protects the vine Jrom the ex

I. Is!

' mation of this taproot, deep planting is requisite,

that from the ignorance of the operator, ho adds tremes of moisture and dryness.

to the maladv, instead of removing it.

lMPROVEMr:NT OF Stock. — We are informed
that George Hazen, Es(|uire, of Sussex Vale, has
now on his farm, a Bull C»lf, of six months old,
which weighs GOO lbs. — and another of five months
and seventeen days, which weighs 465 lbs. This
stock is of the short horned Durham breed, im-
ported a few years back by the Agricultural Socie-
ty of this Province. — St John. {J\". B.) Gaxctte.

Crapes. — The Boston Transcript snys that up-
wards of one hundred thousand pounds of grapei,
are annually raised in that vicinity. We believe al
much larger quantity is raised near Philadelphli,!
and have no doubt that if ten times as many wew.
cultivated they would be found among the vaosl
profitable production of a garden or farm. Wo,
do not refer to their use in the manufacture of
wine, but morely as a fresh fruit in the mwkeH,

V.il. IX.

AND HORtlCULTURAL JOUIINAL

173

where, in their proper season they always coin-
niand a good price and meet a rapid sale. — U. S.
Gaxdle.

Cape Broccoli in Baltimore. — This most excellent
vcgelahle lias been quite common in our market,
and is raised in great perfection. A day or two
since a couple were presented to us by Mr Samuel
Feast, raised at his garden on the Frederick road,
which surj.assed any we had before seen, for size,
firnmess, and richness. We were so anxious to
test their excellence by the pahilc, that we quite
forgot the moio scientific but more fallible tests of
tiie rule and scale ; but we do not overrate them
in saying that they measured ten or twelve inches
in diameter, exclusive of the leaves. They were
of the improved purple kind.

Owiui; to the peculiarly favorable season, Brocoli
and Caulitlouers, are cheap as well as plentiful
in our markets, and thus many who have hereto-
fore looked upon them as delicacies beyond their
roach, have been enabled to try them ; and hence
a knowledge of their good qualities has been difFus-
cJ,aiul the gardeners will be encouraged to extend
the cidlivation of them by an increased demand.
We have seen fine largo Cauliflowers and Broccoli
sold at Gi cents, such as could seldom have been
obtained in any [)rcvious season for less than 12^-
cts. and such as we have often seen sold at 2-5
cents. — •Im. Farmer.

South Carolina Silk and its Manufacture. — We
have in our possession a i)air of silk stockings,
the material of which was raised by Miss Harriet
Winn, of Winnsborough, in Fairfield District, and
knit by that young lady's own hands ; which every
one to whom we have shown them, [rrononnce
particularly beautifid. They are certainly liryond
aiiv ideas that wc had formed of the perfection
which this interesting cidture had reached in
South Carolina. It is almost impossible to di.s-
tinguisli them from the finest specimens of woven
hosiery, and they entitle our fair friend to very
great jiraise for patriotism and ingenuity. Such a
specimen,^in our opinion, settles the practicability
of silk cultivation in our state. — Camden Journal.

A correspondent says the domestic exports o
South Carolina to foreign countries amounted last
vear to S'S,000,000 ; and he hopes to see the time
when the domestic exports of Massachusetts will
amount to an equal sum, and furnish cargoes for
as many ships. Here the exports come from toil,
and there from soil. — Palladium.

Cure fur Bloating in Cattle. — The Volatile Spi-
rit of Annnonia is said to be used in France with
grcit success in the cure of Bloating, a disease
arising from excessive eating of green grass. ' Its
action is chemical,' says the American Citizen,
'decomposing the gas generated in the stomach by
fermentation. ' We suppose the gas generated is
the carbonic, and tliat the Ammonia does not de-
oinpose but unites with it. We know not why
lime water would not have the same elTect.

Officers of the Horticultural Society of Rensselaer
Comitij. — We perceive by the Troy Sentinel that
this society has gone into successful operation.
The constitution and by-laws are substantially
the same as those of tlie New York and Albany
Horticultural Societies. The ofl^cers are, President,
John D. Dickinson, of Troy ; 1st Vice-President,
Cornelius Lansing, of Lansingburgh ; 2d Vice

President, Herman Knickerbacker, of Schagticoke ;
3d Vice President, Richard P. Hart, of Troy ;
■1th Vice President, John Carpenter, of lloosic ;
Corresfionding Secretary, O. L. Hollci/, of Troy ;
Recording Secretary, Mlicrt P. Hcnrit, of Troy ;
Treasurer, John .Mc Coun, of Troy. — jV. Y. Farm.

The Souther7i Review is discontinued for want of
patronage. It has been in existence three years.
Flint's Western Revieu',\ho\\g\\ ably conducted, has
nun a sinfdar fate. Four newspapers have been
discontinued in Maine within the last three weeks,
viz. the Maine Gazelle. Bath ; the Thomaston AV-
gister, the Jflscassct Citizen and the Saco Palladium.

as a Professor in the New York Institution lor the
Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, in the vicinity
of that city Ballimorc Patriot.

A person called and left at our office yesterday,
a Mammoth Pear, weighing, when taken from the
tree, thirtykivf. ou.n'ces. It was raised by one
of our subscribers, in Oley township, Berks coun-
ty. The person who left the giant of fruit, did
not inforin us of the name of the person wliosc
trees are thus gifted. — Conn, paper.

Prince Edieards Island Cattle Shoto. — The P. E.
Island Register of the 2d ult., contains an account
of the Annual Cattle Show held at Charlotte
town, in the last week of October, at which the
crowd of competitors far exceeded in number any
former exhibition — while the speciitiens of stock
and Agricultural ])roduce displayed, proved the
spirit of rivalry which is now animating the farm-
ing classes of the Island.

^ Composition for the Shoes of Gardeners. — Take
one pint of boiled linseed oil ; two ounces yellow
wax ; one ounce Burgundy pitch ; two ounces
spirit of turpentine. Melt the ingredients well
together, over a slow fire, and apply the composi-
tion to the shoes vvith an ordinary brush, repeating
the operation as often as the ointment will dry
in the sun. — This composition not only renders
the shoes more impervious to wet, but preserves
and gives a tone to the leather, and enables it
afterwards to take an exceedingly fine polish from
blacking. I would therefore, recommend its use,
•lot only for strong shoes'to gardeners, farmers,
sportsmen, &c, who are obliged to he much ex-
posed to the wet, but for shoes and boots in gener-
al. The composition may be kept in an earthen
cup or gallipot for a length of time, and laid by
for use as occasion requires. — Gardencr^s .Magazine.

Horticultural Society of Charleston. — A Society
under the above title has recently been established
at this place, the objects of which are, to effect an
improvement in the culture of such vegetables
and fruits as are now grown among us ; to intro-
duce new »;iecies and varieties, and to encom-age a
taste for Floricidturc and ornamental gardening.
The Society has determined on establishing an an-
nual exhibition of vegetables, fruits and flowers,
at whicli premiums will be awarded, for the best
specimens. Also, for such others as cannot be
exhibited at those seasons. — Southern JJgnculturist.

In company with the Rev. Dr Milnor who has
just retnrned to New York from Europe, is IMr
Leon Vaysse, a Professor from the Royal Institu-
tion for Deaf mutes in Paris. Professor Vaysse
comes with high recommendations from the Abbe
Borce, Director of that Institution, and he brings
with him a knowledge of all the improvements in
the art of instructing mutes, since the death of
the Abbe Sicard. Mr Vajsse has been engaged

Connrclieut liiver A'aivgalion. — A meeting was hitc-
ly held at HaitlonI, consisting ot citizens of Unit town, to
consider the siil)jcc( of the pioposcil steainlioat line up
tlie Connecticut to Wells' river. A good spirit w:is nian-
ilesteil and half the stock allotted to (hat city was inuno-
diately taken up. The Haveihill \. II. Post says that
when ihe steamboats ate established the transportation
lir that part of the country will be done to and horn N.
Voik for .$15 a ton, whereas it now costs them .<I10 to and
IVoMi boston, a saving of ^t'-5 dollars per ton, ora premi-
um oflhal amoutit to ail who go to N. York instead of
Boston as they do at present I

Rail Boads.— -The Rail Roads making; in New Jersey,
Pennsylvania and Marvland, and that projected from Bal-
timore to \Vashin;itO[i, it is said will make a complete
line Iroin the Federal City to >i'ew-Vork---300 mile.s.

Cider. — As the time for laying in cider has come, I
would observe that mustard seed put into new cider will
keep it much better tlian any other th.int; I liave tried.
I put a hall pint common mustard seed into a barrel of
new cider last fall, and let it remain on the lees, willi-
out drawing oir, until it was all used, and it kept perfectly
sweet to the last — not the new sickly sweet, but more
like mellow old wine. The cider tasted a little of the
mustard, but some gentlemen who drank it thought it
was iiriproved by it. — .'K^ewburyport Herald.

We have heard several judicious persons who had
tried the mustard seed, recommend it very highly. —
Dover Inq.

It is said that there were but -10 hours of clear weather
in the whole mouth of November.

.i Rarity. — A salmon was lately exhibited in Boston
market, suppossed to weigh nearly sixteen pounds, and
estimated at $25 value.

An old Standard. — There is a tavern house in Sud-
bury 114 years old. The first man who kept it as a pub-
lic liouse, was Mr David Howe. He occupied it till his
son, Mr Ezekiel Howe, took it in 17IG. In 177(), tho
present occupant, Mr Adam Howe, succeeded his lath-
er in the same employment. In the same family there
is a coat of arms, which has Iccn handed down tVo.ii gen-
eration to generation since 1606 — also a silver spoon
since 1619 — besides a large table and other articles of
household iurnilure since the erection of the house in
1685.

From Prince'3 Pomological Manual, now in press.

LONG ROSE-W.\TER. Altii.
I ado]it the above title for a pear received about
eight years ago, from Paris under the name of Caillot
rosat, and I think it inay possibly prove to be the
German variety so called, and mentioned in the Po-
mological Magazine as a long tiuit. The tree is re-
luarkably vigorous in its growth, and its form is
vei'y regular and handsome. It last year produced
fruit of a delicious quality ; the pear was nearly
as long as the Epargne, not so large at the base,
and diminishing towards the stem ; its color wa8
green wlien gathered in October, but acquired a
yellow hue when at maturity, which was in Novem-
ber or December. The flesh was very rich, Juicy,
and high flavored ; and although I had but one
fruit, and did not therefore test its value as a keeping
pear, I was highly gratified with it, and I deem it
one of the very best of its season. I have as yet seen
no description whereby to fully identify it ;but the
appearance of the tree is so cliaracteristic,that it can-
not readily be mistaken for any other, and it must
without doubt be known to some of the numerous
writers on the subject.

Sdmmer Melting. Pr. cat.

Fondante dkte.

This is a tree of the most vigorous growth and

flourishing appearance, shooting erect into a stately

form ; the fruit is of fair size, ripens in August, and

it has by some been considered the best pear of its

174

NEW ENGLAND FARMEE'

Dec. 17, ISSfl,

season. After it comes into lieaiing, it increases ' fected. In answering the forej^oin^ inquiries, you
annually in fertility and the quantity of its produce : may confer a favor upon more of your patrons
but it attains considerable size before it produces than

ONE.

freely.

I recei\ed the original tree of this variety in
1802, from a person then resident in Baltimore,
who was very curious in fruits, and who had a
number of French varieties of pears. It was on
a quince stock and soon bore fruit, which was lar-
ger, handsomer, and more melting than any I have
since had on pc.ir stoclis.

Red Cheek, Pr. C.\t.
English red cheek, pr. Cat. 25 cd.

This pear is cultivated at Rhode Island under
the name given above as a synonyme, whence it
was brought to Long Island. It is a bell shaped
fruit, of a beautifid yellow color, witii a red cheek ;
it is not quite as large as the St Blicliael or Vir-
galieu, — is considered a very good fruit when not
over ripe, and the tree bears well ; it ripens at the
latter pait of August.

A tree imported from France, but whose name
is unknown, has produced fruit precisely like the
foregoing, anJ it is therefore most probable that
the variety is of French origin.

If'orcesler Cotintij, Dec. 7, 1830.

sjsiw sjiT^a»iisr3 S'iiJBsaiuiSa

BOSTON, FRIDAV, DECEMBER 17, 1S30.

LARGK HOGS.

'Mr Alanson Sessions, of Cumberland, R. I.
on Tuesday last, sold to Messrs C. H. and H.
Brackett, of the Boston Merchants' Hall Market,
two hogs, one of which weighed 675 lbs. the other
645. The largest had not been able to get up
ainne for two months before be was killed.

Large Cahbnges. — IMcssrs Fe:jno and Pat3o.n,
of Chelsea, Mass. have raised two Drumhead
Cabbages this season, which weighed 25 lbs. each,
after being divested of their stumps and outside
leaves.

(Quarterly Review. — Lillv & Wait, Court Street,
Boston, have just re-pubiislied the 86th No. of
this valuable Journal, which contains elaborate
articles on the Decline of Science in England ;
on Credit Currency : on the Life of Bishop Heber ;
on the Principles of Geology ; Southey's new
edition of liimyan's Pilgrim's Progiess ; on the
Affiiirs of Greece ; on an edition of the New
Teslament into the Negro-English language, by
the Missionaries of the United Brethren ; on the
late affairs of France. Published quarterly, at
§5,00 per annum.

FOR THi; NEW E.NGLAND FARMER.

GLANDERS IN HORSES.

Mr Fessenden — If consistent with the object
of your us(^ful ])aper, will you have the goodness
to answer the following questions :

1. What are certain signs that a horse has the
disorder called the glanders?

2. Is there any certain cure for this disorder ?

3. If there be, by what means can it be effect-
ed ?

I am acquainted with some tliings said to be
useful, and have em|)l!)yed them, but with very

Remarks by the Editor. — An obliging friend in
this vicinity, who has the care of many hprses,
has furnished us with the following reply to the
above.

Glanders, commonly called the Horse Distem-
per, is always accompanied with a discharge of
matter from the nostrils, and a swelling of the
glands under the throat. When the bones become
rotten in that part, it is generally incurable — and
this may be known by the bad smell which it
])roduces in such cases; for the most part it is
sure death ; not one in a hundred recovers.

The treatment reconunended iu Gibson's Far-
riery for this disease, while in its first and second
stages, is, to make use of purges, diaphoretics,
and rovveling in the hinder parts. We imagine
that roweling in the breast will answer the same
purpose. To clear tlie nostrils, Gibson recom-
mends passing the fumes of burnt biimstone or
burnt leather into the nose of the horse, and after
the matter has been discharged, to syringe his nos-
trils with brandy or red wine. Afterwards, he
says, a small qiuuitity of Unguentum Egyptianum,
dissolved in oil of turpentine, may be injected
through a large pipe, for the purpose of cleansing
the ulcerated parts. A jiarticular account of this
disease will be found in N. E. Farmer, v. 8, p. 412.

State of New York. — We gather from Mr
Butler's Anniversary Discourse before the Albany
Institute, the following interesting facts res[)ecting
the Stale of New York.

In 1790, the population was 340,000. It is now
about 2 millions ! Being an increase in 40 years
of one njillion, six hundred and sixty thousand !
There are iu the state 8 imllion acres of inqu'oved
land. The ninnber of counties, separately organ-
ized is 55. There are 757 towns, 93 incorporated
villages and 5 incorporated cities, one of which
contains more than two hundred thousand inhabi-
tants. The canal navigation constructed and owned
by the state, is 4S4 miles, and 81 by an incorporat-
ed com[iany. From salt springs in the state,
nearly a million and a half bushels of salt are made
yearly. There are 1406 post offices — 70 steam
boats — 211 newspapers, 14 of them daily — 214
incorporated manufacturing companies, and sever-
al hundred not incorporated — 44 baidis, and 53
insurance companies now in oppenition — 350
turnpike and bridge companies — 5 savings banks
and a militia of nearly 200,000.— jV. jG. C. Herald.

A composition for painting Wood, Sfc. — A respect-
able correspondent sent us the following recipe for
a paint, which he says is durable and appears well

1 quart of salt, dissolveil in a gallon of hot w:-.-
ter.

1 lb. of coarse brown sugar in a quart of hot wa-
ter.

5 lbs. spruce yellow.

2 lbs. lime.

.Vovcl Exhibition. — A Keniliirnan from New EnglamI
is preparing to exhibit hi Philailelphin, miniature models
of the machinery u'cd in CoUon and woollen manulacto-
iies,exhiliiiing all the opei'ations from the stickiiis; of the
caiils to tlie weaving of the cloth. The machinery is
put iu operation by dogs, trained for the purpose.

Rare Sport. — One young fool was shot iu the breast

little success, /know of no cure ; if there be ''^ ^"'"'"^'' 'o"'- ""^^i' *-'^™'l'="' N'^"' J<=i'*'^y' <>" 'he 26lh

one, I vcrv much wish to know how it can be ef-l?,' ^^^°^'"), Tl'«y were hring ateaeh other according to
' • >■■• "'v- VI the laws of honor.

A most remarkable case has occurred lately iu Penn-
sylvania A negio woman died suddenly : after she
was put in the coffin, the sexlon obseiveil the sheet to
move immedialely above her hand. He Ihoughl much
of it, and hnally hit upon the idea that some stupil'ying
poison might have been piven her, and that she would
come to alter some liouis or days, lie knew that her
husband was enamored of the sister of the deceased. —
He inquired of the apothecaries and found that the hus-
band had bought arsenic. The wife was disinterred, and
arsenic found in her. The husband is scnienced to
death.

Count de .'iurvilliers, (Joseph Bouaparlr) h.is sent to
the cdiloi- of the New York Courrier des Et.its Unis, the
sum of one hundred dollars for the Spani .h emit'raufs in
that city and the same sum for tue funds of the frencb
benevolent Society.

[The C^ount is engaged in a lawsuit to resist the run-
ning ol a rail road thiongh his line garden and grounds.
Wlien a canal in China is required to go through the
Emperor's garden-:, he goes out at the head of the dig-
gers, and lift-ing the first shovel full of his ground he says:
This I do that all may leai'u to prefer public good to
private pleasure.]

Turns in Trade. — A line ol steamboats is about to be
established from Wells liver, Vermont, to Hartford, Con.
and even to N. York city. If the project succeeds, tfie
elfect will be to divert the whole trade of Grafton and
Coos counties to the New York and Hartloid markets.
Look to ity Bostonians ! — Gaz.

The Board of Internal Improvement of North Carolina
have reported in favor of an immediate appropriation of
$500,000 to public works.

It is stated that there are now seven millions of spe-
cie in the banks of New York. This is owing to the
domestic trade — to manufactures and internal improve-
ments.

Germantown, Pvnn. Dec. \ — T/ie Season. — A gen-
tleman left at this office, on Saturday morning last, a fulf
grown Catharine Pear, of the second growth, which was
taken from a tree of MrPelcr Bctchel, Sr. of Jlount
Airy.

On the 17lh ult. there was for the first lime this sea-
son, a heavy fall of snow at Quebec. The mountains
between St Joachim and St Paul's Bay, were covered
wilh snow on the 1st ult. and at the same time tliere was
a fall of snow on the Catsl<ill mountains and the borders
of Lake Champlain. A few flakes fell at Boston about
the same lime.

The Poriland and Louisville Canal, was to receive its
water on Monday the 30th ult. and to be immediately
open for boats.

Domestic Goods. — The ship Emerald from Salem for
Calcutta carried out 213 bales.

British navy employs no fewer than 52 Admirals ; 68
Vice Admirals; 6(j Rear Admirals ; 32 Superannuated
Rear Admirals; 20 Retired Captains; 80!) Post Captains;
844 Comniandeis; 9S Superannuated Commanders; &
Poor Knightsof Windsor ; no less than 3691 Lieutenants;
540 masters; 353 Surgeons, and 6SS Pursers, besides in-
numerable midshipmen.

There is a large fish suppo-ed to be 20 feet long in Flax
I'oud, North Dennis, Barnstable county.

The late remarkably high tidef did much damage to
the hay stacks and salt worlds in that county.

Mr Rush has wiitten a very excellent letter illustrat-
ing and defending the American System. It was iu re-
ply to a letter of the o« iicrs of the Philadelphia and
Providence packets, who informed him that their freights
had increased in the last sixteen years 1200 per cent.

Steamboats. — If is slated in Silliman's Journal that
1500 persons have been killed in the U. S. by Steam-
boat explosions.

Commitments in Suffolk Jail for debt in 1830. — They
havebeen ab.mt 1000, mostly for debts under 20 dol-
lars.

Thief caught bij IVhiskcy. — A negro broke into a
store in Macon, Ga. and ahcr filling a trunk or two with
goods, could not muster renolution enough to leave the
slore without taking a sample of the whiskey. Th«
sample jfiovcd loo powerful and the thief was caught.

A Directory Is about to be published in Lowell.

Vol. IK— No. 22.

A?^0 HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

175

To Correspondents. — 'The Wanderer,' No. 3,
•Will app2.ir naxt week. With ieg,ird to the subject on
which ' A Delver' writes, we always .liin to be just and
impartial ; but his comiiiunicalion shows so much personal
feeling and aniino.iity that wc cannot inseit it. AVe have
no relish for the bitter controversy to which its publication
would inevitably lead.

Prime Orchard Grass SeeJ, SfC.

For Sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52
North Market Street, Boston,

A few bn-liels of Priine Orchard Grass Seed, raised by
the Hon. N.\.thaiV Nuyes, of Newburyport, expressly
for this establishment. This is reni.\ikaliiy pure and fine,
being wholly free from chalT, while weed, C.mada thistle,
or any weeds, as the grass was not mowed, but the heads
cut off separately, received into a has;, and then spread on
sheets to dry, bi"ore being threshed. Farmeiswho wish
to secure some of this seed, of the very first quality, are
requested to apply soon.

Also, seeds of the Martt/tiea Prohoscidca, one of (he
finest articles for pickles. This is raised to much better
advantage hy planting in the fall.

'^ A.VRON TYLER, of Bath, Maine, having commenced
an Establishment for the Promotion of .\ericulture and
Domestic Economy, and having in.ade arrangements with
Mr. J. R. Newei.l, and Mr. J. B. Russell, of the Ag-
ricultural Warehouse, Boston, for a supply of the most
Inipioved Tools and Seeds, reconmiended by them .is
valuable and useful to be introduced — will be enabled to
supply the farmers in .Maine at the Bostcn prices, with the
addition of freight. Persons on the Kei.ncbec, and vicin-
ity, will find it to their interest to call at Mr Tyler's
establishment for their supply of farming Tools and Gar-
den Seeds.

A. Tyler also tenders his services to the horticultur-
ists and nursery men of Massachusetts nd elsewhere,
for tliL^ sale of all kinds of Tree-, Vines, Plants, &c, and
irill be at all times ready to fill orders lor the best ol
Forest Trees, from Maine, put up and packed properly
and shipped according to order.

A. T. flatters himself by close application and assiduous
altenti'in to the above objects, that he shall be enabled to
give satisfaclion to the public, and he a nieans of introdu-
cing int(^ Maine many valuable j.roduciions, herctofn;e
unknown, ami thereby be a source of improvement to the
agriculturist, and of gratification to himself.

A. T. also tenders his services for the sale of Improved
Breeds of Cattle and Sheep.

\V..\NTE^'a full blooded Bull, 3 or 4 years old, con-
taining the best breeds for Milk and Oxen.

Letters (post paid) will receive prompt attention.

Refer to Hon. Joseph \Ving-4.te, Brith,

" " H. A. S. DE.4RaoR.\, Roxbury.

Dec. 10. epotf.

Farmers and .Mechanics ♦
In the country, who are in want of good boys from the
city of various ages, as apprentices, are respectfully in-
formed that a register is kept at the New England Seed
Store, No.52 North Market Street, of the names, asres
and residences of such boys, of good character, (;:enerally
eiphans or of poor parents) which is furnished by the
Rev. Dr Tuckerman, general Minister to the poor in
this city. Any information will \>e given gratis at the
Seed Store with regard to the boys, or letters can be ad-
dressed (post paid) to Rev. Dr Tuckerman, Boston.
3l Nov. 2(1.

Camellias, Jasmines, ^-c.
FOR S.\LE, at a Nursery in the vicinity of Boston, a
good collection of Camellias, Brood, Small and Iirmg leaf
Also Jasmines, Heaths, &.c. all lars,e plants, am] at m"d-
traie prices— oviers left with J. B. Russell, at his Seed
Store, will be promptly attended to. 4t Dec. 10.

Seeds fur Country Dealers.
Traders in the conntry who may wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
furnished, at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, connected
with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,
Boston, with boxes of various sizes and prices, fiom 10 to
$50, containing a complete assortjiext of the seeds
mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terins as
they can be procured in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up in small packages, ready for retailing, irith
»hort dlrectians on each packarre for its culture and
'nanas.ement — warranted to be of the growth of ISoO,
and of the purest quality. Nov. 5.

Treatise on Bees.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New Englaml Farmer, 52 North .Market-street,

A further supply of a Practical Treatise on the Manage-
ment of Bees; and the Establishmtut of .Apiaries, with
the best method of destroying and prevenlijig the depre-
dations of the Bee Moth." By James Thaciior, M. D.
Price 75 cents.

GENERAL AGRICULTURAL AGENCY,

BOSTON, MASS.

THE SUBSCRIBER, at the suggestion of many gen-
tlemen in the United States, and the Bi-ilish Prov"inces,
has concluded to add In his present agricultural business^
a General Agency fiu- the purchase and sale of the differ-
ent improved breeds ol stock, which he is convinced
would be of great convenience to the public, as well as
himself. His intimate acquaintance with all the most
euunent breeders of stock, and the favorable situation of
lioiton, give him important advantages for such an agen-
cy.

As Genei-al Agent, he will receive orders for, and pur-
ch.rse all kimls of Fruit Trees, Grape Vines, Plants, im-
proved breeds of Cattle, Sheep, Brenren Geese, and other
stock ; and indeed any thmg that may be wanted by far-
mers. In the purchase of stock of all kinds, he will be
assisted by the selection and judgment of an eminent
breeder in this vicinity. Fruit Trees, Grape Vines,
Shrubbery, fee, will be obtaincrl at any Establishment
named by the person orJering ; and if no Establishment
be named, the subscriber will obtain them from such as
he shall have most confidence in — in the latter case, he
will be responsible for the genuineness of the articles :
in the former, the risk will remain with the purchaser.

Commissions on sales and purchases of stock, on sums
of $10, or less, 10 per cent, between .*10 and $20, 9 per
cent. $20 and .|30, S percent .fSO anil $40, 7 per cent.
siO and .^50, 6 per cent, $50, and upwards a per cent.
No commission is charged in purchases of trees, grape
vines, and shrubbery.

He has constantly on hand, at the Agricultural Ware-
house, Boston, the most c-;tensive varietv, and the larg-
est quantity of Gai-den, Field, Tree, HeVb, and Flower
SEEDS to be found in New England, which are offered
for sale, at either wholesale or retail. Traders wishing to
keep the very best vejetable Seeds, for retailing in the
coimtry, can be accommodated with boxes of any sort
from .$10 to $100, compri~ing a complete assortment of
the common vegetable Seeds, and Flower Seeds, when
v/antetl. on favorable terms.

A lai^p assortment of the best sorts of Grape Vines,
for the climate of New England, both American and Eu-
ropean, is kept constantly on hand, well packed in moss,
separately, for transportation, and sold at the regular nur-
sery prices— also. Rose Bushes, and various sorts of
Shrubbery, packed in a similar manner.

Fruit Trees of all kinds, can always be supplied at
24 hours' nofice— well packed for transportation, to any
distance.

Standard Agricultural Books of all kinds, con-
stantly on hand, at the regular Bookstore prices.

Dec. 10 eoptf J. B. RUSSELL.

Live Stock for .Sale.
The Bull Norfolk, two years old last July. This
fine animal comprises some of the best blood in this coun-
try, and took the ,/ir«f premium of .$.30, at the Brighton
Cattle Show in 1829. Produced from Y'ormg Aihrural
and VioU'tIa, comprising the blood of Fill Pail, Holder-
ness, Bonn'iful, Violet, and Admiral. Price $100. Ap-
ply (post paid) to J. B. Russell, Boston.

The Full Blood Durham Short Horn Bui! Y'ankee,
from a first rate imported Cow, sired by a full blood Short
Horn Bull in the neighborhood, is perfectly docile, red
and white ; head, legs, and back red ; other parts red and
white, spotted and mottled ; he is a fine animal, and fit
for immediate service ; can be seen by a ride of half an
hour from Boston. Price .$100. Inquire (post paid) of
J. B. Russell, Boston. Also,

i4 fine Maltese Jack,
Recently imported from Malta— he is a young, vigorous,
fine inimal. Price 500 dollars — can be seen by applying
to Mr Russell at th» Farmer office.

#

53= Gentlemen haiing improved slock for sale, are
invited to funiish us with lists, containing descriplions,
pedigrees, and prices, which shall be advertised gratis, at
least one week, in the New England Farmer. •

PRICES OP COUJVTRY PRODUCE.

APPLES, new. . Ibarrel,

ASHES, poi. lir^i sriri, . ! ion.

Pearl, llrsl son, . I "

BEANS, wirile, . basliel,

IJEEF, mess, . barrel.

Cargo, No. I, - I "

Cargo, Ko. 2, - ! "

I'.LiTTEK, iiis|jeeii.il, No. 1, new, • :pound.
CliEEtiL, new indk,

Skimme.l milk,
FLAXSEED.
I'l.UUK, Haliiinore, Howard-street, - barrel

Genesee,

Alexandria.

Baltimore, wharf,
(JRAIN, Corn, iinrihcrn. . ibushcl

Corn, Sonlliern Yellow,

Rye,

Barley,

Oats,

n.\Y, . cwt.

HOfi'S LARD, first sort, new, - owl.

HdPS, Islqualilv,

LLME, " . cask.

I'LALSTER PARIS retails at - ton

PtJllK, clear, . barrel

Navy mess. . "

Cargo, .\o. I, . "

SEEDS, Herd's Grass, . bushel

Red Top (northern) - "

Luemie, . o„„j

Red Clover, (northern)

WOOL, Meiin.o. full blood, washed, -
Merino, full blood, unwashed,
Merino, mixed wiih Saxony,
INIerino, ihree foniilis washed,
Mei ino, half blood,
Mernio, quarter.
Native, wasiierl,
Pulled, La.iib's, firs, sort.
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.
Pulled, " spinning, first sort.

1 i-'Ron:
I 1 oS
IIG 00
ll27 50
90

0 00
C 50
C 00

II
6
3

1 12
5 75
5 (i2
5 2,5
5 12

63
GOI
71
58

Sd'
col

10 0ll|
14 OOi

'2 701

2 75I

ir, III),
i: 00

12 Ml
I 75

ri2

33

10
60
30
K
52
47
37
X
6(1
40

PROVISION

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, Iresli, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL, ^ '

.MUTTON,
Pi^)Ul,l itl,
BUTTER, keg and tub,
Lunrp, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail
POTATOES,
CIDER, (according to qualiiy]

MARKET.

[lound

7

•'

G

'•

5

**

61

*i

"

r,

t(

'*

IS

dozen.

12

bushel.

u

20

barrel.

1 00

To

I 50
118 (;0
132 00

1 CO

5 50
7 00

6 25
15

8

4

1 50

5 87

5 87

5 37

5 25

65

61

63

60

38

70

n 00

15 00

75

3 00

n 00

12 60

13 73
2 00

75
38
II
62
35
67
57
50
40
38
53
42
45

,3

7

6

8

8

9

15

20

14

70

70

30

2 00

Brighto.n Market— J/oj.rfoy, Dec. 13.

[RBporleJ for the Chronicle and Patiiot.]

At market, tliis day, 1123 Cattle, 4103 Sheep, and ?45
Swine.

Prices.— A small gradual rise has been effected today
and last Monday, which fixes the price about the same
that It w.as four weeks since, probably a little better on
good Cattle.

Beef Cattle— From .S3,.37i to 4,62J ; a few extra voke
were t.iken at 4,75.
^ Barrelling Cattle— Mess, $3,42 a 3,50 ; No. 1 , 3 ; No. 2,

Sheep.— A large proportion of which were pelt sheep
and the prices low ; we noticed one lot taken at fi\ \n'
one at 1,17, and one at 1.2.5 ; lots at 1,42, l,.5ll and I.t's ■'
we also noticed one lot of 170 whethers taken at $:?,25. '

«■«•)■/!?.— Sales not so brisk, and prices about the same •
we noticed the sale of one lot of 50 barrows at 5 e • also
one lot of about 60 sows and barrows at 4j c. ; retairprice
5c. for sows, and 6c. for barrows.

Prices in New York, December 11.

GRAIN.

Wheal, Northern, bush.

1 03 a

1 06

'Western,

1 10 a

1 13

Virginia,

96 a

1 05

Rye, Northern,

74 a

Oats, Northern,

34a

3G

Corn, Southern,

54 a

57 '

Do. Yellow, Northern,

62 a

64

Barley, new.

77 a

78

WOOL.

Common fleece, washed lb.

35 a

40

Merino do. do.

40 a

60

Spinning, pulled

a

Lambs do. 1st quality

48 a

P2

Do. 2d do.

35 a

40

176

NEW ENGLAND FARMER^

Bee. 17, 1830.

MISCELLANIES

CURIOUS FACT IN NATURAL HISTORY.

' Wild Goose (Aias Canadensis.) The Can-
ada Wild Goose (says Wilson) is now doinestica-
ted ill numerous quai-teis of the country, and it is
remarkable for beingextremely watchful, and more
sensible of approaching changesin the atniostphere
than the common gray goose, with which they
readily pair, the female alwavit seeldiig out the
most solitary place for herfmt not far from the
water. On the approaclj^f every s])ring however
these birds discover dj^toms of great uneasi-
ness, frequently lookiijriip into the air, and at-
tempting to go "off. jjjpiie whose wings have been
cut, have travelled oWoot in a uoithern direction
several miles from home. They hail every flock
that passes overhead, and the salute is sure to be
returned by the voyagers, who are only prevented^
from alighting by the presence and habitations ot
man. The strong disposition of wounded wild
geese to migrate to the north in spring, when
their wounds have healed, induces them sometimes
to mount into the higher regions of the air and
join the.passing parties to the north, and extraordi-
iiai-y as it may appeal- to return again the succeeding
spring.^

In corroboration of the above the following cir-
cumstance was related to me, by an old gentleman,
belonging to the family of Shakers at Alfred. He
otiscrvod^ that a neighbor of his, a few years since,
having upon his farm a female wild goose, which
he had kept some time, seeing in the spring a flock
taking their accustomed flight to tl;e north, and, ac-
tuated by that strong instinct of migratory birds, im-
mediately joined his old associates and dissappear-
ed. The fall f dlowing, as the geese were return-
ing to their wintei> quarters, he was surprised to
find one morning, that the identical goose which
left him in tlie spring had returned with three ulhers
which he in-esuraed were her young.— .S'aicm

Observer. ^^____ ■ ..

The Marquis Marbois in the introduction to his
history of Louisiana speaks thus of the supreme
tribunal of our country.

' There is at Washington a power wl.icli has

neither guards, nor palaces, nor treasures ; it is

iioitbei- surrounded by clerks nor overloaded with

records. It has for its arms fonly truth and wis

Law. — Home Tooke used to say, that law, in his
opinion, ought not to be a luxury for the rich but
a remedy to the poor. When told' that the course
of justice was opeii to all, he replied so is the Lon-
don Tavern, to such as. can pay their entertainment.
— 1- —

Imperia, the Lais of Modern Rome, like her
Grecian prototype, found Princes anxious for fa-
vors. • The splendor with which she received her
visitor has never been sip-passed. Such was the
elegance of her apartments, that the Ambassador
of the Spanish monarcli, on a visit he paid her,
spat in the face of one of the servants, excusing
himself by observing, that it' was the only place he
could find fit for the purpose. — Roscoe's Leo X.

The following sign may be seen in Salisbury
Eng.^'Tahle bear sold hear.' A wag asked if the
bear was the man's own bruin.

KEWAED.OF FLATTERY.

Frederick. William, father of Fredeiic the Great ol
Prussia, painted, rfr lancied he painted ; but his works
were mere danljs. Such, however, was not the language
of his courtiers, .when descanting on the merits of the
royal Apelles. , Qn .one occasion his Majesty favored
them with the .sls,\)t of a new specimen. ' Suppose,'
said the King, ' that some great painter, Rubens or Ra-
phael, for inslaijce, had painted lliis picture ; do you
think It would fetch a considerable price ?' 'Sire,' replied
the Baron de Polnilz, .who pas-esdfoi tlie most practised
and the most obsequious of his .Majesty's courtiers, ' I
assure your iMajesty that a connoi.s.seur could not offer
less for such a picture than 2.5,'0O0 florins.' 'Well, then,
baron,' cried the gratified monarch, ' you shall leceive a
proof of my nuinitieence. Take the picture for 3,000
florins, which you shall pay me in ready money ; and as
I wish to render you a service, you have ray permission
10 sell it again.' ' Ah, sire,' cried the Baron, who was
fairly caught in his own snare, ' I can never consent to
tal^e advantage of your majesty's generosity.' ' No re-
ply,' said the King ; ' I know liiat I make you a hand-
some present, by wliich you wiJl gain 15,000 florins or
more. But your zeal for my interest has been proved,
and 1 owe you some recompepsi^ Yppr loye for the arts
as well as your attachment to my person, entitle you to
this mark of my esteem.'

— #

INSTINCT OF THE DOG.

At a Convent in France, where twenty paupers were
served with dinner every day at a certain hour, a dog,
belonging to (he Convent, did not tail to be present at
the repast, to receive the orts and ends, which were now
and then thrown to him. The guests however, were
poor, and hungry, and of course not (Hsposcd to be wa«le-
lul ; so that tlie dog did little more than scent the feast,
of which he would have lain partaken. The portions
were served by a person at the ringing of a bell, and de

dom. Its magniticence consists in its justice and . r , . ■ ,, - n , t^

, , ,. .° ~. m\ ■ ■ „„u 1. hveied out, bv means of what is there called a lour;

i,i the publicity of Its acts. This power is called ^^.|^.^,, j^ ^ \J^^^^^^^ ^^^ „,^ ,^^,,i„„ ,, , ^,^,^_ ,„,,_ l„;

the Supreme Court of the United States. turning round upon a pivot, exhibits wlialever is placed

on the hollow side, without discovering the person who
moves it.

One day, this dog, who had received only a few scraps,
waited till the paupers were all gone, then took the rope
in his mouth, and rung the bell. The stratagem suc-
ceeded. He repeated it the next day, with the same
good fortune. At length, the cook finding that twenty-
one portions were given out, instead of twenty, deter-
mined to discover the trick ; in doing which he had no
o-reat difficulty ; for placing himself where he could see,
without being seen, and perceiving all the paupers, as
they came in great regularity for their different portions,
and that (here was no intruder except the dog, he began
to suspect the real truth, which he was presently con-
lirmed in. The dog waited till the visiters were all gone,
and then deliberalely walked up, and pulled the bell. —
The matter was related to the cojnmunily;'.ind to reward
him for his ingenuity, he was pernutt^d'rb ring the bell
every day for his dinner, when a mess of broken victuals
was regularlv served out to him. — Youth's JieeiKake.

Specie — The New York Journal of Commerce
says — It is estimated, by those who understand such
matters, that the Banks in that city have now on
liaiid seven millions of dollars in specie and it con-
tinues to flow in from all qu.ivters. The vaults are
'already overflowing, and some of the Banks will
soon liB? compelled to rent larger accommodations,
in which to store their redundant barrels of dollars.
The legal interest on this mass of idle capital, would
he almost half a millinn amiually.

Bestow thy youth so that thou mayest have com-
f jrt to remember it, when it hath forsaken thee
atid not sigh and grieve at the account thereof.
While thou art young thou will think it will never
have an end : but behold, the longest day hath its
evening, and that thou shalt enjoy it but once, that
i' never turns again ; use it therefore as the spring
time, which soon departetli, and wherein thou
oughtest to plant and sow all iirovisions for a long
«iid happy life.— [Sir Walter Raleigh to his Son.]

Two youths lately fought a duel a1. New^Orleans, first
with swords ; but neither falling, (hey 'took"- pistols and,
exchanged shots without effect; thap resumed their
swords and both fell, one to expire in a»few seconds, and
the^other as it is supposed in a tew days.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by Ad.miral Sir Isaac
Coffin, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
of .Agriculture. The pedigiee of these animals can be
given as far back as Hubback, who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from lialf up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersev Derby, Salem.

Salem. October, 1830.

Bolivar Calves, SaxoJii/ Bucks, and Bremen Geese.

For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by the celebrated imported
improved Durham short horned bull Bolivar, which
stock have produced '36 quarts of milk a day. No. 1, dam
Grey Brown, half Ccclebs and hall Galloway. No. 2, dam
Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres, her sire
Cadeb.-, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No. 4, dam
Beauty, half Ccelebs and half Galloway. The Calves
are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
." pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of Benjamin Shurt-
leif, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover Street, Boston. July 9.

Culture of Silk.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, .53 Nortli Market-street —

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of ren-
dering it a source of individual and national wealth ; with
Directions to Farmers for raising Silk Worms — By John
D'Homergue, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau— Price 62i cents.

Also, Directions for the Rearing of Silk Worms, and
the Culture of the White Mulberry Tree. Published by
the Pennsylvania Society as.sociatcd for the Promotion
of those objects, (.in excellent, plain, practical work.) —
Price 2.5 cents.

Catawba Grape Vines.

THE GENUINE SORT.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market-streit —

50 Vines of tlie true Catawba Grape, one year old,
price 75(<tts. each. This is one of the best native, table.
Or wind Grapes cultivated ; the bunches large, with
|houldc|s, very thickly set, with largo berries of a pale
red or fllac color, and in some situations covered with a
Jjcr.uti&il bloom, giving them ablueish purple appearance.
They •nave'ii slight mu.sky taste, and delicate flavor.
They have a thin skin, very little pulp, are perfectly ha?-
dy, and surpass most of the native grapes that have been
exhibited at the Hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, the two past seasons. The pulp diminishes and
almost disappears when they are left on the vine till they
attain to perfect maturity. The vines are great bearers :
u?!i-.vine in Mrs Schell's garden, in Clarksburg, Mary-
land, has produced eight buslicls of grapes in one season
— arid eleven younger vines in the garden of Joshua John-
scAEsq. of the same State, have produced in one season
tlilh'.y bushels of fruit. A particular lii:tory and descrip-
tion of this fine grape will be found in Prince's new
Trcitise on the ■\'ine, just published. There can be no
misiake with regard (o the identity of the above vines, as
the" are all from the garden of Mr Se.aver, who raised
the first Catawba Grapes ever exhibited in Massachusetts

'. Silk Cocoons wanted.

Cinsh and a fair price will be given at the New England
Set-.l Store, No, 52 North Market Street, for about 20 lbs
of ^]frime Silk Cocoons, to be delivered soon.

, * 3t^ Nov. 26.

Pi'blishcd every Fridr.y. at ^i per .innum, pyablc at tht
and of the year-but those who pay within sixty days from tlie
tini''- of Eiibscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty cents.

Q"^ IN'o paper will be sent to a distance without payment
beii^ made in advance.

Pt'inted for J. B. P.ossell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all .'lescriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
Avi^l es of customers. Orders for pnntiiM received by J. B.
UcssELL, at the Agricultural W'areboalfe, No. 52 North
Matket Street. -^

AGENTS. '^

N''v York— Ci. Tuor.iiuRN & Sons, Q^^yberly-strcet.

Phr.'jdetphia—i). &. C. LANnuExn. 85^R;stnul-slrecl.

Bal'hnore — G. 15. Smith, Office olllje Ameiicaii Farmer,

Albjmi — Hon. Jesse Bcel.

FluMng, N. Y. Wm. Prince & Soijs,iProp. Lin. Eot.Gnrden

Han ford— Goomwti &. Sons.

Neit'mryport, Ebene'/.er Stedmai?, Bookseller.

Mtrusta, Me. Wm. Mann.

JMlfux.N. S.— P. J. Hoi.L.\Nn. Esq. Recorder Office.

Mo/t.real, L. C. — A. Bowman, BookAller.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.S, EDITOR.

A OL,. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, DECEMBER 24, 183 0.

NO. S3.

ii. (a 133 ® W l& a \ff ui I3a

1 FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

l Wr Editor. — I sometimes make extracts and
lotes when I rend. J send you a sheet of these,
whii-h yon are at liberty to dispose of at the time,
lud in llic manner, you deem proper.

Respectfully yours,
.llbany, Dec. 9, 1830. ' J. BUEL.

ty of the soil in which it was found growin';. Care-
ful experiments wniild prolmbly show a like result
I in regard to the other earths.

WHEAT.

I some years ago ventured an opinion, in the
New England Farmer, as to the cause of wheat
not producing well on the premature soils of New
England, viz. because these soils did not contain

or

PLA.NTI.NG. HEAH.NO WOU.NDS I.\ TREES.

•I have adopted a system of i)lantiiig,' says Mr

half a dozen cabbages or hills of corn, by stirring
the ground frequently about one part, and leaving
the other unloosed, in dry weather.

TREES.

It is a custom in Tin-key, s.iys Dr Walsh, to
plant a plalan'us orienlalis (huttonwood tree) on
the birth of a sou, and a cypress oil the death
of one. Were this custom adopted in the I'nited

anvthing which had been animal matter, or anv ' ^'""^S' it would give us, at the end of forty *cars,
material which would affi-rd nitrogen, an essential ; '''.'^'"" twenty iniliions of trees more thaii we shall
element of the gluten of wheat ; and I suggest-

then probably have ; a consideration of no mean

,•',.,' p,i tinf .!,;« ilpfifioncv iiiii'ht he siirinlied bv .nnU i importance to posterity. And were the trees to
Blaikie, an eunnentland.^cape gardener, 'by winch I "I that this dehuency imfeht be supplied l^y am- | i i J most of our ..ubiic

mal matters, as bones, horns, hair, soap boilers' '"^ I'lanieu ny tne loau suit, most oi our piioiic

( can remove trees at all seasons. As soon as
[hey are taken up, I dip their roots in a puddle of
aawdnng and loam, which preserves their fibres
torn the influence of the air. When this practice
adopted in the winter season, the plants may be
lent to any ilistance, or kept out of the ground
for weeks (in the .climate of France) without the
dightest injury; and I liave frequently transplant-
3d trees in the heat of summer by this precaution,
ind with perfect success.' The cow-dung is oth-
irwise beneficial than by preventing the roots from
the influence of the air. It is not only nutritive
to the plant, but the most healing salve for the
wounds of vegetables that I know of It excels
Forsyth's celebrated composition, with the ad-
raniage that it costs nothing, and is always at hand.
When applied to fresh wounds, and secured by a
slight bandage, it almost invariably effects a cure.

,« SALT, A3 A JIANORE.

The testimony of eminent men in favor of ap-
plying salt as a manure is so strong as to shake
the opinion of the most sceptical. Lord Bacon
recommends it for the beet, and the garden gene-
rally ; G. Sinclair fjr the carrot ; tiie Rev. Mr
Cartwright for potatoes ; Sir T. Auckland for man-
gel wurtzel ; several for flax and asparagus ; Hogg,
the florisf, for bulbs, particularly the hyacinth :
which latter he declares will never grow well at
a distance from the sea without it. The Dutch
florists, who flower the hyacinth in great perfec-
tion, and whosu|)ply half the worl I with its bulbs,
adopt a mode of culture whirh stcftigthens Mr
Hogg's opinion of the efiicacy of salt. They raise
them where the water (which I ])resume is saline)
abides within two feet of the surface, the upper
strata of the beds being entirely of sand. This
plant dries not bloom well in the interior, and I
am making an experiment to ascertain how far it
may be improved by salt.

Earths are found in vegetables; but whether
they constitute a part of their proper food, is yet
a. matter of disput^. Sanssure's experiments go
rather to prove tlje negative. He analyzed the
ashes of two pinus'ctbiis, (spruce) one growing on
a granite, and the other on a calcareous soil. In
100 parts of the first, he found 13 of silex, 15 of
alumina, and 46 of carbonate of lime. In 100
pans of the latter, no silex, 16 of alumina, a.id
63 of carbonate of lime. Hence it would seem,
that silex was not necessary to the growth of this

waste, manure from a slaughter house, urine, &c.
If any gentleman has made a satisfactory experi-
ment, by which to test the correctness of this opin-
ion, or can give any information in relation to its
soundness, from his observation or experience, he
will confer a |)articular favor by coinmunicating
the result tjirough your paper.

STrRRI>G LA.ND IN WAR5I WEATHER.

Witlicis says, in his Memoirs on Planting, and
he sa_\^^uly, that ' stirring land in dry weather,
is the only e ft'ectnal method of keeping it in a
moist state.' Thus many err in not stirring the
ground among their crops, because the weather is
loo dry ; others delay the operatioii of hoeing, to
the prejudice of their croi>, lest by destroying the
•eeds they expose the soil to the more severe in-
iTuence of the sun and drought. The reverse
happens. Weeds exhaust the moisture of the
soil. The evaporation caused by them is in the
ratio of the entire superficial surface of their leaves
and stems. The best precaution against drought
is to keep lands rich, clear and light.

-Mtbough I concur with Mr Withers, as to the
efl«ct of stirring land in dry weather, I do not
wholly agree with him as to the governing cause
of tliat effect. He imputes it ivholhj to the loose
mould detached by the hoe operating as a sliade
to the soil beneath — I ascribe it to the combined
influence of heat, light, air and moisture, to which
stirring renders the soil more permiable. Heat
rarefies the moisture in the subsoil, and induces it
to ascend to the upper stratum. In the dark no
oxygen is given off by plants, nor carbonic acid
gas absorbed, processes indispensable to healthy
vegetation ; and roots are the main organs of ab-
sorption. The atmosphere contains prf;joret/ food
for vegetables, as well as moisture, at all times ;
it penetrates a loose soil freely, and the roots seize
and appropriate that which is congenial to their
wants. Dews falling upon a hard surface, remain,
and are evaporated by the morning sun. They
fall upon a stirred soil as upon a si)onge ; are im-
mediately disseminated through the surrounding
mass, and impart vigor to the plant ere they are
dissipated by the morning. Books afford nume-
rous instances of working the ground among
crops in dry weather. Curwen grew cabbages to
the weight of 50 and 60 pounds each, and he as-
cribed their uncommon size to the beneficial ef-
fects of keeping a boy and plough almost constant

plant; and that its presence in the first experiment ly at work among them. Experience is the best
was merely adventitious, resulting from the quali- 1 teacher. Let the farmer test the axiom upon

highways would at the end of the period be con-
verted into delightful avenues. Let it be remem-
bered that the road from Strasbnrgli to Munich, a
distance of 250 miles, is already an avenue of
fruit trees.

It is an axiom of Mr Knight, that all ve^ttahles
which require to be left in a slate of inactivity dur-
J710- winter, vegetate sooner in spring, if that state
of inactivity is brought on sooner in autumn.
Salisbury cites a case which strongly verifies this
rule, in regard to the grape. A vine of the Mu-
nier, in Yorkshire, bore 1000 to 2000 bunches of
fruit annually, not twenty of which were ripened
in a season, under ordinary management. The
vino was pruned ami stripped of its leaves, on the
20tli of Sept., seven years in succession ; after
which it ripf neu half a crop in ordinary, and a
whole crop in wauii weather.

EFFECTS OF POISON O.N VEGETABLE LIFE.

Marcet of Geneva, instituted a set of experi-
ments to ascertain the efl'ect of poisons upon ve-
getables. By causing plants to grow in poisonous
mixtures, or by introducing poisons into their sys-
tem, it v/ns found that the effect upon vegetation
was nearly the same as upon the functions of ani-
mals.

The excrescences upon the plum and Morello
cherry are no doubt caused by the poison of in-
sects. The blight of the [ic.nr, and I may add of
the apple and quince, will ultimately be traced to
a like cause. How far acids and alkalies, by a
to|iiral application, might serve as a preventive or
antidote, remains to be tried.

DISEASE 'N FRUIT TREES.

My observations upon the pear, the past sea-
son, have been many and close ; and yet I can
adopt neither the conclusions of Dr Fiske or Pi^
fessor Peck, although their opinions are entitledjp)
great weight. The seat of the disease seems ^o
be in the elaborated sap, or inner bark; and to
progress towards the root ; and although I hav^
found insects in my examinations, and traces of
them in the diseased bark, yet I never could fix
upon any species as the authors of the mischief,
nor decide whether they were the cause or con-
sequence of disease.

in grass grounds ray apjde trees hare almost
wholly escaped injury ; while in an orchard that
has been several years under the plough, almost
every apple and pear tree has been more or lass

178

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 24, 1830

affected, and some of the pears entirely destroy-
ed. In cuUing in the affecled branches or tops,
■which I did thrice during llie siininier, I always
found the cainhinm colored below the point where
the outer bark seemed to be sound and healthy.
I endeavored always to cut below the disease,
though I often faileil, as seemed from its suhse-
quenily reappearing below. Until this year, the
attack has been contined to the lirnl)s ; but now
it has appeared on the trunks, particularly of the
pear. In looking over my orchard in Sept., 1 dis-
covered half a dozen trees, (the limbs and leaves
of which appeared to be lu.xuriant and healthy,)
with circles of bark on the trunk perfectly dead,
at greater or less heights, but generally extending
to the ground. The pears in the nursery, not
eighty rods from these trees, remain wholly unaf-
fected.

APHIS LA.MGERA.

This insect is becoming very troublesome on
our apple trees, and every hint therefore, -which
promises to be beneficial, is entitcd to attention.
John Adams writes, in the Gardener's Magazine,
that spirits of turpentine, applied with a brush,
will destroy them. A. W. in the same Magazine,
found strong old urine equally efficacious. Anoth-
er correspondent professes to have found an ajiti-
dote to the evil in soft soap. Oil has been recom-
mended. I have tried it. It drives the aphis from
the trunk and branches, anil probably kills many ;
but they are found to exist in numbers on the
roots, when it is difficult to reach them with any
topical application.

TRANSPLA^TI^■G.

Withers planted five acres with forest trees by
pitting, i.e. I suppose, by merely raising earth
enough to cover the roots. In five years all died
but a few Scotch pines. He trenched half an
acre, and planted it with trees also. In seven
years, the last were superior to trees planted eight
years before them in the common way. Although
we do not plant forests, these facts affiird a lesson
in planting our orchards and gardens. A tree,
like a melon or potato, will repay for good soil,
and wants rich mellow earth under and at the ex-
tremity of its roots, as well as upon them, to ena-
ble it to thrive well, and into which it can push its
tender roots, and obtain food. The hole or pit for
a tree, therefore, should not be less than three feet
in diameter, and two feet deep, and filled, ujion
the very surface, with good surface mould. The
extra cost will be from two to four cents each,
and the benefit twice as many shillings.

BIANURES.

Their management and application are so essen-
tial to good farming, that I could almost venture
to decide a man's character as an agriculturist by
his practice in managing them. They are as es-
sential to good crops as iiay and grain are to good
cattle. Every vegetable sidjsiance may be con-
verted into manure, or food for other vegetables.
Aniirial substances contain this food in a concen-
trated form. I have thought horns and bones
particularly valuable as fertilizers of the soil.
A load of comb maker's shavings will feed aa )na-
ny plants as twenty loads of barn yard dung. I
have this year applied thirty loads of flesiungs,
clippings, and hair, of skins brought from the
Soutli Shetland Islands, with strong hopes of ad-
vantage.

Three prominent errors prevail in regard to
the management of cattle dung. Nearly a moiety
is lost in the urine which is wasted. Half of
the fertilizing properties of the remainder escapes
in the form of gas, from the fermenting dung heap
ere it is applied in the field ; and a third error con-
sists in a|)plying it as top dressings, or to small
grains, instead of hoed crops. Yet I have wit-
nessed its good effects upon stiff clays, when
spread and harrowed in with the seed. Here its
effects were partly mechanical, in protecting the
surfice from the effects of sudden alternations of
heat and cold, which are extremely prejudicial
to the wheat crop upon such soils.

THE WANDERER — NO. III.

The silent process of industry and accumulation
is too often thought wonderful ; it is difficult suffi-
ciently to realize it ; and when thrift, the invariable
consequence, occiU'S, something out of the common
course of events is looked for, and any but the
true reason given for an enviable prosperity. We
often see calcidatiojis showing thai what is spent
in one and another useless object would, if pru-
dently reserved and applied, give a degree of inde-
pendence. To favor the habit of industry, to
give facility to improvement and skill in agriculture,
1 know no object more important than the Gar-
DE.v. There is herein comprised so many of the
comforts and conveniences of life, that little need
be said to show it. The capacity of production
in a rood or ipiarter of an acre of land is, on
/)oe/ic ouWio;//^, supposed equal to the sustenance
of one person.

' A lime there was, ere Enohind's griefs began,
When every rood of ground susiained its m.in.'

Without contending for the capacity of pro-
duction here stated, it is yet difficult sufficiently to
estimate all the advantage!--, that may be derived
from the high culture of a small spot of land.
A constant recurrence may be had for every luxu-
ry from the early green to the latest vegetables.
The careful housewife supersedes a call on the
apothecary by many a salutary herb there raised,
and I was told by a prudent farmer, that the
females of his family brought the doctor of the
parish considerably into debt by the Rhubarb and
Opium they sold him. The former is easily cul-
tivated, ami the latter is had in a simple process
by an incision on the calyx or under part of the
poppy flowers and a collection of what exudes.
That these and many other benefits may be de-
rived from the garden, by those disposed to apply
to this usefid occupation, there can be no doubt.
From the flower-bed onward, much is due to fe-
male industry and taste. The art of husbandry
is here taught in miniature and the process is daily
and constantly instructive. Skill and industry
might successfully introduce many kindred objects
—to wit, a nursery for trees. The tnulberry may
lie reared. This can be done by cuttings. But
by the seed there is so excessive a production, and
so easy ami certain is the process, that I learned
of a cidtivator in or near Mansfield, that he found
a benefit in raising and selling the growth of a
year at the rale of §5 a thousand, or half a cent
each. The seed is of little value after one year's
age. But there are many other trees, shrubs, &c,
which, when the inirsery is filaced near to the
dwelling, may be attended to with advantage,
while dinner is heating or cooling, as the case
might be, more especially the apple.

I have been led to this course of obscrvatioDl
! having fallen in, not long since, with a husband,
man, who gave a very entertaining and instructi?('
account of the manner in which he, in a short time
was surprised (if 1 may so say) into the i)osse»
^sionof a most valuable orchard. This, I was bj
him invited to visit, with that look that success it
skill and industry may well allow. The trees
were thrifty, the bark smooth, and all of nearly s
growth, and in a fine bearing state. It was bul
natural to be pleased an<l to lend an ear to the
husbandman's story. He had (daecd some pomact
in his cow-yard, and upon carting it out in th(
spring of the year, after spreading it, he observed
the seeds to vegetate on the sm-face of the green
sward. These he took up and set out in rows ir
his garden, a consiilerable number of them. The
thrift of the trees induced him to prepare a piece
of li^nd of about 3 acres, overrun with bushes
and unproductive, for their reception. The land
was kept up for a time, and when laid down, the
trees were carefully hoeil roimd, and the surface
lightened by the fork. I think there can be few
instances of enterprize and application better dis-
played orrewanled — and as the orchard is on the
road, the traveller must be frequently gratified
with so luxuriant a view. Upon inquiry what the
fruit was, he answered with great satisfaction,
'every one a BaUlwin.'

I was nmch jdeased to learn tliat the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Society had awarded to this
skilful farmer a premium which was well merited.
There was more compost or summer manure |)ut
around the trees than is usual — seven shovels full
had been applied in the fall, and this makes it the
more necessary to stir the surface to prevent
weeds &c. True it is, as some of your respected
correspondents observe, deep and injudicious dig.,
ing may do an injury. But a young oichard rar»-j
ly flourishes in a grass sward. It requires care-
ful attention, as herein exhibited, and the rcsuh
will be alike certain to all. There are instances
of great produclion from an orchard of well se-
lected fruit. .\ husbandman, nearly 20 miles
from Boston, during the last season, pointed to a
small s|iot, of less than an acre probably, and ob-
served, that for the fruit gathered from the fevr
young trees I saw there, he had received 58 dol-
lars. They were on a light soil, set out on small
round stones, as has been often stated in your use-
ful Journal. Let those who have not this ailvan-
tage, be persuaded to set about it ; let them answer
this question. How far will a fine orchard of grafted
fruit, and near their buildings add to the value of
their Farms ?

CULTURE OF SILK IN THE U. STATFS.

There can no longer remain a doubt of the
practicability of making silk a princi|)al staple
production of this country. The experiment has
been tried to an extent sufficient to settle the ques-
tion as to practicability; and as to profitableness,
it scarcely requires the test of experiment — its pro-
fits will be almost a clear gain to the country ; for
it will neither divert capital nor labor from their
present employment ; there being very little of the
former required, and the latter being chiefly to be
taken from those classes that are now idle and un-
jiroductive. It will, besides, bring into use those,
lands which by nature or mistaken management are
now totally unproductive ; there are millions of.
acresof this ' old field,' waste land, in the U. States,
and much of it in the most thickly settled states,.

Vol. IX.— No. 23.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

179

hich may be occupied willi iiiulherry orchards,
id lluis rendered |irofitnble. There can be no
jubl, llierefore, of the policy of intro<Iuciiig the
iiltiire of silk.

Much 1ms been said and published relative to
16 policy of the government encouraging the silk
iltiire. Indeed, we fear that individual enterprise
IS been weakened in this way ; for there is noth-
g in political econoiny clenrer than the policy of
aving to individual enterprize, that which it is
ipahle ofaccoiiiplishing : and extending the strong
■m of the government to the aid of that only which
iqiiires the assistance of Hercnles. Any prospect

* aid from government before individuals have
ied their strength, is sure to encourage a depen-
snce upon government and thence a rela.vation
■ individual energy. In the matter before us we
ive no doubt of the competency of individual
iterprise to the introduction of the silk culture

the fullest desirable extent in the course of
Be; and with a trifling aid from government,

a few years. But on the mode by which this
!1 is to be given depends all its efficiency. We
live reflected long and deeply upon this subject ;
J9 liave investigated it in all its bearings ; added
.perimentto theory, and brought to bear on ihese
re liglits of history. If we have rea<l of govern-
3nts engaged in establishing silk factories, we

ve found them so in times and under circum-
mces far different from ours — when art was

rstery ; when the light of science was mere

loonsliine on a blasted heath ;' when the people
ired governnjcnts ; and when nothing less than
li purse of a government coulil purchase the

Erets of an art. We could not cite precedents
1 these of our own times and especially our
en country. Here the arts are at the command

• all, and all are ca|)able of ap|)lying them to the
pat purposes of their existence. Here govern-
ints are instituted for the service of llie govern-
( and the people are the recipients of every i)ub-
I' good. The art of silk-making is not now a

Eret which one king must purchase of another;
■ a simple process susceptible of acriuirenient
I evrry human being of common intelligence.
1 1. re tlie power of government is not now neces-
By to the introduction of the silk culture, whatever
iliiay have been in the times and under the cir-
Cii?iances alluded to. And yet, a judicious ex-
Uiion of goveriunerital aid would facilitate and
b ten the object. But, we repeat, on the aiode
othis aid must depend its efficiency, and proba-
tt the question whether it will not prove positively
diniental, by causing a relaxation of individual
e rlion.

Vc think the proposition at the last session of
Cigress, to give to an individual forty thousand
<!■ are to instruct sixty young men in the art of
King silk, the most injudicious mode that could
bi adopted for the attaimneut of the object. It
wdd paralyse all other individual effijrts — first by
i ouraging them, and secondly by creating a
BJiopoly against which no other establishment
cdd contend. It would fail of its object, because
ni young men in the different states, would be
fc id able, or if able, willing, to incur the expense
Ol ravelling to and fro, board, &c, to attend two
aiual courses of tuition of five months each in a
oi mt city, for an object so easily attainable at
O'le. It would be impolitic and unjust, because
" xludes competition in the pursuit of its advan-
t» s, confining them to a single individual. But
" no other respect objectionable, it is untimely,

and will utterly fail of its object ; on this account
it wouhl be like a farmer preparing to make eider
before he had planted his orchard. There is an
abundance of knowledge of the silk business in
the United Slates to work all the raw material that
can be produced by our present supply of mul-
berry trees, and by the time the orchards now
plaining shall come into use, our knowledge of the
art will become sufficiently extended for their
use.

The only mode of government patronage which
we think at all adni'issihle, in addllion to iliat now
offered by the duties on the imported article, is
that of bjunty. Let government appropriate the
forty thousami dollars as a bounty fund, to he
paid for the cullivation of mulberry trees and the
production of silk, and it will call into action more
silk reels than five liundred such appropriations
where individual competition is excludcil. The
details of such a mode of encouragement are
sim[)le. To every individual who should prove
to the satisfaction of the government, that he had
planted out an orchard of one thousand mulberry
trees with a view to the cultivation of silk, let a
bounty offifty dollars be given, and to him who shall
prove in like manner that he had made one or
more pounds of merchantable silk, let five dol-
lars for every pound be paid, or a sum in propor-
tion to the value of the kind of silk produced.
This would be real encouragement to tlie silk cul-
ture and would facilitate its introduction. Besides
all who have contributed to the support of the
government, would have a chance for the enjoy-
ment of its advantages in this respect.

There is another ])lan of encouraging the silk
culture which we have long intended to recom-
mend, and which we think better of, even than
the last suggested — it is in its detail the same as
the above, but a measure of the individual stales.
Some state legislatures have had the subject be-
fore them, but none have acted upon it with
sufficient energy to lead to any efficient result.
Maryland and Delaware, above all, should act
upon it without delay. But let them and all other
states beware of any other mode than that of
bounty, above suggested ; for they may be assured
that any monej' given for this object in any other
way than that of bounty will be absolutely thrown
away, and probably act detrimentally, by causing
a relaxation of individual exertion, on which
alone all enterprises of this kind must in the na-
ture of things depend. — Am. Farmer.

of which, silk was extracted from the cocoons
with great case and despatch, and which was of
excellent quality, the thread being even and uni-
form. The premium of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural Society, was awarded to the Proprietor
of this reel.

Mr C. demonstrated with great clearness and
accuracy, the pnifus uhich had been and might
be rierived from this business, and made it very
app.nrent, that if the While Mulberry should bo
cultivated on the sides of ihe streets and lanes in
this town, the leaves of the trees with little care
and attention on the ])art of the inhabitants, ini"ht
in a few years, yield more profits than would be
sufficient to pay the whole town expenses.

We understand that a number of our enter-
prising citizens are about engaging in the above
business. — fVarren R. J. Star,

Frecz{n<^ of Water. — The expansion of water in
freezing has often split rocks and trees. Accord-
ing to some calculations, a spherule of water 1 inch
in diameter, expands in freezing with a force equal
to the resistance of 13.^ tons weight, rresh water
freezes at 32 deg. salt water at 28 Faliren.

An animal might be frozen to death in the heat
of summer, when exposed to the rays of the sun
or in the shade by repeatedly sprinkling ether upon
it. lis evaporation would soon carry off" the vital
heat and produce death. Water thrown on hot iron
acts in the same way ; it becomes instantaneously
converted into vajior, and this de|)rives the iron of a
great portion of the caloric it contains. We cannot
increase the heat of boiling water, for when it reach-
es that point, the vapor or steam absorbs the heat,
and carries it oft" ns fast as it is generated. Sub-
stances usually become more dense by the loss of
caloric, but the freezing of the water is a strikin"-
exce|)tion to this law of nature, showing the prov-
ident care of the Almighty, when he established
the laws of matter.

CULTURE OF SILK.

We have had the pleasure of attending an in-
teresting course of Lectures in this town, during
the past week, by J. H. Cobb, Esq. of Dedham,
Mass. on subjects connected with this valuable
produce.

The course consisted of four lectures, which
were given in four successive evening.s, as follows :

1. On the history of silk and the importance
of its culture in the United States.

2. On Silk Worms, and the art of rearing
them.

3. On the culture of the Mulberry Tree.

•1. On the art of Reeling and Manufacturing
Silk.

These Lectures were accompanied by an ex-
hibition of Silk, in its various stages of prepar-
ation, raised in this country : the eggs of the Silk
Wormi were distributed gratuitously. There was
also exhibited, the Improved Silk Reel, by means

Ice Boxes, made with strong double casing at
the sides and bottom, leaving an opening of three
quarters of an inch in width, all the way round, to
be filled with powdered charcoal rammed in ti"-ht,
the bottom sloping so as to let the water run ofl"
through a small aperture, and the top made very
tight, to shut down close, with an intermediate or
middle shelf, is a great preserver of ice and provis-
ions.

Economical Lamp. — In the absence of lamp oil,
you will find that hogslard, which isalwaysat hand,
will serve as a make shift, if you insert a piece of
knitting needle alongside of the wick, that shall
extend from the bottom of the lamp to the flame.
The heat of the wire will preserve the fluidity of
the lard.

Diseased Sheep. — The quantity of sheep aflfected.
with the rot in the west of England is unparal-
leled. In Scotland, too, the disease has become
very prevalent. Formerly the mutton from the
Highlands was probably the best in the world ; all
that is fed in the cultivated lauds now is diseased.

ff'ool. — There' was a great deal of animation
evinced yesterday evening at the sales of Spanish,
Australian, and other wool. The attendance of
manfacturers and others from Yorkshire and th»
West of England was very numerous, and th<i
wools went off very briskly. — London paper^

180

(S©siai^sra©iisa©sr39

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND F.IUMKR.

Mr Fessenden— Our practical laliors having
lieen suspended by tlie rude visilatiou of whiter,
we must fall back upon our intellectual resources,
and continue the pursuits of horticulture, by an
investigation of the theories, which its illustrious
profess°ors liave established, the scientitic princi- j
pies on which they are founded, anil the accuuiu- j
lated facts by which they have been illustrated and

verified.

]f we have found pleasure amidst the luxuri-
ance of vegetation, and cheering exercise in the
cultivation of onr fruits and flowers, we should
endeavor to increase these deiiglitful sources of
recreation and liealtli,— of moral and physical en-
joyment, by extending the bounds of intelligence,
and multiplying the objects of future experiment
and alteutioii, during the liiberuation of the gar-
den. Instructed by the experience of others, we
shall welcome the return of spring «ith joy, and
hasten to realize the anticipated results of various
projected improvements in the management of our
grounds.

The literature of horticulture offers ample re-
sources for whiliiigaway the tedium of winter. In
the history, science, art, statistics, and poetry of
hardening," there are numerous interesting and
splendid works, v/hich will afford not only highly
useful iiiforuiatiou on all the branches of culture,
and of "cneral application iu the various duties of
life, but tend to elevate the mind, and expand the
generous sympathies of the heart. Reason and
hnagination, fact and fiction, utility and ornament,
have each their zealous and disiinguished votaries,
and numerous are the rich offerings which they
Iiave dedicated to the several departments of rural
economy.

There was a time, when the sciences and arts
were so unnaturally estranged, that it was rare to
find them practically united ; but we now behold
them, harmoniously blending their powers, to fa-
cilitate the operations and improve the products
of mechanical industry. Books arc, at last, con-
sidered as indispensable to the artizan, as iiis im-
plements of trade. Will the cultivators of the
soil consent to fall in the rear of the age, and
make no effort to increase their fund of know-
ledge ? Where their prosperity and happiness
are so essentially dependent upon the skill and
intelli''ence with which their labors are directed,
it is impossible that the obvious mode of perfect-
in" both should not be adopted. Mere routine is
the characteristic of barbarians ; their wants being
limited, there is no inducement for attcinptiiig ex- i
perinients, no cause of rivalry, no stimulus to im- i
provement ; but the moment civilization com- j
mences, every fac;:lty of the mind is excited into]
viiforous action, and individuals and nations be-!
come rich, independent, and happy, in proportion
to their progress in intellectual attainments.

This is sufficiently shown in the history of an-
tiquity, and has been fully illustrated in modern j
ages. At no period has there been exhibited such
a general and mighty eflbrt to develope the moral
and physical resources of man, and of empires, as
the present. No branch of science, of art, or of
industry has been neglected. Able and ardent
disciples of each are collecting and diffusing in-
formation by all the means, which wealth and
genius can command. No object is so small as to

NEW ENGLAND FAHMEU.

elude their attention, and none too large, or too
distant, for their comprehensive and far-reaching
"rasp. While portions of them are analyzing, ar-
ranging, and giving imblicity, to all that is worthy
of consideration in the libraries, cabinets, and va-
rious public depositories, others are traversing
every region of the globe, in search of rare addi-
tions to those treasuries of knowledge. Thus
whatever new, interesting and valuable products,
or facts, are discovered, in any nation, they are
speedily known in the great marts of intelligence,
and liecomc objects of reciprocal exchange and
niulual benefit. Horticulture has her full share of
learned and industrious colaboiators, in this grand
reiiuhlic of letters, science, and art, and she daily
hails the return of some enlightened traveller, en-
riched with the spoils of distant climes.

The recent botanical and horticultural tours of
Neill, through Flanders, Holland and France ; of
Douglass along the banks of Columbia river ; of
Perrotet, among the islands in the Eastern Arclii-
Ijclasro; of Nuttall, through the United States, and
of Filippar, over England, are glorious illustra-
tions of the prevailing spirit of enterprize and im-
provement. It is not the interests of their own
countries merely, which these distinguished gen-
tlemen have subserved, hut those of general civili-
zation, and they merit universal gratitude and
commendation.

As was promised in a former comimmication, I
enclose a very interesting synopsis of the work
published by the last named tourist.
With sincere'respect.

Your most obedient servant,

H. A. S. DEARBORN.

Briiiley Place,
Uec. 1830.

EXTRACT AO. XXXI.
From the Annales D'HorticuUurc.

Mstrad of M. Filippar's Agronomical Jounuy, hy

M. SOULAKGE BODIN.

I obey the orders of the Council, in offering an
abstract of the work, presented by M. Fili|ipar,
and which is entitled : An Agronomical Journey in
England, made in 1829 ; or. An Essay vjion the
Cidtures of thai country, compared to those of
Fratice, — icith twenty plates.

Mr Filipar commences by giving a sketch of the
physical geography of England, and of the soil and
agriculture of that kiiig<!om. Soon restricting his
observations to horticultuie, pro])erly so called, lie
indulges in reflections upon gardens in general,
iind observations which more panicnlarly relate
to the jiractice. Descending immeiiiately into
those details, which the subject requires, he speaks
of the gardens of villas— of public gardens— jiarks
and gardens — flower garden.s, fur plants culti-
vated in the optn ground — botanic gardens —
I flower, or ornamental gaudens, for green house
plants, culinary gardens, or those of domestic
economy — fruit gardens — eariy, or forcing gar-
dens, and of nurseries. AH of which is comprised
in thirteen chapters, at the end of which, he gives
an analvsis of the soils, and a nomenclature of the
new plants, which he discovered in the estahlish-
incnls that he visited.

Mr Filipar does not vainly boast of his impar-
tiality ; he evinces ie throughout his whole work:
when it is necessary to collect from afar, a harvest
of useful observations, and render them profitable
to our own country, it is in thi.i manner, that we
should write. , He, therefore, recognises with
frankness, the superiority of English cultivation, in

every instance, where it was apparent ; but li
then proceeds to excite the emulation and indlSB
try of our own cultivators; and as this superidti^
has been well explained by him, to depend W
causes, over which the acknowledged activity an
ability of the French gardeners have no iufiuenfl!
his remarks will naturally tend to jiroduce amon
them, that lively emulation, necessary to sustai
their courage, in the daily efforts, which the
make to obtain like results, with resources ii
finitelv less ; efforts which we daily see crowne
with briliiaut success, but chiefly among the gn
dens of our capital.

Indeed, the mere horticulturist has no [)owi
over the general order of the seasons and t!
customary state of tlie temperature ; and he h'
much less power over the public wealth, tl
abundance of capital and the employment of pi
vate fortune : now these are the two grand \m\
cipal causes of the physical and industrious prci
pei'ity of horticulture in England. On the oi'
side, the air, constantly charged with humidil
by exhalation from the ocean, and suitably wan
ed by the temperate heat of the sun, gives- i
activity to vegetation, and a tone to- the verdu)
wliicli is not generally seen elsewhere : on tl
(other side, the number and situation of the lar
estates allow the capitalists to become interest
in great speculations, and the pleasures of ru'
life; and while French cultivators may surpi
those of England, they find their Inlellecti
means always i)aralyzed by the exiguity of I
pecuniary resources, which are directly or in ■
rectly at their disposal.

I would, if permitted, add to these very jl
oljservations of Mr Filipjiar, that England, nvi
than any other country, is essentially industrio,
- where every commodity capable of enter;
into the general circulation, immediately assuu
a commercial character, and where the discove s
of science, are so uuicli more highly ajipn-rial ,
that they can be promptly realized in niomy.

There was a time when the learned ImtaiiS

of Europe traversed unknown regions, at all ri s

;to fill their i)ort-feuille8 with dried and sn 9

i plants. To these botanists have succeedi-i!, si 8

jthe last century, a class of men, no doubt in*!-

\ gent, but active and interested ; they arc c--i d

collectors of seeds: they travel, not only on t ir

i own account, but on that of rich conimei il

i houses, and when', in the midst of unexidnred r-

: ests, they can despoil some unknown beau il

tree of its ripe seed, it is not mere grains, y>\ li

they have collected, but guineas which tlirir 31'

hopes realizi', and which will soon amply rcih

neratc thom for their labors.

If vegetation, under the climate of Engl ^
receives great assistance from the air, the skyie
water, its cultures find a no less salutary slicli 'O
the multitude of high hedges, extensive lin'
compact evergreen trees, and the small nm^-
woods, which characterize tiie numerous fori "I
Great Britain, and which give to tlie whole c D-
try, the smiling aspect of a continued garde —
The hedges, especially, which are generally 1>-
stiliitcd for walls, break tlie violence of the wis.
and preserve a favorable humidity. This d 'O-
sition, developed over extensive spaces, af"'
great advantages to small cultures; besides M
soil of the gardens is generally excellent ; it i ""
only ameliorated by the manure which it rec e'
but by the attention paid to the details, anil h«
coue»nt neatness which is observed in its cu '"'

Vol. \X.—:<-K 23,

AND HORTICULTURAT> JOUIliXAL

181

tion. Not any expense is spared to keep it in a simply adorned and kept in neat order, they al- j flower gardens, aro not numerous in France, but
good slate, and the earth repays with usury what I ways endeavor to render their iilautations a pic- that several could be named wiiich are sufficiently
has been expended upon it. The country houses, ' ture, which appears to have been composed by an characterised to be immediately distiii"uished in

_ 1 .1 _ i5_i I l.j ...;.i. i-..,:. » _..„!, „l,l.. »„:...„ ; i __ ■ ^ .i ' . • " ''

and the fields are surrounded with fruit trees, such • able painter, varyiuj am
as apples, pears, and cherries ; their trunks are ! by different lints, am

conlr.isimg the niassej
wliicli are enchased,
clean and smooth, and if moss or lichens begin to , i^rouped, or detached, all the factitious scenes,
appear, they are immediately destroyed by white which the kinds of gardeiMii;; allow, and which
wash. Mr Filij)par has remarked, that plmns, i their artists of talents know perfectly well how to
apricots, and almonds were rare, and he thitd;s ooimecl with the whole dcsij^u. We have in France
that the climate is not favorable to these kinds of without doubt, beautiful sardens, which merit
trees, which are, in fact, of southern origin. Hon- ' hein^' named; but it cannot be done with the I

the other kinds itt' culture ; but he does not dis-
semble ihat the Kurdish are imicli richer, in that
kind wduch olfers so many more attractions, —
which i.s caj.alde of bein:; .*o variously ileveloped,
and which can be accommodated to the fortunes,
or means of all classes. The llowcr garden, essen-
tially consists in a piece of ground, more or less
extended, destined for l•ai^iing annual or vivacious

€ver, it is not long since fruit trees have been ably same conviction of its propriety as when speak- flowers, whicdi are taken up for ornumenting the
and methodically managed in England; and al- I ing of those of Euglatul : it is in England that wc ! grounds, or are left in bed.'? to lu.Miriale in masses,
though the inhabitants highly 'value go^d and find, and where we can alone study, the difference , This department among F.nglish cuhures, has as-
beautiful fruit, iunnense quantities of common ap- , which exists, between English Gnrdens, and ! suined, for several yeaTs, aii^ as|)eet enti'relv dif-
ples are thrown upon their shore by our ^ormiui I Lnndscape Gardens; and if we ought not to at- j ferent from that which it still presents iii
barks, with which the people appear to be satisfied, ! tempt to find in England, gardens like those of
and eat them with avidity. I tl>e Thuileries, and the LnXiimbourg, — jiarks like

All the proprietaries are amateurs — the taste for ' those of Versailles, and Trianon, or promenades
gardens extends from the highest to the lowest :] like our Champs Elysees, and our Boiilevarts, the
and no one spares atiy expense which his condition ' English, instead of a majesti

rcgulari

will allow, and is necessary to obtain an enjoyment
so universally appreciated. This inclination for
indulging the natural taste, always renders men
happy ; but as he who enjoys ought also to know
how to appreciate and manage the immediate in-
strument of his gratifications, it results, that in
England, a good garderter is always treated with
Tespect — that his talents are everywhere duly es-
timated, and in requisition — that a proper support
honorably gained and liberally bestowed, gives
tranquillity to the head of a laboring family, in re-
lation to all which concerns him — that his mind,
more free, is in equilibrium with his grateful heart,
and that the gardener is pleased to increase and
perpetuate the enjoyments which the master can
and knows how to cherish. And it is not astonish-
ing to see good gardeners enjoy tliis consideration
in England, when it is known that these men are
generally well instructed : that they do not com-
mence their career untd they have received a pri-
mary education, v.hich is the foundation of success,
in all hinds of industrious occupation ; enfranchised
from that mere routine which elsewhere seems the
sad and sterile heritage of their profession, they
unite the labor of the body to that of the mind —
strengthen their judgment by retLeetion and reason,
and become able in their practical duties, in pro-
portion as they have been rendered good observers.
Mr Filippar expresses the pleasure Vidiich he ex-
perienced in meeting, among the English cultiva-
tors, a multitude of men, who are not strangers to
tlie nature of sciences — who perceiving that phy-
sics, chemistry, and botany, are necessary to ena-
ble them to account for the phenomena, wliich they
daily observe, in the course of their operations ;
and he regrets that in France, the importance, or
rather the necessity of these studies is so little
perceived ; and that the pupil, who has devoted
himself to them, is generally left confoundeil among
the crowd of common laborers, and that the intel-
ligent cultivator finds it difficult to ascertain the
place which he merits in the social scale.

The natural beauty of the country, and the
great neatness which is everywhere conspicuous,
renders it necessary for the English to bestow
morecare upon their gardens, to render them su-
perior to the enclosures which are merely embel-
lished by nature. Bat whether they manage their
domains as EngHsh srardois properly so called, —
• ^hich, according to their ideas, allows nature to be
richly ornamented and luxuriantly maintained, or
only as country or rural gardens, which is nature

)0mpous grandeur, have shown us gardens, very
simple in appearance, that is, having the merit of
exquisite perfection ; a merit much more seduc-
ing, because it U'jver appears accompanied by
pretension.

Mr Filippar knew how to examine the gardens
of England ; as an artist and a cultivator ; he has
noticed in each kiml of plautatioti the order and
connexion of every species of culMirc, which forms
a harmonious whole from divers parts, and the
most opposite to eacli other ; which renders it
easy to distribute all the labors with regularity, to
direct them with economy and success, and to
enjoy the whole with equal pleasure ; he has des-
cribed the solidity of the walks, the ne.at appear-
ance of the turf, the management of extensive
lawns, the formation of clumps of trees, tlve taste
which excludes the severe jirnning of beautiful
isolated trees, the richness of the masses of
rosebuds, of heaths, and of magnolias, the happy
employment of resinous and evergreen trees ; then
abandoinng those grand picturesque scenes and
quitting the country, he has endeavored to give us
an idea of those little town gardens, which decor-
ate the front of almost all the house.s, and which
are seen in nearly all the streets, to which their
verdure and their flower.s, protected by elegant
barriers, gives a similar aspect ; the beautiful
groups of trees and flowers, which surround the
slender iron balustrades, break up the tiiountony
of the public squares; he describes the principal
parks of London, and expatiat."s on the exotic
riches, contained in the rnya
markalde for its beautiful

American plants;, he assigns, as the reason whv
such immense quantities of foreign trees and
shrubs, are fouml in these jdaces, that the English
began to plant sooner than we did, in greater
quantities and over more extended surfaces. But
witliin a few years, beautiful exotic plantations
have been commenced in France ; our gardens
are annually enriched by a great nimnber of spe-
cies, hitherto but little known; this taste increases
with the discoveries, our knowledge, and our la-
bors have taken a more happy direction, and our
gardens soon scattered over the country, will ex-
cel in the vegetable riches which are daily ac-
cumulating.

Such are the general views which !Mrp'iljppar,
has given of English Horticulture. Proceeding
immediately with his remarks on ornamental gar-
dens, he does not deny, that what are called

I garden at Kew, re-
coll 'ction of North

our
gardens ; this ilitrerence is chiefly in consequence
of the tardiness, with which new plants are intro-
duced into this country. These novel vegetables,
have already been modified by the care of the
Englisii cnhiyalors, ami jiroduce numerous inter-
esting varieties, when we scarcely possess the type.
I will cite a siii;;le example: they have actually
abandoned tall Dahlias, — which they throw pell-
mell into masses, for the shorter varieties, wliich
present a sensible diffidence in their appearance
and elevation, and which are cultivated like other
herbaceous plants, in beds, or collections. They
are only from 18 to 30 inches high. This dimin-
ution of the size of the plants has these advan-
tages,— they ])roduce as many flowers as the large,
can be placed everywhere, do not require so
much trouble to be supported, to protect them
against the violence of the winds, and are, there-
fore, more economically cultivated. On this sub-
ject I will add, that, having paid particidar atten-
tion, tr the iiniltiplication of this new race, of
Dahlias, at Fromont, I have obtained a great Lum-
ber, which are so siiort, branch out so low, and
whose stalks and branches tend so sti^ngly from
the herbaceous to the suffiuticious, nr partially
shrubby state, that they do not require any kind of
support. Among these are some, whose branches
are straight and stifl', and the flowers fixed, hori-
zontally, at their siimndts, and not hanging, or
concealed tinder tli«) leaves, as in other species.
There are otl.ers whose stalks and branches are
imicli .slenderer, having a less number of leaves
and which are covered v.'ith a number of much
larger flowers; they produce, in the parterre, a
much richer effect, for their numerous branches
being gently compressed round a little stake, by
a string, the bunches of flowers ap[)ear, at a dis-
tance like bouquets, which are not less interest-
ing from their duration, than for their splendor.

Among the new flowers', which for sometime
have given such a distinct aspect to the flower
gardens of England, there is to be seen, before
the Dahlias, which develop their form and colors
tinder the heats of summer, the equally beautiful
and niiu)croiis genus of the Pasonies, which, dis-
playing, in the spring, the most splendid shades of
white, carnation, rose, purple and variegated colors,
furnish single groups, which, at that period be-
come, alone, the ornament of the parten-e. In the
course of that delightful season, the beautiful broc.
teated Poppy, the C'larkia i)nlchclla, the Liipinus
polyphyllus, and the Elsholtzia of California,
develop, under forms [lecnliar to each genus,
their elegant, red, inse, blue and yellow flowers,
while the musk-scented Mimulus, in a modest atti-
tude, exhales, at thur feet, an aroma which per-
fumes the air ; and when retiring autumn threat-

182

NEW ENGLAND FAR3IER,

bee. 24, 1830.

ens destruction to the more delicate plants, the
numerous family of the Chinese Chrysanthemums,
begin to display their si)lendid discs, and to pro-
long, under other forms and colors, upon their
strong and elevated stalks, a decoration, which
mingles with the first frosts of winter, and even
persists in the midst of the snow.

Mr Filippar names some estaldishments more
especially consecrated to this kind of culture ; but
according to our information, there is not at this
time, any one so rich and beautiful as that of
Young & Brothers at Epsom, near London : it
is sufficient, to give an idea of it, to state, that
the Catalogue of vivacious plants, which they
cultivate, on a large scale, contained, the last year
more than four thousand species and varieties.

According to Mr Filippar, the English <lo not
appear to have paid so much attention to 15otanic
Gardens, and scarcely any other can be named
than the Garden of the A|)otliecaries, at Chelsea;
but he prefers the garden of the School of Phar-
macy in Paris, because the plants, although not
so nmuerous, are at least arranged in such an
order as facilitates study. ITe gives the descrip-
tion and figure of a basin existing in the Garden
of the London Society, for aquatic plants ; and an-
other construction of rock-work, for plants pecu-
liar to rocks, and he does not omit to notice a
beautiful compartment in the garden at Kow, de-
voted to a collection of Grasses : but he has seen
nothing which can lie compared to our celebrated
Jardin du Roi, where sucli a large nund>er of
plants are so admirably disposed for illustration,
and where so many able professors consecrate their
nights to study them, and their days to make tliem
known to their pupils.

The romaiiidur in tlie next number of Lhc Aniialcg.

Flora the Concord Gazeue.

AGRICULTURAL REPORTS.

The commitlec on Fruit and Forest Trees, Shrubs
and Farms, consistint; of Josiali Adnms, Benjamin
F. Vitrnvm, Reuben Brown, Jr. and Moses IVIiil-
ney. Esq's respectfully Report :
Tliat Premiums have beeu claimed only for
Apple Orchards and F'anus. — The competitors
forpremiuinson Farms are, Capt. Francis Richaril-
son, of Billerica ; Dea. Thomas Ilubliard, of Con-
cord ; and Abncr Wheeler and \Vm. liuckminster
Esq's of Framingliam.

CATT. RICUAKDSOn's FARM

Consisls of 44 acres ; seven of which are wood-
land, and about eiglit only are pasture; but about
three acres of pasture beside are i)rized. The
remainder consists of mowing, tillage and orchard-
ing.— Beside the young orchard offered for pre-
mium, there are many old tnxs in most of the
lots, some of which have bee;i engrafted and bear
considerable fruit. The soil is generally loamy
and is well supplied with stones. Mucli of the
fiiim about ten years ago, was in a very rough
anil unprofitable state. It has been sulidued, the
stones dug am! maile into walls, and it is now in
a good state of cultivation. Capt R.'s personal
attention is princi|ial!y given to his slaughter house
and his soap and candle Manufactory, which, with
about 1000 bushels of ashes, bought amuially for
making soap, and the feet and heads of animals
which be purchases in considerable quantities from
Lowell, have enriuhed the farm, and given him
great jjictljties for abundant harvests.

The labor has been done by the assistance of a
man and a boy, and an additional man in haying
time.

The stock has usually been two horses, one pair
oxen, from four to six cows, six hogs and sometimes
more. The slaughter huuse alone supports four.

The hav this year amounted to about 25 tons
of which 16 were sold. Cider and winter apples
are sold annually more or less according to the
season and also about half of the leached ashes.
No cheese is made on the fiu'm ami the butter is
usually consumed in the family, as is also the corn
and English grain.

The farm is about 30 rods wide only, extending-
from the main road to Concord river. It is well
divided, by well built stone walls, into convenient
lots on each side of a lane, through which the
cattle can pass from the road to the pasture at the
river, and into any or all of the lots as may be desir-
ed. Ardent spirits are not used on this farm except
sometimes for laborers hired by the day.

i/EA. nnBBARn's farm
Consists of about 60 acrcsof mowing and pasture
land, mostly of a high sandy loam and free from
ston ;s. It is all arable, excepting 16 acres of river
meadow, and about four acres of reclain)ed meadow
which hist, by draining, has been made to produce
good English grass.

The produce, this year, js about 20 tons English
hay, and about six tons from the meadow with
about 20 bushels of cranberries ; 56 bushels of rye
two and a half acres ; foiu' acres, proiluced 162
husliols of oats ; four acres of good corn; two and
a half acres of potatoes wliicli look well; 43,000
teasles from half an acre, which sold for 86 dollars.

Slock. — One pair oxen in summer, and three |)r.
in winter ; one horse, five cows, six hogs and nine
shoats ;' six cows in the best of the season, which
average fourteen quarts of milk [ler day, and in
Se|)tember about ten quarts.

Dea. Hubbard labors himself habitually ; em-
ploys a man and boy in the sunmier season, and a
boy only in the winter.

Your Committee reviewed this farm on the 21st
Septenjbcr. Preparation was then making to sow
the cornfield with rye. The method is this: — The
corn is busked in the field, and the husks takeii otf
in bundles toward the last of September — The bills
are sjilit with a furrow turned each way, and the
ground is then harrowed. The field is next laid
into squares by furrows, six paces apart and one
eighth of a load of manure is spread on each square.
The rye ajul o-rass seed are then sown tdgeiher,
mixed with a little aslies, and water is ailded just
sniliciciu to produce a proper cohesion, and the har-
row and roller complete the jn'ocess.

There is a large commodious building of two
stories, used also by the two sons, who occu])y
farms ailjoining. Below, is a cidermill, and a thresh-
ing machine (Warren 's) worked by horse power,
wluch answers well for oats, but not so well for rye.
Above, is a large and well constructed granary.

The barn is very well constructed. It has a pigge-
ry at one end, siitficiently elevated to allow the urine
to pass through the floor into a place below, where
loam and other substances are carted in, and into
which the manure from an adjoining linter and fnun
the piggery is also thrown. At the other end of the
barn is another linter, with a cellar under it to receive
the manure, and into which loam, &c,are thrown
through windows from without. — The cattle are
put into the linters at night through the year.

There are other conveniences, such as a wood-
house, a room for farming tools, a dairy room and
apparatus for boiling potatoes, which your Commit-
tee omit to describe. By transporting stones from
a distance, the farm is well enclosed with walls, and
the lots are judiciously arranged and divided by
rail fences.

Yom- Comtnittee were pleased with the appear-
ance of method and neatness throughout. They will
oidy add that no spirit of any kind is used on the
faririj exce|)t a pint of New Rimi, luhen the black
man comes to kill the hogs.

MR EUCKMINSTER's FARM

Contains .50 acres, viz: — the house lot of four
acres of good loamy land — a lot of 12 acres used
principally for pasturing, of a light strong loam,
distant about half a mile — a wood lot of eight
acres at some distance, which your Committee did
not view — and six acres of reclaimed peat mea-
dow.

On about one acre of the house lot, is a thrifty
young luu'sery of apple, pear, cherry and peach
trees, not yet fit for sale. Mr Buckminster bought
about three years ago. The house lot bad been
cleared of large wood a few years previous, and
had been considerably reduced by taking off cropa
of grain aad grass wilhont much manure. Beside
bis own he has purchased 40 loads of manure and
about 200 bushels of leached ashes within the
three years, and the lot is in good heart and yields
plentiful crops.

The 12 acre lot had been much reduced. One
acre of it is now covered with young locusts
raised from the seed. One acre is planted with
corn, which was manured with two loads barn
manine, mixed and fermented with meadow mud,
and, being the best part of the lot, promises a
good crop. Two acres ere sowed with rye ; tvvo
are meadow land and the remainder has been made
to bear good feed by the ploughing in of green
crops. Beside the above, there, is another acre of
corn planted this season which appears well.
The i)eat meadow has always been considered of
little value. Mr IJuckmi:)ster and two or three of
his neighbors took it in hand three years ago, and
by draining, pairing and burning, it is made to
produce the best of English hay and grain. Mr
B. has takeii oft' this season nearly a ton and a
half to the acre.

Mr B. beside his own occasional labor, and that
of his two sons aged 16 anil 10, hires a man
about four months in the summer season.

Stock — four cows, two horses and two hogs.

Very little spirits is used ; usually for men hired
by the day.

CAPT. wheeler's farm

Contains about 80 acres ; five of wood, of large
and beautiful appearance, and eight of young wood
of six years' growth — tvventyfive of pasture, and
thirty eight of mowing and tillage. Beside apple
trees which are growing in most of the lets, and
which are well managed and |iroductive, there is a
young orchard of twentyfour trees only, which
are very thrifty, beautiful ami well trinuned. The
soil is of strong loam and rocky.

Capt W. bought his farm in 1809. He sold hia
tavern soon afterward, and, by a reservation iti
the sale, he was enabled to put the manure from
the tavern upon his farm from 1810 to 1818 inclu-
sive. The farm bad run to waste ; kept but four
cows, pair of oxen and a horse. It was overrun

Vol. IX.— No. 23.

with bushes and the fences were of little value.
The most was made of the maniire fiom the tavl
eri), so that in 1819 the farm was in a good state
of cultivation, and produced abundantly. Since
that tune all the manure has been made on the
farm, and the soil has been considerably improved
The bushes are entirely gone, and the Couunittee
could not discover a sod of waste land except a
few acres which have been flowed by a mill-dani

The whole has been laid out into convenient
lots, and divide.l by well made stone walls. By
means of a lane, which is connected with a pas-
ture lot at the barn and also with the river, the
cattle are admitted to or excluded from any of the
lotsat pleasure, except the pasture at the barn. |

Ihe oaru is large and new, with a cellar under- !
Iieath to receive the manure, and communicating I
With the yard for swine. I

Slock— one pair oxen, one horse, ten cows in '
snmmer, and in the winter six or eight more, swine
iroin SIX to ten.

Prorfwce—usually about 2400 lbs. pork, 1500
butter 300 four meal cheese, and 600 of skim
milk, from 40 to .50 barrels ci.ler, from 30 to 50 of
winter apples, 200 bushels corn, and 200 of other
grains, 300 bushels potatoes, 3-5 tons English and
10 tons of bank hay; no bay has been sold for
iour or five yeai-s last past.

iaW— besides his own occasionallv, and that
of his son, whose health till lately has been feeble,
Capt W . has kept a hired man and boy throu^'li
the year, and two men in liaying time.

The farm is carried on with very little ardent
spirit of any kin.l. None but temperate men are
employed unless occasionally by the day.

Your Committee recommend that Premiums
be awarded as follows :

To Abner Wheeler, Esq. of Framingham, the
1st 1 reniium on Farms, §.75 qq

ToDea. Thomas Hubbard, of Concord'"tl,e -^d
Premium of ^.j^p^,-

To C.npt. Francis Richardson, of Bilierica, the
Sdlrcimum of ^10 00

JosiAH Adams.
For the Commiltee.
[The Committee's Report on Orchards, is neces-
sarily deferred till next week.]

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

183

^ Barlram Botanic Garden and.Vursery, Kingstssing,
i ntar Phihidelpliia.

\ This old and celebrated cst.ililishmenl is 4 miles from
the cenn-c square, three miles from Maiket-streel brid-e
and a hall mile below day's ferry, on the west bank^of
the bchuylkill. It is tlu oldest botanic.tl garden in (be
L nited Stales, having been begun in 1720 by ibc elder
John Bartram, who was the American botanist to the
kins, I'lilil the Revolution, and it has since been cultivat-
ed by his children and grand children.

The ga;den originally contained about eight acres
chiefly planted wiih native trees, shrubs, &c, and became'
j the seminary from whence .American vegetables were
distiibuted to Europe, and other regions of the civilized
world.
; The present proprietor has added an extensive collec-
tion of green house plants, a thriving youno- vineyard
I and several acres of nursery, well stocked with a general'
assortment ol the tinest huit trees, grape vim;s orm-
mental trees and shrubs, kc, which are sold at reasona-
ble prices, and are sent lo all parts of the United Stales

American indigenous trees, shrubs, and plants, or llieir
seeds, suitable for sending to Europe, are supplied in as-
sortments fiom $.5.10 .$500, or more.

Orders for trees plants, or seeds, from this garden, left
with Messi-s G. Thorburn & Son, seedsmen. New York ■
George M Coates, No. 49 M.irkel-street, Philadelphia
J.B.Russell, No. 52 North Market-street, Boston: or
addressed, per mail, (post paid) lo the proprietor, at the
garden, will meet with prompt altenlion, and the articles
will be carefully packed, so as to bear the transportation
in safety. "^

Strangers are invited to view the gardens at any time
(Sundays e^epted) where any information will be cheer-
tully imparted.

Printed catalogues of Ihe collection delivered crralis
_^'l!i__lL ROBERT CARR, Proprietor'.

PRICES OF COUjVTRY PRODUCE.

JVotice.

9a1} ■^°; 'i;"""''J'''" ^"''^ ""^''- •■'^"""^' Meeting at
Wie^Am s Coffr, House, mlhh town, on Wednesday
he 29,h,nst. at 10 o'clock, A. M. All persons ha -inl
claims for premiums, on agricultural experiments, will
presen the same at this meeting, accompanied with the
requisite vouchers. JOHN STACY Serretn;,

Concoid, Dec. 11, 1S30 '^ ^'^'-'^ , '■^ecretanj.

APPLES, new,

ASHES, pot. lirsl son,

I'carl.lirsl sort,

HEANS. while.

BEEF, mess, *

Cargo, No, I, "

Cargo, No. 2, I

BUTTEK, inspecled, No. 1, new -

CHEESE, new milk, ' .

Skimmed milk.

FLAXSEED,

ELOUK, Baliimore.Howard-slreet .

Genesee.

Alexandria,

Baltimore, uharf
GRAIN, Corn, Norlhern,'

Corn, Soulherii Yellow,

Rye,

Barley,

Oats,
HAY,

HOG'SLARD, first sort, new, '.

HOPS, Isl quality,

l.l.ME,

PLAISTEK PARIS retails at -

POKE, clear,

Nav\' mess.

Cargo, No. I
SEEDS, Herd's Grass. I

RcdTop^jiort/ifrn;
Luceine,

Red Clover, (northern)
WOOL, Merino, I'uilhlood, washed, -
Merino, full blood, unwashed,
Merino, mised with Saxonv,
Mennn, tliree fourths wasliod
Merino, half blood, .'

Merino, quarter,
Na.ive, washed,
Pulled, La.lib's, firs, sort, .
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

barrel,
ton,

bushi.'l
barrel

pound

barrel

bushel.

I cwt.
cwt.

I "

! cask.
j ton.
I barrel

bushel
pound

Fno

: To

I 38 1 60

116 00 118 00

127 60 132 00

90 1 ('5

8 50 S 70

7 25 7 50

62

5 6 50

11 15

j 8

3 4

1 12 1 50

6 50 5 75

5 G;

I 5 87

5 25 5 37

5 12 5 25

6C

65

6C

62

7(

7fi

62

69

3f

38

(ifl

70

lU Ol

11 00

14 00

15 00

2 7(

75

,a 75

300

16 00

HOO

13 0(

14 00

12 .W

i.i m

1 75

iioo

Ii2

75

3J

38

10

11

62

65

35

42

65

75

56

68

60

55

40

42

36

38

62

55

42

44

48

50

ffanted,

Volumes2,3,andfi of the New England Farmer to
complete a set, for which a liberal price will be paid a^
ihe Farmer office, Boston. ' pec 24

To REAnjius AXD CoRREspoNDENrs— We feel
under great obligations for the increasin-r number
and respectability of our correspondents, whose
contributions are so essential to the useftilness and
popularity of our journal. We have now on hand
many communications which we have been obliged
to defer tins week. Among them a valuable ani-
cle on A\heat, and on the importance of farmers-
tilling fewer acres of land and paying more atten-
tion to a Rotation of Crops, &c, by ' A New York
farmer —and one on the Glanders and other dis-

P?r '".I °,[f f; ^^' "" intelligent gentlemen in
Portsmouth, N. H., will appear m our next paper.
^e have received from Theodore SEBOEwfcK,
Esq. President of the Berkshire Agricultural So-
ciety, a copy ot the Address delivered by him at
tteir ast Cattle Show, with which we hope soon i
to make our readers acquainted. Mr Adlum's
Easay-s on Domestic Wines, will soon appear.
r^»d T"'^"'^ t° the particular attention of our
readers, the rich contributions of Judge B.el, and
W Dearbor.-,, this week ; and we think all will
weWe the return of <THxW.«nERER' to our

Farmers and Mechanics
In the country, who are in want of good boys from the
cuy of various ages, a, apprenlices, are re^peclfuirin
formed ihat a regisler is kept at the New En..lanH S»e
Store, No52 North Market' Street, of t"e nfmes a4s
and residences of such boys, of good character, generally

Rirk°T <^°°' P"""'^) i^^'""'' furni;h;d by t le
this ei?,^ Tuc\-e,;man. geneial Minister to the poor in
Wic- '^,",>- 'nf°™3lion will be given gralisatlhe
Seed Store wilh regard to the boys, or letlers^an be ad-
dressed (postpaid) to Rev. Dr Tuekerman. Boston.
"'• Nov, 26,

PROVISION MARKET.

coar.£CTEn kykrv wkek bv mr HirwARD,

rpp- • , ■'^"■■""■/■'^'■"""'■'"■"Jll'^r/i'e;.)
l>r^r,t . oest pieces, '

PORK, fresh, besl pieces,

whole hogs,

^'EAL,

.MUTTON',

POULTRY,

UUTTER,kegandtub,

Lump, best,

EGGS,

.MEAL, Rye, rc;ail

Indian, relai!

POTATOES,

CIDER, (according lo quality]

pound.

'

1

*'

6

(•■

5

ti

6

ti

4

i(

6

n

12

Ci

isl

dozen.

12

bushel.

20

barrel.

1 00

8

7

6

8

8

9

15

20

14

70

70

30

2 CO

Camellias, Jasmines, S,-c.
FOR SALE, at a Nur.^ery in the vicinity of Bo=^on a
Sood eollccl.on of Camellias, also Broad, Small and Lo^'
leaf Jasmines, Heaihs, &c. a'l lar^eplants. and al mod

sZy'-nT'''''"' ,'"'"' '^"•^ ■'• ^- Russel , at h" Seed
S.ore, wiM be ptompily attended to. 4t ' Dec. 10.

Seeds for Country Dealers.

ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
furnished at J, B, Russell's Seed Store, connected
w, h the iNew England Farmer, 52 North Market Street
Boston vvith boxes of various sizes and prices, from 10 to
SoO containing a complete assortment of the seeds
mostly used m a kilchen garden, on as favorable terms a!
they can be procured in this country, of equal quality

short direclwus on each pacUase for its cvlture and
ma«age«e«;-warranted to be of the growth of 1S30
and of the purest quality, ^ Nov 5

Brighton .^Iarket — .Mor.day, Dec. 20.

[Reported for the Chronicle anj Palriot.]
At market, this day, 1031 Cattle, 4-218 Sheep, and 703
Swine, ^

CaUb"^^'"'^ ^'"^" ''^P'"'''^'*""" '"'■'"" '^=' week in good

Beef Catlle-From $3,25 to 4,50-we noticed a few
taken at 4,7o, and a yoke or two at $5.

Barrellincr Cattle— Mess, .fi3,50 ; No.'l..«!3
.SAec/),— Quality better than usual, and'better prices
were obtained. We noticed sales us follows .«1 33 I 5S
each ^' ^"'' ''^"'^'"^ '^°^^^ wethers were taken at '$4,50

Swine.— yo sales of lots noticed— considerable doing at
retail— t)rice 5c, for sows, and 6c, for barrows.

A fine Maltese Jack,
Recently imported from Malta-he is a young, vigorous

f„ m'T''- ^"'' 5"" dollars-can be seen bymZ^
to Mr Russell at the Farmer office. ^ "PP'.viPg

GRAIN,

Prices in New York, December
FLOUR. New York Superfine, Bbl.
Western,
Philadelphia,
Baltimore, City,
Do. Howard street.
Wheat, Northern, bush.
Western,
Yirginia,
Rye, Northern,
Oats, Northern,
Corn, Southern,
Do. Yellow, Northern,
Barley, new.

Common fleece, washed lb.
Merino do. do.
Spinning, pulled
Lambs do. 1st quality
Po. 2d do.

IS.

5 a 5 12
5 12 a 5 44
5 25a
5 a 5
5 37 a 5
1 05 a 1
1 08 a 1
1 02 a 1 05

12
44

07
10

WOOL.

70 a
.30 a
52 a
63 a
78 a
35 a
40 a
a
43a
35 a

73
37
54

40
6*

52
40

184

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 24, 1830.

MISCELLANY.

EFFECTS OF THE TARIFF.

The following facts cannot be gainsayeil, and
thev show to farmers the eflect of the increase of
the Tariff on some articles of i)rime consumption
and necessity.

Flannels have been reduced in pricj from 23
cents to 17 cents i)er yard.

Cotlon Bianufactures have fMcn Jlfty per cent.
A man can buy a shirt for half wliat it used to
cost.

Chemical Preparations have fallen Jijly per
cent.

Window Glass in 1816 worth $15 for 100
square feet, now sells for $7.50. As many tum-
blers can be bought now for 50 cents, as used to
cost ns SI.

Lead and all its manufactures are reduced in
cost.

The duty on ])ig lead is 3 cents per lb. and its
price is 3 cents per lb.

Gun Powder has fallen from 45 cts. to 22, and
even 10 or 12 cts. per lb.

Spirits of Turpentine 50 cts. in 1S23, now 30
cts. per gallon.

Cyphering Slates are 33.\ per cent cheaiier iu
consequence of a duty of 33.^ per cent.

Castor Oil in 1324 was $3 per gallon : in con-
sequence of a duty of 40 per cent it fell to §1,-
50 per gallon. An im])ortant item this in the
domestic concerns of a ' marriage and giving in
marriage' people.

Before we made Fire Brick, we paid England
§70 per 1000. Now they are made as good by
ourselves for S30 per 1000, in consequence of a
protecting tariff.

This list might be extended to fifty other arli-
oles.

. Notwithstanding tlio TarilT, thp 1o\ma<^e foreign

(liid coasting, of the United States, has been stead-

.,ily and rapidly increasing for the last fifteen years.

The revenue from Imposts has steadily increas-
ed too.^not so much from the increase of duties
— as from the obvious reasons; that the more we
have to sdl, the more we can buy.

as many as you please. In setting out these bulbs,
you should not place the large and small ones
promiscuously together, but separate the large
from the small, and plant tliein in different rows ;
for the largest will generally become breeders this
season, while the snjall ones will enlarge, and swell
into beautiful onions, fit for any use in the kitchen.
The magic onions intended for seed, or breed-
ers, should be two years old, and the largest and
the best of their kind. They must on no account
stand ndar the other si)ecies of seed onions, or
they will degenerate, and a mongrel race ensue.

THE MAGIC OXION,

Sometimes called tlie Canada, somcfuncs the tree,
or toj) onion. This is a^jngular plant, and de-
serves cultivation, not only for its domestic use,
but as a curioi-ity. All other plants raised in the
gardin are oviparous, or in other words, rc-])ro-
d'jce their species from seeds or eggs; but this
alone is vivijjarous, and brings forth its young
alive ; in clusters off jur < r five, around the parent
stalk. These continue to enlarge, until their
weight brings tltem to the earth, where, 'if not
prevented, they take root, and the maternal stalk
now becomes useless, dries off, and tlio next sea-
son, these in their turn become parents, and repro-
duce a numerous progeny.

This species of onion is raised with less art than
the otiier. If you would Imve tlieni in perfection,
make your ground ready as for the other kind;
tljen stretch a line ten inches from tin; alley, and
with a small hoe make a furrow two inches deep ;
in the bottom of this place the top bulbs, or iidimt
onions, five or six inches apart, with their points
or heads uppermost : then fill up the drill with
light earth, which should be prussed down with
the hand or broad hoe. This done, remove the
line back a foot, .ind in tbM same manner, plant

Preserving the Wood of ff'heel-wor);, ^-c, from de-
cay.— A Member of the Rnyal Academy of Sciences
of Stockholm, in Sweden, in a Memoir, read to
that Academy, states that wooil, for the use of
building may be rendered incombustible by letting
it remain some time in water in which alum,
copperas, or any other salt has been dissolved
which contains no infiaitimable matter. He like-
wise states as his opinion that wood, rubbed over
with very warm alum or copperas water will, by
this process, be secured from decay, dry rot, or
injury from moisture, moss, mushrooms, &c. Also
that boiling for some hours the spokes of wheels
in vitriol water, will secure them from rotting in
the places where they enter the stocks or hubs.
After they have been thus boiled they are to be
dried as perfectly as possible, and then may be
painted atiy color.

Itching Fat. — -.\mong the minor evils to which
the human frame is subject there are few more
tormenting than that of violent itching of the feet,
dm-ing severe frosty weathei', caused by incipient
chilblains. Tiie followiug specific is so simple
and cheap, that no person ought to be ignorant of
it; it is merely one part of muriatic acid mingled
with seven ]iarts of water-, with which the feet
must be well rubbed for a night or two, before
going to bed, and perfect relief will be experienced.
The api)lication must of course be made before
the skin lii-eaks, and it will be fuitnd not only to
allay the itching, but pi-event the farther progress
of the chilblains. Tiie feet may be a little tender
for a short time, but tills slight inconvenience will
soon disappear.

Mix Ofne Oil with a good quantity of water ;
agit.-ite anil whip it nj) well: sufferitto subside,
then skim off the oil and bottle it. Themucilage
wliich disposes tlie oil to rancidity is detained in
the water, and the oil when dejirived of it will be
belter, more fluid, and msy be kept sweet for
years. 1 have experienced 'the benefit of this for
table purposes, and Clock and Watch-makers would
doubtless find it useful in their business. Castor
Oil, which is usually obtained by exnression, I
should sujipose would be preserved' from rancidity
if treated in the same w;iy ; and if noconscqnence
to the doctors I assui-o tlienr it is a very serious
matter to patients. — Jimerican Farmer.

A village pastor was examining his irarishioners
in their catecliistn. The first question in the
Heidclburg catechism is this ; — ' What is the only
consolatio!) in life or death ?' A young girl to
whom the pa-^tor put the question, laughed, and
woidd not answer. The priest insisted. ' Well
then,' said she, at length 'if I must tell you, it is
the young shoemaker who lives in the Rue
Aqiieax.'

For Sale,

The well known FARM in Dover, occupied for the last
fourteen years by the subscriber, containing about 200
acres, well located in a square, boumted on the soutli by
Cocheclio river, and on the east by Fi'esh creek, on which
is a tide null, with an apparatus for pounding and grinding
plaster. The Buildinjis consist of a large two story Brick
House, of4li feet by 3S, with a wing of 20 by 16, all well
finished, adjoined to which is a shed 34 feet by 14, con-
necting the cider house 27 by 37, two stories, with one
plastered room, where all the spinning and weaving is
done lor the family ; two Barns, one of which is 100 feet
by 42, with two wings of about 40 feet each, one employ-
ed as a stable, the other for a sheepfold, with a good yard
well walled in; the other is a Store Barn of 45 feel square,
of 16 feet post, and. will contain 611 Ions of hay ; a pig-
gery of 50 i'eel by 30, witli a cellar of IS feet '-quare un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook for
swine. The fields ai-e divided by permanent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 acres in front of the house, one
of 17 on the East, one of 10 acres on the North, (princi-
pally orchard,) one of 15 Northeast, and one of 30 acres
West of tlie house, with three pastures of 20 to 25 acres
each.

The Farm has been gradually improving for the last
ten years, and the two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 25 tons of thatch. It is one
and a half miles froui the village of Dover, which affords
a good market. There has been planted some hundreds
of Fruit Trees, principally Apple, many of which are
grafted — with Pears, Cherry, Hum, Peach and Quince
trees, and many in bearing, with a small nursery.

The terms of sale may be known by applying to Major
Andrew Pierce, of Dover, Mr Samuel Lord, o{
Portsmouth, or the subscriber on the premises.

June 11. WILLIAM FLAGG.

Bolivar Calves, Saxony Bucks, and Bremen Geese,
For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by the celeb- ited imported
improved Durham short horned bull Bolivar, which
stock have produced 36 quarts of milk a day. No. 1, dam
Gi-ey Brown, half Coclebs and half Galloway. No. 2, dam
.Juno, three iiurths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres, her sire
Ccclobs, her dam Mr Gray's imporleil Cow. No. 4, dam
Beauty, half Coelebs and half Galloway. The Calves
are heautilul, and their dams all great inilkei-s.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
3 pairs of Bremen Geese. Inquire of Benjamin Shurt-
leff, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Hanover .Street, Boston.
July 9. '

' Cidture of Silk. ■

For sale at the Seed Store connected wit'n the New-
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street —

Essays on American Silk, and the best means of ren-
dering it a source of individual and national wealth ; with
Directions to Fanners for raising Silk Worms — By John
D'Honierguc, Silk Manufacturer, and Peter S. Du Pon-
ceau — Price 62^ cents.

Also, Directions for the Rearing of Silk Worms, and
the Culture of the White Mulberry Tree. Published by
the Pennsylvania Society associated for the Promotion
of those objects, (,:n excellent, plain, practical vN'ork.) —
Price 25 cents.

Silk Cocoons tvnnted.
Cash and a fair price will be given at the New England
Seed Sloie, Ko.5-2 North Market Street, for about 20 lbs
of prime Silk Cocoons, to be delivered soon.

* 31. Nov. 28.

Published every Friday, at ^3 per annum, f ayable at the
and of tlie year-but those who pay within sixty d.ays fromtlifi
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of iifty cents.

03^ No paper ^vill be sent to a distance without p.iyraent
being made in advance.

Printed for .1. B. Russelt,, by I. R. Butts — by whom '
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wislies of customers. Order;^ for printing received by J. B.
ItussKLL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 JNorth
Market Street.

AGENTS.

A't'u' I'brrt- — G. TnoRBURN ^Ic Sons, 67 Liberty-street.

PhUailelpliia—}). & C Lanhketh.KS Chosiaut-slreel.

iia'tiiiioie — G. P. Smith, Eilitor of the American Farmer.

A'-!>'.imi — IHn. ,I(-;ssE liliEL.

Flushing, N: Y. WiH. Prince &, SoNS,Prop. Lia. Bol.Gnr<i*« }

Hartford — Goodwin &. Sons.

NnAunjporl, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller. I

Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller. (

Jlususta, Me. Wm. Mann..

Hiili/ijx,N. S.—V. J. Holland. Esq. Recorder Office.

iloidreal, L. C. — A.BowMAJi,Bot;k»«JJer.

I

J^EW ENGL.AJVD FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 62 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Acricultdral Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL.. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, D E C E M B E R 31, 1 8 3 O.

NO. ai.

rOR THE NEW E.NGLAND FARMER.

GL.^NDERS IN HORSES, &c.
Mr Fksse.nde.n — I observe in your Inst num-
ber, an inquiry concerning tlie disease in horses,
which is called llie 'frlaiiders.' I sliould like to
make a few remarks ujion this dreadful hut very
obscure disease.

The glanders is not so common a disease in
those parts of New Englanil, iu which I hare
resided, as in Europe : neither is its near relation,
the Farcy. Strange as it may appear, though I
have seen the farcy here, I have liad no case
■ come under my regular inspection. I have known,
however, great ravages committed by the glanders,
and have had opportunities of inspecting glander-
ed horses daily. It is well estahhshed at the
present day, that no cure is known for glanders ;
but it is said, that of the thousands of them which
have been njade the subjects of experiment in the
vast military and other studs of England, France,
and Germany, one horse was fairly cured by art.
It is also well established, or (if I may be allowed
to use the expression as I wisli to hold no contro-
versy upon the subject,) it is almost well estabhsh-
ed, that, « hen the horses have been turned out
and left to nature fur successive seasons, this dis-
ease has occasionally run itself out. I was
requested to examine a horse, suspected to be glan-
dered, from a large stable, within the last yenr
His left nostril, as is geuerally the case, waa aloi\e
affected : and 1 advisedtbe animal to be destroyed,
which was not done.

The much important and encouraging change
that has taken place in the opinion of the best
informed persons on this subject, is as to the dis-
ease being often propagated by contagion. It is
now generally thought, that except the poison,
enter the system through some sore or wound, a
horse may even eat the same mash which a gland-
ered horse has left, without danger. It may,
however, be always given by inoculation to other
horses, and to jackasses, and, I suppose, nudes.
It will also produce, it is said, distressing effects
upon the huniau system. The matter of gland-
ers is, in fact, a most inveterate and malignant
poison. Still, it is said, and I have no doubt
with justice, that the disease generally arises

horses or colts, is the European siniiifrlts : which 1 A new era is approaching and better systems of
cannot he well mistaken, and generally leaves i cultivation will he forced upon ihe farmer of the
them better than it found them. I had, however, I old states: — all ninnot fee to the west ami there
once seven or eight affected with a swelling of repeat the eihnusling practices which have run down
the glands, with an excessive and enormous iVis-', the soil of countriesonce proverbiall;/ proihictive : more
charge both from them, pnd from their nostrils, labor must be bestowed on a smaller surface than is

and lasting but a very few days. One of the
colts has since had the common strangles ; and a
mare had hail them before. I consequently con-
sidered it allied to the distemper.

I observe an account of a peculiar affection
attacking the cattle of a gentleman in IMaino.
For the sake of accuracy, so important a thing
in agricultural writings, and the importance of
which has been so amply, of late descanted on in
your useful paper, I beg leave to inform this gen-
tleman that we do not admit of the term ' blooded,'
or more jiroperly ' blood,' stock being applied to
any particular breed of horned cattle. He alludes,
I presume, to Short Horns. I am myself an ad-
mirer of those cattle : hut it is worth remark, that
in their own country a distinct breed still holds
way with them, and is often preferred : viz. the
Herefordshire. The characterstics of the im-
proved Durham Short Horns, being the precise
opposite of those of brOad-horns, it seems a pecu-
liarly ineligible term.

It may not be a new occurrence to some others,
but it is so to me, that there is a remarkably beau-
tiful and thriving wild pear tree, bearing excellent
fruit, within a short distance of my farm, grow-
Jif^- on one of the beaches of the Atlantic, and
frequently covered by the tide.

J. L. ELWYN.

Portsmouth, .V. H. Dec. 22, 1830.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

ON WHEAT.

Mr Fesse.ndex — I entirely concur, with your
correspondent S. L. in the New England Farmer
of the 10th, as respects the practicability of raising
ample crops of wheat from the old lands of New
England, although it may be doubtful whether it
would be profitable at this time to make this crop
a leading object of the cultivator's attention. It
appears to be sufficiently jiroved that old lands
will grow wheat, by the fact, that fields now

now practised. — The poverty caused by naked
fallows, must be repaired by rotation of crops, finer
tilth, and judicious applications of manures. — By
these means, it may be reasonably anticipated
that before the lapse of half a century, it will be
no novelty to jiroduce fifty bushels of wdieat to
the acre, where now it would be deemed an act of
temerity to attempt its growth.

The necessity for the aids of agricultural science
will be first experienced in the oldest of our settle-
ments.— This necessity will, no doubt, lead to
improvements and exertions, that 7iuist [ilace the
agriculture of the Atlantic States on a higher scale
than in regions where nature has been more bounti-
ful, but where those bounties have been taxed un-
duly. Let not the New England man despond,
therefore, nor too lightly estimate the soil on
which he has been born and nurtured. — He may be
assured, that, if there' be a state of independence
allowed to mortals, his chance of enjoying it is
equal to that of any of Ids species.

A New York Farmer.

Saratoga Count;/, Dec. 14, 1830.

FOR THE NEW EXCLAKD FARUER.

yield this grain which must have done so in the
from other causes than contagion? The horse I ' ''^5'^ of Julius Caesar, nor is the wheat culture
mentioned had always stood in a large coach- ''f"''ed to particular latitudes — it is the grain of

stable, but no other case has yet appeared in it.
It is proper however, to seclude a horse suspected
to be glandered,- and to direct those attending him
"on touching the diseased nostril, to wash their hands
in soap and water, before going near other horses.

the worl

The first essays in cultivation, like the infant
stages of every branch of human knowledge, are
necessarily rude; — the felling of trees and scratch-
ing the rooty surface with the harrow constitute

The glanders and the distemper, though con- U'^e whole 'art and mystery ' of wheat culture

ceived to proceed from somewhat similar causes,
are wholly different diseases. In the last the dis-
charge is always from both nostrils : and generally

with the hardy frontier settler — nature does the
remainder, and she seldom disappoints him.

Indian corn is sometimes planted with an axe

attacks young horses, particularly when first put i and is suffered to mature, without the plough or

into hot or town stables. This is fully as common
a disease here as in Europe, but it is not nearly
so fatal. No horse should ever be fed or worked
when suffering from it : and numbers of our best
young horses are greatly injured by its being done.
A third disease, generally affecting young

hoe on the new cleared lands. This mode of pro
ceeding, however, if continued on the same lands
after the strong vegetable properties of the soil
have become exhausted, would be productive of
results that might make some believe, Indian corn
could not succeed on old lands.

SALT J:,-.t.l JJL FOR MILCK COW.S.

Collyns, in his ' Ten Minutes' Advice on the use
and Abuse of Salt, as a Manure,' says that a lump
of salt, hung up for milch cows to lick occasion-
ally, entirely removes the peculiar tiu-nij) taste
from milk and butter. My cows have eaten tur-
nips, spring and fall, for ten years ; yet in two or
three instances only do I remember that this food
imparted any bad flavor to the milk and butter.
I never conjectured the reason, until the remark
of Collyns met my view. My practice for years
has been, to have salt troughs under my cattle
sheds,. daily accessible to my cows; and probably
in the instances noticed, the salt trou^'hs were
from negligence empty. Salt is beneficial lo cat-
tle, as a condiment, as well as to men. Why then
is it not as impor;ant that the former should have
it with their daily food as well as the latter 'i I have
never known animals do themselves injury by
using it to excess. The consumption of salt is
but very little increased by the practice I adopt,
wliile the waste is diminished. The books tell us
tliat the free use of salt among cattle, is a great
preventive of disease, and powerful promoter of
thrift. Reason and experience seem to justify
the remark. /

Albany, Dec. 23. J. BUEL, /
— — ^

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

LATE FROSTS.

To prevent the effect of late frosts upon the
blossoms of fruit trees, William Stowe recommends,
in the Gardener's Magazine, that the trunks, and par-
ticularly the collar, being that part which joins
the trunk to the root, be covered with a hay or

186

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 31, 1830,

straw band, before the blossoms open. An apple
tree thus protected, resisted, in bloom, a frost of
15 degrees, or a temperature of 17° Fahren.
while the blossoms ou surrounding trees, not pro-
tected, were destroyed. The protected trees bore
an uncommon burthen of fruit. Mem. Remember
to make the experiment next spring, on apple and
other fruit trees.

OPERATIONS OF STEAM.

' A steam fire extinguishing engine has recently
been invented in England, which will deliver from
40 to 50 tons of water per hour to an elevation of
from 60 to 90 feet, according to the adjutage of
the wind. On a calm day the distance of 140 feet
has been aconiplished. This is the machine (says
Loudon's Gardener's Magazine, for Oct.) that prop

I am induced to believe, that it is not so much erly applied, will at some future time, plough and
the intensity of cold, as the sudden change of sow 1000 acres in a week, and reap the crop in a

temperature, that proves destructive to the blossom,
or rather the germen. The two last seasons, the
blossoms of my apricots, and in some instances
of the peaches, appeared only in the higher branch-
es and tops — not because, as I conceive, it was
less cold there than below, but because it was
not so warm, when the sun shone. At the north,
the peach produces best in the most exposed posi-
tions and coldest aspects, where the greatest equi-
librium of temperature prevails. Rhododendrons,
and other tender evergreens, about Paris, died
last winter, where planted in a southern exposure,
while those exposed to the north were unhurt.
The Verbenum, Madeira nut and Althcas have been
killed down, in protected situations, exi)oscd to
the full rays of the morning sun, while they have
stood well in exposed situations. It is evident
that sudden alternations of heat and cold are ex-
tremly prejudicial to the vital organs of vegetables
as well as of animals. The collar, Mr Knight
considers the most sensitive part of the plant ; and
Mr Stovve's experiment seems to show, that the
liay band tends to preserve an equilibrium, by de-
fending this sensitive part against the two extremes,
or rendering the transition more gradual. The
apple, potato and other vegetables may be frozen
and thawed without destroying the vitality, if the
thawing process is carried on gradually, and be-
yond the reach of atmospheric air. Our potato
fields afford ample demonstration of this.

The hay band serves another important purpose,
when placed around the peach. If closely wound
round the trunk and the earth a little raised at the
surface, it protects the tree from the injurious
effects of the peach borer or worm; as the fly
must deposit its eggs at too great a distance from
the ground, for the larva; to reach its winter
quarters, under ground, before the frosts destroy it.

On looking farther into my text book, I find
that Loudon confirms the utility of the i)ractice of
Mr Stowe ; he says that Magnolias, delicate stand-
ard Roses, and other half hanly shrubs, are thus
protected about Paris and London, merely taking
care to cover well the collar.

Albany JVuraery, Dec. 14, 1830. J. BUEL.

day.

J. B.

.FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FOR THE NEW ENGI,A.\D FARMER.

ASPARAGUS.

I think an error prevails in the method or-
dinarily adopted in cultivating this delicious vege-
table. The object seems to be to grow a long
blanched stock ; which to be sure is inviting to the
sujierfieial buyers, — but at the table is found
stringy, tough and bitter. The roots must lie deep
and the growth be comparatively slow ; my roots
liave but a ■superficial covering of earth. Their
growth is early and rapid ; and as I cut at the
surface, the grass is tender, succulent, well flavored,
and the whole of it eatable. I cover my beds in
■winter with manure, but rake it off and fork the
ground in the spring.

Albany JVursei-y, Dec. 1830. J. BUEL.

EXAMINATIONS OF FARMS.
Mr Fessenden — I read with much interest,
in your last number, the report of the Committee
on Farms, in the county of Middlesex, and think
the practice of examining farms, and the differ-
ent modes in which they are cultivated, with
close scrutiny, by judicious committees, will have
a good effect on husbandmen throughout the
Commonwealth.

The task of such Committees is sometimes
difiicult, always arduous, and oftentimes exposes
them to the charge of partiality or carelesness in
making their awards — each ambitious candidate
for a premium valuing more highly his own im-
provements than those of his neighbors.

To obviate all charges of partiality or sem-
blance of favoritism, I would have committees
govern themselves, by some fixed principle by
which the community generally might see at once
the true foundation of the preference given in the
awards. The grand object should be to show
clearly the advantages of correct and economical
cultivation over that of a different character.
For this purpose, committees should be careful to
compare the number of improved acres in a furiil
with the value of its produce — taking always
into view the expense of cultivation, and the
condition of the farm before the improvements
commenced ; then, whether the farm be large or
small, if the productions are similar in kind on
each, it would seem more easy to come to a cor-
rect conclusion.

The Report of the Committee states that four
farms were examined, and that preiniums were
recommended for three of them. lam but par-
tially acquainted with the Committee, but pre-
sume they intended to make a candid award, not
knowing any reason why they should not. But
taking for facts the statement in the report, I can-
not avoid coming to a different conclusion from
the committee.

The smallest farm — Mr Buckmi.vster's — ap-
pears, by the report, to maintain more stock — at
less expense — and with a soil jioorer, three years
ago, than either of the three which obtained
premiums. The wliole produce, indeed, on that
seems more valuable in proportion to its acres,
labor, and purchased manure, than on the lar-
ger farms. That too on land which three years ago
[iroduced comjiaratively nothing.

To compare them I will suppose the produce
necessary to keep one horse will keep 2 cows or
oxen. The smallest farm then, exclusive of < a
thrifty nursery' and 'one acre of locust trees,'
supports 8 cows. That is 20 acres support 8
cows.

Capt. Richardson's 40 .acres supjjort 11 cows.
They ought to support 16.

Deacon Hubbard's 60 acres support equal to
12 cows. This should support 24.

Capt. Wheeler's 63 acres support equal to 17J
cows through the year. They should support 25.

It is true Capt. R. sold (this year) 16 tons of
hay. We must infer that this had been accumula-
ting for years, because his other 9 tons would not
support his stock of 11 cows. And he is the
only one who has sold hay. But we see that be-
sides purchasing 500 bushels of ashes yearly, and
the use of the refuse of his slaughter house, and
candle-factory, he purchases quantities of feet and
heads of animals from Lowell.

Now with these actual expenses and the ben-
efit of a ' slaughter house, which alone supports
4 hogs,' it does not appear that his annual pro-
duce is, in proportion, equal to Mr B.'a

Deacon II. buys no manure and sells no bay.
He keeps 12 cows instead of 24.

Capt. W. has purchased for 9 years, the whole
manure of the largest stal)le in the county. He
sells no hay — he keeps 17^ cows instead of 25.
Mr B.'s proportion. As Mr B. has purchased
only 40 loads in three years, and 200 bushels of
leached ashes, and as his ' thrifty nursery'
' [)lanted on' ' exhausted ground,' must have re-
quired at least the 40 loads in three years, {which
nursery is not coimted as any part of the produce
of his farm) as the whole of his ])asture and
mowing gromids, as by report, were 3 years back,
' much reduced' — the six acres of peat meadow
'considered of little value,' it strikes me forci-
bly that the smallest farm, which obtained no
premimn, must have been managed with more
skill, and of course was better entitled to the
Society's jpremium than either of the others.

The truth is, small farms are more productive
in proportion than large ones.

They are managed at less expense — less labor
is hired.

They lie nearer the barn and the house. All
the produce therefore is more easily stored — the
manure more easily carted, and the cattle more
readily driven to pasture.

I hope, sir, our Comtnittees will not despise
small farms. Yours,

A Small Farmer.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

IMPROVEMENT IN GRAFTING.
T. G. Fessenden, Esq —

Dear Sir — Forthe three last years I have been
in the habit of side-grafling-
into the roots of small apple
and pear stocks. I dig down
to where the perpendicular
root or bole is of sufficient size,
an inch under ground, more or
less, and make an oblique cut
into it at an angle of about 25
degrees with the stem, and ii>-
sort my scion. The first tvW)
years I applied sonic clay and
manure around where the scion
was inserted, but the last spring, I only replaced
the earth, and closely pressed it down.

The last year I used scions of one, two, and
three years' growth, and they all took, and have
grown very well. I send you samples of the mods
of inserting them.

Yours respectfully,

BENJAMIN SHURTLEFP.
Boston, December 27, 1830.

fi

Vol. IX.— No. 24.

AND HOUTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

187

MR COOK'S ADDRESS,

TEHVERKD BEFORE THE MASSACHUSETTS HOR-
TICULTURAL SOCIETY, AT THEIR SECO.VD A.N-
MVERSARV, SEPTEMBER. 10, MDCCCXXX.

Mr President, nnd Geiillenien of the

Massachusetts Horticultural Society —

The piopitious ciicuinstances untler which we
have assembleii to celebfate our secoiul annual
festival, must be gratifying to all who cherish an
interest in the prosperity of our institution, anil
more particularly to those who have labored to
acquire for it its present prosperous ami elevated
condition. The experiment has been fairly tested,
and thus fur its restdts are loo apparent to permit
even the most sceptical to doubt of eitlier its utility
or its final success. Its interests arc too closely
identified with the general good, as well as with
individual comfort and happiness to allow us to
waver in our hopes, or to falter in otu' exertions to
effect the original design of its creation.

We have not come up hither to recount the
exploits o( milittry prowess, or to mingle in the
strife, or participate in the conquests of political
gladiators. We come not to swell the pagans of
the contpieror or to mourn over our jirostrate liber-
lies. We come not to indulge in the feelings
which are incited by the contemplation of such
objects, for we war not with the sword, nor seek
to gather laurels in the field of hostile or fierce
contentions.

But we have come together at the ingatherinn-
of the harvest, to exhibit an acceptable offering
of a portion of its bounties. We have come in the
pacific and general spirit of the pursuits we love,
to participate in the enjoyments the occasion im-
parts, and we have come to reciprocate the con-
gratulations of the season, in the success with
which om- labors and our experiments have been
crowned.

The primitive employment of man was that of a
tiller of the ground, and the garden of Eden,
planted and ornamented by the hand of its Crea-
tor, was assigned to the care of our great pro-
genitor, ' to dress and to keep it.' From the ear-
liest lieriod of the world to the present day, the
cultivation of the ground I)as been viewed with
special favor by all civilized nations. Even
heroes, philosophers, and statesmen have sought
in rural emiiloymenis a temporary relaxation from
the cares and perplexities incident to their public
labors. It is not necessary to explore the annals
of ancient history for the names of individuals who
have been thus distinguished. The records of
our own times, and especially of our own country,
and our own personal observations, afford instan-
ces of illustrious men who have been thus preemi-
nent, and there are those now living among us,
who, by their precept and example, by their
scientific and practical knowledge and skill, and
devotion to its interests, have imparted an impulse
to the pursuit, that will be felt and acknowleilged
long after they have ceased to cheer us by their
presence, or to influence us by their personal illus-
trations.

The pursuits of horticulture are peaceful. The
cultivation of fruits and flowers is an unfailing
source of pleasant and instructive occupation
and aint'sement. Labor is lightened, and care is
reconipensfed, and industry is cheered in the con-
templation of the expanding beauties of spring, in
the delightful fragrance and glowing and grateful-
anticipations of summer, and in the consumma-
tion of our hopes in autumn.

The pursuits of horticulture are salutary to the
physical and moral nature of man. They impart
vigor to the hotly, and expansion and elevation to
the mind. The jilants that are everywhere scat-
tered in his pathway, and arounil, above and
beneath him, delighting the senses with their sweet-
ness, their simplicity, their granileur, ami perfect
adaptation to his joys and to his necessities, are
silent but impressive emblems of the benignity of
our heavenly Father, admonishing the recipient of
his indebtedness, and rlaiming from him tho
return of a sincere and lively gratitude.

Industry, intelligence, and skill are indispensable
agents in the business of horticulture. A thorough
acfinaintance with the viesvs of eminent scientific
and experimental writers, as well as with the more
legible and tlefinitc compositions of nature, are
essential to the tbrinatiun of au accomplished, and
distinguished cultivator. The information we de-
rive from stutly, as from the practical observations
of the workings of inanimate nature' will adminis-
ter to our success, and prevent in a measure the
recurrence of errors which flow from inattention,
or from the want of some established system of
operation. A judicious selection of soil and
aspect is necessary to the health of the plant, and
will repay our care in the vigor of its growth, and
in the improvement of the quality and quantity of
its fruit.

The opinions of foreign writers, however applica-
ble they maybe in practice to the mode of cultiva-
tion pursued in those regions of which they treat
are not always suited to the climate and soil of
that which adopts them. That which is ascer-
tained to be of practical utility in one country,
under one climate, may be unfavorable to the
production or maturity of the same variety of
fruit or vegetables, or ornamental trees in another.
In some climates, indigenous and exotic plants and
fruit, that require the aid of artificial culture and
great care in their preservation, are matured in
others with comparatively little labor. Unassist-
ed nature perforins nearly all that is needful in
their production, relieving man from the toil and
anxiety of cultivation, and affording him, at the
a[)propriate season, a portion of her abundance.
The present flourishing condition of horticulture
in our country may, I think, be ascribed to the
refined taste and liberality of its citizens, and in a
measure to the improved condition of those whose
ingenuity and industry is exerted in affording the
means of gratifying that taste, and exciting that
liberality. A laudable spirit of competition has
been awakened among the practical and amateur
cultivatora in this vicinity, which I hope will be
productive of creat and useful results to the
community. We have witnessed with no ordinary
gratification the increasing variety of flowers, the
introduction of new and valuable kinds of fruit,
and the amelioration of those which have been
long familiar to us. And among those fruits which
we may, without the imputation of a violent pre-
sumption, consider as original native productions,
the Baldwin Apple, the Seekle, Gushing, Wilkinson,
Gore's Heathcote, Lewis, Andrews, and Dix Pears,
the Lewis or Boston Nectarine, and the Downer
CheiTy, may be classed among the most desirable
of their kinds.

It is true that the introduction of these several
varieties of fruits was the result of accident ; this
consideration does not diminish their value, nor
should detract from the merit of those under

whose auspices they were derived, or introduced to
public notice.

An opinion seems to be entertained by some of
our most experienced cultivators that few if any of
the choice varieties of pears, consideretl by others as
native fruits, are indigenous to our soil. That this
opinion is not well founded, 1 think has been
abundantly demonstrated by the production of some
in the instances to which I have before referred.
Those fruits were discovered in isolated situa-
tions, in ])astures or in the woods, or generally
remote from habitations, and where no traces of
' man's device' could be tliscernible in their vicinity
or the ameliorating effects upon the tree itself, by
engrafting or inoculation. In some cases we have
positive evidence, derived from the personal obsor-
; vation of the proprietor, that the tree originated in
the place it now occupies, and has never been sub-
jected to the operation of artificial change. The
process of raising ameliorated fruits of this de-
scription is very slow, if we wait the development
of the product in the maturity of the original tree.
The first generation of fruit may afford the desir-
eil degree of amelioration, although the balance
of probabilities may be against the fiilfilment of
tliat expectation. A more summary mode of pro-
ducing the desired result is to transfer a shoot or
a bud from a young plant to a* thrifty mature tree,
and to plant the seed of the fruit that it may pro-
duce, and thus proceed in the multiplication of
chances by alternate planting and engrafting from
the fruit and plant produced, until the required
quality is obtained. This, according to the theory
of an ingenious modern writer, may be effected
in the fifth or sixth generation. The experiment,
though it may require much time and labor, and
demand no inconsiderable share of patience, is
worthy the attention of those, whose views are not
confined So the narrow precincts of a selfish and
exclusive policy, but are disposed to imitate their
predecessors in the liberal provision they made for
their successors. But I make not this appeal to
any who are actuated by similar feelings to those
which were indulged by the enlighrened legislator,
who, in the discussion of a subject bearing some
analogy to this, inquired, what has posterili/ ilone
for us! that we should be required to do this for
our posterity !

The reflection tlmt we may not realize the
advantages of those experiments, should not deter
us from making them. We should be influenceil
by more patriotic and liberal sentiments. Every
generation of men is a link in the great chain that
has been forming from the creation of the world,
connecting the present with the past, and is to be
lengthened outt hrough succeeding ages. Be it our
province then, as it is our duty, to preserve the
brightness of this chain, that our appropriate divi-
sion of it may loose nothing upon a comparison
with all its parts, but that the period of which it
is typical, may be regarded as one that was char-
racterizetl by a suitable respect for ourselves, and
as a stimulus to the coming generation to evince
a like regard to the claims of those who are to
follow.

[To be eontinuod.]

• It has been .luggested to me by a distinguished Hor-
liculturist, that this experiinent would probably succeed
better, if the shoot or bud were placed upon an old tree,
or one ot slow growth, as it would thus earlier develope
the fruit.

The first tri-colored flag hoisted during the 3 glo-
rious days was made of the garments of a dead soldier

NEW ENGLAND FARMEK.

Dec. 31, 1830.

/■

j^©asii«s^aawi3S>>

FOB THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Mr Ff.ssenden — Although commendable ef-
forts have been made in several parts of the coun-
try, to introduce and multiply most of the choice
varieties of fruits, and our cities are now tolerably
well supplied, from the gardens and orchards in
their immediate vicinities, still there is a lament-
able negligence, of this important culture, through-
out the° union. Without going beyond the bounds
of our own Commonwealth, how rare is it to tind
any fruit, other tlian the most indifferent wilding
apples, save in a few gardens, or estates in some
of the most flourishing villages. Strawberries,
raspberries, cherries, apricots, plums, peaches,
pears, and grafted apples are so little cultivated,
that a large portion of the inhabitants never even
taste thern, during the successive seasons. of their
maturity ; and every owner of an acre of land
could annually enjoy them all, with but trifling
labor and expense. A few rods of ground, appro-
priated to a nursery, would afford stocks for all the
kinds of fruit trees, which flourish in this climate.
Scions or buds, of the best varieties, are easily
obtained, and in a few years, eacli house, however
humble, may be embowered in the shade of many
of the most excellent kinds of fruit trees, afford-
ing not only an abundant supply to the family
during summer and autumn, but during winter,
and untd strawberries and cherries announce the
commencement of a new pomonal year.
. A few hours, in the morning and evening, could
be dc\-oted to a fruit garden, which, without inter-
fering with the other duties of the farmer, or
mechanic, would insure the comforts and pleasures
of its products to the whole family.

There is a too general impression, tliat much
skill and great labor are indispensable, to manage
fruit trees successfully ; but the same intelligence
and attention, w^hich insure a harvest of corn and
grain, are tli^gbiily requisite. Those who have
made the expefipient will vouch for the truth of
this assertion ; and there are but few farmers,
who are willing to acknowledge, that their neigh-
bors are moroiable than themselves, or can use
the implements of their profession with better
judgment, adroitness, and success : still they must
perceive, that there are individuals, in their vicinity,
of neither greater capacity or means, who exhibit
vigorous trees and beautiful fruit. Why, then,
with equal talent and resources, are not such mer-
itorious experiments imitated ?

There is one objection, which is very generally
urged for not establishing a fruit garden, — the
depredations which are committed upon them. To
prevent this, it is only necessary to make them
universal, and thus leaving none to intrude, — for
11 being either in possession of the luxuries which
they afford, or enabled to purchase them at a
moderate price, the temptation to plunder is remov-
ed. Who, but tlie most abandoned, robs a corn
or potato field ? Equally secure would be the fruit
trees, if they were rendered as common.

But as to this too common vice, are we not all,
in some degree, accountable for its existence ? Is
it treated with sufficient seriousness ? Is not the
pilfering of fruit thought xan^h. too lightly of in
the community ? and are m&ch'Mren ^Si^ced to
view it, as a very slight, anil even arir excusable
offence, — something to be laughed at, rather than
to be denounced ; and all this from the indifference

with which parents are apt to i-egard such trans-
gressions. In point of crimiilality, where is the
difference, between stealing fruit, or the. fence
which encloses it,— an apple or a plough,— Cherries
or silver spoons, — melons, or any other article be-
longing to the proprietor ? If Uie law has not
made it theft, it is an offence punishable by a
heavy fine. Morality is as much outraged, by

taking a peach, as the spade 4-tmie door ; and to
treat such acts, in children, .asi unworthy of re-
proof;'is a dereliction of duty',^ -which neither vir-
tue or religion can tolerate j-Tcft'the doing wrong
in the slightest manner, is most often the com-
mencement of a career of depravity, which brings
disgrace and ruin upon the deluded or heedless

offender.

A man's ground should be considered as sacred
as his house ; and every article on his estate, as
secure against robbery, as if it were protected by
locks and bars. The very fact that most of the
property of the farmer is exposed, and without any
other protection tlian the morals of the people,
makes it still more imperious, that such an exalted
sense of honor and honesty should be incul-
cated, as to give not only security to the products
of rural industry, but a confidence beyond fxe
sanctity of the laws. Of what value are ono.B^
which are limited by the statute book, and consteli „
in doing whatever does not subject the Individ-^
ual to "tlie penalties of the criminal code ? But
placing this subject in the most favorable liglit, for
those "who have been in the habit, of either
deeming it of such little moment as not to merit
grave consideration, or as a foible incident to
youth, and not very objectionable at any age, still
they are bound to change their conduct ; — tliis,
politeness and common decency of manners require.
If they believe there is no great harm in taldng,
there is much of rudeness in not liaving the civility^
to first ask permission. If what is desired, is of
small value, it will most commonly be cheerfully
granted, and the donor is happy to have it in^ his
power, to do an act of kindness, and the receiver,
if not grateful, he at least has the satisfiiction of
reflecting that he has acted like an honest
man, and a christian, and that he has observed the
courtesies of life. Should, however, the owner re-
fuse the boon, there is still consolation ; either it

If horticultural societies were established in
each county, for no other purpose than to collect
seeds, buds, scions and plants, for distribution,
much could be effected in a (ew years towards
covering our naked fields with fruit trees. A
very small fund would be sufficient for this pur-
pose, and when the mendiers had obtained the
best varieties, liow rapidly would they he dissem-
inated among tlie inhabitants of every town. Be-
sides the benefits which would be derived from
an abundance of o.^cellent IVuit, vegetable gar-
dens would naturally claim more attention, and a
taste for flowers and ornamental trees and shrubs
would soon be induced, and at last universally

prevail.

With ' the picturesque topographical features
which Massachusetts presents, nothing is want-
ing to render its scenery as interesting, and its
villages as beautiful, as those of any other coun-
try. In England scarcely a cottage exists, thatia
not surrounded l>y fruit trees, shrubs, and flowers,
while the neat escidcnt conipai'tment, — often con-
taining less than, a rood of' land, supplies much
of the food for the industrious inmates of the
modest dwelling. In Holland and Germany it is
the general attention which all ranks in society
bestow upon tlie grounds about their habitations,
which gives such a pleasing aspect to those coun-
tries.

Why then should not such examples be emu-
lated ill the United States, where the iudiistrioiis
arc so independent in their rights, and domestic
circiunstances ; where there are infinilely greater
means, within the command of the cultivc'itvjra of
the soil ; where each is the lord of- the doinain
on which he resides, and garners up its undivided
harvest, free and exempt from all exactions.. ; i jf-'^

Besides the pleasure, comlbrt and economieal
advantages, which are derivable from well man-
aged fruit and vegetable gardens, their sanative
influence is of inestimable value,— not ohly as-
respects the fortunate families which dife'etly
participate in the various products they afforilj
but the whole community. That fritit is nOt
merely healthy, but is even an antidote and cufe
for many diseases, there is not the least doubt.
We have the opinion of the ablest physicians, in
support of tliiS position ;• but as very erroneous

'"■^^ "-" '"■",", , ,, „i „„i lim'm-essions 'are still prevalent on this subject, is

was of greater value than had been presimied, and " > /^^ ^^^^.,.^^ ^j,, ^e read

thus an injury has been prevented ; or >"= was not ^^ '"^ ■ ,^^_^^ = ^„ j^^^,,.^ ^^ ^^^^^

of a generous disposition ; and then comes the
ejaculation,— thank God there are but few such
men '. let the odium he upon him ; our hands arc
unstained.

On the continent of Europe there are but few-
fences in the country ; the grounds are unprotect-
ed even on the highways, and although burdened
by grape vines and trees loaded with delicious fruit,
no one thinks of taking the smallest quantity, with-
out the approbation of the proprietor. Lady Mor-
gan observes, in her travels, ' that property of this
description is held, sacred, in proportion, as it lies
exposed. Having alighted from our carriage, to

with
fruit.

Accept assurances of mv great reSpeci.

II. A. S. DEARBORN

Brinley Pkcp,. I
Dec. SO, 1830. 1

^

EXTRACT NO. XXX'II.
From the Annales D'lloitictilUiro.

The UtUilil of Fruit for the Prescrvulion of Health.
One of the best aliments, and tlie best appro-
priated to the ditferent ages of life, is that which
our fruits afford. They present to man a light
nourishment, of easy digestion, and produce a

exposed. Having alighted trom °"^ ^^^''"\\~'-Z^My .6.p^^^ the functions ofiU'
;pare the spring, m a rough road ha woun >«'!-/ ^J.^^ ,,3 „,, ,, fr,,„,.: ..^e

through a wildcimess of fruit trees, I aslced a boy
who was lying reading under one of these, whether
I might take an apple : he replied coolly, " they are'
not mine."' But you sometimes help yourself, I
dare say. Ho raised his head, and looking at me,
with an expression of humorous sarcasm, ho replied,
" You mean that 1 steal ; do you not, madam ? No,
madam, it is hctler to ask for one, than to turn
I thief for an apple." '

;iumaii body. But in the use of fruits,., care
should be taken, that they are fully ripe atftl.ofa
■good quahtv. Those which a delicate ^lalHW
<loes not relish, are not, in general, In^iltliy ; those
which are irroen, or have not obtained perfect
niaturitv, arc very injurious, and often occasion
diseases", especially when the stomach is feeble or
when they are eaten for a long time. It has been
remarked, that children and females have a p»N

Vol. IX.— No. 24.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

189

[iculnr taste for green fruit, and this taste hns be-
30me too *)minGn among all classes, either from
joverty or igimrunee. Tliorouglily ripe fruit,
!«ten witli bread, is perhaps the most innocent of
dl uliiiieiits, and will even insure health and
;treii^'th. The author of this article, has made
ho experiment. He passed a whole year, witli-
>ut tnkinj,' fiiiy other food, than fruit, bread and
vatcr, withont his power, or vigor, havin;; been
limiuishcd ill tlio least, notwithstanding the great
;icrcisc which ho constantly took.

There are fniits, which wlion perfectly ripe, can
)e calen to excess, without inconvenience, tiiich
IS grapes, cherries, and currants ; the other kinds
lever occasion ill cnnserpiences, if they are eaten
mly to satisfy the demands of nature. They are
iijurious, \vlioh large quantities are taken into the
;tomach, already filled with viands, and other food.
I'hero are certain stomachs with which fruits do
lot equally well agree ; but still they are not in-
iirioiis in sucti eases if taken with moderation,
r/iat kind ol' laxness which certain fruits pro-
luce, — such as inefons, peaches, apricots, &c, is
)reveineil, by taking ff'glass of wine after having
iaten tlieni.

It is much to be regretted, that our country is so
^nerally devoid of fruit, when it can be so easily
•aised and at such a trifling expense. The small
mniijcr of fruit trees, which arc to be seen around
>ur villages, arc generally of very inferior kinds;
ind it seems that the people are disposed, in or-
ler to render them more unhealthy, to cut the
"ruits before they are ripe. It is in conformity to
m onler of things, so adverse to the public good,
:hat on the onc»idc the privation of fruit renders
be i-egimeh of the inhabitants unfavorable to
lealtii, and on die other, the custom of eating
wdTWd i!ui»erfcctly ripe fruit, occasions sicknEss.

This state of things, so pernicious to the happi-
ness of the country, must continue, as long as the
igiforance of the people, in relation to the first
(rants of life, reigns throughout the departments.
[t is the duty of tiie independent prn[irietors, to
snliglitcn ttie laborious cultivators of the soil, and
:o enco;irag8 them to plant orchards of fruit trees.
There should not exist a cottage to which there is
wnexed any land, without having some good
ffuit trees about it. This kind of crop, which is
io easily obtained, would be a great nutritive re-
source for the inhabitants, not only during sum-
ner, but the wiiole of the year; for plums, apples
md pears can be readily dried. This variety, be-
ng introduced into the dietetic regimen, would
jontributs, Jiot a little, to the health of the people.

The numerous advantages, which the laboring
dasses may dciive from the cultivation of good kinds
if Hnits, are better understood in Germany, than in
France, although the natural advantages which
lur soil affords pre much superior. In traversing
.he teri'itij.ri.cs of Germany, tliere is to be seen
leap e.ich liabitation, a vineyard or a ganlcn of
Vult trees. The villages are surrounded with
hem, and there are but few families, who do not
nakSj use of fruits, duriiig the summer, and pre-
jcrvc a certain tpianlity for winter. The surplus
iS8o!d in tlie/'ities. There are to be seen, u|iou
[he KliiuQ iuid other rivers of Germany, boats
alien with driiid apples, pears and plums. These
: ruits are objects of considerable commercial im-
lortance. It is desirable that the departmental
lonicultural societies should offer premiums, to
mcourage the proprietors of small estates to plant
Vuitli-ces of the best kinds.

As this belief is snllicicuily general, that fruits
produce diseases, and especially the dysentery, we
think it our duty to introduce the following i)as-
sage, in relation to this subject, which is to be
found in the advice to tlie people upon Iheir health,
by Tissot.

' There is a pernicious prejudice, with which all
are too generally imbued, — it is, that fruits are
injurious in the dysentery, and that they produce
and increase it. There is not, perhaps, a more
false prejudice.

' 15ad fruits, and those which have imiicrfectly
ripened, in unfavorable seasons, may occasion
cliolics and sometimes diarrha-as, — oftcner con-
stipations and diseases of the nerves and skin, but
never epidemic dysentery. Ripe fruits, of all
kinds, and especially those of summer, are the
true preservatives against this malady. The
greatest injury they can do, is in dissolving the
humors, and particularly the bile, of which they
are the true dissolvent.s, and occasion a diarrlura;
but even .this diarrhoea is a protection against
the dysentery. It has not been observed, that
this disease is more common during those seasons
when fruits are very abundant. It is also believ-
ed that it is more rare and less severe than here-
tofore, and this can surely be attributed, if it is
true, but to the more numerous plantations of
fruit trees, which has rendered fruit very com-
mon.

' Whenever the dysentery has prevailed, I have
eaten less animal food and more fruit, and I have
never had the slightest attack. Several physicians
have adopted the name regimen.

' I have seen eleven patients in the same house ;
nine were obedient to the directions given and ate
fruit ; they recovered. The grandmother and a
■bild "vhich she was most partial to, died. She
prescribed to the child burnt wine, oil, powerful
aromatics, and forbade the use of fruit ; it died.
She followed the same course and met the like
fate.

' This disease was destroying a Swiss regiment,
which was stationed in a garrison in the southern
part of France. The captain purchased the
grapes of several acres of vines. The sick sol-
diers were either carried to the vineyard, or were
supplied with grapes from it, if they were too fee-
ble to be removed. They ate nothing else ; not
another died, — or were any more attacked with
the complaint, after they commenced eating
grapes.

' A minister was attacked with the dysentery,
and the medicines which were administered gave
no relief; he saw by accident, some red currants,
and had a great desire to eat them ; he ate three
poun<!s, between seven o'clock in the morning
and nine o'clock in the evening ; he was better
during the day, and entirely cured the next.'

I could accumulate a great number of like
facts, but the above arc suilicient to convince the
most incredulous. Far from prohibiting the use |
of fruits, when the dysentery prevails, too many
of them cannot be eaten. The discretions of
the pidice instead of interdicting them should
cause the markets to be abundantly supplied with
them. This is a truth, which intelligent persons
no longer doubt. Experience has demonstrated
it, and it is founded in reason, since fruits re
move all the causes of dysentery.

Slavery.— 'Yhe Georgia Senate, by a vote of 38 to
30, have refused to repeal a law prohibiting the im-
portation of slaves into that State.

From Prince's Poniologlcal IHttlalul^ now In prt^ss.

Pound. Pr. cat. Coxe. Fes. nbw am. gard.
Cordelier, or large Cordelier, of English authors.

Next to the White Doyenne ))ear, the present
variety is the most common in this vicinity, it being
of so great a size and subserving such useful pur-
poses, that all desire to possess it. It is the largest
of all the older class of pears, and there are but
three or four of those more recently introduced
that can compare with it in this respect. It ollen
weighs from twentyfive to thirty ounces, and one
exhibited in New Jersey about four years since,
weighing forty and a half ounces. It is of uniform
shape, full an<l round at tlie head, and diminishing
gradually to the stalk, which is large and long;
the skin is of a greenish hue,with a brownish russet
cheek next the sun ; the flesh is solid, and when
cooked, acquires a red color. This fruit is not
suitable for the table, but is esteemed lor bakirig
and preserving. It will keep till late in the spring
and may be used from time to time as roipiired for
the above purposes. It is preferable to allow the
the pears to hang on the trees until late, when
after gathering they should he packed away in
chatr, or wrapped in paper, which by excluding
the atmosphere, keeps them from drying and pre-
serves their freshness, consequently rendering them
more juicy and tender, and when so treated they
become towards spring of a yellow color, and
the russet cheek acquires a fine tinge of red.

The tree grows exceedingly strong even from its
first advance, audits progress is very rapid, iierhaps
none more so, forming one of the largest of its
class, and being also exceedingly hardy, and subject
to no maladies or defects. Large quantities of the
fruit are put up iu this vicinity in barrels for the
markets of New York and for exportation.
Swan's Egg. Pr. cat- For. Coxe.
Poire d',/luch, of some gardens.

This fruit is of medium size, and the form elip-
tical ; the skin is green, sliglitly tinged with brown
or russet ; the flesh quite melting, and abounding
with juice of an agreeable musky flavor. Its peri-
od of maturity is November, and it may with atten
tion be preserved for some time.

Miller does not descibe this pear, and Forsyth
after quoting the Poire d'csvf, or Egg pear of Du-
hamel, co[iies about half of the description of that
variety,«and adds thereto some further remarks of
little imijort, and varies the time of ripening.
In truth, however, these fruits wouhl appear to be
very distinct and Duhaniel states the time of ripen-
ing of the Egg pear to be the end of August or
beginning of September.

Angleterre de Noisette. Pr. cat.
Grosse Anslettrre de JVoisette. Bon Jard.

This is a recent senrinalproductJon,»aid to have
been raised by the person whose name is attached
to it, and to be a variety of the Angleterre of a
larger size and later at maturity.

Beauty of Brussels. Pr. cat.
Belle de Bruxelks. Duh. Calvel. Die. d'Agric.

• Belle d'aotif. Bun Jard. .^

This fruit has the form of a Beurre ; the skin
I which is previously green, becomes yellowish at
the ))eriod of maturity, which is during the month
of October ; the flesh is white, delicate, and of
, agreeable flavor, and the tree is of thrifty growth.
' The Diet. d'Agriculture gives a very similar de-
iscription, but the Bon Jardinier describes it as a
' superb iVuit of good quality, and ripening in August.

190

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 31, 1830.

BOSTON. FRIDAY, DECEMBER 31, 1830.

Valuable Communications. — We should be
very insensible or ungrateful not to acknowledge
with gratitude the numerous favors, for which we
are indebted, and by which the public is benefited,
emanating from the pen of our enlightened and
patriotic correspondent. Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn.
We are happy to perceive that his cft'orts to irradi-
ate the path of the American cultivator with the
lights of European science, as well as those
which can be elicited from cisatlantic sources,
are well appreciated ; as his articles are widely
dift'iised hy the courtesy and discernment of our
editorial brethren. Our wannest thanks are alsi
due for tiie constantly increasing number of in-
telligent correspondents.

AGRICULTURAL MEETING.

At a meeting of a number of Farmers of Rut-
land, and the iieicrhboring towns, at Capt. Wm.
Butman's, on the STtli ult. for the purpose of con-
sulting on the adoption of measures to promote the
agricultural interest in this vicinity.

The lion. jMoses Stro.ng was appointed Chair-
man, and Wm. Fav, Secretary,

After some discussion in which it was argued
and urged, witli much earnestness and zeal, that
something ought to be done to promote the Agri-
cultural Interest in this vicinity, — It was unani-
mously

Resolved, that the Farmers of Rutland and the
neighboring towns, form themselves into a society
denominated an Agnculiural Societij.

On motion, Messrs Heman Spafford, Robert
Pierpont and Wm. Green, were appointed a com-
mittee to draw up a constitution fot- said Society,
and report at the next meeting.

Voted, that the meeting adjourn to meet at the
Court House in Rutland, on the first Tuesday in
January next, at one o'clock, P. M.

Voted, That the Secretary cause the proceedings
of this meeting to be published, and therein to
solicit the attendance of the Farmers of Rutland
and the neiirhboring towns.

WJI. FAY, Sec';/.

pearance which to the horticulturist, need not be
described ; and all for the want of a little trim-
ming in season.

MR TUTTLe's orchard

Was set partly in 1824 and partly in 1825, on
strong loamy land. There are about 80 trees.
The land has been cultivated till the last year
and kept in crood heart. The trees look healthy
and some of them quite large for their age. Some
attention has been paid to trimming, but more of
it would have added greatly to the beauty and
value of the orchard.

MR CUAFFIn's orchard

Is partly in Acton and partly in Littleton, It
consists of 114 trees set in 1826, on land of rather

From the Concord GazeUe.

AGRICULTURAL REPORTS.

The Committee on Fruit and Forest Trees, Shrubs
and Farms, consisting oflosixii A.dams, Ben-
jamin F. Var.num, Reuben Brown, Jr., and
Moses Whitney, Esq's respeetfulhj Report.
That Premiums have been claimed only for
Apple Orchards and Farms — The Competitors for
the premiums on Orchards are: — Capt. Francis
Richardson, of Billerica ; Mr Horace Tnttle, and
Robert Chafiin, of Acton ; Mr George M. Barrett,
of Concord ; and Jlr Nathaniel S. Bonnet, of
Framingham.

CAPT. r.icnARDSON's orchard
Has 132 trees which were set in the spring of
1825. They were then very smyll and not thrifty ;
being jdaced however in a good soil which has
l>een cultivated, and manured, most of them have
recovered and some of them are of good size and
tlu'ifty. They do not however appear to have
been trimmed at all ; the trunks of many of them
are much too short ; the branches are crowded
into the middle of the tree, and present an ap-

cattle to graze without injury to the trees, they are
engrafted about six feet from the ground, and the
limbs generally take a direction upwards more than
usual. As the trees however are not yet out of
reach, they are preserved by putting bows on the
neck of the animals and also on one of the fore
legs and connecting the bows with a small iron rod.
Mr Bennett has a nursery of his own, from which
he took the stocks — assisted personally in setting
them in the orchard, and engrafted them himself
in the year 1829, e.xcepting those set out in that
year and the present being about one hundred which
had been engrafted in the nursery. Mr Bennett's-
object was to preseive any new varieties of fruit,
as he might choose, and engraft the rest ; but being
disappointed in all the specimens of the first fruits
he gave up the object and engrafted the whole.

more than ordinarv quality. It had been cultiva- j The tops of the trees are of course small, but they
ted and laid down "in 1825, and has been mowed , are generally thrifty and in a year or two will be-
ever since. Had it been ploughed and cultivated | ^ome proportioned to the bodies. It will be nece»-
two or three years, the trees would have been much | s^iry however to cultivate ^he soil at least for a few

feet around the trees, and to add a little manure,
in order to make the trees continue thrifty.

Trimming has been purposely omitted this year
as the stocks were large and long, and required all
the top that could be obtained. It will be in sea-

benefited, as the roots would have extended them-
selves to a greater distance. They have however
a healthy appearance, though they are not large.
They were well set in holes of three or four feet
diameter, which were fitted vvitli a rich soil, and
the roots within those limits have been cultivated - ^O" n*^^' year, when Mr B. proposes to attend to
with great care. If Mr Chafiin will plough his ! '«• The sod is good— consisting of a hill of strong
land the next season, and manure and cultivate it ' '"a'"' some jiarts mixed with gravel, inchmng to
and will also take oflf' ''"^ southeast; and also a piece of low land of
strong loam. The whole is at present laid down
to grass except one piece which is planted with
corn

Your Committee recommend that Premiums be

two years in every four, and wi
many more of the limbs, which should have been
removed when small, he will in a few years see a
very beautiful orchard. The limbs should not be
sufiTered to cross each other, nor to tend either
toward the ground or into the middle of the tree,
and the sooner such branches are cut the better.
A small twig, growing in a right direction, should
be left to the exclusion of any other however thrif-
ty. Mr C. seemed willing to be instructed and did
not pretend to any of that sapience wdiich the in-
experienced are so apt to assume. The Commit-
tee are confident he will not feel injured by these
suggestions, which are made for the benefit of
others who may be exposed to the same errors.

MR Barrett's orchard
Is large, containing above 200 trees, exclusive
of the 50 at the west part of it, wdiich received
the Society's third premium in 1826. The or-
chard is situated on the southern declivity of a
hill of good soil and in a hoalthy state of cultiva-
tion. There is a considerable variety of well se-
lected fruit, the trees being many of them in a
bearing state. They were mostly raised by him-
self in the nursery. They were set out in the
spring of 1822, and appear to have been well
attended to, many of them being quite large and
thrify. Many of them have been well trimmed
but some of them have suflered in this particular.

MR Bennett's orchard
Is very large and occupies six different lots,
which are separated only by stone walls and the
road. The trees are about 540 in number, and
were set out some in every year from 1825, to 1830.
The trees are set a little less than two rods apart
excepting that, between every two rows, a space
is left nf four rods, and, in some instances, this
space is left also cross wise making the trees stand
in squares of four trees each. There is some varie-
ty in the manner, but the efi'ect and object, in each
case is to let in the sun's rays so as to make the land
productive for other purposes. In order to suffer

awarded as follows :

To Mr Nath'l S. Bennett, of Framingham, the

1st Premium on Orchards, §15,00

To Mr George M. Barrett, of Concord, tlie

2d Premium of §12,00

To Mr Horace Tuttle, of Acton, the 3d Pre

mium of $10,00

In awarding the premiums on Orchards, your
Committee have been governed rather by the spi-
rit than the letter of the offers made by the Tru*-;
tees. They have considered the expression,'
' best thrift;! state,' to mean the best state — taking
thriftiness into view among all the other circum-i
stances. JOSIAH ADAMS,

For the Committet,

LARGE HOGS.
But a few weeks since we published an accouni
of large Hogs. By way of appendix we now adc
that a dead hog 20 months old was carried through
Warren last week which weighed no loss that
712 |)0uiuls, and was bought by Mr Benjamin Hal!
of Bristol. The animal was bred in Swanzey, bj
Mr Richard Leisure, and may fiiirly excite the
emulation of all growers of pork, in the flourish-
ing county of which Swanzey is a part.

Large Heifer.— Moses Smith, of Flatbush Hill
is now fatting a three years' old Heifer, which
supposed to be the largest ever fatted in this county;
She weighs 1829 pounds. — Brooklyn Adv.

Horticulture. — Thomas Cody, gardener of Con>;;
modorc Chauucey, at the Navy Yard, in this villag«'
has left at this office a Savoy Cabbage weighinjj
nine pounds and a half, without the stalk ant.
under leaves. It is considered large for that pecu
liar kind, which was produced from foreign seed,
by Jlr Cody. — Brooklyn Mv.

Vol. IX.— No. 24.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

191

COARSE GRAIN.

Messrs Editors — It has been a question with
ifarmers what tliey should do with their coarse
grain, wlieii tiie Temperance Reformation shall
have stopped the distilleries. — Let me tell them
keep more stock and feed them with it. I have
made the trial and find it more profitahle than to
sell my coarse ^'rnin to distillers. Make the trial
with a dozen or twenty pigs. Value them at their
market price when young ; then keep an account
of the coarse grain you give them, a:t the market
price. You will find on selling the pork a hand-
some profit for your trouble. — Gen. of Temp.

Ship T^Jiiber — Several lots of ship timber have
been sent down the Canal, from this place the
present season, which, we learn has turned to good
account. There is no doubt that all such slicks
OS will answer, are worth much more for that than
for ai]}" other pin'])osc to which they can be ])ut
Ihercabouts. And it should be borne in mind that
a great portion of the timber which is most val-
uable for that purpose, is of little worth for any
other, even for fuel, as it costs as much to work it
iup as it is worth after it is done. Those who are
about to cut timber should take this into consider-
ation, and save all such sticks as will answer the
purpose, in doing which they will doubtless find
their account in the course of the next season. We
fjnderstand that some of that which has been sent
iown the [»esent season, was carted from twelve
o fifteen miles, and paid well for the transporta-
tion.— .Mass. Spy.

The durability of posts used in making fences
is a matter of great importance to our farmers, and
will continue so as long as the present system of
fencing is continued. We are informed that the
shakers at Union Village, have been in the habit
of making oak posts as durable as locust, by a
very simple and easy process. — This is merely to
bore a bole in that part of the post which will be
just at the surface of the earth, with such a slope as
will carry it just below the surface, and fill it
with salt. This, it is said, will preserve the tim-
ber from decaying for a long time ; and from the
knowledge we have of the influence of salt in
preserving ship timber when treated in a some-
what similar manner, we have no doubt of its
being an excellent method.

Imprisonment for Debt. — A meeting was held in
Philadelphia, on Wednesday last, to take measures
for ameliorating the laws on this subject.

SIGNS OF PROSPERITY.

FHOM THE CHINESE.

Where spades grow bright, and idle swords grow dull ;
Where jails are empty, and where barns are fall ;
Where church paths are with frequent feel out-worn ;
Law court-yards weedy, silent,. and forlorn ;
Where doctors foot it, and where farmers ride ;
V\"here age abounds, and youth is multiplied ;
Where these signs are, they clearly indicate
\ happy people, and well-oroverned state.

To CoRSEspjXDE.VTS. — We have deferred this week
'evcr.-.l communications ; among which are an interesting
iiscussion between JIrs Griffith of New Jersev, Dr
Thacher of Plymouth, and Dr Smith of this city, on
he theory of the existence of the Queen Bee ; in which
ome drawings will be introduced illustrative of an im-
iroved .\piary, and some improvements in Hives — • Su"'-
;;estions on the Culture of Sillc, by VV.' will also appear
lext week — with several other communications. j

.Mason's Pocket Farrier,

Comprising a general descripiion of that noble and use-
ful animal the Horse ; fifth edition, with additions. To
which is added a Prize Essay on Mules. By S. W. Pome-
roy, Esq. of Brighton, Mass And an appendix, contain-
ing observations and recipes for the cure ol most of the
common distemiiers incident to Horses, Oxen, Cows,
Calves, Sheep, Lambs. Swine, Dogs, &c, selected from
dill'erent authors. And an .Vddenda, containing the annals
of the Turf, .\merican Stud Book, mode of training, rules
of Racinp^, &c.

Just published and for sale by R. P. & C. Williams, IS
and 20 Cornhill.

-Mso, on liberal terms, a large assortment of Agricultu-
ral, Historical, Theological, Law, and other Books.
Persons selecting Libraries, will find it for their advan-
tage to call. 6t Dec. 3L

Aoft'ce.
Messrs WINSHIPS have a bundle of Shrubs, left
somelime since at Doolittle's City Tavern, by a Provi-
dence Wagon ; as they were in a perishable state, it was
considered expedient to remove them to Brighton, in or-
der to save them. The owner may have them by appli-
cation to the New England Farmer Office. 3t Dec. 3L

Black Currant Jf'ine.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North
Market Street —

.■V few dozen bottles of superior old Black Currant
Wine, made by a gentleman in tliis vicinity ; an account
of its astringent and detergent properties in various com-
plaints, and particularly the Sore Throat, will be found
in the New England Farmer, vol. v. page 567, written by
Samuel \V. Pomeroy, Esq. and the late Dr John G. Coffin.
Price 75 cts. per boltle — also, a few bottles ol old White
Dutch Currant Wine, price 50 cts. per bottle. Dec. 3L

Bartram Botanic Garden and .Yursery, Kingsessing,
near Philadelphia.

This old and celebrated establishment is 4 miles from
the centre square, three miles from Market-street bridge,
and a half mile below Gray's ferry, on the west bank of
the Schuylkill. It is the oldest botanical garden in the
United States, having been begun in 1720 by the elder
John Bartram, who was the American botanist to the
king, imtil the Revoludon, and it has since been cultivat-
ed by his children and grand children.

The garden originally contained about eight acres,
chiefly planted with native trees, shrubs, &.c, and became
the seminnry from whence American vegetables were
distiibuted to Europe, and other regions of the civilized
world.

The present proprietor has added an extensive collec-
tion of green house plants, a thriving young vineyard,
and several acres of nurser}', well stocked with a genera
assortment of the finest fruit trees, grape vines, orna-
mental trees and shrubs, ice, which are sold at reasona-
ble prices, and are sent to all parts of the United States.

American indigenous trees, shrubs, and plants, or their
seeds, suitable for sending to Europe, are supplied in as-
sortments from $5 to $500, or more.

Orders for trees, plants, or seeds, from this garden, left
with Messrs G. Thorburn &, Son, seedsmen. New York ;
George M. Coates, No. 49 Market-street, Philadelphia;
J. B. RusseH, No. 52 North Market-street, Boston ; or
addressed, per mail, (post paid) to the proprietor, at the
garden, will meet with prompt attention, and the articles
will be carefully packed, so as to bear the transportation
in safety.

Strangers are invited to view the gardens at any time,
(Sundays excepted) where any information will be cheer-
fully imparted.

Printed catalogues of the collection delivered gratis.

Dec. 24. 2t ROBERT CARR, Proprietor.

Catnellias, Jasmines, Sfc.
FOR S.\LE, at a Nursery in the vicinity of Boston, a
good collection of Camellias, also Broad, Small and Long
leaf Jasmines, Heaths, kc. all lar^eplants. and at mod-
erate prices — orders left with J. B. Russell, at his Seed
I Store, will be promptly attended to. 4t Dec. 10.

.1 fine Maltese Jack,
Recently imported from Malta — he is a young, vigorous,
fine animal. Price 500 dollars — can be seen by appl}"ing
to Mr Russell at the Farmer otfice.

JVanled,
Volumes 2, 3, and 6, of the New England Farmer, to
complete a set, for which a liberal price will be paid at
the Farmer ofiice, Boston. Dec. 24.

PRICES OF COUJVTRY

PRODUCE.

f-ROK

TO

Al'PLES.new,

barrel

1 33

1 50

ASHES, poi, first sort,

Pearl, first sort,

toil.

lie 00 118 00

<(

1:^7 50 13i> 00

BEANS, while,

hasbi.'l.

ao

1 CO

BEEF, mess,

barrel.

8 50

8 75

Cargo, No. 1,

"

7 25

7 50

Cargo, No. 2,

tt

G 25

6 50

BUTTEIl, inspected, No. I, new, -

pound.

11

IS

CHEESE, new milk,

"

G

8

Skimmed milk.

(I

3

i

FL.\XSEED,

1 12

1 50

FLUUK, Baltimore. Howard-slreel, -

barrel.

5 60

5 75

Genesee,

5 37

5 62

.Alexandria,

ti

3 25

5 37

Baltimore, wharf,

tt

5 12

5 25

GRAIN, Corn, Norlheru.

bushel.

6b-

68

Corn, Southern Yellow,

tt

G4

65

Kve,

tt

75

80

Barley,

it

62

69

Oats,

tt

36

38

HAY.

cwt.

60

70

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,

cvvl.

9 00

10 00

HKPS, Isl quality.

"

It 00

15 00

LLMi:.

cask.

70

75

Pl.AISTERPARfSrelailsal

ton.

" 75

3 00

POUK, clear,

barrel.

16 no

17 00

Navv mess.

"

13 00

Mno

Cargo, No. I,

It

12,50

13 60

SEEDS, Herd'3 Grass,

bushel.

1 75

iino

Red Top (northern)

"

62

75

Lucerne,

pound.

33

38

Red Clover, (northern)

tt

10

11

WOOL, Merino, fiill blood, washed, -

tt

62

65

JMernio, full blood, unwashed,

tt

33

42

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

It

65

75

Merino, three fourths wasliod,

tt

56

68

Merino, half blood.

tt

50

53

Merino, quarter.

tt

38

42

Native, washed.

tt

52

53

Pulled, La.iib's. firs, sort,

tt

52

55
44

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.

tt

42

Pulled, " spinning, first sort,

KET

48

60

PUOVISION MAR

BEEF, best pieces,

pound.

7

8

PORK, fresh, best pieces,

. ii

6

7

whole hogs.

<•

5*

6^

VEAL,

tt

C

3

MUTTON,

tt

4

8

POULTRY,

It

6

9

BUTTER, keg and tub,

It

12

15

Lump, best.

"

18

20

EGGS,

dozen.

12

U

MEAL, Rye, retail

bushel.

81

Indian, retail,

"

8+

POTATOES,

tt

20

30

CIDER, taccording lo qualiljT

barrel.

1 00

2 OO

Brighton M.vrket — Monday, Dec. 27,

[Reported tor the Chronicle anil Patriot.]

At Market this day, 537 Cattle, 2007 Sheep, and 424
Swine.

Prices. — We report the same as last week, although
prices were hardly supported, probably in consequence
of the bad weather.

Beef Cattle — from 3,25 to 4,50. We noticed a dozen
beautiful Cattle, (fed by Mr Sweetser, of Athol) some of
which would quite equal in weight and quality, the
Premiuni Oxen — sale not effected.

Barrelling Cattle— 'Mess. 3,50, No. 1, 3,00.

Sheep— we noticed sales at 1,50, 1,75, 1,83, and 2,25.

t'Hwine — sales dull ; we noticed one lot taken at 44c
and one at4-Jc ; a few only were retailed at 5c for Sows
and 6 for Barrows.

Prices in New York, December
FLOUR. New York Superfine, Bbl.

Western,

Philadelphia,

Baltimore, City,

Do. Howard street,
GR.\IN. Wheat, Northern, bush.

Western,

Virginia,

Rye, Northern,

Oats, Northern,

Corn, Southern,

Do. Yellow, Northern,

Barley, new,
WOOL. Common fleece, washed lb.

Merino do. do.

Spinning, pulled

Lambs do. 1st quality

Do. 2d do.

25.

5 12 a

5 25

5 31 a

5 50

5 2.5 a

5 37

5 12 a

5 25

5 37 a

5 44

1 05 a

1 07

1 12a

1 a

1 06

68 a

70

35 a

S6

51 a

53

56 a

62

75 a

78

35 a

40

40 a

60

a

48 a

52

35 a

4t

192

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 31, 18S0.

MISCELLANY.

FROM FRIENDSHI P's 0 F F E R I N G FOR 1831.

THE ACCEPTED.

BY THOMAS HAYNES BAYLY.

I THANK you for that downcast look,

And for that blushing cheek :
I would not have you raise your eyes,

I would not have you speak :
Though mute, I deem you eloquent,

I ask no other sign.
While thus your little hand remains

Confidingly iu mine.

I know vou fain would hide from me

The tell-tale tears that steal
Unbidden forth, and half betray

The anxious fears you feel ;
From friends long-tried and dearly loved

The plighted bride must part :
Then freely weep — I could not love

A cold, unfeeling heart.

I know you love your cottage home.

Where in the summer time,
Vour hand has taught the clematis.

Around the porch to climb :
Yon casement with the wild rose screen.

Yon little garden too,
How many fond remembrances

Endear them all to you.

You sigh to leave your mother's roof.

Though on my suit she smiled.
And, spurning ev'ry selfish thought.

Gave up her darling child :
Sigh not for her, she now may claim

Kind deeds from more than one ;
She'll iTiize upon her daughter's siuiles

Supported by her son!

I thank you for that look — it speaks

Reliance on my truth;
And never shall unkindness wound

Your unsuspecting youth :
If fate .should frown, and anxious thoughts

Oppress your husband's mind.
Oh ! never fear to cling to me, —

I could not be unkind.

Cmne, look upon this golden ring —

You have no cause to shrink, .
Though oft 't is galling as the slave's

Indissoluble link I >^'

And look upon yon church, th'e^lace

Of blessing and of prayer ;
Before the altar hear my vows —

Who could dissemble there.'

Come to my home ; your bird shall have

As tranquil a retreat;
Your dog shall find a resting place.

And slumber at your feet :
And while you turn your spinning wheel,

Oh I let me hear you sing,
Or I shall think you cease to love

Your little golden ring.

From I.ady .'\Iorgan's late Work an France.

DOMESTIC INDUSTRY IN FRANCE.

To the per.=cverance and enterprise of Monsieur

Ternaux the French are indebted for the immense

■nprovemcnt they liavo made in the manufacture of

shawls, to which his attention was drawn by the

growiniT rage of the Parisians for the products of
the Indian loom. At the period when the Egyptian
expedition liad brought this article into vogue, the
species of animal which produces the law material
was absolutely unknown in France ; and the first
effort of Monsieur Ternaux was directed to smug-
gling from a town, some hundred werstes beyond
Moscow, a specimen of the wool. This was execu-
ted, by one of liis riders, wlio brought the precious
bale, to tlio amount only of sixty pounds, concealed
in a courier's cushion. The first attempts at imita-
tion were made with this scanty supply ; and it was
not till after the peace of Tilsit, that he was enabled
to obtain a second quantity.

A perfect fac-simile of the shawl itself was then
soon eft'ected ; but the borders afforded a permanent
obstacle, in the high price of French labor ; this ar-
ticle being entirely manufactured by necdlc-work. —
Monsieur Ternaux's next attempt was, therefore,
to work the border by the process used in Lyons
for the figured silks. The excessive price was,
however, still an obstacle to their sale ; and an infe-
rior article, made partly of silk, by another house,
obtained possession of the market. Unsubdued by
this impediment, Monsieur Ternaux still persevered;
and ultimately succeeded in producing shawls,
which, both for the tissue itself, and the beauty of
tlie borders, were not inferior to those of India.

The next object with the manufitcturer was to ob-
tain a sufficient supply of the wool ; and Monsieur
Ternaux having remarked that the Russians, from
whom he had purchased it, knew the article by the
name of Persian wool, he directed his researches in
that quarter ; and learned that Thomas Koulikan, in
his Asiatic expeditions, had brought three hundred
of the goats which produce it from Thibet; and
that these animals have multiplied greatly in Bukha-
ria, and as far as the province of Kerman. Having
thus determined that these animals throve in forty-
two degrees of latitude, and in a climate, from its ele-
vation, much colder than France, and that they also
resisted the heat of Kerman, which is in the thirti-
eth degree of latitude, he resolved to attempt their
naturalization in liis own country.

To ascertain the identity of the animals, and that
their products in Thibet were precisely the same as
those in Persia, personal inspection was necessary.
For this purpose. Captain Baudin, who sailed for
Calcutta in 1814, was charged to obtain the true
Thibet wool. An examination of this product clear-
ed lip all doubt ; but the greater work remained of
obtaining the animals themselves. To this enter-
prise many difficulties presented themselves, in the
distance, the dangers of the journey, and tlie jeal-
ousies of foreign governments. To succeed, requir-
ed the services of a man of great courage and inge-
nuity, acquainted with the Oriental languages, and
accustomed to ]>erilous and long journeys. It re-
quired also the direct intervention of the French
ministry, to dispose the Russian government in its
favor. Fortunately, the Due de Richelieu, whose
relations with that country gave him immense fa-
cilities, took up the matter with warmth ; and a
Mens. Amadee Jaubert (who was sent express,) af-
ter having been compelled to abandon two hundred
goats in the stepjjes of the Oural, and having on-
countered the greatest difficulties, from the sickness
of the animals, from wolves, from the barbarous
hordes inhabiting the country through which he
passed, and from hunger and thirst, succeeded in
embarking from the Crimea five hundred and sixty-
eight animals, two hundred and forty of the pure
breed, and three hundred of a mixed race ; six Buk-
harian sheep, eight kids, seven young mothers, and
seven males.

By the success of this well-combined and fortu-
nate enterprise, a single manufacturer lias bestowed
on his country a new and profitable object of agri-
cultural industry, and has enriched its manufactures
with a product, wliich will be a source of labor and
profit as long as wealth and taste shall remain in Eu-
rope.

But perhaps a greater benefit still was conferretl
on France, by the efforts made by Mens. Ternatjx,

to improve the breed of sheep, and obtain the finer
qualities of wool, from indigenous sources. Having
made his first attempts at imitating the Indian sha*ls-
with merino wool, his attention was early fixed oni
this product, and the animal from which it is obtain-'
ed. The improvement of the breed of sheep hadi
been a favorite object with the minister Colbert ; and
when a certain Mens. Cudot, a cloth manufacturer,
was nearly sinking under the expenses of his at-
tempts to make fine cloths in opposition to the Ley
den looms, he succeeded in saving his protege, by a
trick, wliich perfectly answered liis intention. By
his persuasion, Louis the Fourteenth was inducsd tc
wear a coat of this manufacture ; and, when on o
parti de chasse, to praise very much its texture and
colors: the result was, that his courtiers (and theii
courtiers in turn) all made a point of procuring 9
similar dress. The cloth sold rapidly, and at a higl
price ; the manufactory at Sedan was saved, and bo-
cariife the parent of that of Rheims, which, for
long time, remained famous for this stuff, which was
afterwards known by the name of silerie.

To the improvement of the French breed o:
sheep, Monsieur Ternaux has contributed, by the
importation of various approved races, from Spain
from England, and from Egypt ; and he has publish'
ed several pamphlets to diff'use a knowledge of the
points to be attended to in the conduct of this im
portant branch of agriculture. To the manufacturei
of Monsieur Ternaux, dispersed tlirough differen
parts of France, commerce is indebted for a vast va
riety of new products ; more especially for tha
beautiful, light texture, now so perfectly iuiitated ii
England, which is known by the name of merini
He also, I believe, it was, that invented the procea
for stamping patterns in relief, on cloth ; — for tht
covers of tables, and other ornamental purposes.

As the popular representative of Paris in th(
Chamber of Deputies, this gentleman's name is wel;
known to English politicians. Ho is said to posses-
immense wealth ; and, if industry, ingenuity, an en
lightened and comprehensive mind, and a patriot
ism that sees the prosperity of his country in tb<
comfort and happiness of its people, and pursue
that object with incorruptible honesty and unweariet
perseverance, be just titles to eminence —

' Well has he won it — may he wear it long.'

The night before Piiis the seventh died, he sentfc;
Col. M — jWlio had been extremely kind to him whil
he was a prisoner at Valence, and presented him will
a superb silver-gilt cup, rescued from the papal treas
ury, which he bugged him to accept as a mark of hii

gratitude and esteem. Col. M , felt some con

scientious scruples about taking so magnificent
present. 'Perhaps your Iloliness is not aware,' sal
he, 'that you are making this valuable, and almoe
consecrated present to a heretic. I am of the churc]
of Geneva.' ' What has that to do with it .'' said th>
Po|j«, with a flash of animation. Then, closing hi( kl
heavy eyes, he added, in an exhausted tone, but wit!
groat solemnity, ' Are we not all children of th
same Father ?' — Lady Morgan^s France.

Published every Friday, iit g3 per annum, payable attl

and of the year--but those who pay within sixty days fromth

time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of tifty centii

\^ No paper will be sent to a distance without paymeii

being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by 1. R: Butts — by whoi
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet th
wishes of customers. Orders lor printing received by J. f
Russell, at the .4gricultural Warehouse, No. 52 Nort
Market Street.

AGENTS.

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Baltimore— G. U. SwiTH, Edilcr of the American Fanner, ^

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Harlfonl — Goodwin & Sons.

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f

k)

NEW ENGL.AND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Ackicultubal Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEK, EDITOR.

VOI^. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 14, 1831.

NO. 26.

sjiiawjBiiiL laaa^f^ojiSa

THE HONEY BEE.

Concluded from page 195.

Pljmoulh, Dec. 30, li30.
J. V. C. Smith, M. D.—

Dear Sir — The perusal of your interesting
observations lias afforded me the greatest degree
of satisfaction, and for which I beg you will accept
of my respectfid acknowledgments. The sub-
ject of bees has for several years occupied a con-
siderable sliare of my attention, but for want of a
glass liive and a miscroscope I liave been unable to
make any particular theoretical discovery or any
new observations respecting their internal economy.
I am indeed greatly disappointed, and surprised to
learn that with your excellent hive you have not
had the pleasure of recognising tlio queen ; such
negative evidence however will not shake the
general faith so firmly established in her majesty's
existence and sovereign dominion. Your queen
was undoubtedly in her dignified retirement in
the interior of the original hive, while her subjects
were in the exercise of their functions in the glass
hive.

Some polite ladies have complimented me with
the suggestion that the bee fraternity ought to
erect a • monument of wa.x to my memory ; but I
will cheerfully resign my claim to that honor in
favor of your superior merit. I am e.xceedingly
gratified witli your history of your ' philosophical
apiary,' and hope you will continue to pursue your
investigations until you add to our common stock
some important improvement in the history and
character of our favorite little insects. Your e.xpe-
dient of marking the bees, has, it seems, satisfied you
that there is a class which are employed as archi-
tects exclusively. But still it may be inquired
whether they are preferred, as we prefer the most
skilful artists, because they are enabled by supe-
rior ingenuity or by long experience to execute the
work in a manner more advantageous than their
compeers in common ? I have no idea tliat insects
are endowed with the faculty of improving by ex-
perience, or deviating from the routine prescribed
for them by their Creator. In regard to your
observation that bees are sometimes remiss in their
labors, or that coercion is resorted to for the pur-
pose of exciting industry, it is highly probable that
capital punishments are inflicted, and that the dead
bodies you have seen thrust out of the hive occa-
sionally are those of the executed criminals. I
regret that you were deprived of the pleasure of
witnessing the exit of the spider that so auda-
ciously intruded himself into your hive. It may
appear strange that bees do not on such occasions
make use of their wings which enable them to
dart upon an object with great rapidity. But in the
art of war it is prurient to attack an enemy by regular
approaches, and tlius acted the bees towards the
spider's fortress. Are then these little insect
bodies inspired by a soul, or can matter think ?
Surely your account of bees' elevating pieces of
comb by building pillars under them, and their art-
fill conduct towards the spider, similar to the human
warrior, are precisely analogous to human intelli-
gence.

I cannot concede to your position that an ' egg

is deposited in every cell of lioney tliroughout the
hive.' There appears full evidence on examina-
tion, and all authorities agree, that specific cells are
assigned for the reception of honey, and for the
egn-s whicli produce the young brood. But, my
friend, you must no longer be sceptical as to the
existence of a ruling queen.

I am yours in all sincerity,

James Thacher.

Doctor Thacher having presented Doctor
Smith's letter to Mrs Mary Griffith of Char-
liesliope, New Jersey, was favored witli the fol-
lowing observations from that accomplished lady.
Dr Thacher —

Dear Sir — Many are the fables about bees,
but the fact of the existence of the one denom-
inated queen bee is a reality. If anything can be
relied on as a certainty in the history of tliis curi-
ous insect — the bee — it is that there is never more
than one female in the hive, excepting when a new
swarm goes from the hive. One otlier fact I must
mention, which is, thatiees do not sting one another.
Their mode of warfare is to gnaw or bite each
other under the wings. This they do either when
engaged in a regular battle in the air, which some-
times occurs, or when they act on the defensive
at the door of their hives. I never saw one bee
stin* another, but I have known them to thrust out
their sting when in the agonies of death by smoth-
ering ; their sting, thus thrown out in madness,
will sometimes lodge in the body of another bee,
but I am sure that they do not inflict wounds with
their sting. By gnawing their enemy under the
wing, they disakle liim from fighting and from en-
tering the hiv^ They destroy all the drones in
this way. I have seen two and three bees at a
time gnawing under the wings of one drone ; hun-
dreds of drones may be seen crawling on the
ground unable to fly ; of course they soon perish.
I shall send you by the first opportunity a queen
bee, and will send one to your friend Dr Smith
also, as I have four of them in good preservation.

(Mrs Griffith's second letter.)
Dr Thacher —

Dear Sir — You tell me to answer your ques-
tions at my leisure ; nothing but very pressing busi-
ness, which I cannot plead at present, ought to
prevent me from replying to your letter immediately.
It would not be becoming' in nie, to show less zeal
in a pursuit which is as interesting to me as to you. |
The four queen bees, were obtained, when dead,
from' four smothered swarms. If any of your
neighbors smother their bees, you can gather up
all the dead bodies carefully, and spread them out
on a large table, and on close search you will
find the queen ; she is the largest and lightest col-
ored bee in the swarm, with shorter wings and pro-
boscis than the rest. She can never be mistaken
in summer for a drone, for he is a larger, heavy
made, thick insect, even darker than a working
bee, with wings covering its whole body ; and she
cannot be taken for a drone in winter, for not a
single drone escapes the general massacre of
August and September. Many are the swarms
that I have examined, but I never yet saw a drone
after September. They are not suffered to live

an instant after the vivification of the last deposi-
tion of eggs, and they only make their appearance
in tlie spring, at the precise time when they are
wanted to hatcli the newly laid eggs. You say
that I have suggested a new idea respecting the
mode of warfare among bees, and you add that if
my suggestions be true, what becomes of Huber's
testimony to the contrary ?*

My dear sir, how frequently must you have
seen theory after theory crumble away, and others
of dissimilar character occupy their place. In
medicine — you are a medical man — from Kippo-
crates down to our Dr Rush, who was the last
system-monger, how has each theory prevailed for
a time ! Ruber was undoubtedly an honest man,
but he was nearly blind, and when we know how
much depends on clear vision, we cannot, or rather
ought, not to receive all that he says as correct
truth. It is true that his secretary, Francis Bur-
men, acted for him, but it ■n-ould indeed be mar-
vellous if this assistant were as deeply interested, of
as strict integrity, and as well qualified by genius
and talent to investigate so minute, perplexing and
difficult a history as Huber was himself No stain
therefore should rest on the fame of a naturalist
so deserving of our respect and admiration. As'
to Francis Burmen, I would not accuse him of
wilful misrepresentation; he only reported to
Huber what he thought he saw. He had some
knowledge of the ' doctrine of consequences.'
Bees have stings ; ^vhen annoyed by an animal,
they sting it ; consequently when enraged by one
anotlier they rf^venge themselves by inflicting .".
mortal wound w lii their stings ; so reasoned Fran-
cis Burmen and a host of others. This admitted
of further proof, if the shadow of doubt ever pass-
ed over their minds, by the circumstance of the
curving of the body of the bee when engaged in
fight. "The fact is, when we consider the length
and weight of the lower part of the body compar-
ed with the upper part, we shall perceive that this
curve is unavoidable ; it is a natural contraction of
muscles and it occurs whenever the mind is agitated.
I have an excellent microscope, and from long prac-
tice I can manage it adroitly, but on the closest
examination, I have never yet seen a hole in the
dead body of a vanquished bee. If bees sting
one another, why do they not sting the drones ?
I have sat for hours during their massacre, for the
purpose of ascertaining this fact ; but although my
eye was within two feet of the platform, I am cer-
tain that no sting ever was protruded. It was
really an arduous task to kill a large drone. It
sometimes required two or three bees to disable
him. The drones have no sting, there was no fear
therefore of their acting offensively, and their death
would only occupy a moment of time, by means of

* Huber asserts, that being desirous of witnessing the
scene of carnage, lie placed six hives on a glass table and
placed himself and assistant beneath it. On the 4lh of
July, the working bees actually massacred the males in
the whole siK hives, at the same hour and with the same
peculiarities. The glass table was covered with bees
full of animation, which flew on the drones, seized
them by the antennoo, the wings and limbs, and after
having dragged them about, they killed the ui.fortunate
victims by repeated slings directed between the rings
of the belly. The moment that their formidable weapon
touched them, was the last of their existence ; they
stretched themselves out and expired. J. T.

202

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 14, 1831-

a sting. Even when a battle takes place in the
air, the bees never use their sting. I have, when
upwards of 20,000 of the slain have laid on the
ground, seen as m.iny as a dozen bees attached to
each other by means of their stings, and during the
agonies of death, by smothering, I have frequently
seen the bees with disruptured entrails in conse-
quence of their inability to e.xtract their sting. !
But in both these cases the natural instinct of
the insect was gone. In the first case these few, i
when they were brought down to the ground by ]
their adversary, and were maddened by rage and
pain, were no longer under the control of their
instinct. It is what is understood by running a
muck, using a deadly instrument indiscriminately
without any preconcerted, or definite plan. And
in the case of smothered bees, 1 have more fre-
quently seen their stings attached to tlie lumps of
melted brimstone and earth than to one another.
I wish I could satisfy myself equally well as to the
use of the farina or bee-bread ; for the bee-bread,
you know, is nothing more than layers of little pel-
lets, well packed down in the cells by the bees.
These pellets are put in the cells exactly as they
are taken from the flowers, showing wlien the cell
is opened all the different shades of yellow which
the pellets exliibited on the thiglis of the bees, and
only acquiring that uniformity of color and bitter,
acrid, offensive taste by heat and age. I am as ig-
norant at this moment for what purpose this bee-
bread. is brought into the hive, as I was when I
first commenced the investigation. The maggots
are not fed with it, that is certain ; and it is quite
as certain that it does not enter into the composi-
tion of wa.x. The nearest guess that I can make
towards the truth is, that it is tlie principal ingre-
dient of propolis or bee-glue, which you know is
distinct in its nature and properties from wax.*
As to wax I consider it as a secretion. I have
had no means of ascertaining whether it be volun-
tarily raised from the stomach, or from any other
viscus or organ. Wherever it may be elaborated,
its first appearance as zea.r, is from the mouth. If
Dr Smith have any cause to value my opinions, he
can soon satisfy himself of this truth. For although he
cannot gain much consecutive knowledge by watch-
ing the operations of the bees through a glass Iiive,
these insects being very impatient of such inspection,
yet for a second or two he can sec enough to convince
him that wax is a visceral secretion, and rrot an
exudition from tlie pores of the body, as some au-
thors imagine. I would not hurt Dr Smith's fcel-

* I readily concede to the position ot'Mrs G. that farina
or bee-breud i- not designed as food for the yonng brood,
noi' is it an in^jredient in the composition of wax, as for-
merly supposed. But that it is of impoilant use in their
economy is uni|uestionable ; it is undoubtedly eaten by
the bees, and it has been asserted by some writer that a
hive of bees, however amply supplied with honey, can-
not subsist tl>rous;h the winter without a store of bee-
hread. It is apparent to every observei lliat tliesc insects
are employed from the latter part of March, to late in
October, in collectinp; pollen as'well as honey, and storing
it in their hives to a very considerable amount. One
writer has asserted that there has been found in a single
hive the extraordinary quantity of one hundred pounds*
From tins fact it may be concluded that larina is not
intended for the formation of propolis, of which a few
ounces will suffice all the purposes of a hive ; farina
moreover possesses no aggliitinant property, which is
es."entia'. in the formation of beo-glue.

ft may be noticed as proof that bees eat bee bread,
that, in the spring especially numerous yellow spots aie
observed on llie floor board and about the hive having the
appearance of farina evacuated by the bees. J. T.

* Mease's edition of Willich's Encyclopedia, ar-
ticle Bee-bread.

ings, by showing what little knowledge I possess
when it goes to prove him in error. But of what
use is my experience, or any experience, if it is
not to benefit others ? The very mistakes that he
has made show so much minute attention, and his
remarks are so sensible, that I foresee you will
find in him an able coadjutor. It will not pain
him, I am sure, to be told that he has started
wrong. When a glass door is suddenly opened,
the glare of light surprises the bees ; they become
confused and run about without any apparent ob-
ject. I must except those who are employed in
building the comb, tliey are generally less aflected
by external interruption than the other workers.
Those bees, too, which come in loaded with pellets
of bee bread, will generally move forward and de-
posit their load, but there is soon a general dis-
turbiipce, and many false conclusions must be drawn
from their mode of proceeding.

What Dr Smith says of dressing or cleaning
one another is true ; when a bee conies in ' travel-
soiled,' one or more bees immediately surroiind him,
relieve him of his pellet or honey, and then nibble
at him as it were from head to tail, and when they
release him, he is as fresh and vigorous as ever.
What the Doctor suggests about punishments is
true enough. The bees which he has seen dragged
out, apparently in full health, were intruders, or they
were disabled in some way or other. If a bee
droop on his return from an excursion, and is not
invigorated after being ministered to, he is imme-
diately destroyed. They do not allow a crippled
or sick bee to remain an instant in the hive ; there
cannot be an idler among them; even those who are
apparently idle r,t the entrance, or on the side of
the hive, have some part of the policy assigned
them. The noises which are made by the rapid
motion of their wings is .for some purpose ; cer-
tainly ; when the motion of the wings occurs at the
door of the hive, it is to serve as ventilation.'
I am yours, very respectfully.

M. Griffith.

TO RAISE HOLLY PLANTS.

Mr Ff.ssendex — I copy a recci|it from a work
by Mr Philips, ( ' SylvaFlorifora,') which you intiy
be pleased to communicate.

'The English nurserymen have collected 50
different kinds of Holly, all of which may he |)io-
pagated by grafting on a coiiininn stock. The
berries like tlie seeil of the Ilawtliorn, hang on
all winter and remain in the earth two years before
sprouting — unless they have passed through the
stoinach of fowl.s, when they vegetate in one year.
We have therefore only to give them a similar
fermentation by art to enable iis to raise young
plants in one year instead of two. For this pur-
pose take a busfiel of bran, mix it with the seed
in a tub — v/et it with soft water, and let it remain
iindisttirbed for 16 days, when the bran will be-
gin to ferment — sprinkle occasionally with warm
water to keep it moist, and in about 30 or 40 days
the heat of the bran will put the berries in a stale
of vegetation fit for sowing in about a week after
the fermentation has commenced.' (liage 290,
1st vol.)

The above may be worth the experiment, as
the young plants would sell readily.

Yours, ' G. W. B.

Mr Myers of New York, has given notice in the
Legislature of a bill to have but one tnilitia training
a year.

MR COOK'S ADDRESS.

(Continued from page 195.)

It must be obvious to those who have devoted
their attention to the cultivation of fruits, that the
same varieties will thrive belter in one quality of
soil, than in another. This is undoubtedly true
even of some of the most hardy, and more espe-
cially of those of the more tender and delicate
kinds. The russeting apple aflbrds an e.\ample
of tills ameliorating cfTect, and will furni.sh a saf-
isliictory elucidation of this position. The most
perfect are those which are produced upon elevat-
ed or dry soils interspersed with rocks ; while
those which grow in low and moist lands, possess
less of the distinguishing traits of that variety. I
do not state this so much as the result of my own
practical observations, as from those of more ex-
perienced cultivators. Such being the fact in re-
lation to one sort of fruit, may it not be rationally
inferred that it should be likewise true of many
others? The subject commends itself to our at-
tention with peculiar interest, and I cannot doubt
but that it will receive the consideration it merits.

Associations directed to the promotion of lior-
ticultmal pursuits are of comi>aratively recent date.
It was reserved to that country, from whence
the intrepid band of Pilgrims came, to found an
empire in this Western hemisphere, to become
the pioneers in this acceptable work, as she had
ever been in all others that had a tendency to shed
a lustre upon her name, and to impart to other
nations the influence of her beneficent and glori-
ous example. The time has passed away, and
with it the excitement, I trust, never to be revived,
when to speak in commendation of the institutions
of Great Britain, would subject the eulogist to
the suspicion that he was distrustful of those of
his native country. I leave to- abler bands, and
more gifted minds, the correction of those un-
manly and illiberal personalities, that have de-
graded the literature of England in relation to our
manners and habits, and the uncharitable and mis-
taken views of our government, and the adminis-
tration of its laws, which have been furnished by
itinerant book-makcr.s, in return for the generous
hospitalities of our countrymen, and thus made
the only adequate return of which they were ca-
pable.

The Horticultural Society of London was es-
tablished in 1805, under the highly fl;ittcring aus-
pices of distiugiiishcd scientific and practical
men, and was tlie first institution of the kind that
had been founded in Euro|)e. It has developed a
wide field of operations, and extended its reseaicbes
to almost every accessible jiart of the globe. In-
numerable specimens of the riches of the natural
world have been collected under its direction, and
transferred to England. Asia and Africa, and
America and Continental Europe, have contrib-
uted to swell the catalogue of rare and valuable
plants, to enrich and beautify the rural retreats of
our father land.

In 1809, the Caledonian Horticultural Society
was formed in Scotland, and still numbers among
its patrons the first of the nobility and gentry of
that loyal nation.

The Horticultural Society of Paris was institu^
e<i in 1826, and is rapidly Increasing in numbers
and in influence. Between the society of Ma»-
sacbusetts and that of Paris the most friendly rela-
tions e.\ist, and are fostered. We have received
the most conclusive evidence of their regard, and
of their desire to promote a reciprocal interchange

Vol. IX.— No. 26.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

203

of opiiiiojis unil sentiments upon the subject of
our njutuiil pursuits.

We liave inviteil the cooperntioii of the several
Horticultural Societies in our own country, to par-
ticipate with us in extciiiiing tlic influence, anil
imparting a taste for rural euiployuients. We have
expressed a desire to he identified with tlieni in
tlie general design of our laliors. We fouuiled
this institution for purposes of public utility, and
wc wish to see its benefits become co-extensive
with the limits of our land. Whatever of giiod
may result from our industry, or be achieved by
our exertions, must he secji and felt, and will, I
trust, be acknowledged by the comuuuiity.

A taste for rural pursuits and improved culture
Las been widely diffused through the influence
and example of this society. An emulation has
been cxcite<l which has been productive of highly
gratifying results. The weekly exhibitions at our
Hall the past and passing season, have furnished
undeniable evidence of the truth of this assertion.
The increased varieties of beautiful flowers, and
rich fruits, and fine culinary plants, have sm-pass-
ei our anticipations, anil more than all these, are
the gratifying effects that have (pUowcd those ex-
liibitions in the expressions of delight we hav<'
heard from those who have attended them. We
cannot be insensible to the conimeudalion of our
fellow-citizens ; we ask for their supi)ort and en-
couragement ; and I feel assurcil that a generous
and tasteful coitnnunity can never be unmindful of
the importance of sustaining an institution that
contributes so essentially to the supply of their
common necessities, and administers so abund-
iintly to the liappiiiess of the healthful, and the so-
lace of the invalid.

The varieties of soil and of climate with
which our country is diversified, are favorable to
the growth of almost every plant, which nature
yields to the wants or the tastes of man. The
magnolia, the tulip, the judas, the laurel, and other
flowering trees that may vie in beauty and fra-
grance with ahnost any of the exotic plants, are
indigenous to our forests, and are improved by
cultivation when transplanted to appropriate situa-
tions. And we are indebted to the provident care
of nature for the origin of many of our most val-
uable esculents which have become ameliorated
by culture, and which use has rendered in a mea-
sure indispensable to our convenience and com-
fort.

In the interminable forests where the voice of
civilized man has not been heard, nor the foot of
civilized man penetrated, where the silence of na-
ture has continued undisturbed since the earliest
dawn of creation, save by the bowlings of tlie un-
tamed enemies of our race, or the niurnmring of
waters rushing to their appointed destination in
hidden meanderings, or gliding in silvery bright-
ness through verdant meadows, and over rocky
Jirecipices, tumbling in wild and fearful confusion
into the deep chasm, thence flinging their glitter-
ing spray upwards, mingling in sunbeams, and
hanging ufidway "in the heavens the transient
beauties of the bow of promise ! — there, where
nature reposes in her lofty, but rude and simple
grandeur, in coming years, though perhaps re-
mote, men from all sections of this vast country,
and from nations beyond the sea, will be gathered
together, and from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean
to the far-ofFborders of the Pacific Sea, under the
protecting aegis of our insignia of liberty, villages,
and towns and cities will arise, and associations

will be established, where the cheering light of sci-
ence and the arts shall blend their niflucncc, and
seminaries of learning will be founded, that shall
give to mind its power and to inim his merited
elevation, and a taste for all that administers to
the improvement of social life, and the diffusion
of the means of social hapi)mess, and God shall
be worshipped in temples consecrated to His ser-
vice in the simplicity, and truth, and power of
His word.

In this future vision, that is not destined to bless
our sight, but is reserved to future generations to
look upon, may we not hope that the influence of
those principles wc now connneniorate maybe im-
planted and widely dift'used ?

It is a common observation of travellers, that
in the interior portions of New England, remote
from populous towns, very little if any attention
is given to the cultivation of good fruits, and it is
equally true that many of om- substantial practi-
cal agriculturists in those regions, deny themselves
even the convenience or luxury of a kitchen gar-
den, ftlankind must be pernfitted to stint them-
selves in the enjoyments of the bounties of nature if
such be their pleasm-e. If indifterence or parsi-
mony induce such self-denial, and they who prac-
tise it were alone inconvenienced, it is matter with
which a stranger need not intermeddle ; but inas-
nnich, as such a disuse of the bounties of heaven
are rtetrimental to the public at large, we may re-
buke the unpatriotic spirit by whicli they are in-
fluenced.

It is worthy of remark, that in all parts of the
continent of Europe where fruits are abundant
and cheaply procured, a greater degree of temper-
ance in the use of intoxicating liquors is prevalent
among all classes of the inhabitants than else-
where. This consideration alone, commends
the subject most forcibly to the general favor,
and in an especial manner to those philanthropic
men wlu) are devising plans for the suppression of
that debasing and destructive practice of intem-
perance. Horticultural societies are in a measure
auxiliary to this benevolent design, in administer-
ing an antidote to that baneful indulgence which
makes havoc of the mind, by furnishing a substi-
tute in the wholesome beverage expressed from the
apple, the pear, the grape and the currant, as in
the solace to be derived from the natural and or-
dinary use of the fruit.

Rural architecture may not inappropriately
claim a passing notice on the present occasion.
It has not hitherto, here, received the attention it
deserves. One reason why it has not, is probably
the unwillingness, or the apprehension of incur-
ring an expensive outlay, without the immediate
prospect of an adequate return. This, I think, it
may be made apparent, is more imaginary than
real. It is not to be denied that large sums have
been injudiciou.sly expended in the construction
ofsomeof our rural retreats, and more especially in
the erection of the house, the preparation of
gravel-walks, the construction of observatories,
artificial caverns, fish-ponds, etc. Those who pos-
sess the means, have an unquestionable right to
gratify their tastes, and indulge their fancies, in
such expenditures, but it does not follow that
others, with more funited resources, may not pro-
cure as much satisfaction by a less conspicuous
display of their tastes and their fancies. Durabil-
ity in the materials selected, and convenience and
simplicity in the design and construction of the
house, are all that is essential for a country rea-

dence. A white exterior, which presents a pleas-
ing contrast to the green vestments, the prevail-
ing coloring of nature in her rural empire, is pre-
ferable to any other. The artificial embellish-
ments of the exterior of the house are of second-
ary consideration. The honey-suckle, the big no-
nia, the eglantine anil the woodbine, intermingling
and entwining their flexible branches, and attach-
ing themselves by their tendrils, or other means
with which nature has provided them to any ob-
ject that will afford them support, or artificially
secured and tastefully arranged, will present a far
more pleasing aspect than the ingenuity of man
cr.n devise, or the u|)|)lication of art accomplish.
Hut it is iqjon the grounds that the taste of the i)ro-
prietor should be exhibited ; this can be effected at
comparatively little expense. Most of the native,
and many of the foreign varieties of ornamental
trees and shrubs, may be raised from seeds, and a
nursery thus formed, will in a few years aflord a
sufficient supply to occupy the borders or other
places designed tor their reception. Collections
of many desirable kinds may be procured from the
contiguous forests. The work of preparing the
borders or divisions of the enclosure to be ap-
propriated to the location of the plants, may be
done at intervals when leisure will permit, or when
it will not interfere with itiore imjiortant duties.

The gravelling of ganlen avenues may be dis-
pensed with. The ordinary soil, levelled and laid
smooth with the roller, will present an agreeable
surface with less labor and cost than the former.
Grass edgings are preferable to those of box ; their
symmetry can be preserved with less care, and
are less obnoxious to the charge of the treason-
able practice of uflxirding shelter and sustenance
to myriads of insects which prey upon the delic-
ious products of the vine and other rare fruit.
To be concluded next week.

Dr Frankli.v. — Charles Thompson, the secre-
tary of congress, said he well remembered the cir-
cumstance of the first introduction of broom-corn
into our country. Dr B. Franklin chanced to see
an imported corn whisk in the possession of a
lady, and while examining it as a novelty, he es-
pied a grain of it still attached to the stalk. This
lie took and planted, and so we at length have got
it in abundance among us.

The yellow willow among us was introduced
from a similar accident, as told me by T. Matlack,
Mrs D. Logan, and Samuel Coates. All in our
state came originally from some wickerwork found
sprouting in a basket-state in dock creek. It was
seen by Dr Franklin, who took it out and gave
the cuttings to Charles Norris of that day, who
reared them at the grounds now the site of the
Bank of the United States, where they grew to
irreat stature. — Wataoii's Annals.

Admonitory Sentence. — The late Rev. Dr Gar-
diner of Boston is represented in one of M. Car-
ey's essays on the charities of Philadelphia, as hav-
ing said — 'My dearly beloved Brethren, let me so-
lemnly assure you, that some of you might appro-
priate five, some ten, some fifteen, some twenty
thousand dollars a year, for charitable and benevo-
lent purposes, and still retain enoxtgh to ruin your
children.' Mr C. very justly remarks, ' What a lesson!
how little regarded by parents in general ! How
fully borne out by the career of a large number of
those who inherit independent fortunes, without the
necessity of attending to business.'

204

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 14, 1831.

INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT.

The Petersburg (Va.) Rail-road Company, we ob-
serve, are making preparations for an active and vig-
orous prosecalion oftheir workinthe ensuiiig spring.
They have invited proposals tor furnishing the requi-
site limber for six sections of the Road, often miles

^^"south CaroZma.-AboutsixmilesoftheRail road
leadino- from Charleston are completed and the work
sin rapid progress. The papers announce the arri-
va of a locomotive engine, made in New \ ork. As
Lon as a section of the Road is finished it is brought
into operation for the passage of coaches.

Kentucky. --The engineers of the Lexington and
Ohio Rail Road are engaged in the surveys of the
lout of the road. The result, so far as they have ad-
vanced, shows that the country is peculiarly favora-
ble for llie construction of the work.
N De;aiMi-e.— The New Castle and Frenchtown Rail
Road Company have the whole of tlicir line under
contract for graduation. The Camden & Amboy Rad
road Company have invited proposals tor turnishing
30,000 stone blocks for the construction of that road.
Tile road has been commenced at Camden.

Maruland.-The First Division of thirteen miles
of the Baltimore and Ohio Railway continues to be
kept in active and profitable operation by the numer-
ous visiters, citizens, and strangers from all parts of
the ccuntry, who are daily making excursions on it.
The various parts of the unfinislied lines are advan-
cino- with a steady progress, and will soon contribute
UieTr share of interest and productiveness to the gen-
eral undertaking.— -BaHimore Chromch.

The Scbuvlkill Valley Rail Road which has been
in full operation the greater part of the present sea-
son commences at Port Carbom and terminates at
Tuscarora, a distance often niFes. There are also
lolateral Rail Roads intersecting it, the distances ot
which combined, will amount to about ten miles.
The main branch cost $55,000, and the laterals, we
pj-esume, about .S'20,000.

The Mill Creek Rail Road (which has also been
in operation the present season) commences at Port
Carbon, and extends up Mill Creek four miles. This
road cost about .'*14,000. There are about three miles
of lateral road intersecting the main brancli, which
cost about §2000 per mile.

The West Branch Rail Road (one track of which
is now in operation) commences at Schuylkill Haven
and terminates at the foot of the Broad Mountain.—
The length of said road, including the West Branch
will be 15 miles, and will cost upwards of $150,000.
There are also about five miles of lateral roads inter-
secting it, the average cost of which will be about
$2000°per mile.

The Mount Carbon Rail Road commences at Mount
Carbon, and extends up the two branches of the Nor-
wegian, "a distance of nine miles, which will cost
about $100,000. A number of lateral roads on this
have also been commenced.

mines, a distance of about 23 miles. This road, it is
expected, will be completed next season, it laid with
wooden rails. If iron rails should be concluded on,
the time for completion, of course, must be extended.
This road, if constructed with wooden rails, will
probably cost 8250,000— if constructed with iron
rails, about $400,000. Making84 miles of Rail road,
at an expense of ,*G35,000.

All the above Rail Roads have been commenced
within the last two years, and when completed will
yield a fair per centage on the capital invested.—
.1/tncr's Journal.

' The state of Ohio is already deriving great ad-
vantages from her canal. It has been opened for
navigation since July last. A Rochester, N. V.
paper, says that 200",000 bushels of wheat had
been received from Ohio — they pay from ninety
to ninetysix cents per bushel — their mills make
2,000, and can make 3,000 barrels of Hour per
day. In twenty days, $50,000 in cash was sent
into Ohio for iiroducc.'

The foregoing paragraph is taken from an east-
ern paper, and shows practically the influence of
the 'canal, on the prosperity of our state. The
price of wheat we are iiilbrmed is, in the interior
counties near the canal, nearly double vvhat^ could
1)0 given for it without the advantage of canal
transportation. It will therefore iea<lily be^ per-
ceived, that, from the immense tiuantities of pro-
duce which our state affords, the additional price
which it now commands will, in a very short
[leriod of time, increase the wealth of the state,^ —
of the farmers— to an extent far beyond the cost
of the canals. Practical demonstration is thus
given, of the wisdom of the iiolicy which dictated
Uie construction of these works ; and when tliey
are completed, and the tolls become as productive
as they must necessarily become, the revenue they
will yield must remove all i)retext for complaint
respecting the canal policy.

We have been informed of an advantage that
the adoption of this system of policy has produced
to the state, which never entered into the calcula-
tions of its friends. It is said that a number of
farmers have been induced to sell their farms and
leave the state in order to avoid the payment ol
canal taxes. It is a decided advantage to any com-
munity, to be relieved of such stupid, wrong headed
men, as will not consent to bear a portion of the ex-
pense necessary for the general improvement of the
country, when, like that of the improvement of
their farms, it brings tenfold advantages to them.
The places of such men, will always be supplied by
more valuable, useful and intelligent citizens.

If'eslern Tiller.

pregiiated with the usual animal and vegetable
matters, displayed their deleterious effect both on
fruit trees and culinary vegetables, not less than in
the chrysantheinum pots. The gardener finding his
fruit trees not to thrive so well as he expected, but
attriliuting it to a difterent cause, took up a num-
ber of them, and formed a substratum of ashes in
order to lay them, as he said, dry and comfortable.
The trees got worse, and were again taken up and
the ashes removed ; but such were the <leleterious
effects of the ashes already worked into the soil,
that this garden which previously was, and now is,
one of the most productive in Scotland, was two
or three years before even moderate crops could be
raised.

Warming Houses.— There is nmch popular
ignorance prevailing on the subject of warming
a'lid ventilating houses both among the English
and Anglo-Americans. One would have thought
that the^advice and experiinents of such men as
Franklin and Rumford would have dispelled the
illusions about people being more liable to catch
cold when a regular and uniform heat is kept up
in their apartments, than when these are traversed
by currents from doors, windows,an<l every crevice,
ail rushing towards an open fire. But prejudices
are hard to be overcome— the more so indeed,
the more beneficial their abandonment. If we
were really made hardier, and acquired exemption
from the complaints so common in our variable
climate, during the autumn, winter and spring
months, by the common practices of using open
f,re^,_single windows and doors, we might give
up the comfort of the opposition plan : but no
such "-00(1 follows our exposure: no frame, how-
ever "vigorous, is exempt from the assaults of
streams'of cold air in our houses.— This is not,
however, a matter of theory, or to be argued from
individual experience.— National usage, in the
coldest climates in Europe, is decisive on this
point. The Russians, Finlanders, and Swedes, of
all classes, are not .ashamed to keep up nearly a
summer heat in their houses during the winter
,„onths— they have no fears of being called
effeminate. On the contrary, allege, that m sally-
in^ out from their houses into the external frosty
air thev are able to bear and even enjoy this kind

of exposurt

or air-hath, the better from their

Schuylkill Valley Road
Laterals intersecting do
Mill Creek Road
Laterals intersecting do
West Branch Road
Laterals intersecting do
Mount Carbon Road

RECAPITULATION.

Miles.
10
10
4
3
15
5
9

Cost.
$55,000

20,000

14,000

6,000

1 50,000

10,000
100,000

Total

5r,

,S355,000
Mass. Journal.

The following Rail Roads have been commenced
in this county :

The Pinegrove Rail Road, which extends from the
Mines to the Swatara feeder, a distance of five miles.
This road will cost about 830,000, and be completed
early next season.

The little Schuylkill Rail Road commences at
Port Clinton, and extends up said stream to the

COAL ASHES.

The Gardener's Mag.azine say.s,it does not se.em
to be generally known among gardeners, that cin-
ders, whether large or small, are injurious to the
roots of many if not of most Vegetables. A few
days ago in shifting a few roots of chrysanthemums,
we observed some of the jilants looking much less
healthy than others. On turning the unhealthy
plants out of the pot, we found that instead of
potsherds a large handful of pitcoal cinders had
been used for draining them. On turning out the
healthy jilaiits, potsherds had been employed as
usual and the roots were matted about them, while
no roots had penetrated among the cinders. On
directing the attention of a horticultural friend to the
circumstance, he related the case of a large gar-
den in Scotland which had been manured or coaled
over with coal ashes from a neighboring town for
two years in succession ; which nshes though im-

previous warmth-preeisely for the same reason
that a person with a vigorous circulation of the
blood, and hot skin, is better enabled to bear th«
shock of a cohl bath. In the opposite circum-
stances, of immersion in cold air or cold water,
when a person is chilly and with pale skin, as
when coming out from a cold room and imperfect-
ly clad, he will suffer greatly, and be less able to
resist the secondary and morbid effects of cold
Rumford declares that, notwithstanding his lirsl
preiu.lice against stove lieat, he found, from an
experience of twelve years' reshlence in GeTuiany,
not onlv that warm rooms were more comfortable
in winter, but also certainly tended to the preserva-
tion of health. — Journal of Health.

,fl; ^

THE DARK DAY.
Hon. Wheeler Martin has lavore.l the editor of the
Providence Subaltern with the following recollections of
the Dark Day in 1780.

The dark day was on the 19lh of May, 1780.
where I resided at that time ; the darkness at 11
o'clock was so great, that a candle was lighted and
placed upon the table ;— the fowls went to roost;
—the sheep all huddled around in a circle, with'

i

Vol. IX.— Nn. 26,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

205

their heads iiiuaiil. The grass, to look at it
throu^'h the window, seemed of a yellow green ;
the siiine as to look through smoked s'^ss upon
green grass.

I well remember, that the gentleman of tlie
house read the tollowing scripture hy candle light,
to his numerous family :

'The sun shall be turned into darkness, and the
moon into blood, liefcue that great and notable day
of the Lord's coming.'

The darkness was so great in tlie night time,
that it was saiil by one Doctor Blaokington, who
resided near the northeast part of Hehoboth, who
had occasion to be out among his sick patients that
night, that he could not sec his white pocket hand-
kerchief placed before his eyes. The darkness
was so thic-k that it could be felt.

The year 17S0, was celebrated for the %iiany
northern lights; they covered the whole horizon}
over ; — they would flash like lightning and fill the
nir with the smell of sulphur. The lights were so
reil, that the flashes would bring warmth against
the face.

The great snow fall was in December,1779, or
January, 1780. It snowed seven days ; the snow
was estimated to be four feet on a level, and the
drifts from eight to ten feet high. The snow came
moist and coarse, and it was so cold that it con-
gealed very hard. The people travelled over stone
walls with their teams. It was said to be a fact,
til at for thirty days, the snow did not melt from the
caves of the houses on the sunny side. The banks
were so high, that sheep were buried n\) in them,
and there remained for forty days, until they were
found by their air holes, and dug then out alive.

This year the whole of the Narragansett Bay
was frozen over so thick and hard, that the late
Honorable John Brown passed from Providence
on the river of ice, to Newport, and back, and I
believe some went on skating parties the whole
range. Gen. William Valentine sleighed wood
from Fall River to Newport, on the ice, through
Bristol Ferry.

The people of Newport burnt their furniture
to keep themselves from freezing. The British
army had left the island of Rhode Island in No-
vember, 1779, and stripped the ])eople of all their
valuables. In a manner the years of 1779 and
1780, were the hardest winters known for a century
last past.

The weather was so severe in the winter of
1780, that many people were frozen to death. A
man went from AttleboroUgh, Mass. with a load of
hoops to Boston, and was caught in the great storm ;
and returning home, was frozen to death, coming
off Boston neck. His ox team was frozen to death,
and was found standing on their feet as the snow
was deep enough to support them.

3. A man (piili; n-cenily entcreil a store with
half a- bushel of ciirn, all of which was bartered
for rum, even when his family needed it for their
daily sustenance.

4. Within a month a wife has been driven from
her house on the morning of the sabbath to seek
refuge from the brutality of her husband, who
threatened her life. Her husband was maddened
by rum.

5. Two individuals in this town have within a
fortnight suffered severe injuries in consequence of
intoxication by rum. One fell under liis cart
wheel which horrilily mangled his leg — and the
other had his arm broken in a drunken quarrel.

No men lal)or harder than printers — no men,
are more scantily paid in proportion to the wear
and tear of mental and physical constitution — no
men in this conunimiiy, we are quite certain, are
called upon for so large an amount, in projiortion

BOSTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 14, 1831.

USES OF THE POTATO.

The different uses to which the potato may be
applied are the thirtyone following.

1, 2, 3. Its haulm in a green state, is good food
both for cattle and sheep ; dried and burned the
ashes afford potash or will form artificial nitre beds.

4. The tubers in a frozen state afford starch.

5. Potatoes young or old, may be eaten roasted,
steamed or boiled.

6. They may be made into bread, with one third
part of flour.

7. Soups may be made of them ; they may be
roasted or fried.

8. With the flour of potatoes every description
of pastry may be formed.

9. Converted into fecula or starch or cut into
to their means, of their gratuitous services — and slices, and dried by steam, they may bo presei-ved
we believe that no men perform those unpaid ser-I for auy length of time.

The following striking facts, we learn from the
Brunswick Journal, were communicated at the last
meeting of the Temperance Society in that town.
Let him who has a hankering for strong drink
read and tremble least he become as miserable an
object as these. — Portland Courier.

1. Within a short time a man in this town sold
his own coat twice, which was each time redeem-
ed by the labor of his virtuous, industrious wife,
articles of clothing belonging to his wife, crockery
from his table, — and even a blanket taken from
his bed, all for rum.

2. There is a female in this town who will sell
articles of provision, as grain, potatoes, or beans by
the pint, quart or peck to neighbors for rum.

may
may

they

10. Vermicelli, and tapioca, articles which
be made of the flour or starch of any plant,
of course be formed from them.

11, 12, 13. They are mixed with gravy;
are made into |)aste and starch.

14. Mixed with stucco they form an improved
plaster.

15. They nourish every description of domestic
animal, and during winter are eaten by hares and
rabbits.

16. Cut into slices, and thrown in a certain pro-
portion into caldrons of boiling water, they prevent
the sediment of water from adhering to the sides

ices with more cheerful alacrity. The boldness
or inditference with which some people lay an as-
sessment upon newspaper proprietors would justify
the inference that they supposed types and presses
to cost nothing, journeymen and apprentices to la-
bor and live without nee(^of food or clothing, and
l)aper-makers to furnish a costly material without
ever asking for payment. We have no doubt that
each of the proprietors of the daily jiapers in this
city, gives enough annually, in the way of gratuitous
advertising for persons or societies who are able
and ought to pay, in newspapers in which he gets
neither credit nor thanks, to defray the expenses
of educating his children, even though he might ' and bottom of such vessels.

have a son or two in college. If some rich fellow I 17. They form a wash, or thin plaster for build-
wbo inherited his money without earnins it, were ing, which may be colored by soot, ociue, or other
to give away half as timch, he would be laud- colors, as washes of lime are colored in this
ed 'sky high ' as the prince of philanthropists, and country.

his name would ring along the Atlantic from Maine I 18. Roasted to a brown state, and ground to
to Mexico, and be echoed by the Rocky Mountains, powder, they make a very good coffee,
as a benefactor of his race. A few hundred dol- 19. Crushed they are employed for whitening
lars, given in a lump, is something to tell of; six- linen and other cloth,
pence at a time, a ilozen times a day, is never thought 20. The water expressed from bruised potatoes

of Boston Courier. is a rapid promoter of the germination of seeds.

1 21, 22. The fecula, or starch, with sulphuric

Premiums. — At a Meeting of the Trustees of ^^jj^ jg converted into syrup, from which a species
the Middlesex Agricultural Society, held in ^f sugar may be obtained, analagous to cassonade
Concord, on Wednesday, the 29tli ult. the following (moist sugar.)

Premiums were awarded : \ 23. With soot and other mixtures this syrup

To Nathan Brooks, of Acton, for 36 1-2 bush, makes an admirable blacking.

six quarts of Rye from one acre and
'five rods, $15,00

To Richard Hall, of Littleton, for 2144 pounds of

Hops, first quality, from 148 rods, $10,00

Manufactures of Greene County. — The Cattskill
Recorder of the 16th inst. says, on Monday last,
the sloop Cattskill sailed from the wharf of Messrs
Donnelly, CooUes and Co., having on hoard
10,000 sides of leather, worth more than $50,000,
all manufactured in that county. This they say is
but a small item of the immense amount of the
product of the Oak and Hemlocks of their moun-
tains. On the same day other sloops sailed from
there, freighted with the same article ; and from
ten to twenty loads of leather have been received
daily, for many days past, in that village, each load j youn

24. Crushed potatoes, or their fecula will afford
spirit by distillation.

25. Potatoes may be cultivated in cav'es and
cellars, which resource might have saved Misso-
longhi. We were rather surprised at this remark
of Messrs Payen and Chevalier, as every gardener
knows that the young potatoes formed in cellars
ai'c merely a remodification or transfer of the nu-
triment contained in the old potatoes and as this
transfer is always made at a great loss of nutri-
ment, if the besieged at Missolonghi had enough of
potatoes to |)lant their cellars, it would have been
more profitable for them to have eaten them as
they were, than to have encouraged them to form
new tubers.

26. 27. The water contained in the tubers of
potatoes may be employed in dying gray,

averaging in value, f'rom five to six hundred dol- [ and the blossom forms a beautiful yellow.

lars. So much for cultivating our own resources. | 28, 29. The water of potato blossoms cleans

j cloth, of cotton wool and silk, and assists in the

J«tnow.— Number of inhabitants 161,055. In ' manufacture of artificial soda.
1820, 55,211. Increase, 105,844. 30. A potato diet cures the scurvy.

206

31. The sediment of the fcciihi mixed with ilie
powder of charcoal, may he made into little billets
or brii-ks either for building or hiiniinK.

All those nses arc independent of the ai)i>lication
of the a|i|iles or fruit of the (lotato, the water of
which when iminatiire might probably be used as
in 27, 2S, and 29, and when ripe like the tomato.
The tender tops may be nscd as spinage.

IMPROVED STOCK.

Extract of a teller from n senlleman in Washington, Pil. to the
Editor of the- New England Fanner.

' 1 own a fine Bull by Denton, purchased some
years ago from John Hare Powel, Esq. This
animal has made a great change in our stock. His
calves are large, well formed, and promise to make
valuable animals for the dairy. They discover a
great disposition to fat, and with ordinary keep, his
calves of six months old, weigh from -5 to GOO lbs.
yearlings 7 to 800 lbs. — and we have heifers of 3
years old, 12 to 1300 lbs. live weight.'

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

that he has obtained new facts since his first re-
port. Why, then, does the latter report differ so
far from the first? If the stock oti the' small ,
farm' is not kept on the produce thereof, we are
left to imagine what use is made of all the 'ex-
cellent hay and corn' so much extolled in the first
report. Also the ' excellent pasture.'

I have made some inqinry of the Field-driver
of that district, who informs me that cattle are
not allowed to go at large in the town of Fra-
mingbam, that if he liad found Mr B.'s cattle tak-
ing Ihc benefit of the act, he should have di'iveii
tliem to the (lomid ; — and that the last cattle he
impnuiidcd for running at largo belonged to the
chairman of the coinmiltee.

Yours, very respectfully,

A Small Farmer.

EXAMINATION OF FARMS.

Mr FessendEiN — The Chairman of the Com-
n.ittee on Farms in Middlesex, in your last num-
ber, under the signature of one of the gentlemen
who obtained a i)rcmium, complains that my re-
view of the Committee's report was not a fair one.
He says the reailer would understand that the
nine years, during which Capt. Wheeler used the
manin-e from the large stable, were the nine years
last past ; whereas the report says he purchased
no manure after 1818. It is true I did not name
the years in which that stable manure was ai)pli-
ed, because I did not then, nor can I now con-
ceive it at all material. The committee had taken
a full view of all the improvements made by
Capt. W. for at least 20 years, and stated that he
keeps now more than double the stock that was
kept by the former owner. Now, sir, unless Capt.
W. admits that his farm has deteriorated since
ISIS, I cannot see what difierencc can be made
in the estimate, whether he used this purchased
manm-e during the first nine years, or the last.
It is true it would make a difference if the farm
bad been growing poorer since 1818, but Capt.
W. woulil not admit this as a fact, and all who
know his farm and his very judicio us mode of
farming, know that it has not latterly become
poorer. Further — the report states, ' Since that
time, (1819) all the manure has been made on the
farm, and the soil has been con.-sidcrably improved.^
So that the capacity of the farm for produi-ing —
by the rcpoi't — is even greater that at the end of
the nine years. In what then consists the un-
fairness of the review ? That review was founded
entirely on the Committee's report ; but it seems
I committed a gross mistake in taking the report
to be a true one; for we are noiv presented with a
report entirely different from the former. Which
are we to believe ? It would »!o!t' appear, that i
Jilr Buckminstcr, far from keepmg his stock on bis
20 acres of laud, maintains a part of it in tb.'
highway ; and the remainder |inncipu!ly on grain,
not raised on the farm '. This is inrleed, bhiwing
hot and blowing cold from the same mouth. Here
is ' languagfi oflicialanil language contideiitial,' di-
rectly contradictory! It retnmds me of the witness
in Court, who, on being asked why h« did not tes-
tify a second time as at first, said, ' I've altered my
mind.'

The writer iloFH no* inform us how he discov-
ered this new state of facts; he does not intimate

HUDSON AND MOHAWK RAIL ROAD.

Conceiving that our readers will be gratified
with a knowledge of the progress and present
condition of this work, we have obtained the fol-
lowing information from an accurate source.

Of the excavation and embankment, more than
two thirds of the whole work is finished ; the
whole will be completed by the 1st of April ; the
culverts and bridges are all finished but the bridge
over Pearl Street.

The stone blocks are all delivered ; these and
the broken stone will be laid along the line by the
1st of April.

The limber is all contracted far, and will be on
the line by the first of May ; tha iron rails will be
ready about the same time.

Two locomotive engines have been ordered by
the Company, and are expected to be on the road
by the 15th of .Inly.

The company expect to set a locomotive engine
in operation by the 1.5tli of July between Lydius
Street, at Albany, and the brow of the hill, at
Schenectady.

The whole work will be completed by the 1.5th
of October.

It is intended to put the branch line, for the ac-
commodation of the northern and central parts of
Albany under contract, as soon as the legislature
authorizes the same.

The branch alluded to is designed for the con-
venience of passengers, and will probably enter
the city at the head of Washington Street, extend-
ing down that street as fartis Cnutenden's and the
Parks. The importance of this work, both for
purposes of gei;eral utility and as a pattern im-
provemfent must be obvious to every man. The
Company deserves the highest praise for the rapi-
dity with which they have pressed its construction
since its commencement. The proposed branch
will be of great convenience to |)a.ssengers, and of
advantage to the city. — The Company will apply
to the legislature, at its present session, for leave to
consn-uct it ; and the application will be entitled to
their earliest consideration, from the circumstance,
that they wait only the legislative sanction to of-
fer the contracts. — .-iruaiv.j Argus.

A good Cou: — 7dr William Chase, of Somerset,
has a cow, that during the past .season has given,
on an average, 20 (piarts of milk (ler day. Nearly
14 pounds of butter per week have been nuide
from her milk during the season. 120 lbs. were
made in 10 weeks, 108 of which were brought to
this market. We understand that she has been
kept upon grass, and without grain. Such a cow
is valuable property. Mr Chase refuses to sell
her. — Full-River Monitor.

Jan. 14, 1831.

■MUM— MMM^IIMIIIW ■!!

Jf'ool. — The hist fortnight nearly all the fleeciB
wool in jnarket has been sold without any reduo-
tion from former prices. A fair demand for pulled
lambs, at 50 a 55c. a considerable parcel of this
discriptiou has been sold at 53c. 3 mo. We are
advised of the shipment from London of a con-
siderable quantity lor this market, which may be
daily e.xpected. A letter from London, Dec. 4.
says, — ' Shipments of Wool have not been made
to the U. S. to the extent that we anticii)ated ; in
fact our market UTitil recently has been so bare,
that many conditional orders have been from nece&-
sity cancelled — of late the imports from Germany,
have been upon a liberal scale, and om' market is
flat in consequence, and prices for the next month
may go rather lower ; but we anticipate some im-
provement in February, of Spanish and Portuguese
Wool, for which the market is very barely supplied,
and we do not look for any material augmentation.'
3070 bales Wool were imported into London from
Hamburg, week ending Nov. 30. — Boston Cour.

.Wic York, Jan. 8. — Wool. — The importations
from London mentioned in our last, have been fol-
lowed this week by 276 bales from Lisbon to this
port, and 38 bales from Cadiz to Philadelphia,
besides one or two small parcels of Saxony to this
port and Boston. The influence of these supplies,
which are for the most part, still on shipboard,
docs not yet manifest itself. A few bales Portu-
gtiese, F. were re-sold this week, at auction, and
brought 44c. cash, being about the price obtained
for them a few weeks since. — Daily Adv.

EXTRAORDINARY UTILITY OF THE NETTLE.

In the weekly newspaper of the Bavarian Ag-
ricidtural Society, the nettle is said to have the
following properties : 1. Eaten in salad it cures
consumption; 2. It fattens homed cattle whether
eaten green or dried ; 3. Experience has shown that
it not only fattens calves but im])roves their breed ;
4. It is au antidote to most maladies ; 5. Sheep
which eat it bring forth healthy vigorous lambs ;
6. It promotes the laying of eggs in bens ; 7. It
improves the fat of pigs; 8. The seeds mixed
with oats are excellent for horses ; 9. It grows all
the year round even in the coldest weather ; 10,
The fibres of the stem make an excellent hemp.

It is certain the nettle is much valued in Hol-
land, where its young shoots are used as a pot
herb ; its roots for dying yellow ; where the horsa
dealers give the seeds to horses, to make them
brisk and gi\e them a fine skin ; and where con-
siderf.ble portions of fiehls are planted with it, and
mown five or six times a year as green food.

Charcoal Dust — A writer in the Gardener's
Mag-azine asserts that six years' experience has
coirvinced him that charcoal dust is a remedy for
the grub and mouldiness in onions ; and he has
repeatedly pro\ed, that it effectually prevents the
clubbing in the roots of cabbages and cauliflow-^
ers.

The Newburyport Herald states, that in a large
family named Poor, in West Newbury, there have
been only six deaths within the last 40 years, and
that four of these were of persons over 90 years
of age, and the other two, of ])ersons over 80.

Affecting Anecdote. — A heart-rending story-
is told of a young Scottish plough-boy who being
disappointed in a love affair, was driven so near to ;
the verge of despair, that, with a rope in his hand,

he entered his master's barn, and tied all

of the eou's' tails together !—Pawtucket Chronicle.

Vol. IX.— No. 26.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

207

Grtat Ox. — There is now exhibited in the village
Df Brooklyn, N. Y. an Ox whose weight is estimated
It 4000 pounds. He was raised by Judge Strong, of
Setauket, and fatted by Lemuel B. Rogers, Esq. of
Huntington, Long Island.

Mahomet in Ohio. — We have seen a letter from
Chester, in Ohio, in which the career of some fanat-
ical individuals, who pretend to work miracles and
to preach a new Gospel, is described ; they profess
to have discovered somewhere in New York, a new
revelation, hidden under a stone, which enables them
to work miracles such as our Saviour did while on
earth ; the delusion and frenzy with which these in-
dividuals have wrought up the public mind, enabled
them to collect, in two small villages, something like
five hundred adherents, who follow those ignorant
and deluded men, with the same submission, that
'sheep are led to the slaughter.' — Mass. Jour.

Imprisonment/or debt. — The Philadelphia Gazette
of Saturday contains an article which sets in a
strong point of view the evils which accompany the
system of imprisonment fo debt. Between the first
of May last past, and the 24th Sept. forli/ persons
were imprisoned in that city for debt, which amount-
ed altogether to iwenlijlhree dollars and forlijseven
eeiils. The cost on this sum amounted to $70 05.

To Correspondents. — A very valuabi e and elabo-
rate article on raising Live Fences, by Dr Shurtleff,
will appear next week — also an interesting account of
Mr Tidd's extensive experiments in raising Seedling
Potatoes and Grapes.

Prices in New York, January

8.

FLOUR

New York Superfine, Bbl.

6

a

6

12

Western,

6

12 a

6

37

Philadelphia,

6

a

6

12

Baltimore, City,

6

a

Do. Howard street,

ti

12 a

6

25

GRAIN.

Wheat, Northern, bush.

1

25 a

1

30

Western,

1

30 a

1

35

,

Virginia,

1

15 a

1

25

Rye, Northern,

70 a

Oats, Northern,

.37 a

Corn, Southern,

oo a

CO

Do. Yellow, Northern,

60 a

64

Barley, new.

75 a

SO

WOOL.

Conjnion fleece, washed lb.

35 a

40

Merino do. do.

40 a

60

Spinning, pulled

a

Lambs' do. 1st quality

48 a

52

Do. 2d do.

35 a

40

Stock Jf'anied,

.\ p.iir of young cattle of the Improved Short Horned
breed — they must be of pure blood, the Bull not loss thLin
two years old next spiiiig, with a ilark color, (not alto-
gether black)— the Heiler uiight be of any age iiinler two
years. Tbe above cattle are to be sent to \Va>hin;;ton, Pa.

.•\L.SO, a young first rate Improved Durham Short
Horned Cow, wi(b calf by some of the best bulls near
Boston, to go to Porlsnioutb, N. H.

ALSO, a prime Cow, not over six years old, of some
of tbe best breeds for milk, that will come in, in tbe course
of tbe ensuing spring — for a farm in the vicinity of
Boston.

ALSO, a prime cow of one of the bestbreeds for milk,
near Boston, about 4 years old, and with calf by some of
the bulls of the best stock for milk, to go to Providence.
Address J. B. Russell, Agricultural Warehouse, Boston,
(post paid) with a particular desciiptiou of tbe animals,
pedigree, age, weight, ice.

For sale, a fine MERINO R.VM, imported last spring
from St Andero. He may be seen in this city. Apply
to J. B. Russell, oBnee of the New England Farmer.

The advices published last Monday, from Liverpool to
the 8th Deceniber, had an immediate effect on the Flour
ind. Gruin Market; upwards of 15,000 barrels were
JOUght up for the English market, at an advance of lull
J5 cent^ per barrel, which improvement has been sus-
:ained through the week. The U'beat mar!;et has also
mprovt d ; and there are extensive orders for foreign
inarke's, but our supplies are so trifling that Ibey cannot
>e filled. The Provision market has kept up, and Flaxseed
las still further im|>roved. A good deal has been doing
nCotl. n at former rates. Ashes are without a change.
Sugars and Molasses are tbe only articles that liave not
)een 1 enefited by the late advices. — .V. F. Daily .idver-

iser, Jan. 8.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by Ad.miral Sir Isaac
CoFFi.v, to the Massachusetts Society tor tbe Promotion
of Agrifculture. The pedigiee of these animals can be
giveri as far back as Hubback, who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersey Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 1830. " ' '

Alasoii's Pocket Farrier,

Comprising a general description of that noble and use-
ful animal tbe Horse; fil'tli edition, with additions. To
which is added a Prize Essay on Mules. By S. W. Pome-
roy,Esq. of Brighton, Mass And an appendix, contain-
ing observations and recipes for the cure of most of the
common distempers incident to Horses, Oxen, Cows,
Calves, Sheep, Lambs. Swine, Dogs, &c, selected from
dillercnt authors. And an Addenda, containing the annals
of tbe Turf, American Stud Book, mode of training, rules
of Racing', &c.

Just published and for sale by R. P. &. C. Williams, 18
and 20 Coriihill.

Also, on liberal terms, a large assortment of Agricultu-
ral, Historical, Theological, Law, and other Books.
Persons selecting Libraries, will find it for their adv.in-
tage to call. 6t Dec. 31.

Treutis* on Bees.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

A further supply of a Practical Treatise on the Manage-
ment of Bees; and the Establishment of Apiaries, with
the best method of destroying and preventing tbe depre-
dations of the Bee Moth. By James Thacher, M. D.
Price 75 cents.

PRICES OF COUNTRY

PRODUCE.

FROK

TO

APPLES, new, - |

barrel.

I 50

1 75

ASHES, pol, first sort,

Pearl, first sort, - '

ton.

lie 00 IIS 00

*'

130 00 132 00

15E.ANS, white,

>ushel.

yo.

I 00

ISEEK, mess,

jarrul.

8 30

S 75

Cargo, No. I,

tt

I 25

7 50

Cargo, No. 2,

"

C 2.)

6 50

ItUTTEK, iiispeclcd, No. l,ncw, -

pounil

11

15

CHEESE, new milk.

<»

G

8

.Skimmed milk.

It

3

4

FLAXSEED.

I 12

1 50

FLOUR, 15allim(.re,HoMard-slreet, -

barrel.

6 12

6 25

Genesee,

"

6 25

6 .50

Alexandria,

"

G 12

6 25

Ballimore, wharf,

"

3 87

6 00

GRAIN, Com. .\orlherii.

)iishcl.

70

72

Com, Soulhern Yellow,

"

65

67

Rye,

"

75

78

Barley,

tt

62

69

Gals,

tt

40

42

HAY,

cwt.

CO

70

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,

owl.

9 00

10 00

HCIPS, Islqualiiv,

"

14 00

15 00

LIME,

cask.

711

75

PI.AISTER PARIS retails at

ton.

i!75

3 00

PORK, clear.

barrel

17 (,u

20 00

Navy mess.

"

13 00

14 00

Carsn, No. I,

"

12 50

13 50

SEEDS, Herd's Grass.

bushel.

175

2 00

Red Top (northern)

It

62

73

Lucerne.

nouiid.

33

38

Red Clover, (norlhem)

10

11

WOOL, IMerino, lull blood, washed, -

t(

60

C2

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

'I

6ft

73

Merino, three fourths washed.

»"

52

58

Merino, lialf blood.

tt

48

50

Merino, quarter,

'•

38

42

Native, washetl.

tt

33

37

Pulled, La.Tib's, first sort,

tt

50

53

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.

n

42

44

Pulled, '* spinning, first sort.

tt

45

60

Wants a Situation.
A Gardener who can produce unquestionable rcconi-
nendalions for honesty, sobriety, and good moial cbarac-
er, and who is peifeclly acquainted with every branch
if gardening, and cultivation of Grapes, wishes a pernia-
lent situation in that capacity. He is a single man. lu-
' [uire of J. B. Rursell, New England Farmer office.

— I'

Ammunition ^J^
01 the best quality and /oicesf ;)rifcs, for sporting —
onstantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
15 Broad Street.

N. B. If ibe quality is not found satisfactory, it may
le returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. i.

Silk Cocoons wanted.
Cash and a fair price will be given at the New England
Seed Store, No. 5'2 North Market Street, for about 20 lbs
of prime Silk Cocoons, to be delivered soon. ,

J\"ew Work on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street.

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan ; being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; tbe causes and
symptoms cf each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how (o acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and tbe prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and improvements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society. Price $1,25,

PROVISION MARKET.

connEcTEn every week bv hr hjvwabd,
( Vi^k of Faiieuit'hait Market.)
BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, fresh, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VE.AL,
iMUTTON,

POULTRY. ■ "

IIUTTEU, keg and tub.
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIJJER, ^according to quality]

.pound.

7

G

54

tt

"

6

"

4

It

8

tt

12

'*

13

dozen.

14

bushel.

*(

25

barrel.

1 00

10
15

20
16
81
84
30
; on

Boston Vegetable Market. — Retail prices at
Fanueil Hall Market — Cranberries, ,^2,00 per bushel ;
Shagbarks, $1,50 ; Chesnuts, §1,50; Onions, 75 cts. ;
Cabbai^es, 50 cts. per dozen ; Parsnips, 5J cts. per hush. ;
Beels, 50 cts. ; Squashes, 2 cts. per lb.; English White
Turnips, 25 cts. per bushel; Ruta Baga, 3S cts.; fine
Baldwin Apples, $2,00 per bbl.; Iron Pears, $2,00 per
bushel.

Smoked Hams retail for 9J to 10 cents per lb.

Brighton Market — Morida)/, Jan. 10.

[U(?porlcd for the Chronicle and Tattiot.]

At Market this day, 431 Cattle, (24 of which have
been before reported, and 26 were stores,) 610 Sheep, and
and 67 Swine, (58 before reported.)

Prices. — \ small advance on middling Cattle. No
material variation in other qualities.

Beef Cattle — From 3,50 to 4,50; a few were taken
for 4,75, a 5.

Barrelling CaH/c— Mess, 3,50, a 3,58, No. 1,3 a 3 OS.

Sheep — We noticed a iew prime wethers taken at 4,25.
Also a lot, part wethers, at 3,25, and 3 ; also a lot of 70
for 2.

Swine — Few sales only ; price not noticed.

Cocoons.
A fa r price will be given for good Cocoons, of which
the moth has been destroyed, by
3t D. JOHNSON, No. 5, Exchange Street, N. York.

Whe.\t. — The New York Journal of Commerce of
Dec. 31, says, that wheal is very much wanted for expor-
tation to England ; and that the dry southern article is
well calculated to mix with the English in grinding, es-
pecially as the latter is this year very ordinary.

I

208

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Jan. 14, 1831.

MISCEL.LA1VY,

We selJom see better poetry than the following lines
on Childhood, contained in Mrs Anna IVJaria Wells' col-
lection of poems. — Mass. Jour.

CHILDHOOD.

Gray morning o'er the mountain peers;
To heaven the stars are gliding back,
Ere yet the ' prying eye of day ' .
Shall mark their noiseless track. — ;
There 's not a sound in doors or out :
The very birds are yet asleep;
The field flowers open silently;
The breezs just whispers and goes by ;
And mountain-buds, that steep
Their perfume in the dews of night.
Lie coldly in the lingering light.

A shout! — The spell is broken up —
The cottage echoes with tlie sound —
The voice of glad surprise and mirth, —
'T is heard by all around : —
The frolic voice ot childhood free !
My own delighted, laughing boy !
Just waking with the new-born day.
The voice of rapture must have way.
His heart is full with joy ;
And on his lone couch as he lies,
He sings to tell his ecstasies !

He sings aloud — a medley mass

Of nursery rhyme, and infant lore, —

No matter what tli« glorious theme,'

He sings it o'er and o'er : —

He recks not, he, of such as may

These clamorous sounds annoy.

Who, half awakened, catch the strain

And, murniu'ing, turn to rest again; —

He thinks of nought but joy : —

Of grieT and pain, his heart is free.

And earth and sky are fair to see !

Who would not be a little child.
Ere yet the shade of earthly care
Hath fallen upon his happy heart.
And chased the sunshine tliere ?
With wisdom's light, ivilh fancy's fire.
Hereafter let thy bosom glow ;
But holy childhood's blessed smile.
Oh, let it linger yet a while
Upon thy clterub brow!
Shout on, my boy ! yet undefiled,
Pour out thy happy heart, my child !

SPEED THE PLOUGH.

Speed the plough ! O, speed the plough !
The sun is up, the lime is now.
Drive on my boys, God speed the plough.
Now the green blade, peeping low
From the fast dissolving snow.
Tells the gladdened farmer how
Heaven's aid can speed the plough.
Harvest home! O, hear the sound.
And each jocund tale go round ;
The proudest lord might envy now
The merry man who guides the plough.
The merchant's gold, the miser's hoard,
The sailor's helm, the soldier's sword.
The fop's affected air, must bow
To the rattling loom and gliding plough.

.Imusing. — The New York Commercial relates
the following droll incident which occurred at the
Albany theatre on the evening of the 8th, while
the battle of New Orleans ' was being' performed:
— ' The rifleman who was to shoot Gen. Packen-
haiii, got U|) on the cotton bags and made a con-
siderable floiiri.fh, calling upon u by-stander to see
how he would hit the white plume; but his rifle
flashed in the pan, and he was obliged to ask ^
gentleman on the other side, who must have beeii
one of the enemy, of course, to accoiimiodate him!
with a fresh priming !' On account of this ^asA.-
in the pan, we suppose, the situation of Gen. Pack-
euham for a few minutes ' may be more easily
imagined than described.'

WINTER.

Winter has come in its cold and harsh reality fe
the season of desolation and snflTering, of sociafe
e.\citement and domestic happiness. Winter haai
its privations and its pains, but it lias also its blesV;
sings and its pleasures; and we ought to acknow-
ledge the one, while we feel, — but not complain
of — the other.

Winter is the season for mental improvement.
The opportunities which Providence affords for'
the culture of our immortal faculties in the pursuit
of u?cful knowleilge,cannot be innocently neglected.
Books selected with discrimination, and read, not
for the sake of momeiuary amusement, or of fu-
ture display, but for solid advantage, should be the,
companions alike of the parent and the child iuj
this season, when nature is a less eloquent or a
less accessible teacher than through the rich pro-
mise of the spring and the abundant generosity of
the autumn.

Winter is the season for self discipline — for the
exercise of moral foresight and courage ; the sea-
son to ' watch and pray, lest we fall into tem])ta-
tion.' Enticements to evil are midtiplied ; in the
thronged city lures are cast in the way of the in-
experienced, and facilities are provided for the in-
dulgence of corrupt propensities. Against all the
dangers, to which his soul is exposed, the Chris-
tian should guard himself by vigilance and firmness,
maintaining a jealous regard to bis own purity,
and a wary intercourse with ' the things of the
world.'

Winter is the season for benevolence. The poor
we have always among us, and they nnist receive
sympathy and relief from those to whom the com-
mon Father has entrusted the means of benefi-
cence.— Christian Register.

Parf.ntal Promises. — If a parent make a
promise to a child, it sliould be strictly performed,
however trivial : and a child should never be
told a falsehood, evei in the most trifling matter
— unless the object be tn teach the child equivo-
cation and falsehood, and train him up for the
penitentiary or the gallows.

The recent mortality among newspapers, maga-
zines and reviews has been great and alarming.
— The Washington N. C. Times, after 8 months'
publication, has been discontinued, because many
people subscribed, not to pay but to encourage. This
paper fainted by the way side, otiiers gave u]) the
ghost after a longer pilgrimage, and the remainder
have gone by the boards.

The manufacture of Navarino Hats, or paper
Leghorns has become a considerable business in
Boston. — One mamifacturer informs us he made
60,000, the past year. The impressions are made
on the paper by copperplate, and passed through
the presses without ink. The Hat is an elegant
and convenient article, and ought not to be neg-
lected, because it costs little. — Boston Pall.

.hiijicial Wants are mor.; numerous and lead
to more expense than natural wants ; for this cause,
the rich are often in greater want of money than
those who have but a bare competence.

Insults and Injuries. — Injuries are much more
easily atoned for and forgiven than insults. The
latter degrade the mind in its own esteem, and too
freciuently induce it to attempt to recover its level

bv revenge.

Ingenious Anagram. — The following anagram
on the well known biographer, William Oldys, may
claim a place among the first i)rodyctions of this
class. It was by Oldys himself^atfd was found
by his executors in one of his MSS. '
W. o.
In word and Will i am a friend to you.
And one friend Old is worth an hundred new.

In one week, recently, more than 3000 dead
hogs are said to have been freighted from Pough-
keepsie, N. V. many of them large and veryfat.

For Sale,

The well known FARM in Dover, occupied for the last
fourteen years by the subscriber, containing about 20O '
acres, well located in a square, bounded on the south by
Cochecbo river, and on the east by Fresh creek, on which
is a tide mill, with an apparatus for pounding and grinding
phi>ter. The Buildings consist of a large two story Brick
House, of 46 feet by 38, with awing of 20 by 16, all well
hnislied, adjoined to which is a shed 34 feet by 14, con-
necting the cider house 27 by 37, two stories, with one
plastered room, where all the spinning- and weaving is
done for the family ; two Barns, one of which is 100 feet
by 42, with two wings of about 40 feet each, one employ-
ed as a stable, the other for a sheepfold, with a good yard
well walled in; the other is a Store Barn of 45 feet square,
of I'i feet post, and will contain 60 tons of hay ;*a pig-
gery of 50 feet by 30, with a cellar of 18 feet square un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook for
swine. The fields are divided by peAianent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 acres in front of the house, one
of 17 on the East, one of 10 acres on the North, (princi-
pally orchard,) one of 15 Northeast, and one of 30 acres
West of the house, with three pastures of 20 to 25 acres
each.

The Farm has been gradually improving for the last
ten years, and the two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 25 tons of thatch. It is one
and a half miles froni the village of Dover, which affords
a good market. There has been planted some hundreds
of Fruit Trees, principally Apple, many of which are
grafted — with Pears, Cherry, Plum, Peach and Quince
trees, and many in bearing, with a small nursery.

The terms of sale may be known by applying to Major
Andrew Pierce, of Dover, Mr Samuel Lord, of;
Portsmouth, or the subscriber on the premises.

June 11. WILLIAM FLAGG.

Published every Friday, at g3 per annum, payable at tbs
end of the year— but those who pay within sixty days from tbB
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction of fifty centB*

03^ No paper will be sent to a distance vrithout payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet ,th«
wislies of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 Nortb
Market Street.s

AGENTS.

AVui York — G:Thorburn & Sons, 67Liherty-strcet.

PhUadelphia—M. & C. Landreth,85 Chcslnul-slrect.

BaltijAore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer^

Albany — Hon. Jesse Buel.

F/iisliing, N. Y. Wm. Prince «k Sons, Prop. Lin. Bol.Gard««

ilaiiford — GoonwiN & Sons.

Newburyporl, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.

Portsmouth. N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.

.ijugusta. Me. Wm. Mann.

//,i/i/"u.r,N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.

Montreal, L. C. — A.BowuAn,Book:e'ler.

NEW ENGIiAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultcral Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 21, 183 1.

NO. 27.

vSv© sasa^ sravSii sa © s?3 <»

LIVE FENCES.

Mr Fessendex— If you think the following direc-
tions for setting and training a hedge, which were written
for the use of my son, will be serviceable to our New
England Farmers, you are at liberty to publish them.
They were written in haste, while I was quite sick, ami
confined to my chamber ; there is considerable tautology,
and the language inelegant, but I believe easy to be
understood. Benjamin Shurtleff.

Boston, Jan. \Otb, 1831.

AN E.\ST WAT TO MAKE A COMPLETE HEDGE OR
LIVE FEXCE IX A SHORT TI.ME.

1. .Mnkrial for a hedge.— The plants commonly
nsed for a hedge are the English Wiiite Thorr.
{cralagusoTiicanlha,)iheVuTg'mg Buckthorn (BA»»i-
mis calltarticus.) the Newcastle Thorn, [Cratae-
gus crus Gain,) the Three Thorned Acacia or
Honey Locust, (G/erffcc/ifa iriacanilios,) the Red
Cedar, (Jtiiiiperus J'irginiana) S,-c. But I much
prefer t)ie American, Virginian, or Washing-
ton Thorn, [Crat(egus corclata.) It seems to have
no enemy. In more than half a mile of hedge, I
did not find a dozen caterpillars' nests, or one plant
girdled by mice during the last year.

2. Season to set a hedge. — In our climate a
hedge ^should be set out in the spring, before the
plants begin to vegetate, and every fibre of tke roots
should be taken up with them and by no means be
cut off.

3. .'Igc of the plants. — The more age the
plants have the better ; as they are more hardy,
have better roots, and are more likely to do well.
You will rear your hedge in half the time, if you
use those that are four years old and upwards,
than you will if you use seedlings. Loudon says,
'Three years old is certainly the youngest that
should be planted, and if they are evensi.x oi" seven
years old, so much the better.' Blaikie says, ' the
age of the quickset plants (whether of one or two
years' growth) is not so material, as that the plants
should be of free growth.' I set one hedge in
1816, with two years old plants, and another in
1818, with seedlings, and they have done very well,
considering my ine.xperience and the awkwardness
and unwillingness of my men to do anything that

heir fathers and grandfathers had not previously
done.

4. Assort the plants. — Let your plants be as-
sorted ; the large, the small, and the different
sizes of intermediates, each by themselves. Set
the large on the high, poor and gravelly land, and
the small on the rich land, and in the valleys and
bottoms, and those of intermediate size on the in-
termediate kind of land. In tliis way, your hedge
will grow nearly alike and be very even ; but if
you intermingle promiscuously large and small, the
large will grow rapidly and wUl keep tlie small
down, and your hedge will be uneven and full of

If you plant the large in the rich hoUows, and
the small on the poor knolls, one part of your
hedge will be years ahead of the others. Either
before or after planting, cut off the. tops of the
plants, about an inch from the root or yellow part.

.so as to leave an inch of the green bark or top
with four buds or eyes.

5. Spare plants. — Select a tenth or more of
your best plants, and set in your Nursery in wide
rows, and at a distance from each other in the
rows, so that the side branches shall not interfere,
that you may fill vacancies in your hedge, should
any occur. Manure and hoe them, so as to keep
them well ahead of your hedge, so that when set in
a gap, they will not be behind their neighbors.

6. Preparation of the soil. — Let your land be
well prepared, a strip at least eight feet wide,
deep ploughed, well harrowed, raked over, and
cleared of all s_\vard, sods, grass, and weeds ; let
it be as well prepared as if you were to sow gar-
den seeds. If any part of the land is poor, harrow
and rake in old and well rotted manure that will
not ferment ; then plough or dig a trench through
the middle, 8 or 10 inches deep, one side perpen-
dicular, and the other with a gentle slope or angle
of thirty degrees.

7. Mode of- planting. — Your land and plants
thus prepared, lay your plants on the inclined plane
or slope, in a straight line nine inches apart (more
or less,) and as deep as they originally were in
the Nursery, making allowance for the dry dirt,
that may be blown or washed away ; set them so
deep that all the yellow part may be completely
covered ; then with a hoe carefully draw on the
mellow earth to cover the roots, and press and pat
it down well around them. They had bettor be
set a little deeper than a little shallower, than when
'.. the Nursery, and they will bear it, as in the
Nursery they were perpendicular, but in the trench
sloping. It will be best not to fill the trench com-
pletely, but to leave it a little concave about the
roots that the moisture may be retained, and that
you may be able to draw a few inches of pulver-
ized earth every year around the roots, to make
them throw out new shoots, and this without rais-
ing the surface so mucii, or making it so coiive.x
as to lose the moisture. By laying or sloping
your plants, small roots strike down from the old
tap roots, anil you have a great number of new
roots that nourish the plants and keep them firm,
and prevent them from writhing about. By cut-
ting off the top of the plant, you will have three
or four strong upright young shoots, starting from
the surface of the ground, instead of a solitary
old one.

8. Hoeing and Clearing. — Let your hedge be
perfectly hoed and kept entirely free from grass
and weeds. Care must be taken that the roots,
stems, and side branches are not abraded or
wounded by the hoe. A little fresh earth ought
to be drawn about the roots at each hoeing, and
in the autunui all the leaves should be raked
away, to ])revent the stems and roots from being
girdled by mice.

9. Pruning, &;c. — Prune either early in the
spring, about midsummer, or late in the fall, when
there is no flowing of the sap. When you plant-
ed your hedge, you preserved every root, but you
cut off the top, leaving but four buds, these will
produce you four large stems as supports. This
is all the pruning or trimming the stems or up-
right shoots must have, on any condition, till they
are five or si.x feet in height ; then you may trim

them down to the height you mean to kci'p youf
hedge, but the side branches should be gently
trimmeil every year, leaving those longest near
the ground, so as to have them broad at the bot-
tom and tapering gradually towards the tops in
the form of a cone, pyramid, a young fir or pilch
pine.

This trimming of the side branches makes them
send out more new shoots from these extremities,
which by frequent trimmings will become so thick
as to fill up every crevice from top to bottom in
your hedge ; while the upright shoots, by not be-
ing trimmed, will ascend with strength, and sup-
port the hedge.

10. Pruning lnslru7nents. — Trimming is usu-
ally performed with a hedge bill or shears; but a
knife with a short and slightly curved blade, thick
in the middle, and tapering to a thin and very
sharp edge on each side, is preferable to trim off
the side branches between the plants. For trim-
ming the sides and cropping the top of the hedge,
I have used a scythe. I cut off the heel, and
punch two holes in the same end, and make a mor-
tise in the end of a straight pole or snaith, and
bore two holes through the mortise, and rivet the
scythe to the pole and in the same direction with
the pole, and not at right angles as for mowing —
I put two nibs on the pole. With this you can
cut the sides up or the tops off very quick and
neat. In all your cuttings, cut up if you wish to
benefit your hedge, cut down if you wish to ruin
it.

11. Miscella-:e''. 1 observations. — Slope the tops
of your plants to the North, they will not be so
liable to be broken down by snow ; or to have
their buds injured in the spring, by alternately
freezing and thawing — land that has been in cul-
ture is preferable to new or sward land.

Two or three rows of white beans or flat tur-
nips, may be sowed on each side of your iiedge^
but potatoes would shade too much, and onions
would poison the plants. Cattle, sheep, &c, must
not trample or browse on them.

Forest or fruit trees, (except walnut and cedar)
may be set in a hedge forty or fifty feet asunder,
they make a beautiful appearance, but trim thein
up ever so high, they damage the hedge, if not by
their shade, they will by their roots. If you do
not trim a hedge any, it will be strong and thick
at the bottom, giving you beautiful white blos-
soms and red berries.

12. Errors and Mistakes. — In my first liedge
my land was tough sward, and not well prepared
and I set my large plants that were two years old,
perpendicidar ; in my second hedge, set out two
years after, my land was well prepared, and I set
my yearling plants sloping, and it is ahead of the
first hedge : had the treatment of both been equal,
the first would have been three years ahead of the
last. I did not hoe as often as I ought to have
done, nor did I clear away the leaves in autumn
so well as I should have done. 1 lost one year's
growth of my hedge by jilanting two rows of po-
tatoes on each side of it, the tops of which grew
so luxuriantly, that they completely covered and
shaded the plants.

My grand error was in cropping the tops, once
and generally twice a year, with the expectation

2 10

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 21, 1831.

of inakiii!; tlie heilge thicker at the bottom, and
more perfect throughout, but it had a contrary ef-
fect, by throwing out a great number of small
shoots at the place cut; instead of increasing the
main stem and lower branches, and thicksning the
bottom as was expected. The oftener I cropped,
the more weak shoots came out where cut, and
those below dwindled and perished, and the main
stem ceased to increase. The top of the hedge
became wide, bushy and top heavy, and the bot-
tom open, weak, and destitute of branches. Those
I did not crop had large firm stems, and threw
out large strong suckers from their roots, and
have made a hedge impenetrable to an enraged
horned bull. I ought not to have trimmed the
main stems after the first or second trirmning, till
it was six feet high.

18. Recapitulation. — Prepare your land in the
best manner ; use suitable jjlants of thrifty growth,
the older the better ; assort and accommodate to
the different kinds of soil ; preserve all the roots,
but crop the tops, leaving only four buds ; keep
a few in your nursery ; set them sloping to the
north, and leave the ground a little concave about
the roots ; keep them clear of grass and weeds,
and add a little earth to the roots at each hoeing ;
clear away the leaves at autumn ; trim the side
branches carefully, and leave the main stems to
nature till they arc six feet high, then crop off
the tops to the height you mean to have your
hedge. It will look like a wedge with the sharp
end upwards, and will exhibit a most beautiful
appearance.

In eight years my second hedge was asuflicient
fence for, or against sheep and cows. By fol-
lowing the above directions, a better hedge can be
raised in half the time, and at an expense of less
than fifty cents a rod.

SEEDLING POTATOES AND GRAPES.

Mr Fkssenden — I presume by this time
some of our horticultural friends are expecting to
hear the result of my third year's crop of seedling
potatoes, considering the importance of the article
to the farmer, and in fact to all classes of our fellow
citizens. It is a grand desideratum to obtaiii not
only a good potato for the table, but one that sha
give a good yield of a fair equal size. To the
farmer the croj) is perhaps second only to bread.
It is with him a staple article, and a standing dish.
It forms a part of his morning, noon, and evening
repast the year round, and JS no mean item to the
table of the most opulent.

This is a very extensive experiment; by far the
largest of any on record, at least so far as my
reading extends, and has been a source of much
trouble, time and expense. It is no small thing to
crop and keep separate, 1500 varieties for three
years. I have been almost on the point of abandon-
ing them more than once. The extent of the
experiment had well nigh defeated its end. The
potatoes were planted this year about the middle of
April in rows ; the most of the land was very poor,
the year before it was overrun with white birch ;
it was pretty well manured, the manure spread
equal to a good shovel full to a hill ; a considerable
proportion of the manure, however, was compos-
ed of meadow mud. The land was oversceded,
owing to my anxiety to give every variety atrial ;
and a considerable proportion of the potatoes
■was under size, which probably gave me a larger
crop and a greater proportion of small potatoes
than I should otherwise have had. They were
planted on about 4 acres of land and yielded me

by estimation 1000 bushels, 900 of which were
condemned to the hogs. There were long reeds
planted in three difierent places for a guide in de-
termining their relative yield. For I was deter-
mined, having ' screwed my courage to the sticking
place,' that I would reject all those that would not
bear a good comparison in point of yield : and in
reference to my memorandum, I find that I have
not saved more than three or four kinds, that yield-
ed less. The way in which we determined the
relative yield, was by measuring the ground with
the hoe handle, which was quickly and easily done,
and was sufficiently accurate for our purpose, and
the potatoes in a measure. The hoe handle was
about four feet in length. We carried into the
field with us boxes, bags, kegs, &c, sufficient to
hold all that we could dig in half a day. At noon
and at night they were put in piles on the cellar
floor, the vessel in w hich they were put was marked
with the number of hoe handles to the bushel, and
the pile in the cellar with a corresponding number.
We provided a circular board, a little smaller than
the bottom of a boiler we have set in brick work,
and in this board we inserted 30 or 40 wires about
12 inches long. The wires were placed circular
in the board, gradually progressing towards the cen-
tre, so as to form a spiral line from the outside to
the centre. Now if each pile of potatoes in the
cellar was numbered and we commenced on the
outside wire of our board and preceded regidarly,
we could easily tell from which pile each of the
potatoes on the board came, and in this way we
could try at night all the varieties we could dig in
the day time. After the potatoes were boiled on this
board in the boiler afiresaid, we carried the board
with the potatoes on it down cellar and compared
them to pievent mistakes. In making up our judg-
ment, regard was had to the appearance of the
potatoes as well as their yield and flavor — their
form, mearmess,&c, were all taken into the account.
I have given them my personal attention both in
planting, digging, and proving, except when called
away by urgent business.

In this way I have preserved 186 sorts of my
1600 varieties and about 72 bushels in quantity. —
The long reds yielded about 12 hoe handles to
the bushel. The greatest yield of my seedlings
was 4 hoe handles to the bushel, three times as
much on the same land. — The kind that yielded
the most last year did not do so well this year ; they
were a late kind, and required along season and
a favorable situation to come to maturity. Per-
haps an abstract from my memorandum might be
interesting, as showing the relative yield, for we
found it utterly impossible to decide with any jus-
tice upon the flavor, for after we had tasted of a
few, especially if we happened to try a strong
one, we could no longer decide upon the merits ;
we therefore contented ourselves with tasting only
those which by their menlluess, appearance, (S.:e,
gave the most promise, saving all the good yielders
that cracked open in boiling. I have a coiisiileralile
number, however, marked on my memorandum as
of superior good flavor. 1 have one kind which gave
a bushel in 4 hoe handles ; 2 kinds, 4. J do ; 4 kinds,
5 do ; 2 kinds, 5.i do ; 9 kinds, 6 do"; 3 kinds, 61
do ; 16 kinds, 7"do ; 41 kinds, 8 do ; 29 kinds, 9
do ; 23 kijid-s, 10 do; &c.

There are two kinds which particularly at-
tracted my attention while digging, and were
named on the s[)ot. One was roimd, red, rather
above the middling size, and very ecpral in size, so
much so that they would Jiot require any picking

for the market ; the other was yellow and like the
first in every other respect. The first was named
the Roxbury Reds, theotherthe Roxbnry Oranges;
their yield was about 5 hoe handles to the bushel.
They were not so mealy nor of so good flavor as
many others of less yield, but their yiekl and size
must, I tliink, make them a valuable potato to the
farmer. The vines of my largest kinds died
down to the ground in the fore part of July, but
were left in the ground until the rest weredug, when
to my astonishment, I found that they had not only
sprouted, but the vines had grown nearly a foot in
height, and on digging them I found new potatoes
set for the second crop.

I have now given you as concise an account as
I could conveniently and make it intelligible ; and
hope it will answer the expectations of our friends,
and that the experiment will prove, in proportion
to its extent, ami the time and labor spent on it,
beneficial to our connnunity. So far as regards
myself, I have no expectation of being remunerated,
for I am essentialy deficient in an important re-
quisite to an enterprising and flmnishmg farmer
viz. that of making the most of it in the mar-
ket.

I have also under way and under glass, about
200 seedling grape vines of two years' growth,
raised from the seed of the large oval Malaga
grape, which appear very promising, but I shall
not probably, if I should live, taste the fruit until
year after next, when I hope to be able to present
a sample which shall be tliought worthy of re-
ceiving a name from our Horticultural Society.

Roxbury, Jan. 10, 1831. _ JACOB TIDD.

SALT HAY.

Mr Editor — I wish to inquire through the
medium of the New England Farmer, the eflicacy
and benefit of using salt hay, as it is called. — There
are many farmers on our sea coast that spend half
the summer with a strong gang of workmen, in
mowing the salt mashes, and in curing and making
the hay — exposed lo the wet and cold, and both
night and day watcliing the tides in order to boat
and secure what appears to my inexperienced
mind a useless commodity. — It also apjiears to
me that half their labor, if exercised u|)onthe up-
land or on their farms, in raising good English hay,
would bring them a handsome recompense, not
oidy in the possession of good food for their stock,
but also serve to better their land, and induce
them to bring more waste and low ground into a
state of cultivation. — 1 shoiddbe happy to receive
through your paper, some information on this
subject, which perhaps may serve to correct the
error of the farmers who thus waste their time
and labor ; or serve to correct me in thus wasting
ujy time and sense on a subject of which I avow
myself ignorant, or which may have been settled
long ago by wiser heads than mine.

Duibury, Jan. 'iih.

FLOWING FRESH MEADOWS.

Mr Editor — I believe there never has been
any communication in the New England Farmer,
in regard lo flooding fresh meadow lands — if you,
or some of your C(]rres))ondents will give some
information respecting flooding fresh meadows,
where FowhMeailow, Blue Joint, and the common
Flat Grass, and other kinds of imcultivated grasses
incline to grow — and such other information as
you may think necessary, it would confer a favor
upon one of your subscribers.

1 am &c, J. B.

Winthrop, (Mc.) January Ulh, 1831.

Vol. IX.— No. 2'

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

211

MR COOK'S ADDRESS.

Concluded from page S03.

We have been too Iniig acoiistonicd to rely
upon i'oieigii nurseries fur fruit trees anil other
plants. I am aware that to a certain extent this is
unavoiilalile. But we shoulil depend more upon
our own resources, and learn to appreciate them.
We have suffered too nuich of disappointment,
and experienced too much of vexation from the
carelesiiess of others to submit with i)atience to a
repetition of them. We have waiteil season after
season for several successive years for the develop-
ment of fruits that were sent to us under the im-
posing title of some rich and rare variety, and have
found in the reality that the good consisted alone
in the name. 1 woidtl encourage the public nur-
series in our own vicinity, not to gratify any ex-
clusive or sectional views, but because we may
thereby the more easily avoid the inconveniences
which have long been the subject of complaint
against others more remote. The fear of proni|)t
and immediate detection and exposure, will have a
tendency to render their proprietors more cautious,
while the liheral support they would receive, would
stimulate them to secure and retain the confidence
reposed in them. The imposition that was i)rac-
tised upon the patriarch Jacob, who was compelled
to accept Leah as the reward of seven years of
labor and toil, for Rachel, is somewhat analagous
to the case of many of us. We, too, have num-
bered full seven years in anticipation of the devel-
opment of fruits under assurances as specious as
those by which the patriarch was stimulated to the
performance of his stipulated servitude, and, like
him, on its termination, have found a Leah in the
place of a Rachel, and have again, like him, to
accomplish another term of years ere we could
realize the hopes we had formed in the acquisition
of the object of our desires.

The pulilic nurseries and gardens of Middle.sex
and Norfolk are entitled to preeminence among
those of New England, and Newton and Bright-
on, and Charlestown and Milton and Roxbury', are
laudably competing with similar establishments in
other sections of our country for the general pat-
ronage.

■ A familiar accqnaintance with the synonynies,
and their identity with the fruit, is essential to the
convenience of all classes of cultivators and indis-
pensable to the proprietors of extensive nurseries.
It will prevent much of the confusion which now
prevails, and tend to correct the mistakes which
frequently occur to those who have not attended to
this subject.

If it has been the prevailing fashion to underrate
almost everything of domestic origin, and attach a
value to exotics in proportion to the distance from
and the expense at which they were procured, it
was no less true of the products of the soil, than
of those of the workshop and the loom. Even the
intellectual labors of our countrymen have, until
within a short period, been received with the cold
formality with which an indigent acquaintance is
often recognised. While everything that bore
the impress of a foreign original was sought after,
admired and eulogised without much regard to
its intrinsic merits. But these antinational pre-
judices and predilections are fast receding before
the beaming and unciuenchable light of intelligence
and patriotism.

I have spoken of the influence that our associa-
tion has exerted in relation to the ptinmry objects
of its institution. There are other subjects con-
nected with its success and usefulness, to which 1

have adverted, and which should interest our at-
tention. A practical acquaintance with the dif-
ferent departments of natural history will be found
to he highly advantageous in the business of hor-
ticulture. I hope we may avail ourselves of the
facilities that will be afforded us, to acquire u
knowledge of this subject, when it will comport
with the convenience of the gentlemen who have
been designated as professors and lecturers on bot-
any and vegetable physiology, entomology and
horticultural chemistry. 1 anticipate from those re-
sources not only nuich intellectual gratification, but
that, from their abuiulant stores of scientific at-
tainments, we may be instructed and encouraged
to persevere in obtaining a familiar intimacy with
all that is essential to our piu'suits.

The protection and preservation of useful birds is
a subject I would propose for your particular con-
sideration. To those whose souls are attuned to the

' harmony of their iiuisic, who delight to listen to
the warbling of nature's ciroristers, little need be
urged to insure them security in the peaceful pos

I sessiot) of their accustomed haunts. But if this
consideration is not suflicient, there is another
view in which the subject may be presented, that
cannot fail to render them the objects of our care
and watchfulness. We must either encourage
them, or resign our gardens and orchards to the
overwhelming ravages of innumerable insatiate
insects. We must preserve them, and consent to
tolerate their minor depredations, or suffer them to

; be destroyed, and with them all hopes of preserv-
ing any portion of our fruits.

It is asserted upon competent authority, 'that
nearly all the food of small birds from the com-
mencement of spring to the middle of June, con-
sists of insects ; and that a pair of sparrows dur-
ing the time they have their young ones to pro-
vide for, destroy every week about three thou-
sand three hundred ca.ierpillars. By a wise and
judicious enactment of the legislature of Mas-
sachusetts, the protection of law is extended to
the preservation of certain kinds of birds that are
enumerated, and a penalty provided for every in-
fraction of its provisions. Let this association
unite in giving eliiciency to the laws, by enforcing
its operations upon every violator, and thus shall
we subserve the public interests, protect our pro-
perty, and preserve those innocent and useful co-
laborers, who amply repay us in the aid they af-
ford, and in the gratification we derive from their
presenae, and in listening to their inspiring and
animating melody.

The pursuits which it is our object to promote,
are not only subservient to the happiness of social
and domestic life, in multiplying the resources of
innocent indulgence, and of the interchange of
the kind otiices of mutual good will, and not only
tend to excite and elevate that taste for tiie beau-
ties of creation, which almost of necessity leads
to communion with its All-Glorious Author, but
may be consecrated also to the holy purpose of
rendering more interesting and attractive our final
resting-place.

The improvement and embellishment of grounds
devoted to public uses, is deserving of especial con-
sideration, and should interest the ingenious, the
liberal and tasteful in devising ' ways and means'
for the acconq)lishmrnt of so desirable an object;
and I deem this a suitable occasion to direct the
attention of our citizens to a subject I have long
wished to see presented to their consideration,
with an eloquence that could not fail to awaken,

and with arguments that will not fail to insure the
influence of all in its execution.

I refer to the establishment of a public ceme-
tery, similar in its designs to that of Pero La
Chaise in the environs of Paris, to be located in
the suburbs of this metropolis. A suitable regard
for the memory of the dead ia not inconsistent
with the precepts of religion or of our duty to the
living. The place of graves affords to the serious
and the contemplative, instruction and admonition.
It teaches us ' what shadows we are, and what
shadows we pursue.' It is there that the heart is
chastened, and the soul is subdued, and the affec-
tions purified and exalted. It is there that am-
bition surveys the boundaries of its powers, of its
hopes, and its aspirations. And it is there that
we are constrained to admit, that human distinc-
tions, and arrogance, and influence must terminate
I would render such scenes more alluring, more
familar and imi)Osing, by the aid of rural embel-
lishments. The skill and taste of the architect
should be exerted in the construction of the requi-
site departments and avenues ; and appropriate
trees and plants should decorate its borders ; — the
weeping willow, waving its graceful drapery over
the monumental marble, and the sombre foliage of
the cypre&s should shade it, and the undying daisy
should mingle its bright and glowing tints with
the native laurels of our forests. It is there I
would desire to see the taste of the florist manifest-
ed in the collection and arrangenient of beautiful
and fragrant flowers, that in their budding and
bloom and decay they should be the silent but ex-
pressive teachers of morality, and remind us that,
although, like the flowers of autumn, the race of
man is fading from off' the earth, yet like them his
root will not perish in'the ground, but will rise
again in a renewed existence, to shed the sweet in-
fluence of a useful hfe, in gardens of unfading
beauty !

Sole Leather. — We hear that Massachusetts Sole
Leather is in high estimation.— The Philadelphia
Leather is in high repute ; but we understand that
many now give the preference to that manufactured
by Mr Tufts of Charlestown. — Palladium.

[The generality of sole leather manufactured in
this state, is believed to be very bad, because it is
not sufficiently tanned. We have been informed that
some tanners turn their stock every three months.
We should like to see the opinion of an experienced
physician as to the effect of loose, porous and untan-
ned sole leather in producing colds, coughs and con-
sumptions in this city.] — Mass. Jour.

Palm Leaf Hats. — This manufacture has become
in Massachusetts, a business of importance. A friend
calculates that a million of these will be made for the
next season. Formerly they wore imported from Cu-
ba, and sold we believe, for about two dollars each.
Now the raw materials is imported, and the hats
made here, which sell for three or four dollars per
dozen.

A'cic Bonnets. — In the State of New York very
beautiful bonnets have been made of hornets' nest.
The quality that makes this substance particularly
valuable, is that the hornet uses a kind of sizing
which resists the rain, like Roman cement. The nest
is colored to suit the fancy. Dr Mitchell of New
York, suggests the pro'icction and culture of hornets.
All boys wage war against them now.

Bolion Upas. — An article reviving the old story
about this tree, is making the tour of the press. —
The Philadelphia U. S. Gazette informs that a phy-
sician of that city has actually visited the tree, the
gum of which is a strong poison, but not by any
means so destructive as has been represented.

212

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 21, 1831-

©(Dsasa^sra^iisacasrso

T. G. Fessenden, Esq.

Dear Sir — As there has existed more confusion
and inaccuracy in regard to the nomenclature and
identity of the Epargnej Jargonelle, and Jllndsor
or Ciiisse Madame pears than any others, I submit
the following extracts from the ' Pomological Man-
ual ' now publishing, in reference thereto, and
hope they may prove satisfactory to our Pomologists
generally.

The translation of the new edition of Duhamel
has been completed and nearly the whole is now
printed off, so that the work will be very speedily
presented to the public.

Very respectfully,

\VM. PRINCE.

lannffan Botanic Garden, )
January 11, 1831. )

EPARGNE. Pr. CAT. Duh. Roz. Die. d'Agric.
Jard. FRirr. Bon Jard. For. Coxe.

Jargonelle. Pom. Mag. Lend. Hort. cat., and of
most English gardens erroneously.

Espargne, or Saint Sanson. Quin.

Espargne. Reserve pear, or St Sanson. Evel.

Lad\fs thigh,

Grosse Cuisse madame ') of the French

Beau present. Roz. syn. (_ autliors and

Saint Samson. Roz. syn. ( catalogues.

Saint Lambert, J

Poire des tables des Princes,

Real Jargonelle. Fes. New. Amer. Gard.

This pear, which is extensively cultivated in
this vicinity and in various sections of the union,
is most generally known by the titles of Jargonelle,
Cuisse madame, and Lady's thigh, it having been
received from England under the name of Jargon-
elle, and from France under those of Epargno,
Cuisse madame, and Grosse Cuisse madame. As
I can perceive no good reason why we should
adopt the blunders of the Englisli, even if tliey
have received countenance from being copied into
some of their works deemed in other cases to be
authoritv, and as both Miller and Forsyth reject
the error referred to, it is to be regretted that a
publication liaving so many claims to superiority
as the Pomological Magazine should have continu-
ed it ; for although long usage may be sometimes
allowed to form an apology for adopting a title
erroneous in its origin, such course can only be
admitted when it may be done without confusion ;
but in the present case there is a genuine Jargon-
elle, so called by all the French authors since the
middle of the 17th Century, and supposed to be
one of the most ancient varieties in cultivation ;
and tlie only means of preventing confusion is to
correct the error at once.

The following description is from Duhamel, an
author celebrated for his great accuracy, and ac-
cords with my own observations.

'This fruit is of very oblong form, being three
to three and a half inches in height, and twenty-
two to twentyfour lines in diameter at its largest
part, which is at about two thirds its length, meas-
uring from the base ; the eye is placed in a slight
cavity, which is surrounded by several projections ;
the stem is two inches in length, or tliereabouts,
and the fruit has often some prominence or swell-
ings at its insertion ; the skin is greenish and
, somewhat marbled with fawn-color mingled with
red next to the sun ; the flesh is white, and melt-
ing with a slight acidity of flavor, which is rich

and very agreeable ; the seeds are black, and fre-
quently abortive. This pear is one of the most
beautiful and one of the best that is to be met
with at the period of its maturity, which is at the
end of July to the tenth of August. The tree
is vigorous, and may be propagated on both the
pear and quince.'

I also add the following description from the ]
Pomological ^Magazine.

'Tree of a straggling, creeping habit; wood
yellowish green in the shade, reddish when exposed ;
leaves rather large, woolly when young, ovate,
acuminate, finely and doubly serrated ; petioles on
the young shoots about an inch long ; stipules lin-
ear ; flowers early, very large ; fruit large, oblong,
with a long stalk, generally a little bent ; eye
open, with long projecting segments of the calyx ;
skin greenish yellow on the shaded side, with a
tinge of brownish red when exposed ; flesh yel-
lowish white, very juicy and melting, with a pecu-
liarly rich agreeable flavor ; round the core it is
rather gritty, and more so if gratled on tlie quince ;
it is the queen of autumn pears and unequalled in
flavor by any of its season.'

In the orcliards in the vicinity of New York, we
have no pear tree whose growth is more strong
and vigorous than this, and its crops are exceed-
ingly abundant. It is deemed by those who supply
the markets with fruit, to be one of the kinds best
calculated for that purpose, and such appears to be
its character wherever cultivated ; and from its
being one of the oldest pears, it forms a sorrowful
comment on the principle of exhaustion of the
variety by age. In Pessenden's American Gar-
dener, it is stated to be a great and constant bear-
er, and to come in between the smaller fruits of
the garden, such as the strawberry and raspberry,
and the peach. It is also very justly remarked in
that work, that the fruit generally seen in market
is a caricature of that raised by the cultivator for
his own use, it being in the former case gathered
unripe and artificially ripened, by being spread in
great masses.

It is a singular circumstance that Miller does
not refer at all to the Epargne pear, although he
evidently had the same fruit in view when describ-
ing his ' Cuisse madame or Lady's thigh, in Eng-
land, commonly called Jargonelle ;' but he quotes
Tourn. and Duhamel erroneously when applying
their titles to his description. The whole chain
of error and transposition seems to have arisen
from its not being understood by Miller that the
Epargne of the French was tlic Jargonelle of the
English.

JARGONELLE. Quin. Evel. Duh. Roz. Die.

d'Agric. Jard. fruit. Bon jard. For.

Summer Jargonelle. Evel.

Jargonelle, eallcd Cuisse Madame in England.
Mil.

Cuisse madame, of many English and American
collections.

French Jargonelle.

Mucli difficulty has arisen from an erroneous title
being applied, in England, to this fruit, iimlor
which it has been, in many cases, sent to lliis
country. It will be seen by the authors quoted
above, tliat it has been regularly known and de-
scribed by the name adopted since the ndddie of
the 17th century, and iis origin is traced much
farther back by some writers. The remarks on
that heail, at page 108, of the Pomological Mag-
azine, although applied to the preceding variety,

refer without doubt to the present fruit. It ia
there remarked, that the name of the Jargonelle
pear is derived, according to Menage and Duchat
from Jargon, anciently Gergon, in Italian Gergo,
in S[)auish Gericonea all corruptions of Griecum
whence Merlet infers that the Jargonelle was the
Pi/rum Tarentinam of Cato and Columella, the
jVumidianum Griecum of Pliny, and the Graulum
of Macrobius. If this conjecture be well fiuind-
ed, the kind to which the name belongs will be
one of tlie most ancient in cultivation.

TIms fruit has great affinity to the Aurate, but
is rather larger, more oldong, and pyriform ; it is
twentytwo lines in height, afid eighteen in diam-
eter ; the skin is perfectly yellow on the shade
side, and a beautiful red next the sun ; the flesh ia
delicate, white, half-breaking, and of slight musky
flavor; the seeds are small and blackish brown,
and the fruit ripens at the beginning of Septem-
ber. The French writers do not deem it very
worthy of culture, and indeed it is so very infe-
rior to the preceding, and rots so soon at the
core, that its beauty may be considered its princi-
pal recommendation. The growth of the tree is
not as vigorous as the preceding kind; but the
young shoots have the same jiropeusity to curve
and bend over, which renders the young trees
irregidar and ill-formed in their appearance.

WINDSOR. Pr. cat. Mil. For. Lang, pom-
Knoop. pom.

Cuisse Madame. Quin. Evel. Duh. Iloz., and
all French writers and catalogues, and also
of Forsyth and Coxe,

Lady's thigh.. Evel.

This pear is oblong, its height being thirty lines,
and its diameter twentytwo ; the eye is .small,
inserted nearly even with the base of the fruit ;
the stem, which is about fifteen lines in length,
is somewhat furrowed at the extremity which
unites it to the fruit ; the skin is delicate, shining,
yellowish green on the shaded side, and brown-
ish red next the sun ; the flesh is half-melting,
and rather buttery, somewhat coarse, abounding
in sweet juice, which has a partially nuisk flavor;
the fruit ripens at the end of July ; the tree grows
very vigorously wlien grafted on the pear, but
does not do so well on the quince.

This is deemed to be a fruit of only secondary
quality. It soon turns soft, and in a few days
after maturity becomes nioaly. IMany persons
cultivate it for market, but of how much greater
advantage would it he to themselves and the pub-
lic, if they woidd reject inferior fruits and culti-
vate only the choicest for that ptirpose, which,
would command a very enhanced price, and
thereby amply repay lliem.

Foi\syth describes this under two heads, the
Windsor, and Cuisse Madame. The French
writrrs state that the stem of the fruit is not
strongly attached to the tree, and that in conse-
(jueuce the least wind blows it oft', and Co.xe
adoiits these and other remarks, which shows he
had relerence to the same fruit, and indeed he
appears to have generally been guided by Rozier
in his descriptions of pears.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

SILX.

Mr Fessenuen — I observe in the New England
Farmer of the 7th inst. two communications ou
the culture of silk ; one of which is from Mr

Vol. IX.— No. 27,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

213

Akthosv Wright, roiiiiestinginti)riiiation ' wlietli-
^r Cocoons are an article ot'sale witliin any reason-
able distance anil the price per lb.' I woulil inform
him that I think tliey are, as will appear by the
numerous advertisements in the various newspa-
pers in tlie country. As to the price, it will de-
pend on the (piality. For those ofa good quality,
I presume 25 cts per lb. to lie a fiiir price ; but they
may be more, as it will depend on the demand,
which will probably exceed the proiluctiou another
season. There will be, or shoulil be, Agents in
•Boston to purchase them.

I have attended a course of Lectures in this place,
on the S^ilk business, by J. II. Coeb, Esq. of Ded-
ham, and think tliat he possesses extensive informa-
tion on the subject. He appears to have a practi-
cal as well as theoretical knowledge of its growth
and mamifactnre; and I should think thai it would
be beneficial for the inhabitants of Concord audits
vicinitv to employ him to deliver a course of Lec-
tures in that place, as his charges are reasonable,
and he would no doubt impart valuable informa-
tion.

I am informed that in Connecticut, where the
Sewing Silk business is carried on extensively, they
derive a very handsome profit, as will ap])ear by
the value they attach to a ilulberry Orchard. A
Farm that would lirijig Two Thousand Dollars
without one, will as readily connnand Three
Thousand with one ; and Mr D'Homergle states
that converting the best silk into the aforesai<l
article, is as improper as it would be to manufacture
the gold from the mines of North Carolina into
frying |)ans and kettles. — His Essays arc a valua-
ble production and Vvill be the means of facilitating
the growth and manufacture of silk in this country.
He, together with Mr I'eter Dcponceau, propose
that the Raw Silk be reeled in a proper manner
and be made an article of exportation. I have nu
doubt it miirht be made a profitable branch of in-
dustry, l)ut think the course it will naturally take,
will first b:- to sup|)Iy those persons already en-
gaged in its manufacture and those that will fol-
low from the operation of filature establishments.
As soon as silk is prepared in a proper manner for
the manufacture of goods, the artists already in

I the country, that understand the manufacture of
silk stufls, will he called into action, and the manu-

I facture of the various kinds will probably keep

I pace with the production.

[ We already niannfaeture silk fringe, suspenders,

1 ribbons, satin straws, silk lace, silk velvets, and
other articles, and find a diflicultyin obtaining the
proper material. Whenever there shall be an
overstock of the raw material for the aforesaid pur-

I poses, the exportation of the article will necessa-
rily follow, but until that time it will probably be
consumed in the comitry.

With respect to the communication signed W.
I would observe that a few filature establishments
would be the means of producing more Cocoons
'without disgust or fainting' than all the schools
and writings of a century without them. The
manner of producing them in Connecticut is, first
to PLANT AN ORCHARD ; then erect a suitable
building, or convert a |)art of the house for the
rearing the worms ; then boys are employeil to
pick the leaves at a certain price per lb. ; after being
weighed they are handed over to females who
distribute them and take the necessary care. I pre-
sume that a Mulberry Orchard of one acre, proper-
ly managed, would produce anett income annually
to the farmer of Sixty Dollars, by selling his Co-

coons at twentyfive cents a lb. Mr Verno.n in
his appendi.x, pages 169 and 170, to the Treatise
on the Cultivation of the Mulberry Tree and raising
of Silk Worms, estimates the profits at nineli/six
dollars per acre, and then goes farther and says
that should the person have the silk reeled, he
woidd then derive Two Hundred and Sixti/two
Dollars per acre.

Yours, respectfully, Paul Ware.

Warren, R. 1. Jan. 14,1831.

BARK PEELED FROM FRUIT TREES BY
CALVES.

Mr Fessenden — Tlirough the medimn of
your useful paper the success of farmers is often
brought before the public. A failure like the fol-
lowing, I have thought might also b ; of service.
.\ neighbor of mine has a mowing lot of 5 acres —
on a part of it he has an orchard of about 80 ap-
ple trees which were set out in 1824. The trees
were inoculated excepting a few which were graft-
ed, in a nursery three years before. Owing to a
want of skilful management, the trees are not very
thrifty. At the ground the stocks will average about
1 J inches. But for an injury they received, which
I am going to mention, they probably would have
borne fruit in a year or two. This year, after
haying, there was considerable aftermath. — My
friend had no stock with which he could i'ued it,
so let it out to one of his neighbors, who put in a
couple of spring calves. The lot is some distance
off anil was visited but seldom, and not until it
was time to take calves home for winter, was the
mischief they have done discovered. They have
barked the trees, with few exceptions, from near
the ground to the height of 3 or 4 feet. They
ate the bark so far as could be known. This is a
thing unheard of in this region. Did you, or any
of your correspondents, ever hear or know any-
thing like it ? What is it best to do with them .'
One of your Readers.
South Reading, Jan. 14.

Remarks by the Editor. — With regard to the
above subject, some writers have advised to keep
orchards for pastures for calves and swine, though
sheep, it is said, will sometimes gnaw ofi" the bark
of young apple trees ; and it has been advised to
give them a coating of lime or Forsyth's comi)osition
to defend the trees against their depredations. Witli
regard to the best remedy for the injm-ed trees, we
can think of none except heading down or cutting
off the stocks close to the ground, and training the
fairest and most thrifty sprouts from each stump
to form future trees.

snatjy I3rj^2»iisr3) a'Ji'Jisiiasa

BOSTON, FRIDAY, J.-iNUARYSl, 1831.

From the Transactions of the London HorticuUural Society.

ON THE CULTURE OF THE POT.\TO.

Bt Thomas .Andrew Knight, Esq. F. R. S. &.C. President.

Whatever may have been the amount of the
advantages, or injury which the British Empire
has sustained by the very widely extended culture
of the Potato, it is obvious that under present
existing circumstances it nmst continue to be very
extensively cultivated; tor though it is a calamity
to have a numerous population who are compelled
by poverty to live chielly on potatoes, it would
certainly be a much greater calamity to have the
same population without their having them to eat.

Under this view of the subject, I have been led
toendeavor to ascertain by a course of experiments,
the mode of culture by which the largest and
most regular produce of potatoes, and of the best
quality may be obtained from the least extent and
value of ground, and having succeeded best by devi-
ating rather wi^lely from ordinary rules of culture,
I send the following account of the results of my
experiments. These were made upon different
varieties of potatoes; but as the results wci-e in all
cases nearly the same, I think that 1 shall most
readily cause the practice I recommend to be un-
derstood by describing minutely the treatment of
a single variety only which I received from the
Horticultuial Society, under the name of Lank-
man's Potato.

The soil in which I proposed to plant being very
shallow, and lying upon a rock, I collected it
with a plough into high ridges of four feet wide,
to give it an artificial depth. A deep furrow was
made along the centre and highest part of each
ridge, and in the bottom of this whole potatoes,
the lightest of which did not weigh less than four
ounces were deposited, at only six inches distance
from the centre of one to another. Manui-e, in
the ordinary quantity was then inti-oduced, and
mould was added, sufficient to cover the potatoes
more deeply than is generally done.

The stems of tlie potatoes, as of other plants,
rise perpendicularly, under the influence of their
unerring guide, gravitation, so long as they continue
to be concealed beneath the soil ; but as soon as they
rise above it they are to a considerable extent under
the control of another agent, light. Each inclines in
whatever direction it receives the greatest quaniity
of that fluid, and consequently each avoids and ap-
pears to shun the shade of evei'y contiguous plant.
The old tubers being laige, and under the mode of
culture recomniended, rather deeply buried in tlie
ground, the young plants, in the early part of sum-
mer, never suffer fi'om want of moisture; and be-
ing abundantlj' nourisliedj they soon extend them-
selves in everj' dii'ection till they meet those of the
contiguous rows which they do not over-shadow on
account of the width of the intervals.

The steins being abundantly fed, owing to the
size of the old tubei-s, rise from the ground with
great strength and luxuriance, support well their
foliage, and a larger breadth of this is thus, I think,
exposed to the light during the whole season, than
under an}' other mode of culture which I have
seen; and the^ilants acquire a very large size early
in the summer, the tubeis of even very late varieties
airive at a state of perfect muturity early in au-
tumn.

Having found my crops of potatoes to be in the
last three years, during which alone I have accu-
rately adopted the mr.de of culture above described,
much greater than they had ever previously been,
as well as of excellent f|nality, I was lead to ascer-
tain the amount in weight, which an acre of ground
such as I have described, the soil of which was
naturally poor and shallow would produce. A col-
ony of Rabbits had, howevei-, in the last year done
a good deal of damage, and Pheasants had eaten
many of the tubers which the Rabbits had expos-
ed to view; but the remaining produce per acre
exceeded five hundred and thirtynine bushels of
eightytwo pounds each, two pounds being allowed
in eveiy bushel on account of a very small quantity
of earth which adhered to each of them.

The pi-ecedimi experiments were made with a
large and productive variety of potatoes only, but

214

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 21, 1631.

I am much inclined to think that I liave raised, and
shall raise in the presentyear, 182S, nearly as large
a produce per acre of a well known small early
variety, the Ashleaved Kidney Potatoes. Of this va-
riety, I selected in the jjresent spring the largest
tubers which I could cause to he produced in the
past year ; and I have planted them nearly in con-
tact with ^each other in the rows, and with intervals,
on account of the shortness of their stems, of only
two feet between the rows. Tlie plants at present
display an unrivalled degree of strength and vigor
of growth, arising from the very large size (for
that variety) of the planted tubers; and as large
a breadth of foliage is exposed to light by the
small as could be exposed by a large variety ; and
as I have always found the amount of the produce
under any given external circmnstances to be regu-
lated by the extent of foliage, which was exposed to
lignt, I think it possible that I shall obtain as large
or nearly as large a crop from the small variety the
present year as 1 obtained from the large variety
in the last. I have uniformly found that to obtain
crops of potatoes of great weight and excellence,
the period of planting should never be later than
the beginning of March, [in England.]
Postcript.
March 23, 182f>. — Somewhat contrary to my
expectations, the produce of the small early pota-
toes exceeded very considerably that of the large
one above mentioned, being per acre, 665 bushels
of 82 pounds. It is usually calculated by farmers
that eighty pounds of potatoes though eaten raw
after they have hegim to gernjinate, will afford two
pounds of Pork ; and I doubt much if the haulm and
the whole of the manure, made by the hogs were
restored to the groimd, whether it would be in any
degree impoverished. I am not satisfied that it
would not be enriched, an important subject
for consideration in a country of which the produce
is at present unequal to the support ofitsinhab-
tants, and which produce I confidently believe and
fear is growing gradually less while the number of
its inhabitants is rapidly increasing.

I of food, and directly opposite to something eaten, some of the interior states of India — Natural an
which resembled tiie dujig of the cow; the stomach Revealed Religion — Modern Novels
' was found of a red ash color.

Inquiry int;
the rise and growth of the Royal Prerogative i:j

It appears that the writer had deposited a' very England — French edition of Reid's Works Pail

larjje quantity of potato vines in the barn yard | lianientary Reform — National Library — Gerraail

which is hollow in the centre, so that the water
does not pass oftV Potatoes belong to apoisonoiis
class of vegetables, too many of the weeds were
ripe before they were hauled into the yard, and
strong infusions remained in the bottom of the yard ;'
and from various circumstances and appearances,
'detailed in the comunication, the writer is of opin-
I ion that the cow having eaten drier food than usual,
and drank of this contaminated water, ' was poi-
soned by the infusions of weeds of various descrip-
tions, such as grow among highly manured crops,
and of the vines and apples of the ])Otatoes.
The writer adds 'I have kept cows and sheep in a
close barn yard for months in the wiiiter without
water, and when they were fit ehj fed with ruia hnga
and potatoes, they would not drink. But at the
commencement of the season greater care is neces-
sary.'

TO FARMERS.

Joii.N Hare Powel, Esq. the distinguished agri-
culturist, late of Philadeliihia, who is now in
England, has written to a member of the Senate
of Pennsylvania, that he lias ' high authority for
saying that the supply of grain is short on the Con-
tinent of Euro])e, and that agents have been sent
from France to the U. States to buy up breadstuffs.'

Literature — The New Parhament. — Price $5,0(|
per annum.

POISON FROM WEEDS AND POTATO TOPS.

We have received a comimmication from Mr J.
H. Gibson of Pljiladelphia County, from wliich
the following facts are obtained. On the 1.5th of
Dec. last it rained very plentifully. The next mor-
ning a favorite cow was lying down and could
not get up to bo milked. She appeared in some
pain, groaned, and her head was doubled back on
her side much in the manner of a kitten asleep.
On being moved, her muscles vvere fomid very flex-
ible, but she had not the power of moving from
any position in which the strength of several men
placed her. She was drenched with oil and whis-
key. There was no distention. The eye looked
bright except when occasionally rolled about in the
paroxysms of pain. The cow had always been
healthy and was so the night before. She died, and
in the gasp of death discharged a large quantity of
dark colored fluid from her mouth and nostrils in
a broad stream. On dissection, the first stomach
had in it some dark colored water mingled with the
food. The second stomach was filled with the
different articles eaten iu a very dry state. The
gall bladder was much distended, and full of a
dark fluid which had discolored in a short time the
adjacent viscera.

Soon after, a pig belonging to the writer was af-
fected by similar sym|)toms and soon died. Ten
minutes after its death the stomach was found ful

IMPROVED BREED OF CATTLE.

A Steer fom- years old, slauglitered last week at
Worcester, belonging to his Excellency Gov. Lin-
coln, presented good evidence of the value of the
Improved Durham Short Horns for the shambles.
His weight was as follows.

Weight of Quarters, 270

279

278

290

Hides 113— Tallow 101, 214

The Committee of the Massachusetts AgricuUurd
Society, on Grain and Vegetable Crops, and fo'
the best cultivated Farms, have awarded,

To Tristram Little and IlE.vRr Little o
Newbury, for a crop of spring wheat, beinj; '
3 IJ bushels on an acre, ,«i-2( (

To Benjamin B. Howard, of West Bridgewater'
for his crop of barley, 48 bushels to the acre, 2(

To Richard Adams, Jr, of Newbury, for his croj i
of winter rye — 38|. bushels on an acre, 2( (

To Payson Williams, of Fitchburg, for his croj
of potatoes — 570 bushels on an acre, 2C

To Gideon Foster, of Charlestown, for his croj
of Mangel Wurtzcl — 1542 bushels, or 86,35^
pounds on an acre, 2C

To Henry Colsian, of Salem, for his crop o:
ruta baga — 741 bushels on an acre,* 2(

To Joseph Perkins, of Newbury, for his crop o^
onions — 657 bushels on an acre 20

To William Bucksiinster,. of Framingham, foi
his experiment of turning in green crops as 8
manure, 2C

To Erastus Ware, of Salem, for the skilful and
successful manner in which he has cultivated hi
farm, 73

* E-;tiinating Mr Col:maiv's crop of Ruta B.Tga at 56
lbs, per bushel, the standai'dof the Society and by which
Mr Foster's crop of Mangel Wartze! is estiniateil, his
crop is equal to 903 busliels or 50,568 lbs. — the amouni
required by the Society to entitle to a premium is 600
bushels.

DESTROYING CATERPILLARS

Mr Richard Williams, Gardener to Thomas
Andrew Knight, Es(|. F. R. S. &c, «Sic, Pres. in
letter to the Secretary of the London Ilorticul-I
tural Society, stated that he succeeded in destroy,
ing caterpillars on gooseberry bushes by sprinkling;
them with quick lime. He says ' having some quickj

Total, 1331lbs.

We learn that this animal had only been fed | lime fresh from the kiln for other purposes, I sprink-

with grain since the middle of November, and
that, at the moderate rate of a peck of corn and
cob meal per day. The last month, there lies
been added from a peck to a half bushel of pota-
toes. He ran in the pastures till November, with-
out any fond but grass, having neither pumpkins,
stalks, nor any of the usual fall fodder. During

led some of it upon the caterpillars and I saw that
as soon as it touched them they dropped from the
bushes. I then proceeded immediately to sprinn
kle every bush in the garden, taking up the lime
in my hands, at first, and afterwards in a small
wooden spoon, standing on the side from which
the wind blew, and dashing it among the leavesi

the winters of his second and third years he was I of each bush. As soon as the caterpillars had-

kept in a yard with several other hardy animals

principally on coarse hay, husks and straw. It is

supfiosed that his keeping has not cost more than

is usual with farmers in raising stock to the same

age, excepting that he was not worked.

Landscape and Ornamental Gardening, Horticul-
ture, the Culture of Mulberry Trees and Silk, the
ornamenting of Public Roads by Shade Trees, and
the Culture of Grape Vines are deservedly be-
coming poptdar subjects for lectures before Ly-
ceums in the interior of New England.

Edinburgh Review. — Messrs Lilly and Wait,
Court Street, Boston, have just republislied the'
103d No. of the Edinburgh Review, which is well
filled with articles on the following subjects. Re-
flections on the late Revolution in France — Geol-
ogy— Travels in Africa — xAnnals and Antiquities of

fallen off, I placed with my hands round the!
bottom of the stem of every hush about a half a
pint of lime to ])revent the caterpillars climbing
up and I saw no more of them. But in about a
month afterwards a second hatch appeared on!
some of the bushes, when I again used the quick',
lime with the same eflect. What becomes of the'
caterpillars 1 do not know ; I saw a good many
alive on the ground under some of the bushes the
day after they dropped off: but I suppose they all
perished, for not a single one lia.s been seen in the
garden this year, though in every (ireceding year
they gave me a great deal of trouble.'

Cure for Ladies' Rheumatism. — Take a good warm
double Scotch shawl, and apply it immediately,)
round the shoulders and chest ; and add also,
sccundem arteni, a stout Welch flannel petticoat
and remain at home at least long enough to puti
;,them on. C-

Vol. IX.— No. 27.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

215

Great Ox. — There is now exhibited in the village
)f Brooklyn, N. Y. an Ox whose weight is estimated
It 4000 pounds. He was raised by Judge Strong, of
Setauket, and fatted by Lemuel B. Rogers, Esq. of |
Huntington, Long Island. '

The Legislature »f Mississippi has repealed a re-
iolutiou passed in 18"i8, remonstrating against the es-
iablishment of a branch of the U. S. Branch, in that
state, and passed a resolution inviting the establish-
aent of such a branch !

' The throne and the altar have been shaken in
t'rance, but the toilet never,' says Lady Morgan.
When the Duchess de Berri sent to Viclorine, the
famous Parisian dress-maker, to desire she would
lonie and take orders at the Pavilion, Victorine re-
i)lied,she should be happy to have the honor of dress-
n<r her Royal Highness, who would find Iter at home
'>n such a day, and at such an hour. .\nd the Duch-
ess was obliged to comply— for there are princesses
everywhere ; but only one Victorine on earth.'

Coming to (he point. — A yoiini; lady while walk-
ng with a gentleman, stumble 1 ; and when her
onipanion, to prevent her fall, grasped her hand
loniewhat tightly, ' Oh, sir!' she simpered, ' if it
omes to that, you must ask my pa. '

The Newburyport Herald states, that in a large
amily named Poor, in West Newbury, there have
)een only six deaths within the last 40 years, and
hat four of these were of persons over 90 years
if age, and the other two, of persons over 80.

Farm, to Let.

To be leased, for the lei i« of five years, or less, a small
'arm in Andover, and withia four miles of Lowell. A
•ood place for the raising of vegetables for the Lowell
.larket. Inquire of HOBART CLARK.

Andover, Jan. 15, 1831. 6t Jan. 21.

Silk Cocoons wanted.
Cash and a fair price will be given at the New Englanil
leed Store. No.. 5-2 North Market Street, for about 20 lbs
f prime Silk Cocoons, to be delivered soon.

JVew JCork on Farriery.
Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
nth the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
ilarket Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or, Farriery taught on a new
nd easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
iccidents to which the Horse is liable; the causes and
yniptoms of each, and the most improved remedies em-
loyed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
ihocing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
nowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
)isease5. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
lal functions in health, and showing the principles on
v"hich these are to be restored when disordered. By John
linds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
nd irapiovenients, particularly adapted to this country,
Thomas M. Snnth, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
the London Veterinary Medical Society.

Ammunition ^Jj^

Ot the iest quality and /owesf prices, for sporting —
onslantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
3 Broad Sirect.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
e returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7.

Bolivar Calves and Saxony Bucks.

For sale, 4 Bull Calve3,siredby the celebrated imported
Dproved Durhain short horned bull Bolivar, which
lock have produced 36 quarts of milk a day. No. l,dam
irey Brosvn, half Coclebs and half Galloway. No. 2, dam
uno, three fourths Fdl Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres, her sire
-oslebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No. 4, dam
■eauty, half Ccelebs and half Galloway. The Calves
re beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs,
nquire of Benjamin Shurtleff, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Han-
ver Street, Boston.

July 9.

AGRICULTURAL AGENCY, BOSTON.
Slock for Sale.

No. 1. — Bull — Coi. LiNs, got by Bolivar — dam Young
Flora, by Coelebs — gr. d.mi, tiie imported cow Flora,
one year old last August — color red and white — price
$150.

2. — Bull — Franklin, got by Bolivar — dam, a little
in. ported English cow — six months old this month — color
red and white— .*100.

3, — Bull — Dorset, 7-8 blooded, from imported Stock
— seven months old this month — color red and white —
$50.

4. — Bull — Tanner, got by Bolivar — dam Red Rose,
by Coelebs — g. dam a nalive <ow — two years old next
.\pril — color mostly red — If 100.

5, — Heiler — Isabell.v, got by Coelebs — dam. Coun-
tess, by Co.dcbs — g. Flora— 20 months old — in calf by
Cyclops— color mostly red— $100.

6. — Heifer — F.\ncy, got by Bolivar — dam. Flora —
one year old last December — color red and white — $100.

7. — Cow — 1 years old last August, dark red, got by
Denton,* dam by Denton, grand dam a fine native cow-
she is large, a good milker, with a fine frame — $75.

8. — Heifer — 2 years old last April, while and red
mottled, by Wye Comet, in calf by Wye Comet,t dam
Fanny, by Hol(lerness,t g. d. Belle by Denton, g. g. d.
a first rate native cow, 7-8 imported stock, very hand-
some, and fine form — $100.

9. — Heifer — 2 years old lajt .\pril, white and red mot-
tled, by Wye Comet, with calf by Wye Comet, dam
Flora by Holderness, g. d. Belle by Denton, 7-8 blood —
$100.

10.— Heifer— 2 years old last September, sired by Wye
Comet, yellowish red with a star on the head, with calf
by Wye Comet, dam by Holderness, g. d. Polly by Den-
ton, 7-8 blood, of Tair form, not laige — $50.

11. — Heifer Calf— 7 months old, red and white, by
Wye Comet, dam Fanny by Holderness, g. d. Belle by
Denton, 7-8 blood, fine form, small size — $30.

12 — Bull Calf— 7 months old, by Wye Comet, dam
No. 7, by Denton, g. d. by Denton, 7-8 blood, good size,
but in rather poor flesh — $40.

13. — Bull — 2 years old last October, white, by Wye
Comet, dam Belle by Denton; 3-4 blood, wholly white,
large, but in poor flesh — $30.

14. — Bull — 18 months old, dark red roan, by Wye
Comet, dam by Holderness, g. d. Polly by Denton; 7-8
blood, ot good form except horns, which are large, in
lliin flesh— $50.

15. — Heifer — 18 months old, red, by Wye Comet, dam
Fanny by Holderness, g. d. Polly by Denton ; 7-S blood,
believed to be with calf by Brougham, a full bred bull
—$50.

16. — Heifer — 14 months old, red with one white spot,
and white belly, by Wye Comet, dam Belle by Denton ;
3-4 blood, rather poor, but with some fine points — $25.

17. — Heifer — 2 years old this month, brownish red
and white, by Wye Comet, dam a nalive cow, 1-2 blood
-$25.

18. — A large white Cow, (Ceres) which has taken a
premium at Brighton. Her dam, tne Hon. Mr Gkay's
imported cow, for which he gave $200 ; her sire Coelebs.
She is very large, and has been kept on ' only orchard
grass, clover grass, and slops of Indian meal,' will give
20 quarts of ndlk a day, and is with calf by a son of Bol-
ivar—$100.

Also — Grand Master, an imported Maltese Jack,
full 13 1-2 hands high, 12 years old, a vigorous and sure
mule getter — price $700. ($1000 was refused tor him in
1827.)

GR.iND Sultan, a young Jack, 2 years old last Au-
gust, full 12 1-2 hands high, by Grand Master out of a
fine Jennet imported from Majorca by Commodore Jones
— he is vigorous, brought up with a Filly, and went to
her the last season — .$500.

Bonaparte, a Jack, 3 years old, 11 1-2 hands high,
vigorous, and went to one mare the past season, the only
one offered him — $1.50.

Pluto, a Jack, 7 years old, 12 1-2 hands high, bred
by Hon. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Md. — $2.50.

Desdemon.a, a large and fine Jennet, 6 years old, 13
hands high, in foal by Grand Blaster, to toal in April —
$200.

A large and fine young Jennet, 2 years old last Au-
gust, out of Desdemona, by Grand Master, and believed
to be with foal by him — .$200.

9 full blood Saxon Rams, and 11 full blood Saxon Ram
Lambs, from the best stock imported into this country —
one of the Rams cost ,$170 in 1825, and several of the
others cost .$50 ; will be sold at from $12 50 to $15 each.

Also, several half blooded Calves, got by Bolivar, from
our best native cows.

Also — Three Bull Calves, that will be large enough
to go to cows in May next — two of them arc 1-2 Bolivar,
1-4 Coelebs, and 1-4 of the breed that Col. Powel's
famous bull, Malcolm, descended from, (and for milk are
considered very superior) viz. Galloway. The other
bull is Bolivar and Fill Pail— $40 each, delivered in Bos-
ton.

We have also for sale several first rate Dairy Cows,
from several gentlemen in this vicinity, from .$10 to .$75
each ; among which arc a few full blooded Milch Cows
and Heifers, from the stock of Gov. Lincoln, which are
reputed the first dairy stock in New England. Particu-
lars of their pedigree, prices, &c. can be obtained on ap-
plication to J. B. Russell, New England FarnuM- Of-
fice, Boston. If application is made by mail, letters
must come post paid to insure attention.

Pigs of the Byfield and Bedford breeds, and of Capt.
Mackay's fine prize pigs, will be ready lor sale the en-
suing spring.

*v\'y(' Comet, a tliornugli brPd improved Durham Sfiort lloi
Rail, lieg<itteii in Eiieliiml by Itl^ize, dniii White Ruse, bred I
t-'li!irles Charnpiun, Esq. iriipntled by John S. Sltinner, Esq. Ball
ninre.

irn

by

Bultl-

bred by Mr Wiiherell, and iitiuorted by .-^

ephen WUIiams

, Esq.

of Northbnroiiph.

^Imported by Uorham Parsonm, Esq. of Ctighton. Jan. 21.

PRICES OF COUNTRY

PRODUCE.

FROK

To

APPLES, new,

barrel.

1 50

1 75

ASHES, pel . first sort,

Pearl, lirst sort,

ton.

110 00 118 00

*(

130 00132 00

BEANS, while,

lushol.

90

1 CO

BEEF, mess.

jarrel.

8 50

S 75

Cargo, No. 1,

it

7 25

7 50

Cargo, No. 2,

It

6 25

G 50

BUTTEK, inspected, No. 1, new, -

pound.

11

15

CHEESE, new milk.

It

6

8

Skimmed milk,

it

3

4

FL.\XSEEU,

1 12

1 50

FLOUK, Baltimore, Howard-street, -

barrel.

6 00

6 12

Genesee,

tt

fi 25

G SO

Alexandria,

11

G 12

6 25

Baltmiore, uliarf.

ti

5 87

6 00

GRAIN, Corn, Northern.

bushel.

72

75

Coru, Southern Yellow,

67

70

Rvc,

it

75

78

Barley,

it

62

69

Gals,

tt

40

42

HAY,

cwt.

fiO

70

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,

9 00

10 00

HUPS, Islqualuv,

14 00

15 00

LIME,

71'

75

PLAISTER PARIS retails at

Ion.

'i75

3 00

fORK, clear,

barrel.

17 00

20 00

Navy mess.

13 no

14 00

Cnriro. No. I,

it

12 M

13 50

SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

bushel.

1 75

2 00

Red Top (noriliem)

fi2

75

Lucerne,

pound.

3,3

38

Red Clover, (northern)

10

11

WOOL, IMeruio, lull blood, washed, -

((

GO

C2

Merino, mi.\ed with Saxony,

it

Gft

75

Merino, three fourtiis wasliod,

a

52

68

Merino, half blood.

tl

45

50

Merino, quarter,

11

38

42

Native, washed.

it

38

42

Pulled, La.nb's, first sort,

tt

50

53

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort,

tl

42

44

Pulled, " spinning, first sort

.KET

43

•

«)

PROVISION MAB

BEEF, best pieces.

pound.

7

S

PORK, fresh, best pieces,

•'

C

7

whole hogs.

'■'

hli

7

VEAL,

a

6

8

MUTTON.

it

4

8

POULTRY, . ,

a

8

10

BUTTEPv.kegandtub,

It

12

15

Lump, best.

"

13

20

EGGS,

dozen

14

16

MEAL, Rye, retad

bushel

81

Indian, retail,

'i

34

POTATOES,

"

25

30

CIDER, (according to quality]

arrel.

1 00

2 00

Brighton Market — Monday, Jan. 17.

[Reported for tlie Chronicle and Patliot.]
At Market this day, 435 Cattle, 915 Sheep, and 440

Swine.

We shall omit giving prices, the market not being near

closed at the usual time of making up our report; some

of the cattle have not yet arrived, being slopped by the

enow drifts.

21(3

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Jan. 21, 1831.

MISCEL-lrAN Y.

THE ANT AND THE CRICKET:

OR, THE BANKRUPT AND THE BANKER.

A silly young Cricket, accustomed to sing

Through the warm sunny months of gay summer and

spring.
Began to complain, when he found that at home,
Hi* cupboard was empty and winter was come.

Not a crumb to be found

On the snow covered ground,

Not a flower could he see,

Not a leaf on a tree;
' Oh ! what will become,' says the Cricket, ' of me ?'

At last, by starvation and famine made bold.

All dripping with wet, and all trembling with cold.

Away he set otT to a miserly Ant,

To see if to keep him alive, lie would grant

Him shelter from rain ;

A mouthlul of grain

He wished only to borrow,

He'd repay it tomorrow ;
If not, he must die of starvation and sorrow.

Says the Ant to the Cricket, ' I'm your servant and friend.
But we Ants never borrow, we Ants never lend ;
But tell me, dear Cricket, did you lay nothing by
When the weather was warm?' Quoth the Cricket, 'Not I ;

My heart was so light.

That I sang day and night,

For all nature looked gay,'

' You sang, sir, you say ?
Go then,' says the Ant, ' and dance winter away.'

Thus ending, he hastily lifted the wicket,

And out of the door turned the poor little Cricket.

Folks call this a fable : Til warrant it true ;

Some crickets have tour legs and some have but two.

NEW ENGLAND.

BY JOHN GREENLE.iF WHITTIER.

Land of the forest and the rock —

Of dark blue lake and mighty river —
Of mountains reared aloft to mock
The storm's career — the lightning's shock —

My own green land forever !
Land of the beautiful and brave —
The freeman's home — the martyr's grave —
The nursery of giant men,
Whose deeds have linked with every glen,
And every hill, and every stream.
The romance of some warrior dream!
Oh, never may a son of thine.
Where'er his wandering steps incline.
Forget the sky which bent above
His childhood like a dream of love.

/

From the Wilkesbarre Gleaner.

Pray lake my advice, if a fortune you'd get,
Pay off what you owe and ihen ktrep outof debt.

\

This may be bad poetry, but depend upon it, is
excellent sense. It is an old saying that ' the debt-
or is a slave to the creditor.' If so half the world
enter into voluntary servitude. The universal
rage to buy on credit, is a serious evil to this coun-
try. Many a valuable man is ruined by it.

There was Tilus Thornbury, who was an in-
dustrious man. He bad as good a farm as lay ill
tiie north parish of Ai)i)lebury. But unfortunately
he gave way to the prevailing fashion of getting in
debt, and a sad hfe lie led of it. — At 30, he owed

200/. His farm yielded about that sum. He
woidd not live without purchasing some things,
and as all the money he could raise went to pay
principal and interest on his debt, he had every-
thing to buy on credit. So at the year's end, with
interest and cost, and loss of time, and extra prices
charged for things, because he did not make ready
pay, he was just as dee[)ly involved as the year be-
fore. Thus harassed, dunned and tormented, was
poor Thornbiny, for 20 years.

Not so was it vvitli his cousin, Ned Forest. He
vowed he'd owe no man. The produce of his farm
was about the same as that of Thonibury's ; but
as he was not forced by dims, or executions to sell
it out of season, he got the highest price : as he
paid for things when he bought them, he got his
necessaries 2 per cent cheaper: As he paid neith-
er interest nor cost, and lost no time in ruiming to
borrow money or to see his creditors, he laid up
90/. ayear, lived rpiite as well as his cousin, and
infinitely happier.

When poor Thornbury saw a man riding up the
road, his anxious look told him as plain as look
could tell ' plague on that fellow, he is come to
dun me.' When a sudden rap at the door an-
nounced a visitor, no matter how lately he had
been, he turned pale, and looked sorrowfully anx-
ious, until the visitor was known.

Many a man goes into the store for a single ar-
ticle. Looking round, twenty things strike his
fancy ; he lias no money, but buys on credit.
Foolish man ! Pay day nmst rome and ten chances
to one, like death, it finds you unprepared to meet
it. Tell me, ye who have experienced it, did the
pleasiu'e of possessing the articles, bear any pro-
portion to the pain of being called on to pay for
them, when you had it not in your power ?

Good people, bark ye : A few rules well kept, will
contribute much to your happiness and independ-
ence. Never buy what you do not really want.
Never purchase on credit what you can possibly do
without. Take pride in being able to say, I owe
NO MAN. Wives are sometimes thoughtless, daugh-
ters now and then extravagant. Many a time,
when neitlier the wife nor the daughter would
willingly give a single pang to a fond father's bosom,
they urge and teaze him to get articles, pleasant
enough to be sure, to possess, but difficult for him to
buy; he purchases on credit, is dunned — sued;
and many an hour made wretched by their folly
and imprudence. Old Robert presents his compli-
ments to the ladies, and begs they would have the
goodness to read the last ten lines once a month
till they get them by heart, and then act as their
own excellent flisposition shall direct.

Above all things good |)eople, never go in debt
to a tavern. To grog — to toddy — to sling — to bit-
ters ! Oh horrid ! what a bill ! Never owe your
shoemaker, yoin' tailor, your printer, your black-
smith or laborer. Besides the bad policy of keep-
ing in debt, it is downright injustice to those whose
labor you have received all the benefit of.

How happy 's the farmer who owes not a pound
But lays up hU fifty each year that comes round,
He fenrs itoilher constable, shcriffnor dun;
To hank or to justice has never to run,
His cellar well till'd, and bis pantry well stored,
He lives far more blest than a prince or a lord.
Then take my advice, if a fortune you'd get ;
^ Pay off that you owe — and then keep out of debt!

Very ."Vofc/c— The House of Waldo & Ripley, in
New York, failed some years ago, paid 50 per cent,
and were discharged. Lately, they have sent every
creditor the balance, with 7 per cent interest.

Slock Ji'antcd,

A pair of young cattle of the Improved Short Horned
breed— they must be of pure blood, the Bull not less than
two years old next spiiiig, with a dark color, (not alto-
gether black) — the Heifer might be of any age under two
years. The above cattle are to be sent to Washington, Pa.

ALSO, a young first rate Improved Durham Short
Horned Cow, with calf by some of the best bulls near
BostoTi, to go to Poi'tsmouth, N. H.

ALSO, a prime Cow, not over six years old, of some
of the best breeds for milk, that will come in, in the course
of the ensuing spring — for a larm in the vicinity of
Boston.

ALSO, a prime cow of one of the best breeds for milk,
near Boston, about 4 years old, and with calf by some of
the bulls of the best stock for milk, to go to Providence.
Address J. B. Russell, Agricultural Warehouse, Boston,
(post paid) with a particular desciiption of the animals,
pedigree, age, weight, &c.

For sale, a fine MERINO RAM, imported last spring
fiom St Andero. He may be seen in this city. Apply
to J. B. Russell, office of the New England Farmer.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by Admiral Sir Isaac
CoFKiN, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
ot Agriculture. The pedigiee of these animals can be
given as far back as Hubback, who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock-
Also, several Heifers bred frohi the same, of various
grades, h-om half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersey Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 1830.

Mason's Pocket Farrier,
Comprising a general description of that noble and use-
lul animal the Horse ; fifth edition, with additions. To
which is added a Prize Essay on Mules. By S. W. Pome-
loy, Esq. of Brighton, Mass, And an appendix, contaiiw
ing observations and recipes for the cure ot most of the
common distempers incident to Horses, Oxen, Cows,
Calves, Sheep, Lambs. Swine, Dogs, &.c, selected from
different authors. And an Addenda, containing the annals
of the Turf, American Stud Book, mode of training, rules
of Racin.T, &.c.

Just published and for sale by R. P. & C. Williams, 18
and 20 Cornhill.

Also, on liberal terms, a large assortment of Agricultu-
ral, Historical, Theological, Law, and other Books.
Persons selecting Libraries, will find it for their advan-
tage to call. 6t Dec. 31.

Treatise on Bees.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected i
with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

A further supply of a Practical Treatise on the Manage-
ment of Bees; and the Establishment of Apiaries, withl
the best method of destroying and preventing the depre-
dations of the Bee Moth. By James Thacher, M. D. '
Price 75 cents,

tf'ants a Situation.
A Gardener who can produce unquestionable reconi"
mendations for honesty, sobriety, and good moral charao
ter, and who is peifectly acquainted with every branch
of gardening, and cultivation of Grapes, wishes a perma-i
nent situation in that capacity. He is a single man. In-
quire of J. B- Russell, New England Farmer office. /

Published every Friday, at ^o per aiuiuni, payable at the
end of the year-- but those who pay within si.\ty days from th©
time ofsubscribing, are entitled to a detluction offifty cents.

[J3^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by L R. Bi'Tt.s — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wislies of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

Nt'w Yor/; — G.Thurburn it Sons, R7 Liberty-street
PhUMlelphia— D. it C Lanoketh. OS Cheslnul-slrect.
Baltimore — G. H. Smith, E(-lilor ot the American Farmer,
AHianu — Win. Jesse I5ukl.
.JfTliisliing, N. V. VVm. Prince & SoNS,Prop. Lia. Bol.Gardcr-
Hartford — GoonwiN &. Sons.
Newbitryporl, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. 11. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Augusta, .VcWm. Mann.

H,diJ'ux,N. S.—V. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller. '

JTEW E]yGL,AiyD FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 62 NORTiTmIrkET STR^EI^aT^e Aohic";;. ^v ^^ ?

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^-'^JAi-ruE^GHicuLTUR.tL WAREHOUSE. )-T. G. FESSENDEiN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX

BOSTON, FRIDAY, J A Jf U A R Y 28, 18 3 1.

ii <3- 12 a vS UT ;!i a Iff :ij 25 o

ADDRESS

DELIVERED BFTORK THE MIDDLESEX SOCIETY OF

flSBANDME.N AND MANUFACTURERS,

AT THEIR AUKt'lL riSTI »i L, OCT. 7, lg30.

BV ELI.^S PIH.N'NEY.
Published at llie request of the Society.

The sliort time allowed to the speaker, by the
ulcs of your Society, must necessarily confine him
0 a very limited view of those topics which would
oem naturally to suggest themselves for considor-
tion at this time.

Action, rather than speculation, and to exhibit
ractical results, rather than theoretical schemes,
re the appropriate business of Farmers, on an oc-
ision like this.

The importance of the subject, on which I have 1
id the honor of being invited to address you, is I
■0 deeply felt, and too generally ackiiowled"o-ed, to '
iquire either arguments to enforce, or eloque°nce to I
nblazon Us claims. It need only be said, that I
le first sod that was turned, was one of the first j
icided steps from a savage to a civilized life, and
at m proportion to his advancement in agricul-
re and the arts of husbandry, man has, in all
■es, receded from barbarism. Compare, for a
Jment, the miserably condition of the houseless
iming savage of the forest, clad in the skins of
asts, furious and ungoverned as himself, depend-
? for his subsistence upon the uncertain fruits of
? chase, or the spontaneous productions of the j
l|b, with the suh.>"ntial, ncnnanent com«r«<6l'i
Jmcustrious, intelligent and virtuous farmer ■— '
i will not the contrast reconcile the cultivator of
■ soil, to a cheerful obedience of the divine com-
nd, to ' eat his bread in the sweat of his brow ?'
[ shall not trespass on your time, by a labored
■ount of the progress of agrictdture, from the
Uest ages to the present day. It is of little use
)e told that the Emperor of China claims his
al privilege of annually holding the Plough, from
;uBtom of his predecessors, which he allen-es to
e e.xisted ' long before the creation of the
)n; or that the Egyptians, more than four
isand years ago, paid divine honors to Isis and
■IS, to one of whom they supposed themselves

bted for wheat and to the other for the inven-

ot the Plough ; that almost three thousand
:s ago, the father of poetry sung of fruitful

a and golden harvests ; or that Virgil, years

re the Christian era, extolled the pleasures of

rl life, and the happiness of the man, who, far

'1 the noise of cities and the perplexities of

mercial life, cultivated his fields with his own

quil bosom of rural retirement, and taste the plea-
Me^' ^^ "'^'l a^ partake in the labors, of rustic

AlUiough, as Americans, we may be excused for
congratulating ourselves upon our agricultural
skill, and upon the rapid progress we have made
in the arts, and in all that contributes to social and
domestic enjoyment, yet we should not forget, that
wc have much to learn. If the condition of the
husbandman, in countries unaided by the lin-ht of
science, and those moral influences, which, Tn our
own, conspire to stimulate individual and social en-
terprise, has not advanced a single step, for centu-
nos, in the arts of civilized life, we should not
boast of our. attainments, while we have so many
prevailing error^ to correct, so many inveterate
prejudices to subdue.

I What if the Devonshire farmer still adheres to
I the practice of transporting all the manure and pro-
Iduceof his farm, upon the back of his mule, and
I has never known the use of a pair of wheels-
I may he not charge many of our Middlesex farmers
I with an Ignorance of the uses of one of the most
important of all implements to good husbandry,
I the roller ; and in the use of ploughs, whose model
would seem, m many instances, to have been taken
from Egyptian Hieroglyphics, where it is repre-
sented with but little change from its rude and
simple original, in the form of a sharpened stake =
What if the Spaniard still yokes his oxen by
the horns, and others oblige their horses to dra^
.the plough by the tail, does not the narrow and

NO. 28.

.••^peloss yoke used by some o*"

IS enough that we find the opulent, the pow-
» and the learned of modern, as well as ancient
«, devoting their wealth, their influence and
' talents, to the advancement of the interests

uli^'iH r\ ^^^°' '^'"' '' ^° regardless of

• tiiit>, the honor, or the pleasure, of cultiva-
ne soil as not to aspire to the honorable ap-

^^ t'on of Farmer ? Who does not wish to with-
irom the anxious cares and uncertain plea-
of merchandize, and the perplexing duties of

''= or professional life to repose on the tran-

. ■ .. - "-, indi. at? thit

lit le improvement has been made upon the straio-ht
polo and withes of former times, and that as lit'tle
regard is had to the comfort of the ox, as to the
interest of the owner.'

What if the Russian peasant rejects the use of
manure, and tells you that his fruit is poisoned if
nourished by the filthy contents of his stable and
hogsty ; do not many of our barren fields and stint-
ed crops show, that neglect in furnishing food for
plants, has been no less detrimental to the interest
1 of the farmer, in the latter case, than an ignorance
ot Its properties in the former.'
I What if tlie Irish peasant and the French Cot-
tager, who literally dwell in houses of clay, are
exposed to sufl^ering and disease under the thatch-
ed roof of their floorless cabins ; are not many of
our farm houses, from their enormous dimensions
and unfinished condition, as poorly calculated to
give shelter and comfort to the owner ' In travel
li"? through New England we too frequently meet
with a large unfinished and unfurnished house, as
disproportioned in size to the wants, as it is illv
adapted to the comforts of the farmer. How of-
ten do we see the occupant suffering in his dreary
wilderness of decaying boards and shingles, bro-
ken windows, and shattered wainscotinn-, until
driven by stress of weather, he makes a retreat to
some half underground corner, or contiguous out-
bmlding, whose contracted dimensions are better
suited to his wants and his comforts, while his half
finished mansion becomes a deserted castle, seldom
visited, except to bar the prescriptive rights of
birds and reptiles.' Consider for a moment, the
immense amount of worse than useless expendi-
ture, that might have been saved, and the "reat '

I measure of comfort, that would have been chained
by the farmer, if our agricultural ancestors had
I adopted the English cottage style of buildino- their
farm houses. °

Why censure the southern planter for his hay
stacks, his corn ricks, and his exposed and house-
ess cattle,^ while so many of our own barns are
built with so little regard to the cleanliness and
comfort of the owner's stock, or the preservation
of his crops ? A mistaken notion is too prevalent
that hay cannot be kept sweet, nor cattle healthy'
without a constant exposure to a free circulation
of air. From the loose and di.=!JointPd construction
of some of our barns, the stabling of cattle would
seem to be, rather for the purposes of ventilation,
than shelter. Depend upon it, that warm and
comfortable lodging is as essential to the thrift of
your cows and oxen, as it is to the health and com-
fort of the inmates of your family.

These defects in rural economy are not confined
to our own county or state. They exist in a
greater or less degree in all parts of New England.
While there are numerous instances which o-ive
striking evidence of the skill, intelligence and in-
dustry of the Middlesex farmer, the exceptions
should admonish us that we have not so far out-
stripped our neighbors in the march of improve-
ment, that we may rest contented with present at-
tainments, and consider no further exertion on our
part necessary.

After noticing the defects in our buildin-s let
us occasionally lo.jk abroad upon our farms"— not
merely lo cul. the flowers of spring, to revel on
the summer beauty of the fields, or to banquet on
the delicious stores of autumn : not to muse away
sunny hours with Daphne, or to sport with Amaryl-
lis in the shade ; but for the more substantial and
important purpose of examining their various soils,
ascertaining their defects, and the mode of cul-
ture best adapted to their improvement.

The diversified aspect of our country necessari.
ly furnishes a variety of soils. We have, however,
none of such extraordinary fertility, as to allow of
being cropped for a succession of years, unassisted
by manure, without a sensible diminution of pro-
duct. The deep intervales and extensive alluvial
tracts, which abound in some parts of our country,
where almost the whole labor of husbandry con-
sists in sowing and reaping, and no farther skill of
the farmer is required than to know seedtime and
harvest, are not to be found in Middlesex. The
broken and rugged surface of our farms, made up
of hills and valleys of the roughest materials, re-
quires great labor as well as skill to subdue its stub-
born qualities, to preserve its natural strength, or
to restore its wasted energies. This, while it in-
creases the labor of the husbandman, at the same
time, gives him health of body and vigor for ac-
tion, while he is happily exempted from the many
evils which attend the cultivator of a more fertile
region. This very rough and comparatively bar,
ren quality of our soil, though it may sometimes
yield but a stinted harvest, aad oblige the farmer
to rise early, go late to rest, and eat the bread of
carefulness, has nevertheless produced an indepen-
dent, virtuous and happy community of farmers,
whose unyielding patriotism and noble deeds of
darjng have enrolled the yeomanry of Middlesex

Jan. 2S, 1831.

'»18

ty are a light, loose sod, where sand . the pnr^ci „„,,, ,,„en 1 reeomn.end the sound

paUngredient,-bogs or swa.np land, 7~; i,, lessons of its enlightened editor to the

fn peal and decayed veptable and ammU^^^ _^^^ ^^.^ „, ,,,,„,,., but to

ces,-and a thin, gravelly loam. These shail, ^^^^^ ^^,J^^^ ^^^. ^.^_^,^^| ,eonon)y.

in its turn, receive a brief notice. ^j. ^^j, ^^,,.,^1, ^^.^ si,all no

The principal ingredients in a good sod are The J , ._ „„,_„

-•^ , !■.,„ „■ „.,l^!iri»r.iio earth, tiitlier

of these, when existing separately, is found o be
LcaSi; of supporting vegetation; it js only by
incapaoie n f . (• ,, thai a pro-

tice, is the low, wet swamps and peat meadows.
These are daily becoming belter known, and then-
value more justly appreciated. The mud ot

l^c^abi; of supporting -^f ^^;-,,^;l:^^^ :r::,p^::bi^:-nr :;.ea, \s coniposed most
a due and proper combination of them, P | .w ^^l ,^^^^ ..^getable and animal substances,

duclive soil is formed. j ^ ,^^^1, inmiersed in stagnant wa-

The loose and -P-^^^'"; ."^^.^f^ e .. - e but baling been exposed to the action o the
greatly facditates evapo> ^ - ^J tier « q ^^^^ ,^„,;„,,,e..e, or the oxygen which it contains have

a retentive, \'^^''"Z 'of^^^l\^l° T.^^^^^ of passed through a putrid fermentation, and .1 e e-
together,and ^^reby 'petard tjieevap^ ^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^^_l_^ ^^1^^,^ ^_^^^^,,j^ susceptible,

moisture, and the volatde part, of ='"'^'> ^ "' . J j,,., „f ,,^1 converted ...to very pro-

.egetahle substances as may b ■ -d y^^ >t. fte,^d.a,^^^_ ., ^^^^ ^^^^.^^^^^ ^^,^ ^_^^_,^^^^

Clay has been found to be ^he fes 1 ^ , ,^_^j,^^^, ^^,,3g,^„,es, which,

this'purpose. It has been ascerained that open 1 aU^^ ^^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^^^^^^_^^ ^^,,^^^_.^_ ^,^j

partsof sand and one of clay w form as 1^^^^^ ^_.^,„ ,,^ ,,,,„„ of die atmo-

5able of supporting vegetatron u > " «- nea^^y 1 e,^^_^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ___^^^^^^^^_^^ ^ „t,,d fermentation

equalthe pattsof each, the better \viuuu therefore still contain the acds, oils and

b1 a judicious ^ blenchng of ^-e ^pp f e .-l^e ^.s' and in some instances, the sulphate of iron

1 The surface of these low grounds is generally
I of a spomiv, loose texture, so oi.en and porouS
1 that the small ro„is of the upland grasses cannot ,
I fill the holes or cavities between the pans, and the
' earth not a.lbering close to the s.nall fih.-ous roots,,
they can derive no nourishment from it. Hence:,
we see that these grounds while in a state of na- i
ture, p.-oduce little else than b.-akes, hellebore,
nothos or skuuU cabbage, and some others whose
coarse roots are ca|.able of filling the p...-es and
vacant spaces, and findi.ig nourishment am>,ng the
I disconnected parts.

' I planted a small patch of corn, the last season
upon a piece of loose, spongy, peat soil, w uch
had been newly ploughed. It grew well as long,^
as the blade was ..ourisbed by the kernel, bnllc
when this was exhausted, it assumed a sickly ap.i..
Ipearance, and l.a.'dly found nutriment euougn lo,
u-eserve its existence through the summer. 1 lui 1
was not owing to a want of nou.-i.hing matter ii
the soil, as wasevhlentfro... the exuberant growl,
of pumpkins and potatoes in the iunuediate v.ciD
' .' , -I ,.,» oi.mll filirnns root

i

ot pumpivuis aim (i......«^^

i,v of the co,-n, but because the small fibrous lOOt

rt^heatitl Messrs Wellington, two very
i ?ul and 'enterprising farmers of the town of
Medford, have converted their f^y ^--^'f^
stiff unvieldmcr clays into rich, friable so 1., ot a.
t' S fertiUly. ' After -^^^^ ^%^^
tions of manure, with but little f f ^^t' ^ff ''"^
resorted to their sand banks and Ihe.r clay p U
and, by an alternate application of each to t e
other, they have found them to be mines of wealth.
I mention this fact, not only as illustrative of niy
position, but as a striking instance of the bench-
cial effects of the application of skill, acquired
from study, combined with practical experiments,
which has resulted in a great increase of crops,
attended by an actual saving in expense l<or al-
though these gentlemen may not be desirous of
bein^ styled ^ Book Farmers,^ yet they are no
doubl reading and thinking, as well as practical
cultivators. Books, I am aware, are a most dis-
trustful source of information among many of my
acrricnltural brethren. This ought not so to be.
WhUe the professors and friends of all the other
arts and sciences, call to their aid the light and ac-
cumulated «T;((e,i wisdom of the past and present
an-es why should the art of cultivating the earth,
bv far the most important of all the arts be al-
lowed no other guide than blind tradition ?

To what are we attributing the rece.U rapid
advances i.. agricultural knowledge ? What has
enabled the fa.-mer to discover new sources of
wealth and pleasure ? What has stai.l the wast-
ing mania for emig.-ation, and taught our young
.n^n, that f.-om a New England sod, a.i.l a New
England f-.-eBide, ...ore substantial oo.nforts ,.iay
be derived, than can be found ' beyon.l the moun-
tains '^' What, I say, has done all this, but book^,
and tlie scientific communications of literary
men, who have devoted their wealll. and tlie.r
talents to lighten the burdens and iun.-ease the
stores of the farmer ? ...

Allow me, while on this subject, to advert to
one source of inforu.ation, which has bee.., in no
small degree, instru.nental in piodi.c.ng tl^ese la-
vorable rcsnlts, I mean the various periodical
publications of the day. At the liead of these
stands the New Engi-and Farmer. Th.s has done
inucb to arrest the withering power of ancient

ana tneieiu.u sum ^^^•^' - , ,' p-

■rums an,l in some instances, the sulphate of iron
or copperas, and other antiseptic qual.t.es, co.n-
mon 10 vegetables. These properlies must be re-
moved or neutralized hy a combination with other
substances, before peat can become food for plants,
either when subjected to field culture, or when .t
is to be used as u manure. Exposure to the ai.'.
When combined with a sufficie..t degree of ...o.s-
ure to prevent its beco,..ing d.y, or.f when tak^r
f on, the pit, it is sp,-ead upon the ground and ex-
osed to Lvere frost, or by mixing n with lime o.
fresh stable dung, either will break down .ts coarse,
vegetable fibre, dest.-oy its antisept.c propert.es
a,rd render it a valuable .nan.ire. Observing tie
effects of peat upon upland, where >' ''<"1 been
spread for the purpose of drying it for fuel, 1 was
induced to try it as a top dressing ^--g'-f ';'"'.
found it to answer a valuable end, partu-ula.ly i
taken out in winter and spread upo.i the ground
so thin as to admit of its freezing. W hen to be ^
used for making compost. Lord Meadowbank re-
commends one load of fresh stable d.ing, to three of
peat; a layer of dung from six to tei. inches ..,
Ihieki.ess, to be placed between layers of peat
,-aisin- the pile bv alte.-nate layers four or six feet
hi-h,^an,l allowing the whole to remain ii.ml .t
shall have fermented. I fied this plan for two
seasons, but fiequendy found that the dung was
■iniured, bv too areat heat, while the peat seemed
but h.tle benefitted by the fermentation. I have
since adopted the plan of ...ixing the whole mass
finely together, and have found the dung less in-
j,„-ed by the fer.nentation, and the peat more
equally operated ..pon, and more finely pulver.
ized.

The first step to be taken, in the process of re-
claiming th-^se swanips a..d peat meadow g.-oun. s,
is to drain them tho.-ougbly; unless this can be
accomplished, all the labor and expense bestowed
will, after a short ti.ne, p.-ove to be useless. Ibc
method pursued by the .nost experienced culliva-
I tors, is to cut a ditch through the centre, another
at the margin or outer edge, (the most essenl.al
part of the operation,) to take oft' the water which
is constantly setting in from the surrounding up-
lands, with cross drains from this to the centre
ditch

<

.ty 01 tne coin, u.n ..^....>..- , ., ,

of the latter could not find it, while the coare
roots of puiupkins and potatoes filled the po«
and cavities between the parts of the soil, andb,
ing brought in contact, derived sufiicient nouns
,„ent from them. The same efTect may be ol
served upon a heap of coarse manure ; plants m
1 small, delicate roots refuse to grow, while those
I coarser roots grow with wonderful lux.inance.
In order then to make this speices of soil pr
,lnctive, something .nust be done after drain.B
,0 divide the parts more finely and bring tl«
thereby in closer union, or the ,.ores must be t
cd with a substance of mo.-e ...innte parts,
question then arises-what mode of culture
likely to produce the desired eftect, and there
to .-ender it p.oductive?

Four diff-e.-ent metho.ls have been pu.-sued
different cultivators; these are, paring and hu
g!Leoverins with sand or grave -plough,
a.,d cultivating with fallow crops, and what is c
ed hogsin^, which consists in turning ove.
turf m-^sw^ard with the hoe or l^lough, and tl
spreading <.n a light top dressing of loam or c
[post. Each of these methods has .ts respect

advocates. . , . ., .^

On the subject of parting and burn.ng, wi.t
have expressed different and opposite opinions
Some of them stromzly recomtnend t'"; pra"
and others as decidedly condemn it. Wink, IB
cont,adicto.-y opinions and results .^^'^c '; J.^
distract than to enlighten the practical fame ,
,.anfindbutli..le,f.oman obse.-va.io,,ofthe

peiiments which have fallen under o.owt
spection, to enable us to co.ne to a satisfy
c'onchisi'on as to its beneficial or -J--- «
\ neighbor of mine,* ten years ago, paied
bu.-ned about three acres of peat .ueadovv -
;:;,, sowed it down with Rye and ersf
,eed. While the salts, contained . . the a
cLtinued to ope.-ate, which was for the two,

years, his crops were ve.-y goo<l,--the lb*
he produce was greatly d.numsied and,
,„/time,itbas.einained '.»;.""";»':.;
dead, unproductive waste, yielding mu less
belbi'e b'urning and of no better quahty 1
.,„ravorable result i" th- case, bad tie eff,
preventarepetitionoftheexperiment by a

the neighboring farmers.

< The late Dr Wlutcoinb.

Tu be concluded next week.

Vol. IX.— No. 28.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL

219

MEADOW LANDS.

To Ihe Editor n( Itie New Englind K^inner—

I Sir — Ilaviiii; iioliceil in your

ilist., several inquiries by your con-espomlents, j
which I liave it in my power to answer, I bog
leave to place llie results of my practical observa-
tions, at your disposal.

Your corrcsponilent.T. B. of Wintlirop, (Maine)
asks ' information respcctin:; flooilini; ineatlcws,
where Fowl Moa<l(nv, Blue Joint, and the common
Flat Grass and other Uinds (if uncnltivattd grasses
incline to grow.' The two former kinds of grass
are among the most valuable products of our na-
tural meadows, and their growth is best promoted
by wiiiler flooding. Several years since, I had on
my farm a tract of waste, wet, and unproductive
swamp, over part of which was a thicU covering
of perennial moss with scarcely a blade of grass,
and on another part, a growth of linlrushes, flags
and coarse water griiss of unsightly appearance
and no value. This swamp was reclaimed and
is now made a beautiful and rich meadow, giving
abundant crops of fowl meadow and blue joint
grasses, by the simple operation of flooding.
There were springs of cold water in the land, and
ditches were made to draw them off, in the sum-
mer season, tliongh a natural outlet to the swam().
An enihaukmcnt across this outlet was construct-
ed with a flume and gate, by which tho rains might
he retained and the meadow flowed, or the water
let off", at pleasure. The practice has been to shut
down the gate in the flume about the lOtb or 15th
of November, and to raise it first in the spring,
after the termination of severe frosts ; and occa-
sionally when there are showers in the early [lart
of the summer, to set the water again, for a few
hours, over the meadow. No grass seed has ever
been sown, nor has any expense been incurred,
except in the ditches, dams, and flume, which are
cJ)eaply done : — and no application has been made
to the land, other than the water. This, in the
winter, stands at the height of from one to three
feet over the surface of the ground. The moss,
.and rushes and flags have now entirely disappear-
ied, and the product of grass may safely be esti-
mated at the average rate of from two to three tons
(0 the acre.

I have no personal experience of any husband-
ry which has been more satisfactory. The land
from being loose, spongy, and miry, is made firm
from being compressed by the weight of the super-
incumbent water through the winter, and is filled
with the roots of the grass, which are thus preserv-
ed from destruction of the frosts, and I have little
doubt, that in a few years this once impassable
morass, may be travelled over by cattle and teams,
at pleasure.

FRUIT TREES.

In aiiswer to ' One of your Readers,' from South
Readins, I have to reply, that I have suffered a
like injury, although in a slighter degree, from the
teeth of calves in barking my young Apple Trees;
but 1 have also learned an effectual preventive
to its repetition. Early the last spring, I caused
the trunks of the trees in a young orchard to be
brushed over with a composition of lime, clay,
and fresh manure from the cattle linter, mixed
together and made of the consistency of a thin
paste, and afterwards and during the whole sum-
mer season, I jjastnred several calves in the en-
closure, without the slightest injury to a single
tree. While the calves would freely gnaw the
rails of the fence, and the clean branches of trees

' thrown in to them, they would refrain from the

j standing trunks, upon the first toueli of their

paper of the 21st 1 tongues to the compositioji. I co nsider this mode

of preservation eftbctual, and believe you have al-

FiFTH Ce.xsus of Massachusetts
Counties. .Males. Females

Plymouth

Su'llolk

N^mtucket

Hampshire

Bristol

Middlesex

Norlblk-

Kainstable

Worcester

Hampden

Franklin

Dukes

Berkshire

Essex

Totals

20905
28.586

3339
14990
233fi6
38107
20436
13997
41545
1.5288
11447

1702
18310
.39451

294449

21678
31693

3584
14995
25178
3934S
21296
14363
42449
16003
14765

1763
1S51U
42929

308559

HUSETTS.

Colored.

Total.

410

42993

1883

62162

279

7202

225

30210

930

49174

513

77968

169

41901

165

28525

311

84365

349

31640

132

29314

48

3518

1005

37S25

527

82887

7006

610010

report what
try in the

Advantage of simllowing a Snake. — A laborer at
Parma, lately swallowed a young adder, (hiring his
sleep. An operation on his throat became necessa-
ry, and by some singular whim
that he had afterwards an ex(iuisite tenor voice. He
is now a chanter at the Bologna Cathedral. This is
tho only good we ever knew to result from swallow-
ing a snake.

ready pointed out to your corresp ondent the only
renu'dy for the mischief he has aire ady sustained.

With great interest in the cause of Agricultm-e,
and high regard for your valuable contributions to
its advancement,

I am, sir, truly with respect and esteem.
Your obedient servant,

Boston, Jan. 25, 1831. LEVI LINCOLN.

CULTURE OF MADDER, BARILLA, AND
WOAD.

To Iho Edilol of the Sew Enghmd Furmer—

At a meeting of the Pennsylvania Horticultural

Society, held on the 8th instant, the undersigned __^^..

were appointed a committee to ' impiire into and j ry, and by soine singular whim of nature, he foiond
)rogres3 has been made in this coun-
cultivation of dyer's Madder, and
whether it will be proper for the Horticultural So-
ciety to adopt any measures to extend its cultiva-
tion.' They were also instructed to include in
their iuqiuries, 'the culture of Barilla and its pre-
paration for the purposes of coumierce.'

Impressed with the importance of the objects
committed to their attention, they are desirous of
colle(-ting as much infijrmation as possible, be-
fore they adopt any conclusion upon the ([uestions
referred to them. This, they are aware, must de-
pend, in a great measure, upon the liberal com-
munication of facts and < bservations, on the part
of those who are practically conversant with these
articles, either as agriculturists, merchants, or
manufacturers.

With this view, they respectfully request that
you may be pleased to communicate to them such
information as yen may possess, in relation to the
cidtivation of either of these plants — to the extent
to which they are raised or imported into this
country — to the preparation which they undergo,
to fit them for commerce — to the fluctuations
which have been observed in their abundance, and
price in our markets — to their adaptation to the
soil and cliinate of this country — to the diversi-
ties observed in the qualities of merchantable
Madder, and Barilla, and to the causes which are
supposed to produce these diversities — in a word,
to every point which can throw light upon this
sul)ject.

Being desirous of giving to their investigation

the widest ranse, the committee ])refer submitting

it to your attention, under this general aspect, than

under the more restricted one of formal questions.

They hope that the extent to which these plants

minister to several useful arts, will be a sufficient

inducement to secure the attention of all such as

take an interest in the success of our agriculture

and manufactures.

There is now living in Chertsey,Eng. a farmer by
the name of Wapshot, whose ancestors have lived
on tlie self-same spot ever since the time of Alfred,
by whom the farm was first granted. What is more
remarkable, tlieir situation in life has never been
much elevated or depressed by any change of for-
tune. ,

Hog's Haslet.— A whole family vvere recently
poisoned in Portland, by eating of the hasletof a hog
which had been kept in a slaughter house. They
wouU; probably have died, but for seasonable medi-
cal advice. Tlie remainder of the haslet was found
to be covered with small ulcers, which convinced the
physician that the animal had oaten poisonous sub-
stances for some time.

The queen of the Sandwich Islands indulges her
royal propensity for eating to such a degree, that af-
ter each meal, she is obliged to be rolled about on
the floor, and kneaded, like dough, by a strong, lusty
attendant.

The flag of American Silk, presented to the
House of Representatives by Mr Duponceau, is now
suspended in the Hall of Congress, over the portrait
of Lafayette.

The King of the Netherlands, has presented to
Mr Livingston of U. S. Senate, a gold medal, with
this inscription : —

' To Edward Livingston, for the presentation by
him of a Copy of the Criminal Code and Code of
Proceedings composed by him for the State of Louis-
iana.'

Respectfully,

WM. H. KEATING^-V
SAMUEL BRECK, V Committee.
MOSES BROWN. ^

Communications on this subjo<-t, may be direct-
ed to any one of the members of tijq, committee,
or to David Landreth, .fr. Corresponding Secretary
of the Pennsylvania Horticultural^ociety.

P. S. Although the resolutions of the Society
arc restricted to the above mentioned plants, yet
we shall be obliged if you annex any information
you may possess, on the subject of Woad.

Philaddphia,Jan. 1831.

Railroads.— The late fall of snow, (12 inches) at
Baltimore has made it manifest by experiment, that
such depth of snow presents no obstruction whatever
to the operations on the Rail Road.

J^oble Premiums.'— The Baltimore and Ohio Rail
Road Company have offered a premium of $4000 for the
best Locomolive Ensine, and $3000 tor the next best.—
They are to be delivered for trial on or before the 1st
day of June next.

By a letter received at Washinjrfon from London, said
to be from a first rale source, it appears that a Locomo-
tive, the Planet, lieloncins to Mr Stevenson, had been to
.Manchester, and back. f6i miles) in 58 minutes.

A young Penobscot Indian, named Pol Sosef, has
discovered a strong passion for painting, and is said
to give flattering indications of a real talent for the
artT By the liberality of several gentlemen in Ban-
gor, he is furnished with all necessary means of im-
provement. A real Indian Artist will indeed be a
wonder.

220

NEW ENGLAND FARMEll,

Jan. 28, 1831,

iS^sasaw^ETiiisiisaosjSa

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAR:»IER.

THE STRAWBERRY

Is one of the most delicious and healthy frnits
that is served upon our tables, and it is accessible
to every person who cultivates a rood of ground
at a trifling expense. It is particularly heueficial
to the valetudinarian, anJ its virtues have been
highly couanended to persons troubled with cal-
culus or tartar. I need not however, enumerate its
medicinal virtues, as the rank it holds in the des-
sert is a sufficient inducement fur its general culture.
As this hue fruit is likely to be driven from our
meadows by an improved system of husbandry, it
is rit'lit we should adopt it in our gardens, where
it will amply repay the expense of our care.

The most extensive growers of the Strawljerry,
are probably Keens and Wilmot, to whom we are
indebted for two of our best varieties, to wit
Keens' Seedlings and Wilmot's Superb, lioth of
which varieties sprang from parents originally
American. Those gentlemen are located in the
vicinity of London. Each of their gardens comprises
about 60 acres, and is almost exclusively devoted to
the growth of fruit. The Strawberry plantations are
particularly extensive, and many hot houses and
pits are appropriated to the forcing of this fi-uit.
The principal kinds cultivated are the two above
noticed. They are planted in rows, two feet apart,
and at the distance of 12 to IS inches in the row.
The ground is mulched with clean straw in the
fruiting season, to retain moisture and keep the
fruit clean. While in blossom they are regularly
watered by wheel barrels, that is a barrel placed
on a barrow, with a perforated metal cylinder, pro-
jectmg aliout two feet on one side, from which the
water is discharged ujion the beds as the barrow is
wheeled thi'ough tlie alleys. An aljundance of mois-
ture at the time of flowering and fruiiing seems
to be essential for a good crop.

The best guide fti- culture is the natural habit
ofthc plant. It is fond of shade ; and ])rodnces
best in a moist, cool soil, abounding iublack muck,
or peaty earth. In its wild state it grows best ou
new lands. I think that chip dung would consti-
tute a proper dressing for a strawlieny bed. Hayne
recommends a compost of one third moist virgin
mould, including the soil, from a pasture, one third
swajnp earth, and one third th(^ dung of neat cattle
for a strawberry bed. Six inches of the soil to be
removed, and the compost substituted in its place.
I have recently read an article against cutting the
runners of the Strawberry, till after the fruiting
season, but I cannot put my hand on it, or call to
mind the reason assigned for this forbearance. 1
thiidc however it was this, — that the plant im-
mediately makes a natural cffiirt to replace the lost
stollens ; and that in this effort nuich food is divest-
ed from the swelling fruit. The. reason is plausi-
ible, and the experiment merits a trial. J. B.

Albuivj,Jan. 17, 1831.

Tins jdant is raised with very little trouble,
being a perennial, and is one of the earliest vege-
tables aff jrded by the garden. Half a dozen
plants, growing at the distance of two feet each
way, will supply a finiily. It is propagated by
seed or offsets. 1 have it early in .April, by a
little extra labor. I place barrels, having one or
no head, over a few stools, or plants, in March,
and cover and surround them with recent stable
manure. The heat thus generated causes the
plants to grow ; and the light not having access,
the stocks become beantifidly blanched, and soon
reach the top of the cask. The acid of the rhu-
)arb is very similar in flavor to that uf the goose-

berry.

Albany, Jan. 17, 1831.

J. B.

It may
A piece
a drill,

SEA KALE

Is getting into repute as an esculent,
be readily propagated like horseradish,
of the root an inch long, placed in
root end downwards, will grow and become a
plant. To obtain it of its finest flavor, it should
be grown in |)ure sand, and if the sand is impreg-
nated with salt in situations remote from the sea-
board, the plant will thiive the better. Sea Kale
should be blanched, by covering it with ])ots, or
raising a mound of earth round the plant, as soon
as it begins to grow in the spring. It may be
forced, hke rhubarb, by covering with pots or boxes,
and these with recent horse maniu'e ; but care
must be taken not to give too much heat, which
will cause the stems to rot. J. B.

PIE PLANT.

There are several varieties of Rhubarb cultivated
in Great Britain, for culinary purposes. The leaf
stalks are extensively used for pies, tarts, &c. Its
culture for market was commenced there about
1815, and now it is said that more than 100 acres
of land are appropriated to its culture in the
neighborhood of the metropolis. Wilmot, the straw-
berry gardener, sends it by loads to Covent Garden
market. It is coming into general notice and cul-
ture among us.

TRANSPIRATION OF PLANTS.

Dr Hales found that a sunflower, in 12 hours,
transpired by its leaves, one pound fourteen
ounces of water, all of which nuist have been im-
bibed from the soil by the roots. Water is the ve-
hicle which conveys nourishment to plants. The
food which it holds in solution is iin])arted to a
plant in a manner analogous to the' nourishment
imparted to the animal system by the food which
passes into the stomach. Hence the growth of
the plant depends much on the presence of mois-
ture, as well as of vegetable matter, in the soil,
and upon the sufliciency of roots to take it up and
convey it to the trunk. Thus a tree divested of a
great portion of its roots in transjdanting, makes
new wood only in proportion as these are repla-
ced by a new growth ; and thus also a plant grows
faster in a moist than in a dry soil (the fertility of
both being alike) and faster in a mellow soil, where
t!;e roots can fully extend and multiply, than in
a hard one.

Tiiese facts suggest to the farmer the imjiropriety
of ploughing deep between his rows of corn and
other crops, whereby the roots are broken and
wounded, and exposed to the drying influence of
the sun and vwids. 2. The importance of keeping
his crops clc^^of weeds and all useless plants,
which rob the soil of food and moisture. And 3.
the propriety of transplanting his trees while young,
when the system of roots can be preserved nearly
entire, and i5f surrounding the roots with a bed of
mellow, rich earth. J. B.

Albany, Jan.7, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

SALT HAY.
Mr Editor — In answer to your Salt Hay cor-
respondent from Duxbury, in the last New England
Farmer, J would say, that some years since, I pur-
chased a farm in the vicinity of Boston, having

about 50 acres of Salt Marsh full of salt pond
the Marsh yieldijjg about 33 tons of hay mixed
with thatch, creek stuff or coarse sedge. — At a
small expense it was drained with ditches 3 feet
deep, 5 inches wide and 2 rods asunder ; this de-
stroyed the salt ponds, killed out the coarse grass,
and brought in Goose and Fox grass, and increased
the produce to nearly 100 tons. The Goose grasa
is usually cut in June, and the Fox grass in July
and August in good weather, raked and cocked the-
3d day after mowing, when it IcM.ks quite green
and is kept in cock 4 or 5 days, if the weather and
tides will permit ; then it is stacked or put under
cover; (it is best to put it under cover if possible,)
I use it in preference to English Hay for milch
cows, working oxen and horses, and sell my En-
glish Hay. My young cattle and sheep are kept
on the poorest of it. 100 full blood Saxony and
Merino sheep were kept on that alone the last
winter without English hay or grain ; they fed
from the stack when they pleased, and were not
under cover during the whole winter and were iit
better case in the spring, than sheep usually are
or mine had ever been.

In 1827, I used a pair of oxen in doing the'
spring's work, and in getting in hay and harvest-
ing ; at housing time, 1 put thetn to fatting on my
best salt hay and unwashed potatoes, giving them
not r. drop of water or liquid of any kind. They 1
were slaughtered about the last of Decendier,
weigheil 22.36 lbs. and were sold at §5.12J per
cwt. making $114. .59.

I prefer my best salt hay to my best English.
It brings more in the market when sold for truck
or stage horses, or for cows or horses kept for
private use. It has been bought by stage own-
ers and sent to Billerica, they giving the highest
price that had been given for the best of English
hay. It is thought to strengthen and enrich the
manure more than English or fresh meadow hay.
When salt marsh or fresh meadow is attached
to a farm, it enriches the farm ; these want no ma-
niu-e and they help to manure the upland. If there
are the same number of acres of marsh that there
are of upland, more than donlile the quantity of
stock can be kept, which will more than double
the manure, all of which will be for the benefit of
the upland. Fine salt grass well cured, makes
cows in the winter and spring yield milk copi-
ously, and of the best flavor; but if it has been
wet, is musty, or of a coarse kind, it imparts a
very disagreeable taste to the Uiilk.

The first salt hay ever used in, this part of the
country was given to aM ohl bull, that the owner
did not care whether he lived or died. When
grass came he was very fat, while the other cattle
were in very indifferent condition. Between 50 4
and 100 years since, many hundreds of acres of I
salt marsh in this place have been diked and con- j
verted to English mowing, but within the last 20 j
or 30 years, the dikes have been cut away, and
the salt water let in again in consequence of salt
marsh being so nuich the more valuable.

It requires as p;ood tLvather and as much nilmiion
to make salt f.ay well, as it dues to make En-
glish hay well. The poorest salt grass, properly
made, is preferable to the best river fresh mea-
dow hay, whether horsemint or jointed grass (to
say nothing of polyjiod or mount royal.) 1 have
been a resident in the Old Colony for more than .
24 years. I am well acquainted with their man-
ner, I should have liked to have said method of
farming. Yours, &c. VICINUS.

Jan. 22, 1831.

Vol. IX.— Nn. 28,

AND HOllTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

221

FOR THE NEW EXGL.4.ND F.4.RMER.

CULTURE OF FLAX.

Mk Fkssenue.v — Air Nntlmn FriniUe, on the
west li;uik of the Couuecticiit in this town, sowed
a fieUl with (\ax seed about the 8th of May
last. The crop was uimsiially large and heavy
and the seed very ahuuthiut : he ])iiUed this ou tlie
25tli of July ; much of the seed fell in this process.
Immediately he sowed turuip seed ou this field, and
covered it with a brush harrow. lu a few days
there sprang up an abundance of both turnip and
flax. This last grew slowly, but to the common
size, and about the 1st of November put forth flow-
ers, which were as large and as full as those of
tlie first crop. This flax continued in full bloom
till long alter the frost had destroyed every other
annual plant. Mr P. pulled this ou the 19th of,
November ; I saw it then ; the flowers were scarce-
ly shrivelled and the leaves not affected by the i
frost. The corollas were of usual size, the capsules
were somewhat dilated, and the seeds formed,
though green and milky. The stalks were thiidy
scattered, but they were as heavy as those of the
former growth. It was thought this was more
than one third as large as the qther crop and pro-
bably if as much seed had been sown, it would
have been equal to that.

The crop of turnips was as large as usual, some
of them were very large : one, which I had in
my room, measured about 20 inches in circund^jr-
ence.

This instance affords to our farmers a suggestion
whether two crops of flax could not be raised ou
the same field in one year. Here it is to be
noticed, that the seed fiir the second crop, was
of this year's growth : could this have anycS'ect in
accelerating the growth of the second crop ? Will
the develoijuient of the vegetable life in the seeds
be any more rapid, if there be no suspension of vital
ruction between the process of formation and ripen-
ing in the parent plant, and the sprouting of the
new plant ? We know that some seeds must be
so\vn as soon as they fall from the tree, else they
■will not sprout. Others may be preserved for cen-
turies without impairing their vital power. But is
there no diflTerence in the rai)idity of the growth of
plants raised froui the seeds .'

The second crop of flax had the advantage of
the immediate sowing, and though it had but a
few weeks of suuny summer and grew mostly
in sterile, frosty autuuni, it had all the fulness and
vigor of the more favored crop, jMid resisted the
frost even to the last of Novemlier, which I had
not supposed belonged to the vitality of any flax.
Whether the continuance of the active life in the
seed had any effect in this, I cannot say : but it is
a question worth the thought of the vegetalile phy-
siologist. I leave it for your consideration, or for
some of your correspondents to answer.

I send you herewith s|)ecimens of both cro[)s.
I am, sir, vours respectfuHv,

EDWARD JARVIS.
Mrthfeld, j>/s. Dec. 27, 1830.

cultiv.\tionof silk.

The following extract from the 16th volume of
the' Historical Register' for the year 1731, will
show that at so early a period, the culture of silk
ns a staple of the then colonies, had attracted the
attention of the Provincial and Metropolitan Gov-
ernments. Under the encouragement and protec-
tion which they afforded, it is known tliat large

quantities of raw silk were exported from the
southern provinces.

The present extract is from a paper, i)uhlished
in the ' Historical Register,' on Hit Inide and nav-
ipalionof Great Ifrilain, by Robert Johnson, Esq.
(ioveriior of South Carolina, in the year 1730.
The encouragement of the silk culture is recom-
mended to the General Assembly and this paper
exhibits its advantages. It is worthy of remark,
that Governor Johnson's views and the opinions ex-
pressed by a late committee of Congress, of the
peculiar adaptation of this country to the growth of
silk, are of perfect accord. ' If care were taken to
cultivate and in;in'ove the raising of silk, in our
plantati(nis, Carohna, Virginia, Maryland, and Penn-
sylvania, tliey wonlrl pro(kice the best of silk,
and as fit for orgauzine as any in the world, for
these countries produce vast numbers of white and
other mulberry trees, whicli grow wild ami spring
up everywhere in great abundance, which looks as
d'nature had called us thither to propagate that
manufacture ; and if put on foot, would in time be
of as great advantage to this nation, as any em-
ployment in the plantations; for, as I have already
observed, the manufacture of silk is a most pro-
fitable underlakin:.', where the land and air are
proper for raising it.

The vast riches of China, by this manufiictnre,
is snflieient to demonstrate the great advantage
thereof; and the extraordinary treasure the Duke
of Savoy draws into his country by silk, which is
made in that little Principality of Piedmont, as I
have already observed, is also another instance ;
we may judge, if be draws above two hundred
thousand pounds a year from England, what his
profits are, which he draws from Holland and
other places, where the manufacture is carried on
to a very great degree.

We are informed the very land for planting of
mulberry trees, in many parts of Italy is worth
from three to five pounds an acre ; and gentlemen
there, as well as in Sicily, sell their mulberry leaves
to the poor for half the silk they make, and the
money is equally divided between them, upon sale
of the silk, and that the leaves of a tree there,
have yielded three or four pounds. Now, if the
manufacture of silk, and the ])lanting of mulberry
trees, have raised the land to be so valuable, and
some gentlemen receive such considerable reven-
ues from their crops of leaves, very great things
may be expected by our encouraging and promot-
ing the maimfacture of silk in our colonies, where
I as much land may be had for five (lence, as in
Italy for five pounds. And if great numbers of
mulberry trees were i)lanted among the Indian na-
tions bordering on our settlements, and some skil-
ful, good tempered persons employed to instruct
them in the proper season for gathering leaves,
and feeding the worms, and rewarding them boun-
tifully fijr their pains, those people might be
brought to be very profitable subjects to this na-
tion.

It mav be noted that very few places are agree-
able to the silk worm, and no part of the world
belter than in our colonies ; no silk clearer, more
glossy, of a better body, nor fitter to answer the
use of the fine thrown silk we have imported from
Italy, than the small quantity of silk that has been
imported from thence.

It is generally observed, that all those countries
that produce the best silk, border ujion the sea,
and lie pretty near the same latitude ; our planta-
tion, the Province of Gilon and Nankin, and

Chekiam, in China, all border upon the sea, and
are pretty near the same latitude. Those places
in Turkey that produce silk, border upon the sea,
and Italy and Sicily, are in a manner environed
by the sea; and the provinces of (iraiiada, Murcia
and Valencia, in Spain, the places that iiroducc
the best silk, as well as Languedoc and Provence
in France, all lie upon the sea; Canton in China
and Bengal in India, lie ten degrees more to the
southward, the air of which countries being hotter
is supposed to be the reason v/hy the silk is of a
baser sort.

As the great advantages that arise to Portugal
and Spain, as well as to ns in our sugar and tobac-
co plantations, is. by the cheap labor of negroes
or slaves, the same chi'apness of labor might be of
most prodigious advantage to us, if employed in
our colonies, hi the producing and making of silk ;
and when that is over, may turn their hands to
raising and dressing of hemp and flax,* the charge
iieing little more than their clothing from Eng-
land.

We are told by gentlemen of good intelligence
that the whole charge of making a pound of silk
in China, does not stand in above five shillings ;
and almost any person, man, woman, or child,
may work at it.'

•The culture of cotton was not introduced into this
country, until 1785.

BOSTON, FRIDAY, JANUARY 28, 1831.

MR PHINNEY'S ADDRESS.

We have this day commenced the publication of
the excellent Address of Elias Phi.n.nev, Esq. de-
livered before the Society of Middlesex Husband-
men and Manufacturers ; and are unwilling to let
the occasion pass without expressing our high
opinion of its value. His notices of the impor-
tance and progress of ."igriculture, of the erroneous
theories and ridiculous as well as injurious prac-
tices of our native as well as of foreign cultivators
— the absurd style of many of our farm buildings
— on the utility of' warm and comfortable lodgings'
for cows and oxen — on the different sorts of soil,
and the advantages which result from blending
tbem — on the benefits which accrue to agricul-
ture Irom the ' written wisdom of the past and
present ages' — on the cultivation of swamps and
peat land, are judicious and eveiy sentence tells
of something useful, and deserving a place in the
record of memory as well as on the shelf of the
Farmer's library.

On the last mentioned topic, in particular, his
observations are of great i)ractical utility, and the
more so as they are derived not only from proba-
ble and rational theory, but have been tested by
practice, under the superinyndence of the author.
His remarks yi the possibility of making ' too
great use of tH? plough,' »)n exposing the swards,
by hanow^ing am! cross jjloiighing and leaving it
to be wasted by the sun and wind, and the state-
ments of the' process which he adopted to increase
his crops, and diminisli the labor and expense of
culture are all practical lessons of incalculable
value to cultivators in general, and especially to
those New England Farmers, whose soil and
circumstances may enable them to put in practice
Mr Phinney's precepts.

•222

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. .23, 1831

Extracts from the Albany County Agricultural Report
for 1830. By J. B. Originally published in the New York
Farmer for December last.

If'htal. — Tlie quality of this crop has ini|iroved
within a few years from the attention paid in select-
ing soil and preventing smut. The method of
steeping the seed in brine, and intermixing lime
with it before sowing, is become njore general,
and is found to be a certain prevention against
smutty grain.

Bartetj has been a good crop, particularly wli ere
sown early, upon dry or well conditioned land.
This is an important staple of our country ; and
at the present price, 75 cents, one of the most
profitable of our tillage crops. /Hts product upon
)n?idehi?(l double that of

maa^x^aumaa

good dry loams may be co ,._ _.

wheat, and less exhausting to the soW.J It is reco
mended to roll this grain when two Or three inc!

acres of pasture. If they have large farms, it will
prove extremely serviceable to the dairy, when the
pastures are short, and is always convenient for
working cattle. J compute an acre to be worth
to me fifty dollars annually, it will keep six cat-
tle, and keep them well, from the 15th or 20tli of
IMay. I sowed an acre on the 7tb of May. I cut
it twice for soiling, and- then feed off a fine after-
math. As pasture grasses, the orchard and tall
meadow oat grasses hold a pre-eminent rank.
They grow at all seasons where the ground is free
from frost, — they grow luxuriantly, and they yield
an abundance of tender nutritious food.

Fruit was seriously injured by the late frosts of
spring. The phM7i, however, escaped unhurt ; and
as the cold weather of May destroycil or kept back

about as long as a drone, but niucli more slender,

the back of a brighter black, and the legs reddish,
— evideiilly neithei^ a drone nor a working bee,
A stick being presented to this singular insect, she
crept u|ion it, and was carried upon it to the
mouth of the empty hive before mentioned. A
few bees had alighted at its mouth. These im-
mediately followed ber into the hive. Some of
them soon returned, and ran, evidently as fast as
they were able, to the old hive, the stool and front
of which were covered with the returning swarm.
Having arrived among these, the messengers, for
such tliey appeared to be, would occasionally stop,-
and shake themselves violently, swinging or rather
rocking themselves from right to lel't and the con-
trary, as they are sometimes seen to do at and

m- ! the curculio, we had a very abundant yield of this | about the time of swariniiig. This motion was

high. I have found the ])raclice beneficial. It
buries the collar of the plant, and causes thereby
an increase of seed stems.

Indian Corn. — Corn as well as barley is a good
crop on grounds adapted to its growth ; but on
soils that are exhausted by cropping, that are stiff
and cold, or habitually wet, it is seldom that the
product of either compensates for the labor be-
stowed upon their culture. I find from twelve
years' practice that the cheapest and best mode of
harvesting corn is to cut it up at the root as soon
as it is fit to gather, and immediately to tie it in
stooks. It may be husked and cribbed in two or
three weeks after cutting, or suflered to remain
longer. Two men will cut with a proper instru-
ment and stock two acres in a day. I think that

lesifrtut. — The peach and jiear gave but a very light

crop. Crapes were generally cut off, except in
the city. lit some neighborhoods llio apple was
wholly destroyed in the blossoms, in others there
has been a tolerable crop. — Many peartrees suffered
froiri wliat is termed, I think erroiieously, a blight.
The disease has assumed a new form this year.
Its attacks were heretofore confined to the branch-
es. It has now seized the trunks. I have taken
up several, of four and five inches in diameter ;
the limbs and fiiliage of some were apparently
sound and healthy, but the bark of whose trunks
was perfectly dead, froni 6 to 24 inches, at differ-
ent heights from the ground. Among all the spec-
ulations upon the cause of this disease, I have met
with nothing satisfactory. Kirby and S|)ence, in
their' Introduction to Entomology,' vol. i, p. 212,

It economises labor, increases and improves the I 13, sjjeak of a small beetle, which at different
fodder, and leaves the ground free in time for a i times has devastated the fir forests of Germany,
wheat crop, and does not impair the quality of the I (BartrichiuyS^ijposrraphits, F) which feeds upon the
grain. I usually cut my corn the first week in i soft inner bat-K only, but which attacks this impor-
September, but have sometimes done it iii August. | tant part in such vast numbers, 80,000 ."sometimes

being found in a single tree, that it is infinitely more
noxious than any of those which bore into the^

wood. I introduce this passage to induce new

There is an economy in pre])aring this food for
swine, which I will take the liberty of recommend-
ng. This economy consistsin grinding and boiling

it thesameasfor finiily use. — Admit that one tenth I vigilance in our orchardists and gardeners to dis-

goes for toll, the boiling costs nothing, for it can cover the cause' 6'f this disease in one of our most

be done evenings on the kitchen fire ; and I ven- valuable fruits.

ture to say, that two bushels, thus prc|)ared, will Oats and BucJiwheat. — I have already extended

inake more pork than three bushels fed in the or- my remarks too fiir to say much of these. Indeed

dinary way. Who has not observed that an I could say little to interest a good farmer : for he

animal whether hog, ox, or horse, fed high With seldom raises either oats or buckwheat. And any-

dry corn or otiier grain, voids a portion of it in a thing I might offer to show their unprofitableness

half digested, and often in a sound undecomposed to the cultivator, would, I fear, be lost on a bad

state. Common sense teaches that grain ilAs-fiUMcne. ^, '

is half wasted. The cob, it has been satisfactorily
ascertained, contains considerable uutriinent. If
ground with the corn therefore and scalded for
neat cattle, it both increases and improves the
food. Hogs do not eat it.

To gentFemen cutting lucerne for hay, and it is
(ifieii desirable to do this with the third cutting,
I Would particularly recom^nend, that after the
grass has laid a few hours in the swarth, to make
it into cocks, not exceeding a yard in diameter, and
as high as convenient, placing it oi^i Layers with
the fork, and pointing aJthe top. Two days will
cure it sufficient fiir mo"wiiig, and every leaf will be
saved ; whereas by spreading, the leaves will crum-
ble and be lost ere the stalk is dry. This is the
practice I also adopt with my clover.inerely opening
it two or three hours to the .'un before it is drawn

BEES.

The Editor of the Windsor, Vt. Chronicle, after copy-
ing Dr Smith's article on hees from a late New Eng-
land Farmer has added' the following remarks ;

Dr Smith doubts the existence of the queen bee.
Now we have never hertrd a bee ])romulgating
laws or appointing subordinate officers, &c, but we
have seen what may perhaps be worth telling of
There was an empty hiv<i at the north end of
the bee house, intended fi)r the next swarm. From
the hive ne.xt south, a swarm had issued, and after
flying about for a while, returned. The reason
assigned by the owner was, that the queen was
unable to fly. A day or two after, the swarm
came out again and soon began to return as before.
It occurred to us, that possibly her majesty, in at-
tempting to ffy, might have fallen to the ground

from the field. By the bye,— let me repeat my 1 Stepping in front of the hive, we saw, six or eight
advice to my brother firmers, who have light rich j feet from its mouth, some twenty bees, flying
soils, to try an acre of lucerne. If they have i about near a tuft of irrass ; and on drawing nearer

we saw perched u|)on a blade of grass, a bee,

invariably followed by a general scampering of
the surrounding bees to the hive. Some of these
messengers entered the old hive, where their oper-
ations were out of sight ; but their entrance was
soon followed by the pouring out of imiltitudes,
who made their way with all possible speed to the
new hive. In a few moments the odd looking bee,
picked u]i on the grass, was surrounded with a re-
s|)ectable swarm, all was quiet, the usual labors of
bees comenced, and in the end, a good summer's
work of honey-making was done. — Thi.s, and
having seen a number of bees of the .same ap-
pearance, but never more than one in a hive, is all
we know by our own eyes, about a queen among
bees.

MANGEL WURTZEL.

At the Doncaster Agricultural Society, Lord Al-
thorpe described an interesting experiment which
he made to as certain the comparative merits of
Swedish turnips and ISlangel Wurtzel, in the fatten-
ing of cattle; the result of which went to prove the
sujijeriority of the latter. His lordshi|) fiulher ob-
^jh'ed that during the present droughty season,
when the turnips had been nearly burnt up, or
destroyed by the fly. Mangel Wurtzel had flour-
ished, and was an abundant crop. — {Farmer''s Jour-
nal.') A correspondent informs that Mangel
Wurtzel may be used for feeding dogs, and that
they are very fond of this root, while they will
not eat the turnip.

snuill farms, one acre of this grass is worth twelve '

Recipe for Scalds and Burns Linseed oil and

lime water each equal parts — the bottle to bo
shaken previous to the application, as the ingre-
dients will separate — lint or a piece of linen to l)e
applied to the burn, and kept constantly saturated
with the liniment. , <^'_,-/.

Fattening Fowls ivith Potatoes. — T^^^ is a grean
profit in feeding geese, turkeys andTflBvls of everyr
sort, with potatoes and meal mixed ;fH&y will fatten'
in nearly one half tlie time that they will on any kind
of corn, or even meal by itself The |iotate8S
must be briiisedyinc, while they are hot, and
the meal added, — when the mess is given to them.
— Trans. ofSoc. of Arts.

The late ,'itorm. — Oar New England hills now wear
the aspect of the olden time. They ale beautiful. He
that ' maketh the clouds his chaiiots,' hath sent 'snow
like wool.' It is piled in the streets from six to ten leet
in height. The Commo.n and the distant country are
covered with a glorious sheen, and there is none so infi-
del as not to admire it.

At New York, the storm commenced at 11 o'clock
on Friday, and ended about the same time as in Bos-
ton. Eighteen inches fell there, and much damage is
suppose<i"t6 have been done at sea. — Mass. Jour,

*,* Several communications are deferred.

Vol. IX.— No. 28.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

223

AGRICULTURAL AGFNCY, BOSTON.
Slack for SaU.

^0. 1. — Bull — CoLi.iivs, i;ol liy Bolivnr — Aim Young
Flora, by Coelebs— ij,r. il.iiu, tlie iriiportoil cow I'lor.i,
one yeai- oU last August — color ilcI ami nliile — price
$150.

2. — Bull — Franklin, got by Bolivar — dam, a little
iiripoi'teil English cow — six months old this month — color
red and niiili' — .■>ilOO.

3. — Bull — DoKSEr, 7-S blooded, from imported Stjck
— seven months old this month — color red and white —
$50.

4.— Bull— Taijner, pot by Bolivar— dam Red Ro'^k,
by CoKLEBs— g. dam a naiive row — two years old next
April— color mostly red — glllO.

■ 5. HeiU'r— Isabella, gol by Coelebs — dam. Coun-
tess, by Co -lebs- j. Flora— 20 months old — in calf by
Cyclop-— color mostly red— $100.

6. — Hcil'er — Fa.vcv, got by Bolivar — dam. Flora —
one year old last December — color red and white— ifiUIO.

9. — Heifer — 2 years old last April, white and red mot-
tled, by Wye Comet,* with call" by Wye Comet, <lam
Flora by Holdeiness,t g. d. Belle by Denton,} 7-8 blood
$100.

10. — Heifer — 2 years old lastSeplember, sired by Wye
Comet, yellowish red with a star on the head, with call
by Wye Comet, dam by Holderncss, g. d. Polly by Don-
ton, 7-S blood, of Tair lorjn, not lats;e — .$50.

11. — Heifer Calf — 7 months olil, red and while, by
Wye Comet, dam Fanny by Holderiiess, or. d. Belle by
Denton, 7-8 blood, fine form, small size — $30.

12 — Bull Call— 7 months old, by Wye Comet, dam
No. 7, by Denlon, g. d. by Denton, 7-S blood, good size,
l)ut in rather poor Uesh — ,$40.

13.— Boll- 2 years old last October, white, by Wye
Comet, dam Belle by Denton; 3-4 blood, wholly white,
lar^e, but in poor flesh — $50.

15. — Heifer — IS months old, red, by Wye Comet. dam
Fanny by Holderncss, g. d. Polly by Denlon ; 7-S blood,
believed to be with calf by Brougham, a full bred bull
—$50.

16. — Heifer — 14 months old, red with one white spot,
and white belly, by Wye Comet, dam Belle by Denton;
.3-4 blood, ratht r poor, but with some fine points— .$J.j.

17. — Heifer — 2 years old this month, brownish red
and white, by Wye Cornet, dam a native cow, 1-2 blooJ
—$25.

18. — A lar-^e white Cow, (Ceres) which has taken a
premium at Briahton. Her dam, tne Hon. Mr (Jray's
imported cuw, for which he gave $200 ; her sire Coolebs.
She is very large, and has been kept on * only oichard
grass, clover grass, and slops of Indian meal,' will give
20 quarts of milk a day, and is with calf by a son of Bol-
ivar—$100.

Also — Grand Master, an imported Maltese Jack,
full 13 1-2 hands high, 12 years old, a vigorous and sure
mule getter — price $700. ($1000 was refused lor him in
1827.)

Grand StJLT.\N, a young Jack, 2 years old last Au-
gust, full 12 1-2 hands high, by Grand Master out of a
fine Jennet imported from Majorca by Comiiiodorc Jones
— he is vigorous, brought up with a Filly, and went to
her the last season — $500.

BoNAP.iRTE, a Jack, 3 years old, 11 1-2 hands high,
vigorous, arid went to one mare the past sea?on, the only
one offered him — $150.

Pluto, a Jack, 7 years old, 12 1-2 hands high, bred
by Hon. Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, Md.— $2.50.

Desdemon.\, a large and fine Jennet, 6 years old, 13
hands high, in foal by Grand Master, to loal in .4pril —
$200.

A large' and fine young Jennet, 2 years old last .\u-
gust, out of Desdemona, by Grand Master, and believed
to be with foal by him— $201).

9 full blood Saxon Rams, and 11 full blood Saxon Ram
Lambs, frutn the best stock imported into this country —
one ol the Rims cost $170 in 1825, and several of the
■others cost .$50; will be sold at from $12 50 to $15 each.

Also, several half blooded Calves, got by Bolivar, from
■our best native cows.

Also — Three Bull Calves, that will he large enough
to go to cows in May ncxl^two of them arc 1-2 Bolivar,
1-4 Coelebs, and 1-4 of the breed that Col. Powel's
famous bull, Malcolm, descended from, (and for milk are
considered very superior) viz. Galloway. The other
^ull is Bolivar and Fill Pail— $40 each, delivered in Bos-
ton.

We have also for sale several first rate Dairy Cows,
from several gentlemen in this vicinity, from ,$10 to $75
each ; among which are a lew full blooded Milch Cows
and Heifers, from the stock of Gov. Lincoln, which are
reputed the first dairy slock in New England. Particu-

lars of their pedigree, prices, &c. can be obtaiueil on ap-
plica ion to J. B. Kussell, New England Fanner Of-
fice, Boston. If application is made by mail, letters
must come post paid to insure alteiuioii.

Pigs of the Byfield ami Bedford brceils, and ot Capt.
Mackay's fine prize pigs, will be ready lor sale the en-
suing spring.

*U'ye Cnmet, a IhorouKh hrfA iiiiproved niirli;un Short Ilurti
liiill, l>e>;otteii ni Gnubmil by Mu/.f, dam Wliilf lluse, bri'U by
Ctliiries Clliutiplun, Ksq. iliipi>tled t)y Jidwi S. .-^I^ In tier, E^q. Oaltl-
miMe.

tlinpnrted by Gorham Parsons, Esq. of Riigblnn.

^Dtiiitiin, a ti)Mr<iii|>li biRtI liiipruveit Durham .■short Morn null,
hrntl liy Mr \\ ulierell, and inu'ortcd by fsteplien WilliaTos, Esq.
of Norlliborou"h. Jan. -Jl.

Black Currant Jf'inc.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North
Market Street —

A few dozen bottles of superior old Black Currant
Wine, made by a gentleman in this vicinity ; an account
of its astringent and detergent properties in vai ious com-
plaints, and particularly the Sore Throat, will be found
in the New England Farmer, \'ol. v. page 5t>7, written by
Samuel \V. Pomeroy, Esq. and the late Dr John G. Coffin.
Price 75 ets. per bottle — also, a few bottles ol old White
Dutch Currant Wine, price 50 cts per bottle. Dec. 31.

Farm to Let.

To be leased, for the term of five years, or less, a small
Farm in Anilover, and within four miles of Lowell. A
good place for the raising of vegetables for the Lowell
■Alarket. Inquire of HOBART CLARK.

Andover, Jan. 15, 1831. 6t Jan. 21.

Silk Cocoons wanted.
Cash and a fair price will be given at the New England
Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, for about 20 lbs
of prime Silk Cocoons, to be delivered soon.

Ammvmtion ^_fjj

01 the best quality and /ujwe.st ;)rices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
65 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refiuided. tIJan. 7.

Bolivar Calves and Saioni/ Bucks.

For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by the celebrated imported
improved Durham short horned bull Boliv.ir. which
■stock have produced 36 quarts of milk a day. No. 1, datn
Grey Brown, half Cmlebs and half Galloway. No. 2, dam
.! uno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam Ceres, her sire
Ca-lebs, her dam Mr Gray's imported Cow. No. 4, dam
Beauty, half Coelebs and half Galloway. The Calves
:ire beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
Inquire of Benjamin Shurtletf, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Han-
over Street, Boston.

July 9.

Farmer ff'nnled.

Wanted a Farmer, with a wife, without children, the
one perfectly acquaintfd with the business and capable
of taking the management of the Farm, and the other
fully competent to take charge of the Dairy ; none need
apply without the best recommendation. Address the
Publisher of the New England Fanner, Mr John B,
Russell, post paid.

Also wanted, one or two Milch Cows, extraordinary
milkers, handsome, and not exceeding 4 or 5 years old,
for which a generous price will be given. Apply as
above, post paid. No application need be made except
for very superior animals. 6t Jan. 28.

Prices in Xew York, January

33.

FLOUR

New York Superfine, Bbl.

6

50 a

Western,

fi

62 a

6 75

Philadelphia,

6

50 a

Baltimore, City,

6

37 a

Do. Howard street.

6

62 a

GRAIN.

Wheat, Northern, bush.

a

Western,

1

40 a

1 45

Virginia,

1

35 a

1 40

Rye, Northern,

75 a

80

Oats, Northern,

a

40

Corn, Southern,

a

GO

Do. Yellow, Northern,

65 a

70

Barley, new.

a

78

WOOL.

Common fleece, washed lb.

35 a

40

Merino do. do.

40 a

60

Spinning, pulled

25 a

44

Lambs' do. 1st quality

48 a

52

Do. 2d do.

G5 a

40

PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE.

AI'IM.F.S, new,

ASHES, iioi. lirst sort,

iN'arl, lirsl sort,
BKANS. vvliiie,
BEEF, miss,

Carso, No. I,
Cargo, No. t,
liUTTEU, mspccted. No. 1, new, -
CliEESL, new milk,

Skinuned milk,
FLAXSEED.

FLOUR, llaiiiinore, Howard-street, -
tieiiespe,
Alcvandria,
llallminre, wharf,
GRAIN, (.'orii. Norihern.

Corn, Southern Yellow,
Rye,
Harley,
Oals,
HAY,

HOGS LAKD, first sorl,new,
HtiPS, Isl quality,
LIME,

PLAISI'EII PARIS retails at
PORK, clear,

Navy mess.
Carffo, No. I,
SEEDS, Ilerd^s Grass,

Red Top (northern)
Lucerne,

UedClox-er. (norlliem)
WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -
Merino, mixed with Saxony,
Merino, three fourths washed,
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter,
Native, washed,
Pulled, La.Tib's, first sort.
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort,
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

run IK

'barrel

1 501

ton.

116 00

130 00

.bush.d.

yo.

barrel.

8 75;

<(

7 25

ii

6 :0|

pound.

ll'

G

tt

3i

1 121

barrel.

Ii 50 1

i(

6 50

(/

6 38'

II

6 12

bushel.

72

11

C4

It

75

II

62

II

40

cwt.

GO

cwt.

9 On

t(

i-ioo

cask.

711

ton.

2 75

barrel.

17 00

n

13 00

•'

12 m

bushel.

!75

II

62

pound.

33

*'

10

It

GO

II

65

Ii

52

II

4S

ti

3G

11

3G

II

50

it

42

45

TO

1 75
11!) 00

2 00

to

00

7 75

G 75

15

8

-1

1 60

6 75

6 ir,

G C3

6 25

75

67

78

69

42

70

10 OO

15 00

75

3 00

20 00

H 00

1-i 50

200

75

38

II

62

75

58

50

42

42

.■53

4,1

50

PROVISION MARKET.

CORr.ECTED EVERT WEEK RV MR HAVWARB,

( Cterk of FaneuU-tiatt Market.)

BEEF, best pieces, . pound. 8| 10

PORK, Iresh, best pieces, - ■' 6 7

whole hogs, - '• 55 7

VEAL, . « 6 3

MUTTuX, . .. J 0

POULTIIV, . •• 8 11

BUTTEK, keg and tub, . '< 12 1$

Lump, best, . " 13 20

EGGS, . dozen. 20 25

IMEAL, Rye, retail . bushel. 83

Indian, retail, . " 33

POTATOES, . "' 25 30

CIDER, [according to quality] arrel. 100 2 00

Brighton Market — Monday, Jan. 21.

[Rfported for tljp Chronicle and Patiiot.]
.\t Market this day, 542 Cattle, (about 26 of which

were stores,) 1632 Sheep, and 595 Swine; — 240 Sheep

and 415 Swine have been before reported.

Prices.— Beef Cattle— Vrom 3,75 to 4,50; several

yoke were taken at 4,75, and one 0.x for $5, one extra

yrfke lor Boylston Market, at $6.

Barrelling Cattle— Mess, 3,50, a 3,62i. No. I,,^ft3a
3 25.

-SAeep- Nearly all at market were stall-fed. \Vc no-
ticed sales at 2,50, 2,75, 2,88, and $3. Also 3,50, 4 and
4,50. Several hundred remained unsold.

Sirine — No sales efiTected — rather too many at market
for the season.

J\''ew York Cattle Market, Jan. 17.— At market 850
Beef Cattle, and i200 Sheep. The number of Cattle,
notwithstanding the unfavorable state of the weather,
considerably exceeded that of the last market day, and
the quality was superior, but the price not fully sustain-
ed. We quote a few extra at $7,50; a number of lots
good from 6,50 to .$7 ; several do. fair 5,75 a .$6 ; ordina-
ry 4,50 a ,$5 per cwt. We also noticed a very few extra-
ordinary Cattle, fi/r which the holders were asking $10
per cwt. but no sales were effected at that price.

Sheep. — The demand was good, and prices nearly the
same as last reported ; say for extra $5, good 3,50 a $■(,
(air 2,50 a $3, ordinary 1,50 a $2 each.

Pork, in hogs, 5A to 64 cents. The Beeves and Sheep
were nearly all sold. — Jour, of Com.

124

NEW ENGLAND FAH3IER.

Jan. 28, 1831.

MISCELLANY.

HYMN OF THE MORAVIAN NUNS,

AT TIfE CONSECRATION OF PULASKl'S BANNER.
BY H. W. LONGFELLOW.

The Standard of Count Pulaski, the noble Pole who fell
ID the attack upon Savannah, ilurinc^ the American revo-
lutioD, was of crimson silk, embroidered by the Moravi-
an Nuns of Bethlehem in Pennsylvania.

Whe^t the dying flame of day

Through the chancel shot its ray,

Far the glimmering tapers shed

Faint light upon the cowled head.

And the censer burning swung.

Where before the altar hung.

That proud banner which, with prayer,

Had been consecrated there.
And the nun's sweet hymn was heard the wliili
Sung low in the dim mysterious aisle.

Take thy banner I — may it wave
Proudly o'er the good and brave.
When the battle's distant wail
Breaks the Sabbath of our vale,
When the clarion's music thrills
To the hearts of these lone hills,
When the spear in conflict shakes.
And the strong lance shivering breaks.

Take thy banner ! — and beneath
The war cloud's encircling wreath,
Guard it till our homes are free —
Guard it— God will prosper thee !
In the dark and trying hour.
In the bi caking forth of piwer,
In the rush of steeds and men.
His right hand will shield thee then.

Take thy banner ! — but when night
Closes round the ghastly fight,
If the vanquished warrior bow,
Spajie him ! — by our holy vow,
By our prayers and many tears,
^ '*■ By the mercy that endeais.

Spare him — he our love hath sliared —
Spare him — as thou would'st be spared.

Take thy banner! — and if e'er

Thou shoiild'st press the soldier's bier.

And the muffled drum should beat

To the tread of mournful feet.

Then this crimson flag shall be

Martial cloak and shroud for thee !
And the warrior took that banner proud.
And it was his martial cloak and shroud !

The U. S. Gazette translates from the Courier 1

I •'^^ Indian chief of the Creek nation, beino- once
Des Etats-Unis, an anecdote, which proves how , appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace wTth the
dangerous it is for a man to stand still a few weeks, people of South Carolina, was desired by the o-ov-
while the Spirit of the A^e is rushing on like a ' ernor and council to speak his mind freely, ancfnot
steam chariot. A poor fellow in tlie simplicity of , be afraid, for he was among friends :—' I will speak
ignorance, tried to hnrra in a manner that would ' freely ; I will notbe afraidj'^said he ; ' for why should
please the Magistrates; and not having read the 1 1 be afraid among my friends, who never ain afraid
newspapers he did not know tliat what was loyal in ! among my enemies-''
June was very unloyal in October.

June, 1830.

Jtidge. — Gen d'armes bring the prisoner into court.
VVhat is your name, sir ?

Prisoner. — Peter Thomas, may it please your
honor.

Judge. — Peter Thomas, you stand accused of hav-
ing uttered seditious cries against our illustrious

A shopkeeper the other day in urging a lady to
buy a gown of him, said, buy enough "forlhe sleeves
madam, and I'll throw in enongli for the skirt.

Judicial Opi.mon.— The other day a man not
very learned in the law, was committed to jail, as he
said, ' on suspicion of debt.' He didn't like the
' construction' very well, and gave his opinion on
imprisonment for debt in tlie following clear and
logical style : ' There 's neighbor Hardscrabble, and
I ; we were boys together. We used to go to the
same "school ma'am," when we wa'nt bigger tlian a
mug o' cider. By some twistification ofTuck, he's
got rich and I poor. He keeps a store where he
buys and sells for profit.— (I always got along, to be I
sure, by hard service— as Tom Tough said ; till a
while ago.) Says I, one day, neighbor Hardscrabble, '
I want a few dollars' worth of your comfortables, I
and, if luck turns right, I'll pay you one of these '
days. So he let me have 'em. The long an' short |
of it is— I couldn't pay him wlien he wanted it : and
now I'm here. Now if I ought to be put in jail for
gitting trusted, he ought to be put in jail for trustino- 1
me !' — Independenl Politician. °

Salem, October, 1S30.

Durliam Short Horns.
For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the '
celcliraled animals presented by Admiral Sir Isa.ac
, - .,,, , -,,,.,, Coffin, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion

king. The citizens have trembled with horror at of Agriculture. The pedigree of these animals can be
hearing you vociferate ' do urn with Charles the X.." given as lar back as Hubback, who was calved in 1777
that noble heir of the most ancient monarchy — the and is reputed the foundation of this much admired slock,
father of his people, whose paternal reign restores Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
France to her ancient splendor. We must guard Si'^des, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals,
him against the insults of such, a wretch. For particul^ars,^ inquire^ of E. Hersey Derby, Salem.

Prisoner. — I was, saving your worship's presence,
a little in my cups, when that escaped me, as my
friend here, the officer, can testify, especially as he
had been drinking with me, and then, instead of
helping me liome, he ran and entered the complaint
against me.

Judge.— The court condemns you, Peter Thomas,
to pay a fine of 16 francs, to undergo three months
imprisonment, and pay costs of court.

October, 1830.

Judge. — Municipal Guards, bring the prisoner
into court. — What is your name ?

Prisoner. — Peter Thomas, may it please your
honor.

Judge. — Peter Thomas, you stand accused of hav-
ing uttered seditious cries against our illustrious
king. The citizens have trembled with horror at
hearing you vociferate ' hurra for Charles X.!' that
imbecile and cruel tyrant — the last of an odious
family, which fell in aiming a blow at France: His
name is forever proscribed.

Prisoner. — May it please your honor, I had just
come out of prison, where I had been confined
three months, without the possibility of reading a
newspaper : and I was so happy to breathe again in
open air, that, without dreaming of ofi'ence, I cried
'hurra for Charles X !'

JVew Work on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. .'J2 North
Market Sireet,

The Veleiinary Surgeon ; or, Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which fhe Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies em-
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and impiovements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society.

Wants a Situation.
A Gardener who can produce unquestionable recom-
mendations for honesty, sobriely, and good moral charac-
ter, and who is peifectly acquainted wilh every branch
of gardening, and cultivation of Grapes, wishes a perma-
nent sifualion in that capacity. He is a single man. In-
quire of J. B Rusell, New England Farmer office.

Mason^s Pocket Farner,
Comprising a general description of that noble and use-
Ji/f/^e.-The court condemns you, Peter Thomas '"1 animal the Horse ; fifth edition, with additions. To
to pay a fine of I G francs, to undergo three months - "''"''IV' '""'=^' ^P'■'^^^''">' °" '^'"''='- % S. W. Pome-
imprisonment, and pay the costs of court. I i'"''' \'"'- of B''g''ton, Mass, And an appendix, contain-

'^ ■' ing observations and recipes for the cure ol most of the

Tt, iBlf; ,i„,;„~ *!,„ ■ t J I u .1 ^ (common diatemiiers incident to Horses, Oxen, Cows,

In 181.5, durmg the riots produced by the Corn Calves, Sheep, Lambs, Swine, Dogs, &c selected from

bill, several members, on their way to the House of different authors. And an Addenda, containino- the annals

Commons, were surrounded by the populace, who of the Turf, American Stud Book, mode of trainiun-, rules

obstructed the avenues, and insulted those who were . of Racin."-, &c.

known to be friendly to the measure. One member j Just published and for sale by R. P. & C. Williams, IS
on entering the House, exhibited his torn coat to the \ ^''d "-'* Cm nhill.

Speaker, complaining of his want of protection. An- ' ■*''"• <"' liberal terms, a large assortment of Agricultii-
other lamented the loss of his hat; another had been ''■"'' Historical, Theological, Law, and other Books,
hustled in the crowd, and if not really hurt, seriously ' Persons selecting Libraries, will hnd it for their advan-

I frightened. Sir Frederick Flood who was n supl ' 1""° '" '^""; *" D^*^- 31-

porter of the bill, and equally entitled to the dis- I Publ'ili;;j;7e7^ Friday, at §3 per annum payable at the
pleasure of the populace, boasted his superior , end of the >ear--but those who pay within sirtVdJvs from thi^
address m the following terms: — 'Mr Speaker, 1 time ofsubscribing, are entitled to a deduction oififty cents,
they surrounded me too, and inquired my name;! [rr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
now, Rlr Speaker, I hate prevarication, but my name , being made in advance.

being Flood, I felt myself at liberty to answer " Wa- 1 Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
ters," and so they let me pass without molestation.' all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the

The story excited great laucrfiter. iojirfon A'ej« '"■'*'"'^ °'" '^''^''""'"■^- Order.= for printing received by J. B.

Montidu " ' Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 North

•'■ ^ t Market Street.

' I agents.

When the Esquimaux Indians saw Capt. Franklin ! ^^''"' l"!"-*— G.Thorburn & Sons. 67 Liberty-street
and his officers with their blue coats, and gold epau- ^J''''"^'''''''''~\\- 2" ^ I^ani.reth.BS Chosinui-sireet.
lets, they eagerly inquired what animal it 'was 'i;l::;::"u^: 31^:1^]^^''''' "'''''''"'"'''" ^'""'"- '

which produced so fine a skin .'

They seemed to regard everything which was
landed in their territory, as their own, and at their
disposal. This custom Capt. F. supposed to be the
consequence of the frequent wrecks cast on shore
from the Pacific.

Flushing:, N. Y. Wni. Pri.vce & SoKs,Prop.Liu. Bot. Garden

Hartford — GoonwiN & Sons.

Ncit'liiiryport, Eeenezer Stedman, Bookseller.

I'urtsmoHth, N. H. 1. \V. Foster, Bookseller.

.'hifrttsta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Hfili/a.r,N. S.— P. J. HoLLANii, Esq. Recorder Office.

MoiiireaJ, L. C.— A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW ENGLiAPTD FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. BCSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSEKTDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTOiV, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 18. 3 1.

]V0. 29.

ADDRESS

DELIVERED BEFORE THE MIDDLESEX SoriETT OF

HUSBAN I) .MEN AND M A N L F A CTU R E RS,

AT THEIR ASM'AL FESTITaL, OCT. 7, 1S30.

B V E L i A S P 11 1 .\ X E Y.
Concluded from page 313.

Major Wheeler of Framingham, a good practi-
cal farmer, lias been more successful in his at-
tempts at paring and burning. He has for three
years obtained great crops of hay from peat mead-
ows, managed in this way, with no other manure
than the ashes produced by the burning ; the crop
of the third yearbeing fully equal to that of either
of the former years. The different results of
these two experiments may have been occasioned
by a deeper paring in the latter than in the former
case. My neighbor pared with a hand machine,
and was probably not so deep as that done by Mr
Wheeler, who used an instrument drawn by oxen.
The deeper the paring, the greater, of course, will
be the quantity of ashes from the burning, and the
more durable the effect.

The objections to this practice, however, are, I
apprehend, well founded. That there must be a
very considerable loss of enriching animal and ve-
getable substances by the fire, cannot be doubted.
While the stimulating power of the salts contain-
ed in the ashes continues to operate, the produce
may give an abundant reward for the labor bestow-
ed, but when this has subsided, it will be found
that the soil has been robbed of some of it? es-
sential ingredients, having nothing left but a life-
less crust, covering a dead mass of inert matter
beneath ; and that fertility cannot be kept up, with-
out frequent and expensive applications of ma-
nure.

The effect of covering meadows with sand or
gravel, is better known, and its merits more gene-
rally tested. As this is not attended by a destruc-
tion of any of the valuable animal or vegetable
matter, it may, for this reason alone, be preferable
to paring and burning. But there are two very
substantial objections to this practice. In the first
place, it is very expensive, and in the second place,
it does not entirely exterminate the wild grasses,
Tdiich will be continually springing up, and root-
ing out the cultivated grasses, unless there be fre-
quent and expensive top dressings, and as frequent
sowing of grass seed. Besides, I have always
found the produce of these gravelled meadows to
he of a coarse, ordinary quality, mixed with much
of the rank herbage peculiar to wet grounds, far
less nutritious than upland hay, and unsaleable in
market, except at a reduced price.

The late venerable and intelligent Col. Picker-
ing, in an address to the Essex Agricultural Soci-
ety, of which he was President from its first es-
tablishment, to near the close of his long and use-
fiil life, remarked, ' If meadows admit of being
thoroughly drained, I would never carry on gravel
or sand, absolutely barren substances.' Thousands
of dollars have been expended in this neighbor-
hood in burying the rich soils of our low meadows,
with these ' absolutely barren substances.'' The
great expense, together with the ordinary quality
of the produce from 'meadows covered with gravel,

and the necessity of frequent and expensive top
dressings, are too well known and too generally ac-
knowledged, to require a statement of any farther
objections to this practice.

The third metliod, and now the most common,
I is ploughing and cultivating with fallow crops, for

being from three to five feet deep.) turned over
with a bog hoe ; having first been completely
drained. It was then .rolled as hard as it could
be, with a heavily loaded roller. A top dressing of
six loads of loam and an ecjual quantity of com-
post, was then spread over t!ie whole, the grass

one or more years, after draining, according to the | seed then sowed, then bushed and rolled a second
nature of the soil. This is decidedly preferable i time. I have, for the three year* past, taken from

this ground, two large crops of e,xcellont hay, each

to either of the two last mentioned methods of
managing wet meadow grounds.

The Rev. Mr Colman, of Salem and Lynn, a
gentleman distinguished for his literary attainments,
as well as for his agricultural skill, has given some
very useful, practical hints, upon this subject.

' My meadow,' he says, ' consisting of one acre
and a quarter, is completely drained. It was
ploughed in the spring and planted, and promises
to yield a good crop of potatoes. I design to plant
it one year more, when 1 think all the sods and
hillocks will be completely broken, and then lay it
down to grass, confident of success, from the re-
sult of a similar experiment, made upon a piece, of
about one fourth of an acre, which from being im-
passable and worthless, and filled with skunk cab-
bage and other noxious weeds, is now the best
piece of grass land on the place, and though drain-
ed and laid down after one summer's fallow, with
manure, and sowing only a few turnips, with hoe-
ings sufficient to break the sods to pieces, and af-
terwards sowing with grass seed, and carefully
rolled, has this year produced two abundant crops
of hay !'

In this experiment, Mr Colraan has omitted to
state the quantity of manure that was used, and
we are therefore unable to say how far his plan
may with safety be adopted as an e.icample by other
farmers. My own experiments, in this way, have
not been so successful. It may have been owing
to a deficiency of manure, but I have attributed it
rather to the loose and puffy condition in which the
soil was left after fallowing and laying down to
grass. My crop of hay was very small, and I be-
lieve the same cause, which had operated to pre-
vent the growth of my corn, had also prevented
the growth of the grasses, the texture of the soil
being too loose, and the cavities consequently too
large to be filled by their small roots. The sward
or turf of peat meadows and swamps, is much more
compact, and the parts much more finely divided,
than the peaty and loose substance which lies un.

year, the present year's crop being larger than
tliat of any former year. All the natural grass
and coarse herbage, seem thoroughly exterminated,
and a firm and compact surface formed, ivliicli will
admit of cattle and wheels to pass over it^ without
apparent injury. No looseness of surface, no such
barren spots, nor stinted grass, as were frequently
to be met with in peat grounds which had been
ploughed and planted. By this method the soil is
not robbed of any of its nourishing properties; —
all its valuable qualities are retained, and the loam
spread upon the surface, filling the pores that might
remain open, the fine roots of the cultivated grasses
find means of penetrating the compact sod, and
derive abundant food from the decomposing vege-
table matter that was turned under. I have set
this acre over with apple trees, placing the roots
upon the surfiice and covering them with loam, and
they are quite as thrifty, and promise as well as
my best trees, planted in upland. Upon the whole,
I am fully satisfied, that this is the best mode of
reclaiming our wet meadow grounds, and with the
instrument invented and used by Major Wheeler
for. paring, I believe it will be found to be the most
economical.

The soil with which we have most to do, and to
which I shall next invite your attention, is a thin,
gravelly loam. The severe cropping, to which this
has been subjected, for a long series of years, and
the neglect of means to enrich it, cither by sup-
plying manure, or preserving those nutritive pro-
perties which it may have occasionally acquired
by a temporary rest from its labors, have so far di-
vested it of the essential qualities of a good soil,
as to render, in many places, a total abandonment
or a new mode of culture absolutely necessary.

I am aware of your surprise, when I caution
farmers against too great a use of the Plough.
That ploughing excites to the immediate fertility
of the soil, will not be questioned ; but this excite-
ment, like stimulatinor substances, tends to eventual

der the sward, and the more it is ploughed the 1 exhaustion, unless adequate supplies of enriching
more it is likely to become mixed with the coarse ! matter be made. On duly considering the expo-
and spongy subsoil. Any more ploughing or stir- | sure to waste of the animal and vegetable substan-
ring, therefore, than is necessary to destroy the I ces, contained in the soil, by frequently stirring
natural herbage, is, in my opinion, not only unne- j and turning it up, you will readily perceive that
cessary, but highly injurious. Such a course, then, ! the plough, in the hands of an unskilful farmer,
as would be most likely to effect these two objects, may become an ' instrument of certain and speedy
viz. to exterminate the wild grasses and noxious destructipn.' Our hdls and our plains were, at no

weeds, and, at the same time, to preserve the na-
tural compactness of the sward, I apprehend, will
be found to to be the most advantageous method of
reclaiming these kinds of soil.

These objects, I am confident, are more sure of
being attained by what is called bog^iig:, which
consists in turning over the sward, or turf, with a
hoe or instrument made for the purpose, than by
any other process. In the fall of 1826, I had the
sward of about one acre of peat meadow, (the peat

distant period, covered with a deep, rich, vegetable
mould, capable of producing abundant crops, with-
out the aid of manure. What, but the incautious
use of the plough, has reduced one to a hungry,
gravelly knoU, and the other to nearly a barren
waste, approaching fast to absolute sterility. Will-
not the same causes, which have changed the
fruitful fields of some parts of Northern Africa
and Asia Minor into barren, uninhabitable sanda,
produce the same effects in our own country ? Let

226

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 4, ISSl.

the same course of husbandry be pursued, for two j three years' labor his soil has evidently become] part of the soil, whicli had been turned up, and
hundred years to come, that has been, for the cen- poorer and less productive, than it was at the be- , reina'ned upon the surface, was thereby mix-
tury past, and it will require but a moderate share | ginning of his course ? If, on examination, such j ed with the compost inanin-e. — Corn was then

of wisdom, to foresee the event. Spring might, j should be his convictions, will not the provident,

indeed, return, and the showers of heaven descend,
but no longer to moisten tlie tender grass, or deck
the fields in vernal beauty, for hungry sterility
will have rooted up the last blade, and destruction,
over the naked land, 'expanded her raven wing.'

Let the plough, then, the most important of all
agricultural instruments, in tlie hands of a judicious
farmer, be used to preserve rather than to destroy
the food, which nature has so bountifidly provided
for the nourishment of plants. Grounds, which
are not entirely destitute of vegetable matter, may,
by proper management, be made highly productive,
without the aid of manure. If the small portion
of animal and vegetable substances, which may be
found upon our thin, gravelly or sandy soils, be
turned ftnder by the plough, and allowed to remain
tliere, secure from the wasting influence of winds
and other causes, which excite the evaporation of
their volatile properties, there can be no doubt,
that by repeating this process for a few years, our
poorest lands may become essentially improved,
and be made to produce crops, that would richly
compensate for the labor bestowed.

The course usually pursued, cannot but bo at-
tended with a constant deterioration of the soil.
A field of matted and bound out green sward, is
broken up, not turned over, in the spring, some days
before planting, harrowed, then cross ploughed and
harrowed again. By this stirring and throwing
about the sods, by the plough and harrow, the roots
and tops of the grass, and all the light, vegetable
mould, are necessarily brought to the surface, and
exposed to waste from the operation of sun and
winds, and the poorer part of the soil, which should
remain at the top to imbibe the enriching proper-
ties of the atmosphere, is, by the same cross
ploughing and harrowing, thrown back into its cold
and lifeless bed. The next season, it is ploughed,
harrowed and cross ploughed again, and, if the
first year's crop were potatoes, and the owner hap-
pen to be ' book farmer' enough to know the im-
portance of a rotation of crops, he plants the se-
cond year with corn, and in order that evaporation
and the winds may have their perfect work, in de-
priving the ground of the small portion of vege-
table mould that remains, it is hauled into heaps
about the corn, whicli, in this way, is left to find
its nourishment in tlie naked valleys between the
rows. Tlie third year, tlie field is ploughed, har-
rowed, cross ploughed ajid harrowed again, and
sowed down witli grain and grass seed, and then,
instead of the roller, to break down tlie lumps,
press in the small stones, and set the earth close
to the seed, the bush harrow is applied, which fin-
ishes the work, by leaving exposed much of the
seed, and bringing to the surface many small stones,
and the weeds and stubble of the former year's
growth. If the field happen to be on a side hill,
in addition to the above causes of wasting the bet-
ter parts of the soil, will be its liability to be wash-
ed away by the rains, thereby to enrich his neigh-
bor's grounds, or increase the alluvial possessions
of some more fortunate proprietor.

After such a course of husbandry, without hav-
ing applied more than an ordinary quantity of ma-
flure, wiil any farmer pretend tliat the stock of
vegetable nutriment in his field has been increas-
ed ? Does not the impoverished condition of his
fields rather convince him that at the end of his

farmer be in some measure alarmed at what he
must see will be the certain eventual result, and be
anxious to apply a remedy ?

Upon a field of eight acres, now in my posses-
sion, a course similar to the one above described,
had been pursued, to my knowledge, for more than
forty years. At each successive ploughing, it had
been manured, as well as grounds were generally

planted in drills upon the furrow, the rows being
at tlie usual distance and parallel with the fur-
rows. At hoeing time, the surfiice was stirred by
running a light plough between the rows, but not
so deep, at this or the subsequent hoeing, as to
disturb the sod. What iMr Lorain calls the 'sav-
age practice' of hilling up the corn, was cautiously
avoideil. As the season advanced, I carefully
watched the jirogress of iny cornfield. In the

manured by the neighboring farmers. The soil I early part of the season, it did not exliibit a very
was evidently becoming poorer, and the crops di- promising appearance ; but as soon as the roots
minishing. In 1S22, when I commenced opera- had extendeil into the enriching matter beneath,
tions upon it, the soil was thin, and the crops of and began to expand in the decomposing sward,
the first three years, it having been cultivated in i which liad now become mellow, and more niiniite-
the usual way, hardly jiaid the expense of labor; ly divided by the fermentation of the confined ve-
and manure, which had been bestowed. Good i getahle substances beneath, than it ])os?ibIy could
economy, then, would seem to require, that the
field should either be abandoned, or that some
mode of culture should be introduced, which
should have the efl^ect, either of increasing the
crop or lessening the expense.

In May, 1829,* the field having laid three years
to grass, and the crop of hay so light as to be
worth not more than the expense of making, with
a view of ascertaining the quantity of vegetable
matter upon the surface, 1 took a single foot
square of green sward, and after separating the
roots and tops of the grasses from the loam
and vegetable niouhl, it was found on, weighing
to contain nine ounces of clear, veg,etable sub-
stance, giving, at that rate, over twelve and a quar-
ter tons to the acre. This convinced me of the
importance of taking some course, by which this
valuable treasure might he turned to good account.
That a great part of this mass of vegetable mat-
ter is exposed to useless waste, by the usual mode
of ploughing, cross ploughing and harrowing,
must be obvious to any one. In orrler, therefore,
to secure this, as well as the light vegetable mould
at and near the surface, whicli is liable to waste
from the same causes, I had two acres of the green
sward of this field turned over with the plough,
as smoothly as possible. After removing the out-
side furrow slices into the centre of the plougl
land, and thereby effecting the double purpose of
covering the vacant space in the middle, and pre-
venting ridges at the sides and etnh, the field was
rolled hard, with a loaded roller, by which the un-
even parts of the fiuTow were pressed down and
the whole made smooth. It was then harrowed
lengthwise the furrows, with a horse harrow, but
so lightly as not to disturb the sod. Twenty cart
loads of compost manure, made by mixing two
parts of loam or peat mud, with one of stable
dung, were tlien sfiread upon each acre. It was
then liarrowed again, as before, and the poorer

* Most of the remaiks in the writer's account of bis
method of ploughing green swurd, were publishei! in
1829, in the New Ensl'ind Farmer, in answer to gome in-
quiries on the subject, maile tliroU{;ii the medium of that
paper, over the sionature of ' Dorchester.' — Afler ma-
king; the experiment, and writini; the account, a ijenlie-
man, to whom he showed the field and described the
mode of culture, stated that tiie same method h.ni been
pursued by tlie late iMr Lorain, of Pennsylvania; and in
a few days after, kindly sent liim j^orain's excellent trea-
tise upon husbandry. He liail not before examined tliis
work. Mr Lorain recommemls turning over the green
sward and planting on the furrow, but the following sea-
son he ploughed as usual, and, in no instance does he
state, that he tried the nietliod of raising two crops of
grain and stocking the ground down to grass, without dis-
turbing the sod.

have been by plough or hoe, the growth became
vigorous, and the crop, in the opinion of those who
examined the field not less than seventy bushels
of corn to the acre. As soon as the corn was
harvested, the stubble was loosened up by running
a light horse plough lengthwise, through the rows,
the surfiice then smoothed with a bush harrow,
and one bushel of rye, with a sufficient quantity
of herd's grass and red top seed, to the acre, was
then sowed, the ground again harrowed and roll-
ed. The crop of rye was harvested in July fol-
lowing, and the two acres yielded sixtynine and a
half bushels of excellent grain, and over five tons
of straw. The grass seed, sowed with the rye,
took well, and the present season I nioweil, what
those who secured the crop, judged to be two and
a half tons of the very best of hay from each
acre.*

Thus, with one ploughing, with the aid of twen-
ty cart loads of compost nianure to the acre, I
have obtained two crops of grain and stocked the
land down to grass.

The soil upon which this experiment was made-
was a thin loam upon a gravelly subsoil, and after
stating the fact, that it hail before, in the usual
mode of culture, yielded but about forty bushels
of corn to the acre, and less than half that quan-
tity of rye or liarley, and, with the exception of
the first year after laying down to grass, a crop of
hay tl;a'. but little more than paid the labor of ma-
king, the beneficial eflfects of this mode of plough-
ing green sward, would seem to be established be-
yond a doubt. Other parts of the same field have
been ploughed and managed in the same way,
and promise results equally gratifying. The val-
uable ends attained by this mode of culture, it
will be readily seen, are a saving of more than
half the labor, a doubling of the produce, a retain-
ing of much of the enriching master fcun<l upon
the sm'face, which by the usual mode of plough-
ing and cross ploughing is dissipated and given to
the winds ; and add to these advantages, what

* The writer's first experiment In this method of man-
aging sward land was made upon a piece of v.-oin out
pasture land in 1826. In the month of Au,o.usl the sward
was turned over as llat as the condition of the land would
allow. It was then rolled anil harrowed, the same way
with the furrows, and Buck Wheat, with lieriCs crass aud
red lop seed sowed upon the furrow, without the use of
any manure. The crop of buck wheat was pi-etly good-
In the sjniiig following, tlie grass looked so promising it
was reserved lor mowing, and yielded a very good crop
of excellent clean hay, and as pasture land has affbrdeil
more than double the feed for callle that it did before
ploughing. The field was harrowed and rolled aftsr soW'
ing.

I

Vol. IX.— No. 29.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

227

every tarnier slioiiltl consiik'i- of most iiiijioriance,
a certain and permanent imiirovoMient of llie soil.

The liglit soils of the level«nil smootli plains
which may he I'onnd in this vicinity, and in some
Other parts of the county, are |iccnliarly well adapt-
ed, and would unquestionahly be fjreatly benctitjid
by this mode of culture. An experiment upon
one or two acres of this soil, could be made with
but little risk to the owner. lu the month of Au-
gust or early iu September, if the irround is to be
sowed with winter rye, let tire sward be turned
over with the plonj;li as flat as pos^cible, and atYer
removing the outside fun-ow slices into the vacant
space in the middle of the ploujrhland, let it he
rolled hard and then han-owed lenjrthwise the ftir-
rows, but so light as not to disturb the sward, and
tlien sowed with rye, and l.crd's grass or red to])
seed, and after this, harrow and roll again. In the
following s[)ring, as early as the season will allow,
sow on a liber;d su])ply of clover seed,* and roll
tlie limd again. This will pvomote the gro^Mll of
the rye, by setting the earth close about the roots,
and will sufficiently bury the clover seed. In the
next August or September, plough again and sow
as before, taking care to let the ploughing be a lit-
tle deeper than at first, so as to bring to the sur-
face a portion of the poorer subsoil. If a top
dressing of compost manuref can be afforded at
eadi ploughing, the increased |)roduee would, no
doubt, be fully sufficient to remimerate the ex-
pense ; but witliout any mauure, a few years' cul-
tivation of these barren plains, on this plan, must
inevitably result in a great improvement of the soil,
and a consequent increase of croj)s. As the ev-
periment cannot be a very hazar Ions one, ou the
score of exjiense, it may be woith trying. The
depth of the ploughing must depend on circum-
stances, such as the natural depth of the soil, and
the quantity of manure to be applied. It would be
absurd to attempt to prescribe rules on this sub-
ject. We might as well give rules for the strength
«f our teams, or the size of our ploughs, which
■ must dej)eud on the pm-poses they are intended to
subserve.

An important subject of coiisideration in this
system, is the manner in which manure should be
applied. If fresh stable dung or long muck, as it
is usually called, is to be used, it should be spread
upon the surface and turned under the sward.
No fears need be entertained that by thus turning
it under, the crop will lose the benefit of it. The
enriching volatile matters that are thrown off by

• Southern clover seed will be found to be decid-
edly preferable to northern, for this purpose, inas-
much as it matures earlier, and will f;ive a greatar quan-
tity of vegetable matter to be turned in at me next
ploughiug. It also makes belter fodder for catile or
horses, the stalks being finer than those of northern clo-
ver.

t Ten carl loads of compost manure will furnish a pretty
good top dressing for an acre, and every farmer, who keeps
but a small number of catile and hogs, may at this rale,
provide himself wilh a sutEclency for a number of acres.
Hij stable manure that i^ inclined lo heat, particularly
that from Ibe horse slable, should be mixed with at least
double the quantity of loam or meadow mud, a»f.ist as it
is thrown out, lo irabibe its nutritious properties and
prevent (heir escape by fermentation— Or it should be
, thrown direcdy into the hogsly, where it may be kept
in so compact a condition, as lo prevent termentation.
Every hog kept by a farnter, should be required lo pre-
pare ten loads of compost manure in the course of a year,
which he will cheerfully do, if Ihe owner will pro-
vide him wilh materials, such as loam, peat or swamp
mud, leaves from the forests, &c. The vault of the farm-
er's privy, the waste water from his sink, and even his hen
roost and dove house, may, wilh proper management,
be made to supply valuable additions to his compost heap.

the foriiientatioii, necessarily .moMid and will be
lodged in the su]ieriiiciunlienr-liP5 and such parts,
as are soluble in water, will never descend below
the reach of the penetrating roots of grain or
grass. — It is conlrtuy to the princi])les of sound
[ philosophy, and the known laws of gravitation,
that a lighter body should settle beneath and dis-
I place one that is heavier. Our manure heaps
have, in sonic instances, been annually deposited
I in the same spot for half a century, and yet in no
instance has the gravelly soil beneath, been fotmd
to be enriched to the de|)th of six inches. An in-
genious farmer* of Surry, in the State of Maine, I
have been informed, satisfied himself on this sub-
ject, by an experiment nnule by placing a few
inches of earth in a vessel, having a hole in the
bottom, and then covering the earth with manure
and pouring on water until it had exhausti'd the
manure of its enricbing matter, and it was found
to pass off at the opening in the bottom of the
vessel, perfectly filtrated, and cleared of an}' col-
oring or substance, which it imbibed in ])assing
through the maimre.

The fertilizing pro|ierties of the manure may be
wasted by the improvident hand of man, but it is
kindly i)ro\'ided, by an unalterable law of nature,
that they never can be lost by causes beyond his
control.

Instead of putting on fresh manure from the
stable, and ploughing it under the sward, I have
thought it more economical to mix it with about
twice the quantity of swamp or peat mud, and as
soon as the coarse fibre is sufficiently broken down
and rotted, to spread it on the inverted sward, and
mix it well with the poorer earth that has been
turned up.

It may be said that many of our fields are too
rough and too full of stones, to admit of t'neir be-
ing turned over smooth enough to allow t'ue scythe
to follow the ])lough. A remedy for tins difficulty
is within the reach of eveiy man of or-jinary health.
But this, it may be replied, would b'j attended with
expense ; and so the fanner wi'il continue from
year to year, to work among fstones, which have
borne the marks of the plough and harrow for half
a century, when they might be removed with much
less labor than would be saved by adopting the
system that I have suggested.

The mistaken notion is too prevalent among
fiinners, that no experimental operations can be
made, no chan-ye of system introduced, without
burdensome exnense. It is true, that the wealth
of the'opulent has done much, but mental research
and a spirit of inquiry, accompanied by the personal
inspection and jiersevering efforts of the practical
farmer have ('.one much tnore, to increase the pro-
duce and iin prove the condition of our farms.

This is n.iost forciblv illustrated by Pliny the el-
der—

' Furii'is Cresinus, an emancipated Roman slave,
having obtained from his very small estate, much
larger crops than his more wealthy neighbors from
their vast domains, they becaine so cnvimis, that
they charged him with employing enchantment, to
attract into hisgrounds, the produce of their fields.
Having been summoned by Spurius Albinns,
and being fearful of condemnatir n, he introduced
into the forum, as the tribes prepared to vote, his
robust and well clad family, and his agricultural
implements, his heavy mattocks, his ingeniously
constructed ])loiighs, and his well fed oxen, and
then exclaimed — Behold ! Roman Citizens, my

magic"; but I am still unable to show you, or
bring into the market place, my stvdk.'S, my con-
slant vii;{lunce, my fatiguing labors. — Scarcely had
he concluded, when he was absolved by public
acclamation.'

It is in eiMer|)rise, study, unremiting study, vi-
gilance and industry, more than in mone;/, that the
mystery of great croj)s and successful inisbandry
consists.

Is it not too connnon a practice, among our far-
mers, to consider that when harvesting is over, the
labors of the year have eniled .' Atier the six
months of .seedtime and hanest have passed
away, instead of employing himself and his team,
in remo\ing the stones fiombis fields intended for
the plough, and cletu-ing the unsightly bogs and
bushes from his low meadow grounds, and con-
verting them into verdant lawns and tiiiitfiil fields,
his carts ami other implements of husbandry are
laid aside, his oxen tied up to meadow hay, and
the owner, whose dread of the expen.«e, sits like
an Incubus, upon every efl'ort toward improve-
ment, confining his winter's operations to the wood
pile and hay mow.

The wholesome admonition of wisdom, may
well be addressed to such fanners, ' He that will
not plough, by reason of the cold, shall beg in har-
vest, and have nothing.'

* Mr Jarvis.

Copperas. — It having been discovered some
time since, that there was a be<l of the iron pyrites
ofuncommon richnes.s,in Hiibbardston, in this coun-
ty, a manufactory of copperas has been cstidilished
at that place during the present season. We have
just examined a barrel of copperas and judging
from its appearance, we should think itsui)erior to
any we ever before saw. We understand it can
be afforded at a very low rate. This is one of the
articles, the mnniifacture ofwhich is jiroiected by
the ' odious tariff',' and the consequence has been
to reduce the price from 7 or 8 cents, at which it
formerly sold, to 2 to 3' cents per pound.

Worcester Spy.

Che.ip polishi.ng sCBSTAiNCE. — The following
is a cheap and excellent polishing substance ; — A
piece of old hat is immersed for a few minutes in
sulphuric acid. The iron with which the hat
was originally dyed passes into the state of red
oxide — and the old hat then becomes excellent
for giving the last polish to even the hardest sub-
stance.— Mech. Mag.

Mr Wm. Chace of Somerset, has a cow which
has given daily, on an average, iluring the past
season, 20 ([uarts of milk. Nearly 14 lbs. of
butter were made weekly from the cream, for ten
weeks.

In Sweden tliey break out roads in a very simple
and e.xcellent manner, with a machine made of three
pieces of plank, 1,5 feet long, forming a triangle, the
piece at the end being narrow so as not to retain the
snow. Thus : — ^ . . . . (The dots represent
horses.)

Rail Roads are to be the subject of discussion in
the legislature of Upper Canada. An English engi-
neer, Mr Fleming, proposes a grand railway from
the city of Montreal to the extreme western settle-
ments on Lake Huron.

Recent sales of landed property in Williamsport,
Md. have indicated a great increase of value pro-
duced by the construction of the rail road.

There are 234 newspapers in New York Slate.

•'>2S

*■ ^ L^

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 4, 1831.

®©sisi^£ra^<a>5sa©ST3a

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMTR.

Observations ON Post and Rail Fences, Stone
Walls anu Living Fences.
In 1814, 1 bought white cedar niWs [Tlniya oc-
cidentalis vel Arbor vUce) at $S ji 100 ami 50 cents
a 100 for sharpening. Cost of a rail 8 J cents,
and posis of the same kind at §8 for 60, and 5
cents for mortising 5 iioles in each post ; cost of
a post, 18J cents. 3 lengths of rails, set nearly 2
rods ; 15 rails cost $1.2"i ; 3 posts (omitting the
4th post) cost 55 cents ; expense of the niaterials,
exclusive of the setting, Sl;82J for 2 rods.

The posts and rails were of good cedar, of sntfi-
cieut age and of large size. Nearly all the bot-
toms of the posts are rotted off, the rails considera-
bly worn, many top rails broken by the heavy bot-
toms of lazy gnimers who get over the middle
of a length of fence, instead of getting over near
the post.

In 1830, I purchased large sawed white pine
rails (Pinus strobus) 2 inches thick, and 8 inches
wide, already shar[)ened, at §7 a 100, and good
chesnut posts [Castanea vesca,) with 4 holes each,
and sharpened at 815 a 100. These made high-
er, stronger, and closer fence than the cedar, and
at only $1,29 for 3 lengths or 2 rods.

Stone wall can be laid from 33 to 50 cents a
rod, provided the trench is dug and filled with
small stones, and the large stones are drawn and
laid by the trench ; but if the builder of the wall has
to dig the trench, and fill it with small stones, and
then dig and draw the large stones and lay them,
it will cost to make a good wall 4^^ feet high, from
$2 to 85 for 2 rods, according to the size, nearness
and difficulty of procuring the materials. 42 Vir-
ginia thorn plants (CraUegus cordnta) are sufficient
to set 2 rods of hedge ; 8 spare plants will be suffi-
cient to set in a nursery for repairs. 50 plants
at $5 a 1000, come to 25 cents. The ground
can be prepared, and the plants set at less expense
a rod than post and rail fence can be set or a
trench dug properly for a stone wall.
White Cedar fence a rod (exclusive of setting,) 91i
Sawed rails .and chesnut post do (exclu-
sive of setting,) 64J
Good 4J feet stone wall, a rod, from .$1 to 2 50
Hedge a rod (exclusive of preparing and
setting,) 12^
The land for setting a hedge should have been
under culture the previous year.
Plants for setting and ])reparing one rod of

hedge, 12§

Preparing land and trench, cutting, sloping,

and covering thorns, 03J

1st year, 3 hoeings, and 1 clearing away

leaves in autumn, 04

2d and 3d years, 6 hoeings and 2 trimmings

of side branches, and 2 clearings, 10

4th year, 3 hoeings, one trinnning of side
branches, cropping the tops down to the
height you wish your heilge to remain, and
one clearing away of leaves in autumn. OC
Allow for manuring and contingencies. 04

40
If white beans or flat turnips should be planted,
•well hoed and manured, you will get profit suffi-
cient to pay for the manure and hoeing, and that
will manure the plants sufficiently and nearly hoe
them.

Loudon says ' Paling fences are only to be con-

sidered in a se^&dary light ; for, of whatever
wood they are mkde, however substantially they
may be executed, or in whatever situation they
are placed, their decay commences the instant
they are erected. Where permanent use there-
fore is required, palings ought never to be adopt-
ed ; but for ornament in pleasure grounds, or for
the protection of young thorns, they are highly
valuable.'

Caleb Kirk, Escj. of Brandy wine, Del., who pos-
sesses and has comnmnicated more information on
hedges, than any man in this or perhaps in any
other country, says in a letter, dated Jan. 21,1831,
' Though I am not any longer a farmer, I feel
gratified if I can aid them in their laudable pur-
suits, and more especially in live fencins; — which
occupied my close attention upwards of twenty
years practically — my neighborhood evinces the
benefit of it.

' A small district in my neighborhood exhibits
the best specimens of hedging in this country or
perhaps in any other to be fi>und ; they have been
visited from a great distance, by many that are on
the search of making living fences, and miiversally
admired. Our English farmers are willing to give
them credit.

' I had made calculations years past, v/ith prac-
tical knowledge of the subject and found they
might be completed for 40 cents a rod, and main-
tained ever after by careful trimming annually,
when the shoots are yoimg and tender, say in June,
at one cent a rodi though I should go over them
twice in the course of the summer, and save
labor too.'

If the land shall have been under culture and
well manured for one or two years, and protected
from cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, were I ahedg-
er,with the limited knowledge I possess, I would en-
gage to find the plants, set and train them, till they
become a competent fence, for 50 cents a rod, and
make a handson^e jirofit by the bargain.

If the above is worthy of a place in a paper,
that should be read and iireserved by every Far-
mer in New England, it is at your service.
Yours, respcctfullv,

BENJAMIN SHURTLEFF.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

SALT HAY.

I ])erceive in your valuable journal of the 21st
inst. that a correspondent hailing from Dnxbury,
is inquiring what is the ' efficacy and benefit of
using salt hay.' I must confess that I was not a
little surprised that such an inquiry should be made
at this late day, and more especially that it should
emanate from Duxbury. I do not admit that ' via-
nif farmers on our seacoast spend half the suunner
with a strong gang of workmen in mowing the salt
marshes, and in curing and making hay — exposed
to the wet and cold, and both night and day watch-
ing the tides in order to boat and secure what ap-
pears'to him to be a' useless conmiodity.' The au-
thor of the article alhuled to nnist admit, however,
if he belongs to the town of Duxbury, that not
only more than one half the stock keiit in that town
subsists throrigh the winter season upon that 'use-
less commodity' — but also that more than one half
the cash, annually pocketed by the farmers of that
town, is derived from the sale of that self same
commodity.

The scythe is very rarely seen in the salt marshes
previous to the middle of August, (when much
more than ' half the summer' is i)ast and gone) and

seldom does it linger in the most backward mea-
dows, or in the hands of the most slugrish farmers
until after the firs* of October. Furthermore,
this description of grass requires nnich less atten-
tion and labor to fit it for the barn, than docs either
English or fresh grass. If the meadow be high,
the grass is spread, and is untouched in ordinary
weather, from four to seven days, when it is turned ;
in which latter position it remains for a few days;
when it is thrown into cocks, in which state it
stands until housed or stacked, at the pleasure of
the owner. The salt grass which is mown on low
meadows is generally removed in a green state to
the upland, in which it undergoes the same process
as the former, ami the land on which it is spread
is greatly benefited thereby, more es|)ccially should
it be waslied by showers of rain while thus re-
maining, (a circumstance which causes but trifling
if any injury to the hay). In the vicinit.ij of Dux-
bury, it is the practice of farmers w ho are blessed
with this article, to stow it away in the bam, or
stack it, with a due mixture of barley, oat, or rye
straw, each ' commodity' being much improved by
the admixture. The value of this description of
buy is greatly enhanced by chopping it and mix-
ing it with indian meal. Some of the best teams
in the neighborhood of Duxbury are fed almost en-
tirely in this way. Salt hay, chopjied and mixed
with four quarts of Indian meal per day, will keep a
horse, or the largest sized ox, while at hard labor,
in ffiie heart and flesh, through the winter — an ox
of a smaller size requires a proportionably less
quantity for the same purpose.

Salt meadows are also in a less degree affected
by heat and cold, flood and drought, than are either
English or fresh. The crop is more uniform and
in case of early drought, salt hay is almost an
indispensable article to the farmer in that vicinity.
In addition to all this, the annual expense of ma-
nure and fences necessary for the protection and
curing of English and fresh hay is saved in the
production of this species of fodder. With these
tacts staring him in the face, will your Duxbury
corres|)onlent ask for fin-ther information upon
the subject, or will he waste his ' time and sense on
a subject' of which he avows himself ignorant ?
The machine for chopping hay above referred to,
maybe procured fiir the trifling sum of five dollars,
and a man may cut and prepare a daily allow-
ance for eight oxen in twenty minutes.

Plymouth, Jan. 24, 1S31. AGRICOLA.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND F.iR]lIER.

THE MIDDLESEX REPORT ON FARMS.

MiV Editor — Two communications signed 'A
small Fanner,' having appeared in your paper, rela-
ting to a report which was signed by me as chair-
man of a committee on farms, you will excuse me
in noticing them, at least so far as I am personally
implicated. My absence from home and the state
of my health, prevented my asking a place in your
last paper.

The^first article, having been sufficiently expos-
ed by Capt. Wheeler, I shall be confined princi-
pally to the last. That charges me with using the
signature of Capt. Wheeler, and with publishing
falsehoods, wliich' from their nature must have been
intentional, besides being contradictory to the re-
port.

As to Capt. Wheeler's communication, it was
handed you by himself (for so he tells me) and pro-
bably is to be seen on your files ; and I am entirely
indifferent, v.-hether it shall be believed that 1 had

Vol. 13&— Nn. 29.

ArSD HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

229

any agency in it or not, since the article meets my (o think tliat he has misstated them. Wliether if

full approbation.

Having said this, I choose to relate the circum-
stances connected with the two facts mentioned by
Capt. Wheeler, and not contained in the report.
Aei'/ier of those fuels were mentioned to the commit-
tee h\) Mr Buckminster, though he was very particu-
lar and full in his statements. That his four cows
had often run at large the past summer was well
known to me, and when one of the committee said
to me that the cows looked too well to have been
supported in that pasture, I mentioned the fact. I
hoped liowever that Mr Buckminster would excuse
me for not e.xposing, in the report, wliat he had
omitted to mention ; especially as I submitted to
his inspection the part which related to him, and if
he had required me to insert that his cattle had run
at large, he should certainly have been accommo-
dated. I also knew, as did all the neighbors, that
the horses had been often let for journeys ; and T
had heard Mr B. frequently telling, that he gave
them crrain plentifully. 1 did not make this known
to tlie committee, nor did it occur to me ; and this
the more easily happened as Mr Buckminster's own
statements, connected with the view, did not pre-
sent a case which occasioned any difference of
opinion in the committee as to his claim to a pre-
mium.

I have said that the ' Small Farmer' charges me
with publishing intentional falsehood, I will state
in what the charge consists.

Capt. Wheeler had published the fact that ilr
Buckminster's cows, had enjoyed the principal be-
nefit of a vote of the town, restraining cattle from
running at large. The Small Farmer after charging
me with using Capt. Wheeler's name, adds the fol-
lowing : ' I have made some inquiry of the f eld dri-
Iter of that District, who informs me that cattle arc
not allowed to ^o at large in the town of Framing-
ham, and thai if he had found Mr B.''s cattle taking
the benefit of the act, he should hare driven them to
the pound, and that the last cattle he impounded, be-
longed to the chairman of the Committee.'

This was intended to make the impression that
Mr B.'s four cows had not been at largo the past
season at all, notwithstanding ?nj/ publication to the
contrary, and that mi/ cattle instead of his had en-
joyed the principal benefit of the town's vote !

I shall now state a few facts, well known in this
village, and leave the public to judge, who it is that
publishes intentional falsehoods.

The Field Driver in this District of this year, is
Mr Isaac Stevens. .Vo one has made any inquin/
of him on this subject ; and he has never impound-
ed my cattle. And who then- does the reader sup-
pose was intended by ' the f eld driver of that Dis-
trict,' who has been so very faithful and vigilant ?
Why the field driver of 1828, to be sure ! not Mr
Micah Stone, who was chosen in 1829. Nothing
could be got of him to make a story of ; for he
makes the same statement as Mr Stevens. — ."Vud
now that the whole of this small game may be
understood, I will relate what took place in 1328.
Mr Gardner Kellogg, who lives half a mile from
Mr B.'s was the field driver of that year. He im-
pounded my cattle, at my request, having turned
t'lem out, as I stated at the time, to induce the
field driver to begin his duty with them. After a
few days he did so, and I believe it is true, that
none were impounded by him afterwards. What ac-
count Mr Kellogg has given to the ' Small Farmer'
or any one else I am not informed — the facts are

he had seen Mr B.'s four cows taking the benefit
of the act the past season, ho would have driven
them to the pound, can be best told after the ' Small
Farmer' shall have solved the following (piestion.

If the manure from the ' largest stable in the
county,' put upon a farm 'from 1810 to 1818 in-
clusive' would produce hay for the ' four or five
years last past' in as great abundance, as if put on
the farm for the ' last nine years' — how long will
a field driver continue in power after the e.vpiration
of his term of ofiice ?

As the ' Small Farmer' in his last article does not
deny that he is Mr Buckminster himself, as had
been more than intimated by Capt. Wheeler, I shall
not ' alter my mind,' at least, till Mr B. shall deny
it. The raw material was certainly raised on the
farm and dyed in the wool, though a fuller may
have been employed in the dressing.

Hoping that your useful paper will seldom be
haunted by such unpleasant and unprofitable mat-
ters,

I subscribe respectfully vour obedient servant,
JOSIAH ADAMS.

Framingham, Jan. 2-lth, 1831.

liy the state to ailvanre this new species of inter-
nal iniprovenient. One hundredth part of what the
State of iMussasluisetts is about to receive from
the General Governnient, appropriated toilissenii-
iiatirij; a knowledge of this business would ulti-
mately yield a vast capital to this Commonwealth.
A practical silk grower should be sent to attend
the annual .Agricultural Exhibitiotis, in eacii county
in the Commouwealtli, and gratuitously distribute
the seed of the mulberry, and the eggs of the
silk worm, with oral practical instructions on the
subject, at the expen.-:e of the state.

I would beg leave to suggest to our Legislature
the propriety of auiliorizing and empowering
tlic Governor forthwith to take measures to ad-
vance this new, important and useful business.
There seems to be a field of internal iniprovenicut
here that should not be ne^lerted.

A Friend to IndustrV.

THE QUINCE.

Mr Fessenden — The following interesting items
are taken from the Library of Entertaining Know-
ledge.

In the south of France, i)artioularly on the bor-
ders of the Garonne, the Quince is very extensively
grown ; and the peasants prepare from it a mar-
malade, which they call cotignac. The term mar-
malade is derived from the Portuguese name for
the quince, marmelo.

Two centuries ago, marmalade seems to have
been in general use, principally from a belief that
it possessed valuable medicinal properties. The
seeds of the quince are still used in medicine, on
account of the great quantity of mucilage which
they yield to boiling water.

The Chinese, who are said to carry the cultiva-
tion of fruit to much greater perfection than the
European gardeners, are stated by Marco Polo to
have ;)<!ara, white in the inside, melting, and with
a fragrant smell, of the enormous weight of ten
pounds.

The fruit catalogue of the London Horticultural
Society contains above 600 varieties of the Pear ;
and it is there observed, that ' the newly introduced
Flemish kinds are of much more importance than
the greater part of the sorts, which have been
hitherto cultivated in Great Britain, and when
brought into use will give quite a new feature to
the dessert.'

The names of fruits in all countries, occasion-
ally present some laughable anomalies, such as
the ' Bon-Chretien Turr,' one of the finest of the
French Pears.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

SILK.

The i)rosperity and happiness of our people
irreatly depend upon constant employment and
moral improvements. No pursuits seem more fa-
vorable to afford both these objects, than the cul-
tm'e and preparation of silk. These maj' be car
ried on in each family, and at all seasons of the
year. No employment can be more favorable to
moral improvement and domestic virtue, than

THE SEASON.

Ma Fesse.\de.n — I should like to see the com-
parative forwardness of the last springiu Illinois and
Massachusetts exhibited in your paper. I furnish
you below with a statement extracted from the
Illinois Jlontlily Magazine. — The ' Roxliury Far-
mer' could give a similar statement for Massachu-
setts.

If'ashingion City, Jan. 1831.

.Ipril 1. Peach trees in blossom.
" 2. Asparajjus fit for the table.
" 3. Peas, Beans, and Onions planted.
" 6. Hearts-case, and Violets in bloom.
" 7. Beets, Carrots, Parsnips, and other roota

planted.
" 10. Prairies green. Gooseberry and Currant

bushes in bloom.
" 15. Cabbage plants transplanted.
" IS. Lilac in bloom, Strawberiy vines ditto.
" 25. Raspberries in bloom.
" 27. Lettuce, Radishes, and Pepper-grass fit

for use.
" 30. Roses and honeysuckles in full bloom.
None of the above articles were injured by
frosts.

I.NDiA Rubber. — This valuable product, first
made known by La Condamine, in 1736, is the
juice of several species of trees growing in South
America. It flows from the trees ns a milky fluid,
which soon hardens upon exposure to the air.
Various attempts have been made to transport it to
Europe in its fluid state, without success. Its
application to the arts is various, but until re-
cently, no advantage has been taken of one of its
most remarkable properties, its elasticity. Two
ingenious chemists of Paris, Messrs Rattier and
Guibal, by an entirely new solvent and a very deli-
cate process, have succeeded in spinning it into
threads of various s>zes. This is subsequently
woven into suspenders, garters, surgical bandages
for ruptures, fractured or dislocated limbs, &e.

that which can be innocently carried on at the fire
well remembered by many; and I have no reason 1 side of every family. Something should be done

Economy. — Some persons are ashamed of this
virtue, for a virtue it is, and the reverse of it, waste-
fulness, is a sin. Many are ]iemirious, and they
call it being economical ; biit a person may spend
or give money liberally, and be withal very
economical. — True economy is to spend only
what one can afford and that judiciously. Some
people will sooner spend what they cannot afford
or use a- little deception, than say, I cannot afford
the expense.

230

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 4, 1&3I,

BOSTON, FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 4, 1831.

At the suggestion of many of our siibsciibers,
we contemplate publisliins the New England Far-
mer, after this week on Weilnesday evening, so
that they can be packed and sent away by the
mails of Wednesday niglit. By this arrangeraent
a large proportion of our subscribers, living out of
this State, who do not now receive their papers
till the beginning of the ensuing week after they are
published, will receive them two, and in many
cases three days earlier.

LEGALIZING THE STUDY OF ANATOxMY. j
We have received a long, elaborate and very
able Report uf the Committee oj the House of Repre-
sentatives on this subject, neatly iirinted in a panipli-
letofllS pages, 8vo. A cursory perusal con-
vinces us tliat this document contains a large mass
of interesting matter — that it is ably written, and
displays an extent of research, and ability and
judgment in selecting and compiling worthy of
the"importance of the topic it discusses. We
shall advert to this valuable document again as soon
as we can find roo u and leisure. — We understand
it is from the able pen of John B. Davis, Esq. of
this city.

COLD WEATHER.

[EHract of atelier from a cPritii'man„dated .Inlin5towil, N. Y.
Jan. -21, 1S3I, lu Ihe Eilllori.f llie .V. E. Farmer.]

While writing this, the thermometer stands (ex-
posed on the north side of the building) at /we?!*!/-
two degrees below zero ! Alas for my Altheas —
French Tamarisks, Chorchorus Japonicaand Mag-
nolias. This is much the greatest degree of cold
experienced here for many years past ; and here-
tofore I have not been able to keep any of the
above plants from freezing to the ground. Is there
no variety of the Altbea that will withstand the
winter here ? If so I should like to know it.

We beg leave to call the attention of our readers
in the Western states to the advertisement of Rlr
Parkhurst in this week's New England Farmer,
believing liiat he has begun an Establishment that
will result in great and permanent advantag-e to
their interests. He is thorongldy acquainted with
the business which he has now commenced at
Cincinnati ; and we happen to know that he has
taken out with liim one of the most extensive and
valualjle assortments of Seeds and Agricultural
Im|ileinents ever shipped from Boston ; comprising
all the most esteemed and early varieties of veg-
etables and valuable grasses ; and all the improve-
ments in the construction of |i'oughs, hoes, and
other implements of daily use with the fanner, that
Yankee ingenuity has yet suggested.

[Parisian populace are sufficiently cultivated not to
touch either the blossoms or the fruit of trees thus
' confided to their care for their advantage) the en-
1 tire atmosphere would he that of the Island of
■St Michael: nor woidd this perfuming en masse
surpass other improvements of the age ; lighthig
by gas for example. By the judicious distribution
of orange trees, and of other odorili^rous flowers
shrubs and plants, or even by miguiouette alone, the
air of any city might be rendered as odoriferous as
that of a garden. W hen the many have once con-
quered from the few what is necessary and con-
veiueni, they will then attempt what is agreeable
and refined"; and with the knowledge of the
1 wonderful resources of nature and art, requisite
to give them the sovereignty of society they will
; succeed.

CHINESE COW.
An English |)ublication states that 'a Chinese
cow, now in England gives milk so very rich,
that one jiint of it gives as much butter, (4 ouncesj
as 7 pints of a Sussex cow's milk, both churned
immediately from the cow without being set for
cream. The Chinese cow is sntall and, says Mr
Young, the beef is superior in fatness, and in but-
ter the superiority is as 1400 lbs. to 200 lbs. from
a very good country cow.' This is such a superi-
ority in milk and beef as might make it an object
to the owners of American ships to China, to im-
port some of the stock which is native to that
countrv.

TRANSPLANTING. |

An experiment of a novel and extraordinary ;
description was undertaken at Derby last week, in
the transplantation of a tree of large dimensions,
the Weeping Ash, which has so long been the ad-
miration of the public. This beautiful tree has \
been removed without sustaining any damage, to
the (licturesque domains of Ciiatsworth, where his
Grace the Duke of Devonshire has selected a most
appropriate situation for it in the north front of
his princely niansion. On wresting up the tree
with the well-adajited and powerful machine ap-
|)lied for the purpose, it is calculated that the re-
sistance of about Iburteen tons of soil, in which its
widely spreading roots were embedded, was to
be overcome. The weight of the tree in the state
in which it has been conveyed, a distance of iwen-
tycight miles, to its present situation, is understood
to be from seven to eight tons. One of the roots
dra\\ni up had extended itself more than twenty-
eight feet from the bole of the tree.

GARDENS.

Mankind at the creation were placed in a gar-

THE CHOLERA MORBUS.
This fatal epidemic, having ravaged a large por-
tion of Asia, is fast s|ireading into Europe.— Fears
are entertained, anrl not without reason, that it may
extend to America. Providence seems to have di-
recte I that the human race, at stated periods, shoidd
be visited with pestilence. The cholera morbus
may succeed to the office of the plague and the
small pox. — Whether this disease be contagious
or not is disputed, and is of little moment : for cc-
tain it is that it has been jn-opagated by the move-
ment of kirge bodies of men from the infected dis-

Eden,' containing

PERFUMING THE ATMOSPHERE.

The conductors of the Gardener's Magazine ob-
serve that whoever has walked in the orange or-
rliardsat Nervi, knows that the quantity of orange
trees distributed in the Garden of the Tuilleries
if allowed to retain and expand their blossoms
would scent not only the air of the garden but of
Jialf Paris. If there are any who deny this, we
ask them to account for the orange fragrance of
the air for miles around Genoa and Naples, both
by sea and land. If all the public gardens in Paris
were moderately stocked with orange trees and a ;
few distributed along the Boulevards (and the J

den planted 'eastward
only what was ' good for food,' but ' every tree
that is pleasant to the sight'— a garden therefore
seems to bo peculiarly ada|ited for the i>ure hi taste
and iimocent in life. It has been the favorite task
of the highest poets to describe ]iaradise ; and
even the least poetical of mankin-d retain so inucii
from the wreck of a better nature as to preserve a
love for gardens. The taste is Dianifested in vari-
ous ways^and he whose heritage includes no glebe,
has his plants in a vase, which are tended with
care, that he may have

' A peep at nature, if he can .no more.'
With a few cxcei)tions, cities the most distin-
guished for refinement give the greatest support
to the cultivation of gardens; yet there is none
open to the public (except the small one at Cam-
bridge) in the vicinity of Boston. If a person
would devote a hundred acres or less, within a
short distance of the city, to an ornamental garden
shaded with our best fruit trees and ihe hardy for-
eign plants, with a green house for such exotics
as^shrink from frost— if the garden were diversi-
fied with wood, and lawn, and water, it would
be to the proprietor a better estate than siiijis or
spindles. The luirsery department alone would
give a iirofit, which however would be the least
of the gains were the place made really attractive.
The man who will do this will gratify two tastes at
once ; one founded on the principle that leads
men to seek their own interest, and the other on
that which gives them pleasure to <lo a kindness
and a service to others. — Tribune.

'jjg't ' tricts into those whence it had been unknown.

A letter froiti New Orleans, dated 29th Dec.
states— 'We have had a frost here which will cut
off the crop of sugars one fourth, say 20,000 liluls.
less than was expected tAO weeks ago. Other ac-
counts correspond with this.

If Russia should prosecute a war against France,
tbeiieslilence which she will carry into western
Europe, will be more terrible than her arms j and
will, perhaps, greatly facilitate her designs of con-
quest. The following account of the i)ro-gress of
the cholera morbus is from the late French jiapers :

Cholera Morbus.— At a meeting of the French
Institnle, communications from various jiarts of
the Russian Empire were made by M. MoreaU!
de Joannes, on the progress which the Cholera
Morlius has made in that empire, to which M. de
IlumbokU added some very curious facts, he had
obtained during his recent travels in Asiatic Russia j
his statemen: began with its first appearance in
the Bombay armv, in 1818, from whence in 1819,
it spread to the Isle of France and Madagascar.
In 1821 it appeared at Bussorah, from whence it
si)read by the Euphrates to Syria ; it diminished
in violence for three years, although it spread
along nearly, the whole of the northern coasts of
Africa. In*lS23 it appeared on the borders of
the Caspian Sea, and made dreadful ravages at
Astracau, spreading from thence into Central Asia,
whence it was supposed to have been brought bj'
the caravans, which generally consist of three 01
four thousand men and camels, but this sup.
position, M. de Humbohit proves by facts, couli
not have been the case. In 1829 it broke out or
the Persian frontiers of the Russian Empire, fron
whence it spread into Georgia, where in one citj
of 30,000 inhabitants only 8,000 escaped.

On the 31st July, 1830, it again appeared at As
tracan, where 21, 000 persons dieil, from whenci;
it extended into the country of the Don Cossacks
and arrivedat Moscow, having spread over 46,50('
square leagues of country. The official bulletu:
published at Moscow states, that from the 28tl.
September to the 11th October, one in tlireeo

Vol. IX.— No. 29.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

231

all those attacted ilieil. It is also stated, that it
has recently appeared in the neighborliooilot'Con-
stantiiuiple : it was at O.lessaon the iSth October,
from whence it is feared it will !,'ain Greece, Italy,
' and tlio soiitlieni parts of France, though its effects
■are suspeiiiled liy the winter. The Institute dep-
recatetl the proseiit comluct of Russia in march-
in'; large hoihos of troops from countries infected
with it to countries that are not, ami more es-
ipecially, as it is historically known, that it first ap-
Ipeared and was propagated in India by Lord Ilas-
itings' army. — .V. E. Palladium.

Els!ncur,J\'ov. %5. — The epidemic which has
iprevailed in different parts of liussia still contin-
ues ; and a very alarming circumstance is, that
when its course is supposed to have been arrested
at one point, it sometimes appears at the distance
of from 30 to 80 German miles, passing over the
immediate country without affecting it. A post
which recently arrived from Moscow reported 300
new cases which had appeared in one day ; and
1100 appeared on the l.isT day of which we have
iccoiinis liy another post. The thermometer has
jccii at 1.5 degs. below zero at Gefie in Sweden ;
mil, of course, in Rrissia also the weather nuist
lave been very cold : yet the disease is not checked.
fhr Imperial Court at St I'etersl)m-gh, wore pre-
laied to retreat, in case of danger, to Wiburg in
"inland.— .V. 1'. D. Adv.

Travellers say, that there is not a useless vegeta-
ilc, or even weeil, in all China. A dead nettle is
oiiverted into cloth — paper is made from the straw
if rice — the cup of t!ie acorn dies black — the
eaves of a certain description of asii answer, in
lart, the purposes of the mulberry, for the silk
\orni. In this way, the occupations of people are
!• jfiuitoly diversified. For instance, in every vil-
( igc as large as Pitlsfield, and perhaps smaller,
bere ought to be regular gardening as an occupa-
011. In this way, the Mechanics get better fruits
Uld veget3l)le3, and for a less price. It is the nat-
ral advantage of the division of labor. In living
Jtnuch as our laboring people do ui)on beef, pork,
n,d potatoes, they coiisult neither health or econ-
my. They do not seem to understand that animal
lodisbyfar the dearest. — .Sedgewkk's Address.

A Hog was last week brought to the Fanned Hall
■arket, raised by Capt. Joh.v Ki>g of Medford,
0 months old, weighing 726 pounds, said by
lod judges to excel in 'sniallnees of bone and
"imcss of pork any ever saen here. It was
t auction for 7i cents per pound, |)urchased
'r Wheeler for his provision store in Green-

Silk Reel.
These useful machines may be had of the subscriber
the low price of $25 each. i3y the helpof this reel, the
- threads may be extracted Horn the cocoon with even-
• ind rapidity. It ij Ihe same for which I received
"s-'mium of the Massachusetts AgiicuUural Society,
• ^ iidS been a considerable time in use.
' Dedham, Mass. Jan. 25, 1S3I. J. H. COBB.

, L [CEHTIFJCATE.]

'; I, Edward Brown, of Ashford, Con. late of London,
, ' gland, sil.k nianuljcturer, do hereby certify, that t have
H'td a considerable quantity of raw silk reeled in the fil-
,< re of Jonathan H. Cobb, of Dedham, Mass.; that 1
;'d Ibe silk reeled by bini equal to the Italian or China
'^ I:, and is capable of being used in the manufacture of
I i'' description of silk goods. I further certify the Irini-
jigsfora suit of curtains now in the house of Hon.
, l.iiiel Webster, of Boston, was made of raw silk raised
s,l reeled by said Jonathan H. Cobb.

EDWARD BROWN.
ishford, Ct. Jan. 15, 1S3L

Agricullurnl It'arehouse and Seed Store,

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

The subscriber respeclfully informs the Farmers and
Planters of the Western States, that he has just arrived
in this city from Boston, with a lar^e and general assort-
ment of Agricultuual Implements oI 'be most
approved kinds; witii also a general and very extensive
assortment ot Grass, Garden", Field, Flower and
Herb Seeds, which will be Ibiuid to comprise a larger
variety than has ever before been introduced into the
Western country.

The above ai'ticles have been recently purchased from
the well knuwu Agricultural Establishment of Messrs
NEWKLLand Russell, in lioston, and were selected by
the subscriber himsell, (who has been for several years
engaged in the business) with great care. Those who
may call at his .igricultural Warehouse, No. 23, Lower
Market street, between Sycamore and Main streets, will
be assured of finding every article wanted in the agri-
cultuial line, of a superior quality and at fair prices.

S. C. PARKHURST.
Cincinnati, Jan. 1831.

»

Situation ff'anted.
A man who has served a regular apprenticeship to the
farming ini^inesa in Europe, and is acquainted with all
its lir.uiches, as breeding stock, &.c, transplanting trees,
grafting, budding, &c, is desiious ot" procuring an el-
igible situation on a farm. He would not obj,-ct to going
to any part of the United States, if required. He wiil
show the best recommendations. Address J. B. Russell,
post paid. Unless a first rate situation should offer, it
will be no object to the advertiser to embrace it.
Feb. 4.

I Brighton Market — Monday, Jan. 31.

I [Reported for the Clironicle and Patiiot.]

I At Market this day, 521 Cattle, (about BO of which
were stores,) U3it Sheep, and 331 Swine ; — all the Swine
and 160 Sheep have been before reported.

Prices. — Beef Cattle— J^o material variation from last
week— we shall quote from $3,75 to 4,(j7— as is usual, a
few prime cattle were taken at $5.

Barrelling Cattle— Mess, $3,30, a 3,62.i. No. 1,3 17
a 3,23.

Sheep — We do not recollect having before noticed so
many /ir/mc Sheep at market in one day — sales quick;
we noticed one lot of -13 taken at .fl, a lot of SO at $5, a
lot of 100 at .$5, and a lot at $6— (|uite a number, say 50
or 60, were Cossets, and would have brought 7 or .<;8
each, had they been sold separately — we noticed one at
$12, and 3 at 8 33 each.

Sici/ie— Sales brisk at retail, at 5 cents for Sows and 6
lor Barrows.

Silk Cocoons Wanted.
I will give cash for Cocoons, from 30 to 50 cents per
pound, according to quality. J. H. COBB.

Dedham, Mass. Jan. 23, 1831.

Farm to Let.

To be leased, for the term of five years, or less, a small
Farm in .\ndover, and within four miles of Lowell. A
good place for the raising of vegetables for the Lowell
JIarket. Inquire of HOBART CLARK.

Andover, Jan. 15, 1831. 6t Jan. 21.

Black Currant Wine.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North
Market Street —

.K few dozen bottles of superior old Black Currant
Wine, made by a gentleman in this vicinity ; an account
of its astringent and detergent properties in various eoin-
pl, lints, and particularly the Sore Throat, will be found
in the New England Farmer, vol. v. page 5i)7, written by
Samuel W. Pomeroy, Esq. and the late Dr John G. ColBn.
Price 75 cts. per bottle — also, a few bottles ot old White
Dutch Currant Wine, price 50 cts. per bottle. Dec. 31.

jXew York Cattle Market, Jan. 25.— At market -100
head ol Beef Cattle and a very inconsiderable number of
Sheep, say from 2 to 300, owing to the bad state of the
roads— market for Beef good, and all sold. A few extra
Cattle taken at .$7,50, several lots good at 6.j a 64, several
do. fair 5i a 5j and ordinary $4j a 5 per cwt.

Sheep— sale quick and prices high, extra, $6, good 4J
a 5, lair 3 a 3^, ordinary 2 a 2,.50 each.

.Milch Cows, a few sales at 25 to .$30.

Pork, in hogs, prime 5j a 6^ cents.

Hay very scarce and now selling at 874 a 1,124.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Ammunition ,_£J}

01 the best quality and /o«'es( prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
65 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money w^ill be refunded. tt'Jan. 7.

Bolivar Calves and Saxony Bucks.

For sale, 4 Bull Calves, sired by the celebrated imported
improved Durham short horned bull Boliv.\r. which
stock have produced 36 quarts of milk a day- No. l,dam
Grey Brown, half Coelebs and half Galloway. No. 2, dam
Juno, three fourths Fill Pail. No. 3, dam (Teres, her sire
Coelebs, her dam iMr Gray's imported Cow. No. 4, dam
Beauty, half Ccelebs ami half Galloway. The Calves
are beautiful, and their dams all great milkers.

Two imported Saxony Bucks, 2 Yearlings, and 2 Lambs.
Inquire of Benjamin Shurtleff, Jr, Chelsea, or at 52 Han-
over Street, Boston.

July 9.

APPLES, new,
ASHES, pot, lirst sort,

Pearl, tirst sort,
BEANS, white,
BEEK, mess.

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, No. 2,
BUT'I'Kll, inspected, No. 1, new, -
CliEESE, new milk,

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED.

FLUtJK, liallimore, Howard-street, -
Genesee,
Alexandria,
Baltimore, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Northern.

Corn, Southern Yellow,
Rvc,
liarley,
Oats,
HAY,

HOG'S LAUD, first sort, new,
TALI.OW, iried,
HOPS, 1st qualilv,
LIME,

PLAISTER PARIS retails at
PORK, clear,

Na\'v mess.
Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red Top (norlhem)
Lucerne,

Red Clover, (northern)
WOOL, IMerino. full blood, washed, -
Merino, mined with Saxony,
Merino, three fourths washed,
Merino, halt' blood,
Rlerino, quarter^
Native, washed.
Pulled, La.nb's, first sort.
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

U-ROK

TO

barrel

1 751 2 00

ton.

lie oo'in 00

*t

130 00 132 00

bushel

90] 1 00

Ibarrel

8 751 9 00

i "

7 25 7 75

! «

G 601 6 75

pound

11 15

fi 8

31 4

1 12! 1 50

barrel

6 75; 6 87

G 75' 7 00

«'

G .50; G 75

„

G 25 6 50

bushel.

72; 75

<(

GG

68

it

75

78

t(

G2

69

It

40

42

cwt.

GO

70

cwt.

9 OC 10 00

9 00 9 60

"

14 00 15 00

cask.

7i)| '5

ton.

2 73 3 00

barrel.

17 fill! 20 00

<

13 on

14 00

"

12 .W

13 50

bushel.

I75

2 00

it

G2

75

pound.

33

33

"

10

11

*'

60

62

'*

65

75

It

52

58

"

48

50

11

40

42

11

40

42

tt

60

53

ti

42

44

"

43

60

Farmer ll'anled.

Wanted a Farmer, with a wife, without children, Ihe
one perfectly acquainted with the business and capable
of t.Tl;ing the management of the Farm, and the other
fully competent to take charge of the Dairy ; none need
apply without the best recommendation. Address the
Publisher of the New England Farmer, Mr John B.
Rus-ell, post p:dd.

.ilso wanted, one or two Milch fjpws, extraordinary
milkers, handsome, and not exceeding'4 or 5 years old,
for which a generous price will be given. Apply as
above, post paid. No application need be made except
for very superior animals. 6t Jan. 28.

PROVISION MARKET.

CORRECTED EV.«;RV WEEK BV MR H.UWARD,

(Cterk of Fumuil-hall Market.)

BEEF, best pieces, . pound. SI 10

PORK, (rcsli, best pieces, . •* 6 7

whole liogs, - *' 5a 7

VEAL, /. " 6 8

.MUTTON. . « 4 8

POULTRY, . " 8 n

BUTTER, keg and tub, . a jo 15

Lump, best, . <■ 13 20

EGGS, . dozen. 20 25

.MEAL, Rye, retail . hushcl. 83

Indian, retail . " \ 33

POTATOES, . " ;,-, 30

CIDER, [according to quality] barrel.! I Ot'l 2 00

1831.

MOONLIGHT.
When the fair moon, refulgent lamp of night,
O'er heaven's clear azure spreads her sacred light ;
When not a brealh disturbs the deep serene,
And not a cloud o'ercasts the soleniD scene ;
Around her throne the vivid planets roll,
And stars unnumbered gild the glowing pole.
O'er the dark trees a yellower verdure slied,
And tip with silver every mountain's head ;
Then shine the vales, the rocks in prospect rise,
A flood of glory bursts from all the skies ;
The conscious swains, rejoicing in the sight.
Eye the blue vault, and bless the sacred light.

; : c , .„..„ ,i,.,n il.rpp fourths of it 1 A doctor visiting bis patirnt, a lady, requested to

apponntiu-ut, to find n.o.e than t' «« '"'"' '^ °' " j^^^ at her tongue^ She opened her month and ptit
;squri.ulered on things of no value . foot gui . ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^_ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ p„t it
j she could not pun-liase half the articles she "i'^ i ^jt ^ little further, madam, and was under the ne-

deenied indispensable I cessity of repealnig it several limes, the lady only

She would sonieciines tell the storv herself, but p^ttinff her tongue out a triflmg distance each time.
1 >r„l not iLke verv well to be tol.l of it. But being , At lenglli the doctor remarked, put it out as lar as
f in love and having of course an iteh for scnb- ! possible, madam. ' Mercy, doctor,' says she, 'you

bii,;gp;;.t5,sbew.-ot''eau essay on the subject, ! must thmk there is no end to a .o,ncar's tongue.

fron° wliich my nn.tto is e.xtractei),

When I see men leaving their business and
crowding to a VENDUE, when there is not a sin-
-le article to be sold they really want; but wast-
ing their time, in drinking and bidding, because
things go cheap —

When I see a young woman changing her tow
cloth for a parasol instead of a petticoat, or six

FROM THE DESK OF POOR ROBERT THE SCRIBE

Though now so cheap, the thing, I fear,
Will prove abominable dear.
There is a wonderful magic in the wonl cheap.
The news that a merchant has got some articles
very low, sets a whole neighborhood agog. No
matter whether the thing is wanted or not, it must
be bought. And the worth of many a good plan-
tation ?s squandered in the purchase of things,
useless as the lifth wheel to a coach, merely be-
cause thev are cheap.

My aunt Eunice, whose wisdom is of the best
kind, for it is the wisilom of experience, used
often to warn us of the folly of buying things be-
• cause they were cheap. In her younger days it
was her province to tend the dairy, and every tilth
cheese was her own perquisite. She had got an
hundred weight, and to market she went with her
cheese, intending with the avails to lay in some
little necessary articles against an emergency.

New York from Ajiplebury lies S. S. W. two
days' journey when the roads are good. Aunt
Eunice had never been to the city before, but had
often heard of the amazing cheapness of things
there. Her cheese yielded her, in silver money, two
pounds ten shillings, to a farthing. Who so hap-
py as she ? Methinks I see her now, tripping
along Broaftway— her cheeks ruddier than a Pear-
main— her hair dressed in the fashion of those days,
with a high connnude, a little on one side, looking
so jaunty. 'I'hen her stays were laced unusually
tight, sliovving a waist slender as tlie cream churn
_^her stockings were of her own knitting ami
whiter than the lily; and her high-heeled shoes
gave her an air of lightness and majesty. As
memory rolls back the wheels of time, and opens
to my ken the scenes of youth, other objects, in
mingled light and shaile, rise to my view. I see,
all glowing with health and beauty, the smile of
cue, whose smile was life and love. The song
that cheered my boyhood, reverberates on memo-
ry's ear. But the form of beauty is lost in dark-
ness, and her voice is hushed in the tomb. There,
too, beloved Aunt, and thou. Old Robert, must ere
long mingle yonrdust with hers — and your hearts,
that still beat so cheerily, become still and cold as
the clods of the v»lley. Ye who have loved * *
* * but whither do 1 wander.

From shop to shop my Aunt roved. A new
thimble— bright as silver— cost but .si.\i)ence, and
she bought it. Fans, ribbons, laces, trinkets and
gew-gaws, vviiich her judgment did not approve,
she still purchased, because they came so very low.
She was not aware how fast her money wasted.
When a little tired of running, and satiated with
novelties, she returned to her lodgings and sat
down to count her cash. How great was herdis-

jYew Work on Farriery.
Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
svinptums yf each, and the most improved remedies em-

cioui ioi u ,.u.c.=u. ...-. , -" . p'loyedfortbecureinevery case; with instructions to the

dollar bonnet iustearl of a bed-tick, I would give a Shoeing-Smith, Farrier-, and Giooiir, how to acquire

;;£: of my best Rappee if some km.l .lend would knowMge jn «ie art^ Far^ry, '^^j!;^^^^

whisper her — !., ,^i functions in health, and showing the prrnciplesoi

Thou-^h now so cheap the thing, I fear, which these are to be restored when disordered By Johl

Will In the end, prove monstrous dear. Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additioni

Rot of all ciir^P thin-s that in the end prove 1 and imp.ovements, particularly. adapted to this counM

Butol a,l cni.AP ''" V^ " ' i-j.^rrnRs „,„: by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Mem

dear, Razors and SCHOOL MAblLKto 3"= ; ,^ (,^g London Veterinary Medical Society.

the most abominable. One will mangle your flesh, ^ ---—

lie other will mangle the education and morals of 1 f^ants a Sttuahon

me Ointi win iimMf, A Gardener who can produce unquestionable recop

your children. In too many neighborhoods, the ,^^'^„,^j;^'',;';;=;,V„\°,,,,, f^brieiv, and good moral charac
price, and not the qualifications ot a master, '= | (e|._ anj „iio is peifectly acquainted with every bi-and
looked at. For the dift'erence of three dollars a j „|- 'dining, and cullivadon of Grapes, wishes a pernial

month, a man of sense and learning will be dis-
placed, to make way for a booby.

Listen to old Robert. The future usefulness
and destiny of your children depend, in a great
measure, on their education and early habits.

nent situation in that capacity. He is a single man. U
quire of J. B. Russell, New England Farmer otTice, «

Mason's Pocket Farrier,

Comprising a genera! descriplion of that noble and u«

measure, on their eilucation and eariy naun.. f,,! animal tlie Horse ; tUth edition, with acklitions^ 1

Tb:Lducation and their niorals depend greatly I which is adde^^^^^^^^

on their tutors. If their master be illiterate and I '"S' . i " , __:„,. r,.. ,i.„ 1 „,„.i M rt

vicious, how can be impart knowledge and virtue
to vonr chiUlren ? A man of learning will not—

caiinot devote his time and talents for little or
nothing. No man deserves a liberal support bet-
ter than a school master. When, therefore, a man
offers to teach your children cheap, suspect him.
A child will learn more in one quarter at a good,
than in two at a poor school. It is cheaper, there-
fore, in the end, to have a good school master at
twentyfive dollars a month, than a poor one at
fiftceu dollars, for you save half the time. — IVilkes-
barre Gleaner.

The amount of transportation during tlie last
summer on the Blaekstone Canal from Providence
to Worcester and other jilaces situated on the ca-
nal, was 9317 tons, and the transportation to
Providence from Worcester and other places de-
scribed was 5403, making a total of 14720 tons.
The uinount of tolls received in the year was 12,-
006 dollars.

RaU Road. — Notwithstanding the heavy fall of
snow last night, we understand that the Rail Road
Carriages, proceeded by a snow scraper, went up
to the Mills this morning at 9 o'clock as usual,
and also conveyed the passengers for Wasliington
as far as the hal'f way house. This is another proof,
if any were wanting, that a fall of snow presents
no iuterrnption to travelling on Rail Roads. — Bal-
timore paper, Jan. 10.

CVioice of Geese.— hi choosing your Geese for
the table, care should be taken that the feet and
legs be yellow, wliich is an indication of the bird
being voting ; the legs of old geese are red. U
recentfy killed, the legs will be pliable, but if stale
they will generally be found dry and stiff.

lug observations and recipes for the cure ol most ot tl
conimon difjtemiiers incident to Horses, Oxen, Cow,
Calves, Sheep, Lambs, Swine, Dogs, &c, selected fro
dillerent authors. And an AiMeiula, containing the anni
of tbe Turf, American Stud Book, mode of training, rul
of Racin?', &.C.

.Just published and for sale by R. P. & C. U lUiams,
and 20 Cornhill.

Also, on liberal terms, a large assortment of Agricul
ral Historical, Theological, Law, and other Bool
Persons selecting Libraries, will find it for their advo
tage to call. 6t Dec. 31,1

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of
celclrrated animals presented by Ad.miral Sir IsA
Coffin, to the Massachusetts Society for the Proraot
of Atrricullure. The pedigiee of these animals can
given as lar back as Hubbuck, who was calved in 17
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired sto
Also, several Heifers bred lioni the same, of vari
grades, bom half up to seven eighths blooded anim
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersey Derby, Salem

Salem, October, 1830.

Published every Friday, at ^3 per annum, payable atl"
end of the year-liut those who pay within sixty days irom >
time of subscribing, are entitled to a deduction oflil'ty ce .

[p= No paper will be sent to a distance without payn t
bein" made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by w o
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet f
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by . '•
RcssKLL. at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 JN;"
Marl^ct Street.

AGENTS.

New Vor/ir— G.Thorburn & Sons, G7 Liberly-slrcel
Pluimlelphia-V. & C Lanukkth.CS Cliostnut-sireet.
Baltimn,e—G. P.. Smith , Editor ot the American I'arme
Cincimiali-S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street
^Wj«v— Hon. Jessk BiiKL. , ■ i, , r. en

Flushing, N. Y. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lm. Bol.O. ™
M<///'("7/— GoonwiN & Sons. t

Neirbunmorl. Ebenezer Stepman, Bookseller.
PorlswoiUh, 'N. II. J. W. Foster, Jiookseller.
Portland. i\r<:.—SMivEi. Coleman, Bookseller.
jhi'ni.^ta,Mc. V/m. Mann.

Halifa.r,^. S.—V. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.^
SIoidreal,\: C— A. Bowman, Bookseller.

]^EW E]^GL.A]^»

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agriculthbal Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVEXIXG, FEBRUARY 9, 1831.

NO. 30.

(S©sisawsr:i*siiaa©£r3<»

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FARMTNG OPERATIONS.

Mr Editor — I am a fiieiid to practical, scienti-
fic farming, and rejraicl the exeitinns of the pre-
sent (Jay, to raise the tone of agricultural improve-
ment in oiu' country, as ominons of good ; and
such men as Lowell, Wklles, Uearrorn, Prince
and others, who are disiuterestcilly devoting their
talents and wealth to the i)iomotion of an oliject
of So much iiniiortnnce, deserve the respect and
fi-atitude of the whole conimunity. Hut notwith-
standing the hnppy efll'ct and s itisfactoi'y results
of the efforts and examples of such men, it can
hardly be e.xpected that all, or even a majority of
our country farmers, can adopt the same system
and course of procedure. There are many who
possess judgment, taste a;:d inclination, sufficient
to render them preeminent, in the profession, but
being destitute ol'the necessary pecuniary resourc-
e.-, they are obliged to pursue a course which will
never enalile them to distinguish themselves as
they wotdd, were they placed in more favorable
ciri-unisiances. They are oldiged to labor all their
days, |)ursuing their Inisiness early and late, prac-
tising the best economy, in ordi r to reniler them-
selves and their families comfortable, and main-
tain that state of independence in life, which al-
most every one has a natural desii e and pro|)ensi-
ity'to enjoy. They find it impracticable under ex-
ing circuinst.tnces, to put their farms under t'lu
,te of cultivation, and make those improvements
lereon, as would be desirable, and which in
Ibany instances, characterize those in more opulent
circum.-tances.

Is it not a fact, that in most cases where we
meet with a farm under extraordinary manage-
ment, being in all respects one of the first order as
to its condition, that its owner is a man of wealth,
BXclusive of his farm, always having a surplus
of money at command, which may be api)ropriat-
ed at any time, to effect any purpose, or jiromote
any object desirable.

If a new fence or building of any description is
necessary, it can be erected immediately, in the
Host finished and perfect manner, without produc-
ing the least inconvenience. If au extraordinary
inimal is wanted at any time for the purpose of
inproving the stock on the tarm, it can be purchas-
)d, cost what it may. Should any portion of the
< "arm be literally a barren «aste, being proof
igainst all ordinaiy methods of cultivation, it is
"endered feasible and productive by the applica-
ion of extraordinary means, and (lerhaps in the
iid, becomes the most valuable part of the farm,
a a word, no labor or expense is spared which
nay be necessary to put everything in the best
situation imaginable. All this may be right and
commendable, as it may and probable will be pro-
liictive of beneficial and wholesome effects. But
uowever pleasing it is to see things managed in
his way, however desirable it may be to have all
ur farms brought into such a condition, and there-
'y rendered vastly more productive than they
low are, it is unwarrantable to cxjiect that that
lass of farmers who earn their bread by the sweat

of their brow, or in other words, raise themselves
entirely by their own eftbrts, can adopt the same
com-se, or efiect that improvement in agriculture,
whii-h is the case with that class of men who by
their liuidablf enterprise and unremitting zeal, are
showing to the world what valuable results m.ay
be produced by an application of those means
which the goo<l hand of Providence has so abun-
dantlv bestowed upon them.

.Mlhuugh many of our farmers may be unable
to attain to the degree of eminence in the pro-
fession, to which some others in more favored cir-
cmnstances have arrived, it by no means proves
that titey have made the progress which they might
have done, even in the less favoreil situation in
which they are placed. As the present is emiihat-
ically an age of improvement, it becomes every
farmer, however unlavorable his situation and cir-
cumstances may be, to set his aims high, and
make every possible advance that may be within
his power.

It is undoubtedly the case that many of oiu'
firms which are now considered to be umler toler-
able good mai.agement, nught bo rendered much
more productive, without the application of any
more labor or expense, were things ma:if.ged in a
di fie rent manner.

.Much depends on a judicious and proper ap-
plication of means, and although the less opulent
farmer may not be able to accomplish everything
at once, yet by pursuing a right course, tfigether
with industry and perseverance, he may produce
eil'ecls, that will claim the notice and attention of-
every beholder. A COUNTRYMAN.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

RECLAIMING LANDS.

Mr Fessendex — In the New England Farmer,
vol. vii. page 2.34, is a communication signed R.
and dated at Southington, Conn. ; at the close of
which, the writer notices the subject of reclaimed
lanils.

He observes that the ' plans he has been led to
adopt, he has never seen mentioned, or adverted
to, in the various articles on this subject which
have appeared in your columns, and that these
plans have uniformly led to the most perfect and
gratif) ing residts.'

'At a moment of more leisure' he adds, 'I vnll
endeavor to enter into detail upon this subject.'

Now, Sir, as I reside in a region where the soil
in general has been reduced by unskilful cidtiva-
tion, any new ideas on the subject of restoring
ist fertility would to me, be particularly interest-
ing.

If your correspondent will have the goodness
to communicate his ideas on this subject through
the medium of your paper, he will probably ren-
der an important service to the cause of Agricul-
tural improvement, and greatly oblige at least one
of your readers. H.

Gi-anby, Conn. Jan. 31, 1831.

We hope our correspondent ' R.' will comply
with this request, and favor us with the details and
results of his experiments in 'Reclaiming Land.'
— Editor.

FOR THE NEW EXGL.AND FARMLR.

i SALT HAY.

Mr Editor — [ have read with some interest
the inquiry of your Duxbury correspon<l(uit, and the
reply of ' Vicimis,' on ' Salt Hay,' and must take
the liberty to ditt'er from both. — In the first place
I think your Duxbiu'y corresp<uulent underrates
it; and in the next place, I think 'Vicinus' quite
overrates it, mid is vastly inistalieii in his opinion,
notwithstanding his experiment.-il theory ; I trusi
on careful iuvesligaiion he will acknowledge hitr>-
self in au error. I will give him fiill credit for
his skilful management of his meadows in dit'diing,
&:c, ami for his method of curing his hay, anil
will likewise adnut that salt hay (well cm'ed) and
put under cover, is good fodder, and that working
cattle, young stock and sheep may I)e kejit toler-
ably well on it through the winter; but to milch
cows or horses it should be dealt out sjiaringlyp
: (unless to heavy or broken winded horses) it is a
[fact well known, and universally acknowledged,
I that to keep milch cows altogether on salt hay
Iwill nearly ruin them for nnik ; a handful given
occasionally is beneficial — but I give it as my
opinion that cows kept constantly on the best of salt
I liay, will not yield half as much milk as if kept
I on English. In fact I should prefer good fresh
I meadow hay for them.

I 'Vicinus' has a very accomodating set of custo-
! mers that give him as much for salt hay as for
'English; in iliis part of the country there is a
consideiT.hle ;-ging, and although good salt hay
is sold at about half the price of English, yet tlio
jiroprietors of the stages very seldom purchase
any for their horses ; and the large owners of
salt meadow are quite willing to exchange it
pound for iiouiid for fresh meadow hay.

If 'Vicinus' has been a resident in the Old
Colony so long, he should not have insinuated
the want of method in the farmers in his adopted
Colony. — I have resided about as long in the Old
Colony and have visited much of this state and
several of the states in the Union, and I can bear
witness that there are some as good practical far-
mers in the Old Colony as in any other ])art I havo
ever visited.

I think there are many who have a good method
of farming, yet I trust hut few who prefer Salt
Marsli to good English meadow.

January, 31, 1831. SCHOOSETT.

FLAX.

There is no article which is the produce of our
farms, over which foreign interest and ignorance
have held such undisputed sway, as in the culti-
vation and preparation of /'fax. During the years
of 1821-2-3, there seemed a disposition on the
part of our government to encourage the growth
and manufacture of this article ; since that time
we liear very little about it, and at this time a
domestic manufactured linen shirt is as rare as a
white colt, and the distaff and wheel will soon be
reckoned by our young ladies as instruments be-
longing only to the age of chivalry.

There are several opinions with regard to flax,
prevailing among us, which are incorrect.

First — That the climate and soil of the Uni-.

234

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Fel). 9, 1S31,

ted States are not calculated to produce a good
growth of flax.

Second — That flax wliich has been allowed to
stand until the seed was ripe, is not capable of
being manufactured into fine cluth.

Third — Tliat flax is not capable of bein^' spun
by machiuery.

Fourth — That spreading flax upon the ground
and dew rotting it, is the cheapest and best method.
Now we shall attempt, from our own observa-
tions, and the authority of others, to show these
opinions incorrect.

As regards the quantity of flax produced per acre
in Ireland, Marshyll, in his report to tiie Linen and
Hempen ISoard, in 1817, gives the average rpian-
tity at 500 lbs. In receiving this estimate, and
comparing it with the produce of our own soil, we
must make allowance for the difference in acres,
between the Irish and American ; also, that their
flax is water-rotted by which it will give about
tvventyfive ])er cent more than when dew-rotted,
for which see report from the Secretary of the
Navy, transmitted to the Senate of the United
States, January 5th, 1825, and republished 1S30.
In addition to this difference, flax does not waste
as much in cleaning, by the Irish process, as by
ours, as they merely free it from the woody part
of the stalk, leaving it to be made fine by what
they term dressing, which is the same as we call
hatchelijig. Now by looking into the records of
our agricidtural societies, we find tliat the produce
of flax offt-red for premiums, was considerably
above Mr Marshall's estimate for Ireland. In the
Ploughboy, vol. "id, page 188, we find that the
first premium was given on 772 lbs. per sere, and
at page 179, a premium awarded on G19 lbs. ])er
acre. Now, if we add to these crops fifty per
cent for the difference in measure and in rotting and
cleaning, we have the produce of 1040 lbs. per
acre. Our own opinions are, that we have seen
finer flax grown in America, than we ever saw in
Ireland ; but do not lhiid\ our land and climate
are generally as good as theirs.

The second erroneous opinion is, that flax that
is allowed to ripen seed, is not fit for fine cloth.
This point the Linen and Hempen Board of Ire-
land have put at rest.

Having been convinced of the superiurity of the
Dutch flax over the Irish, in 1822 they sent Peter
Besnard, Esq. Inspector General fur Leinster,
Minister and Connaught, into the Netherhinils, in
order to asertaiii the reasons for the supericjrity of
of the Dutch flax. In his report he says —

' Why so general an opinion as has prevailed in
Ireland, for a series of years, that flax which
gives seed is not adapted for her fine linens, should
have taken place, I cannot conjecture.' Again,
speaking of an establishment at Antwerp, he says,
' I called at the maiuifactory and jnirchased a
small quantity of the yarn, for the inspection of
the lIi>iiorable Board, and which is sold at the rate
of £47,780 13s. 4(/. per ton. The yarn which I
purchased, is not of the finest kind, but I have
every reason to suppose, from the inquiries I made,
that it was sinin from flax that had given seed.'
We have had some yarn from Valenciennes, which
was niiieh finer than that alluded to above, which
was made from flax which ripened seed.

As to the generally received opinion, that flax
cannot be spun by machinery, it is ridiculous.
The machinery is not as complicated, nor as costly,
as for spinning cotton. But dew-rolled flax is not
worth manufacturing, when that which is water-

rotted can be procured. As the season approaches competent correspondents, will furnish an answe

we propose to give the Dutch method of maiiag
ing their flax, from the time of pulling, until it is
prepared for the finest of lace ; and I would here ob-
serve, that a female might work one year on one or
two lbs. of flax to advantage. — Genesee Farmer.

to the inquh'ies of our friend in Philadelphia.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

HORSES.

Mr Editor — About four weeks since, I rode
a young horse about seventy miles ; the travelling
was bad and it rained severely most of the time.
The horse was not over-driven. I stopped a week.
In returning, after I had ridden about 40 miles, I
got off" to walk up a hill, and when I was about
to remount I discovered a swelling on one side of
the horse's neck extending from the windpipe to
the mane, and from the shoulder almost to the ear.
Tlie swelling was /(ctcrf and the neck was increased
at least one third in size. The horse travelled as
well as before, and appeared free from pain —
breathed well, and when I put up ate well. — Since
that time the swelling of the neck has measurably
subsided, and a soft swelling has appeared upon
the side of the belly, of the size of a man's arm,
and has now extended to the hind legs. The an-
imal still eats well, his eyes are bright, and he is
evidently free from pain — but what the matter is
with him, what occasioned the swelling, or how to
cure the animal I know not. I have kept him
warm, warmed his drmk, pjiysicked bin;, and bathed
the part affected in camphorated spirits, but still
he is not cured. Will you or some of your corres-
pondents inform me through the New England Far-
mer, of the cause, nature and remedy of tbe animal's
disorder ? Yours, B.

Vassalhoro\ Me. Feb. 5, 1831.

(JJ=We hope ou-r Portsmouth correspondent
will favor us with an answer to the above. — Ed.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

IMPORTANCE OF CORRECT NAMES.

Mr Editor — It would contribute much to the
value cd" the New England Farmer abroad to have
the botanical names of the plants spoken of ap-
pended to them — the local name answering
merely for a neighborhood. Your distant subscri-
bers lose much where no others are given.

In the last number, under the arlicle Salt grass or
Salt Hay, I should be pleased to be informed
what llie Goose grass, there spoken of is — with
us the C Polygonum aviculare) bears that name :
also the Fox grass ; — the English hai/ or English
grass; with us(.'lgi'opi/ron or Trificum repens) bears
that name ; the Pidypod or mount royal, and in
the same No. Article AIeadow Lands, the Blue
joint — the Flat grass.

It would be very interesting to us at a distance
to know all your grasses by their local names. — I
would therefore suggest that some of your corres-
pondents should give us through the medium of
the New England Farmer, the names of all the
grasses common to your district, both the com-
mon and the botanical. By so doing he will much
oblige an INQUIRER.

Philadelphia, Feb. 4, 1831.

N. B. What is the botanical name of what you
call red top ?

Red top and White top, the Herd's grass of the
Southern States are varieties of Jlgrostis stricta. —
Editor.

We hope Mr Nuttall, or some others of our

TOP DRESSING GRASS GROUNDS, &c.

By top dressing, inucli of the Ijest properties of
the putrescent mamires are exhaled or wasted in
the way that has been described ; if to this be add-
ed (Jie too general loss sustained by decomposition
before the inamire is applied, it will be found that
but little good can be done by a great deal of it,
when used in this way.

If dung be used for toj) dressing, it should be
applied soon after tlie first crop of grass lias been
mown, and before the manure has sufleied any ma-
terial loss by fermentation. The grasses should
be suffered to grow until they firm a close shade ;
after this, they may be pastured, proviiled a good
covering of them be preserved. This will pre-
vent much exhalation ; it will also keep tlia soil
much more open to receive the juices of the ma-
nure. As water does not pass off'so freely through
a close pile of grass, much of the coarser particles
of the washings from the manure will be arrested
in their progress through it, ami much more of
the juices from the dung will sink into the soil.
The close covering also greatly favors the decom-
position of the litter, and by keeping it flexible,
causes it to sink further into tbe soil, and lie
much closer to it ; therefore but little if any of it
will be found in the way of mowing the ensuing
crop of grass, or of making it into hay, provided
the manure be very evenly spread overthe ground.
But as the want of the second crop for hay and other
circumstances, may readily prevent the cultivator
fjoni haiiling the dung at the ])roper time, he may
haul and spread it any time before fiost sets in;
but not with tbe same advantage. Still, if care
be taken in raking up the hay of the ensuing crop,
but little of the litter will appear among it.

Top dressing, however, with putrescent ma-
nures, is, under the most favorable circumstances,
a very wastei'ul practice, and should be avoided
where population is suflicient to adniit the prac-
tice of convertible husbandry ; except by thosej
who prefer the ease obtained by grazing exclii-^
sively, to a more active and much more profitable;
mode of management.

When ashes, gypsum, lime, &e, are ajiplied to
the grass grounds, it must be by top. dressing.
But either of these substances is more extensively
usefid to cultivated crops, when they are properly
incorporated with the soil.

It is difficult to calculate the losses arising fromi
the prevailing jiractices of gathering, jircparingJ
and using the uuinure that might be obtained from
the general resources of a farm. Some manage
better, and others worse. Neither weight noi
measure to ascertain these losvses, can be referred
to. We may, however, form a tolerable estimate
of their amount, by siimining tip the supposec
losses arising from each improper jiracticc, and, a!
it may be done, averaging the losses. This mus
centre between the best and worst practices ilj
general use. I have done this, and believe th(
lo-;s cannot be less than seven eights of the whole
which might be very readily saved by good man
agement and a iir(q)er cultivation. — Lorain's Hus
bandnj.

HORTICULTURAL CURIOSITY. |

We had the pleasure, a few days since, of it

ceiving a fine ripe Orange, froiti the garden of Dl'

Kirtland, accompauievi with the following note :

Messrs Hapgood and Peasf. — Accompanji

I

Vol. IX.— No. 30.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

285

ing til is letter is a mature and full grown Orange,
the prodiii'tiim i)f a tree that spniiij; fViiin a seed,
planted in .M;ircli, 182S, The seedling was bud-
ded froiii a iViiiirul stuck, in the Cullowiiig August,
and ill about tiiree weeks was headed down, near
to the inoculate- This put forth a growth of four
inches, the saiuo season, and during the siunuier
of 1S29 attained the heighth of two feet ; its lu.\-
uriant branches lorniing a s|n-eailing top. In
March, 1S30, two years from the time the seed
was planted, and iiiiieteen'monlhs linnj the insertion
of the Mioculate, it showed more than one hundred
and Jijltj blo.<soui-buds. Dining the month of
May it was li;ei.illy a cluster of splendid and fra-
grant flowers. Of the numerous youug oranges
that formed npou it only seven were permitted to
remain ; each of which is now equal in size and
niuturity to the one I have forwarded to you.

Vom's, with respect, J. P. K.

Poland, Jan. 11, 1831.

[Ohio paper.]

LIVE OAK.

The Secretary of the Navy proposes to
abandon the attempt maile l)y the Government to
establish plantations of Live Oak. He supposes
tlie Navj' can never be in want of this timber, when
it is indigenous to the coast of the United States
from the St Mary's to the Saliine ; and does not
perceive the necessity of cultivating \Xfrom the
Aiom. We are not prepared to gpeak with cer-
tainty upon this subject, but it is one of first im-
portance, and much caution and investigation
should be e.xercised b.fore the policy already adopt-
ed is alianduncd. The Live Oak, if we mistake
not, is found lo the JVorth of the St IMary's, but
we think Mr White, of Florida, who is opposed
to the Secretary's views, is correct, when he says
• ihe Live Oak is found thinly scattered at most
remote distances, and in small bodies. If artificial
culture be not resorted to, and the fires kept out
of the Riaervations there will not l)e etiough in
fifty years, to build a West India squailron.
The same authority declares ' there are 70,000
live oak trees upcui the land purchased by the
Government ; which in a century or even a quarter,
will be worth ten limes the amount ever expended
upon them. ' The idea of planting Acorns for
the benefit of the Navy, has been sometimes ridi-
culed by those who do not remember how true it is
that' Large Oaks from little Acorns grow. ' The,
most venerable grove we have ever seen was of
Live Oak, the Acorns of which had been planted
seventy yea» ago. Whoever visits Bonaventure,
near Savannah, will see that it is not inqiracticable
to cultivate plantations of these noble trees. Ami
in the woods of Florida, avenues of Live Oak
are found, planted, it is supposed, by a race long
since extinct ; a race, civilized and industrious — of
whose existence no evidences now remain — but
the scattered and worn implements of husbandry
found in the soil — the traces of roads, and these
majestic trees. — Georgia paper.

TO CONVEY LIVE FISH.

As there are many natural, as well as artificial
ponds that are destitute of the most valuable kinds
of fish, and from the rapidity with which fish are
increased, it freipiently becomes an object lo trans-
port them alive, for the purpose of stocking such
waters. Winter is the most favorable season for
thispurpose. Although fish are fond of cold wa-
ter, yet when the temperature is reduced to 32 de-
grees, they become almost torpid — their motions are

very slow, and they do not require the same quan-
tity of water for a given time, that they do in
w.arm weather. Now as long as snow or ice when
nii.ved with water, will remain unthawed, it indi-
cates the temperature of thirtytwo degrees. There-
fore, let a cask of sufticient size be provided ami
filled with snow or ice, and water, into which
put the fish, intended to be transported, as soon as
caught. It is not necessary that the water shouhl
be entirely filleil with ice or snow, the latter is
pri'ferabie) only to keep a suflicient quantity in the
cask to insure the temperature ; neither should the
water be allowed to freeze solid, which may be
prevented by the introduction of a pailful of water
occasionally from a well, in this maimer, fish may
be taken a distance of thirty, or fifty, or one hun-
dred miles by land, w ith le.^'S trouble than any
other method and with perfect safety. — Genesee
Farmer.

Internal Improvement. — By statements from official
sources it appears that there have been e.\pendod by
the General Government on

CURE FOR CONSUMPTION.

MR HALSTED OUTnONE.

An English chemist of high fame, Jlr John
Murray, of Hull, F. S. A. &c, &c, has at length dis-
covered what he firmly believes to be a cure for
tuliercular phthisis — for far-gone consumption. His
work on this subject, which is dedicated to the
Diike of Wellington, contains the result of twelve
years' inquiry, during which period his thoughts
have been exclusively bent to this noble and phi-
lanthropic object. In the progress ofliis investi-
gations, he came to the very rational conclusion,
and one which has impres-ed many other minds,
that if any remedy should ever be found out for struc-
tual disease ofthe lungs, itmust be someone which
may be brought, through the medium of respira-
tion, into immediate contact with the diseased sur-
face ; and, when there, have the power of subduing
the morbid action, without diminishing the general
tone of the system.

At length Mr Blurray believes that be has discov-
ed such a remedy in the vapor of nitric acid ; and
this fact is the more worthy of attention, since it
comes from a source where empiricism cannot be
suspected. Mr JMurray is well known in the
sientific world as author of some valuable
works in Chemistry, and has, we believe, been
himself a sufterer from the scourge he has striven
so sedulously to avert.

We shall take some other occasion toaflxird our
readers a more circumstantial account of this work
of Mr M. — Bost. Med. & Suro-. Jour.

Improvement in the Quality and Quanfilj of
wool. — M. Montbret has presented a memoir to the
Paris Academy of Sciences, on this subject. He
states, that the nourishing fluids are naturally dis-
tributed between the flesh, the fat, and wool of the
sheep. He recommends frequent shearings when
the animal is young, whereby these fluids are de-
termined in greter abundance towards the skin.
This increases the quantity and improves the qual-
ity of the wool.

To remove spots of grease, pitch or oil from woollen
cloth. — In a pint of spring water <lissolve an ounce
of pure pearlash, adding to the solution a lemon
cut in small slices. This being properly mixed
and kept in a warm state for two days, the whole
must be strained and kept in a bottle for use. A
little of this liquid poured on the stained part, is
said instantaneously to remove all spots of grease,
pitch or oils, and the moment they disappear the
cloth is to be washed in clear water. — Glasgow
Meckhnic's Magazine.

Works commenced

Works not commenced and for

which surveys and estimates

have been made
Works projected and partially

surveyed

t'slinintnd coat

S3,7;«,659 56

18,311,072 15
.'51,900,000 00
8104,'248,-40 71

The Legislature of New Jersey have passed se-
veral acts dur'ng their present seseion, and are about
passuig others, encouraging internal improvements
by rail roads and canals.

The currency ofthe country, according to Mr San-
ford's Report in the Senate of U. S. amounts to about
8.1 niiUions, consisting of 77 millions of bank notes,
and 8 millions of coins.

53,000 tons of anthracite coal are said to be annu-
ally consumed in Philadelphia.

In Philadelphia, there were in 1830, forty fires
damage .SllL'.W. Uninsured, .'>!(j,"),30().

Iron Chimneys. — If our builders would use cast
iron pipes (round or square) instead of making cum-
brous, inefficient and insecure brick chinnieys, would
it not be an improvement in the art of building? —
They would take up less room — be more secure
against fire — would draw better, and could be so
contrived as to be more easily cleansed, (if necessa-
ry) than the expensive, unsightly projections which
encumber our rooms at present.

The directors ofthe Camden and .\mboy Rail Road,
have it in contemplation to lay a railway from Phil-
adelphia to New York in the ensuing summer.

J^Torth Carolina Gold. — Ofthe gold coinage ofthe
United States during the last year, the amount
of $4GG,000 was from the mines of North Caro-
lina.

The whole amount of money for the Pennsylvania
Canals and Railroads, appropriated and placed at the
disposal of the Canal Commissioners, up to the 10th
of Dec. 1830, amounted to §10,288,300 59.

Petrifactions. — In the excavations for the railroad
along the hills of the Mohawk valley, petrifactions,
30 feet below the surface, have been discovered,
among them one of a human jaw bone.

The enormous bones which have lately been dug
up at Big Bono Lick, Kentucky, continue to occupy
the remarks ofthe Cincinnati editors. The animal
is proved to have been (>0 feet in length, 22 in
height, and 12 across the hips. The upper bone
ofthe head weighs GOO lbs. The grinders weigh 11
lbs. each. He was found in black mud 20 feet below
the surface. These bones, of which the head and
tusks are already in Cincinnati, are to be brought by
the proprietor to New York, and thence to Europe.

Ardent Spirits. — The annual consumption of ar-
dent spirits in Great Britain is stated to be 25,000,-

000 gallons.

jManvfactures in j\'ew York. — The annual value of
cotton goods manufactured at the several establish-
ments in N. Y. is estimated at more than k3,OUO,000 ;
of woollen, at .$3,120,000 ; of iron at $4,000.

Challenging at the Cape of Good Hope. — A Bush-
man |)risoner being asked if he had any objections
to any one ofthe Jury, looked round very graiely
lor some time, and then staring Mr Justice
Menzies full in the face, and pointing to him said,
very coolly and with mnch naiviclc, 'la, de oude
Krrl daar metde wit kop?.' (Yes, that old fellow
with the white head.) '

236

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 9, 1831.

Hampshire, Hampdtn, and Franklin .Igrirullural
Society.

REPORT ON LOCUST TREES.

The premiums on Loriist Trees were first of-
fered by the Society in 1824, to be awarded in
1830, upon the four best Plantations of one acre
each. Three entries only are made.

The first, owned by Joseph G. Cogswell, Esq.
of Northampton, contained trees of three years'
growth, a part of wliich were in the nursery, and
tlie remainder had been transplanted into an or-
chard. Those in the nursery were set very near
together, and were generally in a flourishing con-
dition. With the exception of a few on tlie out-
side of tlie nursery they appeared to be jjerfoctly
free from the borer. Those trees which had been
transplanted were on lands which had subsequently
been pastured with horned cattle, and had suflier-
ed much from the animals. Tlie land was light
and sandy, a poor pasture, the soil of which seem-
ed to be greatly e.xhausted and worn down. For
a more particular description of Mr Cogswell's
plantation, manner of cultivation, &c, the Commit-
tee would refer to the excellent communication of
Mr C. presented them at the time of their examin-
ation, not only as a directory for the cultivation of
tlie yellow Locust, but also as a valuable recom-
* mendation to the farmers of ' Old Hampshire' to
cover tlieir liglit and unproductive soils witli a for-
est of the Locust.

The second plantation reviewed by the commit-
tee was owned by Mr William Clark, Jr, of North-
ampton. His trees were grown from the seed in a
nursery and transplanted upon a piece of old and
worn out pasture land, the soil of which was also
light and sandy — too poor to admit of a regular
cultivation with the plough. His trees have now
been transplanted two years and are in a very
thrifty and flourishing condition. — Much pains has
been bestowed upon the orchard by training, prun-
ing, &c, for which tlie owner is entitled to great
credit. With one or two exceptions this orchard
has been perfectly free from the ravages of tlic
borer. The committee annex Mr Clark's statement
of the history of his labors in the cultivation of
the yellow Locust, from which many valuable hints
may be gathered by future cultivators of this for-
est Tree.

The last plantation viewed by the Committee
was owned by Daniel Stebbins, Esq. of Northamp-
ton. Tlie seeds from which this plantation was
grown were sowed in a nursery in May last, and
by the careful and assiduous cultivation of tlie
owner, the plants were sufficiently large to trans-
plant in October last, and when viewed by the Com-
mittee many of them were ten feet in heiglit. All
the trees in this plantation appeared healthy, flour-
ishing and perfectly free from the borer. This
plantation is on a dry, sandy knoll — unproductive
and wliolly useless for any of the ordinary purposes
of cultivation. Dr Stebbins' statement is annexed.

The subject of covering the light, sandy and un-
productive soils which may be found on many of
tlie farms within the limits of this society will pro-
bably be new to some of our farmers. It has how-
ever for several years occupied tlie attention of
some of the most distinguished agriculturists in
Massachusetts, not only as producing a wood valu-
able for fencing, ship timber and other uses, but
also because a forest of the locust invariably cov-
ers the land with a tliick coating of grass. In this
way old pastures which were worn out and ready

to be abandoned have become renovated, and ap-
pear with all the freshness and verdure of those
on a rich soil.

It is stated upon good authority that fencing
posts made of the Yellow Locust have remained
perfectly sound in the ground for forty years. —
This being the fact it would evidently be a great
aciiuisition, not only to the farmer for fencing tim-
ber, but for railings for public walks — door yards,
&c. It is also stated that 'in naval architecture
the shipwrights use as much locust wood as they
can procure, because it is as durable as the live oak
and red cedar, with the advantage of being strong-
er than the one and lighter than the other.'

The only objection to plantations of the Locust,
which has suggested itself to the Committee, is the
danger of their being infested by the borer, 'n
small winged insect (species of aphides) which at-
tacks the tree while standing, penetrates through
the bark into the centre of the trunk, and for the
space of a foot, mines it in every direction, so that
it is easily broken by the wind.' It is believed
however that tliis insect only attacks the trunks of
such trees as are exposed to the sun's rays, and if
the trees in the nursery and in transplanting are
set so near each other as to shade the ground, only
a few trees on the outside would be affected by
this troublesome insect.

The Committee have awarded the premiums of
the Society as follows :

1st Premium William Clark, Jr. $30

2d " ' Daniel Stebbins 25

3d " Joseph G. Cogswell 20

ROSWELL HUBBARD,

JOSEPH STRONG, \ Committee.

SAMUEL WELLS

October, I3th, 1830.

J\^ofe. — The Essex A^rictilfnral committee in ihe year
1824 in their report ^ say, ' Barren and gravelly pastures
may be covered with a good coat of grass bv planting
and permitting the growth of Locust trees — that care
shoulii he taken that horned cattle do not go upon the
ground while the trees are yoimg. Tlie committee say
that in aililition to the gain of teed, the trees grow most
rapidly, and no timber is in more demand or uf greater
value when arrived at maturity. It is doubted whether
an acre of land can be made to yield more in tlie course
of 25 or 30 yeais, without the application of manure,
than by planting it with Locu?t Trees.'

To Messrs. Joseph Strong, Roswell Hubbard, and
Siimucl Wells, Jr. Esq'rs.
Gextlemex — I have no new or important facts
to communicate on the subject of locust planta-
tions, but as I have done something with them by
way of experiment, I beg leave to state to you the
result of the trial. In the spring of 1827, I pro-
cured half of a lb. of the yellow locust seed, from
which I raised from two to three thotisand trees ;
since that time I have twice planted an equal quan-
tity, and from tlie three plantings I have now nearly
10,000 trees. No preparation of the soil is neces-
sary ; that which seems best adapted to them is a
sandy loam. The seed should be soaked from 12
to 24 hours in water poured on when scalding hot.
The young plant, which commonly show themselves
within ten days after the seed is put into the
ground, should be kept very clear of weeds, and
in dry seasons watered frequetitly, until they are
sufficiently large to shade the ground. I have now
altogether more than two acres in this cultivation,
partly in seed and nursery beds, and partly plant-
ed out. Although it is not yet time to reap any
benefit from my locust plantations, I am satisfied

ARD, 1

;, \ Co

3, Jr. )

*See New England Farmer, vol. iii. page 147

that the light soil of our upland plains can be put
to no better use than to grow these trees ; they in-
crease very rapidly, more so than any other tree
which we can cultivate here, and are not injured
by worms when standing in a tliick grove. I ob-
serve that the outside trees are frequently attack-
ed, when no appearance of the insect is discovered
on those in the body of the plantation, and have
thought that the insect in its winged state does
not enter where the clear light of the sun does not
reach. As to the fact, I have no doubt that large
and thick groves of locust suflTer very little, but
whether there is any truth in the above suggestion,
I am not able to assert. To secure a flourishing
plantation of this valuable tree, I believe nothing
else is necessary but to select healthy trees of
good size for planting out ; to plant them near to-
gether, not exceeding four feet, and to keep cattle
from the enclosure. With these precautions, in
a few years, even on the lightest soils, my own ex-
perience convinces me, a thick forest will be form-
ed, and by means of the shade, a fine grass sward
spread upon a surface which would otherwise pre-
sent scarce any appearance of verdure. The best
proof that I can give of my confidence in the suc-
cess of this cultivation is, tliat I am daily extend-
ing it, and propose to appropriate several acres to
it the next season ; at the same time, 1 shall give
the white mulberries a fair trial, of which I have
now about 10,000 plants raised from the seed this
year. Respectfully, your obt. servt.

JOS. G. COGSWELL.

To the Committee appointed to examine and award
Premiums on Locust Trees.

Gkntlemen — My locust seeds were softened'
in warm w'ater, and planted (in a sandy loam) about
an inch deep, and two or three inches apart, in
rows three and a half feet distant. The planting
was done at leisure times, in the months of April
and May, in 1828. The ground was occasionally
hoed, and the plants kept clear of weeds through"
the season. The height of the trees in the fall
would average about four feet, some of them were
more than six.

In the spring of 1829, the small trees, (i. e. those
which were overtopped by the more vigorous) were
taken up and set about one foot apart in rows by
themselves, for the purpose of supplying vacancies
as they might occur in future. Those which re-
mained in the original rows were pruned by tak-
ing off all the branches and heading down to where
the wood was firm and well ripened. They were
pruned again in July and August ; all the young
branches (of which there were an abundance) were
shortened, excepting one straight leading shoot,
which was carefully preserved. The ground was
kept clear of weeds through the season, and some
of the trees attained a heicfht of more than twelw
feet in eighteen months from the seed ; the aver-
age height was about eight feet.

In November, 1829, eleven hundred trees were
taken from the nursery and planted six and a half
feet distant each way, on a piece of dry, gravelly,
worn out pasture land, which was ploughed and
harrowed for the purpose. (At the above distance
1032 trees will cover one acre.) At this planting
the trees were divested of all their branches, and ,
headed down as in the spring previous. — In the
summer of 1830, the ground was hoed twice, and
the trees pruned once. All of which is respect-
fully submitted to your consideration, by your
most obedient, WM. CLARK, Jr.

Vol. IX.— r-jo. 30.

AND IIORTICULtURAL JOURNAL.

237

To the Committee appointed to view and award Pre-
miums on Locust Trees.

Gentleiie.v — .As the rejfulations of the 11. F. ,
and H. Agriciiltural Society require a detailed ac-
count of the mode of. cultivation, I therefore pre- ,
sent you with the mode which I pursued. Four
years since I procured some seed and sowed in my |
garden at the usual time of malcing it — only a few |
of which vegetited. I tlien supposed the seed
was not good ; but luivinGf stated my failure to gen-
tlemen residing in 'different parts of the U. States,
found that before sowing some baked the seed,
others steeped it in boiling water. I adopted the
latter mode in my subsequent sowings in my
nursery, and through fear of injuring the seed
by the hot water, did not steep long enough
to soften the seed, and of course lost many. In
my first trial, without steeping, should think nine
tenths of the seed failed. In after trials, by par-
tially steeping, about one third failed ; but the pre-
sent year, by pouring over tlie seed boiling water,
and steeping 48 hours in a warm place, I have suc-
ceeded ill saving perhaps nine tenths of the seeds.

Last autumn (18-29.) I transplanted about 1100
plants of one, two and three years' growth, and set
over about three acres of land ; some have failed ;
the size was ordinary for the age, having been hoed,
only occasionally just to subdue the weeds. But
those transplanted in 1830, on about one acre,
Lave frequently been Iioed, perhaps about once each
week, and tlie earth kept loose, and always when
the dew was on the ground. The soil was light
and not manured, but the plants are from one to
ten feet each in height. They are set at a dis-
tance of about 4 to 5 feet each way. I have set on
said parcel of land over 1200 trees, and contemplate
covering several acres, say five to si.x, composed of
dry and gravelly knolls.

All which is humbly submitted, by
—Hampshire Gaz. D. STEBBINS.

Siuijlower Oil. — Tlie American Farmer recom-
mends the culture of the Sunflower for the sake
of its oil, and states that the cultivation of tlie Sun-
flower ditFers in no respect from that of corn,
and the soil adapted to the latter is proper for
the former. Tlie sunflower thrives in all our va-
rious climates. Under proper cultivation, and
with a medium soil it yields from 60 to 70 bushels to
the acre. The iiiachiiieiy for crusiiin^ and express-
ing will cost about $300. One bushel of the seed
will yield about 3 quarts of cold, and one of
hot ))ressed oil.

'The uses to wliich this oil is adapted are va-
rious. It is equal to olive oil for talile use, and
superior in many important respects to sperm for
lamps, while fir paints and machinery it is well
adapted to superseile the oils now used in them.
For hiiruing in lamps, the sunflower oil possesses
an advantage which has been an object of deep
solicitude ever since sperm oil came into use — it
has no perceptible smell , hence sick persons and
others, to whom the smell of sperm oil in lamps is
so offensive can use tlie sunflowei""oil with per-
fect freedom. Its advantages in this respect have
been fully tested in Philadelphia, where it is re-
commended liy some eminent physicians, and is in
constant use by their patients. It has another
important advantage over sperm oil — it affords
about one third more light, that is sunflower will
last one third longer than sperm, both while burn-
ing affording the same quantity of light.

As to a market for the seed and the price, at
present there is none of either. At present Mr '

Barnitz, the intelligent inventor of a new proc-ess
of crusliing and expressing the seed, recommends
the producer to i-riisli the seed and express his
own oil. There is no tb iibt but oil mills will
soon be established, at which the seed iiiiiy be
sold, for this oil is too important an addition to
our resources to be lost. Charles A. Barnit/., of
York, I'a. will give any information that may be
required.

The mass which remains after pressing out the
oil is useful as feed for hogs and poultry. This
plant gives out great quantities of oxygen or vital
air, and it has been cultivated in unwholesome
places.

To destroy Jf'eerils among Corn. — Lay fleeces of
wool, which have not been scoured, on the grain;
the oily matter attracts the insects among the wool
where they soon die, from what cause is not ex-
actly known. M. B. C. Payrandeau related to
the Pliilomathic Society of Paris, that his father
had made the discovery in 1811, anil had practised
it on a large scale since. — Bull, des Sciences.

Butter. — Tlte Journal dts Connaissances Usuelles
fives an account of the means used in the canton
d'lsigny to [irocure excellent butter in Winter.
The cows are warmly clothed, so as to cause them
to calve in the auliinin, its it is found that the milk
after Uiis process of nature at that time, becomes
more 'abundant and richer quality; and during
the severest weather in the winter, they were
constantly kept clothed, and fed in the open air as
the taste of the butter is said to be much injured
by confinement in the stable. The butter of this
district is superior to any other on the continent.

Dandelion Coffee. — ' Dr Harrison, of Edinburg,
prefers dandelion coffee to that of Mecca ; and
many persons all over the Continent prefer a
mixture of succory and coffee to coffee alone.
Dig up the roots of dandelion, wash tliciii well, but
do not scrape them, dry them, cut them into the
size of peas, and then roast them in an earthen
pot, or coffee roaster of any kiiul. The great
secret of good coffee is, to have it fresh burnt and
fresh ground.

Honey Locust Beer — Recipe. — Take one bushel
of lioney locust sceil and pods, wiien about ripe,
break them, puttliein into a liarrel, and fill it with
boiling water; let it stand until milk warm, then
add a pint of good yeast. Put in the bung lightly
until fermentation is nearly over, then rack oft',
as with cider ; when clear bottle it and wire the
corks. When kept a few months it is equal to
sparkliiis Champaigne. It can be used in two days
after it is made. — H'esteni Tiller.

A Tli HIVING TOWN.

On this point we have some statistics of our own.
We know a town, in size about the third rate in
i\ew England, where sehoolmaslers receive five
dollais and n half a month, and tlie clergyman is
dismissed bec.iuse the people are too poor to sup-
p(ut him. This gi'iieiation of paupers, gives un
ample sup[iort to two dancing schools, each of
which costs them, directly and incidentally, a thou-
sand doll us. Tliesi; ibiifty people arc of course
too poor to jiaiiit their houses, or replace a glass
broken in the windows, or a hinge on the doors; yet
they have the ability to take several sleigh rides in
a winter, at the expense of two dollars each, and
to call three limes a day at the tavern, at the ex-
pense of six cents a time. It may be said that
this is but one town, and an extreme case ; but
jierbaps the reader may know many such towns,
though it is hoped that he lives in a better.

How many towns in New England pay, col-
lectively, one thou.sand dollars to support a tavern,
that would not give fifty, to fouml a Lyceum.
Vet where would be got the most instruction and
rational amusement ? Young men will pay five
dollars at an assembly — a sum that would, for a
year, pay more than their proportion to an institu-
tion, that would not only advance themselves in
knowledge, but have an increasing bearing on the
improvement of all the young in the community.

Has not the reader himself, honest man as he is,
sometimes paid two dollars to ride on the sabbath,
though he now feels too poor to give one to a Ly-
ceum, for a course of intellectual pleasure and in-
struction.

This principle of ours is uniform and invariable.
Economy never stands in the way of improve-
ment, wdiich is itself the best and most lasting thrift.
There is no saving to be made in vice and igno-
rance, it will save money, and character, and
crime, and |)unisliment and remorse, to advance
the moral and intellectual culture of our nature.
This is the way to make us, indeed, lords of tha
lower creation, rising in intellectual dominion and
perfection towards the Being who ordained it. —
Jour, of Education.

The cultivation of trees. — 'Jock, when ye hae
nothing else to do, ye should lie aye sticking in a
tree ; it will be growing, Jock, w hen yere sleep-
ing. Aly father told nie sae, forty years since, but
I ne'er found time to mind him.' — Heart of Mid
Lothian; the Laird of Dumbedike's dying address
to his son.

Sir Walter has added the following note to the
new edition of his novels. ' The author has been
flattered by the assurance, that this naivee mode i
of recomending arboriculture (which was actually
delivered in these very words, by a Highland
Laird, while on his death bed, to his son,j had
so much weight with a Scottish Earl, as to lead
to bis planting a large tract of country.'

Winter in Halifar. — Merchandise of all descrip-
tions begins to arrive, and not the leas: singular in
appearance are the wagon-loads of frozen pigs.
These ' are exposed for sale, quite hard and stiff
and in a fit state to keep till the spring. They
had an unusually uncouth appearance; for their
iiionths were generally open, and the last services
seemed never to have been properly paid to the de-
funct. Their limbs were not arranged with decent
regularity and they appeared to have given up
the ghost in the act of squalling and at full gallop.
Some were placed standing at the doors in the
streets like rocking-horses before toy-shops, upon
their four legs, as if they had been alive. This
mode of keeping a pig for a winter without giving
him a grain of anyihing to cat, or being subject to
his noisy, unmannerly conduct — nay, to be enabled
to eat him piece-meal is indisputably one advantage
of a cold climate. But frozen meat on the other
hand, disappoints the epicure, being always tasteless
and bad.'

.i .Moderate Salary. — We find by a document
liublished in the Jlontreal Gazette that the salary
of the .Marquis De Vaudretiil, Governor and Lieu-
tenant General of Canada in 1758, under the
French government was 3000 livres per annum,
equal to £125 currency.

•238

NEW ENCT.AISD FARMER,

Feb. 9, 1832,

mmw asraiLiisrii) a"iiasaas9

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENIiNG, FEB. 9, 1831.

GARDENER'S WORK FOR FEBRUARY.

If the weather should be sufficiently mild, yon
may carry manure into those pl.nees where it is
needed, leave it in heaps without spreading. I
Wherever and whenever the snow is sufficiently
off the ground, rake together and burn, or what
is better, cart into your barn-yard, the haulm, with-
ered stems of plants, or whatever may remain of
last year's crop. Fences may now be insjiected
and repaired, and seeds rubbed out, cleaned, done
up in papers and labelled. Straw mats for hot-
beds, poles, rails, lattices or trellises for espalier
trees * should now be made ready for use. See
that your garden tools are in good repair, and pro-
cure such new ones as may he necessary. Set
about procuring and preparing materials for, and
forming hot-beds. Clean trees from moss, and
protect them against mice and rabbits by white
washing with lime, or smearing with some com-
position which is offensive to those vermin. Enter
in earnest into the business of forwarding various
kinds of seedling plants, by artificial means, so
that they may have strong roots and arrive at some
size by the time they would naturally make their
first a|ipearance above grounil. Tliis may be
done by sowing the seeds in small pots, and placing
them in a hot bed. Attend to your fruit in your
fruit-room or cellar, on shelves or in boxes, and
if necessary pick it over, and cull out whatever is
defective; wipe the remainder dry and pack it
away anew. But if it is |iut down in some sort
of grain, dry sand, flax-seed, cliaft" or what proba-
bly is best of all, pulverized plaster of Paris, it
may, perhaps, not require |)ickiiig over. You may
perhaps, towards the last of the month begin to
force asparagus in hot beds, sow under glass cases
for transplanting, or otherwise, radishes, carrots,
small salads, ])eas, beans, Sic. Protect small |)lants,
which may show a disposition to vegetate, by
matting, litter, oases of wicker, old bark, and other
suitable means.

* Espalier rails are substitutes for walls.^ which they
so far resemble that the trees are regularly spread and
trained along them, are fully exposed to the liEiht, and,
bavins their branches lixed are less lialile '« be injured
by high winds. They may be made of wood, cast iron,
or wire and wood.

' An espalier iias tliis advantage over a Wtill tree, that,
being wholly detached, the branches have liberty to form
fruit spurs on both sides, which, in the wall trees cannot
be effected but on one ; in fact, common fruit walls are
unnecessary in the United Slates, except in the Eastern,
and some of the Middle States, where they are useful in
forwardini to due perfoction and liavor some late kind-
of superior peaches, grapes and other late fruits; but
when walls are built for other purposes, and are con-
veniently situated, advantage oupht to be taken of them
for raisinp; fruit; observinor to suit the various kinds to
the various aspects.' — M'Mahon.

FARMER'S WORK FOR FEBRUARY.

Take this leisure time to select an 1 piu'cluise
such neat cattle, sheep, pigs, .seed corn, seed
wheat, potatoes for |jlanting, &c, as will he
likely to prove most valuable on your farm, having
in mind the following maxim, viz. Choose those
animals or vegetables to propagate from, that pos-
sess the qualities you wish might be possessed by
their offspring in the greatest perfection. Our
farmers are too apt to sell oflf their best stock to
the butchers and keep the yioorest to breed from ;
and to gather their seeds from vegetables, which

were reserved for that purpose because they were
too worthless fur the harvest.

Dress out hemp and flax, and see that yotu' spin-
ning wheels come somewhat nearer to per|i«tual
motion than some machines, which have been in-
vented for that purpose. For every cent saved in
domestic manufactures you gain at least thre'e
cents. One cent you gain by tlie greater dura-
bility of the home spun article ; one cent you save
of cash not paid for tlie purchase, and one cent,
or perhaps, coinnless cents by bringing up your
family to iiahits of tlu-ift and industry.

Look well to your sheep. If you wish for fine
healthy lamhs, ycju will take good care of the ewes.
' For a few days or weeks before yeanmg time
they should be generously fed. Some juicy food
which they are fond of should he given them, such
as turnips, potatoes, &c, that they may have more
milk fur their lamhs : for it is the opinion of care-
ful observers that want of milk is the cause of the
dying of so many lamhs in the first stages of their
existence.' * It has been recommended to give
ewes about j- a fill of Indian corn a day each, till
tliey have produced their j'oimg, in order to give
them strength ; and while suckling, good roots
or some other juicy food. The Farmer's Manual
says ' If you have stored more turnips than are
sufficient for the use of the table, give them to any
stock that will eat them, except your sheep ; give
to them (lotatoes, but not tm-nips at this season ;
they will injure the lambs. Weak lambs should
be treated in all respects as if they had been <!rown-
ed, and you would restore them to life. A|iply
gentle and regular warmth ; give warm milk fi-e-
quently in small quantities, (the milk of tlie sheep is
best,) and if the ewe has sufficient for its siq)port
you may generally raise them, but if not they gen-
erally die. It is more work to mn-se one such
lamh for 24 hours than to feed regularly 100 sheep
for the same time. If your flock be large the
wethers should be kept by themselves. They do
not require so good keeping as ewes and young
sheep.' The Farmer's Guide says ' If Iambs are
weak it is necessary to eive tliein, the first day or
two, a small quantity of cow's milk warm, three or
four times in the day ; if it is cold weather, the
cup containing the milk should stand in another
vessel that is partly filled with warm water. Should
the lamb lie chilled, riili his legs with tow, and -let
a warm cloth be put round it. Rut if corn, barley,
oats or white beans are given to sbee|), during the
winter, in small quantity, the lambs will be strong
and the trouble of nursing saved... ...

of eight and twelve inches in length, as it is
needed fir the fire. I find it advaiuageoiis to use
a considerable portion of green wood will) that
wliich is dry, as a more steady and lasting fire will
he produced than would he the case were 'the dry
wood used entirely by itself. A very considera-
ble saving may he realized by using the saw iii-
sead of the axe, in preparing wood for the fire,
although very few of our common country people
are aware of the fact, having never tried the ex-
periment. A saw suitable for this business costs
no more than an axe, is as easily kept in order,,
and with careful usage will last many years. A
man can saw as much and probably more wood in
the same time than lie can cut with an axe, scarcely
any litter is made, the wood is all cut of an exact
lengtii, and on the wlude the annual saving to every
honsehohler by using the saw instead ol' the axe,
would in the course of several years amount to
something of consequence.

* Dean's New Eiiclnnil Farmer

ECONOMY IN THE USE OF FIRE-WOOD.

The following, from a respectable corresponde it
in Wori'ester County, has already been published
in the New England Farmer, vol, v. page 223,
and is here given for the benefit of those who
have siiliscribed for our paper since that period.

Much depends on preparing wood for the fire,
and iiiuch on the manner of using it after it is
prepared, — to say nothing about the construction
of fire |ilaces, and the advantages of using stoves.
The method which from experience appears to me
the best ami most economical, is, during the win-
ter to cut and haul a suitable quantity of wood,
which I saw into billets of two feet in length,
splitting it fine, assorting it, and laying aside that
which is of inferior quality for use during the
summer, and piling the better part in my wood-
house for winter service, which I saw into pieces

COW CABB.AGE.

IMr Thomas Stockhriilge of Weymouth, Mass.,
has raised this season, about 700 plants of this
singular variety of cabbage which grew from two
to five feel in height. He considers it superior to
anything he ever raised as fijdder fir cow^. They
will eat it in preference to Enghsh bay, good pas-
ture grass, or any fodder he could give them ; and
sensibly increased the quantity of their milk.
Horses eat it freely ; but it seems to be peculiarly
well fitted for milch cows. He kept a cow through
the fall almost exclusively on between two and
three hundred plants, although the first year of
their growth, and ho is satisfied that no plant,
or grass, will afford an equal amount of fodder
from the same space of ground, as they yield a
constant succession of thick new succulent leaves,
as fast as the old ones are |)lucked. They should
be sowed as early as possible in the spring, on the
richest soil, and raiseil about two feet apart.

Sore Throat from Cold. — At this season of the
year, when common colds are prevalent, a better
remedy cannot be prescrihed for a soreness or
injlummaiion of the inside of the throat, which
often atte?ids a severe catarrh than the following: ^

Mix a wine-glass fiill of good cah-ined MagnesUI
and Honey to the consistence of paste or jelly, anu-,.,
take a s[)oonful once an hour through the day for h
a day or two. It is cooling, healing, and a very
gentle cathartic. — Bermuda paper.

A writer in the New York Journal of Com-
merce, slants that fresh snow from the surface,
used in making a pudding, will render it equally
light as eggs: two table spnonfuls are to be sub-
stituted lor each egg; if this proportion is exceed-
ed, the puihiing will fill to pieces in boiling.

We ask attention to the fiillowing extract of a
letter, dated Liverpool, 16th Nov. 1830: — 'Our
rail road from this to Manchester, continues doing
well; the recei[)ls from jiassengors alone exceed
two thousand pounds (sterling) per week, and peo-' .
pie are no longer afraid to travel at the rate of \
twenty miles an hour.' — U. S. Gaz.

At the Portsmouth Dock Yard, Eng. an expert
ment was lately tried, of the relative strength of
two 14 J inch cables, one of them made of Riga
hemp, and tarred in the common manner; the
oilier made of New Zealand flax saturated with a
solution of gum, the invention of Capt. Geo. Har-
ris, R. N. The hemp cable was broken, while
' not a yarn in Capt. Harris' cable was strained.

.v% •

V6l. IX.— Xo. 30.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

239

Ca|it. Jiiliii Siiiiboni, of East-Iviii!(Ston, Rock-
iiighaiii Coiiiiiy, N. H. raised the past season,
357 bushels of winter Rye, from 7 liushelssowiiu;,
on 9i acres of groiuul ; being 51 bushels to the
bushel sown, anil about 37J bushels per acre. —
,\' irbwyport Herald.

Amtrkan Silk. — If the anticijiations entertained
bv some of the friends of the Silk Manufacture
in the United States are as well founded as we
hope they may prove to be, a sliipiiient iriade by
;hc packet shi|i De Kliam, for Havre, on the l5tli,
will no doubt make an interesting event in the
liislory of .Vmerican riilk. A case was put on
board, as we learn fron) the American, containing
^hiierican rair Silk, of the filature established in
riiiladelphia by Mr D'Honieriine, at the request
of the venerable Jlr Du Ponceau. Similar ship-
ments, it is added, have been made to England
and Mexico.

Si\ thousand two hundred and eightythrce head
of beef cuttle have been slanirlitered at the estab-
lishment of IMr Wt.NcHF.sTF.R, at Lechinere Point,
(Cambridge) in the short space of thirteen weeks.

Dr HidPs Patent Tniss.

CA5E I'F MR FISIIBURN.

Dr Hull, Sir — Under the ailvice and direction of
Du Knapp, 1 have b^en cured wiUiiii die year |)a~t of a
bad rupture of 9 years' standms, by tlie u^e ol one of
yuur patent trusses. 1 had worn various kinds of trusses
lielore 1 got one of yours, but ihey were veiy Ipunlen-
some to uie. Vour truss, on the contrary, is coiid'urtable
to wear, and as convenient to put off and on as a pair o(
-peclaclus. 1 wore it not to exceed live months, and
lound nivself cure I. I have not had it on tor six niondis
pa-l, and have exerted inyscM' violently at wresilnig,
lumping', riduis, and other hard exercises widiout any
'return of (he compl.iint, tiot even a feeling of weakness
in the part In tine, your truss has made nie as sound
and well as ever I was; it is one of the most vahiable
inventions in the world. H. N. FISHBURN.

B.\LTi.MORE, Jari. 1S31.

inrDr Hull's Trusses are sold by Eben. ^'■ij;ht, (sole
agent for this city,) Milk-st. opposite Federal-st.

Feb. 11. eop3t

PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE.

Trade. — Which is of the greatest benefit to a
city, in a commercial point of view, the importa-
tion of inerchanilize from abroad, or manufactur-
ed at hotne ? Watsjn's Annals inform us that
Philadi.dphia contains 104 warping mills, 45(. 0
weavers, 3000 spo<ders, 2000 bobbin winders,
and 200 dyers; whose wages amount to $1,470,-
000 per annum. That they manufacture 81,-
OOO yards per day, or 24,300,000 yards per year.
To the above may be added various oilier depart-
ments of domestic industry, from which it may
safely be inferred, that Philailelpliia supports at
least 20,000 manufacturers, besides such as are
termed mecliaiiics or day laborers. Is not this
an evidence of her increase and prosperity .'

Ardknt Spirits. — The Journal of Humanity
states, that it is su[)po.sed to be about 90 years
since distilled spirits began to be a common drink
in New England. A pint of rum procured just
before haying, lasted then for the whole season.
The [iractice was, to put a small quantity into a
bottle of sweetened water, from which the laborers
were accustomed to drink. What a fearful ad-
vance have succeeding generations made upon the
custom of their ancestors ! — jY. E. C. Herald.

Yelloio Locust Seed.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

A lew lbs. genuine Yellow Locust Seed, (Rohinia
pscudoacacia) saved near Harrisburt;, Pa. expressly lor
this Eslablishment. The excellence of this tree for ship
timber and fences, its rapid growth, and its beneficial el-
fects on sandy, barren plains, where it thrives well, are
too well known to require comment.

Seeds for Hot Beds.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Fanner Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The greatest variety of Early Vegetable Seeds, among
wliich are the following, that will soon be wanted for
Hot Beds, viz. Early and Late Cauliftoiver, (from Eu-
rope.) Large Cape Broccoli, (from Europe.) Early
Dutch C'bbage ; Early York, do ; and several other va-
rieties ol Cabbage seed, both of American and European
i;rowth. London Scarlet Short Top Radi-h ; an.i Cherry
and White Turnip Radish. Early Curled Silesia Let-
luce; lennisball do.; and Royal Cape Head do.;
Double Culled Parsley ; true Early Horn Carrot, &c.

Also — Ww Early Dwarf Frame Pea, an extra ear-
ly, productive and fine variety, thai grows horn 12 to 18
inches in height only, (accoiding to the richness of the
soil) and of course requires no sticks; pi ice 33 cts. per
quart. .\lsu, Early Washington Peas ; Early Hotspur,
do.; Knight's Dwarf Marrow do., and several other
sorts

AI'PI.ES,new,

ASHES, [Jcil.lirsl sort,

l*earl, lirst sort,
I5EANS, white,
liEEF, i-.icss,

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. 2,
BUTTEIi, inspected, No. 1, new, -
('iiEESL, new milk,

Skmimed milk,
FLAXSEED,
FLOUK, Ifaltiniore.Howard-slreel, -

(.leiiesee,

Alexandria,

BaUimnre. "harf,
GRAIN, (.'orn, Northern.

Corn, Soulhern Yellow,

Kye,

Barley,

Oals,

HAY,

HOfi'S LARD, first son, new,

TALI.OW, iried,

HOI'S, 1st quality,

LIMi:,

PLAISTER PARIS retails at

POKK, cle.ir,

Navy mess.

Ciirsjo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red To|( (northern J

Lucerne,

Red Clover, (northern)
WOOL, .Merino, full Wood, washed, -

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

Merino, liiree fourths washed,

Merino, halt" blood,

Merino, qnarler,

Native, washed,

Pulled, La.nb's, first sort.

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort,

Pulled, " spinning, first sort

KROK

00

I 00

8 75

7 75

C 75

15

8

4

1 60
G 62
6 87
6 25
6 25

75

70

80

69

42

70

10 00

U 50

15 00

75

3 12

20 Oo

14 00

13 60

2 00
75

barrel.

1 75/

ion.

1 IG oo'

If

130 00 ;

vjsIhiI.

yu

barrel.

8 30

ti

7 25

it

6 60

pound.

11

6
3

u

1 12

barrel.

G 50

it

6 75

it

G 00

it

6 00

bushel.

72

((

6«

ti

73

It

62

"

40

cwt.

GO

cwt.

9 Oil

11

9 00

"

14 00

cask.

711

3 00

barrel.

17 III.

'

13 00

n

12.50

bushel.

l75

pounJ.

3.3

10

CO

65

"

52

48

40

"

40

ti

50

It

42

tc

43

PROVISION BIARKET.

Printers have probably much more enthusiasm
than any other set of men employed in mechani-
cal labor. Their iui(ilenieiits are the means by
which the mighty stream of knowledge is purifierl
and enlarged, and rolled onwards towards the
unknown wastes of futurity. — They niulti|ily the
conceptions of genius, and enable them to speak
through new symbols to ten thousand eyes at
once. They are agi-nts to an unknown process
and although in part ignorant of its multiform and
remote tendencies, they have a strong conscious-
ness that they aro the conductors of the fire of
genius to distant regions and times.

Bees.
Gentlemen in want of swarms of young thriving bees
can be supplied by J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, No.
52 North .Market Street, at 17 cents per lb. The bees
were raised by Mr Ebenezer Beard, inventor of tlvc new
patent hive.

Ammunition .^JJj

Of the best quality and /ou'csi ;»i>c.s, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
65 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tl Jan. 7.

I%e Great Eclipse. — This memorable phenomenon
will take place on Saturday next. The following are the
phases of the eclipse as computed for Boston and its vi-
cinity :

Beginnins of the eclipse, 11 h. 49 m.

Greatest obscuration, 1 21

End of the eclipse, 2 46

Duration of the i-clipse, 2 57

Digits eclip-cd 11" 27' on Sun's South limb.

■ Farmer Wanted.

Wanted a Farmer, with a wife, without children, the
one perfectly acquainted with the business and capable
of taking the management of the Farm, and the other
fully competent to take charge of the Dairy ; none need
apply without the best recommendation. Address the
Publisher of the New England Fanner, Mr John B.
Russell, post paid.

Also wanted, one or two Milch Cows, extraordinary
milkers, handsome, and not exceeding 4 or 5 years old,
for which a generous price will be given. .Apply as
above, po-t paid. No application need be made except
for very superior animals. 6t Jan. 23.

Farm to Let.

To be leased, for the term of five years, or less, a small
Farm in .\ndover, and within four miles of Lowell. A
good place for the raising of vegeliihles for Ihe Lowell
Market. Inquire of HOBART CLARK.

Andover, Jan. 15, 1S31. 6t Jan. 21.

Silk Cocoons Wanted.
I will give cash for Cocoons, from 30 to 50 cents per
pound, accordins; to quality. J, H. COBB.

Dedham.Mass. Jan. 25", 1331.

REEF, best pieces,
PORK, Iresii, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
liUTTER,kpgandtuh,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, relail

bidian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, [according to qualily]

pound.

8

*'

6

'•

51

"

6

((

4

t<

8

11

12

'•

13

tlozeii.

20

bushel.

.1

55

barrel.

1 00

38
11

62
73
68
60

42

53
44
60

lO

7

7

8

8

11

IS

20

25

83

33

30

: 00

Brighto.\ Markkt — .Monday, Feb. 6.

[Reported for the Chronicle and Patriot.]

At market this day 32S Cattle (45 of which were
Stores) 384 Sheep and 333 Swiiie. 30 Stores and all the
Swine have been before reported.

Prices — Beef Cattle — Inconsequence probably of the
limited number of Beef Cattle an advance of fron. 17 to
25c. was elTecfed on iormer prices. We shall quote
horn 4 to 4 84 — quite a number were taken at 5, and
several for 5 17 a 5 25.

Sheep — Sales not so qnick^we noticed the sale of
one lot prime Cossets at 517.

Swine — One lot of 25 Barrows, selected, were taken
at 5c; one lot of 12 Sows, selected, at 4i ; one lot of 50
Sows, and Barrows, not selected, at 4c; also, one lot
of 167, to close, price not known.

JVew York Cattle Market, Jan. SJ. — .Kt market this

day, Irom 6 to 700 head Beef Cattle, and about 2000
Sheep. The market for Beef was very lively; prices a
little in advance, and nearly all sold. A few very supe-
rior at $8 ; several small lots extra at 7 a 7^ ; several
large do, good, at 6 a 6i ; several do, fair, 54 a 54 ; and
ordinary 4i a 4| per cwt. — Sheep — demand good, and
sales readily effected ; a number of lots extra at $6 ; sev-
eral do good at 5 a 5.^ ; several do fair from 3 a 3J a $4 ;
a number lots ordinary .*I2 to 2 50 each. Milch Cows
with their Calves — a few sales ordinary noticed at Irom
$30 to 35 each. Pork in Hogs — scarce, and selling for
64 a G^c. Hay — continues scarce, and is bringing from
gl 64 a 1 12i per cwt. In this market only the quarters
of Beef are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being
included without weighing. At Brighton the hide and
tallow are weighed as well as the quarters. — Journal of
Commerce.

240

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Feb. 9, 1831.

MISCELLANY.

FRIENDLY MONITIONS FOR AMERICA.

From tilt: A bite Itayiial.

People of America ! let the example of all the
nations which liave preceded you, and especially
that of the mother country instruct you ! Be
afraid of the influence of gold, which brings with
luxury the corruption of manners, and contempt of
laws I Be afraid of too unequal a distrihution
of riches, which shows a small number of citizens
in wealth, and a grent number in misery — whence
arises the indolence of the one, and servility of
the other. Guard against the spirit of conijuest.
The tranquillity of empire <lecrpases as it is ex-
tended. Have arms for your defence, but have
none for offence. Seek ease and health in hil)ors,
prosperity in agriculture and manufactures; strength
in knowledge and virtue. Slake ihe sciences and
arts pros|)er, which distinguish the civilized man
from the savage. Especially watch over the edu-
cation of your children.

It is from ])ublic schools, be assured, that skilful
magistrates, disciplined and courageous soldiers,
good fathers, good husbands, good brothers, good
friends, ami honest men come forth. Wherever
we see the youth d"praved, the nation is on the
decline. Let Libcrti/ have an immovable found-
ation in the wisdom of your constitution : and let
it be the cement which unites your states, wliii'h
cannot be destroyed. Establish no legal prefer-
ence in your different modes of worship. Supei'sii-
tion is everywhere innocent, where it is neither
protected nor persecuted. And may your duration
he, if possible, equal to that of the icorld.

How TO Shake off Trouble. — Set about doing
good to somebody — put on your hat, and go and
risit the sick, or the poor — inquire into their wants,
and minister to them — seek out the desolate and
the oppressed, and tell them of the consolations of
religion. I have often tried this method, and have
always found it the best meilicine for a heavy
heart. — Howard.

jln Eel in JVtw South Jl'ales. — It may not be
generally known that there is a gigantic species of
eel peculiar to this island, found in most of our
rivers jjarticularly where they firm ponds or still
water. A gentleman who was lately bathing in
the South Esk, in one of tliosi; !)eaMtiful ponds
formed by tliat river, after swimming about some
time, sat down to rest himself, .-is he thought, on
round trunk of a tree, lying about a foot under
water. Presently the log seemed to glide from be-
neath him, and he saw it turn its head and eyes
towards him, and swim round him several times,
moving its body in a zigzag serpentine direction,
It was about a foot or fifteen inches in diameter,
and about twelve or fifteen feet long, of a dark
greenish color. — Hobart Town paper.

.Moss Mattresses — made with fine moss are now
getting into general use in Russia and Sweden.
They are filled to a depth of twelve inches, are
very elastic and wholesome, and the cost of renew-
ing them is of course triflinir.

Laconic Order nf the Day. — Frederic II, wrote,

one day to Gen. Salmon, commander at Cleves

My dear Salmon, if ilie .\ustrianB come into my ter-
ritories, tell them they have mistaken their way ; if
they begin to argue, make them prisoners : and if
they make any resistance, cut them in pieces.'

Artificial Pearls. — Lake Williams, in his history
of Inventions and Discoveries, says the Chinese ob-
tain false pearls from a kind of muscle, in the fol-
lowing manner: 'In the beginning of summer, at
the time when the muscles rise to the surface of
water and occasionally open their shells, they watch
the moment and place in each -shell five or six small
beads strung upon a thread. At tlie end of the year,
when they fish tor these, they draw them up; and
upon opening them, they discover the bead encrust-
ed with a pearly substance and having a perfect re-
semblance to real pearls. It is said there is now in
the possession of the British Royal Society, large
chamce brought from China, which are a species of
muscle, in which there are several bits of iron wire
encrusted with pearl. Those bits of wire it appears
were originally rough, and it is judged probable the
animal emitted this substance as a means to procure
ease from the irritation it must unavoidably occa-
sion.'

Mr Dandridge, an English naturalist who lived
about a century ago, was a renowned butterfly-
lunter, ami pursued his sport with such eagerness,
as to give rise to some amusing incidents. On one
occasion, a countryman at work in the fields, having
for some thiie contemplated him, with his arms ex-
tended, hotly pursuing over hedges and ditches
nothing, that he could see, at length took pity on the
poor lunatic (as the man supposed him to be,) over-
took him in his mad career, and pinned liirn down
vi el armis, that he might not run himself to death ;
the consequence of which was a bitter exclamation,
that only served to confirm the countrymen in his
opinion, — ' The purple Emperor's gone ! The pur-
ple Emperor 's gone !'

You Forget Yourself. — A disappointed author, in-
dulging in a vein of abuse against a successful rival,
exclaimed, 'He is, without exception, the most super-
ficial, self-sufficient, ignorant, shallow creature, that
ever made any pretensions to literature.' ' Gently,
my dear Sir,' interrupted a gentleman present, ^you
quite forget yourself.'

When the famous Prince Lee Boo, from the Pe-
lew Islands, saw a miniature for the first time, he ex-
pressed the idea it gave him in a very striking man-
ner : Being asked if he knew the meaning of it, he
replied 'Yes, Lee Boo understand very well — that
Mr Keate (pointing to the original of the picture)
die ; this Mr Kepte (touching the miniature) always
live.

An Indian chief of the Creek nation, being once
appointed to negotiate a treaty of peace with the
people of South Carolina, was desired by the gov-
ernor and council to speak his mind freely, and not
be afraid, for he was among friends : — ' I will speak
freely ; I will not be afraid,' said he ; ' for why should
I be afraid among my friends, who never am afraid
among my enemies.^'

A shopkeeper the other day in urging a lady to
buy a gown of him, said, buy enough for the sleeves,
madam, and I'll throw in enough for the skirt.

Interesting Dispute. — Mr Grattan, in his history
of Holland and the Netherlands says, that few
factions have excited such violent commotions in
the world, as that which was excited in Holland
on the ridiculous question of — ' whether the hook
caught the fish, or the fish caught the hook.

A fool may ask more questions in an hour, than
a wise man can answer in seven years.

Every fool can find faults that a great many
wise men can't mend.

He who receives a good turn should never for-
get it ; he who does one should never remember
it. — Charron.

For Sale,
The well known FARM in Dover, occupied for Ihe last'
fourteen years by the subscriber, conlaiuiiig about 200
acres, well located in a square, bounded on the south by
Coehecho river, and on the east by Fiesli creek, on which
is a tide mill, with an apparatus for pounding and i;iinding
plaster. The Buildin»3 consist of a large two story Brick
House, of4li feet by 38, with awing of "20 by 16, all well
finlslied, ailjoined to which is a shed 34 feet by 14, con-
iiecling the cider house 27 by 37, two stories, with one
plastered room, where all Ihe .spinning and weaving is
done for the family ; two Barns, one of which is lOU feet
by 42, with two wings of about 40 feet each, one employ-
ed as a stable, the other for a sbecpfold, willi a good yard
well walled in; the other is a Stoie Barn of 4.5 feet square,
of l(j I'eet post, and will contain (iO tons of hay ; a pin-
gery of 5tl feet by 30, with a cellar of 18 feet square un-
der it, with boilers set to make soap, brew, and cook for
swine. The fields are divided by permanent stone walls,
and consist of one of 40 acies in front of the house, one
of 17 on the East, one of 10 acres on lue North, (princir
pally orchard,) one of 1.5 Northeast, and one of 30 acres
Vi'est of the house, with three pastures of 20 to 25 acres
each.

The Farm has been gradually improving for the last
ten years, and the two last has cut each year one hun-
dred tons of hay, and 20 to 23 tons of thatch. It is one
and a half miles from the village of Dover, which affords
a good market. There has been planted some hundreds
of Fruit Trees, principally Apple, many of which are
grafieil — with Pears, Clierry, Hum, Peach and Quince
trees, and many in bearins:, with a small nursery.

The terms of sale may be known by applying to Majoi
.4.rjDREw Pierce, of Dover, Mr Samuel Lord, of
Portsmouth, or the subscriberon the premises.

June 11. W1LLL\M FLAGG.

iVem JVork 07i Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a new
and easy plan : being a treatise on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies en>
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing-Smlth, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which tiicse are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and impiovements, particularly adapted to this country,
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Member
of the London Veterinary Medical Society.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the '
celebrated animals presented by .^dsiiral Sir Isa.ao
CoTFiN, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
of Agriculture. The pedigiee of these animals can be
given as far back as Hubbucii. who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed (he foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heil'ers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersev Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 1830.

Publisbed every Wednesday Evriiiiii;-, at ,g3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year— but those who pay within
sixty days from tlie time of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction ufiifty cents.

[]j= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom I
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet thja ,
wishes of customers. Orders for printings received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street.

agents.
New York — G. Thokburn & .Sons, 67 Liberly-slrcet
PhUadelpliia— 1). & C Landketh . !iS ChcsUiul-slreet.
Baftimort: — G. B. Smith, Editor ot the American P'armer,
Ciiichmctli — S. C. Pakichurst, 23 Lower fllarkel-slreet.
A'.baini — Han. Jesse Buel, Albany Nursery.
F/iisliing, N. y. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lia. Bol. Garden
Ihirtford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Nrwhnnjport, EnENKZER Sted:\ian, liookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portiitml, J\le. — Samuel Coleman, Bookseller.
./hisiista, Me. Wm. Mann.

//.i7;/'u.r,N. S.— p. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
ilontreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller.

]^EW EI^GLAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTOX, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 16, 1831.

NO. 31.

3»>D cjaivSiia s.^©sf©ai^<>

Mr Fesse.vde.v — I lukc the liberty t^ respectfully
request of you the republication of Mr Niles' accom-
panying Eisay on Political Economy: although your
paper is not devoted to either side ot the monientoiis i for household

dities prodticfd orsupplieil by the fiirincrs of tlie of liniises and ship,'!, in the rents of hoiisrs, &,c

United States, may 1)0 reasonably put down at (iOO are i)nt down at a less suiii than 90 dollars per

indlions of dollars a year. head, per annum ; or, for a iiitu), his wile anil three

We place the fii/iVe clothinK of the people of chihiren, ,*450 a year — about the amount of the

the United States, includinfj all the cloths re(piired wajre.s of a respectable jonrneyrnan mechanic

or other jnirposes, at 20 dollars per which is below the averajre value consumed. W'liat

tailors ami hatters, iScc. And if to this we add
the manufactures of iron, and other nietal.s, of
wood, in houses and ships, anil furnitiu'e, of min-
ernls and earths, such as brick, glass and wares,
the airgregate cannot be put down at less than 45t
ndllions. *

The amount earned in /5cio-/!;i!, coasting, inland
I fishing and foreign, inchnling passengers and goods
I transported in steam boats and canal bouts, with
the profits onexcbauging commodities, cannot be
less than 100 millions a year, all which is put into
the domestic circulation, and invigorates every
branch of business, especially the agricultural, lor
stibsistenee, fuel, &c, consumed.

In addition to these, we verily believe, that the
disbursements of the people of the United States
for travelling on land, W'ith stage hire, horse-feed,
turnpike rales, See, is of larser amount than what
we have regarded as the 4th great branch of the

If the uliole cotton crop be a million of bales,
or 300 hundred millions of pounds, or 30,000,000
dollars, the tobacco, sugar and rice may be esti-
mated at 12 millions more; but, say, 4-5 millions
as the whole product of the plantins; interest, at
fair and average [prices, includins: the costs of trans-
portation, a large amount to be deducted from the
general sum. Fortyfive millions of dollars are
more than the worth of all the cotton, tobacco,
sugar and rice, aninially siipidied in the United
States. Well may we exclaim in the words of Dr
Cooper, ' how do the boasted panegyrics,' on the
planting interests, 'dwindle into insignificance
when compared with,tbeyrtrm!ng or man ufacturing !
And though, as before observed, the planters sup

question that i* now before the country, I think no one ' head. This embraces n// niaiuifactnrcs of cotton is the sum of the rents of all the liouses in our
can complain of your impartiality, as you have here- wool, flax, leather, fur and silk, &;c, and is surely cities and towns.' And the |)roduet of these, it
tefore republished Jlr Pomeroy's Essay on the other beloiv the real value. The aggregate is 240 mil- iniist be observeil, are as well added to a general

' ~ - ■ .... . amount of subsistence, as bread or clothing.

We shrtll proceed to a partictdar notice of certain
products of t\\e farmers, by which we mean the
growers of grain, grass, roots, metits, wool, Sec,
iu distinction to those of cotton, sugar, tobacco and
rice.

The people of the United States consiinio, each
1 lb. of flour a day, or its ci/uivalent in other vege-
table food — this is less than the amount given to
dercntlv-fed slaves, a peck of corn (10 lbs.) a
week being allowed per head, with other vegeta-
ble food. The annual supply, fi)r 12 milliniis, is,
then, 4,380,000,000 Ibs.—or 22 millions bbls. of
flour. It is no matter of what this food consists.
If of wheat flour, the average cost will not exceed
two centsfor each person per day ; which we think is
a pretty moderate rate of living, and suppose that
Dr Cooper and Mr IMcDuflie must adndt it !

The sreatest export of flour was in 1817 —
1,479,198 barrels, because of the very short crops
in Europe — but in 1819 only 750,660 ; showing a
decrease of one half, in two years, and the des-
tructive uncertainty of the foreig'X, market. In
1S2S, ihe expi.rt was S60.S09 bbls.— in 1829,
837,385; of which latter, 210,384 went to Eng-
land, on a specnlalioii of short crops, but was
nearly all reshipped to the British West Indies or
elsewhere, or retained until it became sour, he-
cause that the dutji required upon it could not be
paid for British food.

We shall here explain what this duty is. It
falls as the price of grain rises. Thus — when
British wheat is at 50«. the quarter of 8 bushels,
of 70 lbs. each, (or about 130 cents for the Amer-
ican bushel of 60 lbs.) the duty is 44s. Srf. per
quarter, equal to 5 dollars 9 8 cents on a barrel of
flour I — when at 60s. the quarter, (equal to more
than a dollar and a half the American bushel,) the
duty is 24s. Srf. the quarter, or §3,30 on a barrel of
flour; whenat72s.,(//!e starvation point, it is only Is.
the quarter, or 13 cents on a barrel of flour. There
is a grade of duty for every shilling of the value
of a quarter of wheat, (or other grain) — from 72s.
to 50s. At the first, the duty is nominal, but as the
price declines, it becomes hear;/, and soon rims into
prohibition. It is thus that England watches berag.
riculturc. — There has been another little bidjble
about short crops in England ; but, at the last
advices, the duty on a barrel of our flour was 3 dol-
lars— so none had been sold for consumption !
But there had been a few days of sunshine ; and
as the price of wheat was dechning, the duty was
about to advance. This is a chief part of the
British '/rce trade system ' so nnich s|)oken of,
and held up for our imitation ! Britain excludes
our flour, though we might furnish it at a much
less price tiian her own costs her people, even
when she has a fair and full crop ; but we ought
to purchase British cahcoes, though we can make

side of the subject. I think it important that F.\rmers lions of dollars — of which many thousands con
should understand the merits of the American System, ' some more than their proportion in boots and shoes
bow groundless are the complaints made against it — and j on/i/, for it includes shoemakers' bills as well as
what an important beneficial eflect the protective duties
have upon their intt-rests.

Yours respectfully, VERMONT.

February, 1S31.

'POLITICS FOR FARMERS.'

We have for some time contemplated a general
essay, iu which certain of the leading principles
and practical operations, of what is denominated
the ' American System,' might be rendered more
familiar to the farmers, and other working class-
es, who have not time to read, nor leisure to in-
vestigate, the important subject — though more
deeply interesting to themselves that any other
persons in the United States. It has been delayed,
however, from variius causes, and the few facts
collected are mere examples of the mauy that
might be obtained, were time and opportunity al-
lowed for the gathering of them. We now pro-
ceed to the task — so far desirous of brevity, as to

be apprehensive that we may not always "be fully I ''"siness of our |)eople
Understuoil, uidess oy tiiem, \uio, while liiey read,
with also think upon what shall be presented to
them.

The primary interest in the United States is
certainly that of the /armers ,• — the next, that of
tlie manufacturers; — the third, that of navig-
tion and commerce ; — the fourth, that of ihe planters,
proper. The last, furiushes the largest amount of
▼alu3 in aticles for e.r/)ori ; but, in its general smn
of production, is at a vast distance behind the first
or second, and much in the rear of the third. It
may be well to say a few words in regard to
each.

Dr Cooper calculated the subsistence, only, of
the people of the United States, at 640 millions of

dollars, in 1813-and exclaimed, '^//ozt- do ,Ae ! P'>' »''"•?'= P''"''""'"";'*^ ""■" ■'""'^,'''" ^'''" ''"'P"'"'' "f

boasted panegyrics on foreig.v trade du-indle into
tnsignijicancc ichen set in competition u-ith this P
He rated the support of each individual, for food,
drink and fuel, $55 a year. We have materially
differed liom the doctor — thinking then, as now,
that he was extravagant in his ' calculation !' — but
have supposed that the average co.st of subsistence
might be §25 per annum,* for the whole United
States, considering the cheapness of food in many
parts of the interior, and that we have two mil-
lions of slaves. This moderate sum will give us
300 millions of dollars, as the cost of subsistence,
the product of our farmers — but when to this is
added the value of fuel used, the food of horses
and other working animals, the value of timber and
its transportations, &c, of wool, flax, hemp, &c,
&c, we think that the whole value of the coinmo-

The average cost of paupers, in many establishments:
but we wish to err, if err we must ' on the ' safe aide.'

whole proceeds would go but a short way towards
feeding the people of the planting states if the land-
holders were not also farmers. Their crops of
grain and grass, &c, are worth a much mightier
sum than those of cotton, sugar, tobacco andrice. f
We invite a careful consideration of these things.
Mathematical accuracy is not aimeil at for tbeiii
and cannot be attained. ]t is sufficient that our
calculations are reasonable. The aggregate for
subsistence and clothing of all sorts, all kinds of
farming or family utensils, the building and repai

•From this some 30 millions maybe deducted, for im-
ported articles.

t This view of the planting interest will strike many of
our readers wuh considerable force. It seems to be a
new view of the subject. Admitting that it requires 90
dollars a head to feed, clothe, and provide the people of
the United .Slates with all the rest of Ihe things that
they need, their comforts require, or luxuries demand, —
the whole product of the planting interest would supply
only 500,000 people. We have made large allowances.

i!42

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 16, 1S31,

them ourselves, and as cheaply as she will ; as
shall be seen below.

The American consumption requires the equiv-
alent of 22 millions of barrels of flour ; the for-
eign (leniand takes less than 900,000. Tlie do-
mestic demand is settled ; the foreign, small as it
is, unsteady. In 1817, the value of all the vege-
table food e.vported, was 822,594,000: in 1829,
only 9,079,762. Tlie much complained of fluc-
tuations in the value of cotton, present nothing
like this. The foreign flour trade cannot, at any
time, be depended on. We have exported more
than 300.000 barrels to Cuba and Hayti in one
year, and in another 90,000. We have sent
several hundred thousand to England in one year,
and not a barrel, as it were, in the ensuing one.
To this wretched uncertainty, with our continual
gaping at things abroad, instead of attending to
things at home, we are indebted for three-fourths
of the ])eri)lexities, or embarrassments, which the
farmers of the United States have suflTared, as
must appear manifest to every reflecting mind. —
As it regards foreign trade, we are

Pleas'd with a rattle — tick! ed with a straw.
[To be conlinued.l

the extensive meadows on the Charles River, the | creeping roots soon fill the ground, the sod be'
fowl meadow grass. If this truly Yankee grass comes bound, and requires breaking up every few
could be translated to iiU the meadow bottoms, the i years.

naturally moist, cold, half peaty lands of New
England, their produce would be at least doubled.
It is diflicnit to i)rocure its seed. It is not for
sale in suflicient quantities ; whether from its
ripening with difiiculty or from whatever causes,
it is not always a certain producer; but ttill its'
value is beyond all calculation. Low meadows
are chiefly furnished with the difl^erent species of
carex, a coarse, sharp, worthless grass, on which
no animals but those which are nearly famished
will feed, and on which those who do feed con-
stantly decline. We have then one species of
grass not usunlhi cultivated, which is of inestima-
ble value. It is no idle speculation, but sober fact,
and utdessa defender of ignorance will maintain,
that the fowl meadow grass can only flourish in the
Dedham meadows, our agriculture has much to
gain by the active, earnest, assiduous propagation
of this grass.

I have cited this solitary case, merely to gain
a patient hearing. Of our three favorite grasses,
the herdsgrass or timothy is in very bad repute in
Europe. They consider it a very coarse and not a
very nutritious grass. It is not extensively culti-
vated in any part of Europe on this account.

I am, however, disposed to admit, that it is with
us highly valuable — but its value is limited by the
following conditions: On low lands, or highly cul-
tivated grounds, it yields a great and a steady crop.
It is less liable to lodge than any other grass. It
falls in ■with our too careless habits of cidtivation,
because it may be cut in the month of June, or it
will stand till August, at which last period it will
be of about as much value as straw, thnngh even
then it will have a bright, anil beautiful appearance
and be saleable. It is admirably adapted to inn-
holders, and livery stable keepers, because it wears
well. The youngest horses will find their powers
of mastication sufficiently taxed in consuming a
rack full of it in a night, and it will take ncarlv
the whole night to effect this. In dry land, it soon
I runs out, and in all grounds it gives very little after
^ 'crop. I believe all these propositions to be true.

, (jKAC!S|i.S!. [The red clover is never used in Europe, as we

Letter from Hon. John Lowell, lo Uih Trustees of llie Miissichu- , . t ■ , , , ,

sells Society for the I'romoiioii nf Agriculture. [ comiiionly Use It. It IS almost always em|doyed as

Will you permit an associate, who has for 25 i a green crop — as a succession crop to be fed down
years been connected with you, but who from i by various animals, and then tm-ned under as a
ill health has been compelled to withdraw ' preparation for wheat. Indeed, as a hay crop it
himself from your society, and labors, to make must be admitted to be of very small value. As
a few remarks on a subject of great interest we seldom use it in New England, as it is used in

GRAFTING.

MrFessenden — In your paper of Dec. 31, a
new mode of grafting is described, which is said
to be an improvement. I desire also to show you
another new mode of performing tliis operation,
which may prove equally valuable.

When trees begin to show their fruit, (no matter
what kind) and itis made evident that grafting
must be resorted to, or we must patiently i)Ut up
with an inferior kind ; instead of cutting oiT the
top, uncover the roots and choosing the most
thrifty one, make a slit in the bark, cut your scion
off" with a slope, and thrust it in and cover the
roots with earth. It will take well, and grow some
the first year, much more the next, and the third
year the old stock may be cut away, and the
growth from that time on will be very rapid, and
soon form a good bearing tree. Calvin.

Preston, Ohio, Jan. 23, 1831.

to the cause of agriculture ? The topic which I
propose to discuss, is the cultivation of the various
kinds of vegetable productions which we comprise
uuder the name of grasses. I understand by this
term, all those vegetables, which are consumed by
domestic animals, as food in pastures, or as hay.

There certainly is no subject niore imponant to
those parts of our coimtry which depend on rais-
ing, and fatting domestic animals of the useful
classes, the ox, the horse, and the sheep.

I know very well, tliat f shall be met at the out-
set, by the reply of practical f u-mers, that we are
not to be instructed on this subject. We know
better than any theoretical farmer can know, what
is best' suiti^d to our soils — we have herdsgrass,
and clover, (white and red,) and red top, and we
want no more. They are better for us than any
of your outlandish grasses. Wait, gentlemen, I
reply; there is one Yankee grass unknown to
many of you, but well known to the owner of

Europe and in the Southern States, I must consi-
der it as a very inferior grass, for us. Its diu'ation
being so short, (for it only lives two years in anv
case) is a very serious objection to it. We are
often deceived in this res])ect, because its heads
ripen in succession, and new plants are always
springing up in oin- grounds, and we do not per-
ceive what is certainly true, that no clover plant
ever reaches its third year.

As lo the red top, by which I understand the poa
pratensis most common English grass of our
meadows, our pastures and our lawns, it is unques-
tionalily the best gift of Providence, to pasturing
or grazing countries. It it pereimial. It has
creeping roots. It will come in s])ite of all yom-
effiuts, and if it were not for its natural enemy,
the couch grass, it would in ten years overcome all
other grasses. It makes admiralde hay — the very
best of hay for all sorts of cattle. But its defects
are, that its cro|) is light at all times, and as its

I have thus given a true character of all our
favorite grasses — not from theory but from 25 years'
close experience and observation.

If there were no other grasses than these in ex-
istence, or none better, we ought to be thankful
lur what we have, and endeavor to make the most
of them. But is this so? No, it is not so. And
we are the only people who make any pretensions
to knowledge, who confine themselves to a cata--
logue or list of grasses so small, and of so doubt-
ful comparative value.

Let us first examine the practice of tiie first ag-
ricidtural nation of Europe — the nation which
produces the greatest amount of food, for its extent
of soil, in all Europe. (We know loo little of
China to say whether its productions do or do not
exceed those of Great Brittiin.) In laying down
a meadow, as they term it, v/hich does not mean
as with us, wet land, but mowing land, it is their
practice to sow from six to ten different varieties of
grass. And this practice is founded on soimd
philosoidjy, which means no more than the result
of intelligent experience. It is founded on this
well known fact, that every species of soil, and
more especially rich soils, will give nourishment
to many varieties of plants, each acquiring a dif-
ferent species of food, the whole aggregate of
whose prodiu'tions will be much greater than if
the same soil was sown with one species of plants
only. This will not appear extraordinary to those
wlio have been accustomed to the extensive culti-
vation of exotic plants — while one class of plants,
the Cactus tribe for example, will flourish best \n,
sand, and gravel, and brick dust — another in pure
peat— another in pure sand ; others require the
richest composts, pnrehmnus, or the fineet vegeta-
ble soil. If you give to the plants wbieh prefer
a poor silicions soil, or jieat, rich earth, they aC
once lose their health, and become rotten at the
root and perish. This is in exact conformity to
that wise, intelligent and beiTeficent system by
which the whole universe is governeil. Without)
entering into the inexplicable laws, which govern)
the vegetable kingdom, as well as the animal, w©
may content ourselves with iUe fact; and the only
question with which we need trouble ourselves is,
whether the fact be so or not It is certain that
the experience of the English farmer has been itt
favor of this great mixture of seeds ; I can only
add in favor of this theoretical, if it may be so
called, rfoc(n')!e, this fact, that a rich natural mead-
ow, which has never been broken up for fortyfive
years, and as 1 believe, for 200 years, I have count-
ed fifteen species of nalural grasses, all flourishing
without apparent iiUerference, and none appear-
ing to disturi) the growth, or even luxuriance of
others.

Having made these jireliminary remarks, I shall
say something of such grasses as are cidtivated
in Europe, and of which 1 have made a fair trial.
I beg it to be fully understood, that 1 s|.eak only
of my own experiments, though I shall take no-
tice briefly of the experiments of others, which
have come to mv knowledse.

The orchard grass, dact;/lis glomerata, is one of
the grasses frequently sown in Great Britain, though
I cannot find that it is ttseil on (he continent of
Euro|)e. It has been growing into favor in this
country, and gradually taking the place of herds-
grass, or timothy. It has been successfully culti-

Vol. IX.— No. 31.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

243

for a pasture, liiiiii!; satisfied tliat it is ailniiral)ly
aila|)!eil fur this |)iii-|)rise. I laid it down witli liar-
ley, but it <;rew so liist that I was oliliged to cut-
the harley stalUs very short, or else 1 should not
have been able to thresh it, so thick and succulent
was the hiccnie. I cut over this field once, and
then depastmed it.

I mention this fact as a reniarkahle one, he-
cause the French writers speak ot'it as a ver;/ rare
less its seed is most abundantly sown, it is too apt ; occurrence, even in their climate, that it will bear

Vated by my intelligent friend, John Prince, Esq.
of Roxbury. In conseiiuenee of his recoinmeu-
dation, I have tried it for several years iia.-t, and
am unable to speak of it with such unqualified
praise as has been bestowed upon it by others.
It% advantajj'es are, that it is a very early grass,
affording an early pasturage, and an early cro|).
It bears rei)eated cuttings, and atl'ords a great quan-
tity of after feed. Its disadvantages are, that tin-

little nitre may occasionally be put in with good
eftect — be particular in keeping the mouth clean
and nursing the horse with care.

The pulse, and appearance of the blood, must
govern as to the noce.ssity of bleeding more than
once.

to come up thin, and to remain in detached bunch-
es ; as grass it is eaten greedily, but when made
into hay, it is not a favorite food fur either the
liorse or cow^al least such has been mj/ own ex-
perience. 1 account for this fnim this fact, which
1 have never filled to remark ; the ii|iper parts of
the leaves are apt to turn brown or perish before
the flower stalk is fit to cut. From this cause the
flavor of the hay is not only not aromatic, but it
is to my senses positively disagreeable. In drying,
it loses more in weight than any hay with which I
ani acquainted.

The tall meadow oat grass (avenn etntior,) has
proved under my cultivation, a ntost valuable grass,
and has fully supported the high character given
of it by E. I'hinney, Esq. of Charlestown and
Lexington. It is a very early, and a very tall
grass, yielding a good burden. It will stait as fre-
quently and as rapidly after cutting as the orchard
grass, and makes a sweeter hay. It has the ad-
vantage of being a perennial and enduring grass.
On my first experiment, ^0 years since, it lasted
seven years without the necessity of renewal.

The sainfoin, a favorite grass of France, has
never suc-ceeded with me, I have made three
trials of it, but ui every case it perished the first
■winter, to such an extent as to render its culture
impracticable. I have not heard of its success in
any part of the northern states.

The lucerne grass I }iave now cultivated for
eight years Jast past ; having a full conviction that
it is superior to the red clover, and that on soils
adapted to it, it must and will supersede it almost
entirely, except where the clover is intended
merely as a preparation for wheat. I shall make
■some further remarks upon it, giving the results of
my last years experience, which both for their ex-
tent and success, far exceeded those of any former
year.

My first jiiece, (four years from the seed,) I re-
served fir soiling. It was cut down four times,
and jiastured the fifth. The first cutting was on
the tenth of May.

The second piece was sown with red top, and
was cut and made into hay three times, and de-
pastured on the fourth. There was good feed of
« fifth crop on Christmas day.

The third piece was so\v^l with tall meadow oat
grass, in the proportion of one bushel of oat grass
to six pounds of lucerne.

The fir.st crop was very great ; it was difficult
to decide in this first cro]) which excelled, the
lucerne or the oat-grass. But in every succeed-
ing crop, the Kicerne predominated to so great a
•degree, that it seemed to be the only crop. This
"Was owing to the greater breadth of its leaves
1 never cut it till it flowered. I made 4 crops last
summer of excellent hay from it, amounting in all
1» six tons and a half per acre — and after that it
furnished a rich supply of after feed. This crop,
was seen and admired by a great number of intelli-
gent farmers.

Having been convinced that it was suited to my

the scythe the first year.

At the South and in New York, the lucerne has
done as well as with me. Yet many persons have
not succeeded with it here. It will not endure
wet or black soils. The land in which I have
raised it, is a warm soil — the surface gond, but
ihiii on a gravelly bottom. It has stood drought
better than any other grass. I have always used
irypsum, and perhaps owe my success in part to
that valuable stimulant. I have employed two
bushels to the acre. If my repeated experiments
shall residt in its successful culture, I shall be
happy ; and if not, I shall have the consolation of
well meant endeavors in a good cause.

Respectfully yours, J. Lowell.

GRAFTING THE GRAPE.

Much has been said in the Southern Journals
about a recent discovery as to grafting the vine.
It has been announced in such terms, as would
lead ignorant persons to suppose, that to that per-
son alone was the merit due.

1 am induced to make great allowance for the
habitual grandiloquence of our southern friends.
They are very prone to use high sounding words.
But, in fact, horticulture was an advanced art
in the North when it was unknown in the South,
and but imperfectly so in the IMiddle States. It
is equally true now. Massachusetts is far b^jfore
New York and Pennsylvania in Horticti'.ture, if
you take into view the im|)roved state of private
gardens, the number of its green and grape houses,
and the beauty of its country se'ats. There do
not exist in the whole range of the United States
more finely cultivated or highly ornamented coun-
try residences than this ancient state can show.

But to the point of the grafting the grape. My
excellent friend, the late Eiienezer Preble, 20 years
since grafted the vine with as much ease as he
grafted other plap.ts, without grafting into the root.
I have done it often, but with not so entire success.
No doubt the grafting the root is more sure, but it
does not apply to the graftiuj in vineries. There
you need the skill which Mr Preble and the French
gardeners possessed of grafting in the limbs.

Roxbury. A Cultivator.

The March of Science bids fair to |)ut to flight
the whole race of conjurors, fire-eaters, and sleight-
of-hand gentlemen. The mode of eating buining
charcoal and swallowing melleil brimstone with
impunity, has lately been published to the world.
The manner of jierforiuing many other wondrous
feats has not escaped the eye of philosophic in-
quiry. We propose to amuse our young read-
ers by teaching them a trick or two, for the know-
ledge of which we are indebted to a foreign paper.

By steeping an egg for some time in sharp vin-
egar, the shell will be so far softened, that it may be
extended lengthways and put into a phial without
breaking. By pouring cold water into a phial, the
egg will regain its original shape.

To make an egg<lance, boil it hard, take off a
small piece of shell at one end and then thrust into
it a quill filled with ipiicksilver, sealed at each
end. So long as the egg contains any heat it will
dance about on the table.

By holding a faded red rose over a chafing dish
of hot coals on which some sulphur has been
placed, it will become (piiie white. In this state,
dip it into water, and then place it in a drawer for
a few hours ; when taken out it will be quite red
again.

If the surface of a bowl of water be sprinkled
well with lycij])odium, the hand may be thrust into
the Water v,'itliout wetting it.

Whet; withdrawn a slight shake will rid the
hand of the powder.

Inleresiing to the Ladies. — The Journal of
Health strongly recommends simple soap and wa-
ter, as the best wash for preserving the complexion,
instead of the thousand varieties of cosmetic
lotions, which are so much used. There are five
beautifiers of the skin, viz : — personal cleanliness,
regular exercise, temperance, pure air, and cheer-
ful temper. Let all ]iouting beauties ponder on
this. The Journal puts its veto on the use of dis-
tilled liquor, Cologne water, &c, and insists that,
to use them for a wash, is to destroy the supple-
ness, transparency and smothness of the skin, and
cover it with unseeinlv blotches.

Cure for sore mouths in horses. — On the com^
nieneement of the disease, bleed moderately. If
the blood, after cooling, appear to have much
buflf on it, repeat the bleeding — give a pint of
castor oil ; if it does not operate in 16 hours, give
two tbirils of a pint. Nitre may be given at the
rate of 2 oz. a day, or salts two or three times a
week, 1 lb. at a time ; these may be given in a
thin mush, or rather slop of bran, it being the best
food for the animal while diseased.

Take half a pint of honey, one table spoon full
of borax, and one quart of strong sage tea, mix
them well together, then take a stick and tie a
soft rag to the end of it ; dip it in the mixture
and wash the tongue, gums and mouth well ; the
more frequently the better, at least every two hours

Death of Gen. Bolivar. — Fron\ our correspon-
dent of the Newfiort Mercury, we learn that the
Brilliant, arrived there 10th inst. from Carthagena,
Jan. o, brings information that Gen. Bolivar, died
at Santa Mart'.ia, on the 19th Dec. Minute guns
were fired, ami flags displayed at half-mast for
three days at Carthagena. — Bost. Pat.

Franklin used to say, that when he saw ashes
thrown on the ice before a door, be knew where
good natured people resided. — lb.

" The number killed and wounded in the late revo-
lution at Paris on the side of the people alone was
by a late return, 11G2 killed and more than 3000
wounded.

.'Iccident. — An Irish laborer named Patrick Miller,
was killed, and two other persons badly wounded,
by the falling of earth in a well which was excaA-a-
ting at the Navy Yard on Monday 7th inst.

The price of wood in Norfolk, Va. advanced ifn

»il, I Jast year laid down an acre and a quarter — sweet milk in the tea will do no harm, or a one day, the 18th ult, from $3 to

244

EXTRACTS FROM MR. SEDGWICK'S ADDRESS.

Theodore Sedgwick, Esq. has lately delivered an
Address before the Berkshire Agricultural Society,
of which he is President. It is replete witli good
sense, and the soundest maxims of Political Econo-
my. We make the following e.\tracts : — Mass. Join:

'It is observed by foreigners, that we are a pro-
fuse people. They are most familiar with our cities,
and there observe our extravagance in equipage,
dress, and at our tables. They are astonished by
this profusion, and do not understand it. In Europe,
people of the same relative fortunes, would be fright-
ened at the thought of living as we live. And that
we live like a wise people nobody can contend. —
Take city and country together, was ever so much
bankruptcy heard of in any country .' and for what ?
Elsewhere men fail, because they have lost a house,
or a ship, or been unfortunate in some other way. —
Here, four out of five "/aiV for their expenses.'^ It
may be thought that a public speaker, in a plain,
economical state of society, is puslied hard for a
topic, when he thinks fit to warn his neighbors
against extravagance. Simple and economical as wo
have been allowed to be, it is certain that New En-
gland can never prosper when our people have ceas-
ed to possess tliis character. Besides, there is no
use in mincing the matter. Things are out of pro-
portion through the whole country. Our children
hegin with a degree of e.xpense, witli which we with
large families tml. Their dress, houses and furniture
must be the same with ours ; and this too in a coun-
try, in which the partibility of estate requires a con-
stant struggle to enable families to maintain their
ground. We all strive in the most servile (and may
I not say vulgar .') manner to be alike, and to appear
one as well as another. The exterior, what is vis-
ible, indicates little or nothing as to the wealth of
people. The middle classes follow hard upon the
heels of the rich, and are as much held in slavery by
the fashion, as if there were a chain about their
necks. The young men and women who are just en-
tering life, the day laborers, and the poor, following,
of course, so high an example, catch the contagion ;
and the latter, especially, become sensual, vain, and
expensive, run into crime, and end in the State Pri-
son. Our villages which should glory in pure man-
ners, ape the very silliest fashions of the cities. —
What is worst of all, we have been taught, and mul-
titudes do actually believe, that lliis folly is nccesa-
ry to the prosperity of society. That is, "all trades
must live," and to make them live, they begin by de-
struction. They do most conscientiously believe,
that in this way, merchants, mechanics, and shop-
keepers prosper, and grow rich.'

********

' Massachusetts has a larger population, for its
territory, than any other State. Our population, es-
pecially, makes our riches. We must retain this
population, or grow poor. It cannot be retained
without a constantly growing enterprize, skill, in-
dustry and frugality. We have not the same advan-
tages of soil and climate that many other States
have. Availing ourselves of other circumstances,
we must hold out to our people the solid advan-
tages, and real charms, of an older, but still progres-
sive society. Those improvements, therefore, which
are for the good of a majority ; which naturally be-
long to the public to take care of; which demand
public encouragement in order to be successfully
commenced, must be fostered by the Stale, in some
way or other. This is the true policy ; and a self-
ish, local and private interest must not, and will not,
be suffered to stand in its way. Everything possi-
ble must be done to bring our resources to light.—
This Society should look through the remotest parts
of the County, to see if there be not some new oc-
cupation, or trade, just springing up, which demands
encouragement, and this for the purpose, too, of ex-
citing an interest in the Society, through every part
of the County.

Travellers say, that there is not a useless vegeta-

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

I

Feb. 16, 1831.

ble, or even weed, in all China. A dead nettle is
converted into cloth — paper is made from the straw
of rice — the cup of the acorn dyes black— the leaves
of a certain description of ash, answer, in part, the
purposes of the mulberry, for the silk worm. In this
way, the occupations of people are infinitely diver-
sified. For instance, in every village as large as
Pittsfield, and perhaps smaller, there ought to be
regular gardening, as an occupation. In this way,
the mechanic gets better fruits and vegetables, and
for a less price. It is the natural advantage of the
division of labor. In living so much as our laboring
people do upon beef, pork, and potatoes, they con-
sult neither health or economy. 'I'hey do not seem
to understand that animal food is by far the dearest.'

ICELAND.
A short lime ago we noliced among our literary items,
an abridgment of a very interesting book about Iceland,
lately pubhshed by Perkins &. Marvin, of this city. We
now oifer a few extracts from it. — Mass. Journal.

' Their predominant character is that of unsuspect-
ing frankness, pious contentment, and a steady live-
liness of temperament, combined with a strength of
intellect and acuteness of mind seldom to be met
with in other parts of the world. They have also
been noted for the almost unconquerable attachment
which they feel to their native island. With all their
privations, and exposed, as they are, to numerous
dangers from the operation of physical causes, they
live under the practical influence of one of their
common proverbs : " Iceland is the best land on
which the sun shines." '

'The Icelandic is justly regarded as the standard
of the grand nortliern dialect of the Gothic language.
The remoteness of the island, and the little inter-
course which its inhabitants have maintained with
the rest of the world, have eifectually secured the
purity and originality of this ancient language ; and
it is a curious fact, that while our ablest antiquaries
are often puzzled, in endeavoring to decipher certain
words and phrases in writings which date the origin
only a few centuries back,thereis not a peasant, nor
indeed scarcely a servant girl in Iceland, who is not
capable of reading vviUi ease the most ancient docu
ments extant on the island.

'The early and successful application of the Ice-
landers to the study of the sciences, forms a perfect
anomaly in the history of literature. At a period
when the darkest glopin was spread over the Euro-
pean horizon, the inhabitants of this comparatively
barren island, near the north pole, were cultivating
the arts of poetry and history ; and laying up stores
of knowledge, which were not merely to supply pos-
terity with data respecting the domestic and politi-
cal affairs of their native country, but were also des-
tined to furnish very ample and satisfactory informa
tion on a great multiplicity of important points con-
nected with the history of other nations.'

'The form and ceremonies of the Icelandic church
are strictly Lutheran. The total nu.nber of parishes
in Iceland amounts to 184. The clergy are all na-
tives of the island, and are maintained partly by cul-
tivating small glebes attached to the churches, and
partly from certain tithes raised among the peasants.
Tite provision made for tlieir support is exceedingly
scanty. The richest living on tlie island does not
produce 200 rix-dollars ; twenty and thirty rix-dol-
lars are the whole of the stipend annexed to many of
the parishes ; and there are some in which it is even
as low as five.'

'Both at meeting and parting, an affectionate kiss
on the mouth, without distinction of rank, age, or
sex, is the only mode of salutation known in Iceland,
except sometimes in the immediate vicinity of the
factories, where the common Icelander salutes a for-
eigner whom he regards as his superior, by placing
his right hand on his mouth or left breast, and then
making a deep bow. When you visit a family in
Iceland, you must salute them according to their age
and rank, beginning with the highest, and descend-

ing, according to your best judgment, to the lowest,
not even excepting the servants : but, on taking
leave, this order is completely reversed ; the saluta-
tion is first tendered to the servants, then to the chil-
dren, and, last of all, to the mistress and master of
the family.'

The following is a description of the Great Geyser, or
Jetting Pool, near Mount Krabla ;

' Nearly about the centre of the pool, is the aper-
ture whence the vast body of water, sulphur, and
bluish black bolus is thrown up, and which is equal
in diameter to the column of water ejected by the
Great Geyser at its strongest eruptions. The height
of the jeis varied greatly ; rising, on the first propul-
sions of the liquid, to about twelve feet, and contin-
uing to ascend, as it were, by leaps, till they gained
the highest point of elevation, which was upwards of
thirty feet, when they again abated much more ra-
pidly than they rose, and after the spouting had
ceased, the situation of the aperture was rendered
visible only by a gentle ebullition, which distinguish-
ed it from the general surface of the pool. During
my stay, which was upwards of an hour, the erup-
tions took place every five minutes, and lasted about
two minutes and a half. I was always apprised of
the approach of an eruption by a small jetter that
broke forth from the same pool, a little to the east of
the great one, and was evidently connected with it,
as tliere was a continual bubbling in a direct line
between them. None of its jets exceeded twelve
feet, and generally they were about five. Another
bubbling channel ran a little way to the northwest
of the principal opening, but did not terminate in a
jetter like the former. While the eruption contin-
ued, a number of fine silver waves were thrown
round to the sides of the pool, which was lined with
a dark blue bolus, left there on the subsidence of the
waves. At the foot of the bank on wliich we stood,
were numerous small holes, whence a quantity of
steam was unremittingly making its escape with a
loud hissing noise ; and on the west side cf the pool
was a gentle declivity, where the water ran out, and
was conveyed tlirough a long winding gullcy to the
foot of the mountain. The soil around the margin
was so extremely soft, that it was not without immi-
nent danger I endeavored to thrust my thermometer
into the liquid, in order to ascertain the degree of
its heat ; an attempt which proved fruitless, as the
glass got obscured by the sulphureous exhalations.'

The leprosy prevails in Iceland ; owing to ran-
cid food, want of cleanliness, and clothes kept wet
by the universal employment of fishing. It is the
most horrible distemper incident to man.

' In its primary stages, its symptoms are inconsid-
erable, and very ambiguous. A small reddish spot,
scarcely larger than the point of a needle, breaks out
at first about the forehead, nose, corner of the eyes,
and the lips; and, in proportion as it increases, other
pustules make their appearance on the breast, arms,
arm-pits, &c, which generally dry up in one place
and break out in another without pain, till the dis-
ease has considerably advanced, when they cover al-
most the whole body, give the skin a scabrous ap-
pearance, stiffen it, and terminate sometimes in
shining scales, which fall off like dust, sometimes in
malignant tumors and swellings. The patient, in the
mean time, labors under lassitude of body, aufesthe-
sia, and lowness of spirits. Wlien the malady be-
comes inveterate, the breath, which before was dis-
agreeable, now gets intolerably fuetid ; a strong unc-
tious matter is perspired ; the hair, already changed
in color, falls off; the voice grows hoarse and nasal;
and the face becomes terribly deformed. Tiie look
is wild and haggard ; the pallid red color of the body
is only relieved by the most disgusting ulcers,
which, becoming deeper, putrid, and virulent, not
only affect the bones and joints, but, ns they spread
over the skin, deep ravines are formed, which give
it an elephantine appearance, whence the name ele--
phantiasis. The fingers get quite stiff and crooked,
and the nails and other parts of the body fall ofiT by
degrees. During the night, the patient is harassed

Vol. IX.— l-In. 3L

AND HOIITICULTURAL JOURNAL.

245

with terrible (Iream?, .and he is oppressed by day,
with a tedious melancholy, in which he is often
tempted to make away with himself. He gradisally
surrenders one part of his body after anotlier to the
insatiate malady; and at length death, the long
wishcd-for deliverer, comes suddenly and puts an
end to his misery.

'As the leprosy is infections, almost every person
shuns the company of the sufferer, which must
greatly add to the misery of his situation; nor can
iic flatter himself, after the distemper has advanced
to a certain degree, with any hopes of relief from
medical assistance. It is considered to be irregu-
larlv hereditary; yet the symptoms do not bccpine
visible before the person lias reached the years of
maturitv. In cases of infection, too, it generally
happens that three or four years elapse before any
eruption breaks out in the skin. It then proceeds
with slow but steady proi;ress, and it is possible for
the person who is afllicted with it, to drag out a
wretched existence to the p-otracted term of fifty or
sLxty years. Very emphatically have the inhabi-
tants ot the East given this disease, among other
significalory designations, the name of "The First-
born of Death." The Icelandic " Likthra" is scarce-
ly less striking. It properly signifies a rancid, pu-
trefying corpse, than which there is nothing a per-
son inveterately affected with the leprosy more per-
fectly resembles.'

MILCH COWS.

The attention of farmers is invited to the con-
sideration of the character and condition of our
m:lch cows.

How much milk ought a cow to yield tu be
worth her keeping ? What is the average time
that our cows are in milk ? Is there much, if any,
waste of fodder among us by keeping animals that
yield little or no return of profit? Questions like
these, and there are many such, ought to be put
and answered in the New England Farmer. It
may turn out that our dairy stock is extremely low
in character and its management wasteful.

would think more of the advantages of employing
bulls of the improved breeds. — Heifers would be
milked with great care and very thoroughly to get
them into the habit of holding out long as milkers.
If they once dry early, no care and keeping after-
wards will correct this fault. — Heifers with the
first calf will be fed well and with some additional
care ihe last .3 months they are in milk, to make
them hold out.

The profit of a milch cow is not generally un-
derstood. Milk is not only the most nutritious but
the cheapest article of food. The food necessary
for a cow in full milk, does not exceed in price,

If something like an average quality of milch one third of what is necessary in feeding for the
cows could be settled — to afltird a standard — and , butcher.

it should be understood that no good farmer would I ^hese few remarks are hastily made to draw
keep an animal for mdk that tell below it ; all ihe | out farmers, and particularly scientific farmers, on

up to that jiijj. subject. There is a great deal to be said upon
it, and a great many facts to the purpose, which
should come to light. — .Mass. Jlgric. Report.

BLACKSTONE CANAL.

have been favored, by one of tlie

We have been favored, by one of tlie Com
niissiouers of this Canal, with the following ab-
stract of the detailed report, submitted by the
Treasurer to the corporation, at their late annual
meeting.

The business of 1828 commenced late iu Oct.
and continued but little more than one month,
during which time the tolls amounted to about
eleven hundred dollars ; and the business of 1829
was inuch affected by the general pressure felt
in every portion of New England, but more
particularly Uy the various manufacturers, on tlie
prosperity and success of whose coiiceriis, this
Company will at all times lie much dependent. In
idditioii to the general pressure iiefore mentioned,
ilie navigation of that year was considrably in-
terrupted, by freipieiit breaches in the Canal and
ippendages, as might reasonably have been expert,
;d in this, like ail other works newly constructed,
riie gross receipts for tolls, that year amounted to
iight thousand six hundred and three dollars ; the
sxpense of repairs on the Canal, the expenses of
ock tenders and all other charges, except the Co
actor's compensation, were paid by the conimis
toners, and inrliided in their general account of
lisburseinents for constructing and building the
JJanal. The operations on the canal for 1830, are
low closed and the result known. The gross
mount of tolls for this year, is twelve tliousand and
IX dollars and one cent, and the whole number of
onstrans|)orted, is 1-1,842, viz: 7312 carried up,
ind5330 brought down, Iteing an increase of more
ban SO per cent, on the number of tons transport-
din 1829. In that year the whole number of
onswas 94-J8, viz : 1)292 carried up, 3155 brought

lOWi).

cows in the country would soon come
standard and go beyond it.

A milch cow, of medium qualitij, in this State,
will give, it is supposed, 12 quarts of milk per day
for 2 months after calving, and about 7 quarts per
day on grass feed for the next four months, and 4
quarts per day for the next following 2 months,
and perhaps 2 quarts one month longer. Alto-
gether 1500 quarts in a year.

It takes 9 quarts of milk to give a pound of
blitter, and 4 quarts to yield a pound of cheese.
The skim milk and dairy whey may be valued at
.s3 a cow per annum.

Now, a cow that gives 1500 quarts of milk in a
year will produce 166 lbs. of butter, worth at 16
cents per lb. ,'{;26 56

Skim milk, say 3 44

30 00

Or 1500 quarts of milk will give, at 4 quarts to

the pound of cheese, 375 lbs. which at 8 cents

per lb. will be §30 00

Whey, say 3 00

Rail Roads. — The first anniversary of the com-
lencement of the South Carolina Rail Road was
eld at Charleston on the 15th inst. 'Charleston's
lest Friend' made two trips on the part of the
Load that is finished, having several pleasure cars
ttached, in which were more than 100 passeii-

33 00

Nothing is said of the worth of the calf, as all
the milk the cow gives is credited. A milch cow's
keeping one year cannot be short of 25 dollars in
the interior.

Suppose a farmer to resolve that he would keep
no cow that did not hold out as a good milker 9
months in the year — and that did not give sixteen
quarts of milk per day for 2 months after calving,
and 12 quarts per day the next four months — and
six quarts per day the next 3 months, and 2 quarts
per day the month following. — Such a cow would
yield per annum 3000 quarts of milk.

Here it may be remarked, that with the addition
of 5 dollars per annum to the cost of food as esti-
mated for a common cow, the neat profit would
probably be four fold.

Is it not practicable to have throughout the
country, as common dairy stock animals as good as
the last described ?

This question is submitted to farmers for con-
sideration. The probability is, that in taking some
pains to get stock as good, they would get even
better.

If the various modes of obtaining this object
were resorted to at once and with zeal throughout
the country, there would be a prodigious improve-
ment, in a very short time No young animal of

promising appearance for mdk would go to the

ers, including a detachment of U. S. troops, with \ butcher.— More care would be taken of young
, field piece. A Federal salute was fired, a din- , stock. — More young stock would be retained to
er eaten, &c, &c. i insure a better selection for milch cows. — Farmers

BONE MANURE FOR WET MEADOWS.

[ To tlie Hon. Tliomaa Ij. Wintllrop, Prpsident of ttie M;is9icllu-
BcUs Society for Uie froijiolion of Agrictillure.

Sir — It is well known to all readers of agricultur-
al works that a vast variety of substances are used
in older countries than ours (for the jmrpose of
increasing the fertility of lands) which have been
unknown to us. It is no reflection on our coun-
try, because we have not wanted them. The time
has now arrived in Massachusetts at least, in which
these treasures should not be lost I beg leave to
mention one.not of my owndiscovery, but to which
I have been indebted to the sagacity, and liberal
intelligenee of my neighbor. A few years since,
the Hon. William Ellis of Dedhani, recommend-
ed to me the use of the head and feet bones of
oxen as a highly valuable manure on meadovr
lands. He said that he had observed in jiassinj,
that I had grounds remarkably well adapted for
this manure. I however neglected his hint,
though I constantly kejit it in mind, until the last
year, when seeing an immense load of the heads
of oxen passing by, I inquired of the owner, for .
w hat purpose he was carting those materials, and
he answered me to the following facts, viz. That
he came down a distance of eight miles with an
empty team, and was carrying back a load, which
cost him two dollars, to put on his meadow land.
I found that it was no new experiment with him,
and that he came often for this purpose.

Here then I had facts. I knew the habitual
economy of our citizens, that they were not re-
markably prone to idle experiments, or to wanton
expenditure.

I entered with my vei-y intelligent informer into
many particulars as to the process and effects, but
I own that I was more impressed with the simple
fact, that he would devote his team and labor for
a day and pay two dollars for his materials besides,
than with all his other assertions.

If this man can afibrd to come 16 miles, and
carry back a manure which costs him as much as
a load of dung, surely it must be more valuable to
me, who can cart eight loads at the expense of hi»
one.

I made the experiment. Its success surpassed
all his descriptions. The manure brought in new
grasses. It encouraged and invigorated the old.
I am aware that it is only of limited application,
but it is no trifling thing to render useful an arti-
cle formeriy thrown away. We know so little of
the philosophy of manures that I shall not speak

246

NEW ENCLAND FARMER,

Feb. 16, 1&3L

on this subject. All I shall say is, that there is
much animal matter still adbcring to the Ijoues,
and animal matter has been fdimd by experience
to promote the growth of vegetables.

The mode of application is to break them up
with a sleilge, or with the back of an axe, and then
to press tlieni below the surface by a rammer or
beetle. The only point to which I offer miy testi-
mony is, that the effects are much icrenter than an
equal quantity of horse and cow-dun^. This may
be relied upon.

"Very respectfully yours, J. Lowell.

in steaming food for domestic animals, some of milking condition till summer is half spent. A cow
the most useful of which are i)articularly des- j well wintered is half summered, and a cow well
cribed in tlie New England Farmer, vol vi. p. 22. ] ke])t through the summer is half wintered.
When it is wished to cook food for cattle in small | The cow is commonly in her i)rime at five years
quantities, it may, (as has been well observed by old, and will continue in a good milking state till
Judge Buel) be done at little or no expense over a ' she is ten years old or upwards. The times of
kitcheti fire, on the evenings preceding the days [ milking should be as regular and ecpii-di.-stant as

BOSTO.V, VVEDNESDAY EVE.\1\G, FEB. IC, 1831.

FARMERS' WORK FOR FEBRUARY.

Neat cattle, pigs, and poultry should be kept
in good heart at this season of the year, other-
wise they will lose much of their value before
■warm weather, and half the summer will elapse
before they will recover from the effects of
the winter's short keeping. If you intend
that youf cattle shall derive much nourishment
from their food, you will see that they are well
sheltered and lodged, besides being well fe<l. Cattle
which are shivering with cold, drenched with
rain, or covered with snow, will pine on the richest
and most expensive ])rovender.

Too much fodder should never I)e laid before cat-
tle at once. It is better to give them but little at a
time, and give that little often. By constantly breath-
ing for some time on their food it becomes in a de-
gree filled with effluvia and moisture, which causes
the cattle to reject it. They will, however, gen-
erally eat food of that kind in the open air,
which they have refused, when offered to them
under cover; especially if it is laid on dry straw
Jong enough for the moisture to evaporate. Care,
lowever, shonlil be taken that your cattle should
not be put on short allowance, and if you give
tbem but little at a time let them be fed often.

By experiments which Iiave l)een repeatedly
made in America and in Great Britain it has been
ascertained that grain and roots fu' fattening cat-
tle, swine, &c, will go one third farther if steamed
or boiled than if used raw. Every farmer, ought,
therefore, to have conveniences for steaming food
for his b'tock as well as his swine. A steam boiler
may be n.'ade by setting a keitle holding about 10
or 12 galloms, in a furnace of brick or stone, and
over this a [logshead with one head taken out,
and the other bored full of holes, which is set so
close that tlie steam of the kettle, when boiling
can only rise through the holes and thence ascend
among the articles to be steamed in the hogshead,
and pass off at the top. In this way, a hogshead
full of potatoes' will be nearly as soon boiled as a
small pait of tlitni only would have been if placed
in the kettle underneath. As the kettle must be
so closed as to prevent any steam from passing
off, but througli the bottom of the hogshead or
vat, a pipe or tube iimst be set on one side, through
vrhich, with the aid of a funnel, the water may be
poured into the kettle .as often as occasion may
require. After the wati?r is poiu'ed in, the tube
should be stopped with a Jihig. Grain of all
kinds may be advantageously steamed for feeding
or fatting swine. But in that case, it is necessary
that the bottom of the hogshead .should be covered
with a cloth, to prevent the grain from running
down through the holes.

Several other kinds of apparatus have been used

in which the food is nuule use of.

'On the pro])er st lection of cattle, horses, sheep
and swine, and their management, the profits of a i
farm must at all times materially depend. If we
have those of an unproduct've kind; if too matiy
or too few — if fed without judgment, or fattened
at too great an expense, they will deprive us of
that recompense which a farmer ought to obtain.'

The time cows shoidd become dry before their
calving is not agreed on, some contending that
they may be milked almost to the time of their
drop|)ing the calf without injury; while others
maintain that it is absolutely necessary that they
should be dry from one to two months for the ad-
vantage of both the cows and their calves. It is
probable that much, a.^ regards this question, must
depend on the way in which the cows are kept;
where they are well fed they may be continued in
milk till within a week or two of their calving,
without their suflering any inconvenience from
the continuance of the milking. But as our covvs
are usually fed at this time in the year, they had
better go dry for a month, six weeks or even two
months, to give them a chance to recruit. It is
said that the longer cows are milked the more free
their udders will be froju any soreness or tumors.
Where only one or two cows are kept for the sup-
ply of a family it may be well, by extra feeding
with roots and odier juicy food, to prolonjf the
period of milking to a week or ten days betbre the
time they are expected t^ produce their yotuig.

In order that you may kiiow tlie jiroper time to
have your cows go dry, an account shoidd be kejit
of the time when each cow takes the bull, that she
nuiy be dried oft' at a reasonable ])eriod. The fol-
lowing prescri|)tion tor drying off cows is given
in Monk's Agricultural Dictionary.

'Take an ounce of powdered alum; boil it in
two quarts of milk till it turns to whey ; then take
a large haiulfiil of sage, and boil it in the whey
till you reiluce it to one (|uarl ; rub her udder with
a little of it, and give her the rest by w.-iy of drink ;
inilk her clean before you give it to her; and as
you see nee<l requires repeat it. Draw a little milk
from her every second or third day ; lest her udder
be over charged.'

Cows become dry too soon if they are not kept
well, or not milked clean. It is said in Baili Pa-
pers, vol. ii. )). 291, if at any time a good milch
cow should go dry before her milk is gone, get a
young calf and put it to her, in order to ])reserve
her milk another year; for it is well known if a
cow goes dry one year nature will lose its power
of acting in future.

Cows which are shortly expected to calve ought
to be lodged at night in some convenient place
luider ccver for a week or two before calving, as
it may be the means of saving the life of the
calf, and ))erhaps of its dam likewise. The day
and night after a cow has calved, she should he
kept under cover, and her drink should be hike
warm. Let her not be exposed for some time to
the dampness of the night ; cows should at all
times be kept in high health and good clftdition :
for if they are suffered to become lean in winter.

Deane observed that 'six in the
SIX at night i.'^ a ffood general rule.

possible. Dr
moining and
But if they are milked three times a day as a mod-
ern writer on husbandry recommends, it may be
done at five, one, and eight. He believes that if they
are well fed they will give half aa much again
milk by milking thrice as if only tvvicc;atthe same
time it would prevent too great a distention of
their bags to which our beat cows are liable.

The keeping of cows in such manner as to make
them give the greatest qiiamity of milk and with
the greatest clear profit is an essential point of
economy. Give a cow halfa busliel of turnips,
carrots, or other good roots a day during the winter
months besides her hay, and if her summer food
be such as it should be, she will give nearly dou-
ble the quantity of milk she would aflTord if kept
through the winter in the usual manner and tha'
milk will he richer and of better quality.

On the means of improving both the quality and
the quantity of wool. — A memoir on this subject
has been presented to the Academy of Sciences),
and reported upon by M. Coquelieil Montbreti
In the sheep, says M. Pi^tri, tl;e nonrishing fluids
are natually distributed between the flesh, the fat,
and the wool. By freipvent shearings, mads whew
the animal is young these fluids may be deter-
mined in great abundance towards the skin and will-
then nourish the woollen- fibre. This theory h*
says be has applied with great success, and be
finds that besides increa&ing the quantity of wool,
its quality is very much improved and the staples
rendered finer. This im|)rovement may be trans-
mitted from one generation to another so that i ^
whole flocks may in this way be converted int* jlj
fine wool animals, only by taking care to reserve- ijj
those animals for reprodiiotion wliich yield the most 1.^
improved produce and jvaying attention at the same ) \^
time, to the choice of food and to the other cir- y.
ciimslances and cares wJiich are necessary. In , j
appc^ars that M. Petri has not yet had time V>- \ i
prove the result of prolonged trials conducted i (
upon these principals. — Revue Eneydopedique,'xWi,-i'^
499. " '

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL RE-
POSITORY.

A number of that valuable work, (which haid
been for some time suspended) has just rssuetf
from the press, in a very handsome style. I |j

It is published by John B. RnsSELL, Proprietor | i |
of the New England Fanner, from the Press of; ij
I. R. Butts. It contains the Address by JoHM i
C. Gray Esq. delivered before the Blassachusetts
Agricultural Society, Reports of the Committees
of the last Brighton Cattle Show, and a number of
other valuable articles, most or alt of which we
have or intend to transfer to our columns. We
think this an excellent number, and one which
cannot fail to greatly enhance the agricultural in-
terests of those Farmers who will give it a care-
ful perusal, and apply to use the information with'
which it abounds.

It appears by a notice which precedes and in-

troduces the 'Premium List of the Massachusetts
they will not recover their flesh, nor be in good Society for promoting Agriculture, for 1831' thaJi

Vol. IX.— No. 31.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

247

the Committee %vlio direct the concerns of the
Society, have determined to ' intermit the Brigh-
ton Cattle Show for one year ;' and of course
there will he no Agricultural Exiiiliition under
the aus|iices of the Massachusetts Agricultural
Society iie.\t autumn. The Committee state
that ' the general nianaffctneut of farms — the op-
erations of the dairy — and a thorough field cul-
ture fur vcgetahlcs and grain crops will engage
their atteruion as leading olijecis ; and their largest
premiums will he appropriated the rnsuiiig reason
to encourage and reward distinguished merit in
these particulars.'

Butler and cheese are among the staples of New
England, and it is obvious, that a small iniprove-
meni m their quality will adil a large sum of
money to the income of this district of country.
And there is every reason to hope, that a judicious
encouragement by premiums will, in a few years,
give a character to our dairies, not surpassed by
any part of the world. To accomplish this more
isurely, it may be of use to admit, for a time, a
Icompetilion for our premiums, for butter and
pheese, from beyoiul the limits of the state, and
without any restriction as to their origin ; that,
if practicable, we may have specimens to compare
with our own, even from other countries. We
may thus have an opportunity of attaining to a
jreater certainty the degree of excellence of
ivhich these important articles of food are sus-
ceptible, and, by the comparison, learn the imper-
fection of our own processes of manufacture — and
perhaps we may have the satisfaction to find that,
£0 some extent at lea^t, both butter and cheese
ire now made in Massachusetts, not inferior to
the best in other countries.

' Some premiums ofl^ered in past years for the
jncourageuient of plaruations of forest trees, live
ledges, and apjde orchards,- and for useful experi-
nents, and valuable inventions, will be continued.
In conformity with the views above expressed,
;he Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for
Promoting Agriculture propose to have an F.xhi-
rition of Butter and Cheese, in Quincy Hall, in
he new iNIarUet House, Boston, on Wednesday,
;he seventh day of December, 1831.

And they otfer the following premimns, to be
iwarded by a conuniltee of competent judges,
elected by the Board, to the proprietors of the
lest lots of Butter and Cheese exhibited, without
igard to the place of manufacture.
For the best lot, in tubs, pots, or firkins,
lOt less than 300 lbs. §100 00

For the next best, not less than 300 lbs 50 00
For the best, less than 300 lbs. and not

than 100 lbs. 30 00

For the next best, less than 300 lbs.
ind not less than 50 lbs. 20 00

For the best, less than 100 lbs. and not
IS than 50 lbs. 15 00

' For the next best, less than 100 lbs. and
lot less than 50 lbs. 10 00

For the best lot of Cheese, not less than
ine year old, and not less in quantity than
!00 ibs. " 100 00

! For the next best, not less than one year
•Id, and not less in quantity than 300 Ibs. 50 00
■ For the best Cheese, less than one year
!ld, and not less in quantity than 300 lbs. 50 00
i For the next best, of not less quantity 30 00

Gardener Jf'anied.
A single man, who is a thoroush Gardener, well ac-
quainted with the raising of Grapes under glass, and
Plants, and all the branches of his business, will meet
with the best encouragement on application to John
Prince. Jamaica Plains. 4t Feb. 16

Grass Seeds^ ^'c.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 32 North Market street —

.\ few busliels of genuine FlM'1 Meadow Grass Seed,
raised in New Hampshire expressly for this establish-
ment: also, Lucerne, Red and White Clover, Tall Mea-
dow Oats Grass, (raised for us by Mr Phi.nney,) Herds
Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, (raised for us iiy Mr
NovEs,) Hemp Seed, Flax Seed, Broom Corn, &c ; all
of the very first quality. Feb. 16.

Cocoons, and Silk Weaver Wanted.
Cash and a fair price will be given for Cocoons. Also,
emplovment for a Silk Weaver, on application to
Warren, R. I. Jan. 15, 18.31. PAUL WARE.

White Mutbernj Seed.

For sale at the Seed Store coiuiccted with the New
England Farmer, .52 North Market sireet —

\ small quantity of fresh While Mulberry Seed, of the
growth of 1830. Gentlemen in want of this Seed that
can he depended tipon, are advised to apply soon, as the
supply here, and throushout the country, is uncommonly
small. — Short directions for its culture furnished gratis
with the seed. Feb. 16.

Two-rowed Barley Wanted.
Cash will be paid for a few bushels of Two-rowed
Barley, of the first quality, plump, and free from any
other seeds — for sowing — at the Agricultural Warehouse,
No. 32 North Market street, Boston. Feb. 16.

Coic Cabbage.
Ju>t received, at the Seed Store, No. 52 North Market
street, from London a small quantity of Seed ot the Cow
Cabhao;e ; it is thought that no plant cultivated in this
country will give so much fodder from the same space of
ground, for Milch Cows, as this. It has been successfully
cultivated to a large extent in New England and the Mid-
dle States the past year, and promises to be a great acqui-
sition. Feb. 16.

Silk Reel.

These useful machines may be had of the subscriber
for the low priceof 1$23 each. By the help of this reel, the
silk threads may be extractetl frotn the cocoon with even-
ness and rapidity. It is the same for which I received
the premium of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society,
and has been a considerable titue in use.

Dedham, Mats. Jan. 23, 1S31. J. H. COBB.

[certificate.]

I, Edward Brown, of Ashford, Con. late of London,
England, silk manufacturer, do hereby certify, that I have
used a considerable quantity of raw silk reeled in the fil-
ature of Jonathan ri. Cobb, of Dedham, Mass.; that 1
find tlie silk reeled by him equal to the Italian or China
silk, and is capable of being used in the manufacture of
any description of silk goods. I further certify the trim-
mings for a suit of curtains now in the house of Hon.
Daniel Webster, of Boston, was made of raw silk raised
and reeled by said Jonathan H. Cobb.

EDWARD BROWN.

Aslxford, Ct. Jan. 15, 1831.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

APPLES, new,
ASHES, poi. first sort.

Pearl, tirsl sort,

liEANS, while.
liEEF, niess,

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. ^,
ItUT'l'EK, inspected, No, 1, new, -
('liEESL, new milk,

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,

FLOUK, Ualiiinore, Howard-street, -
Genesee,
Alexandria,
Bnlimiore, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Ni.rlheni.

Corn, Soulhern Yellow
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,
HUPS, Islqualitv,
LIME,

PI.AISTER PARIS retails at
I'OKK, clear,

Navy mess.
C.irgn, .No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red Toi> (northern)
Lucerne,

Red Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, tried,

WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -
Merino, mixed wiih Saxony,
Merino, three fourths wasliod,
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter,
Native, washed.
Pulled, La.nh's, first sort,
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort,
Pulled, '■ spiiming, first sort

FROM I

barrel.

1 lb\

ton.

116 (10

it

130 00

hush.;!.

yi)

barrel.

8 50

**

7 25

It

6 60

pound.

11

"

6

II

3

1 12

barrel.

G 75

**

6 7oi

ti

6 231

It

6 OOl

bushel.

70

It

C6

ft

75

"

GO

"

42

cwt.

GO

CW(.

9 OOi

"

14 oo'

cask.

71)

1 ton.

3 00

barrel.

17 (in

*

13 00

(I

12 .W

bushel.

1 50

"

fi2

pound.

33

1 '*

11

j cwt.

9 00

pound.

60

"

65

ti

52

4S

40

^ "

40

50

It

42

1

43

TO

2 00
117 CO
132 00

1 00

8 75

7 75

6 75

15

8

4

1 50

G 87

6 87

G 50

6 25

72

70

80

65

46

70

10 00

15 00

3 12

20 Oo
14 00
13 50

PROVISION MARKET.

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, fresli, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, keg and tub,
Lump, hesl,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retad

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, taccording to quality]

pound.

8

•'

6

55

((

C

It

4

ti

8

(t

'^i

dojien.

20

bushel.

it

23

barrel.

1 00

75
75

38
12
50
62
75
68
50
42
42
53
4i

5a

10

7

7

3

8

11

IS

20

25

33
30

2 00

Bees.

Gentlemen in want of swarms of young thrivino bees
can be supplied by J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, No.
.52 North .\laiket Street, at 17 cents per lb. The bees
were raised by Mr Ebenezer Beard, inventor of the new
patent hive.

AmniMnition JJ^

01 the best quality and /owcs<;7nVfs, for sportinj —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
65 Broad Strec-t.

N. B. If the qualify is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7.

To Correspondents. — We are obliged this week to
^:fer an interesting article from Portsmouth, N. H., and
le from Cambridge, Mass. We should be glad to hear
lener from eilher of the writers.

Farm to Let.

To be leased, for the term of five years, or less, a small
Farm in .\ndover, and within four miles of Lowell. A
good place for the raising of vegelahles for the Lowell
.Market. Inquire of HOBART CLARK.

Andover, Jan. 15, 1831. 6t Jan. 21.

** Silk Cocoons Wanted.
ive cash for Cocoons, from 30 to 50 cents per

Brighton Markf.t — Monday, Feb. 14.

[tlnported for tijo Chronicle and Patiiol.]

At maikef, this da-^, 546 Cattie, nearly all of which
were Beef; 734 Sheep, and 340 Swine— 95 Swine have
been before reported ; about 75 Beef Cattle and nearly all
the Swine remain unsold.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Last week's prices were not
supported, particularly on thin Cattle; we shall quote
from ^3 84 to 4 75. We noticed several yoke of prime
Cattle taken at §5, and one or two yoke at $3 25.

Barrelling Cattle — Mess $3 75 a3 84, No. 1, $3
25 a 3 33.

Sheep — We noticed one lot taken at $5, one at 4 50
one at 3 84, one at 3 50, and one at 3.

Swine — Rather dull, no sales of consequence effected.

Wool. — Arrived coastwise since our last, about 50,000
Ibs. various ki'ids. The following comprise the principal
sales of the week : 15 a 16,000 lbs. .\merican fleeced and
pulleil, various qualities, price and terms unknown. —
23,000 lbs. A and i blood flet'ce which arrived from the
state of Maine, 38c per lb.; 13,000 His. j blood, 3Sc ; 10,000
lbs. Saxony and Merino fleece, 70 a 75 per lb. 6 mo. ;
10,000 lbs. Lambs, 50c per lb. cash ; 20,000 Sa.xony have
al-o been solfi, precise price and terms we are unable to
cive, supposed a shade over 90c per lb. on a credit. —
Limited sales also of Russia, at 30c per lb. ciish.— Patriot.

I wi

pound, according to quality
Dedham,. Mass. Jan. 23, 1831.

J, H. COBB.

Hemp. — The Portland Advertiser .states that three or
four loads of Hemp, of excellent quality, have been
brought to that market from Vermont. Several loads
have been brought to Boston from St Johnsbury, Vl. and
sold for .'f:225 per ton ; it is of superior quality, and may
be seen at the store of Messr.s Lincohi, Fearing &- Cu
No. 110 State street.

248

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MISCELLANY

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

THE SHAKERS, OR UNITED SOCIETY.

There are sixteen Societies of tliis peculiar de-
nomination in the United States ; in Maine, New-
Hampshire, Massacliusetts, Connecticut, New York,
Kentucky and Oliio. There are in all of these
Societies the ])opulation of about 5000. Each
gociety " consists of 3 and some 4 families (so
called :) the largest and most central Family is
called the Ciuirch. These church families con-
tain 60 and so on to 100 members. Two societies
generally constitute what is called a Bishopric ;
each Bisliopric is under the ndministration of 4
Elders (2 males and 2 females) wlioin they greet
with the title of Ministry. The Ministry reside al-
ternately at each Society. They have the appoint-
ment and dictation of all the other elders and officers
of the societies in their Bishopric. Each of the
churches and families have 4 elders (2 males and
2 females) who have the immediate care of the
spiritual concerns of their respective families.
Each church has 2 trustees who are the keepers
of the money, &c, belonging to the church. They
have an office for the transaction of business
with those who are not of the society ; in their
name are written all the deeds, notes, &c, they
also do all the tradings, and make all stipulations
with (what they call) the world's people. Distinct
from tliem are also two deacons who have the
management of the douiestic concerns and to wliom
the members make application for whatever they
are in want of, and their resources are supplied
by the trustees. No individual keeps any money

or can call any property his own, but all is

ceded to the general common stock, so that, ac-
cording to the answer a young lady among them
made to an inquiry, if she possessed any property
there, ' Nothing is mine, but all ours.'

They have a covenant which is signed by all
the members of twentyone years of age and
upwards, the purport of which is — they resign all
claim as individuals to any property which is there
or that they may bring into the Socif ty — all claim
to any remuneration for their services — and they
will devote and employ themselves to their best
abilities for the support and promotion of the
Society, having secured to them a good living and
equality so long as they remain members and no
longer. Parents in general give their children
a small portion of their property, but the main
part to the society.

As to their requirements of duty, each one is
left to judge and act for himseU', though an idle,
indolent person, with this industrious community
soon finds no comfort or enjoyment and therefore
such ones generally expel themselves. Each one
has his or her allotted employment so that every
branch has its necessary attention paid to it.

They have a numerous list of Oriltts or Gifts,
as they are called, with tliein, which they are very
strict and attentive in observing ; besides the many
relating to their religious life, they have those of
a. temporal nature, which are of equal importance
to them.

It is against order for any one man and woman
to converse or be together without a third. For
any one to blame or censure another on any ac-
count before any one except their elders, or ex-
pose their own trials except to them ; it is also
against order to leave any gates open, bars

down or to permit any broken windows to re- j
main so, which they are very strict in observing. '
They are also very strict in having cleanliness
and decency observed in their houses and door-
yards ; it is against order even to shut the doors
hard, or to spit upon the floor, or to be anywise
boisterous in their dwellinghouses. They always
have a place for every tool, and keep every tool
in its place, consequently have nothing lost ; many
of these rules trifling as they may appear, it would
be well to have adopted by every household or
community. They generally have two dwelling-
houses in each church and one in each family ;
those in each church or family all sit down at one
table, and meet three evenings in a week together
for their evening devotions, which are generally
singing, dancing and a reminding of their orders
and gifts ; they always before these meetings retire
to their respective rooms in their dwelling houses^
and observe the strictest silence for the space of
half an hour. They retire at 9 o'clock (all at
one time) and arise about 4 or 5 in the morning.
They are very regular and temperate in their diet,
having no extravagances, and moderate in their
habits having no superfluities.

Their farms and orchards are in the highest
state of cultivation, they have been long noted as
manufacturing the best of articles, such as brooms,
pails, tubs, sieves, &c, and also for raising garden
seeds, but it is not to be wondered at that the
recent great advancement in Horticulture has left
tliem behind in this respect.

They are very attentive to company of which
they liave much in the summer season ; and truly
it is time pleasantly spent to visit their beautiful,
neat villages. There is one in Shirley, Massachu-
setts, which the traveller would pronounce the
most pleasantly situated and neat village this State
affords ; it has a beautiful white church about 6
or 8 dwelling houses, and 20 or 2-5 other buildings
in which are carried on the various branches of

F(b. 16, 1S31.
AgrkuUural It'anhouse and Seed Store,

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

The su'iscribev respecifully iiifoims the Farmers and
Planlei-s of the Weslern Slates, Iha! he has yiM an'ived
in this city fiom Boston, with a lai^e and Eeiieial afsort-
mcnt of Agriculturai, Implements oI 'lie most
approved l<ind.-; with ,ilso a gfneral and very extensive
a^soitiMoiit ot Grass, Garden, Field, Flower and
Herb Seeds, which will be found to comprise a larger
vai iety liian has ever before been introduced into the
We-lein country-

The above articles luivc been recently pui'chascd from
the well known Agricultural Establish ipeiU of Messrs
NEWTELLand Russell, in Boston. and were selected by
the subscriber hiiiK-ell, (who has beeti for several years
eno-ao-ed in the busines-) with great care. Those who
may call at his Agricultural JJ'orelwvse, No. 23, Lower
Market street, between Sycamore and Main streets, will
be a-sured of lindini; every article wanted in the agri-
cultural line, of a superior quality """'p' pl^ Ij^RgT;.

Cincinnati, Jan. 1S31.

mechanistn, &c.

G. C. B.

One s:ood turn deserves another. — Santeuil, a poet
ofthc i/th century, returning one night to llie Ab-
bev of St Victor, at eleven o'clock, was refused ad-
mittance by the porter, on the plea that the prior had
absolutely "forbidden the doors to be opened at so
late an hour. A good deal of altercation ensued ;
at last the poet slipped a piece of ffold under the
door, which was quickly opened. When fairly in,
he pretended he had left a book on the stone, where
he had been sitting durintj the dispute, and begged
the porter to go for it. Encouraged by the genero-
sity of the poet, the man readily complied. In the
meanwhile, Santeuil fastened the door : and the por-
ter half naked, was obliged to stand knocking in
his turn. ' I cannot let you in,' said the poet ; ' I am
very sorry for it: but the prior has given positive or-
ders not to have the doors opened at so late an hour.'
' I let you in,' said the porter, in a very humble tone.
' So you did,' replied Santeuil ; ' and I will do you
the same good turn for the same price.'

The porter not liking to sleep in the street, and
fearful likewise of losing his place, slipped the piece
of gold under the door again ; saying ' I thought a
poet's money would not stay long with me ;' and so
gained admittance.

A lawyer in the District of Columbia having
wearied the Court by a very long and dull argument,
his colleague respectfully suggested to him the ex
pediency of bringing it to a close. The lawyer an-
grily replied ' I will speak as long as I please, sir !'
'You have spoken longer than you ;)Zc'ase, already,'
retorted his companion.

Farmer ll'anted.

Wanted a Farmer, with a wife, without children, the
one perfectly acqnaintid with the business and capable
of takin^' the mananeincnt of the F;ii^m, and the other
tully competent to take charge of the Dairy ; none neeiJ
apply without the best reconui.emlation. Address the
Publisher of the New England Farmer, Mr John B.
Russell, post paid.

Also wanted one or two Milch Cows, extraordinary-
milkers, handsome, and not exceeding 4 or 5 years old,
for which a generous price will be given. Apply a*
above, post paid. No application need be made except^

for very superior animals. 6t ■'''"• ■'°' ■

wVew IVork on Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with die New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or, Farriery taught on a new I
and easy plan : beinga treatise on all the diseases and ,
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; tlie causes and,
svniptoms of each, and the most impioved remedies em- '
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instrucuons to the;
Shoeino--Smith, Farrier, and Groom, how to acquire
knowledo-e in the art cf Farriery, and the prevention of
Diseasesf Preceded by a popular description ol the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions.,
and impiovements, paiticularly adapted to this country,!
by Thomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Memberj
of the London Veterinary Medical Society.

eel

Durham Siiori Horns.
For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants (
feliraled animals presented by Admiral Sir I'

of thai

SAAB,

Coffin, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotioni
of Acjriculture. The pedigiee of these animals can bo
given as far back as Hubbacli, who was calved in 177T,
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E^ Hersey Derby, Salem.
Salem, October, 1S30.

Published every Wediusday Evening, at ^.3 per annum
lavable at thr ,end of the year— but those. who pay withu
sixty d.ays from'tliet ime ot'Eubscribing, are entitled to a de
.luction offifty cents.

\rr No paper will be sent to a distance without paymett
bein" made in advance.

Fruited for J. B. I^ussell, by L R. Butts— by whOB
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet thj
wishes ol' customers. Orders tor printing received by J. K
Rcssf.ll. at tlie Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 NurU
Market Street.

AGENTS.

rHew yor/.-— G.Thof.burn & Sons, G7 Liberty-Street
PhUaJelphia- U. & C Lanpreth . 86 <:heslimi-sireet.
Ballimore—C. 15. Smith , E.liior of the Ameiicaii Farmer.
Cincinmiti—fi. C. Paukhirst,23 Lower Market-street.
^//,j,„,_H!in. Jesse liiiEL, Albany Nursery. „ ^ ,.
F/ushiii'j.-. X. y. Wni. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lia. Bot.Garctt|
llir/ford—Gooimm &, Co. Booksellers.
Newlmnipnrt. Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, 'N. H. J. W. Foster, Bonkseller.
Portland, Me.— HkNvl-L Coi.sian, Bookseller.
Auausta. Mc. VVm. Mann.

Halifax, IN. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal. L. C.— A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW ENGL.AND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Acricultoral Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN", EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTOX, WEDXESDAV EVEMNG, FEBRUARY 23, 1831.

NO. 32.

3p©aj;X3StvSAJi J3>S©Sr<S21^» aiiiuially— equal ti) ilie full averaffe value of «//

the eotloii expiirterl. Without an inlmor traile, a
I city can only ha as Helioffoland was when convert-
cil into a n st for slnu^;.'^■r^^, as the Island of St
Tlinmns is, because a ' free port' at which the
IJritish Islands are sn|i|)li<Hl with our flour, &c.

.A uiorc special application of the beiu'fils derived
from a prudent division of labor, iiuiy he thus shown :

POLITICS FOR FARMERS.

Coiiliiiiied friini pnge --!-■
, Now as to meats, of all sorts. The oonsmnp-
tion and waste, exi'ced J Ih. fir each person a day.
The gro.ss quantity required is then 22'2, 100,000
poutids, e(|ual to 1 1,000,000 barrels of beef or pork.
The greatest export that we ever made of beef
and poll; was in 1805, 240,000 bis. In 1829,
only 110,000; or 22,000,000 of lbs., just an hun-
dredth part of tilt" domeslii' cousuinption.

It thus appears, that the vegetable food of the
United States exporttd, is about a 24th part of
what the home demand retpiires ; and of meats,
only a Ir.mdreth part. It is then the home mar-
ket that should mainly occupy the thoughts of a
republican statesman.

This nrreat market is best encouraged or pro-

:ei"ted by divisions of labor. If all were farmers,

aising their own bread and meat, (here tcould be no

'loint mnrkit ; and flour, for the foreign mie, would

1 i: sell for more than two dollars a barrel, if for so

111 I'll, delivered at our sea penis. The English

111 hardly take it as a gift, because of the duty,

;S in times of scarcity, though delivered free

'l' cost for freight! But were all fiirmers, we

liould have no cities. How would the account

tand then ? NewYork, alone, consumes the

quivalent of one. third of all our exports of

luur; Baltimore, 1.50,000 barrels, or three fifths of

■II rbat we sent to (be West Tudies last year ;

Kiltimore, and her adjacent factories, al.so>con-

iuiie the equivalent of 30,000 barrels of beef

ir pork ; about three fourths of the ichole export

if last year. Yet we have heard a senseless Maiy-

aud farmer wish that ' Baltimore (bis market,) was

■unk in the basin !' He might almost as well

lave wished that the mills which prepared his

frain were destroyed. The people of the cities

.;■ Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore,

mploy twice as many men as farmers, graziers,

ardeuers, &c, as Asia, AlVica, Europe and Amer-

:i. (except the United States) employ. Here is a

ji' cimeu of that division of labor just above al-

nled to. Large cities cannot exist unless the

lanufacturing and mechanic arts prosper in them.

t is the [)roduct of imlustry thus applied, which

btains food and other supplies for them ; and

lis causes that invakiablo interior commerce,

vhich prevails in every civilized nation, and must

lore or less exist iu all populous countries. Two

f the greatest cities iu the world, Nankin, in

'hina, and Jeddo, in .Ia|)an, are thusmantained ; a

ast aniomit of home trade is transacteil at them,

le foreign being of no account. And at London,

le greatest couTmercial city in the world, the in-

.rior or home trade is at least twenty times great-

. r than the foreign one. \Ve have in our own

: auntry two beautiful types of the principles that

'e teach, in Pitt-burgh and Cincinnati. They have

• 0 foreign trade: but lands and houses in them,

nd in their neighborhood, bear a full comparison

. 'ith the value of lands and houses at Baltimore,

(ad its neighborhood. The manufactures of Phil-

' lelphia, (that is those that are supplied with Phil-

ielphia labor and capital, and which centre in

lat city,) have been estimated at .$25,000,000

200,000 bushels of Southern corn,' nearly all of
which immediately passed to the manufacturers for
ccmsiim ption.

We might multiply facts like these without num-
ber— but cannot give the room to state lliem.

Such is the connexion between afirinillure and
manufactures. We shall now notice the follv, or
fdsehood, of those who insist that the laws for the
.Massachusetts, Kliode Island and Connecticut, protection of domestic manufactures are 'taxes'
are capable of raising all the bread stuff's which , on consumers — for the.ie laws have had one invariable
their people ne^d, and heretofore had a consider- 'c"(/<»cy to reduce the prices of articles protected,
able surplus; but, at an early period, they turui-d without at all diuiinishiiig the foreign demand for
llu'ir attention much to navigation, and have lately , the products of our soil. In 1823, theyear before
become great maniif iciuriiig states. The lands | the ' abominable tariff' of 182 1, we exported 17J,-
iii this district are not well fitted for the cultivation j 000,000 lbs. of cotton* and 756,000 bbls. of flour,
o.f wheat — but they prefer bread made from it, j together worth 23,-l00, 000 dollars ,• end in 1826
if able to purchase it. We take of them cotton j 204 millions of poinids of cotton and 357,000 bbls.
and other manulactures, oil, (Sec, and they receive, flom-, worth together 29,150,000 dollars: the
in exchange of us, not less than the equiv.alent of I quantity and the vahie being both increased, in
1,500,000 barrels of flour, in breail-stufFs, or a | defiance of all the auful predictions to the con-
ir.ucli greater value than the whole of our foreign | trary.t

trade in them. This may be called a new busi-
ness, and is of vast irii|iortauce to all jiarties. It
is equally profitable to the one, whether a yard of
cotton cloth be sold for 6 or 7 cents, to go to
Baltimore or Lima — or to the other, if a barrel of
flriiir sells for .?.5, to proceed to Boston or Kanis
cliatka ! But there is this imposing advantage —
the orders and decrees, intrigues, or caprices, of
foreign nations, have no effect over our home trade.
Irs amount is beyond calculation — and it knits the
i,>,.);)le closely together. We have seen Balti-
more branded flour in the midst of the moun-
tains of Vermont. Such is the 'American Sys-
tem.' This could not have happened, but because
of the division of labor that we have spoken of.

But it is said, the people would eat as much
bread as they now do, were that ' system' destroyed.
So it may be .said that we should require as tnany
shoe.s, were all the shoe-makers guillotined ! But
everybody knows that it would not be advanta-
geous fiir the farmer to stop his plough and let his
horses remain idle, to make a pair of shoes. If
the people on the rich lands of New York, Pemi-
sylvania, Maryland and Virginia, can ' make wheat
cheaper than those of Massachusetts an I Rhode
Island and they, of the latter, furnish the other
with cotton goods cheaper than they can otherwise
obtain them, common sense will teach both the
value of mutual exchanges. We believe that the

Taxes, of some kind, must be paid. A revenue
duly must be collected; but, whether a protecting
duty superadded, is, or is not, a tax, depends on
particular considerations. For example — the duty
on a square yard of coarse cotton goods is 8i
cents — but we may buy a square yard of such
goods, home-made, for eight cents, or | of a cent
less than the duty. It is impossible then, that the
duty is a tax. T)ie duty on shot is 4 cents per
lb., but we can obtain any quantity of shot at 5
cents per lb. — ^if iHe duty is a tax, the shot is
worth only one per cent lb., and so on. The duty
on wheat is 15 per cent — or ' 13 cents on every
dollar of its cost,' as the ' free trade' folks say —
but is any farmer foolish enough to believe that a
tax of the United States is collected on the wheat
that he grows and consumes .' It is a popular cry,
that 'duties are taxes:' so was the halloo, ' Great
is the Diana of the Ephesiuns.' A falsehood, on an
idol, placed in o])position to truth, and the c(enia/
principle of truth .' There is a duty of 3 cents
per pound on cotton — is cotton advanced in that
amount, because of that duty .' Pshaw ! We
cannot dwell lorlger on such subjects — and must
proceed.

Manufactures of Iro.v. — This is a leading
interest in the United States, and a great supporter
of the home market, as every farmer, in the
neighborhood of iron work.s, well knows. The

sale of one barrel of American flour was never following shows that decreased prices have inva-
lost, because of the loss of the West India trade — ! riably followed increased duties. As to iron manu-
that the general amount of our trade with the I factures, no patriot will contend that we should be
West Indies has not been materially effected by j dependent on any foreign nation for them — they
an opening or closing of the British ports.* But \ are essential to the independence of our own — and
if the sale of all the flour which proceeded (di- ' are without substitutes.

rect) to those ports when opened, was really lost to j The first encouragement was given to rolling
us, the tvhole amount is less than the demand for hon Uy tUe tariff of 1816, when the duty was'
flour and corn at the manufacturing town of Provi-

dence, Rhode Island. This will astonish many,
but it is the truth notwithstanding. T!;e highest
amount of flour ever exported to the British West
Indies was about 130.000 barrels in one year.
In 1826-7, from July to July, 127,150 barrels of
flour were received at Providence, with, perhaps,

*We have exporteil 100.000 bbls. of flour more to the
West Indies, when tho^e ports were shut, than when
they were opet;ed — 1821 compared with 1825.

* Much the laraest amount that we ever had exported,
in one year. The average of 1816 to 1822, inclusive,
was les? than 110 niillionsof pounds a year.

1 But in the la.'^t year we exported 265 milhons of
pound-i of coUon, valued at $26,575,000. Has the de-
mand and value been reduced by the tarifp It is difficuU
to resolve what is meant by the 'oppressions of the south,'
and what it has to complain of, because of the progress of
manuf.iclures. A duty of nearly 10 millions is levied in
Enffland on so much of our tobacco >^ costs about one
million. The meekness withwhicn the planters of Vir-
ginia submit to this, baa alwaya excited our curiosity.

i»50

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Ffl). 23, 1S31.

fixed at §30 per ton, and sn it remained until 1828,
■when it was raised to 837 per ton. In cnnse-
queuce of the act of 1816, fifteen nnc rolling mills
were iiinnediately erected, without inchuling the
new establishments west of the numntaius — and
Sheet iron and boiler plates, (better than the
English), which sold for $180 tlw? ton, eight or
nine years ago, may now be had for 130 or S140
the ton. We speak always of wholesale prices.

Rolled round iron has had the same reduction in

value.

Small hoop iron, (a ncto manufacture), protected

by a duty of 3 cents per lb. by the tarift'of 1828,

and whicli sold for S150 a ton a few years ago,

is now selling for $120 a ton.

Braziers' rods, which had never been made in

this country until ])rotected by the tarift'of 1828,

with a duty of 3i cents per lb., and were sold at

" for

and which, perhaps, should not be used, because BELb.

of the n-real number of persons that it would throw I A few years since, a farmer removed from this
out ofomplovment. The difterence in the cost of I county, to one of the northern counties of the state
a yard of cloih, made in the U. States and iu Ung- of Ohio ; his remove was iii the winter, and he
land if any there is, is in the difference of the cost took willi his other moveables a hive of bees, and
of tiie wool and dye-stuffs used -for the prolection \ at the end of his journey he located in an old log
of farmers and planters. As before observed, we

$150 a ton, or 6| cents a pound, now sell
$135 a ton, or 5 cents per lb., though ' tared' 3J
cents per lb.

Cut nails were eight cents per lb. in 1821, and
had an average value of 7 cts. until 1828, and now
sell for SJ cents per lb. Tlie duty on nails is 5
C-^nts pei"lb. If the duty is a tax, value of the
nails, IS only half a cent per lb.

These, and such as these, are the articles of iron
best protected — and they show a general decline of
about 25 per cent or oiie/oiiH/i, in price, as com-
pared with their value previous to such protection.
On hammered bar iron, the duty was 45 cents the
cwt. in 1816, raised to 90 in 1821, at which it re-
mains. It was worth (the superior qualities),
$100 the ton, a few years since, and now sells for
oiily $85 — a reduction of 15 per cent, because of
the domestic competition, excited by the tariff.

Manufactures of Wool. — The duties laid
upon foreign wool, for tlie jirotectioii of American
armers, (and whicli we heartily ajiprove of, exceed
as to the coarsest and f nest qualities, because we do
not |)roduce any of the former, and very little to
the latter), has prevented a large general decline
in the price of woollen goods, except in what we
call the 7nedium qualities, which were about 25 per
cent less last year than ])revions to tlie increased
duties upon them. The price of wool has advanc-
ed, and so have such cloths — but they are still
cheaper, of American maun facture, than ever thfsy
were, of English product, under a mererfueJiue du-
ty. The very fine cloths retain jii-etty nearly their
old prices, though rather less. All mixtures of cot-
ton and wool are much cheaper. The 'Welsh plains'
which averaged at least 65 cents a yard, previous
to the tariff" of 1824, fell to 60 cents, on the increa-
sed duty, as soon as certain of our factories were
put into operation. And the article known as ' Can-
ton clotlis,' a nnich more valuable one than the
' Welsh plains,' sold last year at from 56 to CO cts.
Their jn-ice has since advanced, because that the
stock of foreign coarse wool is exhausted, and
there is no domestic supply. Negro cloths, silch
as in 1825, 6, 7 and 8, sold lor 27 cents— and be-
cause a glut, last year, for 22 cents — now sell for
42 cents — for the reason assigned. The-5H!(//i im-
posed the duty on coarse wool, and will pay it !

It is difficult to fix a deterniinately descriptive
qualitij of cloths, and not so easy to make out a
clear comparison of prices but it is manifest, tliat
their cost has generally declined with the increase
of duties on them. The fact is — that the manufac-
ture of a yard of cloth, in the United States noio can-
not cost less thanin England, because of new and
improved machinery, not used in the latter country,

eartily ajiprove of these duties, so far as they af-
fect articles produced by us in reasonable cpianli-
ties ; but the duties on very coarse and I'cny fine
wools and indigo, have a direct tendency to tax
consumers of tlie cloths made out of or dyed with
these materials. The farmers have had a large
advance in the price of their wool, and we are
■rlad of it ; we as much wish an advance in the
value of cotton.

A great rise in the price of flannel was predict-
ed but, with two tariffs heaped upon them to in-
crease the price, such as was sold for 23 cents in
1823, will hardly bring that sum even now. Last
year these goods were 17 cents only. — This shows
that the tariff" has no eff"ect on their price. Wool
was cheap in 1828, 9, and is now more valuable
and so are flannels. Such wool as sold for 18
cents last year is worth 30.

[To he CfitUinued.]

A SEASONABLE HINT.
Mr Russell— I would recommend to yonr
readers who have young peach irees under their
charge to look well to them at this season ; as the
snow has remained so long upon llie groimd, t!ie
field mice are making great depredations by gtiaw-
in"- the bark completely around the tree, a little
above thesnrf"ace of the ground, under the snow.
It occurred to me this day to examine my trees,
and I found several entirely destroyed and others
slightly touched. By shovelling the snow from
around the trees, I am in hopes to prevent furlFier
trouble. I offer these hints that all may not be,
like myself, A SUFFERER.

Brooldine, Feb. 2 1 .

HORSE MANURE, &C—QUERV.
MrFessemI/EN — I should like to be informed
by some of your intelligent correspondents, the
best n-ay to insure the greatest efficacy in the use
of horse manure taken from the stable iu March
or April and intended to be used on land that is to
be at that time (March or April) turned over and
planted with corn ; and also liow many cart
loads to the acre would be considered necessary.
Can you inform me or will Mr Phinney take the
troulile through your paper how he made his drills
when he planted his corn ' on the furrows' after
the sward was turned up? Did he mean to say
that his land was not furrowed with a iilough after
the first ploughing previous and preparatory to
ploughing the corn, and that it was not iilanted in
hills In the usual way ? A Young Farmer.

JVewhuryport, Feb., 1S31.

HOPS IN ALBANY.

John C. Donnelly, inspector of hops in Albany,
has during tlie last year, inspected 606 bales, 140,-
388 lbs. Fees, deducting expenses, .$80,39. Of
this 11 6,4.30 lbs. first sort, 18,621 second do, 2,54 4
third do, 2,793 refuse ; 372 bales were from
Madison co. ; 144 from Oneida; the rest from
Otsego, Chaiitaui|ue, Cattaraugus, Tompkins, Che-
nango, and Herkimer. The hop market opened
the last season at 12 J cents a pound, and main-
tained that price till near the close of the season,
when they gradually advanced to 16 cents. — Daily
Advertiser.

ouse, and for the want of a belter pl.vee he put
his swarm of bees into the garret, where they,
remained lill spring.

Among the many cares of a remove into the
wilderness, he forgot his Ijcos, and neglected to
place them out of doors, as is the custom; but
with the return of spring, and the opening of the
wild flowers of the wilderness, they did not for-
get their duty, but 'gathered honey every day from
evei-y opening flower,' until the hive was full to
overflowing. They found abundant passage be-
tween the logs of the house. When the hive
was full, instead of swarming and going ofl^, they
merely removed a few feet from the old hive, at-
tached ihemselves to a login the same room, and
went to work; others attached themselves to the
outside of the hive, and continued their opera-
tions iu open view, in this manner for several
years. When the fiuiiily wanted honey, they we:
into the room, and broke ofl' what comb they requil
ed, without molestation. Having abundant room il
the garret, they never left it in swarms. It is proba-i
ble that the room was nearly dark, but of this I am
not informed. From this circumstance, the inhab-'
itants when they build their houses, finish ofT aj
small light room, in the garret, or other convenient
part of the house, exclusively for the bees, with:
timbers or braces to which they can attach th«
comb, having a tight door to the room, to exchlcW
mice, ^c, ^md I understand they are not molested
by the bee-moth or miller. 1 could much enlar^
upon this subject, but time does not permit, andil
is quite sulficieut for a practical man to improve
tin; hint. — Genesee Farmer.

Manchester and Liverpool Rail Road. — Ex-
tract of a lelter to a gentleaian- in Windsor, Vt. datedj
Liverpool, 2utli Dec. 1830.

Our Rail road is continuing to surprise more anc
more every day. The mail is now transported on it]
Between the IGtli Sept. and the 7lh inst. 60,00(
passeugei-s have been conveyed along it, durinf
which period there have been only eleven instance),
of the journey (32 miles) exceeding by half ai
hour the time fixed for its performance (2 hours ;
Indeed as to speed there is no limit. The En
gineer 3Ir Stephenson went the whole distance B
try a new Engine in fjtijeighl minutes. Thi
Locomotives sre much improved in their construct
lion ; and they have now adopted the |>lan of fixinf
their cvlinders horizontally. — Jl'indsor, J't. Chron,

flour in ALBANY.

Jasper S. Keeler, inspector of flour in AlbaBJ
has during 1830, inspected

42,136 bbls superfine flour

563 fine

1 ,027 half bbls flour

43, 726

Fees, at 2 cts. a bbl.
eT.— Daily Mv.

H 52 ; expenses, $2C

The Legislature of S. Carolina have imposed
tax of S5000 on Lottery oflices. One firm onl
Alessrs Yates & M'Intyre, will pay the tax ; und
the expectation that it will be repealed, next sessic
and the money refunded. i

Vol. IX.— No. 32.

AND IIORTICULTUUAL JOURNAL.

251

ANATOMY.

Extracts from Davis's Repoit on Legalizing tlie Study
Ml" Ana'omy.

'Not only is this knnwleiige of anatomy necessary

i to tlie surn-eon, but it is of so fleeting a nature as to

require constant practice to keep it fresh and

■ bright. The oldest, most practised and adroitcst

surgeon will never essay an ordinary operation on a

living subject, before he first has traced out his track,

with°the certainty, and all the solemn sanction of

' life or death, on the dead subject. It is dissection,

1 repeated and reiterated dissection alone, tliat can

teach him, where he may cut the living body with

freedom and despatch : wJicre he may venture, only

with great circumspection and delicacy; and where

he miTst not on any consideration attempt what man's

organization would render fatal.'

'In [he disease of the liver, pain is generally felt
at the top of the ri<:ht shoulder. The right phrenic
nerve sends a branch to the liycr. Th3 third cer-
vical nerve from which the phreific arises, sends
numerous branches to the neigliborhood of the
shoulder : thus is established a nervous communica-
tion between the shoulder and the liver. This is a
fact, which nothing hut anatomy could teach, and
alTordsthe explanation of a symptom, which nothing
but anatomy coidd give. The knowledge ot it
would infallibly correct a mistake, into which a per-
il son, who is ignorant of it, would be sure to fall: in
fact persons ignorant of it do constantly commit the
error.

'Disease of the liver has been known to be erro-
neously treated as rheumatism in the shoulder, and
tins error may have "been fata! to the patient, by
giving to a fatal and insidious disease an opportunity
of taking root in the system. Disease of the liver
is not uiifrequently taken for disease of the lungs.
So, too, persons treated for disease of the liver, have
been found to have had no disease of the liver, but
a disease of the brain.

' Persons are often attacked with convulsions,
especially children : — convulsions are spasms ; —
spasms of course are to be treated by anti-spasmo-
dies. But these spasms are only symptoms, denot-
ing an important disease of the brain, where only
the remedy is to be applied; and the ignorant prac-
titioner who prescribes and administers anti-spasmo-
dics, not only loses the time in which the remedies
to save life can be successfully employed, but actu-
ally exacerbates the disease and accelerates its fatal
termination. In the hip complaint, so terrible and
painful a disease, the first pain is felt in the
knee, not in the hip. Of the numerous painful
affections of the abdominal region, the lungs, the
heart, the head and the extremities, some are trace-
able to a nervous origin and are known as Neural-
gic Diseases. Dissection has enabled the anatomist
to follow the nerves from these portions of the hu-
man frame into and through the spinal marrow, and
otlier large but remote masses of nervous matter:
— and this has suggested to the physician the truly
philosophical remedy for the painful affections of
these regions, produced by disordered nerves ; viz.
to apply remedies to the back, — the less obvious but
true seat of the disease, — instead of to the immedi-
ate locality of the pain. Remedies thus applied
I liave had the happiest effects, and afford new and
' striking illustrations of the necessity of anatomy to
the successful practice of medicine.

'Error in all these cases is inevitable without a
knowledge of anatomy ; and experience so far from
leading to its detection, would rather serve to con-
firm it. Ignorance of the mode of properly apply-
ing his experience deprives the unskilled in anatomy
of the ability of piofiting by it.'

' Richerand has recorded of Ferrand, chief surgeon
of Holel Dieii, that he killed a patient by mistaking
an aneurism in the arm pit for an abscess. De
Haen mentions a person who died in consequence
of the opening, against the advice of Boerhaave, of a
similar tumor near the knee. Vesalius pronounced
a tumor on the back to be an aneurism, but an ignor-
ant practitioner opened it and the patient bled to

death. Such mistakes are easy, except to those
thoroughly skilled in anatomy, wliich in all such cases
is therelore necessary to prevent the most deadly
mistakes.'

' Anatomy hns taught that the flow of blood can
be sto|)ped by external pressure, applied to the
woundeil vessel, or if this be not feasible, by boldly
cutting down to it and applying a ligature. Pare,
in a moment of enthusiasm, supposed he had been
led to this discovery by the immediate influence of
the Deity.

' It has enabled the surgeon to attcm])t operations,
which without it would have been impossible and
desperate ; but more, it has taught him that where
a hemorrhage is apparently so violent as to threaten
instant death, the mere pressure of a finger directed
by unerring science may check the living torrent,
till there be time to tie the vessel up and give
nature time and opportunity to repair the loss that
has been sustained.

' But witliout that perfect knowledge of the whole
human frame, of every vein and artery, muscle, nerve
ami bone, — that anatomy only can give — the sur-
geon with the aid of the best apparatus, with the
most perfect self possession, would find his efforts
defeated, and valuable lives would be lost to society.'

' In the present practice in England, where ampu-
tation is performed at the proper time and in a prop-
er manner, it is computed, that ninetyfive persons
out of one hundred recover from it. Among the
ancients, the operation killed ninetyfive out of on--!
hundred. Among the moderns it cures ninetyfive
out of one hundred ; such are the results of dissec-
tion and the study of anatomy.'

AGRICULTURE.

The Charlotte county, New Brunswick, Agricul-
tural and Emigrant Society held its annual meeting
some days since. Dr Fryre in the chair. The
eleventh annual report states, that general impro\ie-
ment in amount of production, and mode of culti-
vation has taken place. We copy the commenc-
ing and concluding paragraphs of the report, as
they are interesting generally, and most of the
sentiments expressed in them apply to Nova Scotia
as well as New Brunswick :

' In the usual perception of events perhaps no
undertaking can be more philanthropic and truly

.patriotic than that of fostering the productions of
the soil, in a new country, where science had only
begun to lighten the gloom of its forests, and where
the laborious avocations of man are mainly circum-
scribed within a few removes of primeval rudeness.
When thus engaged we are preparing the surest
foundation by which to provide subsistence for our-
selves and fellow creatures, and at the same time
will secure the future welfare, prosperity and inde-
pendence of our country. And while the silent
hand of time in its advancing course reminds us to
be up and doing, the retrospect of past labors

: becomes doubly dear from the consciousness that
under divine favor thev have not been altogether
in vain. ■• * The President and Directors appeal
to the patriotism of the Members, to persevere in '

! the most laudable temporal pursuit in which man

I can embark — the support of his kind and coun-
try,— and they confidently trust, that if the meed of

' praise, that most powerful incentive to perseverance,
be due to honest exertions, it will not be withheld i

I from those devoted to Agriculture.' — Halifax Recor
der.

of Barnstable, has been engaged for twenty years
in the cultivation of cranherrits, that his grounds
have averaged for the last ten years, seventy bush-
els per acre, and that some season? he has I'ad 100
bushels. 'Mr F. A. llaydon, of l^incoln, has gath-
ered from his farm, this season, -100 bushels of cran-
berries, which ho sold in this city (Boston) for
$600.' Now, where is the propriety of farmers
emigrating to Michigan, or to the Rocky Moun-
tains, when they can be compensated for their
labor in this manner, in the immediate vicinity of
our large cities, where the comforts of life and the
blessings of civilization are so easily obtained.
Now let us look a little further into this business.
If we go to raising cranberries, where shall we find
a market? This is a very natural question, but is
easily answered ; go wliere Mr llayden went, if you
are not suited with the New York market. Craiw
berries, unlike, most other kinds of small fruits,
arc capable of being transported to Europe, with-
out suffering by the voyage, and we have seen
American cranberries selling in London at eight
dollars per bushel, as fresh as when first gathered
from the marshes. Now let us compare this kind
of farming, with raising wheat in the northern part
of Ohio and Michigan, where we believe the price
the last season has been about forty cents per bushel
and the produce twentyfive hushels per acre. We
will suppose the cultivation of one acre of land in
cither crop to be the same, hut this is for the sake
of brevity, and is in favor of the wheat : we will
allow the wheat to be threshed for every tenth
busliel, and that the cranberries cost twenty cents
per bushel, for harvesting.

The produce of one acre of wheat, 2.5 bushels
at 40 cents, is $10

Cultivating same $5, threshing same $1, 6

Net profit, 4

The produce of one acre of cranberries, 70

bushels, at SI 50, is ,$105

Cultivating same $6, packing same $14, 20

Net profit, 8.5

Thus it would appear that the net profit of one
acre of cranberries in New England, would be
equal to twentyone acres and a quarter of wheat in
the northern part of Ohio and Jlichigan : now this
is all well ; there are some people who seem to
require care to make them happy, and thus by emi-
gration, they can increase their cares twenty fold,
on the same amount of business. — Genesee Farmer.

CRANBERRIES.

A new field is open for speculation to those who
have low lands, and it is hoped that some of our Mon-
[ roe farmers will be wise enough to profit by it. The ,
New England Farmer states that Capt. Henry Hall, ! Ohio, 4 weeks, a ease not known for over 32 years.

Liability of Stage Proprietors. — A verdict
of fifteen hundred dollars was obtained, in the S. J. C
on Monday in an action for damages brought against
the proprietors of the Boston and Providence Citizens
line of stages by an individual whose leg was se-
verely fractured and who was other wise injured by
the overturning of the Carriage in which he was a
passenger on the Boston Neck.

Wool. — Something new. — Fora short time past,
agents for unknown persons have been eini)loye(t
in some towns in this vicinity, in buying up all
the wool on the backs of the sheet), to be deliveretl
after shearing. They advance the cash for it, at
from 48 to 55 cents j)er iiouiul. One town, it is
thought, lias received, and will receive, in the
couive of the season about $25,000 for wool. —
Windsor, VI. Chron.

Up to 6th inst. there had been good sleighing, in

252

NEA\ ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 23, 1831.

To Ihe Editor of the New Englaiid Former—

Mr Kessende5 — I observe your request in ybiir
last paper, that I should make some answer to an
inquiry concerning a swelling- originating in the
neck of a horse of a gentleman in Maine. I do
not recognise any disease with whicli I am ac-
quainted ; it may be a form, possibly, of the farcy ;
but I profess to know nothing of that disorder ;
neither do I believe it to be common among us.
I wish, however, to make a few observations con-
cerning other communications in your paper.

As to an important point in agricultural publica-
tions, I have before given my opinion. I have of-
ten myself regretted my ignorance of botany, with-
out a knowledge of which science, it is, of course,
impossible to identify or describe plants witli com-
plete correctness. I could wisli, for the benefit of
your readers out of the old commonwealth of
Massachusetts, that your correspondents would
sometimes recollect that the language of Massa-
chusetts is not spoken all the world over. It
must excite some surprise, however, that the univer-
sal term in New England for grass sowed to be mow-
ed, is not understood in Philadelphia ; it is howev-
er, an indefinite and unmeaning expression, none
of the grasses, I believe, commonly sowed in New
Ensfland, being natives of England. The term is
here applied to the grasses we sow to be mowed,
and to natural upland grass suffered to grow for
that purpose, to distinguisli them from ' meadow'
or ' fresh grass,' and ' salt grass' and what grows
where the vicinity of salt water is felt. ' Meadow'
hay and ' fresh' hay are both corrupt and indefinite
terms. What is meant by 'blue joint' and 'flat
grass,' I do not know. ' Blue grass'' here is also
called ' wild rye ;' and grows sometiines in moist-
er land, but is a common accompaniment of dry
soils ; and is called a certain sign of a soil suita-
ble for growing Indian corn. Whether it is native
or not, I do not know ; but it is said to be of Eng-
lish origin. It is very general indeed. The 'herds
grass' of the Southern States i have always under-
stood to be what we call ' fowl meadow :' and
that this last is not the same grass with ' red top'
(though it resembles it ; but is a grass which grows
in very moist land : ' red top' being clearly an up-
land grass, and making the only superior hay we
have, though it is never sowed for that purpose ;
and the superstition has been that it would kill
horses, which is very far from being received as
orthodox doctrine by me.) Whether they are
the same grass, however, and whether they are
native or not, I know not. The ' timothy' of the
middle States, here called ' herds grass,' I believe
is said to be native. The terms of ' English grass,
English hay, &c,' sound unpleasantly to my ears.
(N. B. Everything in this state better than com-
mon, except politics, is called English. In Virgin-
ia, their celebrated mocking-bird I have heard call-
ed the English mocking-bird, to distinguish it from
an inferior bird, called the French mocking-bird :
neither bird being known in France or Great Brit-
ain.) All kinds of cattle, horses, oxen and sheep
will live on salt hay ; but it must be said in jest,
that is worth as much as this English hay ; stage-
coach-horses, whose chief dependence is on their
corn, the object of giving them long food being
chiefly to keep their food from being too concen-
trated, will live on it very well, no doubt ; and on
barley straw, a good deal better. It seems there is
a difference between the 'red clover' of the South-
ern and the Eastern States. In what do they dif-

fer ? are they the same grass, altered by climate
and soil, or distinct grasses ? I last jear saw (I
state it, as doubts are entertained of its success,)
a quarter of an acre of wet, cold land (where it
does not belong,) covered with a good crop of' lu-
cerne,' belonging to a respectable mechanic of
this town. He told me that he had sowed five
pounds of it, witii his barley, the year before (it is
stated that 'lucerne' takes some time to get its full
strength,) in the ordinary way ; that his cattle
showed an extreme relish for it, in preference to
the 'timothy' and 'red clover' in the same field.
' Lucerne' is, I believe, the oldest grass in history,
and was grown by the Romans, Carthagenians,
Egyptians, &c. If it will succeed in New England,
it will certainly be an era in our agriculture, bar-
ring one objection. A grass that will not care for
our drought, that will require less labor in succes-
sive rcnewings, and will unite the advantages of
a full crop to the nutritiousness of an upland grass,
is to be desired ; but I am told that lucerne does
not grow to advantage except on rich land. Now,
upland in the Eastern parts of New England, is
apt to be barren : as to which point, I do not
agree with the opinion expressed in the able address
of Mr Phin?jey, that all of our upland was once
covered with a rich soil ; or sometliing to that ef-
fect. Tliere is great foundation, no doubt, for say-
ing so. I think it exceedingly probable that much
of such soils, probably the first tilled, was worked
till it was exhausted ; and from our process of
growing Indian corn, and desert it without cov-
ering it with anything but weeds, much of its ori-
crinal goodness has been lost ; and that what was
once an effect, is now a cause. I have also no
doubt that by his method of treating it, it could be
rendered productive, with the addition of one op-
eration : that is, planting belts of firs ; spruces are
the handsomest, if they will grow on such land ;
larches appear to grow here, in poor cold ground,
very naturally, (but would be of no use a great
part of the year,) of considerable depth of column,
on the Northwestern and Northern sides. I have
known the white pine to make an almost impene-
trable wood, of considerable height in twentyfive
years, or. land originally covered with white oak.
From what I see immediately before me, it does
not want to come in on maple and beech land : the
yellow pine grows unmixed with the white pine ;
but the pitch pine, the larch and white pine will
grow up together: where it is wet, the hemlock:
and all this on tolerably good land, if it be pas-
tured.

It is impossible (in allusion to the quotation con-
cerning top dressing,) yet awhile, to persuade the la-
borers of this district, that dung cannot be ploughed
in too soon : it is consequently intentionally left to
be thoroughly dried by the sun, and the Scythian
devastations of our northwesterly winds, as it is
made, as much as possible ; with the additional ad-
vantage of the process being insured by the assist-
ance of the poultry of the farm. It is also a prac-
tice W'ith some to break up their land in the autunm,
and reserve their dung for top dressing in the
spring, for fear the juices should run through the
soil. In my immediate vicinity, however, that is,
in the town of Rye, a most productive and well-farm-
ed town, the soil is almost wholly manured w'ith
kelp and rock weed ; and the dung is taken al-
ways from the barn yard in the auiumn and used
as top dressing on their grass land ; not on the
whole a bad method, as their land is wet and rocky,
and they must top dress it all they can, from the

labor of working it. They have also abundance
of sea weed ; it being frequently strewed at the
rate of twenty tons to the acre, when it is first haul-
ed. Sea weed is a most exciting and penetrating
manure, injures the flavor of vegetables, and gives
a bright green burnish to grass. It is of no per-
manent benefit to the soil.

As to grain's going through animals unbroken
and uninjured ; it has been recommended, times
and again, not to give horses grain unbroken on
this account.

Qiiccre. — which is most in fault, the horse's jaws
or his stomach ? This does not apply to old horses,
who cannot masticate comfortably from a cause pe-
culiar to the horse.

Now as to a communication I did myself the-
honor to address you, in which I alluded to the
Durham cattle. The want of a correct agricultur-
al vocabulary I take to be agreed to upon all hands.
The printer amongst other typographical errors,
attributable to my bad handwriting, has converts
ed the term ' blood horses' into 'long horned' oxen.
T intended to say that the term ' blood stock,'
could not be applied to the Durham cattle: in the
first place, because they do not deserve it ; they
not being decidedly the best breed; for which I i
will refer you to the accounts, of English cattle-
shows for the last ten years ; in which it will be.
seen, that the Herefords have equalled or excelledS
them. In the second place, because their attrii
butes are the exact opposite of those of ' blood
horses.' The thorough-bred horse has been bred,
for his muscular strength and his speed ; he comes
to his growth late; is originally of small size;i
possesses extreme delicacy and concentratcdness
of organization ; and all the other fieculiarities of ;
an animal imligenous to a burning climate and an i
arid soil : and is supposed, with some degree of
reason, to be wholly unmixed and original. The
Durham ox (though traceable to Holland, a wet,
cold climate, with a rank vegetation,) is chiefly an
artificial animal. The English shorthorn of 1831,
is not that of 1821 ; he has been bred chiefly to
be eaten : to come to his growth quick ; fatten ex.
uberantly ; to dislike motion ; and to be the larg-
est ox in the world. While on this subject, I {
will mention that there is a Durham steer in this ;
vicinity, originally bred by the breeder of the.,
great ox Coliunbus, who is considered to bid fair ,
to reach the same size. Columbus is not a short-
horn ; but chiefly of our English imported breed;
not known what, in particular. I observe in the
late tour of an English agriculturist in the North
of Germany, that he states that he had seen no
such specimens of tjie Durham cattle in his own
country, as he was shown there ; the -bulls of vast
size ; being six feet high and ten feet long.

J. L. ELWYN.

rortsmoulh, Feh. 14th, 1831.

FOR THE NEW E.VGLAND F.\RMER.

IMPORTANCE OF BOTANICAL KNOW-
LEDGE.

Mr Fessenden — Struck with the remarks on,
the ' Importiince of Correct jVaines,' in regard to
plants Mientioued iu the New England Farmer, (and
these remarks hold good in respect to nrany of our
books and periodicals on agricultureand the like,)I
would through your ])aper recommenil a general at-
tention to natural history. It would neither be time
lost, nor iiscdessly employed. The objections to it'
are of little weight or real value. The industrious
and enterprising farmer has often to bear severe'

Vol. IX.— Nn. 32,

AND HOIITICULTUIIAL JOUIINAL.

253

losses tliroiia;li i','iioraiice, and as often Httrilmtes to
wrong call^■es the t'ailiirc of his cio|.s. The gar-
dener, inibihiiig erroiieoiis notions, withiiis pmffs-
sion, oftentimes in his zeal to improve, iins|iarmgly
destroys the very fcuardinns of his borders and
I parterres. A knowledge of plant.<, and of tfie iii-
I stincts of ardmals, birds and insects, lioweversbgbt,
I is by no means nscde.ss. Owing to the niiseralile
I 'locni nomeiielatiin' of plants, and especially of
the gras.ses, no wonder that so many mistakes exist
and these, too, may be of a very serious charac-
ter. Wor:hless weeds hear the honornble name,-
of vahialdi' ::rasses : and valuable grasses are liable
to be disliniiored and debased liy their wretched
local appollations. As au illustration of this |)iisi-
tioii, the conimiinicalion of yonr Philadelphia ' In-
quirer' in yonr last No. may be cited. In answer
D to his iiiqiury concerning ' red top,' the botanical
name is ' .Isrostis vnl^ari.i' and that of white
top is '.Igroslis alha\ — Muhlenburg Gram. Dt-
scripl.

Mr Gilbert White in his ' Natural History of Sel-
borne,' has the following excellent remarks, which
are much to the present jinrpose. — The standing
objection to Botany has always been, that it is a
pursuit that annises the fancy and exercises the
memory, without inifiroving the mind or advancing
real knowledge, and where the science is carried
no farther than a mere systematic classification, the
charge is hut too true. But the botanist tliat is
desirous of wiping off this assersion slioidd be by
no means content with ,t list of names ; he should
study jilants philosopbically, investigate the laws of
▼egetatiou : slioidd examine the powers and virtues
-of efficacious plants ; should ])roniote their cultiva-
tion, and graft the gardener, the planter, and the
husbandman on the pbytologist. Not that system
is by any mernsto be thrown nsiile; without system
the fielil of nature would be a pathless wilder-
ness— but system should be subservient to, not the
main ol)ject of pursuit.

Vegetation is highly worthy of our attention.
and in itself isof the utmost consequence to man-
kind, and proiluctive of many of the greate.^^t com-
forts and elegances of life. To plants, we owe
timber, bread, beer, honey, wine, oil, linen, cotton,
&c, what not only strengthens our hearts, and ex-
hilirates om- spirits, hut what secures us from the
inclemencies of weather, and adorns our persons.
Man in his true state of nature, seems to be suh-
liisted by spontaneous vegetation : in middle climes
where grasses prevail, he mixes some animal food
with the produce of the field and garden : and it is
towards the polar system only that like his kindred
bears and wolves, he gorges himself with flesh
alone, and is driven to what hunger has never
known to compel the very beast — to prey upon
his own species. The productions of vegetation
have had a vast influence on the commerce of na-
tions, and liave been the great promoters of navi-
gation, as may be seen in the articles of sugar, tea,
tobacco, opium, ginseng, betel, pepper, &c. As
every climate has its pecidiar produce, our natural
wants brins; on a mutual inlereourse, so that by the
means of trade, each dista:it ])art is supplied with the
growth of every latitude. I'ut without the know-
ledge of plants and their culture, w'e must have
been content with om- hips and haws, without en-
joying the delicate fruits of India, and the saluti-
ferous ilnigs of Peru. Of all sorts of vegetation
the grasses seem to be most neglected : neither the
farmer northe grazerseem to distinguish the annjial
from the perennial, the hardy from the tender,

northe succulent and iiutriiive fjom the dry and
juicfdcss.

The study of grasses would be of great conse-
quence to a northerly and grazing kingdom.
The Botani.st that could iiiqirove the sward at the
district where be lived, woidd be an useful mem-
ber of society : to raise a thick turf on a ii.iked
soil, would be worili volumes of .systematic
kimwledge: and he would be tlie best common-
weallb's man ihat could oc-casioii the growth of
'two blades of grass where one alone was seen
before.' K — I.

Ctimbriilge, Feb. 14, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FitRMER.

TUMORS IN HORSES.

Ma FESsENnE.N — Indolent tmnors of nuich the
same kind as those referred to by yonr correspon-
ileut ' B.' page 234 of yonr valuable pa|)er have
been of so frequent occurrence in this county,
the past season, as to IinuI to tin" reasonable suppo-
siiion that the disorder might be ;iu ejiidemic.

The swelling usually commences on the glands
of the neck, just back of the jaw bone, extending
in many cases from the wind pipe to the mane,
and from six to twelve inches down the neck to-
wards the body-
Perhaps over an lumdred cases have occurred
under my own observation, since the first of May
last. All of ihem, when recent, have readily
yielded to copious bleeding either in the nose or
neck, and thorough hand rubbing of the part
atlected, — and here I may he permitted to sugtrcst
that in this operation the, hand should be slowly
moved, with considerable ]M-essure, in the direc-
tion that the hair lies, and for a distance above
and below the diseased point. A liirht and rapid
motion of the band is of no benefit, and a ra])iil
motion with pressure is liable to burst the delicate
blood vessels already to greatly distended.

By the course above suggested the humors
are gradually passed from the extended vessels,
without iujmy, and forced into the general circu-
lation of the system and are thus entirely removed
from the diseased part. In a few instances I have
directed a saturated solution of o])ium in alcohol
to be used as an external application, and in one
obstinate case of long standing an alcoholic tinc-
ture of cantharides

It is a difficult matter to prescribe from a des-
cription of the disease, but I have no doubt that
the swelling referred to by ' B' — upon the side of
his horse, mijht have been at once reduced if taken
in season, by bleeding from the nearest vein or
even by copious bleeding from the neck.

Your correspondent says he has kept bis horse
warm, warmed his driidv, iihysicked him, &c.
Woidd not it have been better for the horse had
he kept him as before, given him his usual feed and
required of him his lyriHnanj toork. A more regu-
lar and vigorous circulation throughout his system
would in that case have been kept iqi, and the
chance that the tiunor should pass off would have
been greater, (especially if the part had been ju-
diciously rubbedl precisely in the same way that
horses sid)iect to grease are in many cases entirely
cured by regidar service.

The enuse of the dlsonler it is difficult i)recisely
to point out. I once had an elegant horse ruined
by being placed, when warm, by an hostler in a
stable where was a window through which there
was a strong draught of air — as he said, to cool.
' B.'s' horse might have been exposed when warm

to a cm rent of air on the neck, which would have
a tendency to ca\ise a swelling of the glands.
The girths unght have been too tight and thus im-
pedeil the circulation and cause lln^ swelling on the
side, — or the horse might have been in a high
condition; his system would bo called info great'
action by his labor, and during his week's rest, from
some extraneous cause, in its return to its uniform
state, dillerent parts wouM be differently affected,
— at any rate every person who has ever taken a
horse little accustomed to service and put him to
severe work, has found hitii extremely subject to
be annoyed by swellings ami light tumors on
various ptnts, especially when touched by the har-
tiess. In such cases the applictuion of either cold
or icnrm water, with band rubbnig, i/" the horse is
kepi (it work, will readily effect a cure. R.

Soitthington, Con. Feb. 14, 1831.

P. S. In the bleeding of horses, no ligature
should be api)lied to the neck, at least until after
the incision is mtide ; as much injury is frc'ipiently
done by the great pressure of the blood in the veins
of the head, and the neck is liable to swell. The
incision siioidd be large, and the flow of blood
accelerate<l by giving the horse ears of Indian
corn to eat as soon as the blood begins to run.

PRESERVED RHUBARB.

Mr Fessexden — Knowing that you are an ad-
mirer of the 'Tart Rhubarb' or Pie Plant I take
the liberty to semi you a small (piantity of it which
I preserved, by way of experiment, in sugar. It may
be a new thing, and it may have been done by
many others before ; but however that may be,
I will endeavor to comtmmicate to you my mode
of proceeding.

A quantity of leaf stalks were gathered and
dressed in the usual manner, which (by w,ay of
hint to those who are unacquainted with the man-
agement of this valuable plant.) is to take hold of
the stalk just below the leaf, and with a smlden
jerk of the hand separate it from the crown of
the root — this is apparently a very rash mode of
proceeding; but it is much better then to use a
knife. Cut off the leaf, strip off ihe bark, and
cut the stalks transversely into pieces of about
three fourths of an inch long — this having been
done, I si)read it in the sun to dry — when it was
diminished about o)ie half In bulk, I took half its
iceight in sugar, of winch I made a syrup, into
which I put the Rhubarb, half dried, as it was,
and let it remain some time over a slow fire — after
which I put it intio a china pot w hich was filled
almost to the top. When cold I ]iom-ed a little
brandy over it, to prevent it from moulding ; stop-
ped it tight and set it in a cool cellar, where it kept
perfectly well.

You will perceive that it is a little bitter, which
is owing to its having been done a little too late
in the season ; and here I wotdd offer another
hint. — The ' Pie plant' is always best when in the
most vigorous growth, and the person who gathers
it should take i)articular care to jiick the leaves
last grown — for a few days' standing, after they-
have conq)leted their growth, renders them tough
and bitter. — The want of this precaution is prob-
ably one of the greatest reasons why neip be-
ginners are not so likely to relish it.

I have been induced to be thus particular, from
the circumstance of my own experience on the
subject — for I have cultivated and used the Rheum
Undulalum at least seven years, and dining that
period I have been gaining by degrees the very

254

NEW ENCT.AISD FARMER,

Fob. 23, 1831,

small amount of information I now possess on
the Piiliject. ' Youi-s, truly,

Mwton, Feb. 17, 1S31. OTIS PETTEE.

Oy^The article referrerl to aliove is very pala-
table, ami we doubt uot wholesome , as it probably
partakes in some degree of the meilical qualities
of all the plants of that speeies. Mr I'ettee will
accept of our thanks for the donation, and his de-
scription of the mode in which it was manufac-
tured. It will prove a valuable accpiisition to our
dietetic articles. — Editor.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEB. 23, 1831.

POULTRY. — By the Editor.

Under this head we shall include hens, geese,
ducks, and turkeys, and give a few practical ob-
aervations with regard to each.

The dungiiill coc'ii and hen (Phasianus gallus)
is a native of the warm countries of the east, is
found wild in many parts of Asia, and is domestica-
ted in evei-y country, where the arts of agricuhure
aud rural economy have made any progress.

The varieties of tliis bird, whicli, according to
Loudon, are known in Great IJritain are —

The common dunghill cock and hen — middle size,
of every color, and hardy.

Tlie game cock and hen — rather small in size,
delicate in limb, color generally red or brown ;
flesh white, and superior to that of any other va-
riety for richness and delicacy of flavor; eggs
small, fine shaped and extremely delicate ; the
chickens are difficult to rear from their jnignacity
of disposition. The game cock has long been in
use to gratify a depraved taste for a barbarous
amusement. Loudon says, however, that this
sort of sport is not so niucli in vogue, as it has
been in Great Britain ; and we do not know ihat
it has ever been nuich |iractised in New England.

The Dorking cock and hen. — This is named
from a town in Surry, (Eng.) It is the largest va-
riety ; shape handsome, body long and capacious,
legs short, five claws on each foot ; eggs large,
and lays abundantly ; color of the flesh inclining
to yellowish or ivory. Both hens and cocks often
made into capons.

The Poland cock andhen were originally import-
ed from Holland. The color shining black, with
white lops on the head of both cock and hen ;
head flat, surmounted by a fleshy protuberance, out
of which spring the crown feathers. Their form
plumj) and deep, legs short with five claws, lay
abundantly, are less inclined to set than any other
breed ; they fatten quickly ami are more jincy and
rich than the Dorking. This is one of the most
useful varieties. There is an ornamental siibvari-
ety, known as the golden Poland, with yellow and
black plumage.

The every day cock and hen is a subvariety of
the above, of Dutch origin ; they are of smaller
size, and said to be great layers. Their tops are
large and should be periodically clipped near the
eyes, otherwise, according to Mowbray, they will
grow into the eyes of the fowls and render ilnnn
very subject to alarm.

Tlie bantam cock andhtn is a small Indian breed,
valued chiefly for its grotesque figure and delicate
flesh. Mowbray mentions a subvariety extremely
small, and as smooth legged as a game fowl.
From their size and delicacy they are very con-
venient, as tlicy may always be used as substitutes

for chickens, when small ones are not otherwise to
be had. They are also particularly useful for set-

hens, and even to his offspring. Hens above the
common size of their respective varieties are by

ting upon the eggs of partridges and pheasants, be- no means |)rcferahle cither as layers or sitters.

ing good nurses as well as good layers. There are
two varieties of this breed, of which the more
common is remarkable fi)r having the legs and
feet furiushed with feathers. The other and more
scarce variety is even smaller ; and is most elegant-
ly formed, as well as most delicately limlied.
There is a society of fanciers of this breed, who
rear them for prizes, among whom Sir John Se-
bright stands pre-eminent.

The Chitagong or Malay hen is an Indian breed,
and the largest variety of the S|)ecies. They are
in color, striated yellow and dark brown, long
necked, ser])ent headed, and high upon the leg;
their flftsh dark, coarse, and chiefly adapted to
soup. They are good layers, and being well fed
produce large, substantial and nutritive eggs; but
these birds are too long legged to be steady sit ;ers.

The Shackbag or Duke of Leeds'' breed was form-
erly in great repute, but is now ne.irly lost. It is
sometimes to be met with at Wokingham, in

The indications of old age are jmleness of the
condis and gills, dniness of color, and a sort of
downy stiffiiess of the feathers, and length and
size of talons, the scales upon the legs becoming
large and prominent.

The number of hens to one cock shoidd bti
from four to six, the latter bein;; the extreme num-
ber with a view lo make the utmost advantage. Ten
and even twelve have formeily been allowed to one
cock, but the produce of eggs and chickens, un-
der such an arrangement will seldom eqmd that
to be obtained from the smaller nund)er of hens.
Every one is aware that the spring is the best
season to connnence breeding witii poultry, and
in truth it scarcely matters how early, presuppos-
ing the best food, accommodation and attendance,
under which the hens may be sutl'ered to sit in
Jamiary.

The conduct of the cock towards his bens is
I generally of the kindest description and sometimes

Berkshire, and is so large and the flesh so white, ! as in the Polish breed so much so as to be quite

firm and fine as lo afford a convenient substitute
fir the turkey.

The improved Sjianish cock andhen is a cross be-
tween the Dorking and Spanish breed, also to be
fiund in and about Wokiirijham. It is a large
bird with black jilumage, white and delicate flesh,
the largest eggs of any British variety, and well
adapted for capons.

The foregoing, according to English aiuhors,
are the principal breeds of the gallus, or coed; and
hen species which are known in Great Britain.
We are notable to say what varieties of this useful
bird have been introduced iiUo this country, but
wo have observed considerable difltTPiices in iheir
forms, as well as in their habits. Some kinds have
a greater propensity to ramble, and to dig up
,-^eeds, and injiu'e vegetables in gardens, &c, than
other varieties of the same species. We should
be glad to obtain and comnnmicate information
relative to the best breeds of fowls, as we have
no doidjt there is as nuuked a difference in the
breeds of hens, as in those of swine or neat cat-
lie, and the profits of poultry must depend much
on the kind selected for rearing.

Breedi.ng. — Loudon says ' It should be a general
rule to breed from young stock; a two year old
cock and pullets in their second year. Pullets in
their first year, if early birds, will, indeed, probably
lay as many eggs as ever after; but the eggs are
small, and such young hens are unsteady sitters.
Hens are in their prime at three years of age, and
deidine after five, whence, generally it is not pro-
fitalile to keep them after that period, with the ex-
ce|)tion of those of capital qualifications. Hens
with a large comb, or which crow like the cock,
are generally deemed inferior ; but I have had
hens with large rose condis, and also crowers,
which were upon an equality with the rest of the
stock. Yellow legged fiiwls areefteti of a tender
constitution, and always inferior in the quality of
their flesh, which is of a loose flabby texture and
ordinary flavor.

'The health of fowls is observable in the fresh
and florid color of the comb, and the brightness
and dryness of the eyes ; the nostrils being frev
from any discharge, and the healthy gloss of the
plumage. The most useful cock is generally a
bold, active and savage bird, crind and destructive
in his fits of passion, if not well watched, to his

incredible lo those who have not witnessed it.
It is not an uncommon occurrence, however, for
the cock lo take an antipathy lo some imlividual
hen ; when it continues fjr any length of time it
is best lo remove her, and supply her place by |
another, taking care that the stranger be not wor- .
lied by the hens. Spare coops or houses will be
found usefid on such occasions.

h\ making the ne.sts, short and soft straw is to
be preferred, because the straw being long, the
lien on leaving her iiesl, will be liable to draw it
out with her claws, and with it the eggs. The
hen it is ascertained will lay eggs without the com-
pany of the cock ; of course such eggs are barren.

Eggs for setting should never exceed the age of
a month, new»r to be preferred, as nearly of a size
as possible, and of the full middle size ; void of
the circular flaw, which indicates the double
yolk, generally unproductive, nor should there be
any roughness or cracks in the shells. The num-
ber of eggs acconlingto the size of the hen from
nine to fifteen, an odd numlier being preferable,
in the supposition of their lying more close. The
eggs to be marked with a jicn and iidi and exam-
ined when the hen leaves her nest, in order to de-
tect any fresh ones which she may have laid, and
which should be immediately taken from her, as
they, if hatched at all, would he hatched too late
for the brood. It is taken for granted that tlie
box and nest have been made perfectly clean for
the reception of the hen, and that anew nest
has not been sluggishly or shiltisldy thrown upon
the old one, from the filth of which vermin are
propagated to the great annoyance of the ben, and
the prevention of her steady setting. Eggs bro-
ken in the nest should be cleared away the mo-
ment of their discovery, aud the remaining wasli-
ed with warm water, aud qinckly replaced, lest
they adhere to the hen and be drawn out of
the nest ; if necessary the hen's feathers may also
be washed, l)ut always with warm water.

To he continued.

Early .'Isparagus. — Mr Roderick Toohey, gar.
dener at Gov. Gore's jdace, has sent to the o&(Xi
of the New England Farmer, several bunches of,
Asparagus of good size and fine apjiearance. — We
believe Mr Toohey has jiroduced the first Aspara-;
gus that has ajipeared in Boston, for several years
past. I

Vol. IX.— No. 32.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

255

TO IIYPOCHOXDRIACS.

To be iil\vn}S c'liiisideriii^' ' wliat wc slioulil eat,
and wliat we should drink, and wherewithal we
should lie elcitlied,' hi order to avoid the apiiroaeli
of disease, is the most likely me.iiis to ))rov(ike its
attack. A man wlio is continually feeling his
pulse IS never likely to have a good one. If he
swallow his food t'roin the same motive as he does
his physic, it will neither lie enjoyed nor digested
so well, as if ho ate it in oheJience to the dictates
of an uiicalculating ap|ietite.

The hypochondriac who is in the liahit of weigh-
ing iiis meals, will generally find that they lie
heavy on his stomach. If he take a walk or ride
with no other view than to pick up health, he will
seldom meet with it on the road.

Nothing sm"cly can lie more idle and absurd,
than to waste the whole of our being in endeavors
to preserve it, to neglect the purposes, ia order to
protract the period of our existence.

L. ^I. Wheatou, Ksi|. of Norton, recently killed
an ox* weighing 12S2 Uis. — tallow 1-50.

Several communications are received, and will soon
appear.

.Massaclnisctls Horlicullural Socidt/.
A states iiiceliiiij of the Missaehusetts Horticultural
Society will be held on Saturday, March 5 next, at 10
o'clock, at the Society's Hall.

ROBERT L. EMMOXS,
Feb. 23. ■ Bee. Sec'y.

Farmer Jf'antcd.
A single or married m.in is wauled to manage a farm
in a very pleasant village about i'l ndies hocii Bo>lon.
He iiuisl lliorouL'biy understand his business ; be ac-
quainted with marketing, and proiUice the best rcconi-
iiiend.itions as to his industry and li lulity. Address J. li.
Russell, Seedsman, Boston, (post paid). Feb. 23.

Coic Cubhage.
Ju-t received, at the Seed Store, No. 52 North Market
street, from London a small quanlily of Seed ol the Cow
Caldiagc ; it is thought that no plant culliv.iled in this
country will sive so uuich fodder from llie same space ot
giouuii, for Milch Cows, as Ibis It has been successfully
nillivaled 10 a large extent in New England and the Mid-
dle States the past year, and promises, to be a great acqui-
suion. Feb. 16.

Silk Reel.

These useful machines may be had ol the subscriber
for the low price of $23 each. By the help of this reel, the
silk threads may be cxtracteii f/oni the cocoon with even-
ness and rapidity. I' is the same for which I received
Ibe premium ot the Massachusetts .Vgricullural Society,
aiul lias been a considerable time in use.

DcJIiam, Mais. Jan. ij, \SS1. J. II. COBB.

[CERTIFIC.*.TE.]

I, Edward Brown, of Ashford, Con. late of London,
England, silk manufacturer, do hereby certify, that 1 have
used a considerable (|oanIity of raw silk reeled in tiie hl-
alure of Jonathan H. Cobb, of Dedham, ALiss.; that 1
lind ttie silk reeled by him equ d to the Italian or China
silk, and is capable of being used in the mannlaclure of
any description of silk goods. I further certify the trim-
mings for a suit of curtains now in the house of Hon.
Daiiiel Webster, of Boston, was made of raw silk raised
and reeled bv said Jonatiian H. Cobb.

.ishford, Ct. Jan. 15, 1S3I. EDWARD BROWN.

ff'lnle .Vidbcny Seed.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market sireel —

A small quantity of fresh While .Alulbcrry Seed, of (he
growth of l.SSn. (gentlemen in want of this Seed that

Grass Seeds, J^t.

For sale at the S.'ed Store connected witli the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market street —

A few bushels of genuine Fowl Meadow Grass Seed, \
raised in New Hampshire expressly for this establish-
ment: also. Lucerne, Red and White Clover, Tall Mea-
dow Oats Grass, (raised for us liy .Mr Firi.vNEY,) Herds
Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, (raised for us by Mr
NovEs,) Hemp Sued, Flax Seed, Broom Corn, &.C ; all
of the very hrst quality. Feb. 16.

PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE.

Xorth Devon Bull.
A thorough full-blood Bull of ths breed, eight vears

old in May next, which was imported from England by ,.^ „.

Jolin Prince, Esq , at large cost, is offered far sale or to , ean be depended upon, are advised to apply soon, as the

■"" ' '"' ' ' "^ ' ' ' supply here, and throughout the country, is uncommonly

small. — Short directions for its culture furnished gratis

with the seed. Feb. 16.

.'Immvmlton ^^£T^
Ot the best qaalitv and ^oiccsf yiriccs, for sporting —
constaully for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STOKE,
65 Bioad' Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7.

let on fair terms. This breed are always of a mahogany
red color, and having no while except the tip of the tail
are easily ma ched ; — considered the smartest working
cattle in England ; are ea-y lo fal, and cousi.lered good
milkers: — they probably coirdiine the three qualities, as
well as any known. Young slock of his gelling may be
seen at S.indwicli, N. H. and Westminster. Vt. Apply
to John B. Russell, (post paid) olfice of the New Eii::land
t armer. Boston. Feb. 23.

Insect Transjormalinns.

Tliis day published by Lilly &; Wait, (late Wells and
Xilly,) Part 1st of volume 6, Library of Entertaining
Knowlecbe, illustrated with beautiful engravinn-s on
wood, by Bowen.

' To the Farmer, as well as to the Naturalist, and all
who love to search into the mysterious and beautiful op-
<?rations of nature, the volumes upon Insect .\rchiteclure
and Trsnst'ormations, will pro\e unusually interesting.
Interesting to all, but to the agriculturalis't particularly
useful, ill enabling him to understand the origin and the
charactM- ot those numerous insects that blight the ex-
pected harvest, and nip his promised fruits in Ibe green
tree and in the bud. Teaching him where such ravages
may be provided against, and where they must be sub-
Hiitted lo. as the unavoidable dispensations of Providence.'

"The Elephant,' is in a state of forwardness, and anotti-
«r interesting pait upon Biography, with heads ol Barry,
and of Sir Richard .\rkwrio:ht, in preparation. Feb. 23.

J-fTtite Mulberry Trees.
Gentlemen in want of these plants, can have them,
two yearsold, in any quantity not less than 100, faithfully
packed in moss, at 5 dolls, per hundred, bv sending their
orders to J. B. Russell's Seed store, No. 52 North .Mar-
ket street, Boston. Feb. 23.

Earl;/ Potatoes.

For sale by Samdei. Po.vd, near the Universalist
Meeting House, Cambridgeport, a few bushels ot h's
prime, early Potatoes, which took the premium at the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Shows last season;
and are considered the earliest variety in this vicinity.

Also, a tine milch COW, with her calf; a superior an-
imal as a milker, and perfectly gentle. Feb. 23.

Cow for Sale.
For sale a good Cow, 6 years old, got bv Coelebs. with
calf by Mr Welles' Durham ShortHorn Bull. Price
40 dolls. Applv lo J. B. Russell, (post paid). Feb. 23.

Farm to Let.

To be leased, for the term of live years, or less, a small
Farm in Andover, and within four miles of Lowell. A
good place for the raising of vegetables for the Lowell
Market. Inquire of HOBART CLARK.

Andover, Jan. 15, 1S3L 6t Jan. 21.

The public are respectfully informed that sundry per-
sons, lost to a sense of honor and regardless of Ihe lives
of the community, have offered and do conlinue to ofler
for sale an article purporting to be ' Dr Moore's Essence
of Life' but which does not even approach an imitation

(he hills of Directions have the same caption — enumer-

a'ion of diseases and certificates as former bills enclosing
the genuine article, but Ihe list of agents is not the same.
The individual against whom I would most particularly
aaar I the public, is Benjamin F. Simpson, of Chester; N.
^. This man has sold to sundry persons in the city of
Boston the spurious article — to some indiviilnals he has
eiven his own name, to others he has called his name
Jloore — to one person he sold a parcel of his article, and
affixed the signature of Ebenezer G. Mooi e — to his bill
of sale to another person he represented himself as my
brother, and claimeii an equal right with myself to man-
ufac'ure and vend ' .Moore's Essence of Life.' I should
not have noticed Mr Simpson if certain deale s in Medi-
cine were not in the habit of receiving fiom him and
palming upon country traders the spurious article— whe-
ther their object is gain, or a wish to injure the reputation
of the genuine Moore's Es-ence, and thereby introduce
articles of their own composition, ! know not — this much
Wo know, the reputation of ' Dr Moore's Essence ol
Life ' is too firmly established to be overthrown by the
concentrated efforts of spurious dealers. I have long
known of the circulation of the pretended imitation, and
have suffered it lo pass unnoticed, but the duly I owe the
public, my aged father, and myself, requires this exposi-
tion. JOHN S. MOORE.

Feb. 23. eop6w

APPLES, new,

ASHES, poi. first sort,

Pearl, first sort,
I5F,..\NS, white,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. I , -

Cargo, Ko. '2,
BUTTER, iiis|jecic<l, No. J, new, -
CHEESE, new ni'Ik,

Skiinined milk,
FL.\XSEED.

FLOUR, Baltimore. Howard-slreel, -
Genesee,
Alexandria,
Baltimore, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Noriheni.

Coi^i, Souiliern Yellow,
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,
IK'PS, Istqualilv,
LIME,

Pl,.\ISTERP.\RIS retails at
PORK, clear,

Nav>' mess.
Cargo, I\n. I,
SEEDS, Herd'.s Grass,

Red To|i (northern J
Lucerne,

Red Clover, (nortliem)
TALLOW, iried.

WOOL, Alerino, full Idood. washed, -
Merino, mi.ved with Saxony,
Mf'rino, three fourths wasliod,
Meroiu, Tiai: biood,
Jleriiio, quarter,
Native, washed.
Pulled, La.^ib's, first son,
Ptil!e<l, Lamb's, second sort,
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

bushel
barrel

nound.

barrel

bushel

cask.

ton.
barrel

bushel.

pound.

I cwl.
pound,

9 001 10 00

14 00 15 00

70 75

3 OO' 3 IS

17 00' 20 00

13 00, 14 00

12 m\ 13 50

1 50 1 75

PROVISION MARKET.

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, fresh, best pieces,

whole bogs,
VE.\L,
IMUTTON.
POULTRY,
BUTTER, keg and tub.
Lump, best,
EGGS,
ME.\L, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, laccordinglo qualitj]

pound.

8

■*

6

'•

53

It

G

tt

4

u

8

11

12

It

13

dozen.

IS

bushel.

tt

Jo

'barrel.

1 00

10
7
7
8
S

u

15

20
20

%
30

2 00

Brighton AL^rkkt — Monday, Feb. 21.

[Rpported for the Chronicle and Patriot.]

At market this day, 300 Beel Cattle, (including 44 un-
sold last week) 526 Sheep, and 230 Swine. All the Swine
have been before reported.

Prices — Beef Cattle — A little quicker and a little
better than last Monday — about the same that they were
two weeks since. We shall guote from $3 S4 to 4 S4 ; a
few yokes were taken at .$5, and one yoke at 5 25.

Sheep — We noticed one lot taken at .f 3 42, and two lots
at 3 75; also a lot of about 90, unusually large and fat,
hut were not able to ascertain the exact price obtained
for lliem, probably about §6 each.

Su'ine — The only sale efiected was one entire lot, to
close, of 161, at about 4c ; nothing doing at retail.

Wool. — Of the lot advertised by Warren, Barry, &
Park on Friday, we notic*the following sold : — 1100 lbs
superior pulled Lambs, 5.5fc per lb cash ; 1000 do Lambs,
34c per lb; 1000 do called Staple, 34c ; 3100 do Merino
pulled Lambs, 49c ; 3400 do, unwashed, 35 a 36c per ib 6
mos. Private sales of about 5000 lbs Spanish Lambs,
55c per lb 6 mos. — Patriot.^

256

NEW ENGLAND FAHMEll.

BI 1 S C E L, L, A N Y,

r

Miss Hamilton, in lier book on education, gives a
very remarkable proof that the memory of percep-
tion may be enjoyed in high perfection, where all
the other faculties are defective. ' An ideot so
utterly destiuto of the faculty of conception, as never
to be capable of acquiring the use of speech, (though
it did not appear that his orgnns either of speech or
hearing, were at all defective) was for a great num-
ber of years confined to an apartment, where he
was occassionally visited by his family and friends.
In this apartment stood a clock, to the striking of
which he evidently appeared very attentive, and it
was the only sign of attention, which he ever dis-
played. Every time the clock struck, he made a
clucking noise, in imitation of the sound ; and this he
he continued to do as often as he hour returned. After
several years, the clock was removed ; when, to the
surprise of all, he continued, as the hour came, to
make e.xactly the same noise. He was perfectly
exact in the calculation of the time, and never miss-
ed an hour in the day or the night ; nor did he ever
cluck one loo many, or too few. 'i'o the hour of his
death he continued to give e.xact notice of the lapse
of time without the slightest variation ! ^

In popular Essays, by the same writer, we find
an anecdote which illustrates how completely the
senses may be absorbed by intense attention to one
object: 'a wounded otBcer, after having received
all the assistance he could from the most able sur-
geons in London, still continued to sutler agonizing
pain, and was finally obliged to quit the service and
go home to his friends in the country. In this re-
mote situation, he was attended by a very youncr
practitioner, who declnred his belief that a piece of
the leather of the belt had been carried by the ball [
into the shoulder blade, from whence it might be
extricated by an operation. Experienced surgeons, |
when consulted, rejected the idea; but the young I
man, worn out by suifering, at last consented to the i
operation. The surgeon, whose reputation was
deeply interested in the event, performed it with
complete success ; and triumphantly producing the
piece of leather began to compliment his patient lor !
the fortitude he had displayed: ' I have not even I
hea!rd you utter a groan,' said he. The attendants
couldtiot forbear smiling ; for in fact, the poor suf
ferer had uttered such piercing shiieks as to be
heard for furlongs !

A Serious Repartee. — The Irish are very happy
in their conversational tact, and the art of repartee.
When an Irishman makes a blunder, he generally
makes a good joke, and recompenses the error by
the sly humor it conveys. Their satire, however,
is superior to their mirth. French may be the lan-
guage ot love, was once well observed, English of approved kincl.s; wilh iilso a general and very extensive

Feb. 23, 1831.
AgricuUural ffarehouse and Seed Store,

CINClNWATr, OHIO.

The subscriber respeclliiily infoirns the Farmers and
Planters of ths \\'estr>in Suites, thai he has just arrived
in this city fioin Boston, with a I n^e and general assort-
ment of Agricultural Implements ot 'he most

business, but Irish is the language of expression. —
There is no other language, Germcn not excepted,
that expresses so much meaning in a few words. —
The Irish enileavor to translate this capacity into
English, and to supply with dramatic effect the de-
ficiency of expression. A-Galway gentleman lately
entered a cofl'cc house in London, and called for tea ;
his brogue attracted the utteiition of a scented civil-
ian in an opposite box, u ho, relying upon his superior
accent, resolved to have a jest at the expense of the
stranger. 'I'he civilian called for tea too; the Irish-
man called tor muffins, so did the civilian ; toast,
milk, sugar, &c, were severally called for by the
Irishman, and as severally, echoed, by the fop, who
enjoyed in his corner the supposed embarrassment
to which he was subjecting the Galway man. At
last, with the greatest composure, and if possible a
richer brogue, the Irishman desired the waiter to
'bring lip pistols for two,' — the jester's echo was si-
lenceJ. — English puper.

Mr Wilkes (in his juvenile days) going to Dolly's
chop-house, accidentally seated himself near a rich
and purse-proud citizen, who almost stunned him
with roaring for his slake, as he called out. Mr
Wilkes, in the mean time, asking him some common juinpinu-
question, received a very brutal answer; the steak
coming at that instant, Mr Wilkes turned to his
friend, saying, 'See the difference between the City
and the 13ear Garden ; in the latter the bear is
brought to the stake, but here the steak is brought
to the bear.'

About the year 1500, a Chinese merchant opened
a mine of precious stones. As soon as it was known
the Emperor caused it to be shut with this observa-
tion : ' Useless labor causes sterility ; a mine of
precious stones does not produce corn.'

Doctor Warren in the course of his very interest-
ing address on the subjectof anatomy, mentioned one
very remarkable case winch had occurred under his
own observation. A sailor on board of a U. S. ship
fractured his skull, and the bone pressed in upon
the brain. The result was total imbecility of mind,
and forgetfulness of speech. After continuing in
this helpless state of idiocy four years, trepanning was
advised by Dr.W. The bone had settled in, witirsuch
au uneven surface, that the use of the circular saw
was extremely difficult and dangerous; however Dr
Warren deemed it the only alternative— either way,
death seemed ready to seize the poor victim.

The experiment was tried with perfect success ;
and, wonderful to relate, upon the removal of the
bone, his senses, and his speech returned ! He wish-
ed the doctor a Happy New Year and for the first
time in his life, said he«Jiad a right to apply for a
pension. — Mass. Jour.

Biblical Lore.— At a. recent discussion oh some
points in biblical history, it happened to be remarked
that there was no account of the deatli of Eve. ' Nor
of Adam cither,' said one of the company. ' I beo-
your pardon,' replied a religious lady, ' if you read
your bible carefully, you will find it stated that
Mam was gathered to his forxfathers

A Sailor belonging to a man of war, having been
for his good behaviour promoted, from a fiire-inast
man to a boatswain, was ordered on shore by his
Captain to receive his commission at the Admirality
Office. Jack went accordingly ; and thus described
his reception afterwards to his companions: '1 bore
away large, said he, for the Admirality-Office ; and
on entering the harbor I espied a dozen or two
quill-drivers'. I hailed' em ;— not a word said they.
Hollo I again said I. Not a word said they. Shiver
my top-sails, but what can tl'.is mean ? said I. Then
1 took a guinea from my pocket, and holding it up
to my peeper, Hollo; again said I. Oh I Hollo,
returned they. So, so, my boys, cried I, you are
like Balaam's ass, are yuu ? You could not speak
until you saw the Angel !'

x:

oitdiiMit oi Grass, Garden, Field, Flower and
Herb Seeds, which will be ibiind to comprise a larger
Veil icly tliaii has ever before been introduced into the
We-^teiii couiiiiy.

The above articles have been recently purchased from
tiie wtll known Agricultural Eslabli^ihii-ent of Messrs
Newell and Russell, in Boston, and were selected by
the jiiibscriher himsell, (who has been for several years
enfr.ij^ed in the bu^ine^^) with p:reat care. Those who
iii.iy call at his .l^rieultural IVarehousCy No. 23, Lower
Market street, between Sycamore and Main streets, will
be assuied of finding every arlicle wanted in the agri-
rultuial line, of a superior quality and at (aii' prices.

S. C. PARKHURST.

Cincinnati, Jan. 1831.

Dr Hull's Patent Truss.

CASE ciF MR FISIIBUKN.

Dr Hull, Sir — Under the advice and direction of
Dr Knapp, 1 tiave been cured witliin tfie year ptk^t of a
bad rupture of 9 years' stanciiUi;, hy tiie use of one of
your pLdent trusses. ] had wo; n various l<ifids of trusses
before I fz;ot one of yours, but they were veiy burden-
somt; to me. Youi' trii^is, on the contrary, is coitifbrtable
fb wear, and a-; convenient to put off ami on as a pair of
spectacles. . 1 wore if not to exceed five nionlfis, and
found mvself cure 1. I have not liad il on for six months
past, and have exerted myself violently at wrestling,
, ridine;, and otlier liard exercises without any
reuiiii of the coin)d.iint, not eveti a feeling of loeakiiess
in the part. In tine, your truss has made me as sound
and well as ever 1 W'as ; it is one of liie most valuable
inventions in llie world. H. N. FISHBURN.

Baltimore, Jan. 1S31.

[nj-Dr Hull's Trusses are sold by Eben. Wight, (sole
agent for this city,) Milk-st. opposite Federal-st.

Feb. 11. eop3t

Yellow Locust Seed.

Just received and for sale at the feed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North
Market Street,

A tew lbs. genuine Yellow Locust Seed, (Robinia
pseudoacacia) saved near Harrisburg, Pa. expressly for
this Estabiisiiinent. The excellence of this tree for ship
timber and fences, its rapid growth, and its beneficial ef-
fects on sandy, barren plains, where it thrives well, are
too well known to require comment.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celelu'ated animals presented by Ad.miral Sir Isaac
CoKFiN, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
ot Agriculture. The- pedigiee of these animals can be
given as far back as Hubback, who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eigliths l)Iooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersey Derby, Salem.

Satem., October, 1830.

Violent Courtship.'-— T>unn^ the e.\cesses of
the Jacobin party in" Paris, Schneider, who was
Commissary of the French Government at Stras-
burgli, was distinguished by the atrocity of his act-
ions. A I'riest of the name of Funck having made
his recantation, and taken the civic oaths, request-
ed Schneider to find him a wife : he assembled the
young women of Strasburgh, and addressed them
in a speech, in which ho declared, that whoever
should refuse Citizen Funck for a husband, should
be considered as a suspected person, and jiunished
by the guillotine. The amorous Priest, of cours
found a pretty wife.

'^^ Published every W'eiliiesday E\eui
^.^jiyabje at th

;lied,
rse/

Z' An English paper- thus ''announces the birth of
/ twins:vMrs Shoe, the wife of a shoemaker in Dover,
I was, on the yth inst. safely delivered of a pair o,
I Shoes. - f J

The amount of i)ropcrty left in pledge with twelve
lawn-lirokers in Nev/ York during the year ending
.T.muary, le31, was ,*I08,000. ."imong the articles
jdedgeil, were no less than 120.0U0 garments, and
lUjOOO sheets, blankets and counterpanes.

t gS per aim um,
end of llie year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of eubscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction of fifty cents.

[]^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. I^ussell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
l^ussF.LL, at tlie Agriculturaf \\'arehouse, JNo. 52 North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

iVt'TO York — G.Thorbdrn lit Sons, (J7 I.iberly-strcel
Plii!Mlelpldit—]>. i<i. C LANnKKTH.85 CheslMul-slrpet.
[i'tltimore — G. )i. .Smith, Editor ofthe Anieiican Farmer.
('inriiiiiati — .S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Mai iiet-slreet. ,
A'hatni — Hon. Ji-;ssK BuKL, A Itiany Nursery. \

Fliistiing. N. Y. \\ ni. Princk & Sons, Prop. Lia. BoLGardcnJ
llailford — GttonwiN &L Co. Booksellers.
Nftrlnin/port, Ebknkzkr Stkuhian, IJorikseller.
J'nrtsmoiitli, N. 11. i. W. FoSTKR, Bonkseller.
/^crttunct, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
.■tiiirusta. Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifa.r, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder OfBcc.
ilviitreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller.

NEW EJ^GLiAPfD FARMEM.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultoral Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 2, 1831.

NO. 33.

^(Dllill^It^ii^

POLITICS FOR FARMERS.

Continiietl from page '342.
> Manufactures of Cottox. — These may be
said to have fallen /f/7y ;)fr CdiMii price since tile
protection ot' tiic domestic niannt'acturc of tlieni ;
that IS, fifti/ cents will pnrchase as nuich cotton
cloths, shirliiifis, sheetin^rs, calicoes, plaids, stripes
and all theconimnn articles for men and women's
wear, as one hunilre(f cents would, do, before onr
taritl' laws were enacted to enconrage the domestic
industry, and consume the domestic material.
Whole ship-loads of East India cotton goods were
imported into the United Slates — we now export
American cotton goods to the East Indies I It is
readily admitted, (though our opjionents will ' ad-
mit nothing,') (hat a large part of this reduced
price is caused by improved machinery; but the
fact is no less true, that coarse cotton goods are
cheaper at Provtrlence, in Rhode- [slarid, than at
Manchester, in EiiS:land. We speak understanii-
ingly ; and the proof is at hand, that in England
they have countc-fiiled our marks to sell their
goods for ours in South .Imerica. We have seen
twenty specimens of this trick. The jioor cotton
of Sural was worked to imitate the strong upland
cotton of South Carolina, &c, thus to injure both
our planters and manufacturers : but such frauds
have generally been soon discovered, in the super-
ior quality of our good.s. Mr Raguet has spoke,
of the /(i.r on these goods. We will assure him
the payment of 100,000 dollars a year, bonus, if
be shall obtain us the liberty to export them, free
of duty from Englaml for five years — half a mil-
lion of dollars, by way of purchasing his 'free
trade !' We have friends who are ready for this
•speculation' — as things are at present.

The duty on such goods is 8j| cents a square
yard ; the cotton in them costs 21 cents, together
11^, we buy them at eight cents the square yard ;
then, if the duty be a tax, the manufacturer not
3Dly gives his lahor for nothing, but pays a premi-
um of 3J cents on every yard that the people
are kind enough to purchase of him! Such is
!Jle reasoning of the 'free trade philosophers .' '

The price of cotton goods is too low, by the
lomestic competition ; but that must regulate it-
self. The following little statement may show
^ :he power of protection to produce competition,
ind decline prices, as well as a volume of facts.
In 1S26 and 27, a sort of goods, well known as
;he ' Warren calicoes,' were worth 17 cents a
?ard; the tariff of 1828 raised the duty, and they
"ell to 16 ; they were 1.5 in 1829, and now are
J )nlyl4. What an op[)ression is here!

Such is the case in respect to all and every
lescription of goods, the manufacture of which
ve have fairly ' taken hold of We speak with-
)ut the fear of contradiction. .4 reduced cost to
onsumers has universally fullowed increased pro-
ectionto manufactures.

Chemical preparatio.ns. — All these have been
educed at least .50 per cent in price, because of
he domestic manufacture of them. We shall no-
ice only a few leading articles.

The old stea<ly price of alum was from 5 to 6
ems; a duty of 2, 50 cents percwt, was laid upon

i3^(D2r©Sa"2a|it by the tariff of 1824, and the present selling
price is 3J to 3\ cents per lb.

Glauber s:ilts had a regular demand at 4 cents
per lb. — 2 cents |>er lb. iluty was levied by the
tariff of 1824, and the present price is 2 cents per
lb., the exact amount of the duty.

Epsom salts had a steady price of 8 cents per
lb, ; a duty of 5 cents was laid upon them, and
any quantity may now be had for 4J cents per
poimd.

Refined salt petre was from 12 to 14 cents per
lb. before the taritfof 1824, when a duty of .3
cents j)er lb. was put u|)on it — it soon fell to 9
cents and may now be had for 8 cents.

There is a duty on copperas of 2 cents per lb.
the present selling price is 21 cents. per lb.

Glass and glass wares. — Such window glass
as sold for $15 the 100 sq. feet in 1816 — may
now be had for 7 dollars and 50 cents, or one
half tlie old price. Glass and glass wares gen-
erally, are more than one half less the price that
they were before protection was extended to them
and we are thankful that they were really pro-
tected. We buy as many tumblers for 50 cents
as used to cost us 100.

Cabinet wares, &c. — We are told that, on all
sorts of cabinet wares, the peo'ple are 'taxed' thirty
dollars on every hundred of the cost, 'or .$3 on
every cradle or table that costs §10.' — So says
I.lr Raguet of the ' Banner of the Constitution!'
He also informs us, that chairs, hats, leather, and
all its mannficlures, siu'h as boots, shoes, saddles,
S,-e, with, indeed, almost all the products of
mechanics, pay the same ' tax' — Now, what rogues
nnist these mechanics be, seeing that from Balti-
more, only, they have exported to foreign places,
not less than five hundred thousatid dollars worth
of these articles in one year, to meet the competition
of all the ii'orld, while they EXTORTED three
dollars, on every ten, of the value of their pro-
duets, soW a< /iome .' A leathern medal, with a
suitable motto stampeil on saw dust stiffened with
glue, is worthy the man who thus exposes the
swindlings of the mechanics ! Some of ' the
boys,' being upholsterers, might think that he de-
served a coat of glue, sprinkled \y\{h feathers — but
we hope that they will not bestow it ! ' Let iiim
alone !' Let him wear his English coilt —
immolested — ' a monument of the safety with
which error of opinion [or perversion of facts]
may be tolerated, when reason is left free to com-
bat it !'

Miscellaneous. — We have already extended
this essay much beyond the limits that we wished
to assign for it — but the facts are so numerous and
the subject so copious, that it was impracticable
to condense them more than we have done — we
shall therefore conclude with a few more specifi-
cations, as to the happy effects of the ' .-Vmerican
System,' in reducing the price of commodities —
adding some general remarks.

Lead and all its manufactures, have bc-en re-
duced much in value — the duty on ))ig lead is 3
cents per lb — its price 3.^ cents; the duty on shot
is 4 cents, the price 5. It was 9 to 10 cents be-
fore the duty was laid.

Gunpowder was 4.5 cents per lb. and is 22 cents
and less. The conmion, as low as 10 or 12
cents.

Spirits of Turpentine was about 50 cents a gal-
lon in 1823, now 30 cents.

' Cyphering slates^* were ' tared' with a duty
of 33 1^ per cent, and they are now cheaper
by 33^ per cent, than before that duty was levied,
and of superior qii.-ility.

Paper is a great and valuable iiianiifacture —
the viuioiis business which old raffs furnish is of
a greater annual value than the cotton cro|PS of
South Carolina. The price of the article has
declined about twenty per cent, though the duty
U[)on it wa.-f much increased, and the quality has
ereatly improved by the domestic competition.
The long list of ' taxes' on books of different sorts,
is a string of nonsense.

Ca.s/o)- oi7 had an average price of more than
three dollars a gallon |)revious to 1824, when it
was ' taxed' with a duty of 40 cents per gallon.
A lart'e eidtivation of the bean immediately fol-
lowed, and the price fell to about 150 cents, ex-
cept in 1828, when, because of a great demand
for our oil in England, it rose to 275 cents per
gallon, by which our farmers profited.

FiVfin'c/i-*, in imitation of the English Stour-
bridge, and fully as good, are selling for 30 dollars
a thousand. Refore we made them ourselves, the
British charged 7n:'ol!ars for them, are now hindly
willinff to take .30. But our own are preferred;
to prevent future impositions.

Cotton bagging, before the tariff of 1824, ave-
raged about 40 cents per yard — it is now hardly
worth 20, and has been sold at 18.

The manufactures nf hides and skins are worth
at least, 30 millions a year, or 3.^ millions more
than the great export of cotton last year from all
the United States.

There are fifty minor articles that we might add,
as fast as we might write them down. But it is
enough. In xrhat is the consun^er taxed for the
benefits of the manufacturer? Take the fire
brick as an example. John Bull demanded and
received of us $70, for what he is willing to ac-
cept 30, since we began to make them for our-
selves ; foreign nations made us pay §3 a gallon
for castor oil, until we grew the bean on our own
farms, and now it is worth only about $li.
What more is needed ?

^ We mention thi« important article hecati'ic it is in
ttie va<it ratalociie of ' taxes,' ami tu-ice mentioned. Iliat
lately wnspublislieH, ami there arc many of it« rla«s :
puch a'^ Mionnct wire,' 'braces,' or suf^penders — * cliafTing
disbes' — ' Colojrnc vrater,' ' currants for mince [)ies,'
' dolls for children,' ' haversacks.' * mittpns,' * otto of
roses,' — ' pack thread* twice mentioned — ' tooth powder,'
— ' spermaceti candles,' * sweetmeats.' twice put down
— * toys,' — < tubs,' — ' traps for rats and mire,' — ' vincfjar'
— ' wafers' — ' walkinp; sticks' — ' looib brustie^' and ' wigs'
and hundreds of other ce7(/p/?i/>/i^/c things — a mere 'lug-
gahoo to frichten the vulcar, — and disgraceful. Why
were not born xpnons, tooth pichs, tireazer-i. nail'
brushes, corn cutters, trhisker-palterns, shoe-strings —
with SA.ND, LiMF, and cord-wood ? Nay, the very
granite rock on whirli the rails of the BaltiTnorc and
Ohio road arc laid would hctaxed — if~nn\y irimj'orted,
according to the honorahlf statement before us.
To be concluded next week.

258

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 2, 1S31.

©(QsasaiffEr^ivSixsiKDEri

fOR THE NEW ESGI.ANU lAKJIER.

LIVE FENCES.

Mr Fesse-nden — If y»u fleeni the following
observations and extiact on the sniiject of live
fences deserving a place in yunr liii;l]ly \aln;dilc
paper, they are at your service.

I noticed a sliort lime since at Brookline a hedjje
of the Thr'^e Tliorneil Acacia of t!ie extent of
100 rods, set C or 7 years since at tlic mansion
lately the residence of John Tappan, Esi|. of your
city. This hedge has hcen annually pruned top
and sides, and promises I .think to become ere long
a fence the most beanliftd if not the most for-
midable of its kind.

This most hardy and thrifty tree is a si)ecies of
the senst/u'C. Its beantifid pinnated leaves, regu-
larly and daily contract and shut up at about the
going down of the sun. This plant is neither
devoured l>y the destructive worm, n(n- does it like
most other species of ihe Locust throw up innu-
merable suckers from its root. Its numerous and
branching thorns — growing sometimes more than
a foot in length, have occasioned its being some-
times called by way of distinction the ' Horrid
Acacia.'

The Red Cedar, although not armed with
dreadful thorns as is the three-thorneil acacia, yet
I think bids fair to prove a valuable material for
hve fences. Its extreme hardiness, its beauty
when considered as an evergreen, and its wood,
bark and foliage Iieing at the same time so ofifi-n-
si-«e to both animals and insect's, that neither have
ever been known to devour them. Thecfentleman
above named informs me of a hedge of the Red
Cedar of considerable extent wliich he has oftimes
noticed at the Insane Hospital near the city of
New York. So perfect luad this hedge been ren-
dered by shearing — and so dense its sin-face, that
it seemed scarce jjossihle to discern a space where
even a hand could be forced through its compact
exterior.

At Mount Vemon, we are iidiirmed by the Rev.
Mr Colman, are very extensive and beautiful hedges
of the Red Cedar.— Tliese I understand by him
are set in a 5i»g/e row. Judge Taylor has also
from his own experience highly recommended
hedges of Red Cedar.

One point with regard to hedges seems now to
be pretty generally admitted, that in our climate a
hedge will not succeed so well on the summit or
outer angle of a bank of earth as ou the level sur-
face ; on the outer angles of earth-hanks the
droughts to which wo are sometimes liable anil a
too powerful sun are destructively injurious.

I send you, Mr Editor, an extract on the subject
of hedges from a writer of the 18lh century; it
is Lord Kaimes a writer well known as an eminent-
ly practical man. His mode of training and
forming the hedge, as I have never seen it |)rac-
tiscd, I thence conclude is not generally known
among us; yet, to my niiiul, there is no system that
I have ever heard of, wliich has ever been devised,
which jiromiscs to e(pial that which is here de-
scribed lor forming a strong and perniauent hedae.
Let the material consist of wliatevcr tree it may,
whether ijie White: Thorn — the .'Xcacia— the Vir-
ginia Thorn or the Cedar, the same system of
management seems alike adaiited to them all.

' In training hedges {says Lord Kaimes) I have
had thi! expm-ience of three hedges trained twelve
years as follows :

The first has been annually pruned, top and
sides.

The sides of the second have been pruned, but
the top left entire.

The third was allowed to grow without any
pruning.

The first is at present about four feet broad and
thick from top to bottom ; but weak in its stems
and unable to resist any horned lieast.

The second is strong in its stems, and close from
top to bottom.

The third is also strong in its stems, but for two
feet up bare of lateral branches, which have been
destroyed by the overshadowing of those above, de-
priving them both of rain and air. That the se-
cond is the best method is ascertained by experi-
ence ; and that it ought to he so, will be evident
from anali'gy : in the natural gro\vtli of a tree its
trunk is pro|iortioiied to its height : lop oif its head
and it spreads laterally and becomes a bush, with-
out rising in height or swelling in the trunk.

Hence the following method of training up a
hedge which is to allow the thorns to grow with-
out applying a knife to their io/j^9, till their stems
be five or six inches in circmnference. !n gooil
soil with careful weeding they will be of that size
in tenor twelve years, and be fifteen feet high or
upwards. The laterals only must [meanwhile] be
attended to. Those next the ground must be
[iruned within two feet of the stem, those above
must be made shorterand shorter, in proportion to
their ilistance from the ground ; and at five feet
high they must be cut close to the stem, leaving
all above full freedom of growth. By this dressing
the hedge takes on the appearance of a very steep
roof; -.ind it ought to be kept in that form by
|)runing. This form gives free access to rain, sun
and air ; every twig has its share and the whole
is ])reserved in vigor.

When the stems have arrived at their proper
bulk, they are cut over [cut off"] at five feet from
the ground, where the lateral branches end ; this
answers two excellent purposes, the first is, to
streng then the hedge, thesap that formerly ascended
to the top being now distributed among the
branches. The next is that a tall hedge stag-
nates the air, and poisons both corn and grass
near it.

A hedge trained up in this manner is impenetra-
ble oven by a bidl ; he may press in the lateral
branches, but the steins stand firm. For an instant
proof that this method will answer, observe the
thorns that from space to space are allowed to
grow up above their fellows in form of a hedge
row. These thorns though growing in the mid-
dle of a bushy hedge have stems far larger than
the rest. Besides the strength of such a hedge,
it is less expensive than a hedge reared in the
orilinary way: the weeds are sooner checked and
it retpiires much less pruning. * * * * * *

* * Good thorns, are indeed more essential in
this moile of training than in any other; tliey
ought to be the best thorns that can be procurtd —
all of an equal size and equally vigorous, tha.t
they niaj' not overleap one another.

The thorn is a tree of long life, and a hedge
raised and dressed in the way here described would
contimK! a ilrni hedge for perhajis live hundred
years.'

Kes[)ectf dly, your most obedient scrv:'.nt,

WILLIAM KENRICK.

.Veidon, Feb. 16, 1S31.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES.

Fig. a — Moile of pruning the hedge till the stems be-
come 5 or 6 inches in cireumfer^iice and at least 15 feet
ia height.

Fig. b, represents the heJge when completed anJ top-
ped.— It is now i feet wide at bottom and 5 feet high, in
the form ol a steep roof; in this (onn it must always be
preserved.

rciK THE JfEW ENGLAKD FARMER.

INSECTS IN CATTLE.

Mn Fessexdex — Some of my young cattle
have small swellings under the skin near the back,
containing- worms which can in some instances be
forced out by pressure of the thumbs and fore-
fingers of both hands, through a small orifice on i
the most prominent part of the swelling; and are
white, with a black or brown point at the liead,
and are about three fourths of an inch long, and
nearly the saiiie in th«'-greatest circumference.

This is a common occurrence among young cat>
tie in the spring of the year ; and by our old-
fanners are called cattle worms, who notice them
but little, saying they will all come out by pasture
time. They are however a serious evil to the
.animals.

If you, or any of your numerous and intelligent
correspondents,' can and will inform the public
through the medium of your valuable paper the
cause of their origin, and how that can be pre-
vented, and the best method of extirpating them
at this season, when so full grown, you will con-
fer a great favor on that public, and many herds-
men in Essex NoR-rn.

Remarhs h;/ the Etlilor. — The insect above al-
luded to belongs to the same genus with the bott
in the horse, and is called by naturalists Oestrat
hovis, or ox holt. It is thus described under the
article ' Botts' in Rees' Cyclopedia.

' When young, the larva is smooth, while, and
transparent; as it enlarges it becomes browner;
and about the time it is fidl grown, it is totally of a.:
deep brown color, having numerous dots on its
surface, disposed in transverse interrupted lines

i

Vol. IX.— No. 33.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

259

passing- round (he'lsegments. Two distinct and
different kinds of lijes are seen on each segment ; !
the uppermost of tli'eni is narrower, and consists of^
larger dots, underneath this there is a broader line,
and the dots smaller. The first are easily seen by j
using the lens to be real hooks bent upwards or j
towards the tail of the insect ; and on examining !
the broader line of small dots, -n-ith a tolerably ,
powerful magnifier they were found also to be real
hooks turned in an opposite direction to the former,' ^
&c.

At certain seasons of' the year the parent ofi
tliis larva attacks neat cattle for the purpose of de- [
positing its eges beneath- their hides ; and ' al-
though its effects on the cattle are so often remarked,
yet the fly itself is rarely seen or taken, as the at-
tempt would be attended with considerable danger,
if the insect is in pursuit of the oxen. The pain
inflicted in depositing its eggs appears to he very
severe. When one of the cattle is attacked by
the fly it is easily known by the extreme terror
and agitation of the whole herd. The unfortunate
object of the attack runs bellowing from among
them to some distant- part of the pasture or the
nearest ivater. The tail from the severity of the
pain is held with a tremulous motion straight from
the bodv, and the head and neck stretched out to
the utmost. The rest, from fear, generally follow
to the water, or disperse to different parts of the
field.

' When the oxen are yoked to the plough, the
attack of this fly is attended with danger to the
drivers ; since they become perfectly uncontrolla-
ble, and will often run with the plough directly
forward through hedges, or whatever obstructs their
way.

' Tliere is provided on this account, to many
■ploughs a contrivance to set them immediately at
liberty. The singular scene attending the attack
of this fly upon tlie herd has often been the sub-
ject of poetical description.' Virgil in his Geor-
gics has given a beautiful sketch of the kind,
which we have translated as follows.

Through wavih? grove', where Arno's torrent flows,
And where the ilex in redunJance grcn-s,
WyriaJs of insects flutter in the gloom,
((Estru> in Greece, A-vlus named at Rome)
Fierce and sonorous : By the horrid sound
Driven trom the woods and shady glens around,
The universal herd in terror fly,
Their bellowing shakes the woods and rends the sky.

It is said that the strongest and healthiest beasts
are preferred by this fly. Kirby and Spence af-
firm that ' though these insects terrify and tor-
ment our cattle they do them no material injin-y.
They indeed occasion considerable tumors under
the skin where the liotts reside, varying in number
from three or four to thirty or forty ; but these
seem unattended with any )>ain, and are so farfrom
being injurious that they are rather regai-ded as
proofs of the goodness of the animal. The tan-
ners prefer those hides which have the greatest
number of bott-holes in them, which are always
the best and stroncest."

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

LICE IN CATTLE.

Mr Fessende^ — One of the great evils attend-
ing young cattle during our long winters is their
aptitude to become lousy ; the Durham short
horns with black, and the native breed with red
lice.

The inost sure and least dangerous method of
destroying the race is, I believe, generally admit-

tril to be, washing them with a strong decoction
of tobacco. At this inclciiieul season of the year,
that seems a very harsh, if not iuhumau remedy ;
and mercurial ointment, I have pr()\Xh to be a
very unsafe orie. If you, or any of your practi-
cal corres|)ondents will have the goodness to stale
via your useful- paper any more humane, safe imd
ctlicious method of destroying these vermin during ,
the cold season, as also any means during the fall
and eaily parfof the winter to be used as yrophy-
lactlc.i you will oblige many farmers in

ftft.lO, 1831. Essex North.

Remarks Ly the Editor. — A writer for the New
England Farmer whose commuuii-ation was jiub-
lished vol. i. p. 307, gives the following method of
destroying Vermin on Cattle.

I have found tluit a strong decoction of tobacco
washed over a beast infested with vermin will
generally drive them away ; it sometimes makes
the beast very sick a short time.

But a better -ivay is to mix plenty of strong
scotch snuff in train oil, ami rub the back and
ueckof the creature with it, which will eflectually
kill or drive away all vermin from a quadruped.

Mr John Lane B.ivlston, in a communication,
published. New England Farmer, vol. viii. )). 19.
recommends white washing the interior of barns,
stables, &c, as a remedy for lice in cattle; and
likewise advises ' shearing the ears and between
the horns, in the fall before they are put up to
hay.' He says, in white washing no salt must be
used, as is usual in the outside of buildings, lest
the cattle should lick it off. The same gentleman
{who is a practical as well as a scientific cultivator)
approves highly of the practice of carding cattle
in the winter, after they are put up to hay.

TO PREVENT SOWS DESTROYING THEIR
OFFSPRING.

Mr Fessenden — The vexatious propensity of
many sows to devour their young ofl'spring, im-
mediately after their birth, is well known. I have
never seen in the New England Farmer, nor
heard of, an effectual preventive. I trust, how-
ever, one has at last been tbund. Last summer a
vessel arrived at Long wharf, in this city, having
on board a sow which, very soon after reaching
the wharf, produced a fine litter of pigs. — She
very soon began to devour ihem, upon which the
captain threw her several pieces of salt pork,
which she ate greedily, and disturbed the pigs no
more. The captain, who was formerly an ex-
perienced farmer as well as sea captain, said he
had often tried the experiment, and always with
perfect success. This may, or may not, be new
to your readers. To me it a|)pears very important.
Yours truly, B.

Boston, March 1, 1831.

AGRICULTURAL PREMIUMS.

Mr Editor — I wish to ask through the medi
um of the New England Farmer if the Trustees of
the Massachusetts Agricultural Society have struck
from their list of agricultural products for a pre-
mium, the article 'Spring Wheat' for the year
1831? Also 'Winter Rye'? As I consider
these products among the first to advance the
interests of Agriculture, I have thought it may have
been a mistake in the printer in omitting their men-
tion in the list as published in the last Repository
and Journal, No. 3. Vol. X. — An answer to these
questions will be gratifying to

Februarij 25, 1831. A Coustrtman.

FOR THE NEW ENGI...V:;D FARMER.

BEES.

Mr Fesse.vden — I had on the 16th ilay of last
.January a swarm of bees which meltal down, so
that one third of the hojiey ran ou', and half the
swarm was drowned in the honey. The weight
was fortyeight pounds, honey and bees, and the
hive was thirteen inches by eighteen. The tlier-
uiomcter stood about ten degrees below freezing,
and the hive was out in the open air,' exposed to
u; weather. The entrance to the hive w,-is lightly
fasteneil up to kee)) the bees from coiiung out on
the snow. They had been fastened up one day,
when the event happened. It was first discovered
by the honey's rimning out and falling on another
hive, which stood underneath ; and on opcninjf
the hive the steam asceJided from it, as it would
from a boiling ])ot ; and the bees made all possible
speed to leave the hive, but were so immersed in
the honey that they coufd not fly, and a great many
were lost on the snow. I soon stopped them up,
and boreil some holes in the bottom of the hive to
ive them air, and let the honey run off. But
there had so many bees fallen down, that they
clogged up the hcdes. I then took up the bottom
l)oai-d,and put the bees into a box six inches deep,
so as to see what state they were in. A good deal
of the diy comb in the hive fell down, and it has
been so melted that it is now in many crooked
sha|)es. I have since carried the hive to Brighton,
and while removing it (which happened to be dur-
ing a' snow storm) I noticed that as fast as the
snow fell, it melted on the iiive by the heat of the
hees within, although it was a very cohl day.

I have some other ho; natnred bees, so hot as to
melt the snow away fr>m the hive two inch<!s, hut
not so hot as to melt down the honeycomb. 1 wish
to pul)lish this, for to me the above occurrence
is unaccountable. It is a thing which has never
happened to a swarm of bees in my possession be-
fore.

I should consider it a great favor if some one
would through the medium of your paper, state
the iirobahle causes of this great heat, proceeding
from bees, anil how they Ijave the power of creat-
ing it, so as to melt their comb at any time they
please. I have conjectured myself the cause, but
should like that some one older than I am in the
management of bees, should inform the public
the cause of this new phenomenon.

Ebe.xezer Beard.

Brighton, March 1, 1831.

MILCH COWS.

Mr Febse.vdex — I am making arrangements
to keep a dairy stock of ten or twelve cows, and
as I wish to have none but ))rofitable ones, I should
he glad of the aid to be derived from the informa-
tion of those who are more experienced, as to the
breeds from which the most productive stock might
he selected, taking into view both the qimntUij and
the quality of their milk. It is presumed the im-
ported breeds of cattle have been long enough
with, us to test their value for the dairy, compared
with the best cows selected from our native stock.
If gentlemen, who have tried them long enough to
decide upon their comparative merits, would com-
municate the result of their experience through
the New England Farmer, it would doubtless
much benefit the public generally, no less then
your humble servant, A Rustic.

Feb. 24, 1831.

260

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 2, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FaRMER.

DISEASE I\ SHEEP.
Mr Pessexde.v — As tile, raifiiiig of slieep and
the grou'iiijr of wool have liccome an ohjcct of so
mucli iinpoi-tance, evervlhinff that would seem to
impede or i)romote the prosperity of this great
source of national wealth ought to be spread be-
fore the publie. I would therefore heg leave
through your useful paper to state a few facts re-
lating to a disease, which had lately occurred
among sheep in this town.

The disorder Miay and no doubt has been in
progress some time, but its du-eful and deadly
effects were not visible until since cold weather
set in. It has appeareil in different parts of the
town and among those ap|iaieiitly in the summer
and fall in the best health, but has been confined
mostly to voung or yearling sheep. I have care-
fully examined several volumes of the New Eng-
land Farmer to see whether the disease was des-
cribed or a remedy proposed. If we except the
two fidlowing instances I have not found any-
thing that seemed to be jjarallel to the one above
alluded to. A writer in vol. vii. page 109, under
the signature of a ' Wool-grower' describes a some-
what similar disease among sheep. After ex-
amining every other part, he says that 'he laid
the lungs opi'ii and in the cellular substance of
the hnigs and in the bronchial [air] vessel there
were a multitude of worms about as thirk as a
linen thread and from one inch to six in length
exceeding sharp ])ointed at one end,' &c. For
which he prescribed Scotch snuff on the food
morning and evening, and tar and sulphur once a
day, which appeared to improve their health im-
mediately. A. L. H. in Vol. viii. page 207, describes
the symptoms, progress and direful effects of a
disease as it occurred among his sheep, being no
doubt the same disorder, which has made such
havoc in this neighborhood. This writer not
having made any examination after death, seemed
to be altogether in the dark as to its cause or
cure. Neither do those who answered his com-
munication throw much light on the subject. But
let us return to the malady which has prevailed
among us and blighted the hopes of many a far-
mer.

The most common sym])toms of the disease are
a loss of appetite, general emaciation or leanness
with a pcculiiir gauntness, so that the animal is
bent lip almost double and is hardly able to drag
its tottering frame after it, and unless the disease is
arrested by a timely remedy, often a scouring sets
iu and the pitiable creature soon falls a victim to
the fell destroyer. One gentleman having lost
many promising yearling sheep in this way, deter-
mined if possible to ascertain the cause. He com-
menced by a careful dissection of the head, ex-
pecting to find a worm or w rms, as much had
been said or written to that effect. In this how-
ever he was disappointed ; nothing daunted, he
proceeded carefully to fdlow down the whole al-
imentary canal examining every part ; no sooner
had he opened the stomach but he found innu-
merable minute worms from an inch to two inches
in length,in size from a fine to a coarse linen thread,
in color white or nearly so with one end sharp,
and when examined soon after the death of the
animal, they were very lively. Other dissections
carefully made by many other individmds have
confirmed the presence of like worms not only in
the stomachs but in the small and large intestines
of sheep dying of this disease. As soon as the

cause of death was ascertained the following simple I
remedy was resorted to, which has not failed, I
believe, in a single instance of effecting a cure, !
when time% administered. Half an ounce of
Gum Aloes puWerized and mixed with a little i
meal and water, enough to make the whole into
thick dough, is a full dose for one sheep, and may !
be conveniently given by opening the animal's!
mouth and ]iuttiug it on the root ,of the tongue
with the handle of a common iron spoon, or it
may be made into small Ijalls, and in like manner
given. — This quantity proves an effectual purge,
and brings away large quantities of worms, where-
upon even many sheep a|)[iarently on the verge of
death have been restored in a tew days to wonted
health.

From many faithful trials of the aloes in smaller
doses, given to sheep slightly diseased, having
poor ap]>etites, &c, the most decided good effects
have followed. One gentleman having nearly 100
fine lambs in the fall, after losing about half of
them, I advised him to try aloes as above directed.
He first procureil ^ lb. liad it pulverized and or-
dered it given to 8 only, but through mistake it
was given to a about 20 ; a decided good effect
followed the administration of the medicine. He
has since procured, and made use of a pound or
more, by the use of which he says he has saved
his flock. — The above facts are submitted, wishing
that a fair trial may be made of the aloes sliould
tlie same disease occur, or any other, where a
purge is indicated, as it can be more easily given
than any other of tliat class of medicines. The
price of this article is cheap, it may bo procured of
any apothecary. I leave to others, more ac-
quainted with entomology, to give a name to the
worms above described, and to inform the jmblic
whether they arc natural to the sheep in a state of
health, and only when in too great numbers or
under some peculiar circumstances they are the
cause of death, and likevvise to explain the reason
wliy young sheep, in particular during the winter,
fall tlie victims of this disease. L. W. BRIGGS.
Bristol, R.l. Feb. 21. 1831.

From tlie Massachusetts Agriculttiral Repository.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON GRAIN,
VEGETABLE CROPS, &c.

The Committee appointed bi/ the Trustees to e.ram-
ine the elaims for premiums for Grain and T^es^e-
talle Crops, — for Erperimcnts and Discoveries,
— for Raisins^ Trees and Hedges, — submit the
following Report — '

The past season has been a most bountiful
one, and has been particularly favorable for the
production of almost every article which claims
the attention and rewards the labors of agricultu-
rists in this part of the United States. It is not
too much to say, perhaps, that there has not been
a week in which the want of rain has been severely
felt in this coniinonweallh, — -while the sunshine
and heat have ])roved suflicient for bringing to
maturity the crops and friutsof our farms, and or-
chards and gardens. Of grass, wheat, rye, barley,
Indian corn, — of potatoes and vegetable of almost
every description, the crops have been truly abun-
dant. For fruit of every kind, — excepting, per-
ha[is, pears and grapes, for which latter the summer
has been too cool and moist, — few seasons haye
been so good. Blessed with a year of so much
plenty, it was natural to siqipose that the claims of
our farming brethren for the premiums offered by
this Society, aided by the bounty of the Legisla-

ture, would be numerous and respectable. In this
expectation the Trustees have iiix been disappoint-
ed. At the same time they may be permitted to
say, that much more, they hope and trust, might
have been exhibited had the inclinations of our
farmers corresponded with their' ability. The
Trustees are aware, indeed, that some extraordi-
nary exertion and skill are necessary, in aid of a
good year, to meet the requirements of the Society ;
but our enterprising Inisbai^dman, and all other
classes of citizens, would do well to have in mind
always, that nothing of great worth is to be had
without industry, and care, and skill. Labor is
the price demanded of us, by a wise Providence,
for everything truly valuable. It will be well, too,
to have constantly before us the force of example.
The natural effect of a successful effort, in any
pursuit, is to stimulate others in the same course,
and thus to iiroinote the general good. Care and
system, like everything else, become easy by prac-
tice.

It is a remarkable fact, that among the applica-
tions before this committee, there is notan}- instance
in which two applications have been made for
the same article. They are not embarrassed,
therefore, as some of the committees have been,
in comparing the merits of numerous competitors.
They regret that one claim, at least, should not
have been made for each article proiiosed by the
Trustees.

Tiie committee recommend, — instead of ab-
stracts by the committee of the modes of culture,
as has been usual, — that the statement of the
claimants, in their own words, should follow each
case. They are led to propose this, not only be-
cause they are generally very well expressed, but
because they will be more intelligible to practical
cultivators, probabl}', than any views the commit-
tee can give.

WHEAT.

1. The Cotnmittee consider Messrs Tristram
Little and Henry Little, of Newbury, in Essex
County, as entitled to the premium of S20 for a
crop of spring wheat, being 34J bushels on an
acre. These gentlemen have been benefited al-
most every year by tlie premiums of this Society,
and seem richly lo deserve all they liave received,
as judicious cultivators.

To the Trustees of ilie Massacliusetts Apriculturat Society.

Gentlemen — We sowed the present season a
piece of spring wheat, containing, by admeasure-
ment, one acre and one rod. The soil is a rich
dark loam, the past year it was cultivated with
6nions, and manured with yard (or cellar) manure,
about eight cords to the acre, wliicii produced be-
tween four niid five hundred bushels. The 22d
or 23d of last Aju'd it was sowed witli wheat with-
out any dressing ; one bushel and a half was sown,
(the wheat was of the white kind) the soil was
once ploughed and the grain harrowed in. It was
reaped in .August, whicli cost four days' labor;
the quantity of straw was as large as the bulk of
five tons of hay. It was threshed and winnowed
in'October, which cost ten days' labor, and there
were thirtyfour bushels' and one peck of grain.
Respectfully yours,

Tristram Little,
Henry Little.
Mwbury, J\rov. 2, 1830.

BARLET. "■

2. To Cajit. Benjainin B. Howard, of West
Bridgewater, Plymouth Co. is awarded the premrJ

Vol. IX.— Nn. ,33.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

261

iim of S30 for Ills i -op of liailey, beiug about -18 j turnips for the successful

bushels the aric. .sheep (100) were nightly foMi'd, for two pre-

To the Trustees of Ihe MnssnchiiseUsAgricullural Society. i vioiis years, after the hay crop was taken off".

Gentlemen — The following production of one , The rye stubble was turned under immediately
acre one half and eighteen rods of land, riilti- j after reaping that crop. The process for prei)ar-
vated witli barley, the pa^t season, by the sub- i ing the ground fin- the Potato crop was as follows,
scriher, on his farm in West^Bridgewator, is offer- viz. In May 1S30, fifty cart-loads, 33 bushi Is
id for the Society's premium. The soil is a dark each, of tinfirmented sheep and other manure,
rich loam, pretty free from stones, and somewhat i ^^'is eveidy spread on and iiimiediately ])loughed
inclining to moisture. A parr of it, in 1829, was '" 10 inches dee]), furrows struck three feet each
cultivated with Indian corn, having been manured "'"y at right angles. Twentytive bushels of the

River of Plate Keds and Philadelphia lilues, were
ii<i;d for seed ; the reds iihiiitcd whole, one in a
hill ; the blues split in two pieces, which also seed-
ed a hill ; the planting finished the last of May.
The plants had two good hoeings; the last when
in the bud, the plants or stalks being ten inches in

culture of which, the gard, and one great object of the Society is to eli-
cit the opinions of observing fartners for the pub-
lic good. Perhaps some one will attempt to show
the difierence in labor, as to planting corn and po-
tatoes, by dunging in the bill or otherwise. It is
a (|uestioii which needs to be settled.
[To bo coMitnu6d.l

^im^ issr^asiiiBrs) s'ii^sajaiSa

at the rate of about eight common cart loads to
the acre ; the rest was cultivated two seasons suc-
cessively previous to the past, with potatoes;
receiving each year, at the rate of about 15 loads
of manure. The crop of corn was estimated at
45 bushels to the acre ; that of potatoes, in 1829,
at something near 400 bushels. In April last, it height. The harvesting finished the last of Oc-
was twice ploughed with alight plough, and about tober. The amount of the potato crop was by
35 cart loads of coarse manure from the barn [ careful measurement, six huiulrod atid eighteen

nOSTO.N, WED.NESDAY EVE.NING, MARCH •-', 1831.

windows, were drawn on, spread, and harrowed
in. About the first of May it was sown with bar-
ley at the rate of about three bushels to the acre,
and with grass seed, which also were ploughed
and harrowed in. The crop was mown and got
in. in July, and was threshed out in Se])tember
with two horses, iti less thrin two drn/s. It was
cleaned with a machine, and measured 78 bushels
niid.oiie peck of clean handsome barley.

Benj. B. Howard.

3. Toi\rr Richard Adams, .Ir, of Newbury, §2 0
for the premium on winter rye — being 3S'| bush-
els on an acre.

To the Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Pocietj*.

Gentlemen — Agreeably to the directions of
fhe Trustees of the Massachtisetts Agricultural
Society, requiring each claimant to state the quali-
ty of the land, its previous product, &c, I submit
the following, in su|)port of my claims for the So-

". ciety's premium for raising the greatest quantity of

It rye on an acre the present year. The soil is a yel-
low loam ; the season of 1829 it was cultivated

1 with white beans without any manure, which pro-
duced about 25 bushels. The September follow-
ing, (after the crop was harvested) the ground was
ploughed and five pecks of rye was sowed and
harrowed in. The April following, there was
spread on the same about ninety bushels of leacli-
ed ashes. It was reaped and threshed in July,

) and the produce was 38 busliels and three pecks.
The straw I sold, which weighed more than two
tofis. The labor done on the above crop was, as
.ou will see, nothing e.\tra except the dressing
^"'h ashes.

Tours respectfully,

Richard Adams, Jr.
JVeteiuri/, .Vol'. 1, 1830.

POTATOES.

4. To Mr Payson Williams, of Fitchbm-g. 'in
old customer from the County of Worcester, S20
for liis crop of potatoes — about 570 bushels to an
acre. .

To the Committee on Ajricultural Products.

Gentle.men — As a claimant for the premium
offered by the trustees of the Massachusetts Ag-

bushels on an acre and fourteen and a half one
hundred and sixtieths |)arts of an acre. Also had
on a pai-t of the field about 1000 Ihs. crook neck-
eil and West Indiasquashes, |)lanted in every oth-
er hill antl every other row, where the |)otato seed
was wholly left out. The land is probably good
enough to prodtice a much lai-ger crop when the
season is congenial to the culture of the Potato.
The past season has been too wcl and cold, even
for this hardy vegetable.

Yours, &c.

P. Williams.

EXPENSE OF CULTtVATIOV.

50 loads manure, the proportion drawn by the Po-
tato crop probably not more than 50 per cent,
at 81 per load $25 00

Carting the same and spreading 5 00

Ploughing in the manure 4 00

Labor in planting 5 00

25 bushels of seed at 2 shillings 8 33

Two hoeings 9 00.

Harvesting the crop, say 20 days' work, at

4 shillings. 13 50

'§69 83
In reading Mr Williams' account of his fine
crop of i)5tatoes, our farmers are requested to no-
tice that the manure was spread over the ground
instead of being put in the hill in the common
way. If using manure at broad cast will give as
good a crop of potatoes or corn as putting it in the
bilj, will it not be a great saving of labor, and at
the same time, place the manure more equally on
the ground ? No process in farming seems more
slow aind tedious than dunging out in the hill. It
is hoped that this statement of Mr Williams, who
has always appeared before this society as a very in-
telligetit and successful farmer, will bring out some
remarks from ])ractical men on this subject. It
will be seen that Mr Ware, of Salem, planted this
year, in the same way, both corn and potatoes.
Among our New Etigland crops, none are so gene-
ral, or more important, than corn and potatoes,
and if a more economical mode of raising them,
as regards labor, can be found out, it will be a

great public benefit. Mr Williams used a great quan-
tity of manure, it is true, — perhaps twice or three
ricultural Society for the largest crop of Potatoes | titnesas iimch as is usual among farmers, — and his

grown on the acre the present seasop, I will state, j land was in good condition before ; but then he ^ „ ^ _

that the ground on which my crop was grown, in- I intimates, and seemingly with i-eason, that, owing ; ject of the farmer is to blend them with earthy
clmes to the morning sun, is of a deep reddish \ to its being spread and ploughed in, not more than | constituents in a proper state of division, and to
loam, somewhat rocky. In 1829, an abundant j half .its strength was drawn out by the potato prevent their too rapid decomposition,
crop of winter rye was taken from it, preceded by crop. All expeiinients of this kind deserve re- The entire parts of the muscles of land animals

FARMER'S WORK FOR MARCH.

Cattle shoulil be liberally supplied nilli food
from this lime till they can be turned to grass.
As straw ami haj' become ilriir than they were in
the fore part uf the winter the stipply shuidd be
greater, and the quantity of roots which you give
them had better be increased than diminished.
Potatoes are better food Ibr breeding ewes than
turnips, which it is said are 'apt to injure the
lambs.

Dress with stable, compost, hog-pen or such
other well rotted manure as you have, such grass
ground as you have neglected in autumn ; three
loads now may be equal to two then ; but it is best
to secure a good crop even now. Your winter
grain should now be dressed with plaster, if it was
neglected at seed time ; your mowing grounds
which are upon a dry soil, will pay you well for a
bushel or two of [jlaster, or a few bushels of lime
or leached ashes to the acre.

Your orchards continue to claim your attention
— give to each tree a top dressing of your best
chip, stable, or compost manure ; your fruit will
richly repay, besides the extra profits upon your
grass under your trees, whether mowing or pas-
ture, together with the growth of your trees.

Look to your water courses, and change their
direction to receive the benefit of the spring rains;
the frequent changing of your water courses will
render your mowing even, and prevent one part
from becotning rank, and lodging before the other
part is fit to cut, and thus turn to your best profit,
that which if neglected would become waste and
damage.

Do not jiertnit the carcases of dead animals,
such as lambs, cats, &c, to contamintite your pre-
mises, and poison its inhabitants. When domes-
ticated animals die, it is the common jiractice to
let them rot above the ground. This is stire to an-
noy the neighborhood. If the stench from the
animal be too distant to contatninate the air, dogs
are fond of carrion, and after they liave gorged
themselves witlt it, become insufferable inmates to
the families to which they belong. The dead ani-
mal should be laid on a thick layer of earth,
and well covered with the same material. After
the covering has sunk in, and the earth has ab-
sorbed the animal matter, the compost will not be
more offensive than slaughter-house dung, provid-
ed a sufficiency of earth has been employed.
They should be hauled to the field during winter
and ploughed under as soon as frost will perinit.
The satne should also be done when night soil is
used.

Sir. Huinphry Davy, observed that 'Manures
from animal substances in general require no pre-
paration to fit them for the soil. The great ob-

262

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

aj^OM. '^ LI lunsa

:;jSlarilli2, 1S3I.

are not commonly used as a manure, tliougli tliere
are many cases in wliicli such an application
might be easily made. Horses, dogs, sheep, deer
and otiier quadrupeds that have died accidentally
or of disease, after their skins are sepaiated, are of-
ten suffered to remain exposed to the air or ini-
niersed in water till they are destroyed by birds or
beasts of prey, or entirely decomposed ; and in
tliis case, most of their organized matter is lost
for the land on which they lie, and a considerable
portion of it employed in giving off noxious gases
to the atmosphere.

By covering dead animals with five or six
times their bulk of soil, mixed with one jiart of
lime, and suffering them to remain for a few
months, their decomposition would im|)regnate
the soil with soluble matter, so as to render it ati
excellent manure ; and by mixing a little fresh
quick lime with it at the time of its removal, the
disagreeable efHuvia would he in a great measure
destroyed; and it might be applied in the same
way as any other manure to crops.

Procure the very best of garden seeds and oth-
er seeds for the ensuing season. If you mean to
deserve the character, and realize the profits of a
good cultivator, j'ou will sec that every article of
use in yoiu- honorable vocation is among the best
of its kind. Yon uuist jilant good seeds, or you
will not grow good vegetables, possess good breeds
of domestic animals, or your stock will not be so
valnalilc us it might and ought to be. If your
tools and implements are not the best, you will
waste much strength to little ])nrposc when you
attempt to use them.

Those plants, which you wish might yield a
forward crop, such as garden peas, beans, &c, may
be sown very early in the spring, and very thick
in hot houses, or under hot bed frames, or the
.south side of walls, and transj.ilanted when they
are one or two inches high, into the places in
which they are intended to stand for a crop.

Your ploughs, harrows, carts, hoes, rakes, &c,
should be inspected and put in readiness for use.
They will last the longer if painted or covered
with some suitable composition. Covering wood
repeatedlj' with oil or grease will have a tendencv
to ])reserve it. Where tools or implements are
exposed in the field a good part of the year, they
require to he new [lainted at least every second
year. This applies as well to the iron as to the
wood, both of which shoidd be kept coated, as
far as is practicalde, with paint or oil.

It will soon be (if it is not now) the projier sea-
son for pruning fruit trees. Loudon says ' F"or all
the operations of pruning which are |ierformed on
the branches or shoots of trees, it woukl appear
the period immediately before, or conmiensurate
witli the rising of the S'lp is the best.' Col. Pick-
ering ob.serveil, ' My i)ractice has been to prune in
the spring, beginning when the buds have .scarcely
begun to swell, and ending before the expansion
of the leaves. But I never leave 'stum|)s' of
limbs. Every branch that is taken away, is cut
close and even with the stem or limb where it
grows; and the healiiig of the wound commences
and proceeds kindly as vegetation advances. If
the branch cut off he large, the wound should he
covered with some kind of plaster.'
"- A writer for the Genesee Farmer of January
last observes, ' it has been !ny practice for several
years past to prune in autumn and in winter, ap-
; plying a coat of boiled tar and brick dust, or of
common paint, innuediately to the naked wood ;

and I have been led to believe that no time is
more favorable.

' I was induced to try this, experiment, partly in
consequence of being often from home at the usu-
al season, and partly from a desire to test the pre-
valent opinion that autumn pruning was very inju-
rious to fruit trees ; for I could not perceive why
an artifii-ial covering, winch protected the wood
from the weather, would not be a good substitute
for living bark. I began the worl;, therefore, as
soon as the leaves were fallen ; and I never saw
trees bear pruning better, .i considerable part of
ini) frail aaickn was pruned Iwo monlhs ago.

'Pernnt me to add that it is a maxim in surgery
to SAVE SKIN, and in pruning to save eark. The
saw ought therefore to be used in preference to
the a.ve, so as to cut the large branches square off.
In some trees, (as in the Fall Pippin] the limbs
are much less two or three inches from the trunk ;
and if taken off at that distance, would be much
sooner covered uj) with new wood. It is injudi-
cious, however, to leave the stumps too long, as
well as to cut too close to the trunk.'

LEGISLATIVE ENCOURAGEMENT TO THE
CULTURE OF SILK.

The following Report of a Committee of the
Massachusetts Legislature is ably drawn, and the
paramount importance of its objects concisely and
happily expressed. At the time this was sent to
the press, the Report had not been brought official-
ly before the House, but so far as we can learn,
public opinion is much in favor of some legislative
aid in the object contemplated in the bill ; and we
hope that our rulers will readily take proper mea-
sures for supplying the people with ' that capital
which consists in knowledge ;' which seems all
that is necessary, in addition to the enterprise and
industry characteristic of our countrymen, to make
Silk a staple commodity of New England.

House of Representntives, Feb. 24, 1831.

The Committee on Agriculture to whom was re-
ferred the order ' to inquire into the expediency
of adopting measures to promote the growing of
the iMulberry Tree, and the Culture of Silk, have
had that subject 'under consideration and ask leave
to submit the following

REPORT.

The Committee have examined the subject at-
tentively and find it to bo of much gre.ater impor-
tance than was at first supposed. They are sur-
prised to find how great a field is here open, and
how long it has been neglected; they are satisfied
beyond a doubt, that we Iiavo the power to produce
and manufacture silk in this Commonwealth to an
immense extent, and that no difficulty is to be en-
countered either from soil or climate.

The nations of Europe are generally engaged
in the culture and manufacture of silk. Prance,
more than any other nation, derives her power and
resources mainly from this branch of her industry ;
her example has induced England, Holland, Ger-
Ifiany, Prussia, and Sweden to engage with zeal in
the same pursuits.

The culture of sdk is important in relation to the
amount of silk imported and consumed in this
country, which exceeds seven millions of dollars,
while the amount of bread stuff exported is on the
average less than six millions of dollars ! Facts
like these need no comment; yet it is proper that
we should bear in mind, that the vast sums thus ex-
pended for silk, in its various forms, are paid indi-
rectly to enrich the Agriculture and Manufactures

of other nations, the raw mi^, .rial of ■nrhich may;
be produced here with ae nmy,j certainty as cotton
or any other staple product.

The article of Silk has ^already been produced
by a few of our citizens in small quantities, of a
quality not mferior to the hest imported., Jona-
than H. Cobb, Esq. of Dedham, has commenced
the culture of silk with success, and has introduc-
ed some valuable improvements, especially in the
art of reeling from the cocoon, and it is due to that
gentleman, that the committee should remark, that
it is from practical information communicated by
him, that mey have derived some important facts
in relatioiJ to this subject.

The state of society in this Commonwealth is
well adapted to promote the successful culture of
sdk — it is an employment, in which females and
children may be honorably and profitably engaged ;
with the exception of planting the Mulberry tree,
the whole labor may be performed by that class of
the community. The comhiittee feel warranted in
saying that so soon as the article can be produced,
a good home market will be found at such prices
as to afford a profit on the expense and labor be-
stowed upon it. The White IMulberry Tree is ea-,
sily cultivated, does not require the best soil, serves,
a valuable purpose ffer hedges, and is highly orna-
mental.

The Committee are satisfied that little capital ia
required to commence the culture of silk, except
that capital which consists in knowledge. It is m
formation which is the foundation of Agriculture
as well as all other arts. Nothing is so well cal-
culated to call the attention of the public to this
subject as information respecting its value, and
the means by which our citizens may avail them-
selves of the advantages which are connected with
it ; for the purpose of disseminating this informa-
tion the committee have thought it their duty to
report the following resolution.

Which is respectfully submitted.
For the Committee,

Akel Wheeler, Chairman.

House of Rcprespntalives, Feb. 34. 1831.
Resolved, That His Excellency, the Governor, be
requested to cause to be compiled and printed, ai
concise manual, to contain the best information re-i
specting the growth of the Mulberry Tree, with
suitable directions for the culture of sdk — and that
this manual be distributed in suitable numbers tc
every town in the Commonwealth — That to de-
fray the e.xpense thus incurred, he be authorized
to draw his warrant on the treasury for a sum not
exceeding six hundred dollars.

Erratum. — In last week's paper, page 950 — 9d column-'lGth
line from bottom — for ^ plottghing tbe corn,' read ^ plantbS *^
corn.'

Readers of No. .?, Vol. 10 o( Ihe Massacbus&ts Agrt
cuUuial Repository and Journal, are requested (b correct
the following errata : — at pape 288, in Mr Ware's state
iiient, of his crop of English Hay, for 775 Ions, read 11!
tons. At piige 24fi. the |)rice of Henry Sprague's Buttefj
sold at auction, should have boon ' 25 lo .36,' instead o:
25 to 26 cents.

NOTICE.

10°Meuibers of the Massachusetts Society for promol^J
ing Agriculture, are informed that tbe third No. of VoljT
10 of the Massachusetts, Agricultural Repository is jusffc
published, and may be obtained at Mr J. B. Russell', W
Seed Slore,No. 52 North Market street, Boston. Mem:
bers of the Society are entitled to one copy, each, gratuJHiJi
Price to others, 50 cts. per number.

fV -I ->

■1..I ....■£.

^r:-

M

Vol. IX.— No. 33.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

263

Assorled "Cecils for Families.

For sale at the Sooil Store contiecled with the New
Ensjland Farmer, 52, North Markft street.

Small boxes ol' assurtod Seeds fiir Kitchen Gardens. —
Each box contains a package of the follow in;;; seeds: —

Early W'asliina^ioii Peas
Dwarf Uluo ]iii|)(-rial Peas
Late fllairowfai l*i'as
Early .Mohawk Dwarf Siring

Beans
Early Dwarf While Caseknife

Beans
Lima, or Saba PoleBcons
I.oiig Blood Beet (tiife sort)
Early tiirtii,)-rooied Beet
Early "^ ork Calitiagc
Large Cape Savoy do {fine)
Rc<i Duliii do ( for pick-

ling)
Early Dutch Cauliflower
Early Horn Cartoi [vcrij fine)
Loii^ Orai)<:fp Carrot
AVhile Solid Celery
Curled Cress or Peppergrass
Early Cucinnber
Long Crcen Turkey do.

Long Dutch Patsnep
Large Head Lettuce
Eariy Sd sia do
Pine-apple .Melon yvenj fine)
\\ atcrineloii

Large While Portugal Onion
Large Ke.l do.

Double Curled Parsley
Fbtt Squash Pepper
Earlv Scarlet short-top Radish
While Turnip Radish
Salsify, or Oysier Plant
Earlv Busli Squash
W'iuier Crook neck .Squash
Early While Dutch Turnip
Yellow Stone Turnip

POT HERB SEEDS.

Sweei Marjorum, Sage, Sum
^ _ mer Savoiy

.\t this Seed Store can he found the greatest variety of
Field, Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be found
in New England, ol the very first quality, and at fair pri-
ces, wholesale and retail.

Also. Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both
native and European oiigin,) and Ornamenlal Shrubs at
Nurserymen's prices. March 2.

Sheep for Sale.
A superior lot of Saxony and Merino (mixed blood)
Store Sheep — about CO Ewes and 2 Bucks, age from 2 to
4 years — in prim j health and in good flesh, not expected
to have lambs until the Iflth of April.

Applv to N.VTH'L TUCKER.
Milton, March 2, 133L

Cocoons.
A fair price in cash will be given for Cocoo.vs in large
or small quantities, by E. W. LAWTON.

jXeii-port, R. I. Feb. 23, IS.SL 3t

Massachusetts Horticultural Society.
A staled meeting of the ^Llssachusetts Horticultural
Society will be held on Saturday, March 5 at 10
o'clock, at the Society's Hall.

ROBERT L. EMMONS,
Feb. 23. Bee. Sec'a.

PRICES OF COUjVTRY PRODUCE.

Jf'hile .Mulherni Trees.
Gentlemen in want of these plants, can have them,
two years old, in any quantity not less than Hill, faithfully
]iacked in moss, at 5 dolls, per hundreil, by sending their
orders to J. B. Russell's Seed store. No. 52 North .Mar-
ket street, Boston. Feb. 23.

Earhj Potatoes.

For sale by Samuei. Po.nd, near the Universalis!
.Meeting House, Cambridgeport. a few bushels ol his
prime, early Potatoes, wliicli look the premium at the
."Ma-sachuselts Horticultural Society's Shows last sea-on;
and are considered the eailiest variety in this vicinity.

-VIso, a fine milch COW, with hi-r calf; a superior an-
imal as a milker, and peifes!tly gentle. Feb. 23.

IVhite .Mulherrij Seed. .

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Fanner, 52 North .Market street —

.\ small quajitity of fresh While .Mulberry Seed, of the
growth of 1S30. Gentlemen in want of this Seed that
can lie depended upon, are advised to apply soon, as the
supply here, and throughout the country, is uncommonly
small. — Short directions lor its culture furnished gratis

with the seeil.

Feb. 16.

Gardener JFanted.

A thorough Gardener, well acquainted with raising
Grapes and Green House Plants, is wanted on a place
near Boston, -\pply at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Boston.

March 2^ 3t

To be Let.
Twentyiive acres of excellent Land, a House, ancl
Chaise house, in Roxbury — one mile from Boston line.
Apply at J. B. Russell's Seed Slore. 3t March 3.

Seeds for Country Dealers.
Traders in the country who may wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
[furnished, at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, connected
with the New England Farmer, 52 North JIarket Street,
Boston, with boxes of various sizes and prices, from 10 to
$50, containing a complete .\ssortment of the seeds
mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as
they can be procured in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up in small p'ackagcs, ready for retailing, icith
short directicus on each packarre for its culture and
manaseKient — warranted to be of the growth of 1S30,
md of the purest quality. Nov. 5.

Ammunition .^-/J)

Of the best qualitv and lowest prices, for sporting —
const,intly for sale at COi'ELAND'S POWDER STORE,
C5 Bioad'Stre-;t.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7.

Farm to Let.

Cow Cabbage.

Just received, at the Seed Slore, No. 52 North Market

street, from London a small quantity of Seed of the Cow

teabbago ; it is thought that no plant cultivated in this

I 'country will give so much fodder from the same space of

rround, forlMilch Cows, as this. It has been successfully

?iiltivatcd to a large extent in New England and the Mi'l-

Statcs the past year, and promises to be a great acqui-

n. Feb. 16.

.\'o)ih Devon Bull.
A thorough full-blood Bull of th s bi-eed, eight. years
jM in SJay next, which was imported from England by
iohn Prince, Esq., at lars;e co5l, is olFered for sale or to
ct on/air terms. This breed are always of a mahogany
■ed color, and having no w'hite except the tip of tlie tail
ire easily mached ; — considered the smartest working
:attle in England ; are easy to fat, and considered good
nilkers: — they probably combine the three qualities, as
veil as any known. Young stock of his getting may be
:een at Sandwich. N. H. and Westminster. Vt. .^pply
0 John B. Russell, (postpaid) office of the New England
"armer, Boston. Feb. 23.

To be leased; for the term of five years, or less, a small
Farm in .Vndover, and within four miles of Lowell. A
good place for the raising of vegetables for the Lowell
Market. Inquire of HOB.VRT CL.ARK.

Andover, Jan. 15, 1S31. 6t Jan. 21.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of the
celebrated animals presented by .Vd.mir-^l Sir Is.i.\c
CoFFix, to the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion
ol .^crriculturc. The pedigiee of these animals can be
given as far back as Hubback. who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed tiie foundation of this much admired stock.
.\lso, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven eighths blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hersev Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 183(». ^

Farmer U'anled.
A single or married man is wanted to manage a farm
in a very pleasant village about 45 miles from Boston.
He must thoroughly understand his business; be ac-
quainted with marketing, and produce the best recom-
mendations as to his industry ;ind fidelity. Address J. B.
Russell, Seedsman, Boston, (post paid)^ Feb. 23.

Farmer IVanted.
Wanted a Farmer, with a wife, without children, the
one perfectly acquainted with the business and capable
1 of taking the management of the Farm, and the other
fully competent to take charge of the Dairy ; none need
apply wiliiout the best recommendation. Address the
Publisher of the New England Fanner, Mr John B.
Russell, post paid.

Also wanted, one or two Milch Cows, extraordinary
milkers, handsome, and not exceeding 4 or 5 years old,
for which a generous price will be gi\'en. Apply as
above, post paid. No application need be made except
for very superior animals. 6t Jan. 23.

Grass Seeds, S)C.

For sale at the Seed Slore connected willi the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market street —

A few bushels of genuine Fowl Meadow Grass Seed,
raised in New Hampshire expressly for this establish-
ment: also. Lucerne, Red and White Clover, 'Pall Mea-
ilow Oats Grass, (raised for us by .Mr Phixxey.) Herds
Grass, Red Top, Orchard Grass, (raised for us by Mr
Noves,) Hemp Seed, Flax Seed, Broom Corn, &c; all
of the very first quality. Feb. 16.

ff'anled,
Volumes 2,3, and 6, of the New England Farmer, to
complete a set, for which a liberal price will be paid at
the Fanner office, Bostoc. Dec. 24.

APPLES, new,

ASHES, pot. first sort.

Pearl, first sort,
BEANS, white,
j BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, No. *,
BUTTER, inspecied, No. 1, new,
(JliEESL; new milk,

Skiinnied milk,
FLAXSEED,

FLUUK, Baltimore. Iloward-slreei
Genesee,
.Alexandria.
Baltunore. wharf,
GRAIN, Corn. Northern.
I Corn, Soulheni Yellow,

Rye,
I Barley,

I Oats,

HAY,
1 HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,
HOPS, Istqualilv,
LIMK,

PI.AISTER PARIS retails at
PORK, clear,
j Navy mess.

' Cargo, No. I,

SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red Top (northern)
Lucerne,

Red Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, tried.

WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -
Alerino, mixed with Saxony,
Merino, ilirce fourths washed.
Merino, haifblood.
Merino, quarter,
Native, washeil,
Pulled, La.Tih's, first sort,
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort,
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

barrel,
ton.

bushel.
barrel.

[lound.

ibarrel

I "

I "
bushel

cwt.
cwt.

cask,
ton.

barrel

bushel,
pound.

cwt.

pound.

FROM
1 75

115 till

130 00

UU

8 75

7 50

G £0

11

G

3

J 12

G 75

G 75

G 00
70

(ia,

75'
60
44
GO

9 00

H 00

70

3 00

n „o

13 00

12.50
. 1 50

fii
331
10,

•7 50:

GO
65
52
48
40
40
50
42
45

PROVISION MARKET.

HEEF, best pieces,
PORK, fresh, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, keg and tub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
.'\IEaL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, taccordingto quality]

pound.

8

G

53

U

{I

C

"

4

li

8

It

12

"

IS

dozen.

20

Uushel.

"

25

'barrel.

1 00

To

2 00
IIG 00
\:j2 00

1 00
9 00

7 75
6 76

15
8
4
1 50
6 87
6 87
G SO
6 25
72
72
80
65
46
70
10 00
15 00
75

3 12
13 00
MOO
13 50

1 75

75

i 38

11

8 00
65
75
68
fiO
42
42
.53
44
50

10

7

7

S

8

12

15

20

25

33

30

; 00

Brighton Market — Monday, Feb. 2S.

[Keported for the Chronicle and Fatiiot.]
At market this day, 382 Beef Cattle, 14 Cows and

Calves, 902 Sheep, and 78 Swine. 91 Sheep and all the
I Swine have been before reported ; unsold about 40 Beef

Cattle and 75 Swine.
1 Prices — There was a larger proportion than usual of

good Cattle at market, and we are of opinion a little bet-
I ter price wits obtained. We shall quote higher — from
I $4 to ,95 ; a few extra were taken at 5 25 and 5 50.

C'oifs and Calves — We noticed sales as follows : $16,
1 19, 21, 22, and 24.
'' Sheep — We noticed one entire lot of 96 taken at $3 50

each ; one small lot at 155 00 ; also S Cosset Wethers at

ijiS 75 each. We also noticed a lot of 193 Merinos, the
j pelts of which were sold at 2 25 each,
j Su-inc — Not much doing except a little at retail at 5c.

for sows and 6 for barrows.

I A'ew i'otk Cattle Market, Feb 21. — .At market this
day, from 4 lo 500 head of Beef Cattle, and about 800

I Sheep. — The market for Beef continues good, and price
high. Several lots of favorite Cattle taken at §7,50 a 8;
good $6'i a 7; fair .«;6 a 6.t : ord oi a 5i per cwt. Sheep
— sales very lively and prices well sifslained. A nuin-
oer of lots extra sold S6.J a 7 ; good 5.J a 6 : fair 4 a 44
and mid §2,50 a 3 each. Milch Cows — Several salps a
.$30 each. Hay— 84 a 106c per cwt. Oats in good demand
at 40 a 43c per bush. — J. of Com.

264

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Marcli 2, 1831.

driven into the bays, and the salt water freezes
around them, the weather becomes more steady ;
the cold increases; and insahibiious fogs are carried
over the whole island. Tlie consequences are, that
tlie winter snows are longer in melting ; it is late be-
fore the frost leaves the ground ; vegetation is more
backward and scanty ; and the summer so short,
tliat the peasants have great difficulty in getting
.. home the small quantity of liay that may have been

mudest produced. Add to this, the devastations committed
, , ^^ , , . n L I by the Greenland bears, which sometimes arrive in

' In the month of November, the mercury m Fah- ; considerable numbers on the ice.
renheit's thermometer did not sink lower than ^0 , ■^^^^^ manner of ekidin-r the Polar Bear is curious.
and It was nearly as often above the freezmg point He is a very dangerous a°nimal when his natural fe-
as below It. On the Oth ot December, with clear ^^^-^ -^ increased by huno-er ; but the Icelander al-
weather and a light breeze from tlie east-north-east, .^g^j g, ^^^^ ^^ jYom his pnrsuit, even when

it sunk to 8^ 30 , after which, especially towards the I ^.n^rmed. As the bear comes near, they throw a
end of the year, the \yeathet became remarkab y ^^^jfj^,, ^^j,;^,, j,^^^^ ^\^^ ^^j,,,^, powerfully attract-
mild, and continued in this state till near the middle ^^ . ^^^^ ^,^^^,1 ^^ perspiration, instantly stops, and
of January; the thermometer for the most part be- will not quit the mitten till he has turned it inside

When he gains upon his vic-

ailSCELL-ANY.

ICELAND.

Concluded from page 2 45.
' At first, I confess, I shuddered at the idea of
spending a winter in Iceland ; but what was my
surprise wlien I found the temperature of the atmos-
phere not only greater than that of the i)receding ' ijomethe sma
winter in Denmark, but equal to tliat of the mi' '"-'
I liave lived in either in Denmark or Sweden !

tween 34^' and 40^ On the 10th and llth of Janu
ary it fell as low as 15^ 30", but rose again in a sliort
time, and continued much more frequfiitly above 1
tban below the point of congelation till the 7th of I
March, when we had a strong wind from the N. N. j
W., and the mercury, which liad stood the preceding [
day between 30^ and 34^, sunk in the morning to !
9° 30", at noon to 8°, and at 9 o'clock in the even- 1
ing itiell as low as 4° 30', which was tlie strongest
degree of frost we had the whole winter.

'The quantity of snow that fell during the winter
was very considerable, especially in tlie northern
parts of the island, where many of the peasants were
reduced to circumstances of groat distress, by the
total consumption of tlie fodder tliey liad provided
for their cattle. The atmosphere ivas on tlie whole
rather clear and serene, tlian darkened by mists,
which is in a great measure to be ascribed to the
prevalence of brisk land winds, to wliicli the moun-
tainous nature of tiie country is e.xtremely favor-
able.

' It must, at the same time, be allowed, that the
winter of 1814, as well as that which immediately
preceded it, was considered by the Icelanders as un-
commonly mild. The keenest frost ever e.xperienced
in Iceland was in the year 1348, when the ocean
was congealed all round tlie island, so as to admit of
tlie inhabitants riding on hor.seback from the one
promontory to the other on the ice.

Nothing so materially affects the climate of Ice-
land as the arrival of the floating ice from the oppo-
site coast of Greenland. Generally towards the end } "f allowed
of winter, and sometimes in the beginning of sum- j eight hours
mer, it is seen moving towards the coast in immense
masses, which are not unfrequently piled one above
another, and more resemble islands with mountains,
castles, and spires, Uuin bodies of ice. They arff^so
thick that they have been known to run aground in
eighty fathoms' water. Their motion is not so rnuch
accelerated by the wind as by the current; but their
rapidity, when impelled by these two causes con-
jointly, is so great, that no six-oared bont is able to
keep up with them. When ihe sea is agitated by a
storm, the ice-islands are dashed against each other
in the most tremendous manner ; the noise arising
from the crash is iieard at a great distance ; and, as
often happens, the drift timber jammed in between
tlie masses takes fire from the friction, presenting to
the eye of the spectator a scene the most incongru-
ous that can possibly be imagined. The quantity of
floating ice is commonly so great, that it not only
chokes up all the friths and bays, but extends to
such a distance in the ocean that its termination
cannot be discovered from the summit of the high-
est mountain ; and in the year ]7<j(l the whole of the
vast strait between Iceland and Greenland was en-
tirely closed up with it. It principally infests the
nortbern, and purl of the eastern coasts, as likewise
the western friths, but it is seldom that it surrounds
the whole island.

While the masses of ice remain in a state of fluc-
tuation, sometimes at a distance, and sometimes
nearer the coast, the weather is very unsettled, and
the winds are cold and damp; but when they are

out, thumb and all.

tim, another mitten is th-own him ; and so on.

A story is told of a traveller, who riding over the
heighls and liollows of this remarkably uneven is-
land, one dark night, was at length puzzled by a
height, which his sagacious horse refused to mount.
However, the whip compelled him to it; and the
gentleman did 'not discover his situation, till the
fore-feet of the animal stuck in a hole, which he
he found, on dismounting, was the chimney of a
house ! — HendersotVs Iceland.

Seeds fur Hotbeds.

Just received and for sale .it iK'' Seed Slore connected
with the New England Favmer Office, No. 52 North
ll.irket Street,

The iireatest variety of Early Vegetable Seeds, among
which are ibe Ibllowiiig, tliat will soon be wanted for
Hot Bedsj viz. Earli/ and Lale C'auliflotccr, (IVom Eu-
rope.) Laro-e Cape Broccoli, (from Europe.) Early
Dutcli Ci'bbaije ; Early York, do ; and several other va-
rieties ol Calibasje seed, both of American and European
growtli. London Scarlet Short Top Radi.-li ; and Cherry
and Wliile Turnip Radisli. Early Curled Silesia Let-
tuce; Tennisball do.; and Roval Cape Head do. J
Double Curled Parsley; true Early HornCariot, &e.

Also — A'eu' Early Dwarf Frame Pea, an extra ear-
ly, productive and tine variety, tlial grows from 12 to 18
iiiclu'S in beii^ht only, (according; to the richness of the 1
soil) and of course requires no slicks; price 33 cts. per
quart. Also, Early VVashinglon Peas ; Early Hotspur,
do.; Knight's Dwarf Marrow do., and several other •
sorts

.4 composilion for coloring and preserving Gates
Poles, Barns, Roofs, and Timber generalhj, from the
weather. — Melt 12 ozs. rosin in an iron pot or kettle,
add 3 gallons of train oil and three or four rolls of
brimstone; when they are melted and become thin,
add as much Spanish brown, or red or yellow ochre,
or any other color you like, ground as fine as usual
with oil, as will give the whole the shade wanted. —
Then lay it on with a brush as hot and thin as you
can. Some days at\er the first coat is dried, lay on
a second.

It is well attested that this will preserve plank for
years, and prevent the weather from driving through
brick walls. — Domestic Encijclopedia.

Light Varnish to preserve Insects. — Take a pint of
spirits of wine, and a little light amber, which should
to dissolve in a sauce pan for forty-
to this add a little mastic, as much red
arsenic, and an equal quantity of turpentine and let
it dissolve in a vessel for twcntyfour hours. This
done, take the insect you wish to preserve, extract its
entrails, and let it be well bathed for several days in
spirits of wine, into wliich some sugar candy has
been put. In this state, rub it over with the varnish
at intervals until it shines ; it may be thus preserved
for a long time.

.Q novel undertaking. — The London Court Journal,
states that ' a large establishment has beenprojec ed
at Paris, for the purpose of enabling any individuals
by the annual payment each of 700 francs (less than
301.) to enjoy all the pleasures ofsocial, with all
the independence of domestic life. For that sum
they are to have lodging, hoard, clothes and wash-
ing, the use of a library, the daily papers, billiard
rooms, play, conversation, &c. Tlie whole to be
under the management of a Committee chosen by
themselves. The prospectus even holds out the
expectation of a country house, and free admission
to the theatres !'

On a stune in the church-yard at Langtown, in Cum-
lierland.
Life's like an inn where travellers stay :
Some only breakfast and away ;
Others to dinner stay, and are full fed —
The oldest only sup and go to bed ;
Long is his bill who lingers out the day,
Who goes the soonest has the least to pay.

i

Black Currant Jf'ine.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North
Market Street—

A few dozen bottles of superior old Black Currant
Wine, made by a gentleman in this vicinity ; an account
of its astringent and detergent properties in various coin- ;
plaints, and particularly the Sore Throat, will be found 1
in Ihe New England Farmer, vol. v. page SfiT, written by'>
Samuel W. Pomeroy, Esq. and the late Dr John G, Coffin, .,
Price 75 cts. per bottle — also, a few bottles ol old White •
Dutch Currant Wine, price 50 cts. per bottle. Dec. 31. .

jYew Work 07i Farriery.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office, No. 52 North i
Market Street,

The Veterinary Surgeon ; or. Farriery taught on a ne*
and easy plan : being a treadso on all the diseases and
accidents to which the Horse is liable ; the causes and
symptoms of each, and the most improved remedies env
ployed for the cure in every case ; with instructions to the
Shoeing- Smith, Farrier, and Groom, liow to acquirs
knowledge in the art of Farriery, and the prevention o(
Diseases. Preceded by a popular description of the ani-
mal functions in health, and showing the principles on
which these are to be restored when disordered. By John
Hinds, Veterinary Surgeon. With considerable additions
and improvements, particularly adapted to this country,;
by Tliomas M. Smith, Veterinary Surgeon, and Membet'
of the London Veterinary Medical Society.

Cocoons, and Silk JVeaver Wanted.
Cash and a fair price will be given for Cocoons. AlsO^
employment for a Silk Weaver, on application to
Warren, R. I. Jan. 15, 1831. PAUL WARE.

Silk Cocoons Wanted.
I will give cash for Cocoons, from 30 to 50 cents pet
pound, according to quality. J. H. COBB.
Dedham, Mass. Jan. 25, 1831.

Bees.

Gentlemen in want of swarms of yotin^ thriving bees
can be supplied by J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, No^
52 North .Market Street, at 17 cents per lb. The beei
were raised by Mr Ebenezer Beard, inventor of tike ne
patent hive.

Pulilished every Wednesday Eveuiiip, at ^3 per annu'.l.
payable at the end of ihe year — but those who pay withilj
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled toadaj
duction of fifty cents.

[jj" No paper will be sent to a distance without paymen.
bein" made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by wfior
all descriptions of Printing can be e.^iecuted to meet tli
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. i.
Russell, at the Agricultural Wai-eliouse, No. 52 Nort
Market Street.

AGENTS.

Nno Yon'c—G . Thokbukn & Sons. C7 Liberty-strcel
Pluhilelpliia- D. & C L.4NDKETH.S5 Chestiiut-slrpet.
Baltimore— G. li. Sii iTii, Editor of the American Farmer.
Citicinmli-^. C. Paukhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.

^;ia,„,— Hon. Jesse BuEL, Alliany Nursery.

F/uslmig, N. v. Wi\i. Prince & SoNs.l'rop. Lin. Bot.Gard(

//.inVcn/— GoimwiN & Co. Booksellers.

Nfu-lninipart. Eni-.NKZKR Stelm^n, liookseller.

I'orlsmouth, N. II. J. W. Foster, liookseller.

/'or//,iHr/, .I/".— Samuel Colmas, Bookseller.

.■liiirustii. .Me. Wm. Mann.

Ihiiifa.r, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.

Mo/iheal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller

]\EW ENGL.AIVB FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 02 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Ackicultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, IVEDXESDAY EVEXIXG, MARCH 9, 1831.

NO. 31.

J^^lJiaaCSiiai SiCSOSrOSa^a such is Immau nature, and we shall not fm.l fault

witli it. There arc more silk fjown.s and yard.s of"
rihljon, at a factory using 300 bales of cotton a
year, tiian among the ])ersons engaged in growing
10,000 : and much more tea, coffee and siig.-ir is
used. Cyrus, after his overthrow of the Babyloidsh
empire, was told how great a sum of money he
miglit have possessed, had he retained instead of

POLITICS FOR F,\R.\1EUS.

Concluded fnini pnge 237.

Ge-Neral remarks. — An ini|)ortant connnentary
1, the facts stated, naturally presents itself' — for
utters of most serious interest to a large m.njor-

iof the people of the United States are involved
them : but we must hasten to conclude.
BeueHiie, in some w.iy raised, must be liad. —
blic opinion, or, at least, the iiublic practice, is
favor of supporting government by duties ou
portatious. We shall not now contest the cor-
tness of this opinion or practice. It is sufB-
nt to our present purpose to show that xhc pro-
ion of nianuf;»rtures, which insures a honie-
iket to our farmers, has not afiectcd the
ount of the revenue, or enhaucetl the price of
cles on which it acts. We have demonstrated,
in a manner that cannot be dis|)Ulcd, that the
!e of commodities has universally declined aud
t those most highli/ protected have declined,
he greatesi rate. There is no wonder in this —
the natural result of eompetition — no matter
ther among ourselves, or of the working peo-
3f the United States agaijist those of Great Brit-
Take the strong case of fire-brick, ?io< aflect-
)y any newly discovered machinery, but only
[he application of American labor, to bring
value what had been valueless American
hs. W^hile England had the monopoly, the
e of each brick \vas seven cents ; but wlien
erseveriug Messrs Berry, of Baltimore, under
icourageraent of the ' Maryland Institute,' of-
a qifite equal if not superior article, at three
I, ihe English makers were content to receive
same for theirs. Generous men I but such is
inevitidde effect of a brisk and well-managed
petition in all things. Monopolies cannot long
among ourselves. The Messrs Berry al-
y have successful rivals in their meritorious
ufacture in Baltimore. This is %tnavoidahle
mty, or what the ancients called ' Fate,' and
plicable to ei'cr^ domestic manufacture, unless
osignificant to excite attention.
'e shall show in a note below, that protecting
8 never had but little, if any efiect on the
♦inie as derived from the customs (unless to in-
Kie its amount,) though the ruin of that revenue
ximouriifuUxj predicted. Those who made such
iKictions knew not even themselves — much less
'e they acquainted with the laws which regulate
otty. Desire always presses upon means. The
aa who earns one dollar a day generally saves as
lUi money at the end of a year, as another who
»r a dollar and a half — for the reason that the
itl- indulges himself in what he calls comforts,
'li' the other is bound down to the purchase of
>tcsaries, only. Tliese things are within every
aa^ e.xperience. We ask our readers to loolv
oul among their neighbors, and see if these
Jfeotso. And, strange as it may appear, a manu-
•Cring village of 500 persons, though the
ireer part are children, consume more duly.
'<"(? articles than an agricultural population
of le same class) of 2,000 persons. The regu-
W ;ceipt of money by the former, enables, or
Mils, them to gratify themselves in ' comforts,'

distributed, the fruits of his victories among his
friends and followers. To show the folly of such
a calculation, he gave it out that he needed a lar-
ger sum of money — and it v.;as immediately ten-
dered to him by those to whom he had given the
means of advancing it. So with us — if labor be
rendered profitable, there is no fear of a lack of
revenue. The product of the excise on beer, is
a sure indication of the condition of the laboring
classes in England. We refer to England, be-
cause the ' free trade philosophers, ' make all their
comparisons with a country in which the poor^s
rales, alone, are larger in anioimtthan the whole of
our revenue, reducing the ))ublic debt ai the rate
of 10 nullions a year! — whose church rates, would
pay off all our national debt, in about a year and
an half.

Advanced duties are, or are not, taxes, 'accord-
ing to circumstauces.' Now if a person is com-
pelled to use 20 lbs. of tea per annum, an increased
duty would be a tax ; but if ,it liberty to refuse
the use of it, a diminished consumption nught re-
duce the tax that he paid. We do not grow any
tea. But there is a ' tax' of 15 per cent, or, 15
dollars on every hundred of the cost,' as Mr Raguet
has it, on wheat and Indian corn — acorns and
hickory nuts — but the jjrice of these is not affected
by the ' tax' upon them.

It is then manifest, that the farmers pay less
money for the articles needed by them, because
of the manufacture at home, than they did be-
fore such manufacture was established, fl'e defy
the shounng of a single case to the contrary, even
on ' cradles' or ' artificial flowers.' But this is
not all. The divided labor of the people gives
the land-holders larger and more safe markets for
their various commodities in grain and other veg-
etables, meats, drinks, fuel, timber, lumber, and
all other products or profits, in one year, than all
the world has given them since the revolution — cx-
ceptingthe cultivators of cotton, &c, whose pro-
duct, great for export, is of small comparative
value, with the acquisitions of the home market.
This may appear an extravagant expression to
those who have not reflected on the sidiject — but
the points that we have previously made and sus-
tained, are to us ' confirmations strong as proofs
from holy writ,' that this assertion is much within
the range of holy truth,'

We add a table of the receipts, according to
the nett amounts given by Seybert until 1815, and
since derived from the documents.
The average from 1791 to 1800 was

less than $8,000,000

1800 to 1812 (or the war) 12,000,000
In 1816 and 1817, because of the ex-
hausted stock of foreign goods
of all sorts during the war, the
average was (a) 31,500,000

1818
I8I9
1820
1S21
1822
1S23
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828

1829 (about)

1830 estiujated

17,000,000

20,000,000
15,000,000
13,000,000
17,000,000
19,000,000
17,800,000
(1)20.000,000
23,000,000
19,700,000
23.000,000
(c)22,500,000
(r;22,000,000

These figmes simply show that the various
tarifts have had no necessary efltct on the revenue
unless probably to increase it. In 1820, '21 and
'22, the ))roductive labor of our country was at its
lowest ebl), anri the revenue, in three jears was
only 45,500,000 — or the same sum as is the two
years of 1828 aud '29.

(U^The great benefit to the farmers from the
division of labor, has been conclusively demon-
strated— but what must become of at least two
millions of free persons, who are subsisted by do-
mestic manufactures and internal improvements, these
being abandoned? This is, indeed, a soLEM.^ ques-
Tio.v. Are the tanners, curriers, boot and shoe-
makers, cabinet-makers, chair-makers, coach-mak-
ers, saddlers, aud all the rest of the mechanics, to
be cast out of employment — all the workers in
iron, lead, cop".M-, — in wool and cotton, flax and
heu/p, to be driven from their homes, to seek oeyr
means of livelihood, and siuqily because these
freemen ' increase and tnultiply' faster than some of
the southern hohlers of slaves wish that they
should do .' Here is the foundation of the opposition
to the protecting tariff. It is not worth while to
mince the matter. As we stand before God, we be-
lieve that the more rapid increase o{ citizens in the
north, middle and west, is the leading cause of the
furious opposition to the larifl^that is now going on,
though unknown to the multitude of our opponents,
for the accursed thing may not be openly pro-
claimed. We believe it is the ground on which
the leading politicians of South Carolina have plac-
ed themselves. Let the laboring people think of it
— and, when Vt-orking men toil for their children,
let them reflect upon the desolation which these
persons woulil cause to liold political power —
'rather to rule in hell than serve in heaven.'

(a) Notwithstanding the protecting tariff of I8I6 !
(b) Increase of two millions, notwithstanding the
tariff of 1824.

(c) As staled by MrSccrc'ary Ingham notwithstanding
the ' revenue destroying tarifl' of 182S. In 1819, the
three first quarters yielded 17,770,000.

Manufactures in Egypt. — A late Bombay Courier
published the following: — An Arab ship arrived from
the Red Sea, has brought 2,50 bales of Cotton Yarn,
the manufacture of .4/t Pacha, at his spinning mills
near Cairo. It is reported that he has sent 500 bales
to Snrat, 1000 to Calcutta, and that he intends ne.xt
season to send long cloths, MadapoUans, &c, having
established steam power looms!

These goods are at present admitted at 60 per
cent invoice cost, besides 4 1-2 per customs.

What will the mercantile community say to this
new competition ? — Bali. Gazette.

266

iM:W ENGLAND FARMER,

March 9, 1831.

(B©SlSlWST2^ilSa©Sr39

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PLANTING ON GREENSWARDS,
Mr I'essende.n — In answer to the inqniries of
your eorrej^poiulent, who styles hunseU' ' A YoUiNG
Farmer,' relative to uiy method of making the
drills and planting corn npon greensward, I will
briefly state, that my corn was not planted in
hills hut in rows. After tnrning over the green-
sward, preparatory to |)lanting, I did not farrow
the arroimd with a ])longh. The drills were made
by a hand instrninent very sinnlar to that which
is commoidy vised in making drills for sowing
garden seeds, making three rows at a time. The
instrnmeiit resembles a rake, having three teeth set
in the head, at a sufficient distance from each
other to give a proper width between the rows,
and having a joint near the middle, so that either
end of the head may rise or fall to accommodate
itself Jo any nnevenncss of siu-face. As nothing
more is required than merely to mark ont the
rows to ginde in dropping the seed, the instrument
may be so light as to allow of its hcing easily
drawn by a man or boy. If the inverted sward
be well harrowed, and compost manure be spread
on and mixed with the soil, ahundaiit materials
will be found for covering the corn.

Not being a fanner of very long ciijerience, I
shall hardly venture to give directions to your cor-
respondent, as to the best method of applying
fresh horse stahle dung to greensward that is to
be planted with corn. My own practice has been
to spread it on tha surface before ploughing and
turn it under the swaril. In this way the whole
strength of the manure is preserved, and if any
one should- appndiend, that, liy thus turning it
under, the crop will jiot get the whole bcneht of
the niannre, let him open the ground between
the rows of corn about the time when the ears
are filling out, a ])erioil at which the crop most
requires noin-ishment, and ho will readily discover
that the roots, aided by the Ihioly pulverized con-
dition of the decomposing sod, have foimd their
way to the treasure hcneath. This is no doubt
the best manner of a]iplying manme, where the
depth of the ploughing does not exceed three or four

best hay for cattle on a rich moist loam ? Also
what grasses it is profitable to sow with Red-top,
and in what jiroportion to the acre, on the same
soil ? Or if it is more suitable to sow it alone, what
ipiantity to the acre ? 15y publishing the above,
yon will greatly oblige A Consta.nt Reader.
Hadlnj, March ■}, 1S31.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

BEES.

Mr Fessenden — In your last paper Mr Beard
relates a singular incident which had hefallen a hive
of his bees in January last. It so happened that
the very day before I received the Farmer, I was
favored with a letter from a gentleman in Stin--
bridge containing an account of a similar mortality,
but to a greater extent. Since the setting in of
the present winter, he has lost all bis young
swarms, amounting to seven in number, all of
which were plentifully su]iplied with honey. In
December last he placed his hives on a bench in i
bee house made so perfectly tight that a bee could [
not escape. He intended to have cut apertures in I
front of the house corresponding with the en- 1
trance of the hives and placed them in contact, but
this was unf a-timately neglected. When the hives
were moved into the bouse, the entrances of the
hives were closed with a piece of shingle not so
tight as to exclude the air entirely ; these were suf-
fered to remain two days after the hives were
housed and then taken away, and in about ten
days, he foimd two swarins^dead, and since then
all have died except one old hive that stands upon
an enijUy new hive. Before he discovered that
any of the liees were dead, he noticed a copisider-
able quantity of thin watery honey upon the bot-
tom board which dripped down from the cond).
He then examined more closely and found the
bees were dead and the hive enfited a fetid smell.
There was a considerable quantity of frost and ice
withhi the hives, which seemed to he formed
from water that ran down the inside of the hives,
at one time it nearly stojjped the entrance to the
hives.

(.My answer.)

' Yom- bees undouuedly died from suftbcatlon.

without unquestionable authority I could not TV
ceive as even credible. It is, that bees will suil
vive after being huried four feet under thesm-fac|
of the earth for five or six months as practised i!
New Hampshire. See New England Farmer, vol
.5, page 82, 190, 402, and my Treatise on bees, pag'
119, 120. But 1 have been informed by Mr Beat
that he tried the experiment with three hives an
they all came out dead in the spring, ami on
person in this vicinity lost a hive in the same niai
ner.

I am with I'espect your obedient servant.

JAMES THACHER. ,

Plymouth, March 4, 1831.

^ Being entirely excluded from external air, a preter-
inchcs. But if the ploughing he deeper, and a i natural heat was raised in the hive, the bees were
considerable portion of the poorer subsoil be tm-n- 1 forced into a profuse jicrspiration, the perspirable
ed up, it would he preferable to make a coinpost, exhalations were condensed into water, part of

formed of one jsart of stalile manure, mixed with
two parts of swamp mud or loam, and after allow-
ing the whole mass to ferment very moderately.
to spread it on tlie inverted sward. Let the com-
post thus spread on be well mixed with the soil by
the use of a light harrow drawn lengthwise the
furrows and then rolled, and there will be very
little if any waste of tin; nourishing matter by ex-
posure to sun and winds.

For a corn croj) I usually spread on from
ten to fifteen cart loads of stahle nianure and from
twenty to thirty loads of compost to the acre.
For a crop of Rye or Barh^y with grass seed or
with grass seed alone, sown npon the furrow, a
less quantity will suffice.

Very respectfully, your obedient .servant.

Lexington, March 3,1831. E. PHINNEY.

GRASSES— Quekt
Mr Fessekden — Will you or some of your
correspondents havo the goodness to itiform tne
through the medium of your paper, -what grass

the honey was rcmlered uncommonly iliiid, and
after the hees were dead, no heat remained and
the water in the hive was soon frozen. Tlje fc'id
smell in the hive was occasioned by im;)Mre air.'

Bees cannot survive loner witliout fresh air,
they are capable of generating heat sufficient lo
support them din-ing the cold of winter; but they
caimot sustain a great degree of preternatural heat.

It a|>pears that Mr Beard's hive was exposed
to the open air, and its entrance stopped up hut
one day, yet the slcam arising from it ^was like
that from a boiling pnt. This fact seems almost
inexplicable, and cai-.iuit I believe be accounted
for upon any other principle, than pent up air.
■\Ir Beard inquires, ' how bees have the power
of creating heat, so as to melt their com!) at any
time when they please,' at the same time snvs 'ho
has conjectured the cause.' It is hoped that he
will make the public acquainted with his conject-
ure, and also whether he has bad hives stopped
up in the san\e manner at any time before.

In this connexion I am reminded of a fact

or grasses are the most productive and yield the which always strikes me as inscrutable, and whi

MA J. LONG'S GRAPE.

Mr FEssE^DE^■ — In the Journal of theExped,
tion of Major Long, to the Rocky Blounlains, me'
tion is made of a kind of Grape, growing wild
the country through which the Expedition passe
whose excellence is S]ioken of in terms- of tl
highest admiration. The following is apart
the account of this Grape, extracted from tl
Journal of the Expedition. ' Many of these,'
ferring to the Vines, ' were so loaded with fruit
to present nothing to the eye but a series ofclusti
so closely arranged, as to conceal every jiart oft
stem. The fruit of these vines is inconiparal
finer than that of any other native or exol
which we have met with in the United Stat!
I wish. Sir, to make inquiry through the nicdh
of your paper, whether the Vine here spok
of has been cultivated by any one, and its mei'
actually tested. If the account of it abovi
be correct, adapted as it is to our climate, this v
will most likely ^nake a valuable addition to i
stock of table, and perhaps of wine grapes,
an article in ihe 57th number of the Lond
Quart<'rly Ileview on the Valley of the Mississip
the review asserts it to be the Vitis vi;
VV'ine Gra|)e of Europe, but I find nothing in 1
Journal of the Expedition whi(-h would warr!
sufdi a conclusion. I have hastily examined I'rinc
Treatise on the Vine, a work which I ionbt
contains a great fund of useful information as w
■is gratifying to every lover of the Vine and cxhil
ing great research, but I find no satisfactory acco
of the one in question. I think it probable it ra
be indentical v/ifli one of tw'o varieties inserted
the Catalogue of Prince's Garden viz. Lor
Mis'som-i and Long's Arkansaw, and of both
which I think a short sketch is given in the Ti
tise, but no satisfactory information concerning tl
excellence. Itwoid.l appear probable that
Messrs IVmce with their ardent admiration
thit Vine, and their persevering efforts to obi
and disseminate information upon the sttbj
would not have orniticd effijrts to obtain a vaV
or soecics so highly recointnended, and by so
spcctahle authority, and that it must be include
the astonishi.'ig number of eighty native varie
descriln^d in the Treaiisc. In Flint's History
Geography of the Western States, a variety or i
cies of the Grape Vine, is described which is tl
called the Pine Jf'onds Gmpe. and is considerei
be of the same kind with that mentioned by
jor Long. It is ibus described. ' It ripens in
month of June, is cone sha|)cd, transparent, '
finir seeds, reddish jiurplc, is a fine fruit for eat'?.
It has a slender bliiidi purple Vine, that ruus')n
the ground among tte grass.' It would certr ly
appear, from all the authorities that there doo x-
ist in the Western Country a species or varie of
the Vine, which if not superior to any of the il-

Vol. IX No. 34.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

267

.vated, exotic or uative varieties, possesses very
jrcat excellonce. Any infoniiation concerning it
roulil be adding to the stock of our knowledge
jpon this important subject and probably gratify
thers besides your correspondent. M.

i Berlin, Ct. r,b.-22, 1831.

f ■ MILCH COWS.

' Mr Fesse.vdex — ' A Rustic' is inforniod that
,ong Ilurns give better nfdk, but not so nuicli in
Tiantity as the Short Horns. The best of the
hort Horns with the richest keep that Old Eug-
jnd can allord, are said to give 30 rjuarts w ine
)casure per day.

The celebrated cow Bdinet, imported by Col.
owcl, is said when in England with her first calf

have given upwards of 4 gallons of milk wine
leasure at a meal, or 8 gallons per day, but since
er arrival in Pennsylvania, there is no account of
ercxcceding 20 quarts |ier day. Jidin P. Rlilnor,
sq. Recording Secretary of Penn.Agric. Society,

rtifies ' this cow has had no other food than sloo

Indian nical,clover and orcliard grass, has yielded
'peatedly by nieasurejuent 26 quarts within the
1 hours.' She was undoubtedly the best cow
lat was imported by Col. Powel.

The size of the improved Durham Short Horns,
le quantili/ and richness of the food ihey reiiuire,
iider them objectionable for this part of tlie'coun-
Very few of us are able to keep our cows
clover and orchard grass up to their eyes, and

pply them with as much Indian meal as th#)'
m cat.

The JK'orlh Dci'ons give rich milk, btit in small

antity ; the Herefords, and Sussexcs give more

quantity and rich in quality ; they all jiroduce
Dod working and beef oxen, more especially the
ro former.

The Fifeshire cons are small and usually black ; a
3ptl Fife cow will give from 5 to 7 gallons of milk
ii day : from 7 to 9 ])ounds of butter and from
) to 12 pounds of cheese per week, trou weight,

4 ounces to the pound,) for some months after
living. It is said tliat a Fife bullock of -10 stone
ill bring an equal and often a higher price at the
oiidou market than an English bullock 10 stone
Bavier and equrdly fjt.

The .Udernejjs are very small but give very rich
lilk, and when well kept give a fair [iroportionate
iwntity for their size.

it is said in the Clialais of Grnyers in Switzer-
nd, there arc cows which yield each from 60
64 quarts of milk a day, but they arc almost

5 large as Ele])liants, not very well calculateil to
1 themselves by grazing on our gravelly hills, and
orn out plains, but better adapted for the intervals
'the Comiccticut, or the alluvions of the Jlissis-
ppi.

The GaUou-ay, a pole Ijreed rather under size,
revailing color black or dark brindle, give more
ail richer milk thau any otiier imported stock in
oporlion to their size and keep. Seven quarts of
leir milk will produce cream sufficient to make
pound of butter. These cattle are sometimes sent
■om their native jiasturis in Scotland directly to
mitfafichl, a distance of 400 miles and sold at
ice to the butcher ; and in S|uing they are often
town in Norfolk immediately after their arrival, in
s good condition as, or even better than, when
ley began their journey. With full feeding
lere is perhaps no breed that sooner attains ina-
rrity. They fatten kindly on the Ijest parts, tlie
tbeingwcll intermixed or marbled and their
sab is of the finest quality. Of this breed there

is a variety termed Siijfull; Duns, they arc also pol-
led but possess little of the beamy of the original
stock, and are chiefly remarkable for the abun-
dance of milk given by the cows. A good cow
in prime will give 8 gallons of milk a day, a great
]iart of the season 6 gallons; best nfdkers red
brindle, yeliOwish cream color or light dun: (See
Coventry on live stock, p. 28, and Col. Pickering
on improving the native breed of New England
cattle, New England Farmer, vol. iv. |>. 82.) A
few years since Galloways might have been ob-
tained of pure blood in Mass. either at Chelsea,
Noddle's Island or Shirley, but it is feared they have
been adulterated and deteriorated by crossing with
the Short Horns.

It is reconunended to 'A Rustic' that he should
select the best cows through the state without re-
gard to breed, size or color ; perhaps he may find
one or two in a county of the first quality, that
will auijily pay him for his journey. It is said
that Reading has jiroduccd a cow tliat has ex-
ceedeil 20 quarts of milk a day ; also Somerset
and Plymouth, and -50 years ago there was one in

The Newcastle or Cockspur kind I placed in
like manner in the berry without taking the pulp
otf, as that kind will not vegetate the first sea-
son by any mode yet discovered, but nmst lay de-
posited in the earth, and under the influence of
wet and frost two winters. The Virginia was treat-
ed similar many years as it was thought necessary.
But many years past I obtained some cleaned seed
that I gave two ilollars a quart for, the beginning
of March, on purpose to try if I coidd not vegetate
them without a winter's frost, I put them into
warm water two or three days, had them in a ves-
sel standing on one of our o|)en stoves whose heat
never was too warm to bear the hand — then put
them on a suitable vcss(d, spread tlnun, and wa-
tered so as to get the action of frost as much as
the latenes of the season woulil afford ; a few days
after I set them in my meat or smoke house to
keep them secure from some pigeons that frequent-
ed t)ie place ; the smoke house was warm by
smoking the meat, and in a few days, befor(! I was
aware, I was informed my seeds were vegetating.
I hastened to put them in a bed, i)repared and

Plympton that

15 quarts a day of the yellow- 1 sowed them, raking them to cover, my object was

est and best of milk, 5 (piarts of which were said
to have produced cream enough for a pounil of
the yellowest butter. This kinil of selection was
the method pursued by the late enlightened agri-
culturist and distinguished |)hilantlHO|iist, the never
to be forgotten Fisher Ames, and he then had the
best set of cows and the best dairv in the common-
wealth. " COLON US.
March .5, 1831.

LIVE FENCES.

[Estrnct nf n Iptter from riili-l) ICirk, K=q. n ili>linaui^li"^il f;ir-
iner nt.lr Wilrnitiiilnn, IJrtiiwaie, in I)r lieiijtuntii slmriliMr, llns.
tun, cuininumcaleil for pnliliCiUi'tti in Uie .\e\v l-ni:lanil Tanner.]

Resi'ected Frienr — I duly received thy favorof
the 11th, which I feel bound to answer as early as
my other engagements woidil admit. Though I am
not any longer a firmer, I feel gratified if I c;iu
aid thorn in their laudable pursifits, and more es,pe-
eially in lire fenclm:, which occuined my close
attention upwards of twenty years jiri'.d'cal'iTj ; mv
neighborhood evinces the benefit of it.

1 communicated my kiiowleilgc tken on that
head to the public, through the Americau Faruicr
published in Baltimore. Sir Jolm Sinclair, of
Ediidnirgh, Scotland, President of the Roard of
Agriculture in Grc'at Britain, -seeing that i)apcr,
wrote for some seed of the two kinds that I had
there recommended as the best kinds fir fencing.
I shall give the direction now that I gave him-, to
manage the seed, which after many trials 1 found
successful : he followed my direction and although
the vessel that carried them over, did not leave
Pliiladelphia until tbe tenth of March, 1820, be
received them by way of Liverpool, and planted
so as to obta'in a growth of the Virginia kind
eighteen inches high, that season, and says they
w'ill be a great acquisition to to that country ; and
then ordered on behalf of his gardener, (oi/jokhi/*'
sterling worth of seed, as that kind had never
been introduced there before ; the Newcastle kind
had, by being ])lanted in gardens as a curiosity ; I
give their common names with which farmers are
most familiar. Those I sent of the Virginia had
been rubbed or triturated when gathered in the
fall, and hung u\> in a bag in an airy place, where
they would not be depiived of their vegetative
powers, and I packed them up and placed on the
top of some quicks that I had place<l in the box
previously.

obtained — to find a short time was suflicient to
vegetate the seeds, and my direction to Mr Sinclair
was simi)ly to immerse them into warm water a
few days previous to iilanting, to soften the hard
shell inclosing the ki-rnel, after keeping in a dry
state through the winter. His success very fully
proves that is all that was necessary.

I think there was something published at one
lime of my recommending hot or boiling water,
as that was oace my opiiuon. But I lia<l reason
afterwards of retracting, as I believe my neigh-
bor iiijur;;d his seed by so doing. The cocks|)ur
will nc/t so easily vegetate — they arc naturally a
stroijg rugged growing shrub, and will make a
strong hedge with good management ; but the Vir-
ginia kind is easier managed in trainina;. That i)art
is essentially necessary, but too lengthy to say any-
thing about in this coiuminiication.

Ne.ir IVilniiiijInii, Del., )
Feb. 2r, 1831. j

GRAFTING GRAPES.

Mr FEssF..N-DKr« — Some of my friends suc-
ceeded remarkably well the last season, though a
bad one for the purpose) in obtaining fine grapes
by grafting. This mode of improving ftnc of the
most delicious and cnstl.y of our fruits, secnns to
me worthy general adoption. Into the vines
or roots of ordinary and even native grapes, tho
black Ilambiu'gh and other rich kinds may be
engrafted, so as to bear in profusion and ripen the
first year. Will some of your correspondents,
with whom this subject is familiar, favor your
readers with an accurate practical account of the
proper season for engrafting grapes, the best scions,
the difterent modes of performing the o])eration,
and the subsequent management. If practical
horticulturists are not in need information, it will be
gratefully received at least by A.n Amateur.

Dutch Cheeses. — It is computed that 30 millions
of pounds of cheeses are annually made in Hol-
land -, much of it goes to England. Edam in
North Holland is celebrated for its trade in this
article, 6,660,631 lbs. having been weighed
there in one season. Tho two great divisions of
I Dutch Cheese are Sieeel. Milk and Curds. The Edam
! cheese is all sv/eet milk cheese, which is again di--
ivided, according to its rind, into red and white.

268

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 9, 1831.

ii(a:ija>s\iri2»swiiii2a

REPORTS

OF THE

ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN 1830.

I. ON THE MANAGEJIE.NT OF FARMS.

77i£ Committee of the Essex Agricultural Society on
Farms beg leave to submit the following report.
Tliey regret to state, that there were but two
clainiiiiits for the Preiiiiuiiis uf tlie Society for tlie
best cuhivated farms. Essex County, though in-
ferior perha|is as a wliole for the quahty of its soil,
might e.xliibit with a reasonable pride many exam-
ples of an intelligent, skilful, intlu.strious, and suc-
cessful luisbandi-y ; and it would have given your
Connnittee great pleasure had they been invited
to visit several establishments in the county which
do honor to their cultivators, who, we regret to
think, are deterred by an improi)er diffidence from
becoming competitors for the premiums of your
Society. Agriculture presents one of those singu-
lar cases iu which competition however e.xcited can
do no harm ; we see not what evil can result from
it; but on the contrary it maybe productive of the
greatest benefits both of an individual and a public
nature. Experiment is always the best teacher.
Competition leads to experiments : it promotes
improvements, and extenils them after they have
been discovered. In an honorable competition no
generous nnnd should feel mortified with ill suc-
cess. Tlie attempt to excel brings its own re-
ward with it ; and a |)ublic-S])iiitcd mind will see
that a successful competition inevitably contri-
butes to advance the great cause itself, and reflects
back upon the coniinimity advantages greater than
it could receive from the acquisition of the most
liberal ])reminms. Great benefits must arise from
bringing our farms into comparison with each oth-
er ; from seeing what can be done ; from the
knowledge of each cither's improvements however
humble ; from habits of exactness, experiments
and observation ; and especially frotn that strong
interest in cultivation and improvement, wdnch an
extended competition cannot fail to excite and
maintain. Your Cununitteo know no better mode
of applying the funds of the Society than in jire-
miums for the best cuhivated farms, whicii are
found entitled to an honorary notice upon person-
al inspection ; and they express to their brother-
farmers their earnest desire that another year
may find the list of comjietitors for these prizes
greatly eidarged. It is not the most extensive,
showy, fertile, productive, nor expensive farms,
which they would deem best entitled to their ap-
probation ; but those which present the fairest
examjiles of industry, perseverance, economy,
neatness, skill, and constant improvement ; vir-
tues within the reach of all, and which in their
just combination constitute the true excellence of
husbandry.

Yoin- Committee are unanimous in awarding
the first premium of thirty dollars to Erastus Ware
of Salem, tenant on what is known as the Pick-
man farm in the soutlieasterly jiart of tlie tov/n.
His fidl statement of his management and pro-
ducts is subjoined, and will be read with interest
and pleasure. The farm owes many of its im-
provements to the labor ami skill of its former
tenant, the late Mr Paid Upton, for several years
the successfid manager of the Salem A-ltns-IIouse
farm. Mr Ware is entitled to tlie credit of ex-
tending its improvcineuts and maintaining its ex-

cellent condition. The general appearance of his
fields, the good order of his fences and buildings,
the condition and productiveness of bis nursery
and orchards, the neatness prevailing in every de-
partment, and exemplary temperance with which
the labors of so extensive an establishment have
been conducted, entitle him to the highest credit.
— Making proper allowances for the amount of
land occupied in pasturing, the greater part of
which is incapable of cultivation, your committee
deem the product of the farm very great; and
especially when compared with the actual expense
of labor. This seems small in any view and must
have been applied with nnich skill and fidelity,
though your comnuttee would have been able to
judge more satisfactorily on the subject, and it
would have been much more advantageous to the
public, had the claimant stated the number of days'
work done or the number of hands and the time for
which they were emjiloyed, rather than the pecun-
iary cost of the labor, which for obvious reasoiis
can hardly form a rule by which others may gov-
ern themselves. The price of labor by the day or
month differs much in different jjarts of the coun-
try, and, where several bands are employed, on
the same farm. The rate too at which the work
performed away from the farm for hire was done
is not known to the Coimiiittee ; but that done for
the town may be supposed to exceed the rate jjaid
for labor at home. Still however the amount
paid for labor on this farm, compared v/ith the
quantity of produce raised and marketed, and the
ainotint of Live Stock kept, on any common es-
timate, must be considered as very small, and
shows that it must have been faithfully exerted and
judiciously ajjplied.

Mr Ware's farm is not an experimental farm ;
his main object being to obtain the greatest pecun-
iary profit from the place consistently with a just
regard to the interests of his landlord. The con-
dition of the farm shows that the landlord can
have little grounds for complaint ; and it is highly
gratifying to find an example, rare enough we
must allow, in which the pociuiiary interests of
the tenant arc successfully puisucd, not only with-
out detriment but with advantage to the interests
and rights of the owiipr. Tiie contrary course,
however dishonorable and dishonest, is but too
coimnon ; so that iu general where a man lets his
farm he must despair of its improvement ; and
a lease upon what is termed shares is too frequent-
ly a virtual reimnciation of all claims to anything.

Though not an experimental farm, yet the ob-
servations of Mr Ware being the restilt of in-
telligent and long experience, are entitled to great
consideration. His opinion against the practice
of hilling Indian corn confirms the suggestions
which ^vere made to the Society on former occa-
sions on this subject. His success in laying down
iiis land to grass in the fall after taking off a cro])
of early Potatoes deserves notice. There is nn
olivioiis convenience and there are many advanta-
ges in this management ; we believe it the most
eligible course ; though it must be allowed, es-
pecialy if the sowing in the fall is very late, that
there will be many vvecils in the next year's crop
of grass ; and the hay will not be of that substan-
tial quality that it would be, if the grass seed
were sowed in the s|iring with English grain, as
was formerly the imiversal custom,

Mr Ware has singular advantages in his near-
ness ton market, and especially in being able to
sell the greater part of his produce in the form

j of milk. It should be the great object of ever
j farmer to convert his produce into a conditioi
I that it may be ilisposed of without injury to ih
j place. This may be done in the form of milli
I butter, cheese, beef, pork, mutton, wool, grain
I but never in that of hay, straw, or vegetables
I We believe that leases are seldom given in Eng
land without an express condition, that all th
hay and straw raised shall be consumed on th
j place ; and it is respectfully submitted to th
consideration of the Society, whether some c
their premiums could be more advantageously bei
stowed than in the encouragement of careful an
exact experiments upon the value of any articl'j
of agriculti;ral produce in the fattening of hogil
sheep, or cattle ; experiments that should go t
show not merely the pecuniary results whic
must of course be affected by many contingencie;
that could neither be foreseen nor controlled, bi
the best course of feeding; the actual amour
of food consumed and of flesh produced ,- and 9
far as it can be ascertained the comparative value'i
ditferent kinds of vegetable food in its applicatio
to the stall-feeding of animals. From the vain
received fiw the sale of hay or straw is obviousl
to be deducted the labor and expense of marke
ing and a sum equivalent to the value, of the m?
nin-e, which would be furnished to the f-irm I
the consumiuion A)f such hay or straw at hod
These are pretty serious deductions; and if an
mode ol' a|)plying a portion of our produce coti'
be* discovered, by which we mightdorive an eqtl
advantage, as from the sale of it in the form j
hay or straw, a most important point would I
gained. Experiments on this subject, though o
a small scale, are earnestly urged upon the Farn
ers of Essex, under the persuasion that any suq
experiments well and exactly conducted and di
tailed, though no specific premiums should I
promised, would receive the particular notice an
a])probation of the Society.

Your Committee have thought proper, and part
cularly with a view of encouraging competitic
for these ])reanums, to award the fifth prennum
eighteen dollars to John Adams, Esq. of Andove
Mr Adams' statement is subjoiricd, in which the
have to regret an almost total want of that exac
ness which the Committee deem highly importai;
Mr Adams' husbandry is respectable and the Coi)
mittee were gratified with the general appearani
of his f UMii ; but they would have been much b(
ter satisfied to have been told the particular amom
of his butter, cheese, pork, and hay, as near as
could he ascertained, and the munbcrof cows Uej
&c, than to have received the very general stat
ment of his keeping ' from twenty to twcntyfi'
cattle anil selling about three Jiundred weight
butter and .some cheese, and about ten hundJB
weight of pork besides ichnt he consumes in l
family, and from ten to fifteen tons of Engli
hay.' In the disposal of these premiums
Conmiittce feel that they are responsible totl
Society and to the State ; and they therefo
should deem it indispensable in regard to all clair
for preiiiiums that the statements of those w
ap|dy for them should be given with as much e
actness as possible. Butter, cheese, pork, vegel
hies, and grain are all easily measured. Hay sc
is of course weighed; and when not sold,
number of loads when carried from the fie
should be counted, and as fair an estimatioD
their weight as possible should be made and I
corded at the time.

Vol. IX No. 3-1.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

269

Tlie aiiiomit of labor expemled on llie t'arin of
Mr Ailaiiis is equal to that ot' two men tlu'oiigli
the year. This is very small, compared with the
extent of the farm ; and we take the occasion to
remark that farmers as often mistake their trne
interest in emi)loying too little, as too much lalior.
Every farmer who keeps a team oujrht we think
to keep a teamster, whose business, should be to
use that team constantly, that none of the labor
which it can perform should be lost. Few of our
formers seem to think that they may as well for
their own interest let their ineu be idle as to let
their team be idle without necessity ; and on a
farm of a hundred acres or even fifty, iu the con-
dition in which most of our farms are found,
there can seldom bo any want of profitable em-
ployment for a team. Again, the |)rofit of farminij,
if there is any such thing, must depend on culti-
vation. The amount of cultivation should depend
it is true on the quantity of manure, which you
have it in your power to a|)ply ; but the quantity of
manure will on the other hand depend on the
amount of land cultivated and of produce grown.
The more land we cultivate, the more produce
we raise ; the more produce we raise, the more
stock we keep or fatten ; the more stock, the more
manure to enrich the place. If our land is too
poor to pay the expense of cultivation, then let it
be abandoned. But where it will do but little '
more than pay the expense of cultivation, it would I
be better to cultivate it, because judicious cuiti-'
vation and improvement will not fail liltiniatcly !
to make it profitable. Expinsive as labor is among (
us, there certainly may be too many hands employ- i
ed, who may interfere with and endjarrass each
other: and from a neglect of constant oversight
and the judicious division of labor among men,
assigning every man his place and duty and as
far as possible obliging him to attend in that place
and perform that duty, there is much waste of
time and much less work is oftentimes accomplish-
ed than with fewer men and more careful arrange-
ments ; but where, on the other hand, a team must
be kept, which ought to be constantly emiiloycd,
and with the team the necessary appendages of
carts, ploughs and farming implements; and where
also no extra labor, house rent, or fuel will be re-
quired for the sujiport of the men than if there
were fewer of them, there it would seem to be
proper to cultivate as much land as you can ma-
nure and cultivate well, and to employ as many
bauds within the above limits as can possibly be
made to work to advantage. Your Conmiittee
therefore would deem it proper on their part not
to inquire with how little labor a farmer can get
along, but to compare the labor employed with
the extent of tJie farm, the quantity of land un;ler
cultivation, and the amount of produce grown ;
and to pronounce that the best husbandry where
the labor employed, be it more or less, has been
applied witli the best judgment and profit.

Your Committe<i avail themselves of the pre-
sent occasion to call the attention of their brother
farmers to the importance of keeping accounts.
Let any farmer make the experiment and ho will
find it as interesting as it is useful, and both inter-
esting and usefid to know from year to year the
actual ])roduce of his farm. Let everything there-
fore, which can be measured and weighed, be mea-
sured and weighed ; and let that, which cannot be
brought to an exact standard, be estimated as
if he himself were about to sell or purchase it.
Let him likewise, as near as possible, measure the

the ground which he |)lants, the quantity of .seed
which he uses, and the manure which he a|ipli('s.
The labor of doing this is nothing compared with
the satisfaction of having done it, and the benefits
which must arise from it. Conjecture in these
cases is perfectly wild and uncertain, varying often
with different individuals almost a hundred |)er
cent. Exactness enables a man to form conclu-
sions, which may most essentially and in innumer-
able ways avail to. his advantage. It is that alone
which can give any value to his experience ; it is
that which will make his experience the sure basis
of improvement. It will put it in his power to
give safe counsel to his friends, and it is the only
groun.l on which he can securely place confidence
in himself.

Your Committee congratulate themselves and
the Society in the belief that the pgricullure of
the County is in a state of improvement. It is
very far from being what it should be ; yet some
examples of its farnnng and many instances of
crops raised in the county will hold an lionorable
comparison with the farms and the crops of coun-
ties and countries much more highly favored by
soil and climate. The County of Essex enjoying-
many advantages from its proximity to good mar-
kets and possessing an industrious, temperate, mor-
al, and intelligent population, may find in these
blessings some compensation for the sterility of
much of its soil ; anil in its general inprovements,
ami its agricultural and commercial facilities and
advantages it ]pvesents to industrious, frugal, and
enterprising citizens ample occasions for honest
pride and grateful contentment.
Respectfully submitter),

Jesse Put.sam,
He.vry Coljian,
Joseph Kittredge,
Moses Newhai.l,
Jeremiah Colman,
■\Vm. p. Ekdicott,
J. W. Proctor.

January 4, 18.31.

[To be continued.]

CARROTS.

It ajipears not to be generally understood in
this part of the country, that carrots are among
the best and most nutritious food for cattle and
horses. One bushel of carrots will yield more
nourishment than two bushels of oats, or po-
tatoes, and it is a remarkable fact, that horses will
frequently leave oats to feed on carrots, after they
have acquired a relish for them. — Generally, cattle
as well as horses are very fond of them, and thrive
astonishingly well, when fed upon them. They
not only give them a fine flesh, but a rich bril-
liant gloss.

If our farmers would turn their atteniion to the
raising of this vegetable extensively, they would
find an innnense saving in grain, as well as a
visible change in the thrift of their animals. As
a matter of economy and profit, it is of vast im-
portance. The quantity of carrots which may be
raised from ofieacre of good land, is almost incred-
ible. Where the land is rich and mellow, an acre
will yield from 1000 to 2,000 bushels. The
process is simple,and the labor comparatively light.

Select a rich piece of ground, tolerably dry, and
as free from weeds as possible ; plough it deep,
make it mellow, and harrow it smooth. Then
sow your ground with the usual quantity of flax
seed, and harrow it in ; after this, sow about a
quart of carrot seed to the acre and bush it lightly.

Both seeds will come uj) together, but the flax
springing up with considerable ra|)idity, will so
shade the carrots that they will not gaiji much
size till the flax is pulled. The shade of the flax,
will also prevent the weeds from growing, so as
to interfere with the carrots. Alter the flax is
I)ulled, which will be in July, the carrots will
begin to enlarge rapidly, especially if the weeds
have been kept in check by the shade, for the ])ul-
ling of the flax will so loosen the earth around
them, and so expose them to the rays of the sun,
as to give them new vigor and strength. At that
time also, the weeds will not grow rapidly, if at all.

Thus may be raised two valuable crops without
impoverishing the land, more than by a crop of
corn or oats.

It is not probable that the first attempi would
yield so largely as 1 have suggested above, but if
you take the pro|)cr precautions, and are tolerably
successful, your will realize from one nrre about
1,000 bushels of carrots, worth three shillings per
bushel, $375 00

300 lbs. flax. 10 cents per lb. 30 00

6 bush, flax-seed, ST^cts. per bush. 5 25

Total S410 25

To what use can an acre of land be applied,
by which it will produce half th'! amount. — This
may seem a large estimate, but it is nevertheless
true; and if you wish to test the matter, try it
next season.

Horses will work on carrots, nearly or qiute as
well as on oats, and keep in much better order.
The transportation lines along the Canal, would
find great economy in using them as a substitute
for oats. — Genesee Farmer.

SPINNING FLAX BY MACHINERY.

It is not generally understood that flax is spun
by machinery, although most of the Irish linen
sold in our markets is manufactured in that way.
On the 12th of July, 1823, 1 visited the Linen
Manufacturing establishment of Mr Crossthwait
(banker of Dublin) at Lucan, about seven miles
from the city. At this establishment was manii-
facturcd .5 tons of flax per week, carrying it through
the spinning, weaving, and bleaching processes.
The machinery was quite as simple as that for
spinning cotton, and less expensive. The spindles
tinned about three thousand times per minute, and
one girl tended about eighty of them, which spun
from one hundred to one hundred and twenty runs
per day. I also examined about two hundred tons
of flax, a part of which was Russian, and the remain-
der Irish. The Riga Flax, Mr Crossthwait inform-
ed me, cost from fifty to sixty pounds sterling per
ton. The Tandarage flax cost eighty pounds ])er
ton which is nearly eighteen cents per pound. The
same season flax was worth only about ten cents
per pound, in most parts of the United States.-,-
For manufacturing, watei-rotted flax only is used
in Ireland, as dew-rotted is not considered worth
working. — Ih.

.A"o(f. — If the Irish Maniif.»cturRrs can afforil to pay
eighteen cents for a pound of flax to manufacure to
send to America, what profit could the Yankees make io
the same business when Ihey could buy the flax for half
the money .'

The IN'cTves. — By the assistance of a newly invent-
ed galvanometer, of a very delicate construction, it
has been ascertained that the hypothesis of the
existence of electric currents in the nerves, is des-
titute of foundation.

270

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 9, 1 83 1,

BOSTON, WED.NESDAY EVENING, MARCH 9, 1831.

GARDENER'S WORK FOR MARCH.

Ldluce may lie sowed in tlie open ground as
goon as frost will permit. To obtain a constant
suliplv of sood lettuce it is serviceable to sow it
everymonth from tlie opening of Spring till Au-
gust. For a seed-bed, four feet wide by ten feet

In New Eni'laud we are generally prechulod in length, a ctuarter of an ounce of seed is suffi-
by frosts frojntlie culture both of our gardens and ' cieiit,"and will proiluce upwards of four hundred
lields frain the middle of December to the ndddle ; plants. It may likewise be sowed between va-
of March, and often from the first of December to , cant rows, intended for other [ilants, and pulled
tl-e first of April. i out for use before tlie other plants are large enough

As soo:i as the frost subsides it will be expedi- to be encumbered by it. The seeds may be either
ent for the gardener, who wishes to make his busi- sowed broad cast, moderately thm, raked in light-
ness either profitable or pleasant, to prepare hot- Iv and even, or in drills from a foot to sixteen
beds for forcing vegetation. IIot-bc<ls are not inches apart. It is said that the straight leaved
merely articles of lu.xury, as has been supposed ; sort is best cultivated in broad cast, and does not
bv some, hut are of real and considerable utility,

especially for those farmers and gardeners who
send their productions to market. Plants which
are brought to maturity in the open air, may often
be rendered fit for the table a month earlier in con-
sequence of being sown, and forwarded during
the earlier stages of their existence in a hot bed.
The most idaiu and simple directions for making
hot beds, which we remember to have seen are
the following from the Farmer's JManiial.

' Mark out your bed to the size of the frame
you design to cover it, wliicli is generally six feet
in length and three in breadth, covered with glass
set in sashes of 12 panes each of 7 by 9 glass.
Thsso'sashes are hung with hinges upon the back
side, to a<Imit of their being raised up and let
down at pleasure. The front side of the sashes,
to incline from the back side about six inches
Tiic frame or box is tight upon all four of its siilcs,
ni.ii generally about 12 inches high in front, and
IS inches on the backside.

' Dig your bed thus marked ofl' and cover it
wi;h litter from your horse-stable ; stamp down
yonr several layers, until yonr bed is raised to the
lieiglit you wisli, then covfir the bed with a layer
of rich earth, from 6 to 12 inches thick, and set
oa your frame ; in S or 10 days it \vill generally be
ready for jjlantiiig, if thj weather is mild. If the
fermentation is too powerfid and the heat too ac-
tive, give it air by raising the lights in your fr.ame
unlil you have oliiuined a right temperature :(whicli
yo\i may determine by jilacing your hand upon
tiio bed, or even- thrusting your hand into it.)
You rnay then plant your early cucumbers, radishes,
salads, &c ; these plants will soon come forward,
and may be transplanted on to other hot beds, not
so powerful, or set promiscuously in the garden
and covered with other small frames, of 1, 2, or 4
panes of glass according to circumstances, and
the rtiiKiinder may stand for use. These plants
may bo brought to perfection, generally, about one
month earlier than in the open ground.

' .-Jsprirngns ma;/ he forced in lot beds to advan-
tage in the following manner. Drawordig from
your asparagus-bed as many roots as will fill your
hot-beds, and set tliein in rows that will admit the
hoe between, and from one to three inches asunder
in the rows, {roots of (ourycars old, and that have
' never been cut, answer best;) cover with yonr
frames, and when you pick &r use cut within the
ground.'

In Ike ctdtivalion of sweet potatoes It is best to
start them in a hot bed, and afterwards transplant
them, Iiy which a good crop it is said may l)e ob-
tained in our northern climate. Other modes of
making hot beds may be seen in New England
Farmer, vol. vi. p. 277, and New American Gar-
dener, page 161.

rcriuire transplanting, but the curled and head
lettuce are said to succeed best when transjdanted.

Earh) peas cannot be planted too soon after the
sround' is thawed. Of the small early kinds, one
pint will sow a row of twenty yards ; for the lar-
ger sorts, for main crops, the same measure will
sow a row of thirtythree yards. For early sorts
make the drills one inch and a half deep; and
let parallel drills be two feet and a half, three or
four feet asunder, according to the sort, and the
soil. Peas that are to grow without sticks require
the least room. For summer crops and large
sorts, make the drills two inches deep, and four,
five or six feet asunder, and distribute them along
the drill according to their size and the richness
of thi; soil, which should 'Se hght, loose, and mod-
erately rich. But peas are rather injured than
benefited by fresh stable dung.

Cuaimhers.—hi a Treatise on Gardening, by J.
Armstrong, Duchess County, N. Y. imblislicd in
Memoirs of the New York Board of Agriculture,
we have the following passage: 'To obtain early
encumbers we must have recourse to artificial heat,
and with the less reluctance, as, of all plants, the
cucumber is that with which' it best agrees. To
this end, therefore scoop as many large turnips as
you propose to have Mlls—fiW these with good
garden mouhl, sow in each three or four seeds and
plunge them into a hot-bed. When the runners
show^thcmselves, spare them, or pinch them or
bury them as you think best; and on the 10th of
Slay transfer tiiem to the beds whore they are to
stand. The advantage of a scooped turnip as a
seed bed over pots or v: ses will now appear — for
instead of the ordinary difliculty of separ,ating the
mass of earth and the plant from the pot whicli
contained them, and without injury to either, we
re-inter both pot and jdant, and even find in the
one an additional nutriment to "the other. Tlie
subsequent treatment does not diflcr at all from
that of plants cultivated in the open air.' Other
plants, such as summer squashes, melons, early
corn &c &c might no doubt be forwarded to
great advantage by means
stated.

similar to those above

STOCK FARM IN THE VICINITY OF BOS
TON.

We have seen and perused with much plea-
sure and entire approbation a ' Prospectus of a
proposed Stock Farm,' to be established in the
vicinity of Boston, and to be ' devoted to the im-
liortant object of breeding and rearing the best
breeds of Horses, Neat cattle. Sheep and Swine ;
the receiving and selling on commission all kinds
of live stock ; and combining with these the busi-
ness of Agriculture and Horlicidture, upon the
most approved and economical system. The husi-
y'ncss also of disciplining young and refractory

Horses,' &c, and it is proposed moreover, if sufii-
cient encouragement should be given that a well
educated Veterinary Surgeon may be attached to
the establishment. The whole will be under the
care and superintendence of Col. Samuel Jaqoes,
of Charlestown, whose name alone is a sufficient
guarantee that it will be conducted in a judicious
and enlightened manner. His quiilifications for
such an agency are too well known and highly
appreciated by every ])erson, who is in the slight-
est degree acquainted with the recent improve-
ments in agriculture which have conferred such im-
portant advantages on the northern section of the
United States, to require any encomiums from us.
This place will be not only a Stock Farm, but a
Pattern Farm and a Sample Farin, in which the
best specimens of every kind of improvement con-
nected with the arts of Agriculture, Horticulture,
and every species of Rural Economy, will be il-
lustrated by inspection, explained by exhibition,
and shown to be practicable by ocular demonstra-
tion. Those who may not comprehend theories,
or may not beheve statements, will there be fur-
nished with evidence which cannot be contradicted,
and explanations which cannot be misunderstood.
The whole farm, together with its buildings as
well as its stock and utensils, will furnish a Lyce-
um, Arena, or Hall of Agricultural and Ilnrticul-
tural Science, furiiislied with appropriate appara-
tus, which will always be open to tlic pulilic, and
in which lessons will be given gratis from which
the most scientific may derive profit, and the most
ignorant may fully comprehend.

It is intended to have concentrated at this
farm the most esteemed varieties of animals
now known in Europe and America. Liberal and
intelligent Merchants, Oflicers of the U. S. Navy,
Captains of Vessels, Szc, &c, will find on Col.
Jaqiies' Stock Farm, a place where they can depo-
sit whatever productions of foreign countries, such
as rare and useful animals, plants, &c, they m.iy
be disposed to import either for their own emolu-
ment, or for the benefit of their country. But the
advantages to be anticipated from an estaljlishment
of this kind, are too obvious and too numerous to
require or to admit of recapitulation. We are
therefore happy to perceive that the plan is warmly
reconimendcd by the Trustees of the Massachu-
setts Agricultural Society and by the Hon. .Tohn
Lowell, late President of the Society ; and that
the liberal and enlightened capitalists of Boston
and its vicinity have taken such a number of shares
in the establishment, that no doubt remains of its
being immediately carried into effect.

Since the foregoing was written, we have received the
following leUer IVom His Excellency Gov. Likcoln,
whose opinion on agricultural subjects is worthy (he
highest consideratiou.

Boston, March 8, 1831.
Colonel Jaques.

Sir — Having examined your proposals for the
establishment of a Stock Farm, I take great
pleasure in expressing to you my cordial approbation
of the plan, with my best wishes for your success, in
so important and interesting an undertaking. With
the skill and experience which you possess, in the
rearing and management of stock, the public will
have a reasonable assurance that there will be the
best selection of domestic animals of every desirable
race ; and in the variety which such an cstablisli-
ment will present, the occasions and preferences of
Farmers for Breeds of Cattle suited to difterent ob-
jects, will be abundantly satisfied. I know of no ar-
rangement in rural affairs more important than that
by which the properties of the breeds of domestio
animals may be fairly tested by comparison with

Vol. IX.— No 54.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

2ri

each other, under ihe same course of keeping and
management. No two breeders will be found to
feed and treat their stock in the same manner. —
Hence tlie great uncertainty, as well as diversity, in
the results of practical observation. Inferior ani-
mals, by more care, are often miulo to appear better,
and give a greater product than others of decidedly
superior qiinlities, with less attention. But by col-
lecting fflfividuals of different races into one estab-
lishment, and subjecting them to uniform treatment,
under the same careful inspection, their character-
istic differences will be ascertained, ami the pecu-
liar properties which recommend them for different
uses and purposes of economy, will become well un-
derstood. The Feeder will learn how to select lor
the pasture and the stall. The Husbandman, who
looks for strength, activity, and hardihood under the
yoke, will not meet frequent and mischievous disap-
pointments ; and the Dairy will be sure of its pro-
ducts.

The benefit of such opportunity for comparison and
for selection, in conformity with the particular inter-
est of each purchaser, will be equally experienced
by those, who are engaged in the rearing of Horses,
Sheep, and Swine, with all which, as much as with
Horned Cattle, it is now well understood, there lies
the entire difference, in different breeds, between
utter worthlessness, and great productiveness and
value. Indeed I cannot but indulge much confidence,
both in the utility of your sciieme to the public, and
in its rewards to your own excellent spirit and en-
terprize. I mean this remark should apply to your
whole plan ; as well to the part which respects the
course of Husbandry proposed on the land, as to the
breeding and keeping of Animals ; although, as I am
not acquainted with the precise character of the
Farm which you have selected, I beg to decline of-
fering any opinion, as to the particular purchase, or
the amount of the investment, which may be required
for the Establishment. Your ob't serv't,

LEVI LINCOLN.

Dill Goods. '

\VooLsEY, Poor Sc Cowers, 161 Pearl street, New
York, have on baml and are conslantly opcninn;, a large
and (general assortment of seasonaldc 7)ry Gouds^ com-
piisin;; every variety ol staple articles; wliicli they oll'cr
lor sale liy the piece or package, on llie most favorable
tonus of oreilil. As lliey will be receiving a constant
supply ot the more important articles IVom their own im-
portations; tlu'ir Stock will offer an unusually favorable
opportunity lor making selections.

J\'eiv York Cili/. IS.Jl.

Sjiriiisr Rye.
Wanted immediately a few bushels of genuiue Spring
Rye, plump, for spwins — for which a liberal price will be
paid at .1. B. Russell's Seed Store, 32 North Market st.

Jl'ltite .Midbemj Trees,
One anil two years irlil ; also Apple Trees, Strawberry
and Grape Vines, lor sale. Inquire of I'e.vjami.v Bar-
ber, .Ir, near the meeting house in Bradford, East Par-
ish, Mass. 4t East Bradford, March S.

Farm Jl'anled,

(Within 10 miles of Boston.) consisting of 20 lo .30 acres
ol first rate land, having a comfortable house, barn, kc.
A line, stating particulars, addressed to H. h. T. box 536
Post Olfice, will receive attention. 3t

Boston, .March 9.

Farm to he let on Halves.
About .30 acres of £;ood land, with house, barn, fruit
trees, &c, situated in Roxbury, near the city. Apply at
this olfice. .Varch 9.

.issorted Seeds for Families.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmor, 52, North Market street.

Small boxes of assorted Seeds for Kitchen Gardens. —
Each box contains a package of the following seeds: —

.Man Jl'anted.

Wanted immediately, in the vicinity of Boston, a mid-
dle aged man, who is competent to lake charge of a Gar-
den,and !odo other work re(|uired in a small family. The
best recommendations will lie required for qiialiticatious
and character. Apply at this ofrice. .March 9.

Cow CalAiage.
Just received, at the Seed Store, No. .52 North Market
street, bom London a small cjuantity of Seed of the Cow
Cabbage ; it is tliougbt tb.it no plant cultivated in this
country will give so much fodder from the same space of
ground, forlNIilch Cows, as this, it has been successfully
cultivated lo a large extent in New England and the Mid-

viimiiiiv^u <<j u ■'■■L,-- »-.»l^tlv iltj.lL.li A^ll^ltlll

die States the past year, and promises to be
sition.

HORTICULTURAL HALL, MARCH 5, 1S31.
The following plants in flower, were exhihited by Da-
vid Haggerston, Cliailestown Vineyard: — Camellia Sa-
snnquea Rosea ; Camellia i» elbankii ; Camellia Gieviile's
Red; Camellia Pa-oniflora ; Camellia Pallida; Camellia
Atroruhens ; Pelargonium Feronia ; Azilia Indica Coc-
cinia ; Do. purpurea; Acacia armata ; Pa^onia moutan.
R. L. E^LMONS, Chairman.

We are happy to learn that the whole of the Lowell
and Boston Rail Road Stock has been subscribed for, and
that the Company will be iaimediatdy organized and
commence operations.

The sum of $130,000 lias been subscribed to the Wor-
cester and Boston Rail Road.

To Correspondents. — We have but room enough
left to apologize to six or seven Correspondents, for the
omission of their favors, which shall be attended to next
week.

NEW CATALOGUE — PRICES REDnCEI).

Linncran Botanic Garden &,- .Vurscries — Flushing^
•near .Vew York.
WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS, Proprietor.s,
announce, that the great extensions made in

their Est.ihlishnient, wbicii now covers near

5iel icvK-^. compactly filled with the choicest Trees. <Shrubs
and Plants, — has enabled them to reduce ibe [)rices for
■various kinds ; and their .i\'ew Catalogue with the re-
duced prices, will speedily be presented to the pulifc, —
when it ma^ be obtained of the various Agents, or by ap-
plying direct lo thrni.'ielves per mail. The greatest at-
tention and unweai'icd scrutiny iiave been exercised in
regard to the quality and accuracy of ttieir trees, and they
are of a larger size than at any previous period. .A.ware
that the establishment of Narseiies in every part of our
country would be a National advantage, they will fur-
nish all supplies fo" such purposes at a libera] discount,
and at a credit to comport with the convenience of the
purchasers. Any information desired will be furnished
by the return of mail, and all orders, &c, will receive the
accustomed attention and despitcli. Orders '■.in be sent
to Mr J. B. R^-ssEI.L, 52 North Market st., Boston,
or to any other Agent. March 9.

f^ai"ly Washiiigion Peas
Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas
Lam .Mairowfat Peas
Early Jloli.iwk Dwarf Suing
• Beans
Early Dwarf White Caseknife

Beans
Lima, or Saba PoleBcons
Long Blood Boel {Inic sort)
Early liiniip-rnnied Bcei
Early "iork Callage
Large Cape Savoy do (fine)
Red Dutch do (fur pick-

Early Dutch Canliflnwer

Early Horn Carrot (very fine)

Long Orange Carrol

While Solid Celery

Curled Cress or Peppergrass

Early Cucumber

Long Creen Turkey do.

Long Dutch Parsriep
Large Head Lettuce
Early Si I -sia do
Pine-apple iMclon \cerij fine)
\\'alcrnK'cn

Large While Poiliigal Oniou
Large Red do.

Double Curled Parsley
Flat Squash Pepper
Early Scarlet shori-top Radish
\^"hi^e Turnip Radish
Salsify, or Oyster Plant
Early Bush Squash
\\'iiUer C^rook-neck Squash
Early While Dutch Turnip
Yellow .Stone Turnip

POT HERB SEEDS.

Sweet IVIarjorum, Sage, Sum-
mer Savory.

.\t this t?eed Store can be found the greatest variety of
Field, Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be found
in New England, of the very first quality, and at lair pri-
ces, wholesale and retail.

Also, Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both
native and Eui'opean oiigin,) and Ornamental Shrubs at
Nurserymen's prices. March 2.

Sheep for Sale.
A superior lot of Saxony and Merino (mixed blood)
Store Sheep — about GO Ewes and 2 Bucks, age from 2 to
4 years — in prinu health and in good flesh, not expected
to have lambs until the 10th of April.

Apply to NaTH'L tucker.
.ii.nitnn, March 2, 1831.

a great acqui-
Feb. !«.

Farlij Potatoes.

For sale by Samuel Po.vd, near the Universatist
Meeting House, Cambridgeport, a few bushels ol his
prime, early Potatoes, which took the premium at the
.Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Shows last season ;
and are considered Ibe earliest variety in this viciiuty.

Also, a fine milch COW, with her calf; a superior an-
imal as a milker, and perfectly gentle. Feb, 23.

Il'hile .Midbtrni Seed.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North .Market street —

A small quantity of fresh White Mulberry Seed, of the
growth of 1830. Gentlemen in want of this Seed that
can be depended upon, are advised to apply soon, as the
supply here, and throughout the country, is uncommonly
small. — Short directions for its culture furnished gratis
with the seed. Feb. 16.

To be Lei.
Twentyfive acres of excellent Land, a House, and
Chaise house, in Roxbury — one mile from Boston line.
Apply at J. B, Russell's Seel Siore. 3t Blarch 2.

Seeds for Country Dealers.
Tr.aders in the country who may wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
furnished, at .L B. Russell's Seed Store, connected
with the New England Farmer, .52 North Market Street,
Boston, with boxes of various sizes and prices, from 10 to
.s.jtt, containing a co:viplete assortment of the seeds
mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as
they can be procuied in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up in small packages, ready for retailing, icilh
short directions on each package for its cidtnre and
manazcment — warranted to be of the growth of 1830,
and of the purest quality. Nov. 5.

.Immunition ^£0

Of the be^t qv;alitv and /f7(ec.sf/ir/cc.*J, for sporting —
consiautly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
65 Broad Street.

N. B. If the (;uality is not found salisfactory, it may
be returned, and ilie money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7.

Durham Short Horns.

For sale, several of the pure breed, descendants of Ihe
celebrated animals presented by Ad.mir.al Sir Is.^ac
Coffin, to the Jlassachusetts Society for the Promotion
of Agriculture. The pedigice of these animals can be
given as far back as Hnbback, who was calved in 1777,
and is reputed the foundation of this much admired stock.
Also, several Heifers bred from the same, of various
grades, from half up to seven ciglilhs blooded animals.
For particulars, inquire of E. Hei-sey Derby, Salem.

Salem, October, 18:10.

Farmer IVanted.
A single or married man is wanted to manage a farm
in*a very pleasant village about J5 miles bom Boston.
He must thoroughly understand bis business; be ac-
quainted with marketing, and produce the best recom-
mendations as to his industry and fidelity. Address J. B.
Russell, Seedsman, Boston, (post paid). Feb. 23.

Brighton Market — .Monday, .March 7.

[Rnporteil for Ijie Chronicle and Patliol.l

At Alarkct this day, 142 Bed Cattle, (including 27 un-
sold last week.) 4 pair of Workiii'^; Oxen, 10 Cows and
Calves, and 152 Swine — 55 Swine were included last
week.

Prices.— Bef/" Ca»(e—.\n advance of about 25 els.
per cwt. was elVoctcd from last week. We noticed only
one pair pvime Cattle, sale not effected— $S was asked ;
we shall quote iVotn 4 25 to 5 25. Should the market for
a week or two continue open, (as may be the case) our
friends fro;iithe ' River' will probably find as good a mar-
ket rit Brighton as at New York.

Working Oxen — In demand ; many buyers were dis-
appointed at not finding any which were good at market.

Cows and Calves— \\c noticed sales at~19, 21, and $22.

Sheep — None.

Swine — Not much doing ; too high a price appears to
be asked. A few at retail were taken at 5c. lor Sows,
and 6 lor Barrows.

.Xew York Cattle .Market, Feb. 28.— .\t market, this
day, 230 Beef Cattle, and 250 to .300 Sheep. Number of
Cattle much less this week than usual, demand of course
gieaier, and price advanced; a few pairs show Cattle
sold for §10; several small lots extra 7J a 8 ; good 64 a
7 ; fair 6, and ordinary $5 a 5^ per cwt. Sheep very
scarce and selling well ; severar lots extia taken at $6 a
6i; good 4 a 5; fafr S a 3i,5and ordinary 2 a 2 50 each.
Milch Cows — several sales at $35 to 40. Calves Worth
5 a 5ic. Weighed alive. — Journal of Commerce.

272

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

March 9, 1831.

3IISCEL,L.ANY.

Tiie followin<,' inetliod of extracting a blue
color for dying from buck wlieat straw, is from a
late London qeriodical :

'Tlie straw should be gathered before the grain
is quite ih'y, and placed on the grouuil to the sun,
until it becomes sufficiently dry to be taken from
the hu^ks with facility. Tlie wheat having been
removed, the straw is to be piled up, moistened
and left to ferment till it is in a state of decompo-
sition, ^vhen it will become of a blue color, this
indicates the period when it should be gathered,
and formed into cakes, which are to be dried
in the sun, or in a stove. On these cakes being
boiled in water, the water assumes a strong blue
color, which will not change either in vinegar or
in sulphuric acid. It may however, be turned into
red with alkali, into a light black with bruised gall
nuts, and into a beautil'ul green by evaporation.
Sluirs dyed blue with tlie solution, which is to bo
used in the same way as vegetable matters of a
similar species employed in dying, become of a
beautiful and durable color.'

To prevent Milk becoming sour. — To prevent
milk from turning sour and curdling as it is so apt
to do in the heat of summer the milk-men of Paris
add a small quantity of sub-carbonate of potash or
soda, which saturating the acetic acid as it forms,
prevents the coagulation or separation of cur<ls,
and some of them practise this with so much suc-
cess as to gain the reputation of selling milk that
never turns. Often when coagulation lias taken
place they restore the fluidity by a greater or less
addition of one or the other of the fixed alka-
lies. The acetate which is thus formed has no
injurious effects and, besides, milk contains natur-
ally a small quantity of acetate, but not an atom of
really a carbonated alkali.

.Mode of securing timber from decay. — Timber for
buildings, especially for ships, bridges, canals,
granaries and stables may ba effectually preserved
from decay and particularly from the rot, by
repeatedly impregnating the wood with a solution
of common salt and green copjieras. — This simple
process is attended with such decided advantage
that wood thus prepared will remain for ages,
perfectly sound.

An instance of this fact occurred in the theatre
at Copenhagen, where the lower part of the planks
and joists formerly required to be replaced in a few
years,' till Mr Volmeister, an architect of that city,
discovered and employed the process above stated.
Twelve years after, tlie wood, on removing one
of the boards, was found in such a state of preserva-
tion that he could not observe the least appear-
ance of decay. — English Puhlication.

Wood impregnated with alum, salt or copperas
is also rendered in a great degree incombustible as
well as incorruptible. When thus prepared it
may he charred or consumed by intense heat, but
can scarcely be made to blaze, and of course
would not readily communicate fire to other objects
in its vicinity.

Agricultural — It is often asserted, by farmers
themselves, that nothing can be made by agricul-
turists. That this numerous and respectable
portion of our citizens, taken as a whole, do in
fact take little or nothing more than a bare support
for themselves aiid families, cannot be denied.

But this does not prove the incapability of their busi-
ness being made lucrative when properly conduct-
ed. Its unprofitableness there is reason to believe
is to be attributed principally to an injudicious and
mistaken policy in conducting it, or to a careless-
ness and inattention in cultivating it. Among
the capital errors of our practical farmers may
lie ranked a disregard to manuring and tilling
their land sufliciently. Although much has already
been said on this subject, yet it is one that cannot
be too often brought in view, so long as the pres-
ent system is pursued. Many of our farmers at-
tempt to improve more land than they can attend
advantageously. If they would expend all the la-
bor and manure on one third, or at most one half
the quantity of land they now do, they would in
most instances obtain twentyfive or fifty per cent
more produce ; and the danger of a total failure in
their crops greatly lessened.

Lotteries. — A respectable gentleman of the So-
ciety of Friends in this city relates the following in-
cident: Afarmer of his acquaintance in the country
called on him to procure a loan of three thousand
dollars, on a mortgage of his valuable farm. The
gentleman had the money to spare — was satisfied
with the security — and was free to accommodate
his old acquaintance. But he wondered exceed-
ingly toln/ the money was needed. After much
inquiry the fact was elicited. The farmer was in-
debted that sum to a firm of Lottery venders in
this citjr, for sundry iiurchases of tickets !

This fact speaks volumes. When will the pub-
lic awake to this subject ! While millions and mil-
lions of these moonshine fortunes are annually
sold in this city, and while every village of note in
the interior is inundated with them, many good
people are flattering' themselves that the evil is
princi])ally confined to the city ! — No such thing. A
great part goes into the country — and many a farm
is gambled away in this manner — JW Y. Gen. of
Temp.

OcR Army. — The following is aji account of the
standing Army of the United States, extracted from
the last Report of the Scretary at War. It presents
a force of 6188 persons engaged for all the mili-
tary service of 13,000,000 of people, extended over
a square of 2000 miles. What will Europe think of
such an army .' Surely our nation must have its de-
fence in the hearts of mdlions of good citizen re-
publicans, and in the Arm of the Almighty. — Phila-
dclphian.

Items for Housekeepers.

To remove ice from door steps, &c, tlirow upon it
a small quantity of salt, and the ice will directly
crack and become loose, and may be easily removed
with a shovel.

Recipe for a sore throat. — Take a glass of olive
or sweet oil, and half a glass of spirits of turpen-
tine; mix them together, and rub the throat exter-
nally, wearing flannel round it at the same time. It
proves most effectual when applied early. — The
Mirror.

A salve made of carrots grated fine, simmered in
lard till quite brown, and then separated by a strain-
er, is considered excellent for chilblains.

If a fellon or runround be coming on your finger,
you can do nothing better than to soak it thoroughly
in hot lye.

Lard which has been melted and cooled in fresh
water four or five times in succession, and then sim-
mered with sliced onions, and strained, makes a most
excellent salve for wounds inflamed by taking cold.
— Frugal Housewife. '

T'aluable and Cheap Land — for Sale.

Tbc subscriber offers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice
Land, silualcil in the town of Piiickney, county'of Lewis
and state of New York. Some ol Ibe land is improved
and under cultivalion. The country is remarkably heal-
thy, being enlirely free from the fever and ague and from
the common bilious fevers which oflen afflict the towns
upon Lake Ontario, this town being 18 miles east of the
lake. The soil is principally a sandy loam, giiuch of it
covered with rich black mould. The timbc"!? cluefly
Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &.c.
The land yields firit rale crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Bar-
ley, Potatoes and Flax ; and on some lots, good Wheat
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing io obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now oilers itself.
The produce of pasturage ami hay from an acre of this
land, is very large, fully equalling if not surpassing that
Irom the same quantity of land in any olher of the Black
River lowiiships. The land is admirably well watered,
there being nut few lots which have not durable running
streams upon them. The land is well adapted Io Orchard-
ing— the Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Stock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at Ibe very doors of Ihe farmers, and paying
the highest cash pi ices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
from the New.England States, and some of tliem from
Massachusetts, wlio are in thriving circumstances. The
above descriljed land is offered for sale at the very low
price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a fialf for the improved lots. The
land wilt be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two
to five years' credit for payment, in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment, Callle, Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he will
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Persons desirous of purchasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jefferson, State of New York, or to David Canfield,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store,

CINCINNATI, OHIO.

The subscriber respeclfully informs the Farmers and
Planters of Ihe Western Slates, that he has just arrived
in this city from Boston, with a large and general assort-
ment of .Vgricultural Implements ol the most
approved kinds; with also a general and very extensive
assortment ol Grass, Garden, Field, Flower and
Herb Seeds, which will be found to comprise a larger
variety than has ever before been introduced into the
\Vestern country.

The above articles have been recently purchased from
the well known Agricultural Establishment of Messrs
Newell and Russell, in Boston, and were selected by
the subscriber himself, (who has been for several years
engaged in the business) with great care. Those who
may call at his Agricultural Warehouse, No. 23, Lower
Market street, between Sycamore and Main streets, will
be assured of finding every article wanted in the agri-
cultural line, of a superior quality and at fair prices.

Cincinnati, Jan. lS3-[. S. C. PARKHURST.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at go per arm i -i
payable at tlie end of llie year — but those who pay withia
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

|Ij= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. fiussELL, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet tli«
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

Kn' ror/t— G.TnoF.BURN & Sons, 67 Liberly-slrcet

Pld!adelphia—\).tc G. Landreth,85 Clicslnul-slreet.

Baitinore—G. B. Smith , Editor of ihe American Farmer.

Cinrinnati—S. C. Pahkhurst,23 Lower Markel-slreet.

vl//ijn!/— Hon. Jesse Buel, Albany Nursery.

Flushing, N. Y. Wm.Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot.Gnrtkm

//aiV/orti— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.

Nrichui-yport, Ebenezkr Stedman, Bookseller.

Poilsmouth, N. II. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.

rorlland, Me.— Samvej. Colman, Bookseller.

Jluausta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Offics.

Montreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller

NEW ENGIiAI^B FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultobal Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL.. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 16, 1831.

NO. 36.

® ® at sa w^ sr J vS Aaacs^sra^

FOi: THE SEW ENGLAND FAR.MER.

S.ALT HAY.

Mr Fesse.nden — I liave iin wish to outer tho
lists ill tlio suit luiy coiitioveisy. Hut I pan stat?
some I'u'is, wliicli may tliiow liirlit on tlie snbjecr,
and serve in a measure to reconcile tlie ap|iarent
contra<liclious, that Irnve a|)|peareil in relaiion
to its vahie. From the several articles yon hav>
published, it is evident there is a considerahlo
diversity of <ipinioii, both on its iutiin.-ic an:! rela-
tive value, not only with those who profess not
much knowledge on the subject, but anioiig e.\pe-
rienced men and good judges. This arises, I pre-
sume, (or the most |iart, from not duly regardiiij;
the fact, that there is very great Vi>riety of salt
grasses ditlering essentially in value. I have many
times seen extensive tracts of s.dt marsh covereil
with did'ereiit kinds of short, hard and wiry grass,
which 1 would not make into hay, and secure in
mow or stack for the entire crop, unless in a season
of groat scarcity. Again, there are many kinds
so valuable, that, cattle, horses and sheep bein;.
judges, (and I have always been in the habit of
paying great deference to them as the best judijes
of the ipiality of bay,) I am not s](>\v to believe
they might even be preferred to EiiL'lisIi hay. For
thirtyfive years or more I have had opportunity
to witness the value of salt hay, by feeding calt!"
or seeing 'hem fed with it. Jly honored fathei
the late John Capan, oi' jjorchesier, rais.'d iiircli
of the kind called black e:>'ass from its dark color
when growing, and made into hay, wliich, for
milch cows, working oxen, and for horses occa-
sionally, he tiseil to con.sider but little, if anv, less
valuable, than English hay, if cut in the floAver
and well cured. There is a kind still belter which
from its light color 1 have been used to call whilt
grass. I believe it is more properly called goose
grass. It is a very early grass, usually found on
solid marshes, by the side of creeks, or such as
have been rendered more firm by ditching.

I know of marshes which a few years ago
were so barren as scarcely to be worth mowing ;
which being intersected with narrow ditches two
or three rods apart, have changed to this grass:
and which produce an average, I should jutki-e, of
nearly two tons to the acre, of bay ' worth as
much' ([ say it not in jest) as F^nglish hay.

When 1 resided in Dorchester, about ten years
ago, I hired a piece of marsh, where there was a
considerable fjiiautity of this grass. 'J'liis was
put into the barn promiscuously, with the other
kinds. I once tied a friend's horse in the barn floor,
by the salt hay mow side, and gave him a liaiting of
excellent English hay, as I thought. Going to tho
barn a whih; after, I found he had rejected the
English hay, and taken the liberty to liel[) bimse'f,
having made a spacious excavation into the salt
hay mow. This horse had long been kept neir
tide water on a farm where salt hay was no rarity.
I^wondered at the the animal's taste. But in such
a case, if ever, it was true ' de gustihus ?ion est
disputandum ; ' There was no dispuiing with h'lni
in an affair of taste. Upon examination, I foni;d
it was the goose grass, he was regaling himself
with.

These two kinds, the goose gra.^s and black grass,
when cut in season aud well cured, arc very
highly and richly fragrant. They produce abund-
ant crops, are very tender and soft to the mouths
of cattle, an<l very greedily eaten. Many other
kinds, of which I know not the botanic name,
such as blue grass, a malted grass called io«oni
grass, the short sedges. See, make excellent hay.
The /or grass, a red topped gr.iss, if not cut early,
is too hard and woody, almo.;t bidding deiianco to
steel or ivory. 1 have iiiiiCormly noticed, that
cattle kept upon sail bay always look in good con-
dition. \yhile those kept upon fresh hay may
generally be known iiy their long hair, bare bones,
and thin and ghastly appearance.

There seems to be a very general prejudice
against feeding milch cows with salt hay which
I think is not entirely well foimded. I would by
no means recommend its exclusive use, nor do I
think it so productive of milk as rowen, clover
cut early and well secured, or the finer kinds of
English grass. For the last twelve years, having
lived near and owned salt marsh, I have very
freely fed my milch cows upon salt hay, and
am satisfied, that upon good salt hay, with the
addition of a few vegetables, they will give as
much milk, of as good quality, will hold out in
milk as long, and keep in as gooil conditiai as upon
common English hay, and the same quantity of
vegetal'.les. In the winter of 1824, I kept a cow
chiefly upon salt hay of the common mixed kinds
of ■•rr'>^. with the addilion of from a peck to a
li.ilf bus'nel of carrots, and iisr.nlly some meal or
bran, not exceeding two quarts of the former, nor
half a peck of tlio latter, a day. Tlie cow had
given milk from the first of May and was expected
to calve again in April. The milk she gave, dur-
ing the tiiree winter months yielded a very small
fraction less than seven pounds of butter a week,
nearly as rich in color ai.d flavor, as summer but-
t"r.

It is a well known ."act that cows pastured
upon islands, or near the salt v.'aler, where they
can feed partly upon salt grasses yield milk in
abundance and of the best quality.

To conclude this article, which I have unex-
pectedly prolonged, I will refer the classical
reader to a sentiment which has lost none of its
value by age, tlioii;;h older than the Christian era.
The correct doctrine upon the use of salt hay is
lain down in Virgil, Get^rgic 3d. 394 — and which
the lover, of milk,' cui laetis amor,' will still do
well to observe.* Together with other succulent
food he will fiii-nish his cows v.itli salt hai/'m their
stalls- This will not increase their ajipetite for
drink, and add to the quaiitil;/ of their milk ; but
improve its Jlavor. by imparting a relish and thus
correcting that jieculiar freshness, often fouiid in
milk, which to many is very unpleasant.

South Boston, March 2, 1831. L. CAPEN.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAR.MER.

LIVE FENCES.

Mr Fr.sKs.vDEN — The plants of t!ie Virginia
Thorn of (Uie year's growth can In; obtained of Mr
.Toslina Peirce, Linmeaii Hill, near Washington City,
of fine growth from 12 to 24 inches high for $5 a
1000 and from 8 to 10 inches for 84, and if 10,000
or more are taken one dollar will be deducted per
1000 on each size. \Vlien plants are brought from
such a ^li^tance, or when the roots appear to have
dried in the least, or the land is not in a fit state
of preparation fnr immediate iilanliiig they should
be soaked in thick water one night, and the ne.xt
day |)iit in a trciu h and the roots shouM be cover-
ed with rich, friable nnadhesive earth and well
drenched every 2 or 3 days wi'h water, and when
taken up for setting, let ihem havB anotlnu- night's
soaking. This is calh-d puddling and trenching.
Tho.se I had of I\Ir Peirce in 1818, I soaked the
night previous to setting, in tubs and buckets with
fresh, new adhesive cattle manure, and carried
them in the same vessels to the place of setting,
laid them in the trench, and covered the roots
while wet, and did not lose one out of a luin-
dred.

William Ponr i, nursery man and forest pruncr
to the Duke of ^edl'ord and a director of planta-
tions and other improvements says in his Profitable
Planter, page 1G7, '.1 puddle for trees is made by
mixing wal'^r with anv soil rather tenacious, so in-
timately as to form a complete |)uddle, so thick
that when the jjlmiis arL' d"|)ped iiito ir, enough
inay remain upon the roots to cover theiu. The
process of puddling is certainly sim[de, and its
expense too trifling to deserve notice : its effects,
however, in retaining, if not attracting moisture,
are such that, by means of it, late i)lanting is ren-
dered abundantly more safe than it otherwise
would be. It is an old invention, and hence it is
truly astonishing that it is not more frequently
practised. If pei pie were to adopt it generally
ill spring planting, the prejudice in favor of au-
tumn ])lanting woiiM soon be done away.' I have
written to Mr Peirce for 4000 plants to set this
.spring, and hope to be able to set 10,000 or more
next spring. Yours, respectfully,

Bostoti, Feb. 1831. P.enja.min Shurtleef.

* The passage alluded to is as follows :

At cui laclis ;jmor cyti^um lotosque frequentes
Ipse manu s^Isasque ferat prasepibus herbas.

Which may be thus randered.

Whoso on milk deliciously would fare.
Lentils and clovei- to his kine will bear,
And saline herbage liber.illv provide
To swell the luscious and salubrious tide. — Ed.

F:>n THE r."EW exglaxd farmer.

WILD RICE.

Mr Fessf.ndex — The fi)llowing extract from
Gillelaiid's 'Ohio and and Mississippi Pilot' may
perhaps be interesting to some of your readers.
' Among the vegetable productions of the Western
Territory, north of Illinois and west of Green Bay,
on the fjuiseonsin and Fox rivei-s, the Wild Rice,
called Folic avoine by the French, and Menomen
by the Indians, claims jiarticular attention. It
grows in inexhausliblt- abundance, through all
parts of the territory, in almost every one of the in
numerable lakes, ponds, bays, rivers, and creeks. It
is said to be as palatable and as nourishing as com-
mon rice, and if so, it will be incomparably more
valuable. It grows w lere the water is from four
to six feet deep, and where the bottom is not hard
or sandy. It rises above the surface of the water
from four to eight feet, and is often so thick as to

v74

INEVV ENGLAND FARMER,

March 16, 1S31.

prevent caiioes from passing through among it.
The stalk is soft like the biih-iish, but grows in
joints like the reed cane, which it much resembles.
It is usual for the Indians to force their canoes
through it (just before it ripens) and tie it in large
bunches for the purpose of preventing the wild
-ducks and geese from breaking it down and destroy-
ing it. When it is fully ripe, they pass through it
again, and spreading their blankets in the inside of
their Cannes, they bend the bmiches of the wild
rice over them, and thresh offthe grain with slicks ;
an operation wliicli requires little time, and is gen-
erally performed by the women. After drying it
in the sun, they put it into skins, for future use.
Tliis singular spontaneous grain grows nowhere
south of the Illinois river, nor east of Sandusky
bay. Every autumn and spring the wild ducks
and geese resort to the wild rice lakes in flocks
incredibly numerous. The Menomonies (Folles
Avoines or Rice eaters) who live in this part
of the country are disthiguished for their comeli-
ness.'

May notthe superiority of form and complexion
possessed by the indiviiiuals of this tribe be in part
attributed to the frequent and long continued use
of this kind of rice.' Professor IJigelow in his
Collection of Plants, has given the following des-
cription of- this under the name of Canada Rice,
(Zizania aquatka).

This interesting plant grows in deep water at
the edges of jionds and sluggish streams. It re-
sembles at a distance, slender shoots of Indian
corn, but often grows to the height of five or six-
feet from the bottom. Cidm jointed, as large as
the little finger. Leaves broad-linear. Panicle a
foot or more in length, the lower branches with
spreading barren flowers, the upper with appressed,
erect fertile ones. The seeds are lilackish, smooth,
narrow, cylindrical, about three quarters of an
inch long, decidious ; within they are white and
farinaceous. It is found in a brook near the Punch
bowl, Brookliue; in the brook which divid<'S
Cambridge from West Cambridge ; in Jidy, Aug
The Zizania will ))robably at some day be an ob
jfct of cidtivation, since it affords a means of ren-
dering useful large tiacts of immdated ground
and stagnant water. Horses appear lobe fond of
it, and no plant employed as forage, otTers a larg
er crop.

The grain afforded by this plant has the quali
ties of rice, and is yielded in largo quantity. It is
however very decijuous, and on this account diffi-
anlt to collect, since the seeds drop into liie water
chnost as soon as tliey are ripe.

Perhaps some of your correspondents or sub-
scribers can furnish some fiu'ther light upon this
subject, and will be so obliging as to inform us
whether the culture and growth of this plant has
been comtnenced or attempted in any part of New
England. There are many ijoiuls, lakes and
rivers in the Eastern States having muddy
bottoms and a suitable depth of water, now un-
productive, where this mitritious kind of grain
might be raised with little ex|)ense. The seed
could inidoubtedly be introdiieed by public spirited
gentlemen who visit Detroit, or its vicinity, or by
some seedsman through some of the traders in
Michigan. And if this species has the valuable
properties of the common rice, the introduction
and cultivation of it is certainly a desiileratum,
and may hereafter become a source of additional
wealth to New England. Novus Strictor.

J-OR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

LEGHORN WHEAT.

Mr Fessendex — It may probably bo recollected
by some of your numerous readers that I offered a
few remarks some time since through the medium
of your paper relative to some experiments made
with the Leghorn Wheat. Further experiments
justify the conclusion that our climate is not conge-
nial to the production of the beautiful material,
known by the name of Leghorn Straw, in any
good degree of perfection ; yet it appears to be a ;
kind well adapted for the furnishing of the more
important one, viz. the Staff of Life. That no
error may arise as respects the particular kind, I
would observe that a too treacherous memory led
rne to state in my former communication that the
original seed was purchased at Mr Russell's seed
store, and requested that the date of the year when
purchased (which I left blank) might be filled up '
by yourself, not doubting the correctness of my
statement ; this blank was accordingly filled
agreeing with the date of the year when Mr Rus-
sell had it for sale. This date was 3 or 4 years
subsequent to the time that I purchased the origi-
nal pint and consequently rendered some part of
my communication prefectly irreconcilable. To the
best of my recollection, now a diplomatic gentle-
man,* belonging to our government then at some
court in Europe, procured one or two bushels of
this wheat at or near Leghorn which, with the
mode of culture, was transmitted to New England,
and the seed, or apart at least, was placed in the
hands of some seedsman in Boston for sale, at 33
cents per quart. Having se?^/ instead of purchasing
it myself, I am unable to give a more circumstan-
tial account. I have been thus particular that the
two kinds, viz. the one 1 purchased, and that sold by
yourself might not become confounded togctlier
and also to learn if possible how others have suc-
ceeded.

Further attempts, I think, warrant the conclu-
sion that it is a valuable acquisition. The last sea-
son 8"2 rods produced 13J bushels of clear wheat,
weighing at this time sixti/fonr lbs. per bushel;
the near vicinity of the field to the barn gave a
number of fowls an opportunity of laying it under
severe contribution which continued until threshed,
from which it may be reasonable to conclude that
the u'hole product would have amounted to 15
bushels, at least. Tbis was sown on land which
had been coniparatively well mamired for two sea-
sons previous, and niostl)' )ilante(l wilh potatoes;
but no manure of anij kind was applied the last sea-
son.

The effects of high ntannring at the time of
sowing a]>pears to produce a great and luxurious
growth of straio, but rather a dinnnution of j!>-rain,.
Although perhaps land could not he maile too
rich by the application of manure in previous
years, as the same -^vould then become completely
incorporated with the soil. But one experiment
has been made by sowing it with grass seed, and that
one answered the tnost sanguine expectations, both
as to grain and grass.

It need not probably be stated tliat wheat can-
not begot into the ground too early after the fro^t
is out, and the land becomes sufiicicntly dry to
plough.

[• Mr Davis probably alludes to the Lcffhorn wheat
sent home in 1821 by Mr Appleton 'lien United States
ron-^ul at Leghorn. See Hon. Samuel Dana's letter to the
Editor of the New England Farmer, vol. 1., page 212.
— Editor.]

The method adopted previous to sowir)g hae
been to wash the seed and while wet ai)ply as
much air slacked lime as would adhere to the
grain ; this has been left in a heap from 6 to 12
hours. No one ear of smut has been observed ia
any season, and no disease whatever, except that
a few straws scattered over the field appeared
sickly soon after heading out ; in these, after some
fruitless attenq)ts to ascertain the cause, were
found, conunonly at the first joint from the top,
within the cavity, a very minute worm,exceedingly
stnall, but whose ravages had out oft' all cora-
mimication between the root and head. My ig-
norance of entomology and the attacks of insects
in wheat prevent me from determining whether it
be a new unwelcome guest or whether it be the
same species that is found imder similar circum-
stances in rye while growing.

Whether the above described kind of wheat
possesses any decided superiority oyer other kinds,
I am unable to determine, having never raised any
other, but the prevailing opinion in this vicinity is
that common wheat cannot be raised to advantage,
as it issid)ject to blast and mildew. If this opin-
ion be well founded, this kind then does ])0ssess a
very decided superiority, if future experiments
produce the like eff'ects as have heretofore result-
ed. Should any of your numerous readers have
ever attempted to cultivate this kind of wheat
either for the straw or grain it would be peculiar-
ly gratifying to learn the results of their experi-
ments.

TO KEEP MICE FROJI PEACH TREES.

Your Brookliue correspondent respecting the
depredation of mice eating the bark of his peach
trees brings to mind an incident which hajipened
8 or 10 years since ; during that winter the snow
remained several weeks around a number of fine
peach trees, in consequence of which a number
were either killed or much injured by the mice.
One fine tree was completely girdled excepting a
small space on one side, which was save<l, in con-
sequence of a small longitudinal gravel stone being
accidentally placed pcrpendicularh/ against the
tree ; taking the hint from this occurrence and plac-
ing a small quantity of gravel around those trees
most exposed so as to firm an elevation next to
the trunk of 2 or 3 inches, it has hitherto served
as a complete protection. Any substance, per-
haps, won 1(1 answer equally as well as gravel, if of
such a nature as not to invite and afford winter
i|uarterslo the little mischievous pests.

I'RUiMiNG PEACH TREES.

One remark will be offered as to the mode of
pruning. Tbis ought to be effected hy heading
down, that is cut off all the top, to within 5 or 6
feet of the ground once in 4 years at least ; no in-
jury will result, hut more healthy and vigorous
wood will he formed ami a greater quantity of
fruit be produced ; as peach trees seldom bear
more than 1 or 2 years in succession, the succeed-
ing spring after a Ix^aring year should be selected
ti) perform the operation. Yoiuig wood will then
1(3 produced and if the season be favorable, yield
a good supply of fruit t\\enext year, as the second
year's growth is that which mostly, if not always,
pioduces fruit in the peach tree. The evils of a
contrary course of pruning consist in the limbs
towards the bottom of the tree becoming sickly
and dying : the top running up so high as to be
eiposed to the wind a-ul consequently being brok-
en off, and often splitting the trunk to the bottom

Vol. IX.— No. 35.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

275

and aftbrding a less quantity o{ fruit and that of
an inferior (|nali'y. No better time for pruning
peach tries ])erhaps can he selected than about
the Isl of June. The mode and time of priiuiiig
may appear to those who have never made the
attempt at variance with their ideas ; but it is f.r-
pericnce, not theory, that has dictated tiie above
remarks. Yours respecffully,

Mwlon, March 1, 1S31. SETH DAVIS.

Hon. H. A.S. Dearborn,

President of the Mass. llort.Sociely.
Dear Sir — If you deem the followii\g remarks on
the canker-worm worthy ot trial, they are at your ser-
Tice. The ciicumslancf, that we know not the canker-
worm here, may be my apology for not benig able to
make any experiments on this subject of myself.
Very respectfully.

Your fiiend and most obedient servant.
A~ewton, March, 4, 1S31. William Kenric K,

REMARKS ON THE CANKER-WORM.

In the innnediate vicinity of my residence I be-
lieve the caidier worm has never yet appeared;
nor am I aware that I have ever seen tiiis insect:
yet I have hut too often been a witness of its rav-
ages in tlie distance ; — whole orchards resembliuj
forests through which the destructive flames have
passed.

Under these circumstances I trust it may not be
deemed presmnptuoiis in me to attempt writing on
a subject on which so much has alrea<ly been said
and written, and yet on which so much still re-
mains to be done.

Among the various remedies which have been
prescribed for this purpose, it has been conlidentlv
asserted that the mercurial oinlment, a|ijiliril to
strips of list which are to be nailed round the tree,
is an efiectuai remedy; yet your own oxperimeuts
have led us to doubt as to its certain efficacy.

Other ingenious modes have been proposed, as
circidar frames of lead or of wood, in which are
formed circidar gutters, for the reception of oil, &c :
these are to be nicely adjusted both to the tree and
to a perfect level ; I have no doubt these modes
might answer; yet how far their eflicacy has
been tried or approved on an extensive scale, we
are not yet informed.

Another writer has proposed caning away the
soil containing the grub in autunm to the depth
of as many inches as may be necessary ; and from
the tree to the extent of the circumference of its
branches; carrying this infested soil to the barn
yard or to a distance, and replacing this by an-
other and better soil.

But of all the remedies hitherto extensively
adopted, tarringseems to be the n^ost certain and ap-
l)roved.

The objections to this are, that it injiu'es the tree ;
but to obviate this, strips of canvas are some-
times first iiaileil around tli? tree t it requires un-
ceasing watching and attention for many weeks:
the tarring must be very frequently renewed, for
when dried on its surface, it no longer serves as a
barrier to the progress of the insect : yet even
while fresh, the insects will not unfrequently form
a bridge of carcases over the tar, and in one fa-
tal hour the whole swarm have ascended : and
when this event takes place, I believe nothing
more is to be done ; the business is over, ami the
trees must be abandoned for that season. Hilh(>rto
therefore, I will suppose, that the attempts have

sage of the insect in its natural, and more or less I think as a general idea it is not a good plan
direct ascent. Whi/t I now propose, therefore, is 'o fasten up bees in their hive, especially when
to oppose to the progress of the canker worm an 'here is a great population. It has a tendency to cii-
obstacle, which they can in no wise pass, without gender diseases. I preCer a room sutlicienily tight to
being first compelled to an indirect course, and lui- ' pi'cvent the escai)e of the bees when llicre is snow

natural descent ; and this too over the very sub- upon tlie ground, or one of Doctor Thacher's iin-
staiices, to them, the most odious and detestable, i Proved bee houses. I have built me one of them ;
First, a eoiupouud belt is to be formed around j ' '''"' '^ answers a nuicli better purpose in pre-
tlie tree, projecting an inch and a half, or an inch ; venting bees from going out upon the snow, than
and three quarters, from the body of the tree, it does in preventing the bee moth from entering

my hive.

March 4, 1831.

A SUBriCIUBEIl.

This belt may bo very readily formed by bendiu"-
around the tree double or triple bimds, consisting
of as many small sticks of green alders, osiers, or
other pliable wood ; each reduced by shaviii" on
two sides only, to the proper thickness, niul se-
cured to each other :md to the tree by nails.

Annmd the belt thus formed, a thin strip about I of setting out a plat of mulberry trees, for the
two and a half inches in width is bent ami nailed j raising of silk. Is it the better way to |)lant
to it by its upper edge, and projecting below the them out in the manner of hedge fence ? If so

MULISERRY TREES— Qpery.
Mr Editor — Iidbrmation is wanted through
your i)apcr, in regard to the best method

belt previously formed, about two mclies; and
every crevice above is now to be carefully closed
with clay.

This stiip may consist cither of the thin lead
procured from the lining of tea chests, or of paste-
board previously oiled with linseed-oil and dried,
or of thin oak or ash basket'stuff. It is to the inside
of this outward strip or belt, and very near its
lower edge, defended alike from the sun arid rain,
that the tar, mercurial ointment, or other offensive
sidistance is to be applied, and occasionally when-
ever necessary, renewed.

Let me here suggest another substance perhaps
deserving of trial, and one to which I think all in-
sects have a mortal aversion. It is the bark of
elder, which may be prepared by simmerinj
lard; after straiinng, the substance may be
plied in the maimer of the merenri.il ointment

\Vhen the season of the canl:er worm is over
the belt may be removed from the tree, and pre-
served till another season, to he again reap|died
and refitted to the same or other trees.

what distance should there be between the rows

; m
ap-

BEES.

Mr Editor — Seeing in your last paper a com-
munication from Jlr E. Beard requesting informa-
tion as to the probable cause of bees producing so
great a heat as he represents in his comnumica-
tion and how they have the power of creating it.
I have ventured to give my opinion as to the cause
of this phenomenon, allliough I make no preten-
sion as a naturalist, and am much younger than
Mr Beard in the management of bees, it being onlv
about three years since I commenced keeping
them. It is a fact well know to naturalists, that
whenever bees become agitated from any cause
whatever, the animal heal is greatly increased to
such a degree that they are coin]ielled to leave the
inside of the hive.

I consider the heat increased in proportion to
the population of the hive and the commotion of
the bees. I have no idea that bees kee]) up a uni-
form temperature in the hive, although I presume
an extreme degree of heat makes it very uncom-
fortable, and extreme cold produces torpor. Now,
■Sir, you will remember that Mr Beard says the
bees were fastened up one day before this" event
happened. j\ly oiiinion is, the bees being fastened
up, they were deprived of the usual supply of fresh
air; they became imeasy and tinnultnous, of course
increased the animal heat ; being prevented from
leaving the inside of the hive or of obtaining fresh
air, they became, perhaps, more agitated, and I
think increased the heat so as to melt the comb
only been made with a view to obstruct the pas- as he has represented.

and what dislance from one plant to anoth^

If

some other jilan is better, what is it ? Answers to
these questions and any information upon the sub-
ject will oblige n Subscriber.
Methuen, March 8, 1831.

WHITE BEET, OR SWISS CHARD.

As there has been much said respecting this
plant, the year past, we trust that a description of
it will will be acceptable to many of our readers.

The seeds of this plant have been distributed
under several diflerent names, as the f^rcat U'hite
beet, the Sinclair beet, the silcer stalked, and the
Swiss chard. It is a biennial plant, the leaf-stalks
of which are very large, and of silvery whiteness,
and are the most valuable part of the plant ; the
leaves arc thick and succulent, and are also boiled
as spinnage. Tlie roots of this plant are of but
little worth, not being larger than a man's thumb.
It has been ctdti\ated in gardens on the con-
tinent, .since the sixteenth century. It is found
growing wild on the .sea coast of Sp.iin. It is
equally as hardy as other kinds of beets, and is
sowed early. The stalks will be fit for use in Au-
gust,and should be boiled and dressed as Asparagus.

As there has been consideralde dcnnuul for the
seed of this kind of beet, for one or two years
past, it has been difiicult to procure it free from
admixture with the seed of other varieties ; it may
j be well, therefore, for those who intend raising, to
plant thick, and allow the plants to remain until
they are about four or five inches high, when
they may be thinned, as at this time the genuine
ones may be distinguished by the white stalks and
veins of the leaves. Others should be rejected.

Having raised this plant we can recommend it
to others as worth cultivating. — Genesee Farmer.

Cure for the Scab on Sheep. — Cut off the wool
as far as the skin feels hard to the fingers ; then,
wash the scab with soap suds, and rub it hard
with a short brush so as to cleanse and break it i
make a decoction of tobacco, to which achl one
third by measure of ley, a small quantity of hog's
lard, or as much as the ley will dissolve ; then add
ono eighth of the whole in measure of spirits of
turpentine. This liquor is to be rubbed upon the
[lart infected three times with an interval of three
days between each washing. In this simple way a
thorough cure will be effected, and the inhuman
treatment of our scabby quacks be jirevented.
If the disease be taken in season, it may be cured
by rubbing spirits of turpentine and hog's fat oa
the place infected. — Haiup. Gazette.

276

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Marrh 16, 1831.

ii(a- iia js 3r ^xt^'g'j^iaa

REPORTS

OF THE

ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN 183 0

Continuetl fmm page OGS.
ERASTUS ware's STATEMENT.
To the Comraulee of ihe Essex Agricultural Society on Farms.
Gentleme.n — The farm known by the name
of llic Pickman farm, of which the siihscrib-
er is at (ireseiit, and lias been tenant for nearly
eleven years, is sitiiatoil in the sontlieasleily part
of Salem, and contains fuur hunilreil and twenty-
eislit acres of pasuirage, tillage, and inowhi^'.
The iiaslurage includes about three lujndrcd acres
much broken, of every descri|.tion from wet pond
holes to barren rocks. No attetiipts have been
made to iiniirove this pasture other than clearing
the bushes and draining some low parts, as tltere
is no prospect of a renunieration for such labor.
The amount of land under tillage, the present
year, has been about twentyone acres, and the
amount of upland or English mowing, is sixty-
three acres. Of the tillage and mowing lands, a
considerable part consists of tliin gravelly soil, of
better than a meilinrn quality, and favorable to
most grain crops: and another part consists of
a clayly soil, resting on a clay pan, retentive of
moisture and yielding good crops of grass and
potatoes under liberal manuring and cultivation.
The farm is well watered . Much of tiie mowing
and tillnge, in the spring of the year, would na-
turally be overflowed ; so that mncli labor has been
necessary to prepare and lay it down to grass in
beds, that the water may be "arried off in drains.
Some of the most pro luctive grass land on the
place has been in this way reclaimed frotn an un-
profitable marsh or swamp, and made to yield
very large crops of English grass. We have no
land on die place which is irrigated by ai-y artifi-
cial process. There is of wet meadow land not
more than five acres, which is never tilled, but
drained and yields good stock hay. We have of
salt marsh thirtynine acres, generally yielding
good cro|)S of biack grass. This is ditched, from
which well known advantages arise ; but no other
labor is expended, other than taking the crop.
Of the cultivated land the present year, —

Five and a half acres were sown with Barley, —
About seven acres were sown with Indian corn,
Four and three foiu-ths acres with Potatoes,
One acre with Mangel Wnrtzel, —
One third ef an acre with Oinnns, —
And one half of an acre with crook-necked
winter Squashes.

Small parcels were cultivated with garden .veg-
etables for the fatiiily, and supply for the retail mar-
ket, the proiluce of which 1 cannot conveniently
accotiiit for.

Many of the mangel wurtzcl plants were destroy-
ed by worms, and their [ilaces supplied by rutabaga.
The manure used on the i)lace, has lieen prin
cipally made by the stock kept on it. I have
carteci into my barn yard bog mud, damaged hay,
and obtained from the neig!d)i)ring beaches, aea
wreck and eel-grass, which 1 put in my hog styes,

Kelp, rock weed, &c. which I put (iirectly on

the grass land. For small grain crops no manure
is ajiplied by me, on the year of their being sown,
unless the land is very wc't and cold.

My Barley was raised on ground, on which
the preceding year I had a very good crop of
Chenango potatoes, which 1 maimrcd with coarse

tnanure spread and ploughed under the swaril.
My India<i corn this year, contrary to my usual
practice, was raised on latid which was plained
the preceding year with Inilian corn — s|)readlng
and ploughing under coarse manure both years.
But the sward being so completely bound with
twitchgrass 1 could not subdue it in one year. 1 have
found a crop which shades the ground most |>er-
feetly is the most effectual in destroying the twitch-
I grass — and this was an inducement to plant corn
a second time, in drill rows, and I have thet-eby
! effected my object in destroying that pernicious
I root. My corn was raised on a gravelly soil, as
I before described. In the former part of the
'season it appi^ared small, but it afterwards grew
I with great promise until a severe gale in August
blew it dosvn, so that it was necessary to cut it U[)
green, andshock it in the field till it was dry. The
crop was much injured, but I was satisfied that
cutting it up green was my best way,

My" potatoes, except a few raised on the bor-
ders of some of the fields, were raised on ground
newly broken u]), and the manure, at the rate of
eight or nine cords per acre, taken from the barn
yard, coniioscd of litter and the de|iosits of the'
cattle, was spread and ploughed under the sod.
The soil, on which the potatoes grew, was moist
and clayey. The potatoes were ploughed, aiul
hoej twice, and harrowed once between the rows,

the seed, of the Chenango kind, of excellent

quality.

The corn was hoed three times, but not hilled
as has been customary ; and upon a comparison
of that not hilled, with a small piece, which was
in some degree hilled, after a severe gale, I am
satisfied that lip advantage is gained by hilling
as was formerly practised. My opinion is that
there is no benefit derived by hilling corn, — and
corn raised on a flat surface, when the weeds are
destroyed and the ground kept loose, is by no
means so likely to suffer by the drought, or to
have its roots impeded in the search after theu-
proper nutriment, as where the gronnil is drawn
up round the stalk in a high and steep hill.

The manure applied to my other crops was of
the best kind I could procure, rnd applied nearly
as can be ascertiuned at the rate of about ten
cords to the acre ; for crops of jiotaloes and In-
dian corn, my experience leads me to apjily my
manure spread green and fresh, believing that by
so doing its strength is best preserved and much
labor saved.

For smaller crops, and tap rooted ]daiits, 1 pre-
fer manure tlitit is fine and wtdl rotted.

The amount of crops raised this season on the
fariii is as follows —

and supply for retail in the market, since the first
of August with some fruit wiiich has been taken
while growing iinil ripening, so that I cannot give
an accurate account of the aimuint.

The severe gale in August very mtndi injured
the crops of corn ; shook from the trees, nine
hundred bushels of unripe a|>ples, which were
partly manufactured to very little ailvtintage into
cider, and lessened much the expecleil profits of
the orchanl.

Of the above crops, the grain, vegetables, and
fruit are of nearly correct measurement ; the
amount of hay is given by as accurate an esti-
mate, in each load, as eoidd be made by tin expe-
rienced and disinterested individual.
i The hay on the farm is genertdly a mixture of
: herds-grass and red-top, with some clover. The
■ amount of seed used in laying down land to
grass is a peck and half of herds-grass and three
pecks of reil-top to an acre. There is usually
enough of clover seed in the manure, and it can-
not be sowed to ailvantage in rich moist land.
When I sow grass seed in the spring 1 sow barley
with the grass seed. 1 have been very successful
in laying down land to grass in the fall, after tak-
ing a crop of potatoes, in which case nothing but
grass seed is sown.

Of Potatoes,

Blangel Wurtzel, '

Ruta Baga,
English flat turnips.
Onions,
Inilian Corn,
Barley
Squashes,
Cabbage,
Cider,

Apph's of best quality,
Englrsh hay.
Second crop.
Fresh Meadow,
Salt Hay,

Of garden vegetables the family have had an
abundant supply, and we have had an assortment

1220 bushels.
600 '
.50 '
850

150 bushels.
280 '
137 '

3J tons.

3" '
120 barrels.
1200 bushels.
115 tons.

S

6 '

40 '

The number of bearing trees on the farm is
as follows : — Of Apple trees (almost .all engrafted
and many with very choice fruit) mostly young,,
763 — Pear trees, 65— Cherry trees cnltivat :d, 50.
In addition, 1 have a nursery containing 3000
ti-eos — most of which have been engrafted or bud-
ded. Of the apple-trees, some of them tire in or-
chards, of which the ground about the roots is cul-
tivated, and occasionally tnanured, when the con-
dition of the tree requires it ; others are planted
by stone walls ; and all of them are aimually prun-
ed. In the choice of kinds of apples, regard
should be had to the use they are wanti^d for. If
for tiie market or yoisr own table, I woulil recom-
mend the Ribstone Pippin, Spilzenhcrg, Spice Pear-
main, Xunpareii. For elegant and delighil'ul ear-
ly winter apples, in eating in October and No-
vember, the Pickman Pippin (a name that we
have adopted not !)eing able to trace its origin be-
yond this farm) will compare well with any other
ap|)le within my knowledge. The trees are of a
thrifty growth, ;ind handsome form. We consi-
der this one of our most profitable aiiples for culti-
vation. The Mammoth Pippin is valuable for its
superior size only.

There are two Barns on the place, one lOO
feet in length and 35 feet in breadth, the other re-
cently built, lU feet in length and 42 in width.
In the latter the milch cows are commonly kept.
It has a cellar under the whole, the main part of
which is for manure and receives all the deposits
of the cattle. — A portion of this cellar is enclosed
for the storing of fruit and vegetables. — The barn
has a floor through the whole length. The cat-
tle are principally placed on one side, and the
hay comes to the floor on the other. The centre
over till! floor from scaffold height is at last filled
to the ridge. The barns aie not large enough for
storing all the hay, and considerable quantities are
necessarily kept in stacks out of doors.

The live stock kept on the place are as follows:

Oxen, 6 — Cows, 50 — Heifers, 5 — Bull 1—

Horses, 3 — Fatting swine, 9— The weight of
pork fatted is not yet ascertained, as the hogs
have not been killed — but the average weight of
my swine, last year, was about 300 lbs. each —

Vol. !X. — r^n. 35

AND HOllTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

277

and l\\\< ycai-, the result will |)i-oli;il)ly lie about j On Ihe means (ifsirin<:nfineril<returnzt}r.i,liinces,
the sntiie. ' nnii oihfr cutlins: inslrunKnt.i. — Tlie Jcmnial of tlie

Tlie ciiiefolijcct of the farm is the siipplyin:,' Unyal Institution of Gre-it Biiiaiii, for Oct. 1830,
of milk for the inaikot ill Saloin, where it is sem | rontains an article from the pen of Thomas .•\.
twice a ilav in summer, on<-e in winter — a ilistance ^ Kmgut, Esq. F. R. S. Ptesident of the Hortii-iil-
of about two miles. The number of gallons sent tunil Society, &:e, ^jivin^ a ihjscription of an iiuph'-
to market, during the year iMiiling the Hrst of the J meiit for the pin-pose above meiitioued, which
present iMomh, is 13,870 — Butter made in the snme | < consist.s of a cyliiidrical bar of cut steel, lliri'e
time, 550 Ills. — Cheese (called four meal cheese) ■ inches loiiff without its liandle, and about one I

600 lbs. — Of Calves, in the same time, have been
received for ihosi- fattened and sold, 151 dollars;
tlie others li;ive been killed as .soon us the milk of
the cow was fit fur use ; their skins sold for 50
cents each, and the carca-s boiled and given to
the hoL's. — Tile eons are all of native breeil, and

third of an inch in diameter. It is rendered as
smooth as it can readily be made with sand, or mire
properlv glass jiaper, appliiMl loiiL'itiidinally ; ami
it is then made perfectly hard. I5i!lcire it is used it
iniHt be well cleaned but not brightly polished,
and its surface must he smeareil over with a mix-

are generally bought when yoraig from the eoun- i tnre of oil, anil the charcoal of wheat straw, which

try; as stuck of this description cannot in my
situation be raised to advantage.

The amount paid fir labor the past year lias
been eight humlred fortythree dollars, thirtyseven
cents. From which is to he deducted for e.xtra
labor in building stone wall, and for men and
team empluyed otFtiie farm for the town, &c, two
hundred .iiid sixty dollars — leaving the net amount
of cost of labor npoii the farm, ^fce hundred ei^hti/-
three dollars, thlrt;/ seven eenis. My own labor
and the labor hired in the house, is not included
in the above estimate.

The laborers on the farm are freely supplied
with family beer, molasses and water, milk and
water. Cider is not preferred in warm weather,
except with food. \o ardent spirit is used on
the firm except for medical jinrposes, and far
that probably not to exceed one gallon in a year.

I have endeavored to give as correct and full a
statement as is in my power. I have ever been
used to agriculture from my youth ; but have had
no other advadtages than those derived from actual
experience. So far as my opinion on the subject
may be deemed of any iniportanee, it is in favor of
an alternation of crops on the same land, and an
occasional change of every kind of seed.

All of wliicli is respecfuHv submitted.

ER.ASTUS WARE.

Salem, Dec. S, 1830.

IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE

'The life of republicanism is committed to the
owners and cultivators of the soil. If they indulge
expensive haliits, involve their interests, eat ami
wear out their farms, they are not the Farmers to
whom the Geiuus of Liberty looks for the perpet-
uity of our civil institutions: her trust is in those
who live like farmers, increase in substance, ])e:-
petuate in their families their own habits, and keep
above and independent of the men of the learned
professions. By and by we shall have professor-
ships of agriculture in our chief literary institu-
tions, making farming a science in fact, as it now
is only in name, and then, but not till then, will
liusbandry be duly honored as a business, honored
by all men, miuisterin;; to the wants of all. That
man, whoever he may be, who first unites the en-
ergies of art and science, practical with scientific
agriculture, field-larming with book-farmini, and
founds a school of scientific agriculture and ex-
perimental farming, for the education of the
youth of this republic, will perform a service of

necessarily contains much silicions earth in a very
finely reiluced state. I have sometimes used the
charcoal of the leaves of the Elymiis arenarius (a
species of" rush-grass) and otiier marsh grasses ;
and some of these may probably afford a more ac-
tive and (fir some purposes) a better material : but
on this point I do not feel myself authorized to
speak with decision.

' In siting a razor, it is my practice to brius its
edL'e (which must not have been previously rounded
by the operation of a strap) into contact with the
surface of the bar, at a gre iter or les, but iihvays
at a very acute angle, by raising the back of the
razor more or less, proportionate to the strensth I
wish to give the edje ; and I move the razor in a
succession of small circles from heel to point, and
hack aiain without any more pressure than the
weijrht of the blade gives, till my object is attained.
If the razor has been properly ground and pre-
pareil, a very fine edge will be given in a few
seconds; and it -may be renewed asrain, during a
very long period, wholly by the same means. I
have had the same razor by way of experiment in
constant use durins more than two years and a
half: and no visible portion of its metal has w'ithin
that period been worn away, though the edge has
remained as fine as I conceive possible ; and I
have never atone time spent a quarter of a minute
ill settins it. Tlie excessive smoothness of tlie
edge of razors thus set, led me to fear that it
would be indolent comparatively with the serrated
■^ edge of razors thus given by the strop ; but this
has not in any degree occurred, and therefore I
conceive it to be of a kind ndmirably adapted for
sursical pur|ioses, particularly as any requisite
degree of strength may be siven with great pre-
cision. Before iisint' a razor after it has been set.
1 simply clea;i it on the jialm of my hand, and
warm it by dipping it into warm water, biitl think
the instrnnient recommended operates best when
the temperature of the blade has been previously
raised by the aid of warm water.

'A steel bar of the. cyli:idrical form above des-
cribed, is. T think, niticb superior to that of a plane
surface for sriving a fine edge to a razor, or pe:i-
knife ; but it is ill calculated to give a fine point
to a lancet ; and I therefore cause a plane surface
to be made, a quarter of an inch wide, on one
side of the bar, by cuttiuir away a part of its sub-
stance, and I have fi mnd this form to be extensively
useful.

'The edj-e of some razors, whether formed of
wootz, of mixed metals or oC pure steely but par-

more importance to his country, to pure religion, i.ticularly of mixed metals, has generally appeared
and to his God, than the founder of a hundrerl |to me, to be more keen and active, when used a
Schools of Theology.' — Stafford's Gazetteer of .Vt w \ few seconds after it bad been applied to the bar,
iork — p. 564. 1 than on the following dav: and I have often seen

the utmost activity restored to the edge of such
instruments so instantaneously, and by such in ad-
equate means, that I liave been sometimes led to
suspect the operation of the bar to have been
something more than that of having worn away
a minute portion of the metal : but I am not dis-
posed to offer any conjectures respecting other
eUects which I may have conceived it to produce.'

AGRicrLriR\i. Society. — The annual meeting
of the Hampshire, il.impdeii and Franklin .Agri-
tural Suciety was held at the American llutid, last
Wednesday. The following officers and commit-
tees were chosen : —

Hon. M.\RK DooMTTi.K., President.

Messrs Samuel Wells, of Greenfield, Patrick
Boies of Granville, .Iiise|(li Carew, of Springfield,
Theodore Jjyman of Amherst, and .Inseph G.
Cogswell of Nortliaiii[itoii, lice Presidents.

Messrs Daiiiid Stebbins, Rec. and Cur. Sec-
retary ; Saniucd Wells, .Ir. Treasurer.

CoMMiTTKES. — .AIes-;rs R. Ilnbhard of North-
ampton, E. Edwards of Southampton, and P. Buft-
let of Northampton, on .Ifcricitllure — I. C. Bates,
.1. G. Cogswell of Nortliampton, and Dennis Steb-
blusofDcerfield,ort.^njittf(/.» — O.Baker of .Amherst,
E. Williams and Stephen Brewer, of Northampton,
Domestic mannfiiclnres — S. Stoddard, . I. D. Whit-
ney, an4 D. Sti'bliius of Northampton, .Auditors.

After the election of officers, the Committee
on Premium Cider, made the following Report ;
.Mr Eben. Clark ot' Conway, is entitled to the first
premium ; Mr S. Clark, of Conway, the Sd ; Mr
E. Clark of Conway, the third, and. Mr Elisha
Edwards, of Southampton, the fourth.

(U°We learn the Society are desirous of offer-
ing more liberal premiums for the encourairement
of .\gricnlture, the growing of the best and most
useful breed of horses, and other animals, and that
for this purpose they will soon issue Circulars to
obtain additional Funds. The Constitution and
Bye-laws are now so amended and altered, as to
admit of the Cattle Show and Fair to be holden
at such time and place, within the limits of the
Society, as, in the opinion of the Executive com-
mittee, may best promote its interests and the pub-
lic good. — Northampton Courier.

Maple St7G.\R. — In the little town of Wilming-
ton, V'er. no less than 33,000 pounds of Sugar have
been manufactured in one year, and a town in the
Northern part of the State, the name we do not
recollect, has manufactured 42,000 pounc's. Even
in this town, many of our farmers manufacture
large quantities. — In Westmoreland many farmere
produce half a ton. — One farmer in Gilsnm hag
made 2200 lbs. In Maine, we have no doubt the
whole State mig-lit be supplied — so in Vermont.
Maple Sugar when refined, is said to be superior to
the best refined from the West Indies. — Keene Sent.

The bill incorporating the Schenectady and Sar-
atoga rail-road company which had passed the
Assembly, was passed on its final reading in the
Senate last Saturday. — .llbany paper.

The receipts of the first nine weeks on the rail-
way from Liverpool to Manchester, for passengers
alone, exceeded 85,000 dollars.

The :\Iaryland Legislature have voted §100,000
for Stock in the Susquehanna Rail Road Company.

\

278

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 16, 1831.

mi^w I32r^a>iisr2) la^iissaaiBj

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVEN[XG, MARCH IG, 1831.

POULTRY.

Continued from page 254'.

Every succeeding year after the third the hen

continues to shed her feathers later in the season

and to lay few or no eggs dui-ing the moulting

period, which is sometimes protracted to two or

Old hens are seldom to be depend'

confined as occasion rcipiirps, orsufleredto range, !
as they are much benefited hy the foraging of the j
hen. They inu.-it not he let out loo early iu the [
morning, or while the dew remains upon the i
ground, nor he suffered to range over the wet grass, ,
one coMuuon and fatal cause of di,->ease. It is also I
necessary to guard them against uufavoralilo |
changes of -weather, more particularly if atleiuled i
with rain, as nearly all the disorders of dunghill
fowls arise from cold moisture. '

For the period of the chickens quiting the hen,

three months. „ , , , . - , , . i .i i

ed on for eggs in the winter: and in general it , there is no general rule, except when the he.

will produce upwards of one hundred and fifty
eggs in a year, besides two broods of chickens.
Hens, it is saiil, should have access, especially in
winter to slacked lime, or oyster shells, otlierwiae
they will produce few or no eggs as something
of a calcareous nature is necessary to afford the
lime which constitutes the greater part of the egg
shells. Wheat however contains phosphate of
lime, and if given to hens is said to supply tha
material indis|)erisahle for the formation of egg
shells. 3'o be continued.

is most profitable to dispose of hens while they

begins to roost, leaving her ofl'snring to shift for

which i themselves. If sufliciently forward they will
follow her, if otherwise they should be secured

n with the

are yet eatable or saleable for that purpose

is in the spring of the tliird year. ,

In some hens tlie desire' of incubation is so ' '" ^ P™l'e'- pl^'^'e, "H'I permitted to
powerful that they will repeat it five or six times ! y°""^ P""lfy ='« "'-"Iv of then- own age and size
in the year; in others it is so shght that they will as possible, since the larger are apt to overrun

is

not sit more than once or twice in the season. A
skilful breeder will take advantage of these quali-
ties, and provide abundance of eggs from the one

and drive from their food the younger brood

Hutching chickens ly arlijiciiil heat has been
practised in some countries, and some of the

variety, and of chickens bv means of the other. ! '•"i"i>*i"=s '" ^'c process are stated in the Encyclo-
Hens, while sitting drink more than usual, and it is Vf"^ °f Agriculture : but it is not i»Mlmps a.lvisa

an advisable practice to place water constantly be-
for them when in this state, and food (say corn or
Indian meal dough) at least twice a day.

Hatching. — The chicken hitherto rolled up like
a ball, with its bill under the right wing like a bird
asleep begins generally on the morning of the
twentysccond day to break its way through tlie
shell, neither the aid of the hen, nor the artof man,in
common cases is necessary to aid it in this interest-
ing and wonderful operation. The parental af-
fection of the hen, as Mowbray and Parmentier

ble to atteiiij)t it in this coimtry with a view to
profit.

Eggs will retain their moisture and goodness
three or four months or more if tlie pores of the
shell be closed and rendered impervious to air by
some oily or greasy application. Loudon says
' we generally anoint tliem with mutton suet
melted, and set them on end, wedged close together
in bran, stratum super stratum, [one layer above
another] the containing box being closely covered.
Laid on the side, the yolk will adhere to tlic shell.
They thus come into use at the end of a consider-

have observed, is always intensely increased, when

she first hears the voice of the chicks through the f'''^ P«'i°'! of ^'""^^ i" » ^■=>'<- ^''iiost equal to new

laid eggs, for consiniiption, but ought not to Ix

shells, and the strokes, of their little bills against
them. The signs of their need of assistance, the
former author observes, are, the egg being partly
pecked, and the effort of the chicken discontinued
for five or six hours. The shell may then be broken
cautiously, and tlie body of the chicken COTefully
separated from the viscous fluid, which lines it.
Reaumur gives his opinion tliat no aid ought to
be given to any chickcn.5 but those which have
been near tvvontyfour hours employed without
getting forward in tlieir work.

The cliickens first hatched shoutd be taken from
W^e/leH, lost she be tempted to leave her task un-
finished. Those removed may be secured in a
hasket of wool or soft hay, and kept in a moderate
heat if the weather be cold, near the fire. They
will require no food for many hours, oven four and

trusted for incul)ation, excepting in the case of
in)|)orted eggs of rare birds.

Other metlinds ichich have been recommended for
preserving eggs are as follows :

Apply with a brush a solution of gum-arabic
to the shells, or immerse the egg therein, let them
dry, and afterwarils pack them in dry charcoal
dust. This lu'events their being atTectcd by any
alteration of temperature, and the power of char-
coal as a preservative against putrescence is ^vell
known. Or mix together in a tub or vessel, one
bushel of quick lime, ihirtytwo ounces of salt,
eight ounces of cream of tartar with as nmch
water as will reduce the composition to a suffi-
cient consistence to float an egg. Then put and
keep the eggs therein, which it is said will pre

twenty, should it be necessary to keep them so I serve tlicm perfectly sotnid for two years at least,
long from the hen. The whole brood being hatch- 1 Eggs may also be (ireserved in lime water, or lime
ed, the hen is to be placed under a coop abroad in and water mixed to about the consistence of white

a dry spot, and if possible not within reach of an
other hen wdiich has chickens, since the chickens
will mix, and the hens are apt to maim or destroy
those which do not belong to them. Nor should
they be placed near numbers of young fowls, whicli
are likely to crush young chickens under their
feet, being always eager for the chickens' meat.
Eggs boiled hard or curds chopped fine are recom-
mended. Indian meal made into dongh is a com-
mon and I believe not improper food for chickens.
Loudon says that all watery food, soaked bread or
potatoes is improper for very young chickens. Their
water should be pure and often renewed, and there
are convenient pans made iu such forms that the
chickens may drirdi witlioiu getting into the water.
There is generally no necessity for cooping the

wash; but the lime is apt to corrode the shells,
so that they become very thin and tender, and
are sometimes qiute worn away. The largest
eggs ' according to Loudon' will weigh two ounces
and an half, those of the Chitagong hen perhaps
three ounces. To promote fecundity and great
laying in the hen, nothing more is necessary than
the best corn (grain) and fair water: malted or
sprouted barley has occasionally a good efl'ect,
while ihe hens.are kept on solid corn, but if con-
tinued to long they are apt too scour. It must be
noted that iiothing is more necessary towards suc-
cess in the particidarof obtaining plenty of eggs
than a good attendance of cocks, especially in the
cold .season : and if is also especially to be oliserv-
ed that a cock while moulting is generally use-

brood beyond two or three days, but they may be | less. Buffon says that a heu well fed and attended

From Uie Evening Gazelle.

NATURAL SCENERY.

Mr Clapp — It is greatly to be regretted that in
the present eriligliteued age of Horticulture, so
little attention is bestowed on that ititeresting de-
partment of ' Native Scenery,' of which so many
improvements may be maile by transplanting the
various forest trees and shrubs indigenous in this
countr\' — there being hundreds of acres cf laud
in this vicinity irierely in a state of barrenness,
which by being covered with trees and shrubs
would enliven tiie scenery and add to natural gran-
deur. The much admired Liriodendron tidipifera,
or saddle leaf tulip tree; the Catalpu, or trunqiet
flower; and the Eiu-opean Lime and Horse
Chesnut trees appear to invite the attention of the
man of taste ; while the different varieties of
Oaks might be introduced into the vacancies and
outlets of copses, and thereby iinjirove the value
of the soil. And why neglect the pretty Kaliaias,
.'Izelias, Rhododendrons, and their natural assem-
blage .' Surely tliey are worthy of a place in slirub-
heries and parterres. The ]dants that are consi-
dered the very pride of European flower-garden-
ing are liere allowed to ' waste their beauties in
the desert air,' almost unnoticed. In the flower
garden department, many varietiesof native plants
may be introduced from the different parts of the
States, especially the pretty genus of Phlo.r, Core-
opsis, Ruilbeckias, of which so many varieties are
already discovered, and many more too numerous
to name.

If nature has imposed a pcriiefual indulgence
to the admirers of taste it may be foimd in the
' Flora' of the universe ; — the adaptation of these
harbingers of pleasures appiears to be univei'sally
suited in their natural element to all classes of
people, as, the same symmetry of form — the same
nice tints of nature's pencil — and the same useful
qualities ap|iear to the poorest peasant as the
greatest monarch ! in distinct varieties, with an
exce|ition of cultivation ; or rather an act of vio-
lence imposed on nature to produce monstrosities,
which are for a certain time the very objects of
dispute among connoisseurs, and then retnrn to
their primitive purity to he common to all ; in this
state they are the most i)erfect, and in consequence
may be considered the most pleasing. We also
find that, most generally, the parts of generation
are continued in all countries and are perpetual,
by which nature a|)pears to ordain the indulgence
of flowers lo all nations or peojile.

The Lafayette Land. — Mr Skinner of Baltimore
has received unqualified authority from General
Lafayette to dispose of one half of the township
granted to him by Congress. The tract consists of
24,000 acres and much of it is well suited to the
growth of cotton, tobacco and sugar cane. Mr
Skinner proposes to sgll the land in alternate sec-
tions on long credits to practical settlers, as far as
may be, demanding on a small portion of the price in
cash.

I»

li

I

JX.— Xo Si

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

279

20,000 /rAiVe Mulhcrnj Trees.
Orders received hy the sub-^ci ihers lor the above Trees,
) be delivered iii the inont.i of April ; they are Irom one
) three years old, ol the first qu.ilily, ami Hill be sold on
!aso.iable terms. GREGtJ 6c MOLLIS,

-Dealers in Medicine, Paints, Oil, Wiodow Glass, kc. —
No. 30 Union street, Boston. 4t March 16.

Silk —Silk.

The Subscriber, of JnlTrey, Cheshire county. New
lanipshire, has two or throe thousand While .Mulberry
rees ol three years" -jrort Ih, in line order lor Iransplant-
ig tlie present Sprint, wliich he will dispose of on rea-
inaule terms. Inquire o! Isa vc Parker, 74 Water
reel, lioston, or the subscriber. AS.\ PARKER.

Jaffiey, March lo.ltiSl

.\AROX TYLER, of Bath, Maine, having commenced
an Establishment for the Promotion of A!;riculture and
Oomeslic Economy, ami havin;; made arrangements with
Mr. .1. R. Nfwei.l, and Mr. j li. Russn.i,, of the .\g-
ricultural Warehouse, Boston, for a supply of the most
Improved Tools and Seeds, recommended by them as
valuable and useful to be introduced — will be enabled to
supply the farmers in .Maine at the Boston prices, with the
alditi.m of freight. Persons on the Kei.iiebec, and vicin-
ity, will find it to their interest to call at Mr Tylkr's
establishment for their supply of farmijig Tools ai;d Gar-
den .Seeds.

A. Tyler also tenders his .services to the horticultur-
ists and nursery men of Massachusetts nd elsewhere,
for the sale of all kinds of Trees, Vines, Plants, &c, and
will be at all times re.ady to till orders (or the best of
Forest Trees, from Jtaine, put up and packed propciJy
and sliipped according to order.

A. T. flatters himself by close application and assiduous
attention to the above objects, that he shall be enabled to
give satisfaclion to the public, and be a means of introdu-
cing into Maine many valuable productions, herctofoie

Grape Fines.
The sub-criber oflTers for sale at his garden at Dorche.s-
•r, a few Cuttings of the black and white ' Moscatel'
rape Vines, just received from Cadiz, procured for him
' the Consul ol the Uniteil Stales, ri'-ident there He
vs 'I obnine.l ibp .. ^„rii„.- f „.. V "'"-"-;. "= ems "HO .Maine many valuable productions, herctofoie

SLXPOLNDs. Ihey conlain several joints and will | A. T. also tenders his services for the sale of Improved

sold at 50 cents each.

— .ii.so —
Isabellas, 2 years old :

1 yr ' ■ '

White Muscadine ;

Napoleon, Gore's, a be«amiful black, fruit;
Varieties of superior fruit fiom Xeres and Malaga ;
Some large Vines from France, that have borne fruit
two seasons, very prolilic and of fine quality ;

C.VT.AWB VS ;

Bland's ; — and several other kinds.
)rders by mail addressed to the subscriber, or personal
ilicalion at his olfice, 1!^ Congress street, for any num-
of Vines, from one to one hundred, will meet with
mpt attention. ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

"arch 12, 1831. 5t .

Fanner Wanted.

man with his wife is wanted to manage a Farm of
It 50 acres, in Rhode Island. He must be well ac-
inted witli his business, have a practical knowledge
irming, as it Is now carried on in Massachusetts. To
!at, industrious, capable and economical man, liberal
)urageinent will be given. He shall be entitleii to
whole produce of the Faim the first year, provided
itays a number of years, which in.iy be agreed on, not

than five. Apply (post paid), to" J. B. Russell,
! England Farmer olfice, Boston. 4t March 16.

European Leeches,
he subscriber has made such arrangements abroad, as
table him to be constantlysupplied with thegeH!(i»e
ical Leech. All o,-ders will receive prompt atten-

EBENEZER WIGHT, .Iputhccart/,
[ilk street, opposite Federal st. eoptf March 16.

Farm for .'?ale.
fine opportunity to any person wishing to make im-
sments in farming is presented, by the offer for sale,
e of the besi Farms for this purpose in the State ; sit-
19 miles from this city. A large part of the land is
ial soil, may be easily kept draned, and made es-
ngly productive. A further description may be seen
Isoffice^^^ 3t March 16.

Breeds of Cattle and Sheep

Wanted, a full blooded Bull, 3 or 4 years old, con-
taining the best breeds for .Milk and O.ven."

Letters (post p.;id) will receive prompt attention.

Reler to Hon. Joseph Wi.vgate, Bath,

" " 11. .\. S. Dearbor.v, Roxbury.

Dec. 10. eoptf.

Assorted Seeds for Families.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52, North Market street.

Small boxes of assorted Seeds for Kitchen Gardens. —
Each box contains a package of the following seeds : —
Early Wnsliinglon Peas

Long Oulrh I'arsnep
Large Head Leiluce
Early Sri sia do
Pine-apple .Melon \,veni fine)
\\ aleriiieloii

Large While Portugal Onion
Large Red do.

Double Curled Parsley
Flat .Squash Pepper
Earlv Scaileisliori-lop Radish
While Turnip Railish
Salsify, or Oyster Plant
Early Bush Squash
Wiiiier Crook-neck .Squash
Early While Uulch Turnip
Yellow Stone Turnip

POT herb seeds.
Sweei ^larjorum, Sage, Sum-

* Seeds for Country Dealers.
iders in the country who may wish to keep an assort-
of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed they can be
ihed, at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, connected
the New England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,
0, with boxes of various sizes and prices, from 10 to
Mirtaining acoMPLr.TE assortment of the .seeds
. used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as
ckn be procured in this country, of equal quality,
'done up in small packages, ready fbr retailing, xeith

directions on each package for its c/;/(ioe and
gemenf— warranted to be of the growth of 1S30.

the purest quality. Xov. 5.

DwaVf Blue Imperial Peas

Lale JIairowfal Peas

Early .Molia« k Dwarf Siring
Beans

Early Dwarf While Caseknife
Beans
j Lima, or Saba Pole Beans

Long Bloo.l Beet lime sort)
I Early liiriiip-rnnled Beet

Early 1 ork Cabbage
, Larije Cape Savoy do {/Jrte)

Red Dutch do ( fur pick-
ling)

Early Dutch Cauliflower

Early Horn Cariol (very/me)

Long Orange Carrot

While Snlid Celery

Curled Cress or Peppergrass

Early Cucumber

Long Creen Turkey do. merSavorv

At this Seed Store can be found the greatest variety of

Ficlil, Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be found

in New England, of the very first quality, and at fair pri-
ces, wholesale and retail.

.\lso. Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both

native and European oiigin,) and Ornamental Shrubs at

Nurserymen's pVices. March 2.

JVhite .Mulbernj Seed.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market street —

.\ small quantity of fresh White Mulberry Seed of the
growth of Issn. Gentlemen in want of this Seed that
can be depended upon, are advised to apply soon, as the
supply here, and throughout the country, is uncommonly
small. — Short directions for its culture furnished gratis
with the seed. Feb. 23.

.S/;n'«D" Rye.
^ anted immediately a few bushels of cenuine Spring
I R.ve, plump, for sowing — for wliich a lilieral price will be
paid at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, 52 Xoilh JIarket St.

Early Potatoes.

For sale by Samuel Po^D, near the Universalist
Meeting House, Cambridgeport, a few bushels ot his
prime, early Potatoes, which took the premium at the
-Ma-^saeliusetts Horticultural Society's Shows last season;
and are considered tlie eai liest variety in this vicinity.

Al.-o, a fine milch COW, with li.r calf; a superior an-
imal as a milker, and perfectly gentle. Feb. 23.

To be Let.
Twentyfive acres of excellent Land, a House, and
Chaise bouse, in Roxbuiy— one mile Irom Boston line.
I Apply at J. B, Russell's Seed Store. 3t March 2.

I Farmer If'anted.

A single or married man is wanted to manage a farm
in a very pleasant village about 15 miles from Boston.
He must thoroughly understand his business ; be aa-
quainted with marketfng, and produce the best recom-
mendations as to his industry and fidelity. Address J. B.
Russell, Seedsman, Boston, (post paid).' Feb. 23.

Treatise on Silk.

Just published, and for sale at J. B. Russell's Seed
Store, 52 North Market Street,

A Practical Treatise on the (Culture of the White

.Mulberry 'free and the raising of Silk. Price 12.J cts.

Ija per hundred — a valuable agricultural tract for distri-
bution. March 16.

Spriyi^ Wheat.

For sale at the Seed store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

.\ lew busliels of genuine Oilman Spri.vg \VHE.'^.T ;
this sort is the most valuable one cultivated in New
England, is very productive, seldom if ever attacked by
blight, and is the kind which has for many successive
yea-s obtained the premium Irom the Massachusetts .Ag-
ricultural Society. March 16.

NOTICE.

There will be a stated meeting of the Massachusetts
Horticultural .Society, at their Hall on Saturday next, at
10 o'clock A M.

To Readers .i?fD Correspondents. — Six or seven
communications are in type which will appear next week.
The reader is requested to make the following corrections
in MrPHi.N-NEv's communication, page 266, 1st column;
line 14 from the top, for maA-iHg read marA-)?!g; line
12th from the bottom, for ' stable manure and,' &c, read
' stable manure or,' 6cc.

BRIGHTO^ iMarkkt — .Monday, .March 14.

I [Reported for the Chronicle and Patliot.]

At market this day 254 Beef Caltte, IG pair working
Oxen, 905 Sheep, 12 Cows and Calves, and 3S Swine. —
We reported the Swine last week, and 320 Sheep were
reported two or three weeks since.

Prices — Beef Cattle— A further- advance of 23e pet-
hundred was effected this day. We shall quote from
$4 50 to 5 50, more extra Cattle were at market than
usual — we noticed about 20 taken at $6. We did not ob-
serve a single Ox which was sold for less than 4 50.

■Working Oxen — Quite a number of sales. We noticed
the price of only a few pairs at .^75, 70,62J, 55,

Cores and Calces — Sales at $2-i, 22, 17.

.S'/itt;;— Dull — no sales of consequence effected conse-
quently we shall quote no prices.

Swine— Two small lots were sild atJjc: none remain
unsold.

Cow Cabbage.

:received, at the Seed Store, No. 52 North Market

from London a small quantity of Seed of the Cow

Se ; it is thought that no plant cultivated in this

"•y will give so much fodder from the same space of

roi I, for Milch Cows, as this. It has been siiccessfully

«« lied to a large extent in New England and the Miu-

«• tea the past year, and promises to be a great acqui-

™ Feb. 16.

J f 'kite .Mulberry Trees,
One and two years old ; also .Apple Trees. Strawberry
and Grape Vines, for sale. Inquire of Be.vj.-vmin Buh-
B.vxK, Jr, near the meeting housein Bradford, East Par-
I ish, .Mass. 4t East Bradford, .March S.

Farm Wanted,

(Within 10 miles of Boston,) consisting of 20 to 30 acres
of first rate land, having a comfortable house, barn. &c.
A line, stating particulars, addressed to H. L. T. box 556
Post Office, will receive attention. 3t

Boston, March 9.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

The only principal alterations in prices since our last
arc as follows : —

-Apples, Red Baldwins, ig2 50 per bbl.
Gr-iss Seeds have risen considerably — Timothy sells

at $2 50 a 2 75 per bushel. Noitherrt Red Clover 12J

a 13 cents per lb.

Flour has risen. Howard street sells at 7 25 to 7 30
— Genesee 7 25 to 7 50.

Grain. Northern Corn 73 to 75— Northern Rye 65 to
70. Oats 40 to 42.

280

NEW ENGLAND FAUMER.

31

ISCEL-I^ANY,

Culture of SUk.-We have seen seve.^l >nteu>»'>''S
and inefiil eilracls IVoni the Leeluves ol J. H. Cobb, E-q.
of Dedh,u,., v.pon tin. subject, which .s evidently »„d de-
set-vedl "cV.t.i..S a li.mhobl of 'he public nttenUon at.
reUrd in th . couutry. The last article, wh.c. i\ Cobb
h^s piibli-hed, is a Histcy ol' the Etfo.ts i.i ^.ll< ( uUuie
Tn N-onh Aiueiica. It was eonimenc.d „. A nsMjia a.
eariv as 1623. L has now been comimne.d in aliuost
eve y State in the Union. We ?ive some sentences,
which are all that our room will admit at this tinie.-
Ma^s Jour.

In South Carolina, the ladies attended to this cul-
ture Mrs Pincknev took with her to Lngland a
Quantity of silk sutficient to make three complete
dresses one of wh.c:i she presented to the princess
dowao-er of Wales, one to '^.ord Chesteiheu,
the third was in possession of her daughter Mrs
Horry, of Charleston, as late as 1800.

I was told by an intelligent citizen of the town o
Hampton in Windham County, Con., during- a visit
to that county in 18-5.5, that the culture was found
profitahle and was the hest hnsiness that they could
Dursue. I found many families in some few towns
nearly all engaged in raising silk; they moke an-
nually from liv'e to ten, twenty and htty and a hundred
pounds in a season. It is probable that three or
four tons ars raised in that vicinity. 1 he common
astiraatc there, is that 4000 worms will yield a pound
of silk, hut from my own experience I am sat'shed
that a less number will yield that quantity, probably
from 2000 to 4000. , . n „

From a communication of Gov. Lincoln to the
Editor of the New En-Urnd Farmer, I learn that
considerable attention has been paid to the culture
of silk, in the county of Worcester, and that the late
Rev Mrllolcomb, of Sterling, former minister ot
that place, spoke to him with great confidence o Us
profitable results. Silk lias been raised in Dud ey,
Mass. for over thirty years; in llie time ot the last
war the price was so high that more than usual ef-
forts we^Vmade to cultivate it. The llev. Jason
Haven, oTDedham, obtained the premium offered
by the selectmen of Boston, for mulberry trees and
small quantities of silk have been raised in Dcdham
heretefore. I obtained from Rev. Dr Wood, ot Bos-
cawen, N- H. some eggs in tlie winter of 18-?.j.and
6, and have raised some silk every season since.

Platina.— An intercstinglelter from ex-President
Adams to a gentleman in Wasiiington, on tiie sub-
ject of Platina coinaL'e, has been published in the
InteirHrcncer. Mr Adams states that the first sug-
gestion of the use of tliis metal for coinage was
made in 181."), by the late ingenious Dr Erick HoU-
man, in a memoir addressed to the several European \
Powers, and that Dr B. caused at that time several
impressions of medals to be struck in this metal, at
the Mint of Paris, by a macliine invented by him for
the purpose.

Mr Adams thinks that platina would be useful in
coinatro, as holding an intermediate value betw^een
gold and silver. It is not easily distinguishable from
silver by the eye, hut is immediately so on being held
in the "hand, its specific gravity being about double
that of silver. A platina coin of the value of one
dollar, woulil bo of about the size of the Spanish
eighth of a doUar. The appreciation of value winch
mfo-ht arise from its being introduced into coinage,
wo'iild, Mr A. tliinks, he counteracted by the increas-
ed supply from the newly discovered mines in the
Ural xMountains. Mass. Jour.

' The amount of property left in pledge with twelve
pawn-brokers in New York during the year ending
January, 1;.31, was 8108,000. Among the articles
pledged, were up less than 1-20,000 garments, and
10,000 sheets, blankets and counterpanes.

The Shah of Persia has published a work under
this title: 'The Poems of him before wliom tlie
world humbleth itself to adore him I'

The MiiNT.— The coinage effected at the U. S j

Mint in 1830, was as follows: ^rr,-, -y^Kl

Half eagles, 12(;,a-,l making ^'^'^ ''2^

Quarter- eagles, . 4,540 " ^..^.V^^n'

HalfdoUarr, 4,7(14,000 " 2,.382,400

Dimes 510,000 " 3''W)0

Half dimes, 1,'240,000 " 6-2,1 00

Cents, 1,711£(J0 " ____^^

Total 8.:3.57,lltl " .$3,155,029

Of the gold coined, the amount of .*4(;ti,00() was
from the gold regions of the United States. Oi this
amount, .'i2l2,000 were received froni l^t^o""?'-;'
§204,000 from North Carolina, S-2li,000 trom South
Carolina, and .*24,000 from Virginia.

Truth. — If a man he sii:cei-ely wedded to truth,
he must make up his mind to find her a portion-
less virgin ; and he must take her for herself alone.
The contract, too, must be to love, cherish, iuul
obey her, not only unto death, hut beyond it ;
for this is a union" that must survive not only
deatli, liut time, the conqueror of death. The admer
of truth, therefore, is above all present things-
firm ill the midst of temptation, and frank in the
midst of treachery, he will be attacked by those
who have prejudices sitiiply because he is with-
out them ; decried as a had bargain by all who
want to purchase, because lie alone is not to be
houiiht, and abused liy all parties, because he is
the "advocate of none, like the dolphin which is
always painted more crooked than a ram's born,
although every naturalist knows that it is the
straightest fish that swims. — Lacon.

What IS LAW liKk ?— Luw is like a counti7
dance, people are led up md down in it till they
are fairly tired nut. Law is like a book of sur-
gery—there are a great many terrible cases in it.
It is like physic too, they that take the least of it
are best off. It is like a homely gentleuian,
very well to follow us. Law is like a new fashion,
people are bewitched to get into it; ' and like bad
weather,' most jieople are glad to get out of it.

Fountain of Power.— The nncorruiited choice
of a brave aii.l free iieople, is the ))urest source
and original fountain of all power.— Georg-c
JVasliins;ton.

Valuable and Cheap Land— for Sale _

The subscriber offers for sale, 14.000 acres of choi.

Land, siluated in ihe lown of Pii.ckney, counly of LeB

and state ot New York. Some ol the land is i.eprov.

and under cultivation. The country is remaikably he,

thy, being entirely free h on. the lever an.t a<:ue and Ire

,be co,nn'u>„ bilio-iis fevers which ollen afflict ihe tow

u.jon Lalie Ontario, this town being 18 miles cast^of t

1,'ke The soil is principally a sandy loam, mue.i ot

cove'redwith rich idack mould. The timber is chie_

Su-ar Maple, Black A^h, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &

Tbl- land yields hrst rate crops ol Grass Rye, Oats B,

|,v Potal'oes and Flax; and on .some lots, poodWh.

' and Corn may be ijrown. To those wishing 'o"bta.n >

nerior or,,zing farms, a fine o|ipurtuniiy i.ow olier. its.

The pioduce'^or pasturage ami bay from an acre of t

l,,„d, is very large, fully equalling if "»'/"' P^-^'"S?;

iron the same quanlily of land in any other o the Bl,

i-er townships. The land is admirably well water

here being nut few lots which have nol <!"' --"l'- '"■}"

ireams upon them. The land is well adapted o Orcha

i,„._,he Apple tree thriving very well in this coui.

?,oek of all kinds may be disponed of with t.ie leas po

, e trouble, and to the greatest advanlage, the drov

purchasing at the very doors of the fani^ers, and pay

,,e,,,ighest cash prices for, beir cattle w..,cbw,le,

f

find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Sevual
,ners at present re.sidir.g on this town, were origm
IVoin the New England Sliites, and some of them ^
M ,-sachuse(ts, who are in Ibiiving circumstances.
;,bove described land is offered for sale at the very
,.ice of from two dollars and a half to three dollars
' ne lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars a
i„l,-',o five dollars and a half for the improved lots
tmd will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and Mom
10 five years' credit tor payment in annuaf ins aim.
„,il,be-gireT.. Asa fur.her convenience to pnrcna
Ibe subscriber will receive in payment, tall', sn
1' rk Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he
luJ:; die highest cash prices. The title to .he la,
in,lisputable,'and good Warranty Deeds "■ill be

^ MaichJ)^ 21!!!!

Amnivnilion ._£J)
ni ibe fifsf oi.-.alitv and loii-est prices, for sporti
_ ,n ' aiitly lor sairat COPELAND-S POW DER STC

""nb" u'die quality is nol found satisfactory, it
be returned, and the money will be refunded. If Ja

1

Farm to be lei on Halves.
About 30 acres of good land, with bouse, barn,
trevs, &.C, situated in Roxbury,
this ollice.

, near the city, A pi
Marcf.

Honey a Carefor the Grave!.— A number of years
aio, savs a correspon.lent, I was much afflicted
with th^ gravel, and twice in serious danger, from
small stones lo.lire.l in the- passage. I met with a
.renth-man whoha.l been in uiy situation, an'l g"t
rid of this disorder by sweetening his tea with bal
iionev and half sugar. I adopte.l this reme.ly and
f ,und it effectual. After being fully clear of my
disease about ten years, I declined taking honey
andiu about three niontlis 3 had a violent fit of
my old complaint. I then renewed my practice
of taking bouev in inv tea, and am now more than
three score, ami have not for the last twentyseveii
years, had the smallest symptoms of the gravel.
Ihave recommended my prescription to many of
my a.-quaintance, and have never known it to fail.
— Political Exam.

The experiments made in the South of Spam to
cultivate the cochineal, have perfectly succee.led.
In Miircin, tlie silk worm from China, which makes
wliitc silk has been introduced.

An individual, who always appeared to be in a |
state of ^reat misery and indigence, died a few days
agoatSlOraer, leaving money to the amount ol
i20,000f. in small copper com.

Sheep for Sale.

A superior lot of Saxony and Merino (mixed b
S„^.e Sheep-abou: 60 Ewes and '2 Bucks age Iron
rvea.-s-in Pti"'-- l<e»bh and in goo.l flesh, not exp.
to^ave Utm'-un'^y;-;",',^ of -M^ri,^^^.^ ^^^,.^

Milton, .March 2, 1S31.

Published every We.lnesday Eveidiig, at Sf per
n-rvablo at the end of ihe year-but those who pay .
siZtv 'bjs from the time ofsubecnbing, .re entitled U
duction of tifty cents.

33= No paper will be sent to a distance without pa
bein" made in advance. r„tt^ hv

•ru.ted for J. B. Russell, by I. R. BiiTTs-hy
.11 le!crp ions of Printing can be e.vecuted to m
w shes of "^eustomers. Orders f-or printing reeeived b
liussKi.i., at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. o2
Market atieet. ^^^_^^

Ar v,„./- G TiioF.BUB'ii & Sons , 67 ILiherly-stree'
'\™ \" ') i^ ly?- l\>-nKFTH.83 Chosmut-slree
PhMlplna- 1). f^^J^'^y^l^luh, American Fan
?t;;r;^. C PAlK;^.sT,e3 Lo.ver Market-sir.
^; ,_ll-,n.Ji:ssE BUKI., Mbany INursery.
F,^,,,.. N. Y. \V,i.PRiNcK&:50NS,l'.op.E.n.Bot.
H„//-..r'/-H.i.>n»iN &C.>. Booksellers.
'r^ Lr„port, EiiKNKZica STEDMAN l'7^sel er.
Port.^„.oU. 'n. H. i. W. FosTKR, '!-ks« ^^ •
\Porilmid J1/...-SAMUEL CoLMAN.Boolvseller. ,

St"K"s-^:j. ^n::Z:.. r.,. Recorder OfiiJ.
I ji'w^^^L. C.-A. Bowman, Booksdlei- . !

NEW EI^GLrAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultoral Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 23, 1831.

NO. 36.

©©saai'vffsrjisSiiieavCiiTa,

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

ON THE CULTURE OF INDIAN CORN.

We all know that wliat is good husbandry for
one kind of soil, or one location, or for one farmer,
is not, of course, for another.

Corn may be grown, and perhaps with profit,
ou different soils, with a jiroper tillage for each.
Location, that is as to the value of tlie use of the
land, the nearness to a market, and tlie facility
witli which manure can be procured, must be re-
garded.

A large forehanded farmer can often do to ad-
rantagc, what would be ruinous to one differently
situated. Yet this should not deter us from
Irawing all the advantage we can from the expe-
rience and observation' of that class of farmers
)ccupying the most feasible and level lands ; and
.vhen we cannot imitate the course which has proved
jseful to them, to substitute, according to om-best
udgmeut, some method resomblino- that, which
may be equally useful to us.

Iwas led to these remarks by reading in the
«f. E. Farmer, Nos. 28 and 29, of the present vol.
kir Phinney's Address, and therein his statement
f his mode of raising corn on green sward. —
This I bad before read in 1829, and it struck me
hen and now, that we in this hill country, with
ields of a very uneven surface, could not exactly
mitate hiin. But we had long before adopted a
ourse of tillage which I think possesses all the
t itility of his, and avoids much of the labor and
' rouble to which that is subject. My method with
reensward, and I plant no other with corn, is this
—In the spring I feed my land intended for corn as

- lose as possible, till within about a week of
laming time, get'on my manure and spread it.
'he field is then, as we term it, ploughed into ridges
-that is, the slices of two furrows turned together,

- J that the edges of the two will about meet,
aving a narrow balk or space of unplouglied land
etween the ridges. In about a week the corn is

• lanted on the ridges at the junction of the two
irrows, without any regard to rows crosswise of

[ le ridges, as they are not to be ploughed across.
At the first hoeing the balk is ploughed up, and
le sward on it turned over, or broken in pieces—
t each of the two other hoeings the spaces be-
veen the ridges, or rows of corn, are lightly
oughed, and the ground, mixed with the manure
ft on them, drawn up by the hoe to the hills of
)m.

ing and harrowing made mellow before plant-
ing, and much time and labor are saved in prepar-
ing it for planting. In tlie early part of the sea-
son, the corn will not appear very [iromising and
will he uneven, and perhaps will not produce as
great a crop of stalks as in the other way ; but at
the time of producing the ears of corn, the decom-
posing sward and manure are doing their best to
aid that process, and succeed to admiration. Ex-
tremes of drought or wet are less injurious to
land treated in this way than the other, the weeds
are not half as troublesome and the land is left in
a better state.

The second year the laud is ploughed and har-
rowed, sowed with oats or other spring grain and
grass seed, made smooth, and laid down for mow-
ing or feeding. Before planting I soak my seed
corn and roll it in plaster, ash it at the first and
third hoeing, and put plaster on at the second.

My method of gathering my corn and stalks is
to cut the stalks above the ears at the pro[^er sea-
son, bind and stack or pike them in the field, and
as soon as sufficiently dried cut them and put
them under cover. If this can be done before
any great rain falls, I consider a load of stalks
worth as much for fodder as a load of good hay.
My cattle this year, did not leave uneaten a hand-
ful to a load. When the corn is ripe, I cut it up
close to the ground with a scythe or sickle, cart it
to the barn or shed, and there husk it, and keep
•lie'stalks and husks under cover till winter, when
it is thrown into the yard for litter and fodder.
This does not cost more labor than to pick and
husk the corn, except the carting, and it saves a
great deal of good litter and fodder which would
otherwise be entirely lost. My cattle this winter
ate at least one half of these stalks.

Perhaps I have been too minute, aud stated
nothing but what farmers in every town in New
England knew before : but if anything has been
suggested by which, with the same expense, one
more bushel of corn to the acre can be grown, one
day's work in a year saved to the cultivator or one
dollar's worth of fodder or manure, my remarks
will be worth what they cost. The farmers in this
vicinity formerly made their ground mellow by
ploughing and harrowing before planting; but ex-
perience has taught them that the mode here de-
scribed is much better in all respects, and it is
now for corn, very generally practised ; and I

much surprised in learning from paragraphs in your
nundiers, that that practice should be continued,
when such great improvements were making in
agriculture, as in Massachusetts, I had before
supposed it abandoned as one of the worst of the
old fashioned modes of tillage, calcidated, witii
nmch labor and trouble, to obtain a little present
advantage, at the expense of keeping the land
poor. Tillage should be so managed as to im-
prove, and not impoverish the soil. If the ground
is pretty well manured at broad cast, dunging in
the hill is unnecessary. If not, then this mode, if
it barely pay the labor and expense, which I much
doubt, will leave the land worse. I may be
thought an incompetent judge, having never tried
that course, nor have I ever tried feeding my chil-
dren with cider-brandy to make them sj)rightly at
the time and good members of .society after-
wards, but shoidd as soon think of doing one as
the otherj: this I know is not argument, but strong
opinion.

Should I have leisure you may liear from me
again. B.

Plymouth, Con. March 7, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

SHORT HORN STOCK.

Mr Fesse.ndex — For the information of those
readers of the New England Farmer who are
willing to be correctly informed what Improved
Durham Short-Horned Cattle hcive been, and noic
are, I herewith send you a few extracts from writers
which among breeders are 7101c considered good
authority. — I also refer the reader to the New
England Farmer, vol.viii. No. 30, to the sale of Im-
proved Durham Short-horns on the 31st August,
1829. I should be pleased to have any j)erson,
if he can refer me to a sale of any other breed
ever made, that for high prices will compare with
this The sale of Mr Colling in 1810 of the same
breed is believed to be the only public sale of Im-
proved Durham Short-horns or any other breed of
Cattle that has equalled this sale of 1829.

Respectfully yours, W.

East Windsor, Con. March 4, 1831.

From Bailey's Survey of Durham.
'Messrs Collings have frequently sold cows and
heifers for 100/. and Bull calves at 100/. Mr
Charles Colling has refused 500/. for a cow, and
would respectfully suggest to Mr Phinney, whether, | in 1807, Mr Mason refused 700 guineas for a cow.
considering the saving of labor in preparing for | ' These gentlemen let bulls out by the year, the
planting, which I think must be at least one half, j price from .50 to 100 guineas ; and the public are
By this mode of cultivation the manure is all land the safe deposit of the manure under thesod for i to fully convinced of their merits, that these cel-
led, being mostly covered with the furrows, I the corn to make a draft upon effectually in time of I ebrated breeders cannot su|)j)ly the demand from
id kept from the weather, aud that left on the ' greatest need, my method of raising corn even on the pure blood, which they are as cautious of
Ik, well mixed with earth by the first ploughing | his smooth and even land, woiild not, when the sue- 1 preserving, as the amateurs of the turf are the
id hoeing of the corn, before the dry hot season | ceeding crop is to be spring grain, be preferable to
mmences. The sward is all decomposed and his: at any rate, I think it a good substitute among

mrishes the growing corn at the season when
is most wanted — that is, when the ears are set-
'&i growing and filling out. It is no objection
at part of the surface of the ground is not cut
• with the plough, but covered with furrows, for
It becomes as mellow as the other and equally
' \eful tothe crops. — If the sward be tough, the first
eing will be slow and laborious, but the other
0 not more so than when the ground is by plough -

our stones, hills, and holes. One of my neigh-
bors last year tried Mr Phinney's mode on a level
moist piece of ground, and it being a wet season,
he nearly lost his crops. Had the weather or his
ground been dry it would doubtless have succeed-
ed.

Since writing the above, I have read in your
last No. some remarks and queries about dunging
corn and potatoes in the hill. I have often been

breeds of their race horses, and which the takers
of bulls are become so well acquainted with, that
the prices they give, are in proportion to the qual-
ities of the individuals and merits of their uro-
genitors — more regard being jiaid to their jiedi-
grce than to anything else ; for this pin-pose they
liavc books containing the full pedigree of their
stock, similar to the stud book of race horses, by
which any jicrson wanting to purchase any of
their stock, or hire bulls may see how they are dc.
srendcd.'

2«:2

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 23, 1831.

From Culley on livestock.

'Many bulls have lately been purchased and
hired into the

East Riding at high i)'''"='^s from

our native ornamental forest trees, shrubs,
creepers, and annual and perennial flowering
plant

-cuttings of thirteen new varieties of secd-

ihe nei.'bborhood of Darlington in the county of '| ling apples, collected from the orchards in this

■ county, one seedling pear, four seedling peaches,

and native plum, grape, gooseberry, and crab apple ;
cuttings from the large native plum at Granville,
Ohio, I could not obtain in season, but have sent
some of the stones of the fruit, which will doubt-
less produce the same ; also stone» from 12 of our

Durham, where « much supenor breed of Short-
horns are found, possessing all the perfections and
qualities, which are wanting in the Holdcrness
breed ; they are smaller in size, lighter in the bone
and hide, and have a much greater propensity to
become fat.'

From the Rev. Ileniy Berry, i distingiiisSieJ writer and a sn
cious l)reeder of caulu at this time.

•To the banks of the river Tees separating the
counties of Durham and York, reference is to
be had to the account of the originals of the Im-
proved Short-horns. There, upwards of eighty
years ago, existed a breed of cattle, for a descrip-
tion of which the author is indebted to an old and

nsa- ! best varieties of peuchos, some of them very fine.
This climate is favorable to the growth of the
peach, and seed from a milder region, would pro-
bably flourish better in New England, than grown
in a climate rather too cold for the peach tree. Ac-
companying the cuttings, are drawings of ten of
the apples, taken last autumn by Mr Bosworth
who lias succeeded in giving very perfect and ac

celebrated breeder now living in Colow, resem- i ^^^j^jg jjl^g^gsi-es of the several kinds ; also a piece.

bliiig what is called the Improved breed of the
present day, excepting that the fashionable roan
was not quite so prevalent; they are described in
general character also to have ditfereil very little
from their de.scendants. Possessing a fine mellow
touch, good hair, light oftal, particularly wide car-
casses, and deep fore qu.irters, they were also justly
celebrated for extraordinary proof when slaugh-
tered, resembling thus closely their descendants of
the ptesent day.'

Sale in 1833. Sale in 1810.

1 Cow Syearsold 130 guineas. Cow3 from 35 to 410 (

Bull Comet 1000

" from 50 to 365

Bull Calves from 15 In 170

Heifers from35lo20^

" CalTssfiam25tol06

J .. 4 .' '

145

1 Heifers " '

IdO

] K O Ct I

' 94

1 " 1 " '

' 115

1 Calf 9 mos. '

' 58

1 Bull 3 years '

270

' -JUo

1 ■■ 1 " '

• ISO

1 " 12 mo.

' aio

1 ■■ 4

. n^o

the duty which their kindness has imposed. I
beg, too, to say that it will afford me the highest
gratification to see you or any of the members of
the Society at my residence at llydo Park, on the
Hudson, which I am now cultivating with the
view to the great objects of our favorite pursuits.

By the earliest opportunity I will have the
pleasure of forwar;ling to the Society a few vol-
umes of which I beg their acceptance.

1 am, dear sir, with sentiments of great respect,

your humble servant. David Hosack.

II. A. S. Deakeorn, Esq.

Vtus. of the Mass. Ilort. Soc.

3. A letter from John S. Skinner, Esq. of Bal-
timore, accompanied by a package of seeds, from
Weslcrn America, with a letter from the adven-
turous J. S. Smith, Esq. of St Louis, containing
a description of the plants from which the seeds
were obtained.

Ballimore Post Office, 21st Feb. 1831.

Sin— If I have been slow to acknowledge it
permit me to assure you that lain not the less
proud of the honors you announced to me of my
having been elected an Honorary Member of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.— But the
Ijleasurc of being thus associated, even by name,
with gentlemen of science and efficient patriotism
is accompanied by an unfeigned consciousness of
my inability to make any adequate return to the'
Society.

The only contribution I have now to oflTer con
sists of seeds ol hitherto uncultivated plants,recent-
ly received from regions far West which may afford
valuable additions to the horticultural products of

representing a basket of Ohio fruit, intended to
decorate the hall of tho Society, should they deem
it worthy so distinguished a privilege. In the box
is a catalogue of all the articles forwarded, with
descriptions of the new varieties of apples. They
are as yet without names excepting three or four
kinds, which are noted in t'le list ; the Society will
therefore furnish them with such names as they
may think most proper. I believe on cultivation,
you will find all but two or three of the thirteen,
deserving a place among your best fruits. That
we sliould be able to furnish so many new ami
good varieties of the a]>ple is not so surprising
when it is considered that numerous orchards of
the very best apples found in the middle and east-
ern states, were planted and engrafted from | Massachusetts, if by careful eft'orts they can be

.An Account of the Proceedings of the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Societij, at a meeting held at
the Hall of the Institution, on the I9th of March,
1831.

Report made by H. A.?. Dearborn, President of the Sociely.
Since the last regular meeting of the Society,
tho Diplomas have been completed, and transmit-
ted to the Honorary, Corres|)onding and Subscrih-
ing members. Communications have been made
10 the officers of the Horticultural Societies in the
United States, England, Scotland and France, on
subjects relating to rural ecouoiny, and for the pur-
pose of obtaining intelligence in many of the de-
partments of gardening, as well as some speci-
mens or seeds of such new, interesting and valuable
varieties of fruits, and (dants as may be success-
fully cultivated in this climate.

Several additions have been made to the library
and among them is the New Du Ilamel, — a mag-
nificent work in 70 folio Livraisons, containing
superb co'ored plates, of all the varieties of fruits,
cultivatetl in France.

Among the numerous letters which liave been
received are the following, which merit the special
attention of the Society.

1. A letter from S. P. Hildreth, Esq. of Ohio,
accompanied by a package of seeds and drawings.

.Marietta, Ohio, S.Bih February, 1831.
ToGe.v. H. A.S- Dearborn,

President of the .Mnsa. Hoit. Society.
IMvDEAP. Sir.— I have the satisfaction of an-
nouncing to you, that I have this day completed the
packing of a box of seeds, cuttings, &c, and for-
ward the same to the care of .^lessrs Landreths,
No. 85 Chesnut street, Philadelphia. The box
contains 50 sina)l packages of seeds, mostly of

30 to 40 years since; and that the seeds of
these superior apples have been generally used in
planting out nurseries from that day to this. The
fruit of Washington County has for many years
been noted for its superior excellence in New Or-
leans and the towns on the Ohio and Mississippi
rivers. Thousands of barrels are annually sent
down the river by the farmers of this county,
where they bring from two to four dollars a bar-
rel. The winter with us has been one of unusual
severity ; but I do not discover as yet any injury
done to the fruit buds by the cold. The lowest
temperature was five below zero, of Fahrenheit,
the 22d December. It has been for several days in
February at zero early in the morning ; but we now
have mild weather, the rivers open for navigation,
and the temperature on the 2Gth at 66° in the
middle of the day.

Wishing you continued health, and renewed
pleasure in your horticultural pursuits, when spring
shall again revive the sleeping plants, I remain

your friend.

S. P. HlLDRF.^H.

2. A letter from Doct. David Ilosack of New
York, with a donation of Books.

New York, Februarys, 1831.

Dear Sir — I had the honor of receiving the
Diploma conferred by the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society over which you preside.

I duly appreciate the favor, and will gladly do
all in my power to merit the distinction it conveys.
With the exception of the general principles
of agriculture, the nature of soils, the operation of
manure, as connected with my early botanical
pursuits, I am yet but a tyro in practical horti-
culture, to which I am now about to devote my at-
tention. Should anything offer in this new field of
inquiry, that may appear wor;hy of comimmica'
tion to your Society, I shall not bo unmindful of

gradually accommodated to your so much more
northern climate. I leave to the better judgment
of the Society to say how far the prospect of suc-
cess may warrant the trouble of experiment; and
only beg leave to add that whatever may be the
value of the result, it is to Mr Smith, who made
the collection, and whose description accompanies
this, that will be due the thanks of the Society;;
while a high appreciation of its objects, and a
readiness to co-operate most cordially for their,
attainment in my humble way, are the only claims
that can be offered for its consideration.
Your most obedient servant,

J. S. Ski.niner.

St Louis, iMissouri, 27th December, 1830,

Dear Sir— During my travels of nine years ini
the country on the sources of the Missouri Rivei|
and in the Territory of Mexico and the United'
States, west of the Rocky Mountains, and on thi
coast of the Pacific, I have at diflerent times gatb
ered the seeds of such shrubs and plants as ap,
peared peculiar to that country. Some of thesj
may claim consideration from their inherent qualij
ties', and others may find a place in the garilensO|
the curious from the fact that they are natives of th
most distant and wild territory of our Republic
It may perhaps be a pleasure to a lady of the Atlani
tic to gather Cherries or Currants from a shrul:
whose parent stock is now growing by the ban
of a stream that flows unmarked by the eye c
civilized man to the calm Pacific. A few sample^
I inclose to you, in the hoi)e that you will mak
such a disposition of them that I may in some futuii
time see them blooming in the gardens of the A
lantic. Tho different parcels are numljcrcd and c.
each I give n short description.

No. 1. Large black gooseberry, found on the he8|
of the Platte, in wet ground, in the vicinity ofspnn{;

Vol. IX.— No. 30.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

283

«hat burst from the sides of the mountains ; wliere
the soil is ricli tliey grow well in the shade. Ripen
there about the first of September. Entirely smooth.

No. 2. The Seria Berry, gathered on an east-
ern spur of the Rocky Mountains, northern de-
clivity and clay soil, ripe about the last of Au-
gust. A fine fruit, the shrub about 5 or 6 feet
high. Size of the Fox Grape.

No. 3. Choke Cherries of a superior kind ; they
are found in all parts of the mountains, in the rich
.«nil of the valleys of creeks and rivers. The
shrub is from 4 to 7 feet high ; in the middle of
August when ripe, the berry is a most beautiful
purple, and about the size of the Fo.x grape.
Vield abundantly.

No. 4. The Yellow Currant, found on the
sources of the Missouri and I'latte, on the eastern
declivity of the mountains found in the vicinity of
springs and Rivers where the soil is good. The
shrub larger than the common currant; ripe about
the 15th of August ; they are larger than any
currant cultivated in the United States. An ac-
quisition to the housewife.

No. 5. The Black Currant, the fruit and shrub
much like the Yellow, with the exception of the
color ; found in the Black hills.

No. 6. The Buffalo Berry, found in the Black
liills in gravelly soil along the water courses. The
berry when ripe, about the middle of August is a
beautiful red. The shrub, about 5 or 6 feet high,
is of that kind svhich is supposed would make a
good Iiedge.

No. 7. The Scented Grass-seed. This grass is
found on the west side of the Rocky Mountains,
on the Columbia river. Grows in damp ground :
.should be cut before ripe, when it is peculiarly
fragrant.

No. 8. Leaves of the Scented Wood. Grow
on the western coast, south of the mouth of the
Columbia. Tlie tree has a resemblance to the
apple tree, the largest about eighteen inches in di-
ameter. They may perhaps be restored to their
original fragrance. I am not certain that the wood
is fragrant, but know bark and leaves to be so.
The tree is an evergreen. I procured seeds, but
lost them.

I must request that you would do me the favor
to acknowledge the receipt of the package, direct-
ing to this ]ilace.

]f in my future journeys to the west, I could
make any collections that would be interesting!
shall do it with great pleasure.

I am, Sir, your most obedient,

J. S. Smith.

The following resolutions were adopted.

1. Resolved, That the thanks of the Society
bejfresented to Doct. David Hosack for his valua-
ble donation of books.

2. Resolved, that the thanks of the Society be
presented to John S. Skinner, Esq. of Baltimore,
for the very acceptable present of seeds, obtained
in the regions near the sources of the Missouri,
and west of the Rocky mountains.

3. Resolved, that the Secretary be directed to
transmit copies of the foregoing resolutions to the
gentlemen therein named.

As it is desirable that the rare varieties of for-
eign and native fruits should be speedily and ex-
tensively cultivated, it is suggested, that collections
of scions should be made, and placed in charge of
the Executive Committee, for distribution, at some
future meeting; and that notice be given, in the

i New England Farmer, of the kinds, and the time
j when they will be oflered to the members of the
I Society.

It is deemed expedient that the Committees on

i fruits, vegetables and flowers, announce, in the

, New England Fartner, when the exhibitions of

those products will commence, at the Hall of the

Society. Respectfully submitted by

II. A.S. Dearborn,

rres. Mass. Ilort. Scic.

Boston, March 19, 1831.

The seeds presented by Mr Skinner were or-
dered to be distributed by lot to subscribers, (along
with others that may arrive) on Saturday next, the
2(3tli iust., at 12 o'clock.

The meeting was then adjourned to 10 o'clock,
the 26th inst.

The Standing Committee on ornamcnial Trcc=. Shrub",
&c, award the premium of three dollars to Mr David
Haggerston of Charleslown, for the best specimens of Ca-
mellia Japonica. R. L. EMJIONS, Chairman.

March 14.

Fi)R THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

INQUIRIES CONCERNING BEES.

Mr Fessekden — I have been much interested
and instructed lately, by a perusal of Dr Thacher's
Treatise on the management of Bees. The ])leas-
ant style in which this work is written has in-
terested ine vei-T,- much in the subject and has
induced me to undertake, upon a small scale
indeed, their cultivation. But being an entire no-
vice in this emi)loynient, and living too in a part
of the country where the late improvements in
the management ol bees have not been introduc-
ed, I am desirous of obtaining some information
which I could not obtain from my neighbors.
I have therefore ventured to apply to you for
some information ujjon this interesting subject, to
ask for answers to the following questions, and for
any other information which a beginner in this
business may need.

1. What is the best constructed hive ?

2. Is it better to reserve for the bees the honey
which is first made, or that which is last inade ?
In Dr Thacher's book, in speaking of the hive
used by himself, consisting of two apartments, the
upper one of which is fitted with several boxes,
described page 82, he says, 'the bees enter at
their door, as is usual in other hives, ascend be-
tween the horizontal bars into the several boxe.i,
and fill them /rsi' with honey; then the space be-
low the bars, which is alwaj s enough to keep
them-through the winter.' 'This plan succeeds
perfectly well, and aflfords the owner a handsome
share of the finest honey in the comb, free from
bee bread or young bees' In the account which is
given of the hive invented by Mrs Griffith, (page
96) it is said, it is ascertained satisfactorily that the
young brood and the bee bread or pollen are deposit-
ed in the hive where the stvarm is first put. The
holes in the cover are therefore kept shut by Jilugs
until the hive be filled. The holes are then open-
ed, the bees immediately pass up, (into a box
placed ujion the hive) and if the season be propi-
tious, they fill the upper box with comb and honey,
which, as there is neither brood nor bee bread, is of
the finest and purest kind.' There appears to me
to be a contradiction between these two statements.
From the former it would appear that the brood
and bee bread were in the comb last formed, and
from the latter one would conclude that they were

in the part^rst formed. As this is a very ma-
terial point, I have asked the above question.

3. Is it better to purchase an old hive at this
season, or to wait until the hives swarm, and pur-
chase a new swarm then f

4. If a hive constructed on the old plan be
|)urchased, is it advisatile to attempt to transfer
the bees to one of an imjiroveil kind ?

5. Which kind of hive affords the greatest
facilities for observing the bees while at worki
and which preserves them most cffec'.unlly from
the depredations of the bee moth.

By answering the above questions, particularly
the second, vou will much oblige

A COUNTRY-MAN.

EXTRAORDINARY MILCH COW.

Mr Fesse.nde.n — As much has beon said in your
paper of the produce of extra cows, of the iin-
t)roved breeds, I send you the following as the
returns given by a A'atlve Cou; belonging to one
of my neighbors, the correctness of which I will
vouch for. S Sergeant.

Stockbridge, March 15, 1831.
.\n account of Butter made by one cow for 3 years.

lbs. ozs.
From S'h April, 1828, 321 days 331 06

From ]6ili April, 1829, 284 days 293 01

From 5th April, 1830, 306 days 318 10

911 days 943 01

The above is exclusive of 25 lbs. 9 ozs. inade
while fattening 3 calves, and fmnishing a family
of 4 persons with milk and cream. The cow was
kept throng li the summer wholly upon grass ; in
the fall she was fed with the tops of corn stalks,
pumpkins and potatoes, and in the winter with a
small quantity of bran and cob meal.

Cullivation of the tea plant at the Capt of Good
Hope. — The colonists at the Cape liave been for
some time speculating on the cullivation of the tea
plant. The South African Advertiser states, that
Mr Rhenius, one of the governors of the Caj>e,
raised tea sufficient for his own consumption. It
states that the tea plant is hardy and vigorous, and
will grow any where, fi*m the Equator to the 45th
degree of latitude, but the best tea is produced be-
tween 25 and 32 degrees of latitude. It is sup.
posed, if Chinese acquainted with the cultivation
could be induced to come to the Cape, even for a
time, that under their instruction it might be brought
to perfection ; but the great difficulty appears to
be, how to induce such Chinese to come among
them; for which they seem to build their hope
on the effect of opening the trade between Eng-
land and China, which they suppose will cause
a much greater number of Chinese than hereto-
fore to visit England and the colonies in the line
of voyage.

Raw silk. — The following facts from the work
of R. Randall, Esq. in the library of congress be-
ing a view of the silk trade, and the measure of
the British government relative thereto, will
show the innnense value of this article of com-
merce.

During tlic term of seven years, from 1S21 to
1828, there were imported into Great Britain.
24,157,586 poimds of raw silk, which .nt $-'5 the
pound, cost .*120,7S7,5S0. It also appears from
the same work, that during the like number of
years there was imported of this article from Italy
alone, to the valueof $59,881,283.

•284

NEW ENGLAND FARMEil,

March 23,-lS31.

iica-j^a^swiLawajSa

REPORTS

OF THE

MASS. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY I.N 1830.
ConlinueJ from page 26J.

JI A N G E L W U K T Z EtL .

5. The committee take pleasure in recommend-
ing tlie premium of 8-0 to bo paid to Mf Gideon
Foster, of Charlestown, Middlesex County, for
his admirable crop of mangel wurtzel. If so
large a quantity of this valuable vegetable lias been
raised by any one in this country, on an acre, it
lias escaped the notice of the committee. The
largest amount that has been presented on any
tbrmer occasion, was it is believed by Messrs T.
and H. Little, of Newbury, which'- fell a little short
of 1000 bushels. It will be seen by Mr Foster's
well prepared statement, that, measuring by cart
loads, he had 1-113 bushels, — that ifeighwg
by the cart load, and taking the standard weiglit
of 56 lbs. the bushel, he had 1542 bushels, or
S6,4.55 pounds, upwards of 43 net tons. — For
this premium there has been no other claimant but
the comimittee hope and believe, that it is not hence
to be inferred that o'jr farmers do not generally
raise more or less of tlie mangel wurtzel. On the
contrary they are led to thiiik,tliat if as regards most
of those vegetables for cattle, a half acre had been
proposed instead of a whole one, there would have
been numerous competitors. It may be thought
advisable, another year, not to insist on an acre
and to have several premiums for the same article.
Considering the length of our winters in tliis
northern climate, — that our stock must be fed
from the barn from the middle of November to
the middle of May, six months, — how important
and desirable is it that we should feed our cattle
on something besidesdry fodder — somefood which
is, at the same time, succulent and nutritious. No
climate is better adapted than ours for mangel
wurtzel, sugar beets, (the most nutritious of the
two, and about equally productive,) ruta baga,
common turnips, carrots, parsnips, potatoes, — and
of all these, cattle are very fond, and most, if not
all of them, form the most wholesome and favorite
food of sheep and swine. Consider the value
of those crops, too, by the acre, compared with
hay, and that any season good for hay will be
good for them. Perhaps it may be truly said, that
there is as little uncertainty of a good crop of
corn and potatoes as of hay. From the claims
exhibited in this report, it will be found that of
mangel wurtzel there has been produced 43 tons
to the acre, of rutabaga 25, of potatoes nearly 18
tons. Of sugar beets, carrots and turnips, it is pre-
sumed the same quantities can be raised as of
potatoes or ruta baga: of parsnips not so much ;
but this last vegetable is the sweetest of all. These
ore prodigious crops, such as may not, in common
seasons, be generally or often realized ; but sup-
posing one half, or one third as much can be pro-
duced, \vhat stronger inducement can bo offered
to every farmer to turn his attention to these
things? On our farms, we rarely have more than
a ton and a half or two tons of hay on an acre,
and though it is not pretended that more labor is
not wanted to raise vegetables than hay, and more
manure and particular care, yet as a preparation of
the ground for hay, and as forming a most grateful
variety in the food of animals, and considering
the prodigious difference in weight of crop,who can
possibly doubt its being better to put a small

portion of our grounds into this kind of culture.'
We have generally, it it believed, had the idea that
much more labor and skill are necessary in culti-
vating mangel wurtzel, sugar beets, and ruta baga,
than for corn and potatoes. This notion is natural
enough, because we have attended to the latter
much more than the former. But we have, in
this i-eport, as we had in the report of the last
year, the testimony of a practical and nice ob-
server, Mr Colman, who, in speaking this year of
ruta baga, says — ' The whole, from the sowing to
the gathering, was not two thirds of the labor usu-
ally bestowed on planting, cultivating and gath-
ering an acre of potatoes.' E. H. Derby, Esq. a
man of experience in these things, says, in 1825,
that ' cabbages, tm-nips, mangel wurtzel, sugar
beets, are all raised at as little expense as potatoes.'
If all this be true of potatoes, it certainly may
with truth, be said of Indian corn. We have the
opinion of Mr Colman, which is worthy of notice,
as to the value of ruta baga for fatting or for store
cattle.

The tollowing is an account of the culture anJ produdt
of one acre of Mangel Wurtze.l; raised by Gideon
Foster, of Charlestown in the County of Middlesex,
Massachusetts.

The soil is a black loam with a clay bottom, in-
clining six degrees to the northeast. In 1829,
three fourths of the same was planted with pota-
toes, with a nioflerate supply of manure in the
hills and yielded an ordinary crop ; the residue
was in mangel wurtzel and grass. Early in the
month of Blay of the present yeav,. there was
spread on said land about eight cords of compost
manure, and ploughed to the depth of eight inch-
es, and harrowed in the usual way. About the
12th of May, I sowed the seed in rows by hand,
twentytwo inches apart. I thinned them from 8
to 12 inches apart ir\ the rows, when they becaipe
the size of a goose quill. I should have preferred
an earlier period for this part of the cultivation
had it not been for the threatened destruction by
the wire worms, which were then numerous.
Nothing more was necessary in point of cultiva-
tion to perfect tke crop, but to kec)) the soil loose
about the roots, and the land claar of weeds,
whicJi was principally done with scuffling- hoes,
except frequent crQp[)ing of the under leaves, by
which I obtained treble benefit. 1st, by oiitaining
tin excellent food for swine and horned cattle ;
2d, by admitting the sun and air to the roots; 3d,
by removing them near to the crown, about the
middle of September, which gave them time to
heal, so that on harvesting they are found to be in
a sound and healthy state for preserving them
through the winter.

They were harvested in the 3d week of Octo-
ber. The roots were measured in a wagon body
that held twentythree bushels by accurate meas-
urement. This measure was filled 61 times, and
there wore 10 bushels over. The wagon body
was then placed on its wheels and twice filled ("to
the judgment of those of us present) as formerly,
and weighed at the patent scales of D. Devens,
Esq. of this town. The average weight of which
was as per tickets annexed, 1415J lbs. m aking
IA3^ bushels or 86,961 lbs. or" 43 tons, 961 lbs.

It was observed by agriculturists who inspected
the field, that much of its beauty consisted in the
uniformity of the size of the roots, none of tbera
being so large as have been raised by others, while
very few of them were small. The largest that
I have known to have been measured, being 25J
inches in circumference.

The actual expense of raising said cro
mate to be 35 dollars. Gideo.n Foste

Charlestown, .Yov. 30, 1830.

), I esti- j

3TEII. j

RDTA BAGA.

6. Rev. Henry Colman, whose farm is in Lynn,
Essex County, is entitled to the premium of $20
for his fine croj) of ruta baga — 741 bushels on an
acre, v^eighing 68J lbs. a bushel, being about 25
tons and a half.

To the Coinmitiee of itie Massachusetts Agricultural Society
on .Agricultural iixperiinetits.

Ge.ntleme.v — Accompanying this you have the
certificates of a crop of Ruta Baga raised this
year on my farm in Lynn. From these it will '
appear that on an acre, measured by a sworn
surveyor, on one side of the field, there were
gathered 741 baskets full ; and that forty baskets
of the above nained, weighed at the town scales
2750 lbs. net weight. This, allowing 58 lbs. to a
bushel, the standard weight assumed by the Soci.
ety, would give a crop of 903 bushels to the acre.

T!ie turnips were planted on the 29th of June
and 2d of }\i\y ; about one pound and a half of
seed was used for the acre ; and they were gather-
ed and stored in cellars and in the barn in the last
part of November.

The ground on which they grew is a good soil,
neither wet nor dry, and bore the last year an
abundant crop of onions, and corn the year pre-
ceding the last. It was well manured at both
times and in fine tilth. It was manured with at
least six cords to the acre of barn n?aiiure the
last spring and sowed again to onions ; but the
seed entirely failing, it was ploughed, harrowed,
furrows struck out, and about eight cords of barn
manure spread in the furrows ; ploughed again
so as by a back furrow to form a ridge over the
manure, and the seed sown with a small drill
harrow on the ridges, making the rows about
twenty inches asunder. As soon as the plants-,
were of sufficient size, a drill harrow, with small
shares fixed to it, to cut off all the weeds was pa;:-
sed through the rows; and the plants thinned
with a small weeding hoe to the distance of about^
eight inches apart, and the vacant places filled up
by transplanting from the supernumerary plants.
They were once more harrowed and cleaned,
which was a very small labor ; and owing to the
very unpropitious weather, were not harvested;
until very late. Some of them were very large;;
one weighed 15 lbs. and many were nearly as
large. The exact expense of cultivating the acre
cannot be estimated, as it was intermixed with
other farm work ; but the whole from the sowing
to the gathering, was not two thirds of the labor
usually bestowed on planting, cultivating, §nd;
ga:hering au acre of potatoes. i

My Swedish Turnips the last year; of whicfe I
raised considerable quantities, were fed off to inyi
oxen, dry cows, young stock, and fatting sheep.^
To the cattle they were of very great advantoge;;
and for feeding sheep, they proved the last year^.-
by an accurate account, worth from ten to twelve
and half cents per bushel. The man who hasi
the care of my stock considers them as among the
most profitable feed, which can bo given either to
fatting or to store cattle. Three years' experi-
ment has increased their value very much for
these purposes in ray own estimation.

I am, gentlemen, very respectfully yours,

Henry Cojumak.

Sahm, Dec. 1st, 1830.

Vol. IX.— 'No. 36.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

285

Tlie committee are sorry that, after so fine a year,
no one should have preferred a claim for the pre-
mium on carrots, or sugar beets, or parsnips, or
even turnips. Abetter season for raising 'tbem
rarely if ever occurs. As to English turnips, the
culture of them is so common and easy, and tliey
have proved so fine this year, il is really surpris-
ing that no claim should have been presented.
Can it be because they have not been raised by
many iu sufficient quantity to gain the premium or
is it not rather that our worthy flirmers have ne-
glected to make application ? Whatever may be
urged as to their not 'being in the habit of attend-
ing to mangel wurtzel, Sec, it caimot be said of
turnips, which have been cultivated always to a
sreater or less extent, bv almost every fanner.

j ■ ONIONS.

to?*?-. The committee award the premium of 20
dollars to Mr Jos. Perkins, of Newbury, for his
crop of onions.' The product by estimate was

6 657 bushels on an acre. Mr Perkins has suppos-
ed 52J lbs. to the bushels. No standard weight
is given by the society, but the committee believe
50 lbs. to be about the average weight of a bushel.
To the Trustees of the Massachuscits Agricultural Society.

Gentlesien — In conformity to the rules and
regulations of your society, I send you a statement
of the amount, togetlier with the manner of cul-
fure &c, of one acre of onions, the growth of
T^S30. The^quality of the soil is a yellow loam,
and has be^n cnltivafed with onions several years.

'^ 1S"29, it was sown as usual with onions, with-
out any dressing, and produced between 400 &nd
500 bushels. The 2d of December last, after
■the crop. was off, there vrere threeantl a half
cords of barn manure ploughed in, in ridges. —
The 2ist and 22d of April following, the land
was ploughed and harrowed, and two and a half
pounds of seed was sown iu drills about fourteen
inches apart. The first hoeing and weeding was
done June 11th, which cost live days' labor.
The 2d was July 2d, four days' more ; the last
weeding was done the 22d, which cost four do.
They were harvested early in October, and be-
tween 9,000 and 10,000 bunches have been
bunched, which, estimating 15 bunches to the
bushel, (each bunch weighing 3i lbs. is a fair cal-
culation,) together with those that have been toj)-
peil and sold by the bushel, there were 657 bush-
els. Joseph Perklns.

^j_ Xewbury, Xov. 12tt, 1S30. ^''

^,No claims have beeu sent iu for the best crop
of Indian corn, — fur the greatest quantity of veg-
etables raised for consumption on the farm of the
claimant, — for the greatest quantity on one acre
9f millet, of common beets, cabbages, dry pe^.s,
dry beans, mustard seed, flax and hemp.

THE LUCERNE GRASS.

By an advertisement in this paper it w'll be seen
that Lucerne Seed is to be had at Cook & Corn-
iSg's. The seed here advertised is furnished by Mr
Day, an English cultivator, new resident in this
city, and it is very cl^^^an and of the best quality.

The cultivation of the Lucerne is well worth
*e attention of the "farmers of this region, and
We confidently trust that among the good results,
which we expect from the Horticultural Society
about going into operation among us, if it be not
sooner brought about, will be the introduction of
Lucerne as one of the very best kinds of fodder.

We do not profess to know much about it per- i
sonally, but the testimony, wherever it has been'
tried, is strongly in its favor; and we take the I
following notice of it from the Farmer's Assistant, j
a very useful publication, which we happen to have.

This grass was introduced from France into
Great Britain about 70 years ago ; and was first
brought to this country by that distinguished pro-
moter of improvement, the late Chancellor Liv-
ingston. With the best cultivation and plenti-
ful manuring i: will yiclil from 6 to 9 tons of hay
per acre, in a season. About 20 lbs. of seed per
acre, are required, if sown broad cast, which is
considered a more profitable mode of cultivation
for the flirmers of this country, than drilling. It
may be sown with oats ; but it seems to be re-
garded as best to sow this seed by itself, after
deep and thorough plougliing. Mr Livingston
sowed il with success in September after an early
crop of potatoes ; and it may well be sowed imme-
diately after a crop of flax ; in both of which ca-
ses the soil is reduced to a fine mellow mould.

The best soils for it are said to be of the drier
kind, such as a rich sand, or a gravelly, or sandy
bam. It grows well even in the coldest climate
though it is more productive under the more
temperate skies. It comes forward very early, en-
dures drought well, and if cut frequently will re-
new itself till late in the season.

The first year's crop is not as large as the sub.
sequent ones, and it retains its vegetative vigor
about 10 years, when it should be ploughed in;
and the soil will be found improved for other uses :
it is as good as clover if not better, for this pur-
pose, making the ground rich, friable and light.

There is- one quality, in particular, wliich rec-
ommends this grass, for fresh fodder, to farm-
ers in the vicinity of market towns. If mowed
as often as the growth will fill the scythe, (as it
should be for this purpose) it will continue to
produce a succession till very late in the season.
fllr Young, a celebrated P^uglish farmer, says,
for fatting bullocks and pasturing swine this
grass may be very advantageously used. When
it is made into hay let it be cat while quite green,
and without mucli shaking, as the leaves full off"
considerably when dry. A little salt added to it
when laid in the mow, would be a great improve-
ment.'— Troy Sentinel.

Results of the late Census ^The Washington

Telegraph contains official returns of the popu-
lation in fifteen States, one Territory, and five Dis-
tricts, which we subjoin, together with unofficial
returns from four other States and one Territory.

Free white F.-ce cord

persons. persons. Slaves. Total.

Maine 398,255 ],a07 399,463

New llampsliire 268,910 623 269.533

Vermont 279,780 8S5 280,679

Massachusetts 601094 7.006 610,014

Connecticut 285,621 8,064 23 297,711

Rhode Island 93,031 3,565 14 97,210

New Jersey 300,225 18,31)7 2,216 320,779

Pennsylvania 1,39! ,906 37,717 381 1,330,031

Delaw;ire 57,605 15,839 3,305 76,739

Maryland 291,093 52,912 102,878 416,913

North Carolina 472,433 19,575 21fi,462 738,470

Alabama 190,171 1,541 117,491 309,306

Louisiana 69,191 16,753 109,631 215,576

Ohio 928,093 9,586 937,679

Indiana 338,030 • 3,562 341,582

Michigan 30,813 253 27 31,123

District Columbia 27,635 6,163 6,060 39,!<58

District E. Florida 4,515 318 4,09S 8,9.53

District VV, do. i,329 396 3,753 9,479

District S. do. 363 63 6fi 5173

District N, do. 8,173 IS 7,.'*fi 15,777

Georgia* 518,337

Tennessee* 6S1,823

Missouri* * 131,889

Illinois* 161,055

Arkansas* 30,380
* Unofficial

SEED CORN.
I have been in the hubit a number of years(says a
writer in an eastern paper) of selecting the 6e.<i( ear
of two that grows on a stalk of corn, and have found
it annually to im[)rove to a very considerable in-
crease. After |)ursuing the experiment for three
years, and esiablisliing the fact in my own mind,
(hat by this method there was a constant and ac-
cuinulative increase and improvement, I commu-
nicated the circumstance to my neighbor — he
was quite incredulous, and I invited him to a
thorough experiment. We took each our field of
equal quality of soil, and richness, lying nde liy
side, — planted them on the same day, and tilled
alike as we could ; the result was, that his, from
ordinary seed, produced nearly 40 bushels ; wliile
mine, from the selected and improved .seed, gave
about sixty bushels per acre. — Genesee Farmer.

Lafayette Laivd. — Mr Skinner of Baltimore has
written a letter to the American Fanner on this sub-
ject, from which we extract the following passage :

' Permit me to make known, as interesting to
your readers in Florida, that the illustrious and much
beloved Lafayette has sent me, and requested me to
execute an unqualified power of attorney, to sell at
public or private sale, one half of his Florida Lands.
I have no doubt that, in distinguishing me by this
mark of his confidence and regard, his leading
object was to relieve the good people of Florida, and
its capital, Tallahassee, into which his land runs,
from all apprehensions of the check which might
ensue to the growth of that country, by having in
the heart of it a body of 24,000 acres of unoccupied
land. I understand much of it to be exceedingly
well adapted to the growth of cotton and sugar cane,
and of tobacco ; but I will give you a more particu-
lar description of it when better informed. In the
mean time my plan will be, as at present advised, to
sell alternate sections, on long credits, to practical
settlers, as far as may be, demanding only a small
portion to be paid in cash.'

Lo.vgevitv. — It is mentioned in the American
Almanac, among the memorable events of the last
year, tliat Donald M' Donald, a native of Scotland,
died at Lynn, Mass. aged 108 years.

In the last number of the American Quarterly
Review, we find under the head of Longevity, some
very interesting conclusions drawn from the ' statis-
tics of mortality,' especially to the lovers of long
life. A few of them we shall state.

Parr, an Englishman, born in lG3o, was married
at the age of 120, retained his vigor till 140, and
died at 152. A Dane by the name of Drakenbery,
died in 1772, at the age of 147. A Norwegian by
the name of Surrington, died in 1797, at the age of
160.

There is good reason to believe that longevit)-,
or rather the value of human life, is increasing.
Data as to this country have not been procured.
But in England, in 1801, the mortality was 1 in 45:
in 1811, it was 1 in 50 ; and in 1821, it was 1 in 56.
In France, in 1781, the mortality was 1 in 2;J; in
1802, it was 1 in 30; and in ]S23, it was 1 in 40.
In Sweden in 1755, the mortality was 1 in 35 ; and
in 1775, it was 1 in 48.

From these facts it appears that the proportion of
deaths to population is regularly decreasing in Eng-
land, France and Sweden. The Reviewer has no
doubt that the same is true in the United States. It
appears also that an improvement has taken place in
the salubrity of cities. In London, in 1700, the
annual mortality was one in 25 ; in 1751, it was 1
in 31 ; in 1801, it was 1 in 35; in 1811, it was 1 in
38; and in 1821, it was 1 40. In Paris, in the
14th century, the annual mortality was 1 in 17 ; in
the middle of the 18th century, it wass 1 in
in 25 ; and now it is 1 in 32. Other cities give sim-
ilar results. The facts are said to be authentic. If
so life is daily growing more valuable.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 23, 1831.

Fiom llie Doslon Couiier.

COL. JAQUES' STOCK FARM.
There nre no branches of rural economy so
important to New England, as those which relate
10 the rearing of Horses, Neat Cattle, Slieep and
Swine Thev have ever been the great staples ot
our agriculture and, probably, will long contmue
to claim the chief attention of a very large major-
ity of the farmers in the nortliern, and a consider-
able portion of those in the middle States. Tliey
rot only aflford tlie principal subsistence and rai-
ment of the inhabitants,— furnish the materials
for a vast number of tlie most valuable manufac-
tures,—sustain the crews, and enter into the equip-
ment of the fleets of commerce and of war,—
constitute a large amount of the national exports,
facilitate the intercourse of the inhabitants, and
the labor of transportation, on all the lines of
intercommunication, throughout the Union;— but
they are the alternate cause and effect of agricul-
tural improvement, and of individual and public
prosperitv.

The climate and soil of this region are adverse
to those valuable cultures, which enrich the plant-
ers of the more favored states of the South. We
have no rich products of the soil, to which the
undivided attention of the farmer can be directed,
•with the confident expectation of realizing a for-
tune, or a very cheering profit. Sugar, Cotton,
Rice, Tobacco and Indigo, are excluded from our
tillage ; and even Wheat cannot be so generally
grown, as to furnish bread for the inhabitants, and
we are, to a considerable extent, dependent upon
other sections of the Republic, for the staff of

life.

Under these circumstances, the laborious and
hardy husbandmen of New England must direct
their chief attention to the rearing of flocks and
herds ; beef, mutton, pork, lard, butter, cheese,
skins, hides, and wool, are the most valuable
products of their industry ; and if woollen
manufactories continue to flourish, with the in-
crease of population, in the same rapid manner,
which has been experienced during the last ten
years, the period is not distant, when the fleeces
of the North, may rival in consequence the cotton
crops of the South ; while the demand for all the
other enumerated articles will be augmented,
with the extension of foreign commerce, the fish-
eries, the coasting trade, and the multiplication of
manufactories. How important is it, then, that the
best breeds of cattle, sheep, and swine, should be
introduced, and managed in the most perfect and
economical manner.

Although the various agricultural societies have
done much to encourage inquiry, and induce at-
tention to this subject, and many intelligent, and
patriotic individuals have made commendable ef-
forts to introduce the most celelirated foreign
stocks, and to improve the existing varieties of
native animals, by judicious selection, and crossings
still much remains to be acconiplislicd. But few,
comparatively, of the ])roprietors of land, can af-
ford to make the requisite experiments, for ascer-
taining the most perfect and profitable breeds, and
the best mode of rearing them. Eminently su-
perior species, and varieties, are costly, and must
be either imported, or obtained from a distant
part of the country, which cannot be done, with-
out much trouble, liazard, labor and expense.
This has been made manifest in relation to Merino
Sheep, Durham Cattle, and the Arabian, Cleve-
land, Hunter and other remarkable races of horses.

F'ortunately, a plan has been matured, and is
about being carried into effect, by which these
difficulties will be, in a great measure, surmount-
ed.

Col. Jaques, who has long been distinguished
for his superior intelligence and skill, in the man-
agement of the most valuable kinds of domestic ani-
nials, has been induced to undertake the establish-
ment of a Stock Farm, in the vicinity of Boston.
It is to be 'Devoted to the important objects of
breeding and rearing the best breed of horses, neat
cattle, sheep and swine; the receiving and selling
on commission, all kinds of live stock ; and com-
bining aljo with these the business of Agriculture
and Horticidture, upon the most ajiproved and
economical system. The business also of disci-
plining young and refractory horses, and render-
ing thBiii safe, for all useful purposes, will be at-
tended to ; and if found necessary, and suflicicnt
encouragement should be given, a well educateil
Veterinary Surgeon may be attached to the estab-
lishment.'

Col. Jaques has been encouraged to proceed
in this excellent plan of an Experimental Farm,
by the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, and
the patronage of a great number of his liberal fel-
low citizens ; and such are his cheering prospects,
that there can be no doubt of ultimate success.

The ' Ten Hills Farm,' Chariestown, within fif-
teen minutes' ride of the city of Boston, has been
selected, as extremely well suited to the above
purposes. ■ It combines, periiaps, more advantages
for such an establishment, than any other place
in New England. The location is most favora-
ble, being completely retired, yet easy of access.
The farm, containing 222 acres, is made up of a
variety of soils, and is capable of affording appro-
priate compartments, fur all the branches of in-
tended experiment.

Besides the advantages which will result from
such an establishment, so far as respects the breed-
ing and nurture of useful animals, every depart-
ment of rural economy will be practically illustra-
ted, in a manner which cannot fed of being high-
ly beneficial to the citizens of the Commonwealth.
England and France have offered glorious exam-
ples of the salutary influence of similar institu-
tions. Societies have been founded for diffusing
intelligence among all classes of the cultivators
of the soil, while Experimental Farms and Gardens
have been formed, either by associations, the gov-
ernment, or tbeafiluent and enterprizing proprie-
tors of landed estates.

The Experimental Gardens of the London and
Caledonian Horticultural Societies, at Chiswick
and Inverieith — the Jnrdin des Plants in Paris —
the Institut Royal d' Horticole at Fromont— the
Veterinary School for teaching of Rural Economy
at Alfort, and the National Farm of Rambouillet
have been deservedly celetrated, and are con-
sidered among the most useful institutions of mo-
dern times.

Letters, Natural History, and the exact sciences
had been more completely developed, by the aid
of an infinite variety of public and private associa-
tions, in all the civilized nations of the eastern
hemisphere ; but agriculture and gardening still
lingered in the rear, until like means were cm-
ployed for fostering their advancetuent. If Great
Britain took the lead in husbandry and gave the
first impulse to improvement in each department
of tillage, her continental rival, in the arts of civil-
ization and in national glory, has not neglected to

profit by the precedent : and when the citizens of
the United Stales, have so ardently entered the
same honorable career, they must not be deficient
in any of the means which liave elsewhere been
employed, and are so indispensable to insure suc-
cess.

To great practical knowledge, Col. Jaques unites
a natural taste for the various objects which he
has undertaken to promote ; and he is urged on
by that intelligence and generous enthusiasm,
which cv>^r insures satisfactory results. With the
public good for a motive of action, there cannot
he a doubt that he will receive all that assistance
from public and private munificence, wliich may
be required, to enable him to present such an ex-
perimental and stock Farm as shall do lionor to
himself, and tiie Commonwealth.

COLUMELLA.

TURNIPS FOR SEED BEDS.

In the 270tli page of the current volume of the
New England Farmer, we adverted to a mode for
obtaining eariy cucumbers by sowing the seeds
in turnips scooped out for that purpose, and
hastening their germination and eariy growth in
hot beds. Since that article was sent to the ))ress,
we have been assured by a horticultural friend,
who has often tried the ex|)eriment with successful
results, that the cucumber (ilants flourish best
when the turnips nre pared previous to their being
placed in a hot bed. When this is omitted the
outside of the hollowed turnip is apt to become
tough and hard, and thus prevents in some mea-
sure, the inclosed roots of the young cucumber
plant from penetrating the shell of the turnip, and
finding nourishment in the adjacent soil.

CUTTING TIMBER.

February is undoubtedly the best month in the
year for cutting such timber as we wish to have
durable. We would therefore recommend it to
farmers, to cut their timber for rails and other
purposes, before the frost is out of it, or the sap
begins to circulate. The less sap timber has in it
when cut, the longer it will last, other circumstan-
ces being equal. When trees are felled, it is un-
doubtedly better to let them remain until spring,
at full length, that the bark may be the more
easily peeled off, which is a very important thinj,
when the timber is to be used for rails, wiiich
should be split as soon as the bark will come off,
that they may have the benefit of seasoning du-
ring the summer. If farmers will attend to this
they will find their rails will be worth fifty per
cent more than when cut after the sap begins to
rise. — Genesee Farmer.

REMEDY FOR LICE IN CATTLE.

We have been informed by a gentleman who
has for many years kept a large stock of cattle,
that fine dry sand scattered on the back, neck and
sides of the animals is an effectual remedy against
these vermin. He collects dry sand, and puts it
in a box or tub in the barn, and occasionally ap-
plies it during the winter by sifting or strewing it
over the body of each creature with complete suc-
cess in ridding it of its troublesome guests.

New York agents are engaged in making large
purchases of Beef cattle in the vicinity of North-
ampton at prices in advance of those paid at Bright^
on.

In our last, on first page, in Uie article on ' Sail Hay,' flAk
line from lli* end, inserl onw after ^ot.

Vol. IX.— No 36.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

287

J\'olice to the Public.
WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS, Proprietors of the Lix-
NJ.AN Botanic Garden^ and
NuRSKRiEs near New York, have
to announce, that every Invoice of
Trees, &c, sent from their Estali-
lishnient, either direct or through
any .Igent, will he accompanied
hy a printed heading, and have
their signature, and thatthey take
upon themselves no responsibility, unless such bills from
them can be produced, and they therefore wish their cus-
tomers in every part of the Union to be'ffHOCi'ous on this
head. The accuracy of every article sold by them is ex-
pressly guaranteed ; and as many persons in the United
States arc A^^ciits for various Nurseries, ihey request that
orders intended for them may be particularly designa-
ted, and that the bill? as above be required as proofs of
their execution. Orders sent direct per mail, or through
Mr J. B. Russell, Boston, or any other Agent, will re-
ceive prompt attention. 2p March 2fi.

.Agricultural Seeds.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, North
Market street, Boston,

Spring Rye; Millet; two-rowed Barley; Oilman
Spring Wheat ; Perkins' Early Seedling Potatoes, (that
took the premium from the Massachusetts horticultural
Society) ; Burnham's Premium Potatoes, (that have
twice taken the premium from the Essex Agricultural
Society, as the best stock potatoes raised in the county) ;
Early Manly Potatoes, (originally from Europe); Grass
Seeds of all kinds, &c, — all of the very first quality.
Asparagus Roots.

Several thousand plants of the Large Early Devonshire
Asparagus, 3 years old, price 75 cts per hundred, well
packed in moss, in boxes of one, two, and three hundred
roots each.

Grape Vines, &r.

.Vlso, Catawba, Isabella, White Sweetwater, Black
Hamburgh, and other kinds of Gi-apes, well packed in
moss, so as to bear transportation hundreds of miles wilh
sifety — price 50 cts each. Large Tart Rhubarb Roots,
25 cts each. March 26.

Grape Vines.

The subcriber offers for sale, several hundred Grape
Vines of one and two years growth, and uncommonly
healthy and thrifty. They have been raised wilh great
care from Vines which have been forty years in this cli-
mate, and are of the kind which ob'ained the premium
of the Horticultural Society the last season. Also, a few
Isabella, and several other varieties. Orders for any
number of Vines left wilh Mr J. B. Russell, at 52, North
Market street, Boston, or with the subscriber at Cbarles-
town, will be attended to. DAVID FOSDICK.

Charlestown, March23, 1831.

Gardener ff'anied.
A single man, who can produce the best recommend-
ations as to his character and qualifications, and is thor-
oughly acquainted with gardening, as it is now ably con-
ducted in Massachusetts, in the vicinity of Boston, is
wanted to take charge of a large garden, near St Louis,
Mississippi, and raise vegetables, &c, It the St Louis
market. A liberal salary and permanent situation will be
guaranteed — or the garden may be taken on shares, as
may be agreed on. The soil is of the very richest qual-
ity, extending from the banks of the Mississippi. Fur-
ther particulars may he known on ^personal application
to J. B. Russell, office of the New England Farmer,
Bostcn. 3t March 26

Situation Jl'anted.

A middle aged married man, from Scotland, without
children, is desirous of obtaining a permanent situation
in a respectable family in the neighborhood of Boston. —
The man was educated a Gardener, and has worked at
that business in Scotland and this country over fourteen
years, and is competent to take charge of a Green House.
The woman is an American, a good cook, and accustom-
ed to all kinds of housework. For further particulars,
apply to Mr Charles Sigourney of Hartford, Conn, or to
Mr Henry Sigourney, 47, India wharf, Boston.

Hartford, March, 16, 1831.

20,000 ffTiite Mulbernj Trees.
Orders received by the subscribers for the above Trees,
to be delivered in the montii of April ; they are from one
to three years old, of the first quality, and will be sold on
reasonable terms. GREGG & HOLLIS,

— Dealers in Medicine, Paints, Oil, Window Glass, &c. —
No. 30 Union street, Boston. 4t March 16.

Assorted Seeds for Families.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Englanil Farmer, 52, North Market street,

Small boxes of assorted Seeds for Kitchen Ganlens. —
Each box contains a package of the following seeds.
Price $3 per box : —

Farly Washinglon Peas
Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas
Late Mairowffli Peas
Early Moliauk Dwarf Siring

Beans
Early Dwarf White Caseknife

Beans
Lima, or Saba Pole Beans
Long Blood Beet {inte sort)
Early tiiriii,}-rooled Beet
E.Trly York Cabbage
Large Cape .Savoy do {/jne)
Red Dutch do {/or pick-

tiyig)
Early Dutch Canlidnwer
Early Horn Carrol {t:enjjiiu)
Long (Irangp Carrol
Whue Solid Celery
Curled Cress or Peppergrass
Early Cucuniher
Long Creen Turkey do.

Long Dulch Parsr.ep
Large Head Lettuce
EarlySII-sia do
Pine-apple Melon \veiij li?ie)
Watermelon

Large White Portugal Onion
Large Red do.

Double Curled Parsley
Flat Sqttash Pepper
Early Scarlet sliorl-top Radish
White Turnip Radi>h
Salsify, or Oyster Plant
Early Bush Squash
Winter Crook-neck .Squ.Tsh
Early While Dutch Tnrnq)
Yellow .Stone Tvirnip

POT HERB SEEDS.

Sweel !\Iarjoruin, Sage, Sum
mer Savory

k\ this Seed Store can be found the greatest variety ol
Field, Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be found
in New England, of the very first quality, and at fair pri-
ces, wholesale and retail.

Also, Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both
native and European Oiigin,) and Ornamental Shrubs at
Nurserymen's prices. March 2.

Grape Vines.
The subscriber otrers for sale at his garden at Dorches-
ter, a few Cuttings of the black antl while 'Moscatel'
Grape Vines, just received from Cadiz, procured for bim
by the Consul of the United States, resident there. He
says, ' I obtained these cuttings from Vines on which I
have seen clust'M'S of Grapes weighing as much as twe.v-
TYsix POUNDS.' They contain several joints and will
be sold at 50 cents each.

— also —
250 Isabellas, 2 years old ;
1400 ' 1 yr

300 White Muscadine ;
Caroline ;
Black Hamburg ;
Constantia ;
Golden Muscat;

Napoleon, Gore's, a beautiful black fruit;
8 Varieties of superior fruit from Xeres and Malaga ;
Some large Vines from France, that have borne fruit
two seasons, very prolific and of fine qut^lity ;

150 C.A.TAWBAS ;

100 Bland's ; — and several other kinds.

Orders by mail addressed to the subscriber, or personal

application at his otFice, 7.^ Congress street, and to Patrick

Kennedy at the Garden, for any number of Vines, from

one to one hundred, will meet with prompt altenlion.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

March 12, 1831. 5t

Wh He Mulherry Seed.

For sale at the Seed Store connected wilh the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market street —

A small quantity of fresh While Mulberry Seed of the
growth of 1830. Gentlemen in want of this Seed that
can be depended upon, are advised to apply soon, as the
supply here, and throughout the country, is uncommonly
small. — Short directions for its culture furnished gratis
with the seed. Feb. 23.

}(hite Mulberry Trees,
One and two years old ; also Apple Trees, Strawberry
and Grape \'ines, for sale. Inquire of Benjamin Bun-
B.vNK, Jr, near the meeting housein Bradford, East Par-
ish, Alass. 4t East Bradford, .March 8.

Farm IVanled,

(Within in miles of Boston,) consisting of 20 to 30 acres
ol first rate land, having a comfortable house, barn, ice.
\ line, stating particulars, addressed to H. L. T. box S.'iG
Post Office, will receive attention. 3t

Boston, March 9.

Treatise on Silk.

Just published, and foi^sale at J. B. Russell's Seed
Store, 52 Nonh Market Street,

A Practical Treatise on the Culture of the White
^lulberry Tree and the raising of Silk. Pi ice 12^ cts. —
$9 per hundred — a valuable agricultural tract for distri-
bution. March 16.

Spring Wheat.

For sale at the Seed store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market-street,

A few bushels of genuine Gilm.in Spring Wheat ;
this sort is the most valuable one cultivated in New-
England, is very productive, seldom if ever attacked by
blight, and is ihe kind which has for many successivo
yea-s obtained the premium from the Massachusetts Ag-
ricultural Society. March 16.

CoiD Cabbage.
Ju-t received, at the Seed Store, No. 52 North Market
street, from London a small quantity of Seed of the Cow
Cabbage ; it is thought that no plant cultivated in this
country will give so much fodder from the same space of
ground, for Milch Cows, as this. It has been successfully
cultivated to a large extent in New England and the Mid-
dle States the past year, and promises to be a great acqui-
sition. Feb. 16.

Silk— Silk.

The Subscriber, of Jaffrey, Cheshire county, New
Hampshire, has two or three thousand White Mulberry
Trees of three years' growth, in fine order for transplant-
ing the present Spring, which he will dispose of on rea-
sonaule terms. Inquire of Isa vc Parker, 74 Water
street, Boston, or the subscriber. ASA PARKER.

Jaffrey, March 15,1831.

Spring Rye.
Wanted immediately a few bushels of genuine Spring
Rye, plump, for sowing — for which a liberal price will bo
paid at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, 52 North Market st.

Seeds for Country Dealers.
Traders in the country who may wish to keep an assort-
ment of Garden Seeds for sale, are informed tiiey can bo
furnished, at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, connected
with the New England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,
Boston, with boxes of various sizes and prices, from 10 to
$50, containing a co.mplete assortment of the seeds
mostly used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms a»
they can be procured in this country, of equal quality,
neatly done up in small packages, ready for retailing, tri//i.
short directions on each package for ils culture and
management — warranted to be of the growth of 1830,
and of the purest quality. Nov. 5.

Farmer Wanted.
A man with his wife is wanted to manage a Farm of
about 30 acres, in Rhode Island. He must be well ac-
quainted with his business, have a practical knowledge
of farming, as it is now carried on in Massachusetts. To
a neat, industrious, capable and economical man, liberal
encouragement will bo given. He shall be entitled to
the whole produce of the Faim the first year, provided
he slays a number of years, which may be agreed on, not
less than five. Apply (post paid), to J. B. Russell,
New England Farmer office, Boston. 4t March 16.

Early Potatoes.

For sale by Samuel Pond, near the Universalist
Meeting House, Cambridgeport, a few bushels ol his
prime, early Potatoes, which took the premium at the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Shows last season;
and are considered the earliest variety in this vicinity.

Also, a fine milch COW, with her calf; a superior an-
imal as a milker, and perfectly gentle. Feb, 23.

Black Currant Wine.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 52 North
.Market Street —

A few dozen bottles of superior old Black Currant
Wine, made by a gentleman in this vicinity ; an account
of its astringent and detergent properties in various com-
plaints, and particularly the Sore Throat, will be found
in the New England Farmer, vol. v. page 567, written hy
Samuel W. Pomcroy, Esq. and the late Dr John G. Coffin.
Price 75 cts. per bottle — also, a few bottles ot old White
Dutch Currant Wine, price 50 cts. per bottle. Dec. 31.

jBees.

Gentlemen in want of swarms of youn? thriving bees

can be supplied by J. B. Russell, at his Seed Store, No.

.52 North .Market Street, at 17 cents per lb. The bees

were raised by Mr Ebenezer Beard, inventor of the new

atent hive.

No Report has been made this week of prices of Cattlis
at Brighton.

288

NEW ENGLAxND FARMER.

March 23, 1S3I.

31 I S C E L. I^ A JV Y.

From tlie American Farmer.
THE FARMER'S VERNAL ODE.

The farmer's joyous seaion,

Comes gaily tripping on ;
Its heralds are the gentle airs,

Warm'd by a genial sun.
And now he wends him o'er each field,

Each hedge and fence along ;
And through the groves and o'er the hills.

His gladden'd herds among.

And joyously he views them all,

From dreary winter free ;
And feels as doth the mariner,

Just from the boisterous sea.
Though herbage sere and leafless boughs.

Arrest the careless view ;
He sees the living germs that peep,

Their winter shelters through.

• And gladsomely he greets them all,

Those little buds of hope ;
Which soon will 'neath the genial sun.

Their fragrant flowrets ope ;
From which he'll see the future fruit,

Emerge and ripen soon ;
And thence the farmer's store of joj'—

Of hope the promised boon.

0! deem not tame such pleasures.

As come with spring's return.
To fill the farmer's bosom, —

Nor yet their offerings spurn.
For Oh! of earth the sweetest, ' '

The purest joys we sing ;
Are those the farmer feeleth

At the return of spring.

We find the following story in the Journal of
Coinmei-ce, which may not be an unseasonable
hint at this time :

Not far from the year 1796, a brig from Rus-
sia laden with iron, ran aground upon a sand bar,
that makes off from Newport, R. I.

The master was disposed to unlade and get her
off; but the weather was e.\tremly cold, and
none could be found to undertake the task, as the
vessel was at a distance from the shore, covered
with ice, and exposed to the full effect of wind
and cold.

Capt. G — , a packet-master of Newport, res-
spected for his integrity and who abstained from
the use of spirits, at length engaged to unload the

brig and procure his own hands Six men were

employed in the hold, which (the vessel being
bilged) was full of water. They began the work
with free, but temperate use of spirits, thinking
they should need it then if ever. But after two
hours' labor, they all gave out, chilled through.
After refreshing and warming, they made a second
attempt, using cider only the remainder of the
day. They now succeeded better, but still they
suffered much from the cold. Tlie second day
they consented to follow the directions of Capt. G.
and drank nothing but milk porridge, made rich,
and taken as hot as the stomach" would bear it!
The weather was equally severe as before, but
they were now able to continue their work from
four to seven hours at a time, and then came up,
as Capt. G. expressed it, 'smoking hot.' With this
simple beverage handed round every half hour,

they continued their work from day to day, with
not one drop of spirits, till all the iron was handed
out and brought to shore, and not a man had a
finger frozen.

Doctor Franklin was once a member of a body in
which it was contended that a certain amount of
property (50 dollars, we think) should be required to
constitute a right to vote. The Doctor was oppos-
ed to it. ' Today,' he said, 'a man may own a Jack-
ass, and he is entitled to vote ; but before the next
election comes, the jackass dies. The man, in the
meantime has become more experienced — his know-
ledge of government and his acquaintance with man-
kind are more extensive — and he is therefore better
qualified to make a proper selection of rulers ; but
the jackass is dead and the man cannot vote.
Now, gentlemen, pray inform me, in whom is the
right of suffrage ? Is it in the man, or in the
jackass .''

The young princess Esterhazy was a great favor-
ite of George 4th. At a ball given in honor of his
majesty's birth-day, the young ladies were each
expected to kneel and present him with a nosegay ;
but the princess declared that she was of royal
blood, and would not submit to such degradation.
The king received her graciously notwithstanding
this obstinacy ; but the governess sent the child to
bed immediately after dinner. ' It is very good for
digestion,' said the little princess. This enraged the
governess so much that she took her out of bed, and
whipped her soundly. ' It is very good to circulate
the blood,' said the princess. Next day the gov-
erness resigned. — lAfe of George ith.

A formal old gentleman, finding his horse uneasy
under the saddle, alighted, and called to his servant
in the following manner: — ' Tom ; take off the sad-
dle off my bay horse, and put it on the ground ; then
take the saddle from thy gray horse, and put
on my bay horse — lastly, put the other saddle upon
thy gray horse.' — The fellow gaped all the while at
this very long preachment, and at last cried out,
'Lack-a-day, Sir, could you not have said, at once,
change the saddles ?'

'I was charmed,' says Lord Oxford, 'with the
answer of a poor man in bedlam, who was insult-
ed by an apprentice, because he would not tell him
ivhy he was confined. The unhappy creature at
last said, ' Because God Almighty deprived me of a
blessing which you never had.'

Conversation. — It is a secret known but to few,
yet of no small use in the conduct of life, that when
you fall into a man's conversation, the first thing you
should consider is, whether he has a greater inclina-
tion to hear you, or that you should hear him.

.'J good fashion to follow. — The state of society
in London is much changed oflate; the groat assem-
blies continue, but there are so many distinct sets,
and the custom of visiting of an evening so much
prevails, that several ladies who have influence in
society sit athorae, and receive without theg-ene of
dressing and meeting in a crowd. They see their
friends in a quiet rational way and it must be admit-
ed this is a great novelty.

The Aurora Borealis has for months past appeared
in England, with a brilliancy unequalled in that cli-
mate. A comet of unusual size and splendor, and
zodiacal lights have hkewise been seen.

Valuable and Cheap Land — for Sale.

The subscriber offers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice
Land, situated in the town of Pinckney, county of Lewis
and state of New York. Some of the land is improved
and under cultivation. The country is remarkably heal-
iXq, being entirely free from the fever and ague and froni
the common bilious fevers which often afflict the towns
upon Lake Ontario, this town being 18 miles east of the
lake. The soil is principally a sandy loam, much of it
covered with rich black mould. The timber is chiefly
Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &o.
The land yields first rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Bar-
ley, Potatoes and Flax; and on some lots, good \A'heat
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now offers itself.
The produce of pasturage and hay from an acre of this
land, is very large, fully equalling if not surpassing that
from the same quantily of land in any other of the Black
River townships. The land is admirably well watered,
there being out few lots which have not durable running
streams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchard-
ing— the Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Stock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying
the highest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
from the New England Slates, and some of them from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at the very low-
price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a half tor the improved lots. The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from tvfo
to five years' credit for payment, in annual inslalments.
will be given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he will
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Persons desirous of pui chasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jefferson, State of New York, or to David Canfield,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

Jlmmjtnition ^./J

Of the best quality and loivest prices, for sporlms —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
65 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7.

Farm to be let on Halves,
About 30 acres of good land, with house, barn, fruit
trees, &c, situated in Boxbury, near the city. Apply at
this office. March 9. '

Farm for Sale.
A fine opportunity to any person wishing to make im-
provements in farming is presented, by the offer for sale,
of one of the best Farms for this purpose in the State ; sit-
uated 9 miles from this city. A large part of the land is
alluvial soil, may be easily Isept drained, and made ex-
ceedingly producdve. A further description may be seen
at this office. 3t March 16.

J. &. T. Doughty have issued the third number of
the Cabinet of Natural History, and American Rural
Sports. It is a beautiful and valuable book, and we
hope it meets abundant patronage. The drawings
are from the pencd of T. Doughty, whose exquisite
landscapes everybody remembers, who takes any in-
terest in American talent.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at ^3 per ann u
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

[13= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. bt North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

Neu> yort— G.Thorbub-N cfe Sons, 67 Liberty-street

Philadelphia— ^1. &. C. Landreth.SS Cheslnul-slreet.

Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farraerl

Cincinnati— S. C. Pakkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.

A'.bany— Hon. Jrsse Buel, Albany Nursery.

Flushing, N. Y. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot.G.ird«B

Hartford — GoonwiN & Co. Booksellers.

Newburyport, Ebenezek Stedman, Bookseller.

Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.

Portland, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.

Augusta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office. ,

Montreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller

NEW ENGL-AND FABMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AcnicuLTURAL Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR.

s

VOI^. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 30, 1831.

NO. 37.

\f

®®sasii^sTii©i\sa©ST3a

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAR.MER.

GRAFTING GRAPES.

Mr Fesse.ndf.n — OI)=ervins; in your Farmer of
the 9ili iiist. a piece signed ^ An Amateur,^ solicit-
ing fiom some one, wlio grafted grapes tlie last
season, for their result and information ii|ion this
subject ; and no one offering, the season pass-
ing on, and feeling tliat we are lionnd hy our nieni-
bersliip to the Horticultural Society to communi-
cate tlic results of our practice and experiments,
I venture to offer a few observations with a state-
ment of facts on grafting vines the last season.
I also hand you a copy of a comnjunication from
an intelligent member residing in thj vicinity of
Boston, upon the same subject.

Some time in Mandi, say about the middle, we
had eight wild grape vines grafted with the Chas-
selas grape, three on large, old vines, of an inch
and over in diameter — ami five, on cuttings of the
wild grape vine set out in the spring of 1S2S.
They were not large when grafted, the scions being
larger tlian the stocks. The scions engrafted
into the three old vines did not grow; they kept
alive some time, tlie buds swelled, and some of
them opened ; the leaves expaiided, but finally died ;
I watched their progress with jiarticular attention
and my conclusions are, they were grafted too
early; as the sap flowed so long, and abundantly,
before it became glutinous, and adhesive, that tlie
graft was water soaked and died at the bottotn,
tliotigli the tup, as I before observed had the ap-
pearance some time of doing well. The other
five small vines did better ; four of the five took
well and grew a.stonisliinglj' fast ; the flow of sap
was small compared with the old vines; some of
them grew from twelve to fifteen feet in height,
and very rapidly, after the scions had taken to the
stock ; some days the vine grew thirteen inches per
measurement.

The above mentioned vines were operated on
l)y cleft graftins;, and grafted in the ground, the soil
hauled round them. Hereafter we shall alter in
some respects, viz ; where the stocks are large
shall bore in them, good sized stocks that pinch
in the scions tight, let thern remain without tying
a piece of bass mat round them ; smaller stocks,
should be well tied, for I observed in those that
did not take, the sjilit inclined to open and remain
wide during the flow of the sap. — Have them
clayed and the dirt hauled over the clay.

(Copy of memorandum handed me.)

Grafts of the Chasselas set 5th April, 18.30, grew
about 1-5 feet same year, grafted (hy cleft graft-
ing) and clayed on the common wild grape. — The j
graft bore fruit, but it did not come to maturity.
Grafts set by boring into a vine laid down in a ,
fifench, pinned down and covered about two inch-
es with earth. Set the 13th i\Iay, grew nearly as
well as those set 5th April. — One set at the same
time at the extremity of the vine, by cleft grafting,
grew as well as the others. Grafts set 4th of
March did not live; of several set 11th Marcli, by
1 cleft grafting, in the usual manner, more than one
half did not take ; those that did take, made a
2Kater growth than those set by boring holes,

but more of the latter lived. I should think that ]
grafts sot from 15lh April to 15th iMay in this cli-
mate more likely to do well that those set earlier. I

S. DOWNER. /
- Dorchester, March 20, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGI.A.VD FARMER.

LARGE CATTLE.

Mr Russell — As I had not time to call at your
ofiice before you closed, I send you the live and
dead weight of the oxen of my fattening which
you requested of me ; the quarters of the largest
may be seen on the stall of E. Alexander, Ean-
euil Hall market — The oxen iiaving been driven
110 miles will account for the small proportion of
tallow to the meat as it is a fact known to all
drovers that the drift or wastage of an ox is alto-
gether in his tallow. Yours, &c,

S. Sergeant.

Live weight at Brighton 2431 Ihs.

Dead weight fore qrs. 410

402

hind do, 322

320

Tallow 143

Hide 126 1723 lbs.

Live weight of his mate 360 lbs. less than the
one above, as it weighed at Shrewsbury, not weigh-
ed at Brighton

Dead weight 375

368

300

306

Tallow 123

Hide 133

1605 lbs.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PAINTED LIGHTNING ROD.

Mr Fesse.vden — I had my house painted this
last fall, and the painter |>aiuted the lightning rod
from the roof of the house to the ground. Please
tell me in your next paper if it is an injury to the
rod as a conductor — and if so the best way to get
the paint oft', and oblige A Sibscrieer.

Rorburij, Murch, 1831.

Remarks by the Editor — The current volume of
the New England Farmer, page 19, contains an
article, quoted from Silliman's Journal of Science,
and headed ' Mode for adjusting Lightning Rods.'
In this are given by Professor Olmsted, certain
rules for putting up lightifmg rods, which our cor-
respondent might do well to consult. One of those
rules, however, we will repeat here :

'The rod should descend into the ground far
enough to be always in contact with moist earth.
This depth will vary in different |ilaces. In some
places five feet will be suflicient ;.in others six or
seven will be required ; and in soils particularly
dry it may be prudent in the season of thunder
storms, to connect the bottom of the rod, (by means
of a chain, or the rod continued,) with a well or
vein of water. The chain or rod may be inclosed
in some substance, or be painted with a thick coat
of lamp black to keep it from rusting; when the

bottom of the rod terminates in the ground it may
branch off iji several directions.'

Mr Patterson of Philadelphia i)ro])oscd to coat
conductors of lightning with a thick crust of black
lead, (ireviously lormcd into a paste, by being pul-
verized, mixed with melted sulphur and applied to
the rod while hot, (See New England F.irmer,
vol. viii. p. 62.) We believe that any of the com-
mon sorts of paints \wl answer a valuable pur-
pose in protec ling conductors of lightning from
being rusted or oxydated by exposure to the wea-
ther, without muidi impairing their conducting
powers; but lam]) black and oil, or the above men-
tioned preparation of black lead are' no doubt pre-
ferable to ordinary paints for every purpose for
wlrich coatings of any kind are a|iplicd to con-
ductors of lightning.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BEES.

Mr Fessendex — I was much gratified with
the many facts which appeared in the correspon-
dents between Drs. Thacher and Smith, respect-
ing that interesting creature, the Honey Bee ; and
I think, that we may reasonably expect, as they
have an intellige:it and acouq)lished lady to assist
them, that further valuable productions will api)ear.

The goverimient and economy of the bi^e are
not yet thoroughly understood. Many of their
movements are enveloped in darkness. They
manifest nmch art and sagacity in the cnnstruelion
of their habitation. Umloiditedly they liave a lan-
guage which we do not understand. They know
an enemy from a Irieiid. They have a wonderfid
policy — neatness, economy and industry inark all
their steps. They have never informed us of their
counsels and results, nor of the luaruigement of
their internal affairs. It seems, however, that their
govermnent is a monarchy and the sovereign a
female. Hut are we correct ? Is the chief rider a
female ? If so, her majesty must act the strange
part of a coquette in commandinu' a large retirmu
of admirers to be massacred without distinction.
This looks unnatural ; but were those, which are
marked out for destruction, merely a pack of lazy
fellows, that had grown fat by rioting on the pro-
ceeds of the laboring part of the community, it
would, perhaps, appear otherwise.

fllan, it seems, is unwilling to allow these in-
sects any faculty, except merely* innate instinct,
with which they are endowed. But how do we
know that they do not, in some degree at least, im-
])rove in their arts? Instinct is a term given to the
sagacity and natural inclinations of anirjials of the
lower creation ; and reason is the term given to
tlie sagacity and comprehension of man. Where
lies the difference ■ How do we know that the
insects are not capable of plamiing and compre-
hending their work ? In inany of their operations
they seem to pos.sess the faculty of perceiving
what is right and best, and in fact to perform ac-
tions or things which seem to proceed from mo-
tives similar to those by which ipen are actuated.
Very young animals appear not to possess that por-
tion of sagacity which is observed in animals of
the same species that have arrived to tin ir natu-
ral perfection. If instinct be innate and there is
no improvement by observatioo, instruction, or ex-

290

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 30, 1S31,

perience, how is it that young animals do not ex-
ercise that sagacity, wliicli is ohserved in oliier

ones ? *

Dr Thacher, asks the question, ' arc these httle
insect bodies inspired with a soul, or can matter
think ?' No one will answer the latter part of the
question in the affirmative. As to the former part,
jieruiit me to answer, they have a soul. Matter , son in the N. E. Farmer. The grafts of the Slienck
however organized, cannot of itself act or think, pear and Paradise apple were cut hy myself.
A system of organs is necessary for the action of j The Ashmore apple (20 miles off) cut by a person
the soul. The soul being nothing more, nor less j in whom I have confidence, they may therefore all
than a principle, having neither length nor brcadtb, be relied on as genuine. M.

when ripe. Should I succeed, you will no doubt
see their opinion of them. I sbould like one of
your cultivators to hasten their fruitiipg, and when
obtained of fair size (say from 8 to 16 ozs.) corn-
pare them with some of your very best pears, of
this season of ripening, either of foreign or do-
mestic origin, and give the result of the compari.

js mcapable of itself of any action or thought.
In order to i)roduce actions or tliought, the soul
must be connected with proper organs, and the
more perfect the organs, the more perfect will be
the products of this union. The smallnessof tlie

WrigUsmlle, Pa. Jl/are/i IS, 1831.

BriglUon, March 26, 1831.

Mr j. B- RussF.r.r. —

Dear .Sir — I send a few scions of Ilubbardston

Nonsuch, Nonpariel, Golden Pippin, and Ribston
insect can he no objection to the position here ad- pj|,|,i„^ ^yj.jj ^^ fg^^ Apples of each kind : they have
vanced. Admitting the position to be true, it does , i,^^,, j„ ,„y ^j^,.,,j ,.q^,„ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^,,^1 1,.^^^ ^^j,(_
not follow, that tlie insect is endowed with the Igj_ i,^ j^„ estimate of the scions can be made by
same faculties which eminently dislingmsh the j„,f, (-,„;[_ Will you present them to the President
human race : much less does it lollow that because ! ^^jti^ „^y y^^^^ respects, and request him to distri-
they have a soul, there must be a resurrection ,3,|t^ tl,g,„ if ,^^^,,^^^1 bv any of the members. I

after death. However, if after death they should
bo brouglit to life, like Doctor Franklin's flies
■which were drowned in wine, bottled in Virginia,
and resuscitated some months afterwards in Eu-
rope, tiiey would be actuated by the same soul —
being the self same insect. On the whcle, we be-
lieve the hypothesis to be true, that the Bee has
a soul, and that it has projipr organs for the union
and action of this ])rinciple, and that the organs
are more perfect than those of many other insects,
and less perfect than those of man. R. G.

intended meeting with the Society this day but am
unexpectedly prevented.

Your obedient servant,

GoRHAM Parsons.

JoH>' Wilson of Roxbury, and

Stephen C. Phillips, of Salem, were admitted
members.

Samuel F. Coolidge, of Boston,

David Hyslop, of Brookhne,

John Clap, of Dorchester, and

Thomas Leonard, of Salem, were admitted mem-
bers at the stated meeting of the Society, held on
the 5th in^t.

Several beautiful specimens of Gilly flowers, viz :
the Queen Wliite, Scarlet Cape, White Broinpton,

* Occasionally bees steal either from tlieir nearneipib-
bors, or from those a mile or more distant, and sometimes
in this way destroy a whole nation less strong than them-

rieives. This they do when they are in no immediate , .

want of provision. !f this be an innate principle, then and Scarlet Bvompton, from the g-arden of E. H. Der-
all bees would do the like, contrary to fact. j BY, Esq. of Salem, were oxlubtied.

On Saturday another Box of Seeds will be distri-

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, i buted among the members of the Society.

At an adjourned meeting held on Saturday, March
Qlj, at the Hall of the Institution, the following let-
ters were read, and the scions which accompanied
them, together with the seeds presented to the So-
ciety by j. S. Skinner, Esq. of Baltimore, were dis-
tributed among the members of the Society.

RIr j. D. Kussell—

Dear Sir — Accompanying this, you will receive
a package of grafts for the use of Massachusetts
Hortictiltural Society, which I mentioned to you
in a letter in the winter, desiring you to purchase

Masscichitsclts HortieuUural Societn.

Tlie Standing Committee on Ornamental Trees,
Shrubs, &c, award a premium of two dollars to Mr
Thomas Leonard, for the fine specimens of Gilly
flowers, from the garden of E. H. Dei by, Esq. Salem,
exhibited at the meeting of the Society on Saturday,
March 2G. R. L. Emmons,

March 30. Secretary.

Ab'icc.
An adjourned meetinp; of the Massachusetts Horticul-
me some grafts, &c, which 1 have heard was for- j tural Society will beheld on Saturday next, at 11 o'clock,
warded from Pliiladelphia by Mr Amory, a mer- ' JMarch 30. R. L. EMMONS, Secretary,

chant of Boston. They are marked as follosvs, I observe that the 4th of April is mentioned for
viz. No 1, the Ashmore apple, (see N. E. Far- \ ^,^3 ^^^^ ^^ „,g ^^5-^^,^ „,. j^j^. n^^,„,^^^^ Harrison late
nier vol. ix. I'^gc 109.) No 2 Svvect Paradise ■• , „,.„^,,^ ^,. g;^. j^^^^ Coffin.-I feel it to be due to
apple, (bee the N. E. Farmer vol. vii. page 286.) ; jj,. Harrison's memory to say, that from repeated

Ko 3, the Shenck pear, a seedling, large and very
superior, a |)lentiful bearer, ripens in August. It
was raised from the seed of a small harvest pear,
planted about 40 years ago by the late Mr John
Shenck of Manor Townsirq), Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania. I obtained the grafts from Mr
Philip Barger, Mr Slienck's .son in law. Those
marked xx are off the original tree. Those
marked xxi and xxii off young trees grafted by Mr
Shenck, i"roin tlje original and whicli his daughter,
Mrs Barger, sa^ bear rather larger fruit than the
old tree. I luiVe engaged some of the fruit to
send to the Pliila<lelphia Horticultural Society

' It is my intention to send your society a sample of
the Paiajiise apple.

oi>portunities of witnessing his exertions, I have
reason to believe that there were few grooms, if
any, equal to him. He came to America in 1S22
with the horse first sent to the country by Admiral
Coffin, and given by him to the Agricultural So-
ciety. Mr Harrison was lost overboard from one of
the steam boats in the North River last summer.
His loss is sincerely felt by all who knew him.
The late Mr Harrison's mother resides in England,
audi have reason to believe in jiovorty, and will
in all probability reap the benefit of her son's htu'd
earnings. I trust that this may be remembered,
and that hig-h prices will be given for the valua-
ble animals which are to be offered to the public.

A.

REMARKS ON LIVE STOCK.

The following from a Treatise on Live Stock,hy
George Culley an eminent English Herdsman may
suggest useful ideas to American Farmers.

In the first place, it would seem that the largest
domestic aniinals are not the best, or most advan-
tatreous to the breeder or feeder ; because we
generally find, that the large big-boned cattle and
sheep require more and better food in jiroportion to
support and feed them, than those of a middling
size and small bones ; and the larger, bigger bon-
ed, and clumsier tliey arc formed the more uu-
profitable they are, while, on the contrary, the
truer they are formed, and the finer the bone, the
more profitable, as they not only take less food in
proportion, but feed more readily.

I aver that no large boned animal will feed so
quick, or cover so readily and thick with fat flesh
as one with a small bone, if well formed. This
is tlie criterion — this is the main principle that we
i fmiiid our judgment upon, respecting all animals,
which are to be fjitted for the support of mankind ;
and we can justly say that this judgment is con^
I firmed by near forty years' experience. Notwith-
! standing this assertion is made with some degree
of positiveness, yet we are not unconscious of its
being a neic doelrine to the generality of breeders
in this island ; and, consequently, will appear sur-
prising and strange to many old breeders and
graziers. But I have not a remaining doubt, ii
the advocates for large bones will make fair and
candid trials, the small bones will win or gain the
prize, nine times out of ten, or rather every time
nay I am inclined to think, that the small boned,
true proportioned animal will pay Ad. while the
big boned one will only pay 3rf. for what it
eats. — AVhen I assert this I would wish to be un-
derstood, that I mean from the time of calving or
lambing, to the time of killing for the market ; be-
cause I look upon the grazier, who buys in and
feeds, and he that breeds and feeds, as two very
different people. It is the latter of those that the
public are obliged to for that useful observation,
of small boned animals excelling large boned ones
in feeding; because he sees, watche.?, and examines
the various pushes and improvements I'rom the
beginning to the end ; while the grazier, who buys
in his stock is easy, in a great measure, how they
are bred, so long as they pay him for feeding. A
plain, coarse, ugly animal may pay him more than
a fine well made one ; because he buys the coarse
one at a much less price in proportion, and it is oi
little consequence to him as an individual : but, tc
his country, to community at large, it is a mattei
of prodigious imjiortance, much more than has
in general been thought of; because the more
meat and the less bone, you can produce from|
a given quantity of pasturage, turnips, cabbages.
&c, the better surely, and more mouths you can
feed.

The beef or mutton is finer grained, and sells

higher by the pound ; it is worth more to the

consumer than the other, because it affords more

and better flesh and less bone ; and supposing the

poor are under a necessity of buying the coarse

parts in a dear time, it is worth more to them iSi

pro[>ortion than the coarse of the large boned ones.

I because, though still coarse it is finer than the

j others, and has less bone ; in fact it is tiie cheap'

' est and best eating to the rich, to the manufacture!

ami to the poor.

Even in regard to horses intended for the
draught or saddle, those I presume are best in gen.^

Vol. IX.— No. 37.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

291

eral that are of the truest proportion in respec t to
bone, carcass or form and of a middling size. I
thiuk we may venture to assert, tlint in those kinds
of animals now under consideration, and perhaps
in most others, tliere is a certain symmetry, or
proportion of parts, whicli is Ijest adapted a particu-
lar size in each kind. All those of each kind
that are ahove this size, we find disproportioned,
according to the size ihey attain to ; and in tlic
degree that tliey are advanced beyond this line of
perfection, wo liiid them less active, less strong in
proportion, and always less able to endure hard-
ship or fatigue. We tind all great horses tire
sooner than middling sized ones ; they are slower
in motion, they are more subject to disorders, and
consequcnth' wear sooner out.

In neat cattle or sheep, we, in general, find that
the largest are the tenderest, and most liable to
complaints; tiiat they require more and nicer fare,
are slower in feeding, and worse butcher's meat
when fed : anil they stand winters, or inclement
seasons, mu ch worse than the well proportioned
ones : therefore it is these well proportioned, hand-
some anir.iids that we would recommend to the atten-
tion of the breeders to choose both males andfemaks
from if possible, or as near to them as may he. It
perhaps, has been owing to the idea of largeness,
or the wish to breed the biggest in the different
kinds of domestic animals, that has so Ions pre-
vented our breeders from selecting and distinguish-
ing the most valuable kinds : for, so universal was
this idea, and so much were we blinded by it, that
wo did not perceive which were the most valua-
ble animals of each kind. We had no conception
of any animal being valuable or good that was
not great. We could not seperate those two ideas
of good and great. We did not attend to that sym-
metry and proportion, which so essentially char-
acterize the valuable kinds of each species, and
which seldom, or ever,fail of being the hardiest, and
the best thrivers. In short, it was left to this age to
make those nicer distinctions, which constitute the

Tjable breeder and discerning judge ; and the more
those distinctions are attended to and examined,

' the more they will be pursued ; in consequence of
which improved notions, our breeders must now

^necessarilv follow those kinds that are most valua-
ble.

Much has been said of late years about short
lesged stock being the best, particularly neat cat.
tie and sheep; nothing would go down once but
short legs. That little short legged, dwarfish breed
of sheep, so much, (ihongh undeservedly) nm
upon a few years ago are very properly called by
a considrable breeder, an acquaintance of mine ;
the gentleman's sheep, for though, to those who are
not judges, they have a jiretty enough appearance,
yet they will not bear examining by an attentive
and aide judge — I mean him who judges by his
fingers as well as eyes ; a method which is out of
the gentleman's line.

I wish, however, to caution breeders against
the other extreme. I would have them recollect
the old proverb that all extremes are wrong. At-
tentive breeders of this day, have, I apprehend,
made some sensible distinctions with regard to
animals fed and slaughtered for the use of man-
kind between what they call essentials and non-
essentials. They give the former title to the back
and sides in i)articular, as well as the whole pro-
portion of the carcass, always taking in the in-
clination to make fat. — The non-essentials are the
legs, ears, horns, tail, &c. and even wool and

hides ; for though these are valuable ^n them-
selves, yet they are more to be dispensed with
[that is their form, size and proportions are of less
conseciuence] than the back, sides, &c. Good
can'ases are imited with thick or thin hides, under
long, short, coarse or fine wool, with long, short,
thick or thin horns, or ears, ifcc, but no good car-
cass ever existed without the back broail, and sides
round, and due jiroportion and symmetry. But
the parts termed non-essentials are not to be quite
disregarded ; for though they are not properly es-
sential, yet they are very often strong marks or in-
dications of good or bad thrivers, &c, as, for in-
stance a thick hide seldom covers a quick-fi'cding
carcass, or a heavy fleece a ready feeding or tine
grained carcass of mutton. — Again, fine, small
and straight bones in the legs, and thin hides and
pelts are almost certain signs of a kindly breed,
and fine-grained beef or mutton &c. Thus we
find the thick'pelts, and heavy wool in Lincolnshire
cover the coarsest grained nmttou we know of;
while a variation of the same breed in Leicester-
shire, highly im|)roved, having consideraljly less
wool, and very thin pelts, are (juicker feeders and
their nmttou is as fine grained and sweet as a
mountain shee[i.

To be continued.

RHUBARB AND SE.\-KALE.

The season has arrived to commence the forc-
ing and blanching of these fine garden produc-
tions. Put three or four barrels, divested of one
head, or having no head, over so many stools of
rhubarb (pie plant,) and surroimd ami cover them
witli recent stable or horse dung. The heat gen-
erated by the fermentation of the manure will
cause the plants to grow vigorously, and in from
14 to 20 days they will have reached the top of the
cask, when the stocks may be taken off for pics
and tarts.

Sea Kale may be forced in the same way, tak-
ing small boxes, pots or kegs, to place over the
plants, and taking care not to give too much heat.
To blanch only, the stools shoidd be covered with
close ])Ots, or with a small pyramid of sand. The
rhubarb requires a rich soil. The sea kale is fin-
est u])on a light sand, without manure. — Genesee
Farmer.

CURE FOR THE SALT RHEUM.

A few weeks ago, a uiend)er of my family had
salt rheum on the bauds, of more than 9 months'
continuance ; and latterly it formed a sjiot of an
inch diameter, on the face. This disease is well
known to subtract largely from personal comfort.

A case was mentioned ofa neighbor, whom sail
rheum hud nearly covered. She was told to tako
nitric acid, (aqua furtis) and vinegar in equal por-
tions, and ap|)ly a drop or two at a time, to the skin.
She hesitated, and consulted the fannly l)hysician.
He said it would kill her. However she determined
to tr) it — applied a little with a feather to one spot
— bore the smart — and after an interval, applied
it to another spot. She became entirely well, and
well she has continued.

This account encouraged our inmate also to
make a trial. The nitric acid and vinegar was a|)-
plied with the end of the finger. In four or five
weeks there was not a trace of salt rheum remaining,
and nothing unfavorable to health has been observ-
ed.— Genesee Farmer.

James Calkin, Esq. of Wolfville, Nova Scotia,
has raised 98 bushels per acre, of Golden Sioux
corn, the past season ; a good i)roof of the fer-
tility of the soil in that quarter, when judiciously
cultivated.

NEW ZEALAND SPINAGE.

Having raised the New Zealand spinage the
last smnmer, we cannot but recommend it to those
who are fond of spinage dishes, during the sum-
mer months. It is a very luxuriant growing annu-
al plant, with thick succulent leaves of beautiful
green color.

The seed of this plant should be sprouted in a
hot-bed, in order to have it fit for use before the
middle of summer. The branches are decundjent
and spreading to the distance of two feet from
the roots, which is a sintable distance for setting
the plants from each other.

After the jdants have grown about a foot long,
the tips of the branches may be cut for use ; they
will be found very tender and well flavored. It
continues growing very luxuriantly until killed by
the frost. The seed is produced at the aiils of
the leaves. Eight or ten plants will be sufiicient
for a large family, both for producing seed and for
boiling. Ihid. \

Gas in China. — It is stated that the Chinese have
used gas issuing from deep pits, for the purpose of
boiling salt and for lighting their towns a long
time.

The breakfast of the ex-ministers of France costs
a franc and a half each ; their dinner five francs, and
the service of their chambers a franc and a (|uarter.
Their washing is nine francs a month. The whole
charge of the prison is something less than 470
pounds a year. They are well lodged, and well
treated in every respect. They occupy four officers'
rooms in the castle, the doors of which open into the
same passage. They are allowed to communicate
when t:iey please in a fifth room, which they make
their dining room. The castle in whioh*they are
confined, is the one where the famous iron cage used
to be.

The Princess Victoria of England is said to be
very intelligent. She is well versed in French, Ger-
man and Italian, as well as in the history of her own
and other countries ; she has made great proficiency
in music, of which, like her mother, she is extremely
fond. Her health has been very delicate, but she is
now oidy an invalid in respect of a debility in her
hands and feet, which renders her unable to walk
without assistance. Being stout of her age, and hav-
ing very small feet, it is feared she will never en-
tirely recover from this lameness.

At a meeting of the creditors of Sir Walter Scott,
held at Edinburgh, Dec. 17, it was unanimously vo-
ted, ' that Sir Walter Scott bo requested to accept
of his furniture, plate, linen, paintings, library, and
curiosities of every description, as the best means
the creditors ha\e of expressing their very high
sense of his most honorable conduct, and in grateful
acknowledgment for the unparalleled and most suc-
cessful exertions he has made, and continues to
make, for them.'

An English husband was lately brought before the
police court for having beat his wife with the poker.
The Judge told him he should not use such an un-
lawful instrument as a poker ; that if his wile re-
quired (ftiastisoment, he should use a cane of proper
dimensions. The Atlas jestingly soys, 'It is of the
highest value to well regulated families to ascertain
what are the proper dinensions on these occasions.,

Paper cloth.— In J>ance they have lately made
a cloth resembling linen, from paper. It serves
where neatness and show are required without much
durability. A large handsome table cloth can be
bought for 13 cents, and when soiled returned at
half price.

292

NE\^ ENGLAND FARMER,

March 30, 1831.

REPORTS

OP THE

MASS. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN 1830.

Continued from page *.?83.
TUR.VI.\G I.V GREEN CROPS FOR MA.NURE.

S^. To Mr Williani Uuckminster, of Fratning-
hain, Midtllesex County, the committee awanl the
premiimi of .$20 for liis e.xpenment ' of turnhig in
green crops as a manure.' Tliis atteinjit of Mr
Buckminster, in tlje judgment of the committee
well deserves the attention of farmers, and particu-
larly of those who live too far from a city or town
to buy manure. The practice of enriching or
renovating land by ploughing in green crops, is
a very common one in Europe, though hardly
known here. But would it not be well to try it.^
Our farmers in general have more land than tliey
can till, owing to their not having niaiiure enough,
or because it is too far from their barn yards ; and
hence it is that some large farms, and naturally of
good soil, actually produce less, but with infinite-
ly more labor, than much smaller ones that are
well cidtivated. Indeed the de.sire of having large
farms, without giving to them the necessary outlay
is the common error of OHr country. The inevita-
ble result is scanty crops and more labor. An acre
is mown, often, for a ton of hay or less, where
witli decent care two tons might be had. A pas-
ture often of a diizen acres, wdtich might be easily
l)louglied, docs not afford food enough for one
cow ; whereas at small expense, it might be made
to sup|)()rt four or five. Now, in a coimtry like ours
where produce is so cheap and labor so dear, this
is unquestionably a wrong, not to say a ruinous
mode of'inanagement,— a mode which drivss onr
children to tlie Western or Eastern country for
want ofland, wlio miglu: have enough here if right-
ly used. But if farmer.f jci'W have more land thaii
tliey can till in the ordinary way, for want of ma-
nure, what better plan can be devised than that of
ploughing, and sowing, and turning in the green
crops, with the sole view of fertilizing their lands.'
Whether it be afterwards used for mowing, or
tillage or grazing, still it must be good husbandry,
if we can rely on the testimony of Mr Buckmin-
ster, and on the experience of farmers in England.

The remarks of Mr Buckminster on boij or mea-
dow mud, are worthy of notice. It is (piite cer-
tain, as he says, that used in its crude state, as dug
from tlie meadow, it is inert and seemingly useless :
but wlieu put in tlie barn yard and hogpen, and
trampled upon and mixed witii manure, it becomes
an excellent compost. As almost every farm has
bog meadow, it must be well known, "that after
being several nmnths in the barnyard or pigsty,
it makes an excellent manure for corn in the pro-
portion of about two tliirils mud and one third
dung. Whether Jlr Buckminster's notion of itart-
ingitatonce to the ground where wanteil to save
labor, and there mixing it with manure, is a cor-
rect one, every man will judge for himself The
common idea has been, that to take it to the barn-
yard _/ir?< is better. But all must a-reo that it may
be very protitably used as food f„r plants, and
therefore ought not to bo overlooked in the man-
agement of the farm.

To the Trusl,rs nf the Mnsslichusclls A^riciHurol .=ociety.

Ihave been in,lnce,l, partly by the premium you
oftor and partly fer my own sat.sfaction, to make
some experiments as to the value of green crops
ploughed m for manure, and I .send you the result.

In the middle of May, 182S, I ploughed up
three and a half acres of pasture that had, for
many years, been tilled by the former owner until
the crops would not repay the labor. It was a
light loam, but not sandy. It had been so reduced,
that 10 acres <lid not afford sufficient pasturage
for one cow through the season. We sowed im-
mediately after thus plowing, a bushel of buck-
wheat to the acre, and in six weeks rolled
down the buckwheat in the direction we in-
tended to plough, and then ])loughed and sowed
as before. In the latter part of August we turn-
ed in a second crop of buckwheat — having rolled
it down fiat as at first, and then seeded it down
witli clover, herds grass and red-top, one peck and
a half to the acre. Most of the clover was winter
killed, and a great jiartof the herds grass and
red-top. Early in tlies[)iiug of 1S29, we sowed
10 lbs. of clover seed to the acre ; and with a
light harrow, went slowly over the whole. The
seed took well, but the clover was not high enough
for the scythe, when the other grass was fit to
cut. We mowed what had not been winter kill-
ed ; and where it yielded best, we obtained one
ton ol' herds grass to the acre. Immediately after
mowing, we turned in ourcatde, and fed the grass
close. Last spring, (1830) the grass was so for-
ward we turned in our cattle on the 19th of April.
There were 8 acres in the whole field, but there
were only five acres (hat bore any grass worth 50
cents. These five acres were the three and a half
managed as I have stated above, and one and a
half on which grass seed was sown in April,
1830 ; and fifty bushels of leached ashes mixed
with loam, spread on the surface. On these five
acres, (and the 3 wdiich bore nothing,) ! iiastured
4 cows constantly for 4 months, wanting two days,
and they had an abnnilanc.e of feed. I never had
any pasture ground yield so' well before. I thiidc
these green crops improved the land as much as
a good dressing of manuro,! and the comparative
expense I estimate as follows on one acre, viz.

WITH MANtTRE.

20 ox cart loads of manure ■ - $24 00

Hauling 3 mile and spreading • ' 5 00

Ploughing once, green sward 2 00

Harrowing and sowing 100

$32 00

WITH GREEW CROPS.

First ploughing, green sward ^2 00

2d ploughing, and rolling v/ith man and horse 1 00
3d ploughing, and rolling do, do, 1 00

Three harrowings do, do, 1 00

Two bushels buckwheat 1 55

Sowing do, 25

S6 80
Thus yon will sec, that it has cost me less than
one fourth as much to enrich my land with green
crops, as it would with manure. If my grass had
not been winter killed the first year, I intended to
have shown you the precise weight of May cut
on an acre. The above (estimate of the cost of
manure is less by 12 cents per load than it can be
purchased for in this place. Ihave given more
within 2 years.

Farmersought, in duty, to make the trial for
themselves. Tliey generally have much land,
(miscalled under improvement) 10 acres of which
will not pasture a cow. Such land usually lie.-i dis-
tant from the house. They say they cannot, make
manure enough for the whole farm, and they find
it more profitable to lay their manure on "lands

nearer home. They do not seem to conceive it
j possible to enrich them otherwise than with stable
' manure. If they would plough and sow properly
they could make the whole rich.

They further object to growing crops to be
ploughed in; I'or, say they, ' The growing crop
will exhaust the land as much as it will enrich the
same when ploughed in, so that we end where we
began.' This would he correct reasoning, undoubt-
edly, if the growing crop obtained its whole sus-
tenance from the ground. It probably does not
one sixth [lart. It was the knowledge of this
principle that gave me confidence of success
in the experiment. The advantages of green
crops for manure are greater where the lands are
distant from the barn, than in other cases.

BOG MUD ASM.A.NURE.

I have made another experiment on compost
manure. In April, 1828, I carted 30 loads of mud
or muck t'rom a pondhole, which had a black soil 4
feet deep. I thought it must be valuable manure,
though nothing but rushes and skunk cabb;ige, haj
grown on it for 20 years, owing to its sunken posi'
tion. The 30 loads were immediately spread on|
an acre of worn-out land, and ploughed in. Whiti
Beans were planted on a jiart, buckwheat on a1
part, and barley on another part. No crop worth?
cutting was prodiiced. The muck did no service,
either last year or the year before. Last autiiinn
I tried it again ; carted out 15 loads on to the high }
land aforesaid, and mixed with those fifteen, two's
loads of stable manure; the whole was mixed toV
gether, and suffered to lie in a heap till the 10th i
of last May. ItJBvas then carted on to the same'
land as the other,;and the \vhole heap produced all
the good effects of clear stable manure. I raised
a good crop of Indian corn from it, without put-
ting on over 20 loads of the co:npost to the acre.
Such was the difference between applying this
muck raw or green, and applying it after it bad
been six months fermenting in a niass, thawing,
freezing, &c, to become pulverized.

All our farmers in this quarter, in making comr
post manures, carry the most Imlky, heavy ingre- .'
dients many rods — some half a mile to their cowr,
yards and hogpens — and when these materials
have rested there long enough, they are then car-
ried back again to the fields. I would save lliera
most of this labor. Let them make their compost'
heaps on, or near the soil where it is to be
applied, and as near as po.ssible to where the chief
ingredient lies. This will save a double carting
of half or three quarters of a mile. They will
have to carry nothing hut a little stable manure td
that distance in most cases, instead of carting
back and forwards the wdiole mass.
Rcs|)cctfully yours,

William Buckminster.

J'r«m«ig-7io!m,./VbD. 10, 1830. y

YELLOW L O C 0 S T.

9. The Comnuttee are glad to he able to bring
before the public another experiment of Mr Buck-
minster's for which he or Mr Clark, of Northamp-
ton, may become entitled to a premium of $50
the next year ; — it is for an acre of the yellow lo-
cust, having not less than 1000 trees. The yellow
locust, ( Rnhinia pseudo acncia,) is the common
locust of our country, and well known to every»
bo<!y. It has nuich to recommend it. The ra-
vages of the locust borer have, for forty years, per-
haps, discouraged its cultivation in this country.
Before that period it wasthoughtby discerning men
a most valuable tree, and is still thought so in a

i

Vol. IX.— No. 37.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

298

Europe, where, as the late learned Professor PecU, OBSERVATIOfiS ON THE TI^ETII.

has said ' this insect does not exist.' It xvas cuiti- An ohject very Mihservient to health, and which
vated in old times tor various reasons. Planted on merits due attention, is the preservation of the
Tvavelly and s-eiile lauds, whore it grows freely, it teeth : the care of wliirli, consulerMi<r their nil-
was found greatly to fertilize the ground. It was i.ortance in pivparing the food tor .li-estion, is, in
considered valualile for its great durahility when general, far Ironi heing suffieienily cultivate, .
used for posts and as tiu.her. It was use.l for Very few persons, comparatively wash their ir.oulh
tree nails in ship-building, not only for its strength \ in the morning, which ought always
and durahility, but from its not shrinking like other
wood. It was esteemed for quickn^'Ss of growth,
its beauty as an ornamental tree, and its aptitude
to perpetuate itself by its roots, which run near
the surface of the ground, — and if wanted for no
other purpose, could be used as a most pleasant
article of fuel, as much so as walnut. At the pre-
f^ent time, nothing but the worm prevents our hold-
ing the locust ill the same estimation our ances-
tors did, and shall this discourage us so much as
not only to prevent our planting, but incline us to
extirpate the few trees that remain ? Rather let
us encourage the tree and endeavor to extiipnie
the worm. This would be a much wiser as well
as a more manly course. — There are parts of the
country, the more soulliern jxtrts, it is said, where
this insect does not abound, or is not known and
why may we not hope, ere long, to be freed from
it? At worst, the locust will do for fire-wood,
though liable at present to be blown down before
it attains much size, and for this purpose alone,
considering that our forests are disapi)earing, — it is
well worthy of public attention. Bad as the case is
it may be much doubted, whether, as it can be so
easily done, so good a use can be made of our
gravel knolls and barren spots as to plant them
with the yellow locust.

To llie Trustees of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society.

Ge.ntlemex— I have been induced by the pre-
mium offered by you, to plant out an acre of Yel-
low Locust trees. In the spring of 1S23, I liro-
cured at the seed store of Mr Russell, in Boston, a
quantity of seed, and poured into it boiling water,
and sutfored it to soak therein three or four days.
Then I sowed it in the garden, and carefully weed-
ed the plants; many of them grew to the height
of four ami a half feet that .season. In the spring
following I transplanted them on to about two thirds
of an acre of poor, worn-out land, placing ^^them
in rows S feet apart, and at 4 feet distance in the
rows. On one side of this plat in 18-29, I sowed
more seed, with the view of making a hedge fence
with them, and of supplying more trees to make
out the acre. I have this season covered over an
acre with the trees of the two seasons, and there
are more than 1000 trees on the acre. On two
thirds of this acre, therefore, the trees are now of
three years' growth — on the other third, of two
years' "growth. On the best of the land some of
the trees are four and a half inches in circumfer-
ence, and seven feet high. I chose a poor soil
for the trees that they might enriih it.

I notice that wherever Yellow Locust trees grow,
the grass under tliem is not only much increased
in quantity, but that the cattle eat it in iireferenoe
to other grass — always biting itclose to the ground.
I therefore prefer it for hedges to any other live
growth — for, so ftir from injuring our pastures,
they are a positive benefit to them.
Respectfully yours,

■ ■ WiLLIAJI BUCKMINSTER.

Framinghfim, J^'ov. loth, 1830.

Large Ox. — An Ox six years old, belonging to
Cyrus Lotbrop, Esq. of Easton, was slaughtered
lately weighing 1826 pounds.

to 1)(^ prac-
tised at the conclusion of every iiieul, where either
animal food or vegetaliles are eaten ; I'or the fu--
iiier is apt to leave behind it a rancid acrimony,
aurl the latter an acidity, both of them hurtful to
the teeth. ^Vaslling the iiiouth freijuently with
cold water, is not only serviceable in keeping the
teeth clean, hut it strengthens the gums, the hrm
adhesion of \ifhich to the teeth, is of gr(\al impor-
tance in preserving them sound and secure.

Picking the Tee/Zi— Picking teeth properly is
also greatly conducive to their preservation ; but
the usual manner of doing this is by no means
favorable to the purpose. ^V'llen it is necessary
to pick the teeth, the operation ought to he pcr-
Ibrined with due care, so as not to hurt the gums ;
j but the safest and best way of doing it is always
before a looking-glass.

Tooth Poxodtr. — Many persons, while laudably
attentive to the preservation of their teeth, do
them hurt by too much ofiiciousness. They daily
apply to them some dentifrice powiler, whicli they
rub so hard as not only to injure the enamel by
excessive friction, but to hurt the gums oven more
than by the abuse of the picktooth. — The rpiality
of some dentifrice powiler, ailvertised in news-
papers, is extremely suspicious ; and there is rea-
son to think that they are not altogether free
from a corrosive ingredient. — One of the safest
and best compositions for the purpose, is a mix-
ture of two parts of oystershell, and (uie of Peru-
vian bark, btjtli finely powdered; which is calcu-
lated not only to clean the teeth without hurting
them, bi^t to preserve the firmness of the gums.

Beside the advantage of sound teeth from
their use in mastication, a proper attention to
their treatment conduces not a little to the sweet-
ne.'^s of the breath. This is, indeed, often effect-
ed by other causes, existing in the lungs, the
stomach, and sometimes in the bowels ; but a rot-
ten state of the teeth, both from the putrid smell
emitted by carious bones, and the impurities lodged
in their cavities, never fails of aggravating an
unpleasant breath wherever there is a tendency of
that kinil.

Foul Teeth. — The teeth sometimes hecome*§el-
low or black without any adventitious niiitter
being observed on them; at other times they be-
come foul, and give a taint to the breath, in con-
sequence of the moutli, or part of the food remain-
ing too long about them. The most frerpien;
cause of foul teeth is the substance called tartar,
which seems to he a deposition from the saliyji,
and with which the teeth are often almost entirely
incrusted. When this substance is allowed to
remain, it insinuates itself between the gums artd
the teeth, and then gets down upon the jaw in
such a manner as to loosen the teeth. This, in-
deed is bv far the most common cause of loose
teeth ; 'and when they have been long covered
with this or any other matter, it is seldom they
can be ■cleaned without the assistance of instru-
ments. But when once they are cleaned, they
may generally be kept so, by rubbing them with
eceof soft wood made into a kind of

which the mouth is to be washed with common
water.

The teeth are sometimes covered over with a
thin dark colored scurf, which has by some been
mistaken lor a wasting of the enamel, but which
is only an extraneous matter covering it. By per-
severance this may be cleaned ofl' as completely
as when teeth are covered with tartar ; but it is
apt after some time to appear again. When it is
observed, the same operation must be repeated.

For the piirjiose of applying powders or washes
to the teeth, a brush or a •sponge is commonly
employeil ; the latter is supposed preferable, as
being in least danger of wearing down tin; ena-
mel, or of separatirg the teeth. — Jour, of Health.

UmW l2S?Ja2>ilSJ2) I^iiSSaSSoJa

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVE.M.NG, MARCH 30,1831.

POULTRY.

Continued fnim page 278.

Feeding and fattening Fowls. — Fowls will be-
come fat on the common run of the farm-yard
where they thrive on the offals of the stable, and
other refuse, with perhaps some small regular daily
feeds; but at threshing time they become partic-
ularly fat, and are thence styled barn-door fowls,
probiihly the most delicate and highly fiavoreil of
all others, both from their full allowance of the
linest grain, and the constant health in which
tlicy are kept by living in a natural state, and hav-
ing the full enjoyment of air and exercise. It is a
common (iractice with some housewives to coop
llieir barn door fow Is for a week or two, under
the notion of improving them for the table, and
increasing their fatness ; a practice, however, which
seldom succeeds, since the fowls generally pine
for their loss of liberty, slighting their food, lose
instead of gaining additional flesh, the period be-
ing too .short for them to become accustomed to
confinement.

Sandy gravel and a little lime rubbish should
be placed where they can be accessible at all times
to f^owls, and often changed. Small bits of char-
coal, it is also said, will be swallowed by poultry,
and prove beneficial to them. A sufficient num-
ber of troughs, for both water and food should be
placed around, that the stock may feed with as
little iiuerru|ition as possible from each other, and
[lerches for roosting on in the same proportion
should be furnished for those birds, which are in-
dined to roost aloft, which few of them will de-
sire afier they have begun to fatten, but which
helps to keep them easy and contented till that
period. By this mode fowls may be lattened to
the highest pitch, and yet preserved in a healthy
state, their fiesb being equal in quality to that of
the barn-door fowl.

The privation of light, by inclining fowls to a
constant state of rejiose, excepting when moved
by the appetite for food, promotes and quickens
their fattening ; but a state of obesity, obtained in
this way cannot be a state of health ; nor can the
llesh (d'" animals so fed, equal in flavor, nutriment,
and salubritv that of the same species fed in a
more natural way. Economy and market inter-
est may, [lerhaps, be best answered by the iilan of
darkness ami close confinement, but a feeder for
his own table, of delicate taste and ambitious of
furnishing his board with the choicest and most
salubrious viands, will declare for the natural mode

a thin piece of soft wood made into a Kina or "^ ("-^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ "^'^ "^'T^.''^'''^'^ ^'^.^'^
brush and dipped into tlisilled vinegar; after 'elled and turfed, the room bemg open all daj,.or

294

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 30, 1831.

the fowls to retire at pleasure, will have a decided
preference as the nearest approach to the barn-
door system. Fowls which appear to have long
legs should be fattened as soon as the hen leaves
them, to make the best of them, it being extremely
difficult, and often ini|iossible to fiitten long legged
fowls in coops, which however may be brought to
a good weight at the barn-door.

In the choice of full sized fowls for feeding, the
short legged aud early hatched, always deserve a
preference. Where a steady and regidar profit is
required from poultry, the best method, wheiher
for domestic use or sale is constant high keep from
the beginning, whence they will not only be always
ready for the table with very little e.xtra attention,
but their flesh will be superior in nutriment and
flavor to those which are fattened from a low and
emaciated state. Fed in this mode, the spring
])ullets ere particularly fine, and at the same time
most nourishing and restorative food. The pul-
lets which have been hatched in March, if high
fed from the nest, will lay plentifully through the
following autumn, ami not being intended for
breeding' stock, the advantage of their eggs may
be taken, and the fowls disposed of, thoroughly
fat for the table in February, about which period
their laying will be finished. Instead of giving
ordinary corn [grain] to fattening and breeding
poultry, it will be found most advantageous to al-
low the heaviest and best, putting the confined
fowls on a level with those fed at the barn-iloor,
where they have their share of the weightiest and
finest corn. This high feeding shows itself not
only in the size and flesh of the fowls, but in the
size, weight aud substantial goodness of theireggs,
which in those valuable particulars will prove far
superior to the eggs of fowls fed upon ordinary
corn or washy potatoes ; two eggs of the former
going- furilier in domestic use than three of the
latter. The water also given to fattening fowh
should be often renewed, fresh and clean ; indeed
those which have been well kept will turn with
disLiust from ordinary food and foul water.

Barley and wheat are the great dependence for
chicken poultry ; oats will do for full grown hens
and cocks, but are not so good as barley; both,
when they have their fill of corn will eat occa-
sionally cabbage or beet leaves. Steamed potatoes
and oat meal mixed together make an excellent
mess, hut nuist not he given in great quantities,
otherwise they render the flesh soft and flabby.

The celebrated Arthur Young, in his J^eport
of the County of Sussex, England, says 'North
Cha;)el and Kinsfurd are fluijous for their poultry.
They are fattened there to a size and perfection
unknown elsewhere. The food given them is
ground oats made into gruel, mixed with hog's
grease, sugar, pot liquor and milk : orgromid oats,
treacle and suet, sheep's plucks, &c. The fowls
are kept very warm, and crammed morning and
night. The pot liquor is mixed wilii a few liand-
fuls of oat meal and boiled, with which the meal
is kneaded into crams or rolls of a pro])er size.
The fowls are put into the coop two or three days
before tlsey are crammed, which is continued for
a fortnight ; and they are then sold to the higglers.
These fowls when full grown weigh seven [)ounds
each, the average weight five pounds ; but there
are instances of individuals double the weight.'

The dung of poultry, which is exceedingly rich,
should be carefully saved for use, and the turf of ^
any iiiclosure in which they may be kept, occa-
sionally pared off for mixing with com|iost. A
little molasses, or any other saccharine substance

is very useful to mix with the food of poultry,
which it is intended to fatten. Perhaps it might
be well to boil a proportion of beets, carrots, par-
■snips, ripe and sweet pumpkins, cornstalks cut
fine, sweet apples, or any other sweet vegetable
substances with jiotatoes for food for poultry which
it is wished to fatten.

To be continued.

'1. Bones have become an important material
for fertilizing lands in the hands of the English
farmer. Ship loads of them are annually imported
from Holland, and in one neighborhood in York-
shire three mills have been erected exclusively for
the purposeof pounding and grinding them. Bor»e
dust is sold through the country to farmers, at 2*.
6d, per bushel, including freight, and is applied at
the rate of from 10 to 20 bushels the acre, most
on the poorest ground. It answers best ou light
soils ; and its beneficial effects are found to last
many years. One farmer uses 1200 bushels every
year. Immense quantities of bone might be col-

FARMERS' WORK FOR APRIL.

SPRING WHEAT.

It has been a generally received opinion that
wheat cannot be cultivated to advantage in New

England ; but with proper management good crops jected about Boston and other towns, and the poor
have been tind doubtless may be obtained. It is ! and children might be profitably employed in
said that the soils of New England, being of prim- [ gathering and breaking them with hammers until
itive formation, do not contain all the ingredients , min^; foi. tri-inding them should be constructed.

necessary to perfect the wheat plant. ' The ma-
nures,' says Loudon, ' best calculated for wheat
are allowed by all agricultiu-ists to be animal mat-
ter and lime. The former has a direct influence
in supplying that essential constituent to wheaten
flour, gluten ; and the latter azote and lime, both
actually found in the straw of wheat. At all
events it is certain that wheat will not thrive on
any soil which does not contain lime. In this
Sir H. Davy, Chaptal, Professor Thaer and Gris-
enthwaite fully agree.'

Spring wheat should he sowed as early in the
season as the soil can be fitted for its reception.
It "rows best on rich new lands, or on a soil
which has been well manuretl for the crops, which
immediately preceded the proposed wheat crop.
It is a[)t to be injiu'ed by the growth of grass and
weeds, and should, therefore follow potatoes or
some other hoed crop ; or it may follow peas, or
a clover lay, if the land is free from weeds. Dr
Deane observed that wheat sown in the spring
should be only covered with the harrow, as it has
no time to lose and ought to be up early. Wheat
requires a good loamy soil not too light nor too
heavy. An English writer says, ' the soils best
liaptcd to wheat are rich clays and heavy loams;

bat these are not l)y any means the only descrip-
tions of soils on which it is cultivated. Before the
introduction of tm-nips and clover, all soils but
little cohesive were thought quite unfit for wheat;
but even on sandy soils it is now grown exten-
sively, aud with much advantage after either of
the.<e crops.'

J. BuEL, Esq. of Albany says that ' IWany plan ts
require a specific manure, which other ]dants do
not consume, or yield on analysis. Thi:s wheat
requires the elementary matter of gluten and jihos-
phate of lime, which it yields on analysis, and
which most other plants do not take up or afford.
These elements, therefore, must exist naturally in
the soil, or be supplied by art to insure a good
crop of -wheat.' And he also observes that ' The
soils of New England, being of primitive forma-
tion are not naturally adapted to the culture of
wheat, because they do not contain all the ele-
ments of this valuable grain ; and that this natural
defect can be remedied only by the aiiplication of
animal manures, or manures containing the ele-
ments of animal matter.' Again he says ' The
elements of gluten, [one of the constituent parts of
wheat] exist in bones, urine, horn, hair, night soil,
in the refuse of the tanner, morocco dresser, tallow
chandler, soap boiler, tlie offld of the butcher, the
dung of fowls, soot, woollen rags, &c, and the
l)roi)er application of these substances in sufficient
quantities will insure a good crop of wheat. I
will suggest a fe^V remarks on a part of these.

Their innnediate effects are in proportion to their
fineness ; but the durability of their benefit is in
proportion to their size ; for the larger the pieces,
the longer they are in decomposing, and in impart-
ing fertility to the soil. And even if buried en-
tire, would be found of great service. Bones
contain 50 per cent of decomposable animal mat-
ter, 37 ])hosphate, and 10 carbonate of lime.

' 2. Urine possesses strong fertilizing |iowers, and
abomuls in animal matter ; and this must be the
principal resource in New England for wheat lands.
The Flemish farmers, according to Dr Radclitfe,
enrich a moiety of their grounds with fniuid ma-
nure. Though it iiuist be remembered that their
cattle are soiled under cover during the summer.
The stable and sheds are paved, and the urine is
collected in tanks and cisterns, into which it flows
through gutters or pijies. It is applied to the
grounds in the manner in which the streets are
watered in New YDrk and elsewhere, by a man
with a horse and cart ; or is taken out in barrels
by men, with two jioles made fast to the bilge of
the cask, and extending horizontally and parallel.
The New England farmer can adopt the Flemish
mode ; or he may realize partial advantages, by
constriifling a concave or hollow cattle yard with
a bottom imijervious to water ; keeping it well lit-
tered and apply the manure before it undergoes
much fermentation. The litter becomes saturated
with the urine and carbonaceous liquids of tlie yard,
and iftijiarts them to the soil. Fermentation gen-,
erates ammoifiacal gas, which being volatile, the
animal matter is lost if the mass is suffered to un-
dergo much decomposition in the yard. It cannot
be loo often repeated, that urine composes one half
of the manure of animals ; and that he who suf-
fers his manure to rot in his yard loses the best
half of the remainder. Fresh urine should be di-
luted with double its quantity of water before it
is apjilicd.

3. Horn contains a larger quantity of animal mat-
ter than bone, and is one of the most powerful
manures. It can be obtained only in small quanp
titles, and consists, principaHy of shavings from
the comb maker with the addition sometimes of
the butts and pith.

To be continued-

quarterhi Revieiv.— The 87th number of the Lon-
don Quarterly Review, has just been re-pubhshed
by Lilly & Wait, Boston, and contains articles on
the following subjects :— The Political Economists-
Lives of uneducated Poets— Pymond on the Prin-
ciples of ftlorality— Origin of the Homeric Poem»-
Moorc's Life of Lord Byron— Military Events of the
late French Revolution— Moral and Political State
of the British Empire. Price §5.00 per annum, pub-
lished quarterly.

Vol. IX.— No. 37.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

295

To our friends in the West, on the banks of the Canal,
in and about .ilbany.
Twelve years aso, there came forth an host
of Seedsmen, with Cobbett at then- head,
speaking great swellins; wonls; thej' promised

much — they pertormed nothing. From a

j^!anting uljifteen ilollars, the present slate of our estab-
lishment will show what good seeds, good soil and good
cidtivaliotl will produce.

For the accommodation of our customers as above, we
intend, (nothing extra preventins,) to open a Seed, Plant,
and Flower Root Store, at No. 347 North Market street,
on the 6lh day of April next, opposite the building into
which the Post office is to remove on or before the first
of May, within a few cloors of the Museum, and within
pistol sliot of the five banks. The business in Albany will
be conducted by one of my sons, and the store supplied
with the same goods, and at the same prices at wliich we
sell in New York. As we derive our supplies more or
less from every quarter of the globe, we think it will be
a facility to the agriculturalist, as well as profitable to the
concerned. If they will keep pace with the ability, and
Providence smiles on the undertaking, I see nothing to
prevent its arriving in a few years to the same extensive
fooling in Albany as the mother store in New York ; for,
while the rich in our city purchase the flowers and the
blossoms, and the rivers and the ocean carry our seeds to
every clime, so in .Albany the taste wants only food, and
riches are already there in abundance; while the canal
conveys the seed to the Lake Superior, the great Western
Road will transport them far towards the setting sun. —
Nothing that good Seeds and attention to business can
perform will be wanting on our part to meet the public
expectation. G. TH0R13URX j- SONS.

English Cattle for sale.

The subscriber offers to the public on reasonable terras,
several animals from Imported stock, the most celebrated
in England, both for their great milking properties and
the stall. Those wlio have a desire to become possessed
of this fine breed of Cattle have now an opportunity. One
of the subscriber's Cows w^as imported from England at
a. great expense, which her valuable properties fully war-
rant; having given (or a number of years during the
summer months, thirtysix quarts of rich daily. Her
weight on foot last May was 1700 lbs. She is of the
Improved Short Horned Durham breed, of fine propor-
tions and celebrated as a breeder, as the famous Bull
Eclipse, her calf, will show, and several others of the
stock now on the premises.

The stock Bulls for the season are Jldiniral. from Bos-
ton, Mass. a full blood Durham, and Albion, a full blood
«ross three-fourths Durham and one-fourth North Devon.
They will stand on the premises. Terms for the season.
as usual, made known at the stables, where the animals
may be seen. 2t L.JENKINS.

Canandaigua, Ontario Co. jY. ¥. .March, 1831.

Grape Vines.
The subscriber offers for sale at his garden at Dorches-
ter, a few Cuttings of llie black and white ' Jloscatel'
Grape Vines, just received from Cadiz, procured for him
by the Consul of the United States, resident there. He
says, ' I obtained these cuttings from Vines on which I
have seen clust-TSof Grapes weighing as much as twex-
TYsix POUNDS.' They contain several joints and will
be sold at 50 cents each.

-\LSO —

250 Isabellas, 2 years old ;
1400 ' 1 yr '

300 White Muscadine ;
Caroline ;
Black Hamburg ;
Constantia ;
Golden Muscat ;

Napoleon, Gore's, a beautiful black fruit;
8 Varieties of superior fruit from Acres and Malaga;
Some large Vines from France, that have borne fruit
two seasons, very prolific and of fine quality ;
150 Cat.\wb.\s ;

100 Bland's ; — and several other kinds.

Orders by mail addressed to the subscriber, or personal

application at his office, 7^ Congress street, and to Patrick

Kennedy at the Garden, lor any number ol Vines, from

one lo one hundred, will meet with prompt attention.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

March 12, 1331. 5t

.Issorted Seeds for Families.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52, Nortli Market street.

Small boxes of assorted Seeds for Kitchen Gardens. —
Each box contains a package of the following seeds.
Price $3 per box :^

Early \A'ashington Peas
Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas
Late Mairowfal Peas
Early iMoliawk Dwarf Siring

Beans
Early Dwarf While Casekiiife

Beans
Lima, or Saba Pole Beans
Long Blood Beet ( true sort)
Early luruip-rooied Beet
Earii' "i ork Cabbage

Long Dutch Parsnep

Large Head Lettuce

Early Sii-sia do

Pine-apple fllelon {very fine)

Watermelon

Large White Portugal Onion

Large Red do.

Double Curled Parsley

Fiat Squasli Pepper

Early Scarlet shori-lop Radish

While Turnip Radish

Large Cape Savoy do [/rne] 1 Salsify, or Oyster Plant

Stock for Sale.
Seven very fine English BULLS, crosses of the Hol-
demess, Durham Short Horns, Ayrshire, and North
Devonshire breeds of Cattle. They are fi-om one to tltree
years old, and from seven-eights to fuU blood, and very
superior animals, and all in fine order. Prices from $100
to $400. Also two or three very fine Stallions, one of
them is half Arabian and half English, six years old, loi
liands high— the other a full-blooded English horse, si\
years old, IGh hands high — they are both very superior
animals. Apply, personally, to J. B. Russell, Pu'olish-
er of the New England Farmer, Boston.

Evergreens, Silver Firs, S,-c.
The subscriber being engaged in the Seed
, business would be happy to receive orders
for Forest Trees, Seeds, and Evergreens fiom
Maine, and being Agent for J. B. Russell, !

Boston, and Prince ^V Sons, Flushing, N. V.

•tders sent through them or olherwise, will be attended
to without delay. Particular directions for taking up and
packing is requested. WM. MANN.

Augusta, Me., .March 20. 6t

A list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, t-c, can be
seen at the New England Farmer office.

Coip Cabbage.
Just received, at the Seed Store, No. 52 North Market
street, from London a sm.all quantity of Seed of the Cow
Cabbage ; it is thought that no plant cultivated in this
country will give so much fodder from the same space of
ground, for Milch Cows, as this. It has been successfully
f altivaled lo a large extent in New England and the Mid-
dle States the past year, and promises to be a great acqui-
sition. Feb. 16.

Red Dutch do ' (for pick

lino )
Early Dutch Cauliflower
Early Horn Carrot {venjjine
Long Orange Carrot
White Solid Celery
Curled Cress or Peppergrass
Early Cucumber
Long Creen Turkey do. _ _. _._,

.\t this Seed Store can be found the greatest variety of
Field, Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be found
in New England, of the very first quality, and at fair pri-
ces, wholesale and retail.

Also, Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both
native and European biigin,) and Ornamental Shrubs at
Nurserymen's prices. March 2.

Early Bush Squash
Winter Crook-neck Squasli
Early While Dutch Turnip
Yellow Stone Turnip

POT HERB SEEDS.

Sweel ]\Iarjoruin, Sage, Sum-
mer Savory

Sill;— Silk.

The Subscriber, of Jaffrey, Cheshire county, New
Hampshire, has two or tlirt-e thousand White Mulberry
Trees of three years' growth, in fine order for transplant-
ing the present Spring, which he will dispose of on rea-
sonable terms. Inquire of isA.ic Parker, 74 Vi'ater
street, Boston, or the subscriber. ASA PARKER.

Jaffrei/. March 15,1831.

20,000 ll'hite .Uulhcrrn Trees.
Orders received by the subscribers for the above Trees,
to be delivered in the montii o( April : they are from one
lo three years old, of the first quality, and will he sold on
reasonable terms. GREGG &. HOLLIS,

— Dealers in Medicine, Paints, Oil, Window Glass, Sec. —
No. 30 Union street, Boston. 4t March 16.

Grape Vines.

The subcriber offers for sale, several hundred (5rape
Vines of one and two years growth, and uncommonly
healthy and thrifty. They have been raised with great
care from Vines « Inch have been forty years in this cli-
mate, and are of the kind which obtained the premium
of the Horticultural Society the last season. Also, a few
Isabella, and several other varieties. Orders for any
number of Vines left with Mr J. B. Russell, at 52, North
Market street, Boston, or with the subscriber at Charles-
town, will be attended to. DAVID FOSDICK.

Charhstown, March 23, 1331.

Gardener If'anted.
Apply to ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. No. 74 Exchange
treet. March 30.

.\'o/icc to the Public.
WILLIAM PRINCE &, SONS, Proprietors of the Lin-
^iS^^"^^ N^A.v Botanic Garhen and
5^*^iV'-"w^'*G'?5? Nurseries neariNew York, have
*S:&wvt-.i!%i?''i "i^4 '0 announce, tha every fnvoice of
i^^^^^Syfes'^sMfe Trees, &.c, sent;- from their Estab-
'*'^^' ^T ^^J*^ lishment, eiVAe direct or through
iM ^ any .igent, will be accompanied
*A^^ by a printed heading, and have
•.'-"^"^Si^S^i^ their signature, and that they Ir.ke
upon themselves no responsibility, unless such bills fiom
them can be produced, and they therefore wish their cus-
tomers in every part of the Union to be tenacious on this
head. The accuracy of every article sold by them is ex-
pressly guaranteed ;" and as many persons in tlie United
Stales' are .\geiits for various Nurseries, they request (hat
orders intended for them may be particularly designa-
ted, and that the bilk" as above be required as proofs of
their execution. Orders sent direct per mail, or thiough
Mr J. B. Russell, Boston, or any other .\gent, will re-
ceive prompt attention. 2p March 2H.

Agricultural Seeds.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, North
.Market street, Boston,

Spring Rye; Millet; two-rowed Barley; Gilman
Spring Wheat ; Perkins' Early Seedling Potatoes, (that
took the premium from the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society) ; Burnhain's Premium Potatoes, (that have
twice taken the premium from the Essex Agricultural
Society, as the best stock potatoes raised in the county) ;
Early Manly Potatoes, (originally from Europe); Grass
Seeds of all kinds, fee, — all of the very first quality.
Asp.\R.AGUs Roots.

Several thousand plants of the Large Early Devonshire
.\sparagus, 3 years old, price 75 cts per hundred, well
packed in moss, in boxes of one, two, and three hundred
roots each.

Gooseberry Bushes, &c.

Also, large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes, just re-
ceived from Greenock. — Large White and Red Cur-
rant Bushes, &.c.

Also, Catawba, Isabella, White Sweetwater, Black
Hamburgh, and other kinds of Grapes, well packed in
moss, so as to bear tran.sportation hundreds of miles with
s.ifety — price 50 cts each. Large Tart Rhubarb Roots,
25 cts eacii. March 2fi.

Brighton Market — Moiidai/, .March 2S.

[Reported for tlio Chronicle and Patriot.]

At market this day, 524 Beef Cattle, 37 pair Working
Oxen, 10 Cows and Calves, 198 Sheep and 1035 Swine ;
200 Beef Cattle, all of which are good and many of them
equal toany at market remain unsold ; also, quite a num-
ber of yokes working Oxen, exclusive of some driven in
from the immediate neighborhood and back again at night.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — The market today was much
glutted and sales very unequal, we have not noticed the
like since St'pt. last; several of the drovers were firm at
something like last week's prices, some did not sell an ox,
others but a small part of their drove, while on the other
hand several lots were sold at astonishingly low prices —
considerably below our quotations. We shall quote from
4 25 to 5 25 : a few prime Cattle, say about 20, were la-
ken at ,'J5 50.

IVurking Oxen — More were at market today than we
can recollect of ever seeing in one day at this season ot
the year ; several exchanges were made ; also sales and
prices not disclosed, we noticed as follows ; £45, 5S, 65,
72, 75 anil 5S7 50.

Cows aii:i Calves.— Ba.]es 17, 19, 23 and 25.

Sheep.— W'e noticed one lot of 60 prime, sold at $6,50
a 4,50 ; price not ascertained for the other lot.

Swine. — Considerable doiua; the medium price for
selected lots 4i for Sows and 54 for Barrows; some small
selected lots of Barrows at 6e ; also, one or two lots of
large do, at 4ic; also, a small lot large and coarse at 3c ;
retail, fair, at 5c for Sows and 6 for Barrows.

J\'ew York Cattle .Market, .March 21.— At market 450
head of Beef Cattle and about 100 Sheep. The demand
for Beef not so good as heretofore, 1st quality 7,50 a 8';
good 6% a 7. fair 6 a 6i. Shijep, Ist qual. 6^ a 7, good oj
a 6; fair 44 a 5. One small lot Wethers, without the
fleece $4 each; one lot of beautiful Sheep from Philad.
at 12ic. per lb. quarters weighing 130 to 150 lbs. Milch
Cows, market is full and sales dull, 25 a 30 and .^5
each ; first quality will bring $40.

296

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Marcli 30, 1S31.

M I S C E L, I^ A N Y.

From Hood's Comic Annual for 1831.

I ' fli NOT A SINGLE MAN.
Well, I confess, I did not guess

A simple marriage vow
Would make me find all womenkind

Such unkind women now !
They need not, sure, as distant be

As Java or Japan, —
Yet ev'ry Miss reminds me this —

I'm not a single man!

One used to stitch a collar then,

Another hemmed a frill ;
I had more purses netted then

Than I could hope to fill.
I once could get a button on.

But now I never can, —
My buttons then were bachelor's —

I'm not a single man !

Ah me, how strange it is the change.

In parlor and in hall.
They treat me so, if I but go

To make a morning call, ,

If they had hair in papers once.

Bolt up the stairs they ran ;
They now sit still in dishabille —

I'm not a single man !

Miss 3Iary Bond was once so fond

Of Romans and of Greeks,
She daily sought my Cabinet,

To study my antiques.
Well, now she doesn't care a dump

For ancient pot or p:in ;
Her taste at once is modernized —

I'm not a single man !

Go where I will, I but intrude,

I'm left in crowded rooms.
Like Zimmerman on Solitude,

Or Ilervey at his Tombs.
From head to heel they make mo feel,

Of quite another clan ;
Compell'd to own though left alone,

I'm not a single man I

'T is hard to see how others fare,

AVhilst I rejected stand, —
Will no one take my arm because

They cannot have my hand ?
Miss Parry, that for some would go

A trip to Hindostan,
With me don't care to mount a stair —

I'm not a single man I

Some change, of course, should be in force.

But, surely not so much —
There may be hands I may not squeez

But must I never touch ?
Must I forbear to hand a chair.

And not pick up a fan ?
But 1 have been myself pick'd up —

I'm not a single man !

Others may hint a lady's tint

Is purest red and white —
May say her eyes are like the skies,

So very blue and bright, —
I must'not say th .t sjie has eyes,

Or if I so began,
I have my fears about my ears, —

I'm not a single man I

General Rapp's Fidelity.— On the day wlien the
news of the decease of the e.\--Emperor reached the
Tuileries, Louis XVllI. was surrounded by a brilliant
Court, all of whom, with the e.\ception of one man,
received the intellipfence with the most unequivocal
si^ns of delight. This man was General Rapp, who
burst into tears. The king perceived and noticed
it. ' Yes, Sire,' answered the General, ' I do weep
for Napoleon; and you will excuse it, for to him I
owe eveiythina: in the world, even the lienor of now
servino- your Bajesty, since it was he that made me
what f am.' The king, in an elevated tone of voice,
replied, 'General, I do but esteem you the more. A
fidelity which thus survives misfortune, proves to
me how securely I may depend on you myself.'

In the Rutland Herald is a story that a ' Bay State
Yankee' smuasled a lot of goods from Canada, safe-
ly, by driving by the Custom House at full speed, at
niglit, and wlien chased by the officer, afler going
tu'o miles, turning and meeting him. The officer
asked if he had seen a man with a load of goods;
ho replied he had, half a mile behind him ; and when
the officer was going one way, the smuggler turned
upon another road, and journeyed at his ease.

.'In Ancient Feoffment. — There is a singular his-
torical fact connected with Sutton, in Bedfordshire.
The valuable manors, advowsons, etc, etc, etc, of
Sutton, and the contiguous and populous parish
(Potton) were conveyed by a deed of gift to Sir Ro-
ger Burgoyne, by the fauious John of Gaunt, Duke
of Lancaster, as a reward for the valor of that war-
like knight : and tlie extensive and valuable domain
has, notwithstanding many intervening revolutions,
remained vested in 'the lieirs of his loin' down to
the present day. The deed of conveyance was
made in tiie following laconic manner :

I. John of Gaunt,

Do give and grant,

Unlo Roger Bursoyne,

And the heirs of bis loin,

Bolb Sutton and Potion,

Until the world 's rotlcn.

byron's epigrams. '

' One,' he says, ' I wrote for the endorsement of
the "Deed of Separation" in 1810; but the lawyers
objected to it as superfluous. It was written as we
were getting up the signing and sealing. *** has
the original.

Endorsement to the Deed of Separation in the April
of 1S16.
A year ago you swore, foml she !

' To love, to honor,' and so lorih :
Such was the vow you pledged to me,
And here's exactly what 'tis worth.
For the anniversary of January 9, 18'21, I have a
small grateful anticipation, which, in case of acci-
dent, I add —

To Penelope, January id, 1821.
ThiM day, of all our d.iys, has done

The wor'-t (or me and you ;
'T is just si3c years since we were one,
Ami- five since we were two.

.In Indignity. — A medical man who has just re-
turned from setting the broken leg of an Arab, gave
the following anecdote :—' The patient,' said the
doctor, 'complained more of the accident which had
befallen him than I tliought becoming one of his
tribe. This I remarked to liini, and his answer was
truly amusing. "Do not think, doctor, I shoidd have
uttered one word of complaint if my own high bred
colt, in a playful kiuK, had bioke both my legs; but
to have a hone broken by a brute of a jackass, is too
bad, and I will complain."' — Sketches of Persia.

Farm for Sale.
A fine opportunity to any person wishing to make im-
provemenis in fai-niing is presented, by the offer for sale,
of one of the best Farms lor this purpose in the State ; sit-
uated 9 nules from this city. A large part of the land is
alluvial soil, may be easily kept draned, and made ex-
ceedingly productive. A further description may be seen
at Ibis office. 3t March 16.

Valuahle and Cheap Land — for Sale.
The subscriber offers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice
Land, situated in the (own of Pinckney, county of Lewis
and state of New York. Some ol the land is improvedi
and under cultivation. The country is remaikably heal-
t.\q, being entirely free horn the fever and ague and from
the common bilious fevers which often afflict the towns
upon Lake Ontario, this town being 18 miles east of the
lake. The soil is principally a sandy loam, much of it
covered with rich black mould. The timber is chiefly
Sunar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &>:.
The land yields first rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Ear-
ley. Potatoes and Flax ; and on some lots, good Wheat
anil Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now ofiers itself.
The pioduce of pasturage and hay from an acre of this
l.Uid, is very large, fully equalling if not sui passing thai
troni the same quanlily of land in any other ol the Black
River townships. The land is admirably well watered,
thcie being out few lots which have not durable running
streams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchard-
ino- — the Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds may be dispo-ed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and payin|
the highest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far^
mcrs at present residing on this town, were originallj
IVom the New England Slates, and some of them froir
Ma»sachuselts, who are in thriving circumstances. Tht
above described land is ottered for sale at the very lovtj
piice of horn two dollars and a half to three dollars pel
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars audi
half to five dollars and a half tor the improved lots. Th«
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from tw(
to five years' credit for payment, in annual insialments
will be given. As a further convenience to purchasers
the subscriber will receive in payment, C'attU', Sheep
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he wil
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land ii
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given ti
purcbaseis. Persons desirous of puicbasing will pleaa
to apply lo the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, count;
of Jefferson, State of New York, or to David Canfield
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

.Immunition ,_£])

Of the best quality and lowest prices, for sporting-
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE
65 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it ma;
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 1

Farm to be let on Halves.
About 30 acres of good land, with house, barn, frui
trees, &c, situated in Roxbury, near the city. Apply a
this office. March 9.

77ic wrong Leg. — Dr Thomas (Bishop of Salisbu-
ry) forgot the day he tvas lo be married, and was
surprised at his servants bringing him a new dress.
A gnat stinging him in the leg, the doctor stooped
and scratched the leg of a gentleman who stood next
to hun.

Published every Wotlnesday Evening, fit ^3 per ann
payable al the end of Ihe year— but those who pay with!
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a de
tluction uffifty cents.

03= No paper will be sent to a distance without paymei
beinn- made in advance.

Pruited for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whor
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet tn
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. I
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. -62 Nolt
Market Street.

AGENTS. ,

A'cM) I'br/t— G.Thorburn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street
Philadelphia- 1). & C Lanoheth, 83 Clinstnul-slreet.
Iltllimoie—0. B. Smith. Editor ol the AmpTican Farmer,
Cincinnali—^. C. Pa iiKHUKST, 23 Lower Market-street.
/l'ijHi/—ll)U. Jesse Huel, .Mhany Nursery.
Fliishivs, N. K. W»i. Prince & SoNS.I'rop. Lin.Bot.Gardci
Harlford—GtMlTiwiH & Co. Booksellers.
Nfu-buryi>orl. Ebenezkr Stedman, Bookseller.
Porlsinoiith, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, M'-.—Saxukj. Colman, Bookseller.
Jliicusta, Mc. Wm. Mann.

hhiiifax, N. S.— P. J. HuLLANP, Esq. Recorder OfBcc.
Montreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller •*

NEW EWGLrAI^D FAM.^iSK.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aciucultural Warehouse. )-T. G. FESSENDE-N, EWTUR.

VOL.. IX.

BOSTOX, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL, 6, 1831.

NO. 38.

3i^aaavS^.f»3^ji:L3»

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

l.ivished lier treasures, as she still does,
fortunate inhabitants of the tropics.
t Whether tlie earth has gfrowu colder in

to tlic

those
Mr Ff.ssende-v— Inthe September number, of portions the least e.xposed to the influence of the
tljc Annales de L' Institut de Fremont, is a verv '"""' °' *''^' "" ^""^ """lerous population has flowed
interesting lecture on fruit trees, by Professor ''^'^'^ '""■""^ ^he equator to«-ards the ))olos, it is at
Poitcau, a translation of which I inclose. It is the legist certain, that it was the inhabitr.nts of those
Bixtcenth of his course on horticulture, in that ad- climates, which are deprived of sufficient heat, who
mirable school, where are assembled, pupils from ; ^'""^ attempted to ameliorate the inilifiercnt or bad
all parts of France, to receive theoretical and prac- I ''™''^' "■'"'^'' ^'^'"- ^^o'^ produced, and to introduce
lical instruction, in every department of garden- j '^^liers, which had been ameliorated, or were ni-
jj,p._ I turally good. Why, indeed, should the people,

who live near the tropics, trouble tiieinselves to ob-
tain by culture, those products of the earth which
natui-e herself lavishes upon them .' Does she
not offer, in profusion. Bananas, Guyavas, Sapota-
Plums, Custard Apples, the fruits of the Palms,
those of the Broad tree and several others, wliich
have sufficed, and will for along time suffice to
support the inhabitants of those fortunate regions .'
Cut it was not the same, with the man who lived
in the temperate and cold climates ; the earth
yielded him nothing without great labor, and wMion-
ever he invaded her vast domains, she seemed
to reproach him, like a step mother, as if it had
not been his country.

Wearied by the rigors of nature, it was then
that the man of the temperate climate began to
dcvelope his august character, and to distinguish
himself from the brute, with v.hom he had con-
tended for his prey ; his genius soared, his con-
ceptions were enlarged, his ideas multiplied and he
combined them ; phenomena, which he had never
observed, attracted attention ; he drew conclusions
from some, conjectured others, and attempted to
imitate them. Soon, becoming master of the se-
crets of nature, he caused the pear tree to divest
itself of thorns and to change the hard and acrid
substance of its fruit, into a rich and succulent-pulp :
he gave the sweetness of Jioney to the biting acid
of grapes, and to the disagreeable sourness of the
cherry; almonds lost their bitterness ; hard, juice-
less and tart peaches, were metamorphosed into
delicious fruit, which charmed the senses of vision,
taste and smell ; finally, man impressed the seal
of his power upon all objects which
him, not only making them administer to his wants
and his pleasures, but changing their habits, their
forms and their natural characters.

You will observe, that of the five works , on
fruit trees, which he recommends to his students,
we have enriched our library with two of the most
valuable, — Duhamel's Traite dcs .Irhres Fniiticrs
and Thouiu's Cours de Culture. The first is not
only tlje very best, but the most superb work ever
published on Fruit Trees. In Europe it is con-
sidered indispensable in the libraries of all insti-
tutions, which have been founded for the diffusion
of intelligence in the various branches of rural
economy ; and every gentleman, who has a taste
foe useful or ornamental planting, and is able to
own that splendid monument of Pomona, is am-
bitious to make the acquisition. As it is expen-
sive, costing in Paris about two hundred and fifty
dollars, but few copies have reached this country.
I know of only two others, besides that which we
received last autumn. It is itself a fruit library :
such a learned, and magnificent publication ,-^
gives lustre to a nation and establishes an epoch
in its history.

The .Manuel Complet du Jarrlinier by M. L. Noi-
sette, the Cours theoriquc tt Pradique dc la iaillt
des Arhres fruiitcrs by Dalbret, and the Pomone
Francaise, by the Comte Lelieur, would render
our collection of French publications, on fruit
trees, quite perfect, and I hope we shall obtain
them before ne.xt autumn.
Very respectfully.

Your most obedient servant,

H. A. S. DEARBORN.

Brinley PI nee,
Slarcll ii, IlNiO.

,j EXTRACT NO. XXXIII.
From llie .■\nnales L'liistitut Royale llorticole de Fromont.
GENERAL A.XD HISTORICAL RE.MARKS ON FRCIT
TREES.
By Professor Poiteau.

. From considerations on the structure, power
and use of our organs, and reflections on the
march and gradual progress of the human mind,
philosophers and naturalists have, for a long time,
been induced to think, that the primitive race of
men had no other nourishment, than the simple
fruits, which nature presented ; and that their
first study was directed, to the amelioration and
multiplication of those, which were the most
agreeable.

This opinion, so universally entertained, and to
which no one can urge an objection, places the
culture of fruit trees, not only at the head of all
cultures, but of all human inventions. This cul-
ture, it is true, must have been very imperfect dur-
ing many ages, for, probably, the cradle of the hu

All these wonders could only be effected in a
temperate climate ; that is to say, in one, not siiSi-
ciently warm, for nature to produce spontaneously,
all that is necessary, for the support of man, nor
so cold, as to prevent the complete development
of all his physical and intellectual faculties.

Indeed, the inhabitant of the tropics, yielding
to the sole imperious wants of nature, — to live

ment of his organs ; and with imperfect organs, he
cannot act or think, but in an imperfect manner.

The inhabitant of the temperate zones, who is
as well organized as those of the tropics, contains
within himself the germ of genius, and of all the
intellectual foculties ; but the earth ouly presents
him acorns, brambles and thorns. Nevertheless,
obliged to procure the means of subsistence, he
constantly directs his attention towards those ob-
jects, which can satisfy his hunger, and labors
with his hands, to execute whatever his reason had
suggested. These various operations enlarge his
memory, favorable and unfortunate experiments
are recollected, and he learns to do better. He
ascertains what fruits are preferable; he gives
them his exclusive attention, and has the pleasure
of seeing them ameliorate under his fostering cares.
Such discoveries, after the experience of several
generations, enlighten his mind, and give him the
first idea of the dignity of his character, and re-
veal to him the fact, that he alone, can rival na-
ture.

So long as cultivation was in its infancy, the
good fruits, which it had produced, existed no long-
er than the original trees which bore them, after
the death of which, they disappeared forever ; for
although the origin of the art of budding, grafting,
and the propai'ation by layers, is lo>t in the highest
antiquity, it is certain, that fruit trees had long
been cultivated, before an attempt was made to
cause one of their branches to take root, and a
still long^r-timi bof >i-e nature was imitated in tho
operation of grafting by approach, — the only kind
of grafting of which she has given us an example.
But it is most true that the period is very distant,
when some parts of culture and of vegetable phy-
siology had been carried to a certain point of per-
fection, for the art of budding has been known, at
least, since tlic age of Hesiod, or for nearly three
thousand years. This mode of grafting is not an
imitation of nature, but the result of reason. Now
he, who knew how to reason so far, as to obtain
by budding, the same result, as from grafting by
approach, must have been as well acquainted with
vegetable physiology as we are, or as those who
surrounded I ''^^'® preceded us, during the last thirty centuries.
Besides, it is not astonishing, that in very dis-
tant ages, the culture of fruit trees, and of cereal
plants, should have been carried to a very hio-h
degree of perfection ; for ,they have, during all
time, been the source of real wealth, and the most
legitimate means of prosperity ; they aflbrd salu-
tary exercise, and infinitely varied pleasures, which
very far from being injurious to the constitution,
like many others, they embellish the career, and
fill up the leisure hours of life.

Even after the mind cf man had directed his
tastes towards other ol)jects, in the acquisition of

and reproduce, has never invoked the assistance riches, wise kings, and enlightened princes, ever

of genius, nor of that e.xtensive power of ratioci-
nation, which it demands ; but he has continued to
vegetate in a state, but little elevated above the
brute, because he is wanting in that stimulant, so
necessary for the development of his intelligence.
On the other hand, the inhabitant of the frigid
zones, discouraged by nature, is indeed very sen-
sible of his numerous wants, but the austerity of

man race was under the torrid zone, where nature 1 his climate ii constantly opposed to a full develop-

convinced of the value of agriculture, ceased not
to encourage the people, and to direct their atten-
tion, to the practice of that art ; and they did not
disdain to trace, with their own hand, its precepts
and its laws. Were not the greatest men of Rome,
alternately, cultivators of the soil and warriors ?
It was at the plough, and in the midst of their
fields that they were sought, to be placed at the
head of armies, to be elevated as Consuls, or

298

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

April 6, 1S3I,

proclaimed as Dictators ; and when these demi-
gods had saved their country, or conquered its
enemies, they abdicated their di!.'nities, and re-
sitriied the fasces, to assume the implements of
husbandry.

Still, the false and haughty pride, of the inhabi-
tants of cities, indnced them to regard agriculture,
as alow occupation, and unworthy of a man of merit ;
this caused it to be forgotten that the cultivation
of the earth is the most difficult of the arts, tliat
it embraces the greatest number of departments,
and above all, that it is the first column in political
economy. It is to this false pride, which is most
assuredly attributable, the mutual contempt that [
exists between the self-sufficient cit, and the honest
farmer. But notwithstanding this reciprocal dis-
dain, the intelligent always honor agriculture, as I
the most useful of professions and the cultivatiors
of the earth as the most essential class of the em-
pire.

Like all branches of human knowledge, agri-
culture has gained, but more often lost by the rev-
olutions of nations: according to circumstances,
one brancli of culture has been proscribed and an-
other encouraged. Thus during the disastrous
years of tlio revolution of 17S9, it was, if not
more useful, at least more safe, for the tranquillity
of the cultivator, to cover his land with potatoes,
than to enrich it, with new foreign plants ; conse-
quently, almost all the nursery-men of Vitry, were
obliged to destroy their young plantations of trees
and shrubs, and devote themselves to other branch-
es of industry. Almost all the embellished gardens
were destroyed, and several good fruits have disap-
peared forever, because engrafting had ceased,
during the convulsions to which France was sub-
jected. , ,

It is probable that very similar revolutions in-
duced Pliny to complain, in his time, that the fruits,
which were described by ancient authors, \v?re
no longer known, and that even their names were
forgotten ; it is, at least probable, that several of
tliose fruits disappeared, and that others are no
longer recognised, because they were not methodi-
cally described. In fact, it is the want of method,
in the descriptions of tlie ancients, which prevents
us from recognising, with certainty, but very few
of the plants which they hive enumerated. It is
the same in relation to most of the agricultural
and horticultural operations described by the an-
cients ; we may perfectly understand their theory,
hut are rarely able to put their precepts in prac-
tice, if we have not already seen it done, or if we
have not acquired ourselves, a certain knowledge
of the process, from long experience as cultivators.
Cato, Varro, Cokimella, Virgil and his elegant
translator, the Abbe Dclille, have described bud-
ding ; still I defy any one to perform that opera-
tion, if he is only guided by the authors which I
have named.

When mankind had ascertained that tlie cereal
grains contained a greater quantity of nutritive
matter than the fruits of trees, they covered their
fields with them and made them the staple article
of their nourishment. Then I say we saw reestablish-
ed between man and fruit trees, which having shed
their thorns, when he laid aside, his rudeness, and
having assumed a much more agreeable form, and
diffused through their fruits a much sweeter juice,
fs man advanced with greater strides towards civ-
ilization ; the- I say, we saw reestabllished the
n.ncient relation which first existed between them
aiad him ; necessarily attached toliis fortunes, they

embellished his dwelling, charmed his leisure hours,
off'ered him the refreshing protoctionof their shade,
pleased his eye with their delicate and never tiring
verdure, embalmed and perfumed, in emulation, the
air which he breathed, and paid him, every autumn,
a rich tribute of gratitude, for the care they had
received from him, in their infancy.

Such, without doubt, is the origin of gardens,
and from whence arose a new source of brilliant
discoveries, of learned theories and of fortunate
experiments, whose admirable effects were real-
ized, in the culture of the fields. Soon that natur-
al charm, whicli induces us to love trees, the in-
numerable pleasures which they afford, and the de-
lightful sensations which they occasion, elevated
horticulture to a very high degree of perfection ;
gardens became the centre of voluptuousness, and
the symbol of the opolence and magnificence of
their proprietors. The garden of the llesperides
and those of Scmiramis excited the admiration of
the world. Diocletian preferred those which he
had establislied at Solona, to the empire of the
world. Epicurus created the first in Athens, and
taught the art, says Pliny, of enjoying the country
in the middle of cities.

I shall not undertake to unfold to you, the his-
tory, the character and the various forms of an-
cient and modern gardens, and the rules which are
followed in the composition of the last, in which
art is the more perfect in proportion as it approxi-
mates to nature. It is a task which the director
of the Institut Ilorticole has reserved to himself.
I will proceed then, in conformity to the plan which
has been prescribed for me, and confine myself to
that department which relates to Fruit Trees.

The author, beyimd whom it is useless to as-
cend, to seek the first principles, on the education
and management of fruit trees, is the celebrated
La Quintinye, tlie creator of the esculent garden
of Versailles. That author is justly entitled to oc-
cupy a distinguished place among the great men
who have rendered the age of Louis XIV. ever mem-
orable ; it was he who reduced horticulture to a
true science ; lie was the first, in modern times,
who had made known its extent and importance,
who had collected and arranged all its parts, and
who had established its precepts and its laws. It
was more especially by the education, pruning and
general management of fruit trees, that La Quin-
tinye acquired a European reputation ; he based
the pruning of fruit trees upon principles, which
were universally adopted, except by the inhabi-
tants of Montreiiil, who still manage tlieir peach
trees, as formerly, or principles opposed to those
of La Quintinye, and which they received from
Girardat, a chevalier of Saint-Louis, who, after
having dissipated his fortune in the service of the
king, retired to a little fief of ten acres, which he
hold at Bagnolct, wliere he gained another fortune
by cultivating and selling peaches. It is reported,
that for a feast given by the city of Paris, Girardat
furnished three thousand peaches, for which he
received three francs apiece.

La Quintinye was certainly a superior man, for
the age in which he lived. His work, printed in
1680, contains many excellent remarks; but since
that epoch, the sciences have made great progress,
and it is now generally conceded, that the manage-
ment of fruit trees, the physics, and the physiology
of that author, were erroneous, and that tlie prin-
ciples taught by Girardat, although susceptible of
i great improvement were preferable to those of
La Quintinye.

After La Quintinye, but few cultivators ac-
quired a merited reputation, until the immortal
Duhamel Dumonceau appeared, who has justly ac-
quired the great name, of ' The Father of Agri-
culture.' He was born in Paris, in 1700, was ad-
mitted a member of the Academic des Sciences at
the age of twentyeight years, and terminated
his glorious career in the eightysecond year of
his age. No other citizen ever more constantly
devoted his labors for the public good, and but few-
writers have been as industrious, as that illustrious
academician ; enumerate his works, said Cordorcet,
and they present a picture of the services which
he rendered to agriculture, horticulture, the arts,
the sciences, manufactures, navigation and what-
ever contributes to the prosperity and happiness
of the human race. His Treatise on Fruit Trees,
is a fundamental work and absolutely necessary
for all those, who are desirous of obtaining a know-
ledge of fruits and the mode of cultivating tliem, —
whether they wish to make them an object of spec-
ulation, or merely a source of pleasure.

But this work having become extremely rare,.
II. Turpin and myself commenced the publica-
tion of a new edition in grand folio, and which
contains four hundred and forty fruits, which we
copied from nature, of the actual size, and en-
graved' and colored. We have attempted' to
render this edition as complete as possible, not on-
ly as respects the science which has much advan-
ced since the time of Duhamel, hut in the per-
fection of the engravings, and we venture to be-
lieve, that our work is at the height of actual
knowledge.

In 1816, M. Le Comte Lelieur de Ville-sur
Arce, then the administrator of the Royal Parks
and Gardens, published the first volume of Po-
mone Francaise, without engravings, in which he
treats of the Vine, and the Peach, witli a remark-
able superiority ; it is a work within your means,
and which I recommend to your perusal. It is to
bo much regretted, that the retirement of M. Le
Comte Lelieur has not permitted him to continue
his labor by writing a treatise on the other kinds
of fruit trees, in the same manner, he has done,
on the Vine and Peach.

Since the publication of M. Le Comte Lelieur's
work there have appeared three others, which I
also recommend to you ; the first is the Manuel
Complel du Jardinier by M. L. Noisette, in four
volumes, 8vo, published in 1825 ; you will find
in it the culture, multiplication, nomenclature, and
short descriptions of all the various fruit trees.
This work which is very good and very useful,
would have been still better, if M. Noisette had
personally superintended its execution, and not
confided it to a gentleman, who was a stranger to
culture.

The second is the Cours de Culture, by M. A.
Thouin, in 3 vols. 8vo, and a volume of plates,
which was published in 1827 : you may well think
it is an excellent work, when it takes the place of
several others ; but the price is rather too high
for mere pupils, who will be unable to purchase
it. The third is the Cours theorique et Practi-
que de la taille des Arhres Fruiliers, by M. Dalbret,
in one volume, 8vo. The author is a very able
practitioner, and a good observer, who furnishes
the results of his long experience.

There still exist many other works upon fruit
trees, of which I shall not speak, because the best .
among them, contain nothing valuable 'which you
will not find in those which I have named, and

Vol. IX.— No. 3S.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

299

that the otiiers are but extracts, or compilations,
more likely to mislead, than to direct you, properly,
in your studies. When you possess the Pomone of
M. Leliinir, the Manuel of M. Noisette and the
Coins lie la lailk des Arbres of M. Dalhret, you
will be enabled to learn all that is best known
upon fruit trees. If at some future period, you may
desire to see a large number of fruits, sufficiently
well delineated, you will examine tlie Tmile des
Arbres Fruitiers, which M. Turpin and myself have
published.

will be known that they are governed by a queen,
whether their form of government is n nionnrchy,
a republic or any other, in use ninorig iiKiukiiiil.

John U. Tuii.neu.
Scituate, March -ICM, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.
BEES.

Mr EniTOR — A writer in your last paper over
the siguatiiro of ' .4 Counlnjman' makes several
inquiries about Bees ami Bee-hives. Altliongli I
am un ible to answer his iiKpiiries positively, yet
what litt'e I have experienced in the mana^'ement
of bees, may be of some use to him and other
'novices' (as he calls himself) in the business.

Having been much troubled with the bee niolh
iu the oil! fashioneil hives in the spring of 1829, 1 |)ut
a swarm iiilo a hive madeoxdcily from the descrip-
tion of Mrs Griffith's hive ill Thachei's Treatise,
page 9.3. As the dimensions there yiven make
a large hive, and the season was unfavorable for
honey they did not quite fill the hive, and were
let into the box. The last season, I put two
swarms more into the same kind of hive. The
season |)roving favoralile, about the first of Au-
gust, I opened the holes in the three hives and
let the bees pass up into the boxes. After
my bees had done collecting honey in the fall,
I took ort" the boxes, ami had sixty pounds of
pure honey and white comb in the three, entirely
free from bee bread, young bees, or any other
ini.xture. This being good toll, and not being
able by the most careful examination to discover
any appearance of moths at anytime in hives of
that construction, I am very decided iu favor of
Wrs Griffith's hive. Some time in April, I lowered
the bottom of the hive about half an inch, and
kept it open until cold weather in the fall, ex-
cept some cold stormy weather. This gave
the bees a free passage on all except the hinge
side.

Now whether ' the first made honey is free from
bee bread and young bees,' I do not know, but / do
know that my honey from the boxes was ; and as
the bee bread and young bees must be somewhere,
I su]ipofe it and they might be found among
the first made honey, or rather in the first made
comb. And whether all or any of the numerous
plans for an Apiary, will prevent the moth from
intruding, I am not able to say ; but I believe that
the smoothness of theiuside of Mrs Griffitli's hive,
and the shape of the lower part are a sufficient
security against their depredations.

I am somewhat sceptical as to the various
theories men liave adopted respecting the govern-
ment, laws, &c, of bees ; more especially as al-
most every writer I have read has a scheme of
his own, and condemns alb others. I have at-
tempted, by glass in the hives with a shutter, to
see them at work, but with little success. They
have generally, with me, covered the inside of the
glass with something to prevent my seeing. One
thing is certain, whoever undertakes to jiry into
their concerns too closely, will soon to his cost
learn, that they are capable of turning his atten-
tion from themselves to his own bodily feelings ;
and I very much doubt whether it is now, or ever

WILD KICE.

Mr Russell — In your paper of 16tli inst. some
imiiiiry is made relative to the Canadian or It'ild
Rice (Zixania aqnatica) called also FoUe avoine, and
.Menomene. 1 send you herewith a package of
this seed. It was ^iven to me by my friend .Mr
James Ronahlson, of I'hiladidphia, who ])rocureil
it from the IMeiiomene Indians, nuw, or lately, at
Washington. Tbcy stateil to .Mr R. that it grows
always on muddy bottoms of rivers or ponds,
where the water is shallow and does not run rapid.
1 find that the seed is much larger than the Ziz-
ania miliacea which is abundant in this neighbor-
hood, and grows in similar situations, — and which
fattens our ' Reed or Rice birds' (Emberiza on/zivoraj
until they equal or excel the famous Ortolans of
Europe. Yours, tndy,

R. CARR.

BarlramBot. Gar. March 27, ISSl.

{Cf' Ti\e seed of the Wild Rice described above,
is ivceived. In order to carry Col. Can's [)atriotic
intentions into efiect, we shall distribute it among
such of the subscribersof the New England Farm-
er as will apply for it. As the (luantily of seed is
necessarily small, and we wish to give it as wide
a diffusion as possible, applicants must be modest
in their e.xjiectations.

! through the New England Farmer, the most effect-
ual way to exterminate 1'rom our soil, that dread-
ful stuff usually called ticilchgrass — also what kind
of a plaster is most suitable to apply to the wounds
of apple trees caused by priming.

A SlllSCRIBER.

Hampton Falls, .V. H. March 2S, 1831.

MAJ. LONG'S GRAPE.

Mr Fesse.nden — In your number of the 9th
of March, a writer over the .signature M. inquires
' whether the Grape mentioned by Major Long,
in his Journal of the Expedition to the Rocky
Mountain, has yet been introduced or cultivated
by any one.' 1 have the pleasure of informing
you. Sir, that I have a number of plants growinj;
from the se^ds of these grapes, wdiicb were brought
for me, by my cousin, Dr Thomas Say, who ac-
companied Major Long on this expedition. They
have not yet borne fruit, but it is very jirobable
that they will produce some this year,. — when I
shall have the pleasure of forwarding you a sam-
ple of them.

Very resj)ectfully,

I remain your obedient servant.

ROBERT CARR.

Barlram Bntanic Garden, )
fhiladelphia, March -26. i

BREEDS OF CATTLE.

Mr Fesse.nden — 'A Rustic and the public
generally' are advised not to receive as good au-
thorihj the communication from Colon cs.

' A Rustic' for the information he wishes is re-
ferred to the difl^'rent and many able communica-
tion anil reports of Committees of different Agri-
cultural societies, published in the New England
Farmer, from the 1st to the 9th volume, upon Cat-
tle and Cows.

Also to the 5th vol. p. 332, for Cows of Swit-
zerland ; to the 7th vol. p. 28-5, for Cows of Lap-
land ; to the 3d vol. p. 58, for measure of milk in
Pennsylvania ; to the 9th vol. p. 230, for Chinese
Cow. W.

East Windsor, Con. March 15.

QUERIES.
Mr Fessenden — Will yon or some of your
correspondents have the goodness to inform ma

Fruin the Genesee Fanner.

CARROTS.

Messrs Editors — In Numl)er 6 of your |)aper, I
noticed an article on Cairo/*, in which that vegeta-
ble is strimgly recommenih'd as a cheap, whole-
some, and iuvigiu-ating food liu" horses, &c. Now,
sirs, altliough 1 am neither an Agriculturist nor Ilor-
ticultiiiist, anil not much of a Hoise-ologist, yet
having, as 1 conceive, thoroughly tested the proper-
ties of carrots, as an article of food for horses, I
beg leave to communicate the result of that test
through the medium of your iiilercstiiig Juiirnal.

Ill tlie summer of 1829, I became pussessed of
two horses, that were so lean and ungainly in their
appearance, that they would have caiiscil Rozin-
ante, to blush for the degeneracy of his race. A
neighbor of mine advised me to feed them on car-
rots : I did so — and their rajiid regeneration equal-
led my most sanguine e.xpectation. I continued
this diet until they were in what is called good
order, when having occasion to travel about lour
hundred miles, 1 resolved to ride one of the horses
and have the other put to work. Before I got to
tny journey's end, however, I found that the horse
on which I rode was losing flesh faster than he
before bad gained it, for w liicli I was at a loss to as-
sign any adequate reason ; I finally concluded,
however, that he was unwell, llavinu wilb much
difficulty rode him home, I was surprised to find
the horse which had been worked, poorer, if pos-
sible, than the ' bonny steed' which I bestrode —
the former having been fed entirely on carrots. I
communicated the circumstance to a gentleman
in the neighborhood, who had been a drover for
a number of years, thinking that he might proba-
bly account for the phenomena. From biin I
learned, that whenever he became possessed of a
poor horse, he immediately dieted him on carrots,
mixing wilb them a little oat or corn meal ; or else,
after fattening them on carrots alone, he always
fed tliem on meal, for two weeks, or more, before
driving or working them ; because, from the rapid-
ity with whii-li they acquire flesh, when fed on this
esculent, their flesh is not solid. This I subse-
quently found to be the case.

As you truly observe, horses will fatten quicker
on carrots than on any other diet, but I would re-
commend that they should be chopped fine, and
mixed with meal, as their flesh, when fattened iu
this manner, will be much more firm and durable.

Rochester, Feb. 21, 1831. Momus.

Another warmxg to Dru.vkards. — On Mon-
day morning last, a man wa.s found in a saw mill
in the easterly part of this town, with both legs
frozen to the knees, and his arms to the shoul-
ders. It is supposed that in a fit of intoxication
he took up his lodgings there on the Saturday
night previous, and was unable to get out on the
Sabbath in consequence of the frozen state of his
limbs. He was found on Monday morning by the
owner of the mill, with a jug of spirits by his
side. It is not expected that he will survive, or
if he does it will be with the loss of his limbs. —
Taunton Sun.

300

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

April 6, 1S31.

ii la- :ii a vS '^ :i» a w ji ID a

MASS.

REPORTS

OF THE

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN 1830.

Continued from page :i93.
D F. 5 T R (» Y N Q BEE MOTH.

10. Ml- John Stone, of Sudbui-y, in iMidJlesex,
has made knowi: his method ot" securing liis bee-
hives from the hee-motli. The committee re-
commend llie publication of this stiitemeiit, con-
siderino; every hint on this suliject as worthy of
notice; but as the same in substance has been re-
conimeiuled by others, they do not tliink it merits
the premium.

I, John Stone, of Sudbury, in the county of
Middlesex, and Commonwealth of Massachusetts,
do testify and say, that I have kept bees, for the
term of ten years hist past ; that fur several j'ears
my bees were much injured by the, beemotii, so cal-
led ; I lost two hives of bees, whicli were wliolly
destroyed by them ; every beo was killed and all
the honey and comb consumed, and the hive filled
with web. In the spring; of 1824 or lS2o, about
the first of April, I raised my hives about g of an
inch, by putting a small block of that thickness
under each corner of the hive ; immediately the
bees commenced the work of destruction upon
the moth-worm, and entirely cleared the hives of
them. I have followed the practice ever since
and have never received any injury from the bee-
moth, the worm having been invariably destroyed
by the bees, and brought out of the hives. The
hives have remained in this situation till the month
of October, when I have taken away the blocks
and let them down. Joh.v Stone.

EXTIRPATING BORER.

11. Mr David Prouty, of Hanover, Plymouth
County, has sent a letter to the Trustees, dated Oct.
19, 1S30, on the subject of the Apple Borer, which
the committee advise to have published with this
report. They fear, however, that no effectual
remedy has yet been formed toextirjiate this most
mischievous worjii. They invite further attcmiUs
to destroy this enemy of our favorite fruit tree.
Resi)ectfully submitted,

P. C. Brooks, Chairman.
To the Trustees of tlie Mass.icliiisetts Agricultural Society.

Gentlemen — The cheapest and most effectu-
al mode of extirpating the Borer that attacks the
apple tree, which litis come to my knowledge is
the application of sharp, coarse gravel, applied as
follows : viz. dig off the^turf about 4 inches deep,
G inches to a foot from the tree ; spread about
hah a common cart-load of the afore described
gravel, so as to come in close contact with the
tree — ^this article the borer dislikes, and immedi-
ately makes his escape ; — this has been entirely
and completely successful in my orchards for
three years past ; it may have been tried by others,
but I have seen no account of it. I would re-
conitiiend a general trial the ensuing year, having
the fullest confidence in its entire siicce.ss.
Very resjiectfully.

Your most obedient and humble servant,
Daniel PaouTr.

Etancvcr, Oct. 19, 1830.

ON Tin: BEST CULriVATED FARMS.

The Committee appointed by the Trustees to
e.isainine and consider the claims for premiums for
the best cultivated Farms, submit the following
Report.

The Committee have been disappointed to find
only two applications for premiums, for the best cul-
tivated Farms. They fiatter themselves, however,
tlnitlliis has not ha|ipeiiod through any iniiiflerencc
to the subject, among our intelligent and respecta-
ble f irtners, but to its novelty, and their not receiv-
ing notice in season to comply with the conditions
pre.scribed. They are the more confirmed in this
opinion, from finding that one 6f the applicants
states, that he received information that such a
premium was offered, only two ilays before he
made out his statement on the IStli of October.

The public will perceive, that the Trustees have
appropriated a considerable portion of their income
to this object. It was done after much considera-
tion, and a full iicrsiiasion that it would prove
useful. The only doulit they have ever enter-
tained of its expediency aros^, from the districi,
over which the societj' extends, being so large that
it would not be prticticable for the Trustees, per-
sonally, to visit and inspect the farms of the a[)-
plicants. In this respect, the local or county soci-
eties have a great advantage over ours. They
ctiii inspect the farm of every applica^it, and ver-
ify or disprove his statements with their own eyes.
Premiums for this object have been granted by
some, if not all of these societies, for sevei'al years
past, and in the judgment of your committee,
are among the most [irofltable to the public that
can be pro[)osed.

To remeily these disadvantages on the part of
this society, as far as possible, the Trustees accom-
panied their ofler of premiums, with a require-
ment of a full and particular statement by every
applicant, of the luirtiber of acres in his fiu'm,
the quality of the soil, the proportion of tillage,
mowing, and pasture, his manner of making ma-
nure, the quantity and manner of using it, tlie
rotation of crops he found most successful, and
the quantities of those crops, and other particulars
specified in their pulilication, in January last, au-
nounciug the premiums they proposed to give.
These statements, it was intendeil, should, like
sjiecifications annexed to patents for manufactures,
be so full and particular, as to enable any intelli-!
gent farmer who should read them, to adopt the i
whole, or so much as he thought applicable to any i
of them, in the management of his own farm, i
Applications, it was expected, v.'ould be numerous, |
and the statements accompanying them, when
jinblished, it was thought would impart to agricul-
turists information adapted to their case, and on
which they might with safety rely. By these they
might learn the opinions and practice of skilful
and practical farmers, who cultivated the same
kind of sqil, and paid like prices for itibor with
themselves. The high character of our respecta-
ble farmers for veracity and fairness, was consid-
ered a sufiicient pledge against any intentional mis-
representations or misstatements ; and if it should
happen that some of the statements should be a
little exaggerated, it was thought the evil could
not be great ; since at worst it would be the state-
ment of a good farmer of what he considered the
best way of cultivating such land, or perhaps a
slight exaggeration of his crop. Even this might
be more safely trusted, and be more useful, than
a mere tlieorotical essay of an inexperienced man.

The Trustees were sensible, that in requiring
this ))articular statement from applicants, they im-
liosed on men some care and trouble, but it was
believed they would not be unwilling to submit to
a necessary degree of both, for the benefit of thei'

brethren ; and that they might also justly feel
some gratification in exhibiting to the iitiblic the
way and means by which they successfully pur-
sued the most honorable and useful calling of a
citizen. They intended, moreover, by the liberal
premiums they ofi'ered, to bestow a bounty on
the successful candidates.

These are some of the motives and views which
influenced the Trustees in establishing iiremiums
for the best cultivated farms ; and tiiey still cher»
ish the expectation that a generous competition
for them in future years, will render them a suc-
cessful means of conveying practical information
founded on actual experiments, to the agriculturists
of our countiy.

Mr E. Ware who for several years past has been
tenant of a farm in Salem, belonging to the heirs
of the late Col. Pickinan, has claimed a premi-
um fir this farm. By his statement, wiiich will
be published, it appears that the farm contains
428 acres, ofwhich 300 are rocky and broken land
and used as a pasture ; 63 are English mowing,
44 salt marsh and meadow, and 21 tillage.

This farm is situate near a market town, Sa-
lem ; and the principal object of the tenant is to
produce milk to supply that market. He appears,
also, to derive a considerable profit from apples.
He enjoys, moreover, the advantage of purchas-
ing mtinure when needed ; and what is better, of
making it from eeigrass, kelp, aiid rockweed,
which he gathers from the beach, and the former,
eeigrass, jiuts into his hogpen and cowyard,and the
latter spreads green on his grass laud. Bog mud
he likewise carts into his barnyard, and mixes with
other manure.

Mr Ware has not given so particular an account
of his rotation of crops as could be wished, but
as his pur|.<ose was to keep as many cows as his
farm would support, it is to be presumed he kept
his land up no longer than was necessary to sub-
tlue, mellow, and renovate it.

His potatoes were principally raised on land
newly broken up, on which manure, at the rate
of eight or ten cords to the acre, taken from the
barnyard, and composed of litter and deposits of
the cattle, was spread and ploughed under the sod.
He st:ites that he has found fresh orlonnr manure
best for corn and potatoes, and the old and rotten
fi'.r small vegetables, especially t.ip rooted articles.
This, it is believed, is no new or uncommon
opinion. Mr Ware also, says, that he never puts
manure of any kind on his land the year he sows
with small grain, that he usually lays it down with
barley in the spring, and that he has often been
successful in taking oft" a crop of early potatoes in
the fall, and sowing grass seed aloueupou the land
llie same year. The crop must be gathered ear-
ly, to render this advisable. His practice, he says
has been to sow a peck and a half of herdsgrass,
tiiul three jiccks of redtoji to the acre. These
ipiantities, wo believe, are greater than are usual-
ly sown, but his crop of grass, nearly two tons to
the acre, for more than sixty acres together, seems
to prove tint the seed was not tui|)rofit;ibly expen-
ded. In many parts of the state, it is to be fear-
ed, farmers suflijr from being loo sparing of their
seed.

It is worthy of remark, that it is the opinion of
Mr Ware, founded on considerable experience,
that Indian corn derives no support to the stalks,
nor any other advantage from hilling, and that the
roots will be better nourished, and the corn less
likely to be injured by the drought or wind, where ■

Vol. IX.— Nn. 38.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

301

the laiiil lies nearly flat, tlinn where it is drawn
up around the stalks in a high hill.

The statement shows that this tUrni 1ms been
cultivated with judgment, economy, and skill, in
hushandry ; and this impression, we think, its
appi'aranco would make on any agricidturist who
sliould hap|)!;n to jiass by it. The barns are large, |
but one ol' ihem is on a model for saving and pre-
aerviug mamne and vegetables for the nse of the
glork in the winter, which might be adopted with ,
sdvautage in smaller buililings. The crops of the
last vear taken together were large, and it is be-
lieved few, if any, farms in IMassachusetls will be
found to have yielded a greater profit to the culti-
vator. The expense for labor, it will be seen,
was small in proportion to the work done. His
fifty cows, averaged 277 gallons of milk for the
season, which was the principal, and probably the j
most profitable, product of the farm. I

As the milk was sent to njarket instead of being-
Oianufactnreil into butter and cheese on the farm,
m account of the management of it possibly may j
not be so generally useful to agriculturists, as a
like intelligent account of the management of a
jairy farm might prove. We think, however, the
manner in which Mr Ware has cnhivated this
farm, and the great product he has obtained, which
s among the tests of skill'nl husbandry, deserve
jreat commendation and entitle him to a premium.
The conunittee think it also deserving of spec-
al notice, that 5Ir Ware carried on this extensive
iarm in the neighborhood of a great market town,
without the use of ardent spirits, except for medi-
cal purposes. It appears that the laborers were
5Up|)lie<l freely with family beer, molasses and
«mter, and ciiler with their food, and nothing more.
This practice the committee consider a saving of
BXpensc to the farmer, and health to the laborer ;
wid alihough not very uncommon at this day,
it is on a large scale and highly creditable to the
larties, and it is hoped will serve to em-om-age otli-
rs to imitate their example. The committee rcc-
jmmend that a premimn of .$75 be awarded to
Mr Ware, for the skilful and suci'essful manner
n which he has cultivated his farm.

A claim has also been made by Jonathan Alien,
Esq. of Pitisfield, in the county of Berkshire, for a
iremiuni for his valuable farm in that town. The
'arm contains 250 acres, and appears to be improv-
id priiicij)ally as a Sheep Farm. It is washed on
me side by the Housatonic, which aimually over-
lows a tract of 40 acres of meadow, bordering on
t, and leaves a deposit on the land that rejidors
iny further manure or dressing unnecessary. From
his tract, if Mr Allen is not mistaken in his esti-
nale, he; gathers annually from eighty to ninety
:ons, better than two tons and a quarter to an acre, !
)f the best of English hay. A young orchard of
ibout eighteen acres, and about i5ve acres more
jf the upland, are laid down to grass, for hay :
;he rest of the Iarm is pastured and tilled alter-
nately.

The rotation of crops he has usually practised,
las been wheat or rye the first year, Indian corn
)r potatoes the second, and the third, to lay the
and down with oats, or some other spring grain,
ind herdsgrass and clover. His practice is to sou-
bur quarts of each, but it is to be observed that it
s for pasture, if that ought to make any difference
II the quantity. lie lays down in this manner
ibnut ten a?res annually.

Mr Allen informs us that he has tiied different
■easons and ways of sowing grass seed, viz. — in

the fall with rye, and alone in October after taking
oft' a crop of corn, and upon the snow covering
wheat or rye, and in the spring with oats or other
spring grain, and that he is satisfied the last is the
best time and way of sowing- it. He observes
that he made several experiments of sowing grass
seed alone in the fiill, but always found that the'
grass did not get to maturity the next season.

We are informed that a committee of the Agri- j
cultural Society of that county, judged that as |
many as three or four acres, out of cloven acres j
of corn planted by him this year, -would yield as i
much as 90 bushels to the acre, and awarded him
a premium for it. The land on -which this crop
was raised was broken up the same year, having
been manured on the grass for three or four years
before, and was dunged in the hill with manure
from the hogpen, w-hen it was planted. Mr Allen
has not stated the quantities of manure used by
him in any case, and as to most of his crops has
given us only an estimate of their amount. This
omission, we suppose, may be owing to his not re-
ceiving the notification of the Trustees offering
this premium, and prescribing the particular infor-
mation that must acccompany his application, until
his m".nurc had been applied and most of his crops
gathered. The first notice he received, he say>:,
was only two days before he made out his state-
ment, viz. the lOth of October.

The committee much regret this acciilent, but
they consider that the utility of the premiums of
farms will essentially depend on their obtaining
from the applicants a precise specification of their
whole process of carrying them on, and of the
crops they yielded ; and that from the want of this
particularity in Mr Allen's statement, the Trustees
would not be justified in awarding him a premium.
William Prescot, Chairman.
To be continued.

Rail Roads. — The Baltimore American remarks,
that the country people in that part of the State,
who are in the habit of employing a driver and a
team of five or six horses in sending a wagon
load of sixteen barrels of flour to market, at the
rate of about twenty miles a day over the best
turnpike roads, will perhaps be .-i little surprised
when informed that on the railroad, last week
loads of seventyfive barrels of flour were repeat-
edly brought I>om Ellicott's mills to Baliirnore, by
a single horse only. Tlie distance was travelled
with ease in tu-o hours, being at the rate of six
and a half miles an hour. JMuch greater loads
than these have been heretofore draw-n by one
honse, but the fact we have just stated will never-
theless be deemed sufficiently striking to illustrate
the utility and value of rail-roads and the case,
cheapness, rajiidity and certainty with which com-
modities may be transported on them, either to or
from market.

N'tw Hampshire Temperance Society, formed
1S28, has 94 Societies and 4,279 members.

Vermont Temperance .'Society, formed 182S, has
127 Societies and 12,497 members.

It IS stated that at one of the meetings of the
Tailorosses in Mew York, which was held for the
purpose of taking measures on the subject of the
low rate of their wages, that the inequality of the
rights of the two sexes was considered, and expres-
sions of opinion in favor of extending the right of
suffrage to females were made.

Rail Roads. — Niles' Register says — loads of
screntij-five barrels of flour are now brought from
Elicott's mills to iSaltimore, 13 miles in two hours,
by one lior.se, without more ap[)arent labor than is
caused by the drawing of a gig, with two persons,
over a good connnon road. This appears a com-
mon load. On the 15tb inst. one horse drew four
carts laden with one bundrc-d barrels of flour, from
the mills to the relay house, six miles, at the rate
of seven miles an hour — another horse then drew
the same load with etiual speed to the depot in
Baltimore. Neither horse appeared distressed.
This result is the efiect of the almost entire anni-
hilation of friction in the machinery of Winan's
improved cars of Mr Cooper's model. A locomo-
tive engine is vlying on a part of the road, for the
gratification of those who wish to ride by steam,
at the rate of IS or 20 miles an hour.

Many rail roads are about to be inade in differ-
ent parts of the United States, the subscriptions for
u-hich have overflowed. The Liver|iool ami Man-
chester rail road has made unexpected dividends.
Tbc stock is at a great advance, though the road
cost about ,£35,00.0 a mile.

,V late Liverpool paper says — On Saturday last
the JIajestic, a new engine which liasjust been put
on the railway travelled 6 times between Liverpool
and Manchester, a distance of one hundred and
eighty miles ! The total quantity of goods convey-
ed backwards and forwards, amounted to one huii-
died and 42 tons! The same engines travelled
on Jlonday one hundred ami twenty miles, with
loads similar to those taken on Saturday. There
are now ten engines of Mr Stephenson's employed
on the railway.

The expense of fuel, oil, and attendance on this
engine, is said not to to exceed $5 a day. At this
rate of cost, 25,5(30 tons may be transported one
mile for five dollars — or fifty tons one mile for one
cent.

NATURAL HISTORY.

'The science of Natural History is eminenlly impor-
tant to the civilizeil workl, and ought to be duly appre-
ciated and thoroughly unclerstooil. The study anil pur-
suit of its various branches aie fraught with instruction
to man, evincing the subfer\ iency of the protiucts of oa-
ture to his will and industry- Of the benefits of this
science ia tlie improvement of many arts, do one doubts.
Our tood, our me<iic!ne, our luxuries, are improved by
it. There is not a departiaeiit of human inquiry or la-
bor, citlier for health, pleasure, ornament or prolit, but
is indeliled to Ibis science for support. It is an inteiest-
iUg and laudable source of enjoyment, by which tie
mind is expanded, and the heait wanned and animated
with the elowijg spirit of devotion. He who surveys
the vast field of nature, and devotes a portion of liis tioae
to the study of the principles which influence or gov-
ern the niolions of animated beings, liowever minute
they may be. will not only derive pleasure from tlie pur-
suit, but will ijain the only means ol discovering the ob-
ject and utility of their creation.

The Snow-halt, or Guelder Rose, and the TTiffh
Cranberry, of our swamps, take readily, by inocuLa
tion, each on the other. To nie, a Snow-Ball
when covered with flowers in spring, and loaded
with the fruit of the High Cranberry, in autumn,
and through the winter, is a novel spectacle, though
not rare. Both the .-now-ball and the cranbcn-y,
however, in the garden, are so apt to be loaded
with insects, that I have bad to cut down all the
bushes with their leaves, for two summers in suc-
cession. I had rather forego the pleasure of tiiis
new family alliance, than breed such hosts of ene-
mies, especially in a garden. — Genesee Farmer.

Though patience be bitter, the fruits of patiente
are sweet.

302

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

April 6, 1831.

^

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL. 6, 1831.

FARMERS' WORK FOR APRIL.

SPRING WHEAT,

Continiiotl from page "294.

Your seed slioiiUI l)e uf the largest and finest
of the crop, well ripciu'd liefore it is harvested.
■\Vilh regard to its |)reparalion both to prevent
smut, and to quicken and invigorate its early
growth, almost every farmer has his favorite
recipe ; and the accounts which our paper contains
of the manner of cultivating the wheat crops
which have from time to time entitled diligent and
skilful cidtivators to ])remiums from our Agricul-
tural S^ocietics give modes forpreparlng seed wheat
for sowing, which have heen found n?eful by that
infallible giude, experience. The method used by im^gd
Payson Williams, Esii. of Fitcldnn'gh, in raising his
premiiun crop, is the most simple, least expensive
and probably as effective as any. He prepared
his seed wheat by 'a thorough washing, after
which it was immersed in thick wdiitewash made
from good lime so as to coat every kernel — no
fears need to be entertained from t!ie identiful
use of this liquor, ns by way of of experiment,
I have planted wheat after its lying in this liquor
four days winch vegetated well.' A variety of
other ingredients, such as salt, blue vitriol, salt
petre, urine, arsenic, &c, &c, have been recom-
mendrd for forming steeps for seed wheat, but it
is believed that lime is the safest, and perha|)s it
is quite as etfeclive as any which is ever used for
that pm pose.

The quantity of seed to the acre recommended
by our best agriculturists is from 2 to 2?, bushels.
In England, however, acordingto the supplement
to the IJritish Eney(dopcdia, the quantity varies
from two bushels or less to three and sometimes
even four bushels |ier English statute acre.
Land sown early requires less seed than the same
land when sown late in autumn or in spring'; and
poor land is at all linjes allowed more seed than
rich lan<l.

It is reoonnnendeil in Bordhy^s Ilushandnj to sow
a border of rye round tin; field of wheat to ju'e-
vent its being blast<Hl. The w'riter states tliat ' Mr
Isaac Young of Georgia mi.xed rye among h is
seed wheat and tlius escaped the blast of his
wheat. It was repeatedly tried till he was con-
vinced of its efficacy ; and then he sowed five acres
ol xvheitl surrounded wilh alisllor border) 25 /fcf
inbrcadlliof rije ; this also succeeded and being
repeated is found a certain security to wheat. It
is very important to pass a heavy roller over the
ground soon after the wheat is sown and har-
rowed in, especially when grass seed is sown, as
well to level the groimd for the scythe as to an-
swer the other imi)ori!int purposes of that useful
implement.

The following letter to the Trustees of the Ply-
mouth County Agricultural Society on the subject
of cultivating spring wheat, written by Dr James
Thacher of Plymoutli, to whom the community of
cultivators is indebted for the Orchardist, Treatise
on Bees, &c, wa« republished from the old Colony
Memorial in the 2d volume of the New England
Farmer, page 285. We' present it again to our
readc s, as containing a plain and concise ex-
emplification of some the best rules for growing
spring wheat.

'The land, measuring half an acre and twelve

rods, consists of a rich loam, but a small part of 1 afterwards they were not so much rotted as thl
it very gravelly and apt to sufier by drouglit. It: oak. In 1772, a fence was made partly of cheij
pro(luced a tolerable croji of Indian corn and j nut and partly of oak posts and rails — the tret;
])Otatoes the two in-eceding seasons. In April hist made use of were of the same age, and were whi
it was covered with a full eoat of stable manure, I may be termed young trees. In nineteen yeai
and on the 15th and 16tb of the month it was the oak posts bad so decayed at the surface, as I
ploughed twice and harrowed ; after which the

wheat and grass seed being sown, it was agam
harrowed. The wheat was immersed in sea water
twentyfour hours and afterwards rolled in lime.
The quantity sown was one bushel, and of that
si)ecies of wheat from Italy, the straw of which
is employed to make leghorn bonnets. The wheat
exhibited the most favorable appearance during
the season, entirely free from sniut or mildew and
in Atignst it was harvested. The lu'oduce is eigh-
teen bushels one |)eck and two quarts. The grain is
remarkably well formed, and being ground and
the flour is not inferior to the su|)erfiue
flour brought from the southern states. The land
is now covered with a superior growth of herds-
grass,

' This is among the instances in proof that our
climate Kud soil-are well adapted to the produc-
tion of summer wheat. One of my industrious
neighbors obtained a few years since, 34.^ bushels
from an acre; and another has expended in his
family no other flour than the produce of his own
soil fiir the last five years. Our farmers in this
county are greatly deficient in their attention to this
object, though it is believed that every fiirm would
aflbrd suitable land to yield wheat sufficient for
the consuin|)tion of the family. On the principle
of profit and economy the cultivation of wheat
ought to be encoiM'aged, more especially as it is
found to be the preferalde grain to accompany
clover and lierdsgrass for nn)wiug the ensuing
year,'

FENCES.

Fences now require a general, thorough, and
critical review ; and all deficiencies should be
supplied with materials somewhat more dura-
ble than a snow baidc in Aiiril. Cattle when first
permitted to take Icg-b.nil, after a winter's inqirisou-
mcnt are very apt to become tresspassers on the
freehold, without regard to any man's right of
property. Hunger urges them to pass over or
break through even stone walls, unless they tire
surmounted by poles, secured by stakes, and thus
l)rcsentan effectual barrier to the predatory excur-
sions of the most desperate qua<lru])eds.

In many parts of the country jiosis and rails
will be found the <dieapest materials for fences ;
and with jiroper precautions may be rendered very
durable. In making fences of this description, it
is advised by Mr Preston, of Stockport, Penii, to
set the posts, with the top ]iarts in the ground,
and he asserts that they will, in that position, last
three or four times as long as when they are set
with the butt ends do\m. He advises, also, in
making fences always to place the rails with the
hc;irt side up.

The best lindier for rails, according to Dr Dcane,
is red cedar. It is easy to split, light to carry and
handle, sufficiently strong, and the most durable;
of any. In the Transactions of the Society of
Arts, in England, there is an account, which states
in substance that posts of oak, and others of ches-
nut were set df)wn in Somersetshire, where ihev
I

need to be strengthened by spurs [braces] whil
the chesnut required no such support, A gate poi
of chesnut on which the gate had swung for fift
years was found quite sound when taken up, an
a barn constructed of chesnut in 1743 was foiin
quite sound in every jiart in 1782. It shoul
seem, therefore that young chesnut is superior!
young oak for all itiauner of work, which must I
put partly in the ground, *

If the lower ends of posts are scorched in
hot flame before they are put into the grouiH
they will last the longer. Some recommend soal
ing them in sea water to keep them from rotting
'I'he posts should be set at least two feet in th
ground. Some farmers cut their ])osts so lonj
ami mortise them in such a manner that they ca
turn them upside down when the lower ends be
come rotten.

I

* With regaidto the culture of the chesnut, see Net
England Fanner, vol. ii. page 138.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIET'X

Proceediugs of the Massachusetts Hortieuttural Societx

at a meeting held at the Hall on the '2dof April, 1S3:

The following letter from Wni. S. Rogers, Esq., was read

Boston, Dec. 14, 1830,
Hon. II. A. S. Dearbohn, Pies. Mnss. Ilcirt. Soc.

Sir— I have the honor to transmit you a box coi
taining all the seeds and flowers and shrubs I coul
collect while in Brazil. That they may be as usefi
and ornamental, as the objects of the society ax
praiseworthy, is the sincere wish of

Your ob't serv't, Wur. S, Rogers.

Bcsolved, That the thanks of the Society be presente
to Wni. S. Rogers, Esq. for his valuable present of Seec
collectcii in Biazil.

Col. Phinney resigned as a member of the Committe
on Fruit Trees, Fruit, ^-c.

Scions of the Bloskcy Sweeting and I.yscomh or M(
shene striped Apple, and a package ol Seeds from Brazi
presented by Mr Rogers, were distributed.

Charles Ellis of Newton was admitted as a member.

A fine specimen of Camellia myrtilolia was exhibite
by Mr D. Haggerston bom the Charlestown vineyard,.

d to undergo repairs in 18 years. The oak posts
were then found to he unserviceable, and the ches-
nut very little worn. The oak ])OSts were renewed,
the chesnut remained, and in twentyfive years

The National Debt is now reduced to abou
thiriijseveii millions, and in three years more, witi
proper economy, the whole debt will be liquidated
How ])roudly must America stand among the na
lions of the world. Without a national debt—
without direct taxation, and possessing a revenu
more than sufficient by millionsof dollars to defra;
the expenses of governmeiit, — Hudson Gaz.

New 25 and 5 cent pieces have been issue<
from the mint, much handsomer than the old ones
They are much thicker, and the motto, ' E Pluri
bus Unum,' is omitted, not having been at any tinn
directed by the act of Congress regulating the coin

No nation issues handsomer coin than the United
States,

Treat)/ with Jlustria. — A liberal Commercial Trea^
ty has IJeen concluded between this country am
Austria.

A great earthquake had taken place in the Provincesc.
Pccheli and Honan, which had destroyed 12 cities am
towns, and from 500,000 to 1,000,000 of iuhabitaats.

Vol. IX.— No. 38.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

303

Patent Lamp Boilers.

Howard Improi^ed Patent Cast Iron Plough.
For sale at the AKiicultural Warcliouse, 52, North
Market street, Howarii's Improved patent Cast Ii'on
Plough, of all sizes, which are t'ouml on tiial to exceed
any plough that has been in u-^e. The inoulil hoard is
formed on such true meclianical principles as to entitle
the proprie or to a patent, against which he forbids all
persons trespissing. The Ploughs in evei-y part are tin-
ishcd in a very superior manner. The Mould hoards are
ground smooth, which renders them lit for iuimedialc
use, and they are warranted in every respect. From the
long experience the p.itenlee has had in manufacturing
Ploughs, he feels couti ! Mit that he now olfors to the pub-
lie an article that cannot be surpassed iu principle or
workmanship. April (>.

These useful implements, invented and patented hy th(^

<Jitor ol Ibc New England Farmer, furnish a most cco-

iniical and convenient melhod of boiling water in small

antities for lea, cofiee, cooking eggs, oysters, &c, &c.

hey are likewise very convenient tor Druggists, in

aking decoctions, spreading plasters, ^-c. ^'c ; and have

len purciiased, and recommended in \viitingj by nearly

the Apothecaries in Boston. They are very useful in

rick cbaudier, being possesseil of all the advantages of

common nurse-lamp, and applicable to many purpo-

for which the nurse lamp is inadequate. '

Description of the above Cat.
A. Sheet iron case, in which the tea-kellle, boiler, ■S'c,
ly be placed, removable at pleasure. It has a hole in
e bottom to permit the heat of the lamp to pervade the
Itom and sides of the boiler. B. The lamp with live

six wicks, more or less, placed when in u^e, under
d case. C. A pan or boiler, wldeh, wlien in use, is
iced in the sheet iron ease. D. Tea kettle in its place

boiling. E. A small sheet iron cylinder, a little ta-
ring, so as to lorm a fiiislrum of a hollow cone. This
bccasionally placed within the case in order to set upon

flask, tin poriinger, or other sir.all v.ssel, in which
may l>e wished to heat water, &c.
Apparatus of the above description may be obtained at

New England Farmer office, 52. North Market street,

of U'm. Howe, Marshall street, Boston. April 6,

Dr T/iacher's Bee Hives.
•Vlrsale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52, North
irket street —

[mproved Beehives, constructed on a plan invented
Dr Thacher, author of an excellent Treatise on Bees,
le American Orchardist, &.e. These Hives are so
rined that they afford facilities for taking honey without
Stroying the Bees; and likewise present security
jinst the ravages of the Bee Moth, the great enemy to
It uselul, industrious and indispensable insect; together
th other advantages, which give it a decided superior-
over any other hive whicfi has been oflTered for the
COmmodation of persons disposed to engage in one of
S most pleasing and profitable branches of rural ccon-
ly. April 6.

Rue Grass Seed, S,-c.
Tsale at the Seed store, 52, North Market street —
4 few bushels of Racy's Improved Perennial Rye
seed.

CusHiN-G Pear Scioxs.
A lew scions of the celebrated Gushing Pear, one of
! most valuable native varieties hitherto brought into
ice. It is in eating the middle of September — is a
kat and constant bearer, the flesh whitish, melting, and
1 of juice, of a sprightly, delicious flavor. A drawing

I particular account of this pear, by Benj. Thomas, Est].

II be lound in the New Englami Farnier, vol. .S, p. 113.
ese scions were cut from the original tree in Hingham,
Col. Cushinj;.

Fruit Trees.
Persons wishing to purchase Fruit Trees, are informed
it catalogues of all the principal respectable Nurseries
the United States, can be had gratis at the New Eng-
id Seed store, 52, North Market street.

Russet Sweetings.
\ few scions of the celebrated Russet Sweeting — a
iOtiful native apple that originated in Templeton. The
e is a free grower, and bears well — the Iruit is a fine
wet, and has kept till June — a specimen can be seen
Nrf, 52 North Market street. It is in eating from No-
mber to May.

Mso— 500 lbs fine Southern Clover, put up in Penn-
' vania ex|ires9ly for our retail trade. Fanners in want
' good Southern Clover seed are requested to examine

*■ April 6.

Grnpe J'ines.
Th*^ subscriber ofTers tor sale at his garden at Dorches-
ter, a few Cuttings of the black anil white ' Moscatel '
Grape \'ines,just I'eccived fi'oin Cadi/., procuied for him
by the Consul ol the United States, resident there. He
says, ' 1 obtained these cuttings from Vines on which I
have seen dust rsof (irapes weighing as much asTWEx-
Tvsix POUNDS.' They contain several joints and will
be sold at 50 cents each.

— .\LS0 —
2.30 Isabellas, 2 years old ;
1 10(1 ' 1 yr '

3(10 White Muscadine ;
Caroline ;
Black Hamburg ;
Constantia ;
(iolden Muscat ;

Napoleon, Gore"s, a beautiful black fruit;
8 Varieties of siipeiior fruit from Xeres and Malaga;
Some large Vines from France, that have borne fruit
two seasons, very prolific and of fine quality ;
150 Catawbas ;

100 Bland's ; — and several other kinds.
Orders by mail addressed to the subscriber, or personal
application at his otfice, 7.J Congress street, and to Patrick
Kennedy at the Garden, lor any number of Vines, from
one to one hundred, will meet with prompt attention.
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
March 12, 1S31. 5t

Grape Tines.

The subcriber offi3rs for sale, several hundred Grape
Vines of one and two years growth, and uncommonly
healthy and thrilty. They have been raised with great
care from Vines wliicti have been forty years in this cli-
mate, and are of the kind which obtained the premium
of the Horticultural Society the last season. Also, a few
Isabella, and several other varieties. Orders for any
number of Vines left with IMr J. B. Russell, at 52, North
Market street, Boston, or with the subscriber at Charles-
town, will be attended to. DAVID FOSDICK.

Charlestown, .March 23,'1S31.

20,000 jn,ite Mxdherry Trees.
Orders received by the subscribers for the above Trees,
to be delivered in the niontii of April : they are from one
to three years old, of the first quality, and will be sold on
reasonable terms. GREGG & HOLLIS,

— Dealers in Jfedicine, Paints, Oil, Window Glass, Sec—
No. 30 Union street, Boston. 4t March 16.

St'jck for Sate.
Seven very fine English BULLS, crosses of the Hol-
derness, Durham Short Horns, Ayrshire, and North
D.!vonshire breeds of Cattle. They are from one to three
years old, and from seven-oights to full blood, and very
superior animals, and all in fine order. Prices tiom §100
to $100. Also two or three very fine Stallions, one of
them is half Arabian and half English, six years old, loj
hands high — the other a full-blooded English horse, six
years old, 164 hands high — 'hey are both very superior
animals. Applv, personally, to J. B. Russell, Publish-
er of the New' Englatid Farmer, Boston.

Evergreens, Stiver Firs, &,-c.
The subscriber being engaged in the Seed
business would be happy to receive orders
for Forest Trees, Seeds, and Evergreens from
Maine, and being Agent for J. B. Russell,
Boston, and Prince iV Sons, Flushing, N. Y.
MS sent through them or otherwise, will be attended
to vvithoutdelay Particular directions for taking up and
packing is requested. WM. MANN.

.lugusta, .Me.. March 26. 6t

A list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, ^'•c, cati be
seeo at the New England Farmer office.

.Igricultural Seeds.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, North
.Market street, Boston, \

Spring Rye; Millet; two-rowed Barley; Northern
Buck Whe.it ; Perkins' Early Seedling Potatoes, (that
took the premium from the Massachusetts horticultural
Society); Buriiham's Premium Potatoes, (that have
twice taken the premium troiii the Essex Agricultural
.Society, as the best stock potatoes raised in the county) ;
Early Manly Potatoes, (originally from Europe); Grass
Seeds of all kinds, &c, — all of the very first quality.
AspAR.\Gus Roots.

Several thousand plants of the Large Early Devonshine
.\sparagus, 3 years old, price 75 els per hundred, well
packed in moss, in boxes of one, two, and three hundred
roots each.

Gooseberry Bushes, &c.

Also, large Scotch Goosebi:rry Bushes, just re-
ceived from Greenock. — Large White and Red (JuH-
r.\nt Bushes, &,c.

Also, Catawba, Isabella, White Sweetwater, Black
Hamburgh, and other kinds of Grapes, well p.icked in
moss, so as to bear tian-portation hundreils of miles with
s.ifety — price 50 cts each. Large Tart Rhubarb Roots,
25 cts each. March 26.

Assorted Seeds for Families.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52, North Market street,

Small boxes of assorted Seeds for Kitchen GardfinB»—
Each box contains a package of the following seeds.
Price .^3 per box : — •

Early \\'aslunglnii Peas
Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas
Late Marrowfat Peas
Earlv JIolia«k Dwarf Sirin"

IJeaiis
Early Dwarf White Caseknifc

Beans
Lima, nr Saba Pole Bei.ns
Long Blood Beet ( tme sort)
Early lornip-riinled Beet
Early > ork Calibage
Large Cape Savov do (fine)
Red Dutch do " (/or pick-

tin^)
Early Dutch Caultllower
Early llorji Carrol {venjjijie)
Long Orange Carrot
White Solid Celery
Curled Cress or Peppergrass
Early Cucumber
Long Creeii Turkey do.

Long Dnlcii Parsnep
Large Head Letiuce
Early Sil -sia do
Pine-apple flielou [I'enj fine)
W alernielou

Large While Portugal OnioA
Large Red do.

Double Curled Parsley
Flat Squash Pepper
Earlv Scarlet shorl-top Radlflfc
While Turnip Radish
Salsify, or Oyster Plant
Early Bush Squash
Winter Crook-neck Squash
Early \Miilc Dutch Turnip
Yellow Stone Turnip

pot herb seeds.

Sweet Marjorum, Sage, Siun-
nier Savory.

\t this Seed Store can be found the greatest variety of
Field, Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be fouAd
in New England, of the very first quality, and at fair pri-
ces, wholesale and retail.

Also, Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both
native and European oiigin,) and Ornamental Shrubs at
Nurserymen's prices. March 2.

Silk— Sill.: ^

The Subscriber, of Jaffiey, Cheshire county, New-
Hampshire, has two or three thousand White Mulberry
Trees of three years" growth, in fine order for transplant-
ing the present Spring, which he will dispose of on rea-
sonaule terms. Inquire of Isa ic P.^rker, 74 Water
street, Boston, or the subsciifaer. ASA PARKER.

Ji'ffrey, March 15,1831.

Gardener U'anted.
Apply to ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. No. "7^ Congress-
street. Maicli 30.

Brighton Market — Monday, Jlpril 4.

[Reported for Ihe Clironicio and Patriot.]

At Market this day 3.5.S Beef Cattle, 19 pair Workiiip
Oxen, 16 Cows and Calves, and 1076 Swine. 148 Beef
Cattle were reported last week ; unsold at the close of
this day's market 103, all good cattle.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Although there was more thaa
a sufficient number of Cattle to supply the market, y«t
little belter pi ices were obtained on some qualities. Wft
quote from $4 50 to 5 25. From 15 to 20 were taken at
5 50 a 5 75.

Working Oxen — Sales at $.53, 65, and 80.

Coios and Catees.— Sales at $15, 17, 21 and 24.

Swine. — Considerable doing; an entire lot, two-thinls
barrows, at 4ic. ; one lot 4Ac. for sows, 5^c. for barrows.
Small selected lots 43c. for .sows, bic. for barrows; o&A
lot, to close, at 4|c. ; one of 111 averaging about 250 lbs.
each at 4^0. At retail, 5c. for sows and ti for barrons.

304

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Ajml 6, 1S31.

MISCEL,L.ANY.

From Hood's Comic Annual.

THE DUEL.

I:t Brentford town, of old renown,

There lived a Mister IJray,
Who fell in love with Lucy Bell,

And so did Mr Cljy.

To see her ride from Hammersmith,

By all it was allow' d
Such f.ur outrides are seldom seen, _

Such Angels on a Cljud.

Said Mr Bray to Mr Clay,

You c!ioo5e to rival me,
And court Miss Bell, but there your court

No thoroughfare shall he.

Unless you now give up your suit,

You may repent your love,
I who have shot a pigeon match,

Can shoot a turtle dove.

So pray before you woo her more,

Consider what you do ;
If you pop aught to Lucy Bell —

I'll pop it into you.

Said Mr Clay to Mr Bray,

Your threats I quite explode ;
One who has heel: a volunteer

Knows how to prime and load.

And so I say to you unless

Your passion quiet keeps,
1, who have shot and hit bull's eyes.

May chance to lut a sheep's.

Now gold is oft for silver changed.

And that lor cojiper red ;
But these two went away to give

Each other change for lead.

But first they sought a friend a-piece.

This pleasant thought to give-
When they were dead, they thus should have

Two seconds still to live.

To measure out the ground not long

These seconds then forbore,
And having talien one rash step.

They took a dozen more.

They next prepared each pistol-pau

Against the deadly strife.
By putting in the prime of death

Against the prime of lile.

Now all was ready for the foes.
But when they took their stands.

Fear made them tremble so they found
They both were shaking hands.

Said Mr C. to Mr B.

Here one of us may fall.
And like St Paul's Cathedral now,

Be doom'd to have a hall.

I do confess I did attach

Misconduct to your name ;
If I withdraw the charge, will then

Your ramrod do the same ?

Said Mr B. I do agree —

But think of Honor's Courts!
If we go off without a shot,

There will be strange reports.

But look the morning now is bright.

Though cloudy it begun;
Why can't we aim above, as if

We had call'd out the sun ?

So up into the harmless air.

Their bullets they did send ;
And may all other duels have

That up-shot in the end !

From the Tyne Mercury, Newcastle, Englanii, Dec. IS, 13.10.

f —

INTERESTING AND AUTHENTIC STORT.

In our paper November 16tli, we extracted from
Mrs. Alaric \Vatt'.s New Year's Gift, a racier ro-
mantic story respecting the ship Ravenswortli
breaking from her moorings, and going to sea
with only a little boy on board, which possessed
a local interest from tlie event stated, occurring at
Shields. We find th.it the circumstance excited a
great sensation here, and is perfectly remembered
by sotne gentlemen older than ourselves. It may
be interesting, therefore, to record the facts which
took i)lace, as they differ from the fictitious nar-
rative in several paiticulai-s. Tlie Ravensworth,
in the first place, was not an old Greeidaiid what
ler, as she is represented, but was a snntll ship of
about 200 tons, belonging to Messrs Mosley and
Airey, coal fitters of Newcastle, Mr Robert At-
kinson, commander, regularly employed in the
coal trade, between Newcastle and London. She
was light and not laden, having just arrived from
the metropolis. Slie was driven from her moorings
at Nortli Sliields, while there was a strong fr-esli
in the river-. All the crew as stated, were at the
time oil the shore, except the cabin boy, a lad about
eleven years of age. This occurrence, which, as
we have observed, excited gi'eat interest in the
neighborhood, took )ilace about 1792 or 1793.
Soon after it was known that the vessel had gone
to sea witlr only a litde boy on board, the Unity be-
longing to Mr N.Clark went out with eapt. Atkinson,
the master of the Ravensworth, in search of lier.
They did not succeed, however, in meeting with
Iter, and returned. It is not true, as stated, that
the Ravensworth was three weeks tossing about
on the German Ocean and was then driven on the
coast of Holland. Tlie little sailor who constitu-
ted her sole pilot, had the prudence, as nientioned
in the tale, to lash the helm, so as to keep her from
the shore, and he not only hoisted the forcstaysail
l)Ut hoisted what is called ' a Jack' on the fore-top-
mast rigging. This attracted the notice of a Har-
wich smack, wlicn she was near Flainborougli
Head, on tvhiclr she went to her assistance, and as
we are informed, took her safely into the harbor
of Harwich, .after she had been buffeting with the
waves for five days. It is worthy of note that the
ballast port was open at the time. The little fel-
low was busy frying pancakes when tbe Harwich
smack came to the Ravensworth. It is perfectly
recollected here that when the young sailor return-
ed to Newcastle, be was taken to the Exchange
and shown as a little hero, and several of the mer-
chants cave him silver in token of their admira-
tion. The author of the story in Mrs, Watt's An-
nual, represents him as an old gentleman in his
wig, recounting his adventures. This is not quite
correct ; if he is now alive, he must be under fifty
years of age.

Valuable and Cheap Land^or Sale.

The subscriber offers for sale, 14,000 acres of choit

Land, situated in the town of Pinckney, county of Lew

and state of New York. Some ot the land is improvf

and under cultivation. The country is remarkably hea

t.^l, being entirely free from the fever anil ague and fro:

the common bilious fevers which often atliict the towi

upon Lake Ontario, this town being 18 miles east of 11

lake. The soil is prirrcipally a sandy loam, much of

covered with rich black mould. The timber is chief

Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &

The land yields first rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats.Ba

ley. Potatoes and Flax; and on some lots, good Whe

and Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain si

perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now olfers itse

The pioduce of pasturage and hay from an acre of tb

hr.d, is very large, fully equ.illirg if not surpassing th

from the same quantity of land in any other of the Blai

River townships. The land is admirably well w4tere

there being out few lots which have not durable i-unmi

streams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchar

ii-,^_the Apple tree thriving very well in this count

Plock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least posi

ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drove

purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and payil

the highest cash prices for their cattle, which will r-eadi

find plirchasers at all seasons of the year. Several ff

mors at, present residing on this town, were original

from the New England States, and some of them fi'c

xMassachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. T

above described land is offered lor sale at die very li

price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars p

acre, lor the uncleared land, and from direc dollars am

half to five dollars and a half tor the improved lots. T

land will he sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from ti

to (t\ti years' credit for payment, in annual instalmen

will be given. As a further convenience to purchase

the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, She<

Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he

allow" the highest cash prices. The title to the land

iiulisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given

purchasers. Persons desirous of pui chasing will pies

to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, coui

ofJeilerson,Stateof New York,ortoDAViDCAKFrEL

Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

i!

1 W

Sympathetic Mr.— Dissolve a small quantity of
starch in a saucer with soft water, and use tlie li(|iiid
liSe common ink ; when dry no trace of tlic writ-
ing will appear upon the paper, and the letters can
bc^'developed only by a weak solution of iodine in
alcohol, when they will appear of a purple color
which will not be effaced until after long exposure
to the atmosphere. So pennament are the traces
left by the starch, that they cannot (when dry) be
affected by Indian rubber, and in another case a let-
ter which 'had been carried in the pocket for a fort-
night, had the secret characters displayed at once,
by being very slightly moistened with the above-
I mentioned preparation.

Early Potatoes.

For sale by Samukl Pond, near the Universal
Meeting House, Cambridgeport, a lew bushels of 1
prime, early Potatoes, which took the premium at 1
Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Shows last seaso
and are considered the earliest vaiiety in this vicinity.

Also, a fine milcli COW, with her calf; a superior^
imal as a milker, and perfectly gentle

Feb. 23.

Ammvvition ,_£JJ

Of the lest quality ai.a i^}i-est prices, fov s^oArn^
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STOB
65 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found sati-lactory, rt nr
ber d , and the money will be refunded, tf Jan.

Farm to be let on Halves.
About 30 acres of good land, with house, barn, fr
trees, &c, situated in Roxbury, near the city. Apply
this office.

March 9.

Published ev ry Wednesday Evening, nt 53 per anni
payable at the end of die year— but those who pay wit
sixty days from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a
duction offifty cents.

53= No paper will be sent to a distance without paym
bein" made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by L R. Butts— by wh
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet.
wishes of customers. Orders for printing rcceivedby J.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. bZ JNO
Market Street.

AGENTS.

Nno ror/c— G.Thoebukn &. Sons, G7 Liberty-street
Pln!a(lelp!da-V. & C Lanhketh, So Chesmut-slreet.
Baltimore— G. B.SMiTH.E.Iilor of ihe American tarraer.
Cinci7mali-ti. C. Pai!KHURSt,23 Lower Market-street.
/l//)aj»/— Han. Jesse Buel, Albany Nursery.^
/.7Ks/i;H-,iV.r,\VM. Prince &SoNS,Prop,Lin.Bot.Unn

IlnrI font— GoODWIK & Co. Booksellers.
Nevlmniporl. Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmoutli. 'N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Porti.iH(/, il/?.— Sajiuel Colman, Bookseller.
/Iwusta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Ofhcc.
Montreal, L. C.— A. Bowman, Bookseller

NEW ENGIiANB FARMSiR.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AcKicuLTUBiL Warkholse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL, 13, 1831.

NO. 39.

(D®sasaursjicsiiisa©srs9

r IR THE NEW ENGLAND F.AR5IER.

SPAYED COWS.

Mr Fesse^tden — Some years since, I passed a

summer at Natchez and put up at the Hotel then

kept by ^[r Thomas Winn. — During tlie time that

I was there, I noticed two remarkably fine cows,

which were kepi constantly in tlie stable, the ser-

jvant who had charge of the horses, feeding them

! regiilarlv, throe times a day, witli ^reen Guinea

[grass, cal with a sickle.

I These cou-s had so often attracted my attention,
on account of tlie great beauty of their form and
deep red color, the large size of their bags and
the high condition in which they were kept, that
I was at length induced to ask i\Ir Winn, to what
breed of cattle they belonged, and his reasons for
keepini; them constantly in the stable, in prefer-
ence to allowing them to run in the pasture, where
they could enjoy the benefit of air and exercise,
and at the same time crop their own food and
t]iereb\ save the labor and trouble of feeding them ?
Mr Winn in reply to these inquires, stated, that
the two cows which I so much admired, were of
the common stock of the country and he believed
of Spanish ons;in — but that they were both spayed
cows and that they had given milk, either two or
three years. — Considering this a phenomenon (if
not in nature, at least in art) I made further inqui-
ries of Mr Winn, wlio politely enlerud iuiu a very
Interesting detail, communicating facts, which were
as e.xtraordinary, as they were novel to me, and
supposing that they will prove equally as interest-
ing to your numerous agricultural readers, as they
were to me, I am induced, on the request of a
friend, to offer them for publication in your vei7
valuable Journal, in the hope, that some of t'le
farmers who supply our large towns with milk,
(nil deem them of sufficient importance, to make
experiments for the purpose of ascertaining wheth-
er the results which they may obtain, will corrob-
orate the facts stated by Mr Winn, and which,
should they he fully confirmed, may lead to great
and important ben.fits, not only to fanners, but to
uivern-keepers and other inhabitants of cities,
Uld villages who now keep cows, in order that
hey may be sure of a constant supply of pure and
tttiadulterated milk.

Mr Winn, by way of preface, observed, that
lie had in former years been in the lialtit of read-
ing the English Magazines which contained ac-
Miunls of the ploughing matches which were an-
lUally held in some of the Southern Couniies of
Sogland, performed by cattle, and that he hat'
iticed that the prizes were generally adjudget
:o the plough-men, who worked with spai/ea
'timers — and although there was no connexioi
jetween iliat subject and the facts which he shouh
state, it was nevertheless the cause which firs
lirected his mind into that train of thought anc
reasoning, which finally imluced him to make tb'
Jxperinients which resulted in the discovery o"
he facts of which he detailed and which I wil
larrate as accurately as my memory will enabh
ne to do it, after the lapse of more than twent;
years.

Mr Winn's frequent rcfleclions, had (he said) Should genilemen he iiuhiced from this com-
led him to the belief— ' f/i«/ {/" coira were spaved i niuniration, to in,il<e experiments, they will find
soon a/ler cnlvint; and while in afuUJlow o/ miM, ' it better to spay cows which have hud several
they would continue to ^ire milk for many j/f«r.s, j calves, rather than heifers, as at that age, their bags
without intermission or any diminution of quantity, are usually large ami well formeil, and are capa-
except what woul I be caused by a change from f^rcen \ ble of carrying a much greater qiiaiility of milk
todri/ orless succuletit food: (without pain and ineonveuience,) than younger

To test this %/Jo//irsi's. ;\IrWiim caused a very animals. VIATOR.

good cow, then in full milk, to he spayed ; the op- Keene, .V. H. .tpril 1, 1831.

era
Co

tion was performed about one month after the
w lia<l produced her third calf; it was nit at-
tended with any severe pain or imioh or long coii-
timied fever; the cow was apparently well in a
few days anil very soon yielded her usual quantity
of milk and continued to give milk freely, for
several vears, without any intermission, or any

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety, at a mn ting held at the Hull of the Jnstitu-
tion on the Otii of .Ipril, 1831.
Report nude by tl. A.S. Durdms^, I'rnsidenl of llie Society.
It is with great pleasure, that I am enabled to
announce em'ouraging indii at'ons of the deep
dimVnutimrin quantity, e^xc'ept^when the feed was ;'"«'«' "'''''-I' ■'«« '^e.M, excite.l, in t.ll parts of the
sr-arce and ,lrv_but a full flow of milk, always Uuion, in lavor ot horticultural pursuits. A spirit

returned, upon the return of a full supply ofgreen
food. — Tliiscow ran in the Mississippi low grounds
in- swamp, near to Natchez, got cast in dee|) tiiire
and was found dead. — Up(Ui her death, Mr Winn
caiiseil a second cow to be spayed, the operation
was entirely successful, the cow gave jiiilk con-
stantly fin- several years — but iii jumping a fence,
stuck a stike in her bag, that inflicted a severe
woiinrl. which obliged Mr Wiiin to kill her.

of inquiry has gone forth, anil a zeal for collecting
and disseniinaiing intelligence, seeds and plants,
has been evince I, within a few years, whiih pre-
sage great results. The liberality, which has been
extended towards our institution, by numerous
intelligent, patriotic and generous fellow citizens
:iswe!lasby many foreign boneraiy ,ind corres-
ponding niem'iers, merit our grateful i\ckiiow-
ledgei:ien:.s. Having acqmreil a repntalion, far in

Upon Mssecondtoss, Mr Winn had two other cows j ^'i^ance of our actual means of utility, and of the
spaued, and to prevent the recurrence of injuries h^'-vc^s which have been remlered to.u most in-
(Vom simnlar causes with tho.se which h.nd occa- "^'■''^'-'"? »'"' valuable department Sf" tilh.ge, wo
sioned him the loss of the two /rs« spayed cows, ;""^' strenuously endeavor, to leac^tbelevelof pub-
wavsinthe stable, or i '"" <-^l"''=''"""''' ''.^ renewed efCns, tn make our

be resolved to keep them ;.l
some safe inclosure and to supply them regularly
with green /oorf, which that climate, throughout
the greater part, if not all the year, enabled him
to procure.

The result in regard to the two last spayed cow.e,
was as in the case of the two first entirely satis-
factory, and fully established, as Mr Winii be-
lieved, the fact, that the spaying of cows, lohile in
full milk, will cause them to continue to give milk
during the residue of their lives or until prevented
by old age.

When I saw the two last spayed cows it was J
jelieve, during the third year that they bad con-
stantly given milk, afierthey were spayed.

The character of Mr Winn, (now deceased)

labors more direcily and extensively lieiieficial.

To insure success, in any undertaking, miremit-
ling industry and a resolute determination, to sur-
mount all impediments are indispensable ; and
with such powerful means nothing is impossible.

Since the last meeting, the following letters
have been received.

1. A letter from Sheldo.n Norto.\ of Pennsyl-
vania, now making a tour through the south wes-
tern states.

roiipculi County, .Atibiima, Jan. 4. 1831,
CE.-i. II A. S. Dearbobn,

I'irsident of :lie i\Ias3. Mori. Society.

Sir — I am now in Alabama with the view of pro-
moting the cause of Sunday School instruction. I
have, though a Layman, been urged to t!iis course

was highly respectable and the most entire confi-jby a high sense of religious duty. All the ener-
dence could be reposed in the fidelity of his state- gies of my mind will be devotSd to this service, for
ments, and as regarded the fiiets which he commtt- ' some 8 or 10 tnonths yet to come. At v.hich time
nicateil in relation to the several cows -which he \ if my health is preserved, I shall probably return to

had sp.ayed, numerous [icrsons with whom I
became acquainted, fully confirmed his state-
ments.

.At the time to which I alludpil, I endeavored to
persuade Mr Winn to cominuiiicate the foregoing

my residence at ."(lount Republic, Wayne County,
Pennsylvania.

Feeling an interest in whatever may refine the
taste, improve the mind, or add to the proper en-
joyment of my fellow-men, I have viewed, with much

facts to the late Judge Peters, then president of pleasure the organization and successful opcrr.tions
the Agricultural Society of Penn.sylvania. But he ; of the Mass. Horticultural Society ; and have been

was restrained from complying with my request by
an extreme unwillingness to appear before the
public, and peradventure, bis discovery might prove
not to be' new, as doubts in regard yi the facts,
might u'here he urns unknoxvn, subject him to some
degree of ridicule.

The many and great advantages that would re-
sult to the community, from the ])ossession of a
stock of cows, that would be constant milkers, are
too obvious, to require au enumeration.

induced to offer any service that may promote the
success of that Association, and that may be con-
sistent with the performance of a higher duty.

If the Society should not have a correspondent,
resident in this State, whose fri«ndly attentions may
make my ofl'er unnecessary, you can command, from
me, any compatible service which my limited pe-
cuniary resources will admit. I am no Botanist,
but I would, most freely, inquire for, search out
and forward, in such manner as may be directed,

806

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Aiiril 13, 1831.

cuttings, seeds, &.C, of any desirable varieties of
fruit, plants, &o.

I have been informed by Mr Mobley, a respect-
able planter of Clarke County, and wlio had been
for a number of years a member of the Legislature
of this State, that a successful method of propaga-
tino' rare varieties of fruit, as practised in tliis cli-
mate, is by planting cuttings thereof early in the
Spring. Of tliis, my informant stated the most in-
dubitable testimony conld be given. For examples
of successful practice he referred nie to two or
three of his friends. Notwitlistanding the unusual
drouglit of the last season, Mr Mobley had been
successful witii cuttings of the peacli and quince,
and xviih a considerable proportion of his apples.

Thrifty suckers, termed, by him, ' water sprouts,'
are taken from choice trees, and planted in a hori-
zontal trench, and covered, to the depth of six or
seven inches, throughout, with the exception of one
or more points — according to the length of the
cutting — containing one or two buds exposed to

small box, cnntnining a dozen roots of Aracarha,
for the use of the Horticultural Society of which
you are, 1 lu'lieve, president, and request their ac-
ceptance of it.

I have twice succeeded in importing this valua-
ble root in a sound and vigorous Slate. Last fall
I imported one hundred and forty roots, and have
succeeded in preserving them perfectly sound to
the present time by merely packing them in moist
earth and keeping them in a cellar protected from
frost. They are now growing finely in my con-
servatory, niul I have mo doubt of perfectly suc-
ceedintr in their cultivation in the open ground.

I have just made niy secoiul importation, and
the roots are equally as sound as the former ones.
Those I send you are [lart of this last lot.

I am somewhat fearful that your season will
not be long, enough to allow the roots to attani a
proper size ; but that is all the doubt I have of
their succeeding with you, provided the roots be
planted and steadily kept in a shady cool situation.*

the iiiflnence of the light and air. If the cutting This appears to be the only difficulty— the heat of

should shoot forth at more than one point, the num-
ber of plants would be multiplied by separating
the cutting between the shoots with a chisel the
ensuing year.

I must confess that I have been induced, by wit-
nessing unsuccessful experiments, to be not a lit-
tle sceptical as regards the propagation of rare
varieties of the apple, pear, poach and cherry, by
planting cuttings thereof. But, if I am permitted
to sit down in my family circle again, I think I will
allow my scepticism to give way, so far as to prove,
by practical experiments, whether 1 have, this time
hit upon a successful modus operandi.

We have, in Wayne County, Pa. two or three
known native varieties of apples, which arc be-
lieved to possess qualities that would commend
them for general cultivation.

We have also other valuable varieties in culti-
vation, whose different synonynr.es I have not had
the means of determining. The obstacles, in the
way of a direct freight to Boston, have prevented
my forwarding samples of our best varieties. The
ditllculties are now in some measure removed by
the construction of the Delaware and Hudson
Canal.

Letters addressed to me at Montgomery, Mont-
gomery County, Ala. will probably reach me, in
the course of from 3 to 5 weeks. I expect to make
a short visit to Mobile, and possibly to Pensacola.
1 am, Sir, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

Sheldon Norton.

A letter has been s -nt to Mr Norton, thanking
liiin for his kind proffer of services, with assur-
ances of the high value we place upon them, and
of the oliligaiioiis which he will impose upon us,
by such ccuitribiuious, as it may be in his power
to rnaki-, to our I'und of information, in any of
the divisiiuis of horticulture, or to the existing
colli'ciiiiiis of indigenous plants.

Such voluntary tenders of assistance, indicate
the luiiversal excitement, which has been induced
fertile development of the variiuis branches of
rural rconomy, while they claim our admiration
as Amerii-ans, and our gratitude as a society.

2. A letter from Gideon B. Smith, Esq., Editor
of the American Farmer, published in Baltimore.
BaUimnte,Miicli3T, 1831.
Sir — I have taken the liberty ol forwarding to

our sun is their only enemy in this country. The
reason, I a])prel'enil, of the ill success of foririer
attempt to introduce this valuable esculent both
into N. America and Europe, is that edible roots,
such as are sold in the markets of Caraccas,
were taken ; whereas the little offsets that spring
froiri the large roots are the proper ones. Another
cause may have contributed to this failure. I employ-
ed two gentlemen in two successive years to obtain
aracfrc/ifi for me, but they could find none in all
Colombia. I then learned that it was called appio
bv the Colombians ; using that name, I suc-
ceeded.

I am with due respect yours,

Gideon B. Smith.

E.I. .\ni. Fannfr.

*The (emperalure of their native climate is seldom
above 70 ; tlu-y should have a rich black soil.

The present which Mr Smith has so generously
transmitted, is most worthy of our especial atten-
tion, and claims the assiduous care of such of
the mend)ers, as have the requisite means of
making a thorough experiment.

The Aracacha has recently attracted the notice
of most of the celebrated horticulturists in Eu-
rope, and is considered as destjned to assume an
important stiiti<ui among esculent vegetables. L
is a native of Santa Fee, Bogota, New Granada
and other parts of South America, where it is
considered the most useful of all the eilible roots;
being superior to the common, and sweet Potato,
(Convolvnhis Batatas); it is extremely
the palate ; so tender that it reqtiires
cooking, and so easy of digestion, that it is the
ccmunoii practice, where it is cultivated, to give it

your address by the brig Ilatniltou, Capt. Foster, a meritorious iiurscry-tnan of New York, who at

tempted to acclimate them. He placed them in
his green house, where they passed the winter in
secmity. The following spring, when the frosts
had passeil, they were transplanted into the gar-
den ; but the season having been uuusidly dry,
they perisheil ; and Doct. iMitchell expressed doubts,
as to the possibility of introilucing the culture of
the Aracachti so far north ; still Mr Floy believed
that it could be propagated in the latitude of Long
Lslaml,and he attributed the loss of his ])lants, to
a too sudden exposure to the air, in the open
groimd, without any protection against adverse
vicissitudes of the weather.

An experiment was commenced by the Cheva-
lier Snui.A.NGE BoDiN, at the horticultural estab-
lishment of Fromont, in April, 1S29 ; and by a
communication, in the number of the Journal of
that Institution, for Aiigitst last, he appears to en-
tertain hopes of uitimr.te success and thlidvs this
valiiable vegettdile may be cultivated, in the south-
ern departments of Fiance, Sptiin and in Italy, to
a<lvantage. He states that it is cultivated in the
Botanical Garden of Montpellier and flourishes
in that of Geneva. Experiments have also been
made in the Garden of the Loiidcm Horticultural
Societv at Chiswick, at Btiry-llall, by Robert Bar-
clay, Esq., at Plymouth, ami by the great nursery-
men, Messrs Loddiges.

The Aracticha has been successfully introduced '
into Cuba and .lamaica, and if our climate should
prove totj cold, there is but little doubt it can be '
propagated in the southern states, and may be-
come the rival of the Sweet Potato.

The roots, or small tubers, are [ilantcd in South
America, about twenty inches apart, with a slight
inclination towards the south ; when they sprout
iihove the ground, they are nmuaged like the Sweet
Potato. As the flowers begin to form, they are
carefully pluidted, in order to concentrate the vigor
of vegetation in the roots. At Santa-F"ce, where
the mean temperature is iiboiit 73 degrees of Fah-
renh.'it's thei inometer, the roots acquire their full
growth in six imuiths. In Jamaica where the
.Aracaclia flourishes remarkably well, it is culti-
vated in rather poor land, such as that of the
mountains of St Andrew, where there fidls but
little rain.

It is well known to you, that Mr Smith to whom
we are indebted for the Aracacha roots, succeeded
John S. Skinner, Esq. as Editor of the American
Farmer. The latter gentleman has actpiired a de-
servedly high reputation, lor Ids indefatigable ef-
forts, to advance the science and art of Agricul-
"■rateful to ""'^ and Gardening, throughout the United States;
but little '""' '^''' Smith is actively pursuing the same tneri-
torious course, in a maimer which nui.st secure to
him the resjiect of the intelligent planters of Ma-

fidlow citizens
The labors of
hose gentlemen are ii<it only duly appreciated, by
he cultivators of the soil, on this side of the At-
aiitlc, but have received the commendations of
hose, on tin; eastern continent.

If a winged Mercury transmitted intelligence,
miong the goils of ancient mythology, the gen-
us of the moderns has more than supplied his
iffiee. By the art of printing, innumerable heralds
ire incessantly sent forth, who interchange the
idings of every region of the globe ; and with
.nch certainty and celerity, that they have not
mly received the name, but far surpassed the ser-
■ices of Jove's fabulous messenger. It is thus
hat all the discoveries and improvements, and

to convalescents and persons who have delicate ol^nil. ""'' tl'e benedictions of hi
stomachs. Starch and a variety of pastry are '" every section of the Republic
made of its fecula, and it has all the advantages
of Arrow-root and Tapiocti.

In 1825, that disiiiiguished botanist, the Baron
de SciiACK arrived in the United States from Trin-
idad, and brought some of the roots of the Ar-
acacha, for the purpose of introducing its cultiva-
tion in the southern and middle states, where he
believed it could be successfully done. Doct.
S. L. MiTCHF.i.L, ever conspicuous for his zealous
attention to whatever may subserve the cause of
science and the interests of his country, took great
interest in the experiments.

Plants were confided to Mr Michael Flov, a

Vol. IX.— No. 39.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

307

\vli;it.soever is useful or inifi-csting to iiiiiii, in the
gluiiuus career ori-ivilizaliun is iiMiiuMliiiirly niiule
known ; and inflividuals, distinguislieil I'or tlicir
iniellectual attainiiieni-s, and arts of pliiluiitliropy,
instead uf beiui; ilalined as tlie citizens of a sin-
gle nation, are hailed as coin|iatriots in the vast
rcpnlilic of letters, science and the arts, and are
universally honored as the benefactors of the hu-
man race.

Kespectfully snhmitteil

By H. A. S. Dkarborn.

Tres. Mn^s. Hor. Siic.

The following resolutions were unanimously
adopted.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society he
presented to Gideon i5. Smith, Ks([., Editoa of
the American Farmer, for the very acceptable
present of Aracarha root.-!, « hich he has kindly
transniitled from Halliinori'.

Resolced, Tipat the Aracacha Roots be coufid
ed to John Lowell, Esq., Thomas N'uttall, Curator
of the Kolaaic Garden, David Ilag^'crslori of
Charlestown and Nathaniel Davenport of Milton ;
and that they be requesied to attempt their culti-
vation, and report the results of their experiments
to the Srociety.

The following members were admitted.

GiDEO.N' B. SsiiTH, E.-^q. Editor of the Ameri-
can Farmer, a corresponding member.

MEMBERS.

JosiAH Stedman of Newlon,

Gardner Brewer of Boston,

S. N. Baco.n, do.

Scions of the Warren apple were presented by
Jonathan Warren, Jr, Weston. It is a native
fruit and in eating from November to April. The
fruit is large, skin yellow, freckled with red and
broH* dots. Said to be high flavored.

Ftoin I^rince's Treatise on the Vine.

Copy of a letter from Edward H. Bonsall, Esq. to
the author, dated

' Vineyaril, Gernianlnwn, Pa. February, 1830.

I received your connnunication, in due course,
and feel under obligations for the kindne.ss which
prompted it. In accordance with the invitation
contained in it, I shall now proceed to give a
cursory sketch of my practice and experience, so
far as I Miiderstand yom- proposition to e.vtend. I
may premise, that I commenced planting my vine-
yard in the spring cd' 18"25, with from seven to
eight thousand cuttings, which I extended over
three acres of grounil, arranging them with a view
to the vines being when grown, at distances of
four by seven feet fronn each other. There was
an average of two cuttings in a place. From the
time of planting (say first of April) for a perioil
of six weeks, there was but about one fourth of a
inch of rail), and the sun frequently warm. The
vegetating principle was put in action, the s|)routs
started, and deriving no nutriment from the soil,
many of them were soon killed, and dro[)ped off.
I raised something beyond one thousand. The
early and most important part of the next season
was almost equally unfavorable, which combining
with the necessity of starting with very few of
some of the varieties, I was desirous of cultivating
extensively, (and from which I have since been
propagating, and gradually extending my stock,)
greatlv obstructed the completion of my estab-
lishment, so that there are yet some vacancies to
be filled. 1 have now about three thousand five

liuutlred in their proper places, ami upwards of
(Uie thousand more to be renewed. I have such
confidence in the business being both practicable
and profitable, that I contemplate planting one antl
a half acres more on a site well suited to the jmr-
pose, adjoining my present establishment.

Some of my vines proiluced fruit in 1827,
preUy freely in 1828, anil last year very largely,
when my vinlige produceil eight barrels of wine
beside my niaUing sale of a considerable (piantity
of fruit ill I'hiladelphia, &c. The ensuing season,
1 shall probably have more than double the quaii-
lity, as there are constantly new vines coming
iiilo bearing, and also others approaching their
full capacity, which had previously made oidy a
lirst or seconil etfort.

As regarils the varieties with which I have
had most success, and to which I give the prefer-
ence, I am unliesititting in ranking as the three
foiemosr, the 'Cativwba,' the York, (Pa.) 'Black
Madeira,' and the ' Isabella.' These seem to pos-
sess all the requisites for our purpose, more par-
ticularly as wiiie grapes, — and some jiersons ad-
mire them for the table also. They all [)roduce
excellent wood, ripening the shoots almost to the
extreme end, even in the most nnfavoralile seasons
antl without any protei-tion, pass through our
coltlest wiiilersas securely astiie oak of the forest.
The 'Catawba'and ' Isabella 'yield exira-abundant
crops of fruit, and the York Black Madeira is also
a very good bearer. Their fruit rarely fails to
arrive at fine maturity, and is rich in saccharine
maiter, — the basis of wine. The ' Alexantler ' I
am cultivating pretty largely, but my estimation of
it is on the wane. 'It does not produce as good
wood as those just mentioned, and is less certain
of ripening its fruit. I have some jilants of the
North Carolina ' Sciippernong ' coming forwaril ;
but from conversation with some of my frieiuls,
who were familiar with it at the south, I doubt its
adaption to extensive culture. They say, that as the
berries commence ripening, they immediatelv
loosen their connexion with the stem, and by
slight agitation, fall in great numbers, as is the case
with most of our Fox grai)es. I have upwards
of thirty additional varieties, several of which have
not produced fruit, so as to enable me from per-
sonal observation, to place an estimate on them ;
and such as have, I do not think worth.y of be-
ing brought into competition with the three first
mentioned. There are some, the ' Elsenborou gh,'
' Orwicrsburg,' &c, the fruit of which is good and
generally ripens, but they hardly seem fitteil f or
vineyard culture, on account of deficiency in the
size of the fruit, amount of produce, &c.

The wine Dr llulings alluded to was part of a
cask of one hundreil and thirty gallons, matle by
me three years since, from the 'Alexander ' grape,
purchased of some of my neighbors, my vines
not having at that time come into bearing. It
has been pronounced by connoisseurs in Phila-
delphia, to be very similar in its character to a
good Madeira, excepting that it was rather more
mild.

' My vineyard is situated between the Schuyl-
kill and Delaware rivers — four iniles from the
former, and eight from the latter, at an elevation
of three hundred feet above their level, having,
an aspect facing S. S. E., with a sub-stratum of
light isinglass soil, and seems well suited to the
purpose. From my experience, both on my own
premises and at other places, it is inyjudginent
that we should reject almost all foreign varieties,

esjiecially where om- object in cultivating them is
to make wine.

I'o bo conclutleil next week.

IdVE FEiNCES.
Mr Eoitor — There is one very serious objec-
tion against a>loptlng the siiggestiim ol' Mv Jiuck-
minsler, vf usiiiii Hie yellow loeust fur Hoe fences,
anil that is, this iree is so prone lo senil up sprouts
from its exteiidetl roots, that it would soon encum-
ber the fields.

The avocaiions of the mirsery forbid my add-
ing anything further than that
' I remain, respectfully.

Your obedient servant,
Albariy, Jpril 12, 1831. J. Buel.

Premium. — The Plynnnith County Agricultural
society ofli;r a Piemium to that town which shall
maintain the best piece of road, being a public
highway, of a given extent wilhin its territory.
The improvement of roads is a worthy object for
premiums. The fumlsof agricultural societies
might be aideil by the state and the fines of one
town be bestowed as a bounty on others. As for
some roads that we wot of, if there were ' ser-
mons in stones' and preaching coultl avail any
thing, no premiums woultl be required to improve
their condition. — JVew Bedford paper.

ll'ool. — According to the present appearances in
Europe, there will be a considerable rise in the
price of wool. None could be obtained in Portu-
gal or the frontiers of Spain in January, nor would
there be a supply till next summer ; at the same
time, the demand for coarse wool was increasing
and prices advancing. The stock in England was
small, and of consequence the prices good, and
woidd probably remain so. This u ill have an effect
on the American market.

Lowell. — The demand for tenements in this
town has never been so great as at the present time.
We recently advertised one to be let, antl have re-
ceived not less than forty a])prications for it. Ten
years ago our population was about one hundred
and fifty ; it is now ntit much less than seven thou-
sund, and the prospects of the growth of the town,
have at no time been so |)romlsing as at the pre-
sent. Fiintls suliicient have been obtaincil to build a
rail-road from Lowell lo Boston ; the Suftblk Com-
pany has recently been incorporated with a cap-
ital of .$.500,000, ami have Commenced erecting two
mills willi all the necessary appemlages ; the Tre-
moiit Company is also just incorporated with a
capital of 8.500,000, all of which has been sub-
srribetl. Among the huililings to be crectetl this
summer, will be a hotel on a very extensive scale, at
the corner of Merrimack and Dutton streets.

Lowell JoumdL

Coal for Steam Boats. — We learn from the Provi-
dence American, that the steam boat President,
Captain E. S. Bunker, which left New York on
Tuesday at 4 o'clock, A. M. arrived at Providence
the same evening at 11 o'clock. It is added that
she used coal instead of wood on the passage and
that the experiment proved entirely satisfactory.

The Directors of the Boston House of Industry
propose to erect a Wind Grist Mill. The cost Is
estimated at $-500. The amount of Grain con-
sumed at the House annually, is about 5000 bush^
els.

308

NE\\ ENGLAND FARMER,

April 13, 1S31.

MASS.

REPORTS

OF THE

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY IN
Continued friiin page 301.

To Benjamin Guild, Esq.

Dear Sir — On Saturday tiie I6th inst. was the
first liine tliat 1 saw or Uiiesv ol" the preuiiiiiiis
offered by the Massachusetts Airricnltuial Society
for the best improved lariii. I therelbre sliall be
unable to make all the statements 1 wish to make,
with that accuracy that is dosiralde and which
may be required, but 1 shall make an nlienipt. 1
therefore offer my farm which lies in the f^ast |iart
of the town of Pittstield, U])on the Hoston and Al-
bany stai^e road, containing two hun<lred and fifty
acres or thereabout. The soil alluvial and loam ;
which farm 1 purchased ten years since and for |
which I paid nearly 14,000 dollars. I have for- I
ty acres of good wood land, prun-ipally covered :
with the sugar maide. I have also in one square !
jot fiirty acres of meadow, almost perfectly level,
and irrigated or overflowed by the water.s of the
llousat(jnic river, (by which it is bnunded on the
east,) in the spring of the year when the snow melts
away, generally, and somet|mes tv.'ice or thrice
in a year, so that it never requires any manure,
and I have nothing to do but to keep up my fen-
ces and cut the grass, which is all of an excellent,
quality, consisting of herds or timothy, clover and
fine Knglish, and produces annually from eighty
to ninety tons. Tiiis lot lies upon the east side of
the roail, opposite to niy lioiise and the residue of
my farm upon the west side of the road, pretty
nearly in a square forni,a litile elevated above the
meadow, say 8 or 10 feet, and rises but little to the
western extreme of the farm. I have an orchard
lot consstiug of about eighteen acres, which I
mow, and obtain between twenty and thirty loads
of ex<ellent hay. I have also mowed five acres
in another lot, which was seeded two years
since, which produced five or six loads, making in
all between 120 and 130 loads of first quality of
herdsgrass and clover hay, which ue have estima-
ted at oiie ton to the load as we get in, well made.
The residue of my farm consists of pasturage and
tillage, say 147 acres, all good, which I have im-
proved alternately fu- pastm-e and tillage by a ro-
tation of crops, fiist fur wheat and rye, then corn,
then oats or other spring grain with clover and
grass.

I have improved it the present season as fol-
lows ; of winter crops 12 acres of rye which was
an excellent cro|!, but not measured, and two acres
of winter wheat which was sowed upon corn
ground after the corn was taken off, and produc-
ed, as it was sowed rather too late, but 32 bush-
els. I have also raised this year 5 acres of oats,
which produced 122 shocks, snULe of which we
have threshed, which h.-ive yii-lilcil iv.d bushels
per shock; if the whole should jicld in like man-
ner, the five acres will give 244 imshcls, or nearly
50 bushel per acre, upon whicli laud I had beans
and oats last year. With a little manure I
also sowed one bushel of marroulUt peas,
whicli siipplird my faiuily and sevei al of my neigh-
bors with green peas. I harvesteil eight bushels
well dried and fine for seed. I have also on my
farm two acres of potatoes. 1 have dug and got
in one acre only, which ))rodnced 296 bushel.s,
beside.'? what were dug f)r use for several weeks, —
so that I can safely say that this acre yielded
soiri'tliing more than 300 bushels of the flesh
color, and worth double the connnon potatoes.

1 have raised this season about 11 acres of com
of the small early eiglit rowed ears which is a
very good crop, an<l will produce as determined
by a committee of an Agricultural Society, 90 |
bushels to the acre, that is, for three or four of the
best acres; fiir wliicii they gave me the Society's j
third premium. The land on which it was raised
has been mowifd for three or four years, and last
year broken up and hog-dung put into every hill,
— hills at three feet apart, ily farm is divided by
a lane through the whole and fenced on either
side, and then divided into 10 and 20 acre lots
opening to the centre lane, so that I have more
than 6 miles of fence, a part of which is half wall.

I have also raised this year two acres of spring
rye, which 1 have not threshed, which I think will
give me 20 bushels per acre. — I have also raised
twenty acres ol' small white beans which I have
not yet gathered, and whicli I estimate to yield
fifteen bushels to the acre, or about 300 bushels in
all. This field was |)lantcd two years since to
corn and then to rye and oats. — I have ploughed
and summer-fallowed twenty acres of old jiasture
where luy sheep have rim, and sowed it to rye and
three acres more to winter wheat; all sowed
about the last of August now looks finely, and if
nothing befalls it, I tliiuk I may s/ifely calculate
U|)on thirty bushels to the acre. — The number of
apple trees in my orchard is 149. Six yearssince
I put in 1000 grafts by contract, principally of win-
ter frui;, such as Greenings, Spitzenbergs, Gilli-
fiowers Russets, Golden Sweetings and Seekno-
fnrthers, &c, &c, from which I last year made 36
barrels of cider and put up about 100 byshels o
fine winter appljs. To my trees I have done
nothing but trim and scrape. This year, owing
to a late frost I shall not have five bushels in all. IMy
manner of making cider is the common way. As to
saving grass seed, I usually seed down about 10
acres annnally with 4 quaris of clover and 4 quarts
herdsgrass to the acre. I have made several e.v-
periments. After taking off a corn crop, I have
ploughed and sowed nothingbut grass seed; this
was done in the month of October, and it tnok
well, but did not get to maturity fidly the next
season. 1 have also sowed with rye, in the fall and
also upon snow covering wheat and rye, and also
in the spring with spring wheat, rye and oats, and
I am satisfied that to sow clover and herdsgrass in
tlie next spring with oats is the best time and way.
Another experiment may possibly be useful. Eight
years since ] ploughed and fenced about two acres
of good land upon which 1 planted one bushel of
butternuts, one ditto of w^alnnts, and one bushel of
chesmits, and smaller quantities of apples, peaches,
pears, quinces, hazlenuts and filberts, most of
which failed, save only a few peaches, several clies-
nnts anil filberts. The filberts 1 have transplanted
near to my house, and have now i]robably 100
bushels which have borne considerably the two
last years, as large as any of the imported. The
late frost jirevented their hearing this year, but I
have no doubt that they can be grown here plenti-
fully with little trouble. i\Iy barn is 100 feet long
and 4 0 feet wide, stjinding east and west, with a.
floor through it lengthwise, over which is another'
floor, each twelve feet wide. Upon the south side
of my barn I have a tier of stables extending the
whole length, 12 feet wide, which is sufficient to
put up 25 head of cattle. I have one shed ex-
tending from the west end of my barn south 120
feet, half of it 20 feet in width and the other half
14 feet, capable of holding 30 or 40 loads of hay

over head. I have three or four other sheds
temporary or of less value. My barnyard is 120
feet square divided by a line of fence through the
centre each way, making four yards of about 60
feet square, with a shed for each and a well of
water iu the centre, from which 1 water each )'ard,
in each of which I have wintered about 100 sheep,
and make my manure principally by bedding them
with straw. I have kefit the last year two yoke
of oxen and one yoke of steers, five cows and
nine head of young I'attle, three horses and one
colt and 425 first quality Merino and Saxony
sheeji. We have made butter and cheese only
enough for family use. Although my stock of
cows are of the first quality, yet niy lainily is large
and consume all tliey ])roduce ; for one of my
cows, which is only 3 years ohl, I last week re-
ceived this Society's first premium as the best
among 37 cows ciff'ered for premium ; her calf now
is only four weeks old, and she is a descendant t)f
the stock of cattle tailed the Gore breed, I be-
lieve from a bull imiiorted by the late Governor
Gore ; at any rate, from my connexion with the
Berkshire Agricultural Society, I was induced to
purchase some of the finest cattle of our part of
the country, and fir the ancestor of this cow I
paid .$100. My other cows and stock are of the
HolJcniess stock. Of swine, 1 only keep and fat
enough for family use and some little surplus to
pay laborers. I am now feeding 8 of the Bye-
field breed, a part of which I think will weigh
about 300 lbs. each. As to the amount of labor,
fijr the last year- 1 have hired oidy one man, and
have two buys almost men; and in haying and
threshing, day laborers, which in all probably costs
me 8140 or ,§150 inclusive of board. I would
also add that in consequence of tilling so nuich
land, I have hired 100 of my sheep pastured t!ie
past summer.

To reca|)itulate —

63 acres of meadow land
12 do. winter rye
2 do. do. wheat

do. oats

do. potatoes

do. corn

do. spring rye

do. beans

5
2

11

2

20

117

20 acres sowed to winter rye
3 do. do, to do. wheat

140
40 wood
70 pasture

250
It will be seen that I have mowed and tilled
this year 140 aens, 17 ol' which has been seeded
down to gra,ss.

My stock is as follows, viz. 425 sheep 20 head
of cattle, 4 horses, 10 wild geese, and a few India
geese, presented to me by Gorliam Parsons, Esq.
a few years since. Poultry in abundance, of many
sorts.

This rough draft was drawn up list evening and
tills morning in much haste, and is imperfect for
want of more time. Yet it is as I believe true.
I am, dear Sir, very respectfiilly,

Your obedient humble servant,
Piitsfidd, 0-t. 18, 1830 Jonathan Allsw.
To lie continued.

/ Vol. IX.— Nn. 39.

AIND HOIITICULTLIIAL JOLIINAL.

309

GVPSl'M OK PLASTER OF PARIS.

History iiifui'iiis us that tlie utility ol' Gypslliii
for grass, w.is first discoverod in Germany by a
laborer at tliP (|Marry, pa-^siiii; across a intadow to
sliorteii tlie di^iaiico homo, discoveri'd the luxini-
ancc ofgrass, where lie had travelled, ami imaifiii-
ing that the dust ot" Gy|isiiiii from his clollios
must have been the cause, tried the experiment,
and the event answered his <'X|iectations.

Some time afirr, a \\y'i of it was sent t(i Ameri-
ca to Mr Jacob Barije ol' Philadclpliia, and it soon
rame into use in that part of Pejmsylvanin, where
they value it very lii^rMy, and even suppose that
the hay is better which is produced by it.

it is however said that Gyp-mn will not pro-
mote vei,'etation so nun-li near the ocean, or in
any place where it can be decompounded by p.ir-
ticles of sea salt. That may be so, yet it has some-
times done well near the se:i in dry seasons, and
its effects an: not so visible any where in wet sea-
sons. My own practice has been 17 miles distant
from Lonj; Island sound, where my first use of it,
"tar exceeded my most sanguine expectations,.,^

pvliich is made by
1 2 gallons of water

pulling half a gill of lar iiit%
, or in that pro|iorlion, Mining
it Well, just to nial;e the water a lilile sticky, and the
plaster will adlien; to the ki-nicis much better,
and the birds and insects will not meddle with
it ; (too much tar may prevent vegetation.) \Vi-
then put on from half a bushel to a bushel ol plas-
ter on an acre, after first hoeing, and the crop will
generally bo doubled by using the plaster, liohss
it be in h wet .season, when the difTcrence will not
be great ; yet y(Mi may see where llie corn hills were,
some years after the land is laid down to grass.
Some say it is best to sow a bushel on an acre of
grass land every year, but its etli^ct^ being visi-
ble several years, 1 have not practised in that way.

'J'he Nova Scotia I'laster is not all of it eipialiy
good or even that which is brought from France,
but the imporied is the lies: ; yet the diirerenee is
not great, and .-is the Nova Scolia is the cheapest,
I generally use it, unless when we send to New 1
Vork for it, we buy that which was imporied. 1

It ought to he ground in fair weather, and sow- 1
ed soon after grinding; or else it may he.iioie

nosTov, WEn\r.~i)AV i:vi:\i\cj, aimmi, i:t, i83I.

In the spring of 1796, 1 sent to New York, j •■'■""'".^' =""' "e'^'' ""slii"? or running tlirongh llr

and obtained a barrel of Gypsum which had been
imported Iruin Franco, and in May and .lune sow-
ed it on ditferent soils, and several kinds (jf crops,
and it produced wonderful efteetn generally. I
put some of it on Indian corn after the first hoeing,
and left 5 rows tlirongb the middle of the field
which was imt plastered, which did not produce
more than one, on either si<le, owing in some
measure ;o the grubs having left the corn, where
the plaster had been used, and gone on to those
5 rows, which some miles distant, looked like a
road which had been cut through a wood, for the
corn was exceedingly poor, and from 20 to 50
grubs under each hill, and not a grub to be found
under the bills which had been plastered.

The tlax and potatoes were much benefited by
plaster, but the h heat, rye, barley and oats did not
show the benefit much ; yet the grass was visibly
bettersoine years after the crops were taken o ".

The utility of Gypsum appearing so manifest
induced me to use it freely, and the next spring
sent corn, cider, &c, to Passaina(iuodily and bought
10 tons. 1 used the greatest part (d'it the same
year. I generally put about .3 bushels on an acre
at that time, because they used as much as thai
on an acre in Pennsylvania, but 2 bushels are
thought now to be sulhcieut.

A whim has gone abroaii that it injures land
but the encyclopedists say that it does not, more'
than stable manure.

They have used it in Pennsylvania more than
60 years, and still value it highly as a manure. It
has been used near 40 here, and yet we have
many firincrs among ns who choose to be half a
century behind others in improvements, who have
not yet ventured to try it ; but as^t is now plenty
and cheap, I would advise farmers at least to
run the risk of trying it.

Those who have used it plentifully and repeat-
edly on ihe same lands will not find so much
benefit by using it ag.iin, as they did at first, yet
it is a good manure, even in those cases. 1 have
not generally used the Gyi)siim oftener than once
in G, 8 or 10 yeai-s on the same land, unless it
might be a litlle wlien the land was tilled, to roll
the grain in, or a litthp to put on it, not exceeding
one bushel to the acre.

We iiave gen^'rally rolled Iiulian ri»rn in it be-
fore planting, aft r soaking it awhile in tar w.iter,

null again. Still damp weather is the best forsow-
ing it, that it may not blow away ; and it will sow
better, .luil last longer; if it is not ground ex('es-
sively fine. It may be sown in Spring or Autumn,
but vegetation ought to have time to come forward
before it is sown. Its efl'eets will be most visi-
ble on land which has been recently laid down to
herds grass anri clover ; but if il is mowing ground,
it is bi'st to mow it once before the Gy|isimi is put
on, for fear it may make the clover lod^e down,
but the 2d year the herds grass will support it.

GARDENER'S WORK FOR APRIL.

In the Eiistern Stales, generally, this is the month
for sowing the principal garden crops. There ii
an advimtago in sowing the hardier kinds of gar-
don seed as early as the state of the soil will per-
mit, as by that means the plants become lirinly
established before they are overtaken by the heat
and drought of the summer. But a stiff' and
moist soil should never, on any account, be dug,
ploug'hcd or harroueil when it is -:o wet as to be
clammy oradhesivi'. A light sandy soil however,
will be benefited by being hoed or otherwise
wrought on while incist.

. Mr M'Mahon well observes that 'earth of a
consistence that will hold water longest williout
becominii; hnrd whin tin/, is that of all others the
best adapted for raising the generality of jilants
in the greatest perfection. The great art of im-
proving sandy and clay soils is to give to the for-
mer such dressings of clay, cowdung and other
kinds of manure, as will have a tendency to bind
and make it more compact, and, consequently more
retentive of moisture ; and, to the latter coats of
sandy earth, pond mud, horse dung, &c.'

Asparagus may now be sown or transplanted.
It has formerly becni thought necessary to make a
very laborious and expensive process of cultivating
asparagus, but it has been found that the old modea
of growing that valuable esculent may be dis-
pensed with, and asparagus raised with about as
much facility as potatoes. The Hon. J. Welles

It is well to sow it as soon as the hay is taken off", 1 th.is describes his method, which we should believo
fir it will cidlect moisture, and keep the land from altogether worthy of general adoption.

being | arched from the intense heat of the sun,
wlji(rli is often the case at that season of the year.

It is sometimes sown on old sward where it can-
not well he ploughed, though it will not do much

' A piece of ground was taken, of a deep rich
soil. After a common corn crop was taken off,
the land was ploughed and manured in the usual
course. Holes were then dnir, twelve to fourteen

the first year or two, yet the second or third year ; inches in depth, and about the same distance apart,
it will show itself, and make the grass thick aniF and two or three shovels full of compost manure
heavy, and continue to help the land several yeais. were mixed with a part of the earth. The roots
It will do the most •jooil on land which is in pretty 'of a year's growth were then inserted at about six
good order. It will not make poor lainl i)roduce inches in depth. This bed has flourished and been
luxuriantly, especiallv after grain is taken off". i thought as productive as any whatever. * * *

When clover seed is sown clear from the hull ; ' Ilowcver rare it may be that there is any over
without covering, it ought to be rolled in plaster, cultivation or preparation of sod for any vegetable
and it will keep it moist, and help vegetation. — production, in would seem here to be the case.

Mtddltlown Sent.

usiness. — It appears from the city pa|)ers that
is a great demand for vessels, and that the
of freight have advanced more than 33 per
Vessels have not been in so good request
,veral years. The manufactures of cotton
oidlcii goods are realizing a fiir [irofit. The
prices of grain, Wool, fat cattle, ifcc, have improved.
The farmers of Hadley, Hatfield, and other
towns in this vicinity tu-c calculating to engage ex-
tensively in the cultivation of broom-corn, ami it
is believed that more acres will be ilevotcd to this
crop the ensuing season than in any former year.
Many acres in Northampton meadow have been
leased to the growers of broom-corn. The price
given for the ii.so of good land, for one irop, if the
land be manured, ploughed, and made reaily for
planting by the le.ssor, is about 20 dolliu's per acre ;
and about 12 dollars per acre arc given for the use

e old forms appear to have been kept up and to
have discouraged a more general diffusion of this
valuable plant.

' Dr Dean, in his husbandry, has somewhat sim-
plified the matter, but not sulficiently. The pro-
posed method of placing the roots at 6, 8 and 9
inches is quite too near. The duration oF 10 or
12 years is quite a mistaken one ; it lasts with us
double that period.

' The management of the bed may be given in
a very few words. In the fall of the year it is
important to cover it with horse manure ; in the
spring it should be raked off", and the bed lightly
forked over, so as not to touch the roots.

' If the bed from frequent weeding becomes low
it may be raised with dock mud to advantage.
This produces no weeds, while the saline particles
are favorable to its growtii. Where this cannot
be had, rich loam may be taken.'

Mr .Armstrong, in vol. 2 of the .Memoirs nf Hit .V.
York linitrd of .'IgricuUurc says, ' It has been late-

of first rate land in its present state, that is, lam

which w.as well manured and bore a good cro]) i ly asserted, and with sufficient confidence, that a

the last season. — IIiir:ip. Gaz. ' pickle of salt and water, of the ordinary strength

310

NE^ EM.I A^D FARMER,

T

April 13, 1&31. v

I ■ II !■! IIIIMHIIIBM H IMIII IIIH T

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

1

for preserving meat inay be very usefully applied
to asparagus beds in the spring. The effects as-
cribed to it are its stimulating power over the crop,
and its tendency to destroy the seeds of weeds
and insects, lying near the surface. E.xperiments
on this subject should be multiplied, and with pic-
kles differing in strength and quality.' In the last

edition of Dumes .\\w E„o-l„nd Fanner, it is ob- i kept iheui u, a dark room in one end ol his garret,
served that ' to a bed Hfty t^et by six, a bushel of; (" ^''''^k I'ouse) with some small holes cut lliruugn
salt may be applied with good effect before the ;'"«'''"" "l'« . l''''^«''S« "• '''I ''.«es ; by this means
plants start in the spring.'

BKCS

Mr Fesse.nden — In August of last year, a
genilemaii liom Kentucky called with a friend to
see me, and observing 1 kept bees, mentioned that

IVieud of his in ihat slate had for several yeais

h

Asparagus is tliougiit to be a very healthy arti-
cle of aliment. Loudon says, ' In Paris it is much
resorted to by the sedentary and operative classes,
vthen tliey are troubled with symptoms of gravel or
stone. IVillich's Domestic Eiicyclopedin states that,
' Asparagus is allowed to promote the appetite ; and
affords a delicious article of nourishment to the
invalid and valetudinarian, who is not troubled with
flatulency.'

Dundelion. Lcontndon taraxacum. — Tliis hardy
plant might probably be improved by cultivation.
Gen. Dearborn gave some notices of its success-
ful culture, in tlie Xcw Englnnd Farmer, vol. vi. p.
337. He observed that they might ' be set out at
any time ai'ter the frost is out of the ground. 1
would recommend that the rows be three feet asun-
der, and the plants two feet apart in the rows.'
And that 'the rapidity with wliich the leaves shoot
out after cutting is greater than in any plant I have
ever seen. Some of them were covered with
flower pots, after the fourth cutting, to blanch the
leaves for salad, and they are nearly or quite
equal to endive. In five days after the pots were
put over, the leaves, whicli had been previously
cut close to the crown of the root, the plants shot
up five inches in height.'

The culture of the dandelion is desirable on ac-
count of its medical as well as its esculent proper-
ties. A writer for the .Yationnl Intelligencer, wlio
appears to have been a medical man say, ' Dande-
lions have ahvays been considered peculiarly use-
ful in visceral obstructions, particularly those of
the liver, when eaten eathcr as greens, salads, or
taken in ptisans. — They seem calculated from their
stimulant deobstruent powers to promote bilious
discharges, and from long e.\))erieiice have been
found highly efficacious in all biliary affections of
the liver. They arc also good to keep the body
open ami are diuretic and alteiiuunt. In the
dropsy, the dandelion lias been known Cm- ages t,
be of great utility. The ancients, says Willicli, were
better acquainted with the properlies of this excel-
lent vegetable, than those inndern practitioners who
appear to be more anxious to introduce exotics,
imported liora distant countries, tlian to ascertain
the qualities of those numerous medical plants,
wliicli grow ill our own climate. I advise all who
are troubled with bile, Hat nlences, fulness ol' blood,
and who are fearlVil of dropsy, vertigo, &c, to
make free use of this precious gift of nature the
dandelion.

Ea.ily Cucumbers.
On Saturday, the 9th inst. we noticed several
Targe cucumbers, at the stall of Michael Tombs,
Boston Market. They were raised by Cliarles
Hovey, Cambridge-port.

Original Repartee. — A very intemperate man,
vfhose face was covered with rum b|r)ssonis, insul-
tingly said to a clergyman : 'do you know that I
have got to be elder > ' ' No,' replied the clergy-
man, ' you look more like dog-wood.''

lie was saved the trouble of liives ami swarming
(wliicb tlicy neser do as long as they have room
to work in,) and that he could at any li me go into
the room (properly guarded) ami take 10 or 50
lbs. of comb at a time. Early in December, I
wrote a letter asking many questions, with an in-
tention of giving to your paper the results of my
inquiries, but presume, I did not get a proper di-
rection, as I have not received an answer. Dur
iiig the winter I have made some inquiries, and
rertected uiiicli (ui the subject, and herein give
you an extract of a letter from T. W. Sumner,
Esq. of Brookline, Mass.

' In the sniiimer of 1827, a swarm of bees enter-
ed by a small hole under the shingled gutter
wliicli is on the top of the cornice of one of the
dormer windows of my house ; when in, they
found abundance of room for working, and no
one could disturb them, but by taking down the
plaistercd ceiling of my upper rooms. You will
recollect my house has what is termed a gamble-
roof; the space above the level plaistering, forms
a flat triangle, of 7 feet wide, twenty inches high
and at least GO feet long. I think had they not
been disturbed, they niiglit have worked twenty
years.

' We ilid not disturb them, neither did they dis-
turb us, till I took them up in January, 1829, on
a very colil day. 1 took down the plaistering about
a yard square under the comb and sinolliered
them in the usual way with sulphur. We got
296 lbs. of comb, bread and honey. I have often
regretted 1 did not try to propagate them, fur lioii-
6y in a family is a very convenient article.'

A friend of mine as iinicli as 15 years since, in
taking a house to pieces in Boston, found a swarm
of bees over one ofthe dormer windows in the gar-
ret, which he bad carefully sawed off and secured
and carried to Brighton, where he kept it several
years.

I understand there has been in the roof of a
use in Brighton a swarm of bees for 7 years
past. They liave not had much room to wor
but will not be driven away.

All these circumstances had determined nia'.
prepare a |>hice in my barn, when your piifier
about a month since stated it was a common prac-
tice in Ohio.

I have made a tight closet of near 10 feetsipiare
and about G feet high in the centre, at tiie south-
west end of my barn, immediately under the ridge-
pole. The floor is about 25 feet from the ground
and is ap|n'oaehed by a fixed ladiler from the se-
cond floor, and kept under lock. In this I have
placed two hives juirchased last season from Mr
Beard, frmii the interior of Maine, where as I nn-
ilerstand they lune not been Ironbleil with the
bee moth. I apprehend from the great elevation of
my bee house, I shall not be troubled with them
again, as I belim'e they do not often rise so high
fi'oni the ground.

I have kept more or less bees for 20 years ; till
about 6 years ago, we were so much troubled
by the bee moth that I gave them up. Last year

1 began again in the hope, with some of tha
impnived liives to succeed better, and still intend
ee|>iug some in the usual way near the giound.'
If the chamlier plan succeed, of which I see no
reaaon to doubt we shall be saved a great deal of
trouble, as we shall no longer be obliged to watch
and hive them. I have put in some extra rafters,
idsoa shelf and slandards, to enable the bees rnore
r<^■^diiy to attach the comb.

Any persons having a wish to see the method
adojited by me, I shall be hajipy to shew it to
ihcni. The bees appear perfectly satisfied with'
their elevated situation.

I am scunewhat apprehensive that a southwest
aspifct maybe rather loo warm in summer, and
rat her regret I had not put the room even at the
northeast end of the barn. I should have prefer-
reil a southeast front, taking the morning sun and
luiiig cooler in the afternoon. I do not think
there is any danger to be apprehended from sever©
cold, if they are only kept dry.

Very truly yours, John Pri.nce

JanndnffPlain, April_^l\, 1.831.

Edinburgh Review.— h\\\y and Wait have just
republished the 104th No. of this popular journal,!
which contains elaborate' articles on the follow-
ing topics; East India Cbmpany — Bowriiigs' Poeti-
cal Translations — Political Economy — Civil Disa-
bilitiesofthe Jews — Spirit of Society in England'
and France — Principles of Belief anil Expectation
as ap])liod to Miracles — Capital : Pmiisbment. of
Korgery — Novels descriptive of lri<ih Li/'e — Life^^nd
Religious Opinions id' Bishop Ileber ; Evangeltiial
.•school — Irish Courts Quarter Sessions; Assistant
Barristers — Sadler's Refutation, refuted — The Late
and Present Ministry — Index — published quarterly
ta $5.00 per annum.

Instead of remitting silver to China in exchange
for teas, we now begin to receive thence, remittan-
ces ill specie for our domestic goods. We find
the following paragraph in the New York Journal
of Commerce :

' The Tide Turned.— The brig Deligh^j at Phila-
delpiiia, from Canton brought $24,000 'i"iTs|)ecie,
.V letter states that half a million has been recjeoAji
exported to Europe. If China is to disembogusi
its silver upon the western nations, while fhei
usual supply from Mexico and South America con-
tinues, the effect will be to make the article a great-
er drug even, than it is at present. And it is al
ready the dullest commodity in the money-inarket.i
Any good jiiifier is preferred before it.'

Lowell Companies. — The names of the seveif.
al companies in this town, incorporated for manu-
facturing purposes, with their capital, are as fol-
lows :

.Merrimack Company,
Locks & Canals do.

Hamilton

',dfl.

Apiileton

do.

Lowell

do.

Middlesex

do.

Suftolk

do.

Tiemont Mills,

Total,

$1,500,000
600,000
1,200,000
500,000
500, 000
500,000
500,000
500, 000

$5,800, 000

Lou'ell RailRoad. — Private sales of this stock have-
been effected at thirty five per cent advance.

Flocks of pigeons, extending miles, have r©-'
cently pttssed southwesterly from Springfield. '

Vol. IX.— No. 39.

AXD HOin ICULTURAL JOURNAL.

311

jYtw Vegelnbles. I

■ For sale at the Seoil Sioie coniii'Cleil with the New
Englaml Fanner, 52, Nuitli M.irkel slieet, a small quaii- '
tily of each of tlie lollowiiij^ new and valuable vei^cla- ,
ble. :

K'niglil's neic Dwarf Honey Pea ; {,\ nio«t ilelicion<
pea, liiul <;reat beaicr; orit;iri,iieii hy Mr Kfiii;ht, Picsi-
ein of iho Luidon Hoi licultm al Soiioly.) .Vew Itahun
IJenil Leiluce \ l.nsiL', clo-e hc.il-, very lender; (intio-
duced by Lieui. Itidtway, of Ibe U S'. Navy— 12i cu.
per paper.) Early Orange Beet ; early, beainilul and
very delicate ; iiol eotninon in the no>toii market — \'2ii
cts. pel' paper. Canada Crook .AVf/r Squash ; the ino^l
delicate >oi't cnllivalcd in New Fiiiiiand ; in catiiiij troin
the bcginiiini; of .\ui;ii-l m ihe tii»i ol February ; small,
but proiitic. Com. Porter^s l'alj>araiso Sqitai^h, liave
attained the size ot 4t> lbs. in Vcriimnt last season. .^Vcw
Early JJwarf Pea, 33 cIs- per quart, very early and pro-
lific— does not require slicks : also the Dwarf Blue Im-
perial Pea, inlioduced into t;eneral use by us, four years [
since; now too well known and appreci.ited (o require
comment. London Horticultural Pole Bean, sent In
Messrs Tborbuin ^" Sons, of New York, last year, by
the London Horliculti.ral Society — they have proved a i
valuable acquisition, very piolitic, and livalling the Lima
Beans in richness of flavor ; .50 cts. per quart. April 13.

Fruit Trees, Shrubs, Grape Vin<s, S,-c.
Gentlemen in want of Fruii and Forest Trees, Orna-
mental Shrubs, Grape Vines, Honeysuckles, &c, &c, are
respectfully informed that ibey can be o! tained in any
quantity or variety, at A'ursery priees, by leaving their
orders at the Agricultural U'arehoiise, No. 52, North
Market street, Boston. The Trees will be delivered at
the Warehouse, fr e of expense ol freiifbt, except when
obtained lioiu New York, Philadelphia, or Alb..ny, when
it will be added to Ihe bill. Calalooues of most of Ihe
Nurseries can be obtained at the Waiehouse, i^ratis, ex-
cept Prince's of New Yoik ; of which he has just pub-
lished the twenlysixth edition, 91 pases, price 12;^ cents.
As the season is forward, and it will soon be loo late In
■transplant trees wilh safely, an early attention to the
subject IS requisite. April 13-

Fniit Trees, %x.

For sale at Davenpot's, Nursery in Milton, a good col-
lection ot all the most valuable kinds of Fruit Trees cul-
tivated ill New En;iland, as Apples, Pears, Cherries,
Peaches, Plums, 4'c. — with a good assortment of Green
House Plant.-f and Fir Trees. — 01 Pear trees, he can sup-
ply the iollowing sorts of extra size and quality, viz : —
Bloodgooil's, Early Chaiimontelle, Long (ireen Mouth-
water, St Michael's, Winter Bergamot, Beurre Kouge,
Seckle, Baiilelt. Cap Sheaf, and Buflins. Orders may be
left with J. B. Ri;ssell, at the Agriculuiral Warehouse,
52, North Market-street, Boston — French §" Davenport,
713, Washington-street, or at the Nursery in Milton.

April 13.

For Sale,

Silk Worms' E:gs, wai ranled good, price 50 cents per
thousand, wilh shor prartical instructions for rearing
Silk Worms, by J. H. Cobb, which are given to pur-
chasers. Apply at the New England Fanner Office.

April 13.

^Agricultural Seeds.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, Norl([|
Market street, Boston,

Spring Rye; Millet: two-rowed Barley; Northern
Buck Whea"t ; Perkins' Earlv Seedling Potatoes, (that
took the premium from the Massachusetts "orlicullural
Society); Burnliam's Premium Potatoes, (ihat have
twice taken the premium trom the Essex Agricultural
Society, as the best stock potatoes laised in the county) ;
Early Manly Potatoes, (originally from Europe); Grass
Seeds of all kinds, &c, — »H of the very first quality.
.■\spAR.\Gus Roots.

Several thousand plants of the Large Early Devonshire
Asparagus, 3 years old, price 75 els per hundred, well
packed in moss, in boxes of one, two, and three hundred
roots each.

Gooseberry Bushes, &c.

Also, large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes, just re-
ceived from Greenock. — Large While and Red ("UR-
KANT Bushes, &,c.'

Also, Catawba, Isabella, White Sweetwater, Black
Hamburgh, and other kinds of Grapes, well packed in
moss, so as to bear Iran-portation hundreds of miles wilh
safely — price 50 cts each. Large Tart Rhubarb Roots,
25 cts each. March 26.

Rue Grass Seed, ifc.
For sale at the Seed slme. 52, North Market street —

A lew bushels of Racy's Improved Perennial Rye
Grass seed.

CusHiNO Pear Scions.

A lew scions of tbe celebrated dishing Pear, one of
the most valuable native varieiies hilherio bi ought into
notice. It is in eaiing the niidlle of Seplembei — is n
gre.it and conslani bearer, the flesh wdiilish, liielling, and
full of juice, of a sprightly, delicious tlavor. A drawing
iiiil paiticular account of liiis pear, by Henj. I homas,Esq.
will be found in the New Engl.ind Farmer, vol. 8, p 113.
These scions were cut Irom the original tree in Ilinghain,
i y Col. Cushing.

Fruit Trees.

Persons wishing to pin chase Fruit Trec.^.arc informed
Ihat catalogues of all the principal respectable Nurseries
in Ihe Uniicd States, can be had gralis at the New Eng-
land Seed store, 02, North Market slreel.
RussEr Sweetings.

A few scions of the celebrated Russet Sweeting — a
beautiful native apple that originated in Templeton. The
tree is a free groH'er, ancl bears well — the fruit is a fine
russei, and has kept till June — a specimen can he seen
at No. 52 North .Market street. It is in caling from No-
vember to May.

Also — 300 lbs fine South rn Clover, put up in Penn-
svlvania ex|iressly lor our retail trade. Fanners in want
of good Southern Clover seed are requested to examine
this.

Barley.

50 bushels two rowed Barley, plump and clean for
seed, raised hy E. H. Derby, Esq. Salem.

Cauliflower and Cabbage Palnts.

Cabbage, Cauliflower, aiid Broccoli Plants, 25 cents
per dozen.

Flower Seeds.

Packages of Flower Seeds, of eighteen varieties, com-
prising the most showy annuals, among whjch are the
i'.illowing beautiful and comparatively rare sorts; Ele-
gant Coreopsis, Variegated Euphorbia, Cypress Vine,
Candytuft, sweet scented Virgin's Bower, Sensitive Plant,
&.C, &c, wilh directions for their culture. — Price $1 per
packatre. April 13.

Grape Tines.
Th*> subscriber ofTers for sale at his garden at Dorches-
ter, a few Cuttings of the black and while ' Moscatel'
Grape Vines, just received from Cadiz, procured for him
by the Consul of the United States, resident there. He
says, ' obtained these cuttings from Vines on wliieli I
have seen clust rs of Grapes weighing as much asTWEN-
TYsix POUNDS.' They contain several joints and will
be sold at 50 cents each.

— also — ,
2.50 Isabellas, 2 years old ;
1400 ' 1 yr '

300 White Muscadine ;
Caroline ;
Black Hamburg ;
Constanlia ;
Golden .Muscat ;

Napoleon, Gore's, a beautiful black fruit;
8 Varieiies of superior fruit from Xeres and Malaga;
Some large Vines from France, that have borne fruit
two seasons, very proiitic and of line quality;
150 Catawb.^s ;

100 Bland's ; — and several other kinds.
Orders by mail addressed to the subscriber, or personal
application at his office, 7.J Congress street, and to Patrick
Kennedy at the Garden, tor any number of Vines, from
one to one hundred, will meet with prompt attention.
ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.
March 12. 1S31. 3t

Catawba Grape Vines.
For sale hy Samuel Po.vu, near the Universalist
Meeting House, Cambiidgeport, a few Catawba (Jiape
Vines, 2 years old, piice .'$1,25 each. .\pril 13.

Grape Fines.

The subcriber offers for sale, several hundred Grape
Vines of one and two years growth, and uncommonly
healthy and thrilty. Theyhavebeenraiseilwilhgie.it
care frOin Vines uiiich have been foi ty years in this cli-
inale, and are of the kind wbieb obtained the premium
of the Horticultural Society the last season. Also, a few
Isabella, and several other varieties. Orders for any
number of Vines left wi;h Mr J. B Russell, at 52, North
Alarket street, Bustnii. or wilh the subscriber at Charles-
town, will be attended to. DAVID FOSDICK.

Charkstown, March 23, 1831.

JVou« Scolia Potatoes.

For sale at the llalilax Packet Office, No 26 Foster's
whail, several barrels ol pi line Nova Scotia Potatoes, lor
seed. Farmers in want of a good variety of this impor-
tant vegetable, are requested to examine these.

Apri. 13. 3t

PRICES OF COUjVTRY PRODUCE.

Al'l'l.r.S.new,

ASHES, not, lirsl sort,

i'tiarl, lirst sort,
BF.A.XS. nliile,
BKICF, ness,

Cprgo, IVn. I,
Cargo, No. -2,
ISlj'I'TER, inspected, No. 1. new, -
t'li EE.SL, new milk,

.■^kiiinned milk,
FLAXSEED.
FLObli, Baltimore. Howard-Mree!, -

(leiiesee,

Alexandria,

Baliiniore. v^ liaiT,
GRAIN, Corn, Norilieni.

Corn, Southern Vcllow,

Rve,

Barley,

Oals,

HAY,

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,
MKI'S, Ulqualilv,

i.i.Mi;.

I'l.AlSrERPARISrelailsal
PORK, clear.

Navy mess.

Cnrgn. No. I,
SEEDS, Herd'.s Grass,

Red in\i( iiorlhrrn)

Lucerne,

Red Clover, (iiortlicrn)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL. Merino, full blood, w.ished, -.

Merino, nii.Ked with Saxony,

Merino, lliree fourths wnsliod,

Merino, half blood,

Merino, quarter,

Naii^e, washed.

Pulled, La.Tib's, first sort,

Pulled, Lamb's, second sort,

Pulled, " spinning, first sort

hnrrrd
ton.

bushid
barred

uound

barrel

bushel

cwt.
cwi.

cask.

ton.

barrel

bushel

potllKl

cwl.
pound.

I ,.•

► niiK
2 50

no till I

122 .W
W

TO

300

50
50
II

G

3
12 1

7 12

7 50

6 25

6 00

80'

70 1

05'

62

43'

601

9 00

H 00

flb

3 00

17 iin

13 DO

l3,Wl

2 00|

50

3.5

12

■7 50

CO

65

52

4fi

40

40

50

42

45

00

oo

CO
00
7S
76
15
8
4
50

7 25

7 75

G75

6 50

82

78

70

75

45

70

10 00

15 00

„ 9S
3 12-

18 00

14 00

14 00

225

67

38

800
62
75
60
55
45
45
58
4
50

PROVISION MARKET.

CORRECTEn EVF.EY WEEK BY MR H.*ywARD,

( Clerk nf Favtii't-liall Morkel.j

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, (rrsii, best pieces,

whole liogs,
VEAL, *' '

MUTTON,
POULTP>Y,
BUT'l'EU,kegandlub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye. retail

Indian, retail,
I'OTATOES,
CIDER, [according to quality]

- .pound

dozen,
bushel.

barrel.

10

7

7

8

8

12

15

20

12

83

83

, 5*
1 00 2 00

Si

6

53

6

4

8

12

is!

10

Brighton Markk.t — .Mondarij.lpril 11
[Rfiporled for the Chronicle and Pntiiot.J
At Market this day 279 Beef Cattle, including 72 unsold
last week. 19 pair Working Oxen, 50 Cows and Calves,
12 Stores, 351 Sheep, and 220 Swine ; 50 Beef Cattle
remain unsold.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Prices were more under than
last week, but probably not much variation in the whole,
we shall quote the same from 4 50 to 5 25, exlra at 5 50
a 5 75.

Jl'orhing Oxen — We noticed the sale of 8 pair, none
of which were for less than $'i5 and none for more than

Coipx and Calves — We noticed the sale of one at $12,
live at .$15 each, and at 19. 20 and j'22.

Sheep — We noticed 2 beautiful Co.ssett Welhers from
We-tborougb taken at $12 50 each, one lot of about 60 at
5 87^, and one lot at iji6.

Swine — The whole at market were taken in one lot at
4^;. afier which a lew were retailed at 9 for sows and 6
lor barrows.

812

NEW E.^ GLAND FAKMER.

MISCELiIiANY.

Frum the Massacliu^etls Juurnal and Tribune.
MRS. HOOD'S REPLY

TO MR hood's LAMENTATION, 'I'm NOT A SINGLE MAN'

*CALrBA>-.— Vou tauglu me hingu.nge, and my profit on't
Is 1 Kmnv how lo — fun.'— Tempest.

I WILL not fiet, though you regret

You made me your's lor life ;
But yet 1 linii that all the beaux

Kenieinber I'm a wile.
Your winks and wiles, and wreathed smiles

From them have set nie tiee,
But your winks, alas, good iMr Hood,

Have fairly HooJ-wiiikecl me.

You 've changed my name, but I'm the same

In face and disposition.
But at the altar to niy cost

1 altered my tfondilion.
To catch my eye, beaux once would fly

Where'er they knew it shone.
To watch it's beams — but now it seems

A beam is in their own.

I at the parlor windows sit

To catch them unawares,
But they wont even stare at one

Who is not above st irs. .
My lovers trembled when they sung

' Of Love, tliat weeps and wakes,'
Their tremors all li.ive ceased, and I

Now find them no great shakes.

My veteran beau, old Mr Stubbs,

Though bald, in riiynie would caper;
Both curls and wit o'er night for me

Committed icere to ]>aper.
My reign is o'er, an^i him no more

Do wigs or rhyme* employ ;
He's now abandoii'd the old scratch.

And looks like the Old Boy.

With billetdoux of every hue.

By seals with quaint expressions.
Beaux strove both on the wax and me

At once to make itiipressions.
But their epistles come no more

The tale ol love to tell ;
Their letters now I know are joined

For another sylla-belle.

Bouquets once came the ardent flame

Of Lovers lo disclose,
And many a tender line was sent

All underneath the rose.
But verse inclosed in roses now

Appears not, though 1 ask it ;
And all the tender lines I get

Come in a market basket.

The fate of both of us is hard.

Which hardest, none can tell —
I can no longer tie a beau, ■ '

You cannot ring a belle.
But still I do not like to hear

Forever from your lip.
That from the hoin you got a rib.

You've always had the Ayj.

You can't imagine, Mr Hood,

That wlien the knot was tied
Your heart was licensed, like the mail, '

To carry six inside.
Nor wonder yet the fair forget

The claims you bring to view.
The reason's plain ihey cannot see

A likely-Hood in you.

To me your dame, you are the same.

Your wit and humor's free.
For I 've no fear you 'II ever prove

A false-Huud unio me.
And since you t:uight me how to pun

And look the marriage vow,
I'll say though I was singly blest,

I'm doubly happy now.

Jlncieni Dexterily. — One of llie e.irlv kings of
Egypt being desirous to secure his riches, command-
ed a treasure-house to be built: but the architect,
inteniiing to have some share of the treasure, instead
of fiiiisliing the building- completely, placed one of
the stones ill so artful a uianiier that it could be
taken out and put in again by one man. As he was
prevented by death from accomplishing his design,
on his dealli bed lie gave full instructions to his own
sons how to execute it. After they had for some
time plundered the treasury, and carried off large
sums, the king who observed the gradual diminution
of his wealth, without being able to discover how
the thieves had nccess to it, hnding his seal upon
the door always whole, ordered several strong traps
to be left in the treasury. By this means one of the
brothers was at last taken ; hut, finding it impossi-
ble to escape, he pressed his brother to cut ofi' his
head, and retire with it to prevent any discovery.
The king next morning examining the success of
his project, upon finding a man without a head in
the snare, hastened out in liie greatest alarm and
confusion, he ordered the bony to be exposed on the
outside of the wall to the public view, charging the
guards placed round it to observe the countenance
of the spectators, and to seize those who appeared
sorrowful. The surviving brother, uroing by his
mother's entreaties and threats of exposure, formed
the design of carrying otf his brother's body. Ac-
cordingly driving his asses thither laden with skins
of wine he fonnd means by the stratagem of letting
his wine run out, to intoxicate and stupefy the guards.
When tiiey were in a deep sleep, he shaved tlie
right cheek of each of them, by way of derision,
and in tlie night carried otf' the body on one of the
asses. This action still more as!oni.-;hed the king ;
who being now more earnest to discover the thief,
ordered his daughter to receive the addresses of all
suitors promiscuously, on condition that each should
previously confess to her the most ingenious action
he had ever managed, and the greatest crime he
had ever committed. The young man resolving
again to perplex the king, went to the palace of his
daughter, and confessed to her that he had cut off
his brother's head, and alterwards carried oft" his
body. When she then offered :o lay hold of him he
stretched out to her the arm of a dead man, which
he liad carried in under liis cloak (suspecting the
intentions of the king.) and, while she had the cul-
prit, he made his escape. The king's resentment
being now converted into admiration, he promised
a pardon and rewards to the person who had robbed
his treasury, if he would discover himself 'I'he
young iiian. upon this proclamation, immediately
made himself known ; and the king thereupon ac-
counting him far superior in dexterity to any man
then living, gave hiin his daughter in marriai'e.

In these days of selfish calculation and heartless
policy, it is refreshing to meet such sentiments as
the following by Mrs S. C. Hall— 'How beautiful,
how sacred, are the feelings of atfection in pure and
guileless bosoms ! The p'roud may sneer at it— the
fashionable may call it fable — the selfish and dissi-
pated may aftect to despise it— but the holy passion
is surely of heaven, and is only made evil by the
corruption of those whom it was sent to bless and
preserve.'

Self Illustration. — In the Jamaica House of As-
sembly, a motion being made for leave to bring in a
bill to prevent the frauds of wharfingers, Mr Paul
Phipps, member for St Andrew, rose and said — 'Mr
Speaker, I second the motion ; the wharfingers are
to a man, a set of rogues ; I know it well ; lu'as one
myself for Itn years.' — .Mirror.

Fontenelle boasted in his old age, '/'ai qualre
vingt ans ; je snis Frnncnis ; etje n'ai vos doiine dons
toule la jilus petile ridicule a la pins petite vertu.' ('/
ain eighty years old, 1 am a Frenchman, ami through
the whole I have never thrown the smallest ridicule
upon the smallest virtue.') This was indeed a proud
subject of self-gratulation.— rifec^rfett'* Remains.

April 13, 1831.

Valuable and Cheap Lnml — for Sale, i

The subscriber offers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice •'
Land, siluated in the town of Pinckney, county of Lewis i
and state of New York. Some o! the land is iitipioved '
and under culti\'ation. The countiy is reniaikably heal- [
l.iiq, lieiiig entirely free hom the fever and ague and from [
liic common bilious fevers which often afliict Ibe towns'
upon Luke Ontaiio, this town being IS miles cast of the i
lake. The soil is ptincipaliy a sandy loam, much of it'
covered with rich black niou'd. The limber is chiefly
Sugar Maple, lil.ick Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &.C.
rile land yields lii -t rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, par-
ley, Polaloes and Fi.ix ; and on some lots, good Wheat
anil Com may he grown. Tu those wishing lo obtain su-
pei ior grazing farms, a fine oppuitunity now ofl'ers itself. I
The pioduce of pasturage ami hav from an acre of this
I.irid, is very large, fully equ.diing if not sui passing that ,
from liie same quantity of land in any oilier ol the Black
River townships. 'I'he land is admiialily well watered,'
there being hut few lot> which have not durable running '
siieam-^ upon them. Tlie i.md is well adapted lo Orchard-
ini: — Ibe .\pple t:ee Ibnviug very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds may be dispo-ed of with tlie least possl- ,
lile lioubie, and to the greatest au\'anlage, the drovers '
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying ■
Ibe highest cash pi ices for their callle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far- '
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
fiom the New England .Slate-, and some of them fiom
.Ma»*sachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. Tlio
.ibove described land is offered ior sale at tlie very low
piiee of fio.n two dollars and a half to three dollars jur
aeie. lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a half lor the improved lots. The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two
lo five years' credit for payment in annual instalments,
will lie given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
ihe <uliscriber will receive in payment, Catll ■, Shceji,
Perk, (irain or Grass Seed, loi wliich products be will
allow the highest cash prices. The lilie to the land is
indi-putalde, and good Warranty Deeds will he given to
purchaseis. Persons desirous oi puichasing will please
to apply lo Ibe subscriber, at Henderson Hailior, county '
nf Jeflt? ISO n, State of New York, or to D.wiD Canfi eld,
E=q, on Ibe town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

.immuvilion ,_£J)

Of (he best quality and itj-^rest prices, for sporting* —
constanily for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6 Broad Slieit.

N. B. If Ihe quality is not fonnd s.!'i (aclory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, if Jan. 7.

Evergreens, Silver Firs, ^-c.
The subscriber being engaged in the Seed
^^ bu-iness would be happy to receive orders
'"'^ lor Forest Trees, Seeds, and Evergreens from
Maine, and being Agent for J. R. Russell,
Boston, and Prince i^' Sons, Flushing, N. Y.
or.leis ^t■nt through ibem or olherwise, will be attended
lo without delay Particular directions for biking up and
packing is requesteil. 'WM. MANN.

..iugusta, .Me., March 26. Gt

.4 list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, <^-c, can be
seen at Ihe New England Fanner office.

Published every \\'ednesday Ji^veiiiiig, at 5'-> per annum,
l-ayable at the end of ilie year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of Eubscribiiig, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

(]3= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
t)eing made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by L R. Butts — by whom
:tll descriptions of Printing can be executed to meef tbsii
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. 5.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 02 North
Market Street.

AGENTS.

AVio York — G . Thukburn tSt Sons, 67 Liberty-street

Philadelphia— v. 6c V L.indketh, 86 ChcslmJi-slreet.

li'iltimore — G. 1^. Smith, Ediior of the American Farmer.

(Cincinnati— ^. C. Pakkhurst,23 Lower IMaikei-slreet.

A'hajiy — Haii.Jt.ssE iiUKL, .Albany Nursery.

Flushing, N. Y. \\ ni. PuiNCE & .Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Garden

I far/ lord — Go^n\^l^ & Co. Booksellers.

\rirhnnjport, Ebknkzer Stedman, Bookseller.

rnrlsmoath. A'. //. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.

l'ortland,M''.S.\^JvEi, CoLM.iN, Bookseller.

.luirusta, Me. Wm. Mann.

H.ili/a.r, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.

Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller

vi

NEW ENG1.AND FARMER. '

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aghicultural Warfhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOI^. IX.

BOSTOX, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL, 20, 1831.

NO. 40.

(S(&3aisawsr:i^Aaa©sr s»^

F:>R THE NEW ENGEAXD KARMER.

BEES.

Mr Fessenden. — I will trouble ynu with my
Iggeslions on the bees wliicli I bad melted iluwn*
nthe 16ib of last January tbis bive of bees was
•oufbt from Maine, will) one liiindrcil and seven-
five others, and stowed away in the bold of the
jssel ; and from the time they wore stopped up

Maine, till they came to Charlestown was about
month. Tliis was in the month of November, and
"course was warmer liiaii it w s when they were
elted down. The csnse, I think, was that after
ey came to Charlestown, and bad been opened,
16 or two swarms of hoes left their hives and
ent into this one, and this being a small bive they
led it fall, so that in moderate weather they eame
U and covered the bive on the outside in front;
id in cold weather the bive was full of bees, I
as obliged to crowd the bees which were in the
jors, to get the stoppers in. In excluding the air
lebe'es became heated, and, as their practice is,

case tbey are too war(n, they set a buzzing with
leir wings to circulate the air. Tbey foumi they

ere too numerous to do this, and of course made jbees raised in this quarter.
rush for the doors, this I foniul to be the case,
ir when I opeiied the door they pushed out in
)rreiits ; 1 think therel^cue that the numerous body
f bees, being so crowded together, in attempting
)move became heated, a fermentation took place
1 the bread and honey which compose their food;
ot only in t':e comlis, but, I am of opinion llia'
je honey and bread whicli the bees bad eaten were
able under such a beat to ferment, so as to increase
be heat and cause the combs to fall. On the 6th
ay of March, I transplanted this melted hive of
■eesinto one of the hives, which the bees had left,
hinking that the hive which tbey were in would
ot prove a good one for them to breed in this sum-
iier. I took the melie<l hive and sat it on the
■round in front of the bench, and set my other
live on the bench, where the melted hive bad
tood. Then turned the bottom of the melted hive

CO.NSTRUCTIO.N OF HIVES.

In answer to a writer for your paper, witli the
signature '.i Coiin(ri/mnii' [N. E. Farmer, vol. i.v.,
p. 283.] I would observe that by experience in the
niitnagement of bees, I have found that in an old
fashioned hive the contents are thus arranged, viz.
In the top of the hive is the white honey and in
the middle is the bee-bread, and dark honey, such
as the bees live on in the winter. In the lower
part, or bottom of the hive is the dry comb, such
as the bees breed in, and summer in. Finding it
thus arranged, I have, in my new fashioned hive,
made a ceiling one third of the way down the hive
so as to take in the white honey. In the ceiling
are two small cracks, and in these cracks, I have
slides that fit them. When you wish to take the
honey, you enter these slides, and then take out
the top bo.tes, four or more in number, as the size
of the swarm may require. But, whatever fashion-
ed hive you use, be careful to have the part
whicli tlio bees breed in and live in large enougli.
If you do not you will be apt to rob them of too
much of their food, and not leave a place large
enough for them to winter in and breed in ; my
hives, I think are of a good size for the Maine
bees, but, perhaps, they would be too large for

queen bue i< the niollur of all the iiihabit.<nl9 of a hive
viz. succcutlini; queens, workinf; bees, and dioiics. This
opinion, however, is no! compatible with Mr Beard's
slateiiiciU of liif haviii'.; lound on the combs bees like tlie
cnmiLion lal)oiinj bee, liiit larger, kc, in Ibe act o(
I. lying egn~- Of tliese it seems there were a number, for
Mr Beard 'killed some of ihcni.' If Mr B. lias not
been deceived by some of the manoeuvres ol tliese little
conjuror-, llie queen bee has no euclusive rishl to the
honors of maternity, ami is the sole parent ol her people.
But, perhaps, ih;: bees w'.iich appeared to Mr Beard to
be deposiiinj eggs were in fact laborers feeding the lar-
va; in their cells. Conjectures, however, can establish
nothing, and we bej; leave to leler this subject lo some
of our IViends, whose pursuits and investigations may
best enable them to explain its mysteries.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

QUES rio.NS

I have bees from Maine, and one swarm in my
possession, which last fall weighed three pounds,
bees and comb. By the use of boxes and slides,
I have got them in good order, I took honey comb,
full of honey, and bee-bread, mixed together, ami
put into those boxes, and put them in the top of
the hive, and then drawing out the slides, let the
bees pass up into these boxes and feed upon the
dark honey. This spring I have given my bees
nearly half a barrel of bee-bread. I believe there
are a great many bees lost for want of bee-bread.

If the young swarm is plit into a hive with
boxes on the top, it is necessary to have it so con-
structed that the separation may be perfect, the
white comb not adhering to the dark ; and if the
passage way for the bees to ascend into the top
boxes be made right, you will have no young bees

When mv bees

nor bee-bread in the top boxes
pwards, took ort" the bottom hoard, split down the i become a year old I enter my slid.js, and take the
ides of the hive, ahd found that the bees had re- , boxes out until the 20th of June. Then they will
nanufactured their combs, bad got the hive half have swarmed twice if a good season ; and after
uU of comb, bad put their honey in the top of that I draw my slides, and receive the bees intothe
he hive, had laid their eggs below, and some of top boxes, and from that time to the end of the
he young bees were batchmg out. season you will generally obtain one set of boxes

I discovered on these combs a bee like the com- from the old swarm, and your two young swarms,
non laboring bee, but larger, and so citiinsy that ; VVith regard to the question whether it is best to
t could not fly, in the act of laying eggs. I kil- buy an old swarm, I consider that for breedmg,
ed some of them, and found in their bodies whit- a swarm one year old is best. But, if you have
ah matter like the eggs, which I have found in the ' an old fashioned hive let them remain in it for
jottom of the cells. These were not queens, for breeders, imtil they become so old as not to be
hey all bad stings. Where were Mrs Griffith's good for breeding. Then drive them into a new
Irones that vivify the young at this time ? for you hive about the first of June. If you wish for
iee no drones at this season of the year; and still more concerning bees I shall, with pleasure, in-
(vithout drones tbey are manufacturing their fatn- form you, as far as in my power.

dy. I will thank you, Mr Editor, to tell the pidilic
where the drones are bred. And if you believe
that a queen and a drone can give birth to a diiler-
ent species from themselves, or make a honey-bee
with a sting.j;

•See New England Farmer, page 259 of the cur-
reut volume.

Yours, with respect,

Ebe.nezer Beard.

RELATIVE TO THE M A^ UFACTURE OF
CHEESE.

Mr EniTOR — If the manufacturers of good cheese
would answer the following inquiries, no doubt it
would have a tendency to les.sen the quantity of
bad cheese, and greatly benefit our country.

1. What elVect has it on milk in hot vveather,
if it is much agitated and heated in the udder by
the cow's being driven a long distance, or running
abou t ?

2. Which is the best method to keep milk
sweet over night in warm weather ?

3. Which is the best method to preserve rennet
skins ?

4. What quantity of new cheese will one rennet

skin priiduce ?

5. How many quarts of milk (milk measure)
will produce curd for a cheese which will weigh
15 lbs. from the press ?

6. What will a cheese which weighs 15 lbs. from
the press shrink the first 6 months after it ia

made ?

7. What degree of the Thermometer should be
the heat of the milk when the rennst is put to it ?

S. What is the eflfecl if the milk is too hot when
the rennet is put to it?

9. What is the effect if the milk is too cold ?

10. How long time should be allowed after the
rennet is put to the milk, to cause it to turn to curd
fit for the knife ?

11. What is the cftect if the curd is stirred or

broken too soon ?

12. What is the effect if too much rennet is put
to the milk ?

13. What is the eflfect if too little rennet is pul

to the milk ?

14. What kind of salt is best for cheese ?

15. What quantity of salt should be put to
curd which will make a cheese weighing 15 lbs.
from the press ?

16. What is the effect if too much sail is put to

the curd ?

17. What is the effect if too lillU sail is put to

the curd ?

18. What is the effect if cheese is not sulti-

ciently pressed ?

19. Why does American cheese dry sooner

t By the £(fi<or.— There is, perhaps, no subject in the
whole circle of science, which is enveloped in more ob-
scurity than the natural history of the honey bee ; P^i;""^-
ularly the mode by which the species is continued. The
commonly received opinion of naturalists is that the

than English cheese when it is cut open :

CHEAP ROLLER
Mr Fessenden — The roller described by Mr
Phinney in your last volume is an excellently well
constructed one, but those who have no old carts

314

NEW ENGLAND FARMEIl,

April -20, 1S31.

and wagon wheels on hand with which to make
one, may dispense with its use for want of sorae-
thino- more cheap and easily constructed. I have
one formed of a but of timber 20 inches in diam-
eter, alter being rounded by rule by a carpenter,
would be better if larger, and 31 feet long. The
shafts for a horse are made of 2 pieces of scantling
of suitable size for that purpose; a hole is bored
in the end of each to receive an iron gudgeon j^
of an inch diameter, which is driven into the cen-
tre of each end of the roller ; a board for a seat
crosses immediately over it, and rests on a rising
from each shaft, and the feet of the driver rest
on the draw bar ; thus the weight of the driver is
added to the roller, and 2 or 3 may ride, and a boy
of 10 years old has rolled several of my fields
this spring of 4 to 5 acres, in a half a day each,
taking' the whole field, or at least the half of it, at a
land. This length moves very little if any ground
in turning. Your most obedient, B.

Briilgeporl, Con. .Ipril 5.

THE EFFICACY OF COPPERAS O.N SEED CORN
DOUBTED.

I prepared some seed corn with copperas so
strong that my planter declared it had made his
hands so sore he could not hold liis hoe handle, and
refused to use any more, leaving about half a ])eck,
■which when dry was the color of copperas ; I
gave some to a lame cock in the door yard,
■where the other fowls were not admitted, and see-
ing no bad effect, I gave it toall of them without
perceiving any bad efiect.

I planted some of it in the garden, and out of
about 30 hills there were .5 or 6 stalks afl'ected as if
by a worm, but I did not see the insect and there-
fore cannot say what kind. I do not know that there
was any difierence in th ! field. B.

Bridgejjort, Con. April 5.

Re)narlis h\j the Editor. — We should be sorry
to learn that a recipe so often and so strongly re-
commended by practical farmers as that of copperas
■water for preserving seed corn against worms, birds,
&c, should prove unavailing. We wish, however,
that the truth may be ascertained, and will as readily
publisli facts against as in favor of the use of the
solutions we have so often recommended. In an
article in the third vol. of N. E. Farmer, published
in 1825, we mentioned that Dr Deane had advised
to use a solution of copperas as a steep for seed
barley and proposed its trial for seed corn. A
correspondent, who signed ' .4 Subscriber', and
dated, Gloucester, March 18, 1826,' whose com-
munication was published N. E. Farmer, vol. 4, p.
284, states as follows : From an article which I ob-
served in your paper I was induced to try the exper-
iment there recommended, to soak my seed corn
in copperas water before planting. It immediately
struck me that it would have a beneficial effect. I
tried it and the result was fidly equal to my most
sangpine expectations, &c. The same volume,
page 39-5, contains an article, copied from the
Hampshire Gazette, which states that Mr Ralph
Owen, of Belchertown, in May last, planted 3 or 4
acres with corn, which liad been soaked in copperas
water ; the seed came up well and not a plant was
destroyed by worms. An adjoining field, jdanted
with corn which had not been steeped was very
much injured.

The 8th vol. of N. E. Farmer, p. 355, contains
the following article, copied from the Barnstable
Journal. An e.xperiment was made last season

[1829] by a gentleman in Dennis of soaking seed
corn in solution of copperas, from 24 to 40 hours
previous to planting, as recommended in the N. E.
Farmer and in Fessendcn's N. E. Fanner's Almanac
The corn thus soaked was untouched by worms,
while some p'anted on the same piece in the common
way was very much injured. A Connecticut farmer
has made a siuiilar trial, and says that it was not
only untouched by worms, but yiel ded one third
more. A pound of copperas dissolved in warm
water is to be used to a peck of corn. We have
likewise received many verbal accounts of the ef-
ficacy of this preparation.

It may be recollected that last season was un-
commonly wet and it is possible that the copperas
with wliich seed cbrn was impregnated might have
been extracted by moisture after the corn was plant-
ed. The solution is not poisonous and can oper-
ate as an antidote to insects and birds only by mak-
ing the taste of the grain disagreeable to those depre-
dators. But facts on this subject are still wa ited,
for if the preparation be useless it ought to be laid
aside ; if not further proof of its utility is desirable.

Extracts frnin n lettpr frnm f.. .Ienkins, E*q. nf Canandaigua, N.
Y. to the EJitor of i\. B. F.irmur.

SCOURS IN CALVES.

I will add a sure retneily against that dread to
all breeders of cattle, the scours ; especially affect-
ing yoting calves ; — the use of a little pulverized
chalk ill any mess. I have used it with success.
All yottng calves are subject to this disorder, es-
pecially if brought up by hand, and even on tin.'
cow 1 have known them to he greatly injured by
itespecially wheti the ground was covered by snow.
This malady has been the greatest dilBculty in
raising calves by hand of anything, I ever met
with. Perhaps you may have noticed it before in
your useful paper. If so, it may be acceptable a
second time as coming from a breeder, who makes
this statement from actual experiments. It is
simple, cheap, and within the reach of every breed-
er at a trifling expense. I vvouhl ask the question
whether Hint thoroughly water slaked, would not
be a good substitute for chalk, and answer the
puriiose equally well ?

IMPROVED BREED OF CATTLE.

The Cow, named in my circular is the same
which you have before mentioned in your paper.*
She was imported by G.W. I'Valherstonhangh, Es(!.
Admiral, the young Bull presented by your worthy
townsman, and ])iiblic benefactor, the Hon. John
Welles is a noble animal. At a year old he
weighed 788 lbs. I shall have him weighed again
this s|)ring and will send you an account of his
■\veiglu. liis lu-nportions are just — figure admirable.
MrC. II. Hall of Harlem, near N. York, a celebrat-
ed breeder offine stock, who has imported many fine
animals, made me a call last fall, and reviewed my
stord<. lie at once declared young Admiral to be
a noble animal, fully equal to any lie saw in Eng-
land, and superior to Wye Comet, Mr Powel's fa-
mous bull. l\lr II. is a man of nice judgment in fine
stock, as his yard fully evinced at the sale last fill,
and it was gratifying to me to have the opinion of
such a man. 'Mr Welles rcniarked that he was a calf
of great promise, and I tijouhl now be proud to
show him to liiin.f

' You will excuse the freedom I take with ynu,
but I am the more particular on account of the Hon.
Mr Welles, to whom I am under great obligations.'

"See N. E, Farmer, vol. viii. p. 331.
f See N. E. Farmer, vol. viii. p. 74.

REMARKS ON LIVE STOCK.

CoiicludcJ from page 291.

Though it may seem very extraordinary
the careless and unobserving, yet it is a f
well known to the attentive breeder, that
general, all our best and most valuable kindd
stock are found upon the middling ami loo
grounds, and not upon the best lands as we shot
naturally imagine ; and the reasons that it is so,
simple and obvious ; — those breeders who occu
the middling and indiHerenl tracts of count
are under the necessity of producing an indi
trious and thriving breed of animals, becausi
large, tender, big-boned kind could not subs
up.m their keeping, or the produce raised upon su
lands; while the good land makes up tor e^ve
I deficiency, or at least so far warps the judgine
of the unthinking breeder that he plumes hinis
upon having stock superior to his indiistrio
neighbors, while the merit consists in the goodm
of llie land and the richness of its pasturage a
pioduce. Satisfied with his stock being the larg'
he also concludes lliey are the best; while 1
more active and iiulustrious neighbor, from bei
situated in a less fertile soil is obliged to seek (
fin- a hardy thriving breed.

I will beg leave to remark on lieef and mutt
exposed to sale in pieces on the shambles
stalls. When we consider that the differenc
between what is called the coarse and fine
the best and worst parts of beef, when cut
is not less than one hundred per cent, of wh
vast consequence then, must it be to the breec
to propagate those cattle that have the greate
proportion of those valuable parts and alwa;
feed in less time than the big-boned, coarse sort.

But it is not so with nmtton ; the difference
value between one joint and another is scar
worth naming. In different parts of the kingdo
they give the prefi'rence to parliciilar joints ; b
the variation is selilom more than a liirtbing,
half a penny per ]iounil at most. Nevertheless
is still right for the breeiler to pursue that speci
which pay most (or wliattliey eat; and these I a
prelienci will always be found to be the small bO'
ed true formed sheep, for they not only produce tl
finest grained mutton, but more of it in a gm
time, in proportion to offal than any (Uher sort i
sheep I know of! But in speaking of offal her
I would be understood to include more than whi
the butchers generally do. By offal, they niee
hide and tallow, only in neat cattle, or skin at
tallow in sbee|i, and so on ; but by offal in
place, I would lake in not only hide or skin, an
tallow, but bones, horns, pelts in sheep, blood il
testines, and even wool and hair.

.Sujipose two bullocks, or two sheep are fattt
togeti:er on the same food, the one remarkable fi
coarseness, the other for fineness, and admit that tl
coarse one eats only as much as the other, tliouj!
I have no doubt of his eating more, still as a coi
siderable part of his fi>od must go to the suppo
of more hide or pelt, bone, &c, while the other
food is principally converted into ahimaf" flesh
which flesh on an average call only worth 3d. p<
lb. I am afraid the horns, bone, jielt, &c, are D<
worth above a farthing per lb. consequently a Tel
great loss to the community. Indeed the hide i
a bullock is sometimes worth as much ])er poun
as his flesh, anil particularly firm strong hide
what are generally called leather bides are wort
more; but then these very thick hides moi
generally cover a very slow feeding carcass ; an

Vol. IX.— No. 40.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

315

sliick pell genenilly covers a coar,<c-j;riiiiied slow ' the

e intersections as above) such a depth that tlie injnriuiis inaiiner. Here, the wire briii" small,
[hng carcass o( mutton. The pelt itseir, thoiijrh »;)/)(,• nje is even with the general surface of the ton.lrils or el
haps (Vom lo lbs. to ^o lbs. weight, (sumo have the

surronmling earth, and iliaw thc! earth to
a known to weigh 30 lbs. or more) not worth ! theni till it is level, pressing it ligluly with the
j(re than 2(/. or 3f/. for the thinner the pelt the I (bot. If the plough has not made a">i opening
pe valuable. the f,||| depth, the culling can be forced down

.Qntnllow — It is a well known fact to all experi- with ihe hand. Incase rooted plants are to be
ed feeders and graziers that those animals set out, if ihev -are not large, the opening at
ich lay the fit on «iuickest upon the outside I the imer.section "will be found to bo nearly or quite
a the least within in prnportion ; but then they ,surti(icnt to receive them, when the earth can be
the very sort that pay the most for keeping ; drawn in as before. In this way a large number

can be [)lanted in a short lime, and at a trifling ex-
pense.

'Contrary to the common opinion and |)ractice,
I think I have satisla<Morily ascertained that Ink
spring: planting fur cuttings is attended with more
success than any other tiu:e. Last year I planted in
nursery beds, from two to three thousand cuttings
as Mite as from the mi>l<lle of April to the middle
ot May, with better success than .Tl any previous
time. In this case, the slips should be kept in a
cool |)lace, a cellar or icehouse, where vegetation
may beheld iu check. To insure their freshness,
si)rii,kle them occasionally with water. Previous
to planting, cut them a proper length, and place
them with their lower ends three or four inches in
water in a tub above ground, where triey may
soak three or four days. At this season, the
temperatm-e will be likely to be such as will spur
vegetation at once into healthy and vigorous ac-
tion. In the fall, or early iu the spring is prefera-
ble for rooted plants. In the autumn of the first
year, after the frost has killed the unripe part of
the young shoots, they should be i)runed down to
the mature firm wood, and then with a hoe hilled
over with the siuromuliug soil, which will coui-
[detely protect tliem through the winter, If
left without protection the first of the winter
many of them will perish.

My mode of training, as far as I am aware of
it, is entirely peculiar to myself, and as regards ft-
»fM and econowiy, (taking the average of a given
nuud)erof years) I think is superior to anything
I have met with. I take ehesnut posts, the thick-
ness of large fence rails, seven feet length. These
I plant along the rows, at distances of ten feet
from each other, and at such a depth as to leave
five feet above the surface of the earth. Then
taking three nails to each post, and driving them
to within half an inch of their heads, — the first
two and a half feet from the ground, a second

(- - 1 ..•.«,.„.... ^j .„.,^L midway between that and the top, and the third
rs tor preparing the ground and planting, is near the top, I attach No. 11 iron wire, (one de-
innre expensive than is npces^.irv .nnrl tl,M. gree soft is best) firmly to one of the nails in the

end [)ost, pass on to the next, and stretching it
straight and tight, give it one tin-n round a nail in
the same line as the one to which it was first
attached. Having in this manner extended it
along the three courses, the whole length of the
row, my trellis is formed. I have had a portion of
uiy vineyard fitted up in this way for three years,
and experience has confirmed the superior fitness
xf the plan. It is not its least recommendation,
that it possesses iu a degree the character of ' la-
bor-saving machinery.' A very important and ex-
tensive ?a6oraiaAi)ig portion of the operations in
t!ie vineyard during the smunier, is the attention
required by the growing shoots to keep them
properly trained up. They grow and extend
themselves so rapidly, that where the strips of
trellis are lath, or where poles are used to support
the vines, unless very clo.sely watched, they fall
down in every direction, in a very unsightly and

aspers eagerly and finnly attach
I Ibemsclvcsto it, and thus work for thcmselvc'?, in

I conse(piently though they have less fat on the
de, they excel those that have more fat within
sacl proportion as they pay more in a given
1, for what they eat.

ionie say the butcher has the most profit upon
se which tallow best, or lay the fat within. But
OU will allow the butcher the same )irufit upon
quick feeders, or those that put the fat on the
iide, he will always buy those, because he can
two joints for one. The butcher can always
lean, lundiering, coarse animals, that lay little
witheuit, and much within for so much less ])er
e, that they atTurd him a profit. But this can
10 iiidiiceuieiit to those who breed and feed :
sequently no excellence, but the contrary,
'he same writer iu treating of poultry says, if
n rightly informed by people of nice palates,
small b(M;ed, well propm-liuued poultry greatly
;l the large boned big kind iu taste, fineness of
1 and flavor; and if this be the case, it would
las though the same principle whiclr we have
along endeavored to establish, held good
ugh all the different classes of domestic ani-
! which supply us wiili food, viz. That of all
lals, of whatever kind, those which have the
llest, cleanest, finest bones, are in general the
proportioned, and covered with the best and
t grained meat. I believe they arc also the
iest, heaviest, and most inclinable to feed,
to bear the most fatigue while living, and
h the most per lb. when dead.

From Prince's Trealise on ihe Vine.

yof a letter from Edward H. Bonsall, Esq.

ConclUTled from pnge 307.

shall now proceed to make some statements

e subject of planting, training, &c, and as my

rience, since coiniiienciug the business, has

sted some variations frrun my original plan,

II rather detail v^hat I would do, than what I

done. I think the plan laid down by ?nost

rs for preparing the ground and planting, is

nnre expensive than is necessary, and that

i: al.ulated to deter many persons from uiider-

>-'tlie business. To dig the ground from

;i • I] inches Ui two and half feet deep with a

:'■ IS in this country no trifling task, and in

'1 iri<iin with the common process of farming,

''■ tiiily formidable. My plan would be, to

II >vo jiloiighs with strong teams, one immedi-

illji.liind the other, in the same furrow, each of

<!'!'! deep-, and after the ploughing is complet-

I '-row it thoroughly. Then, in the direction

e '^^s are intended to he planted, run parallel

n V, across the field, at the distance of eight

■^ »m each other. Afterwards cross these at

jlangles, five feet asunder. In the opening at

• tersection of these furrows, plant the cuttings

'^es. Of cuttings, if they are short-jointed, I

'I from nine to twelve inches in length is suf-

:«;, observing that the upper eye or bud is firm

Wood. Then place them in the ground (at

probably two-thirds of the instances where the
attention of the vigncron would otherwise be re-
quired. There is free access aflbrded to the sun
and air, and no hold for the wind to strain the
frame, fee. Sec.

I shall not enter into n minute description of
my manner of pruning, but may just say, that
after the vines have attained a full capacity for
production (say five years from tlie cutting,) my
view is to prepare them for bearing an average of
fifty clusters to each, leaving sincral shoots of
from three to five joints on a vine, for this purpose.
When fresh pruned they will not be more than
four feet high, at their greatest age.

' Although I have succeeded in making good
wine, and hope still to succeed, as that made last
autumn, two hundred and forty gallons, in four
separate casks, all promises exceedingly well, I
do not consider that I have any settled practice,
it being yet in some sort a matter ol^ experi-
ment. I therefore feel that it would be ]>reinaturc
forme to treat on this branch of the subject.
The important fact, and which is ascertained be-
yond dispute, that is we can make good wi7ie in this
country, I believe, equal to the better qualities of
foreign. An interest in the business has already
been awakened, and is rapidly extending itself
through a large portion of our country, and prac-
tical instructions on the subject, accompanied by
an exhibit of its jiroceeils, when actively and ju-
diciously prosecuted, seem called for by the exi-
gencies of the present time, and will no doubt,
by prompting to the more widely extended culture
of the vine, prove a public benefit at the same
time that it greatly promotes the personal interests
of those who engage it it.

A gentleman of Baltimore is preparing to erect
a filature and will |)urchase any quantity of cocoons
of the silk worm, at 40 and 50 cents per lb. Di-
rect to American Farmer.

It is said there is not sun enough in New Bruns-
wick to make good vinegar, and the Legislature
proposes to admit its impiutation duty free.

During five days in January, 462 horse teams
passed Mr Crawfonl's bouse, in the Notch of the
White Mountains. — Three nights in succession, in
the same month, he put up, on the first night 124
horses, on the second 86 and on the third night 137
horses, and 80 two-horse teams passed on, which
could not be accommodated.

Capt. Michael Johnson, of Haverhill, N. H. has
a cow, 8 years old, which has produced 12 calves
in 4 years.

The Railway carriages, Feb. 17, travelled from
Liverpool to Manchester, in an hour and a quarter.

Manxfactvre of Carpets. — Preparations are mak-
ing in the town of New-Haven, Connecticut, to
commence the manufacture of carpets. The work-
men arc engaged, and the buildings on Tomlinson's
wharf, at the eastern termination of the basin wharf,
are to be filled up tor thai purpose.

Excellent brooms are made in this city of the
stems of the ^unna or palm leaf, which is impor^
ted in great quantities for the manufacture of sum-
mer hats.

31G

NEW ENGLAND FAUMER,

April 20, 1831.

iKaiiiU'S^iXiaw uj^^

From ilip Ma63ucliusetta Agricultural Repi)siiory.

WOODLAND ANDFOREST TREES.

To the Cnrrcspnndiiig Secretary of the Massjchusells Society
for Promoline Agricillliire.

From a variety of circumstances, my alteinioii for
a series of years' lias been necessarily drawn to
the oversicrlit of several consiilerabie tracts of wood
land, ii; order to effect a riglit management of
them. Tliis attention lias become a habit and a
source of gratification to ine. If any apology is
due for the too frefpient remarks on this subject,
I must refertotbe ])artial persuasion of my friend
Mr Lowell, whose valuable instructions and labor
as to the forest, as well as tlic garden, have been
so useful. On the riglit mauiigemont of the wood
lot, our agriculturists have been heretofore again
and again inquired of, and it is most obvious that
many opinions oflered have been erroneous. Some
of these will be stated, to show the know lege aim-
ed at by the society. It will be our endeavor to
submit facts and inferences, drawn from repeated
experiments and more intimate experience which
time has afforded. These may be useful so far as
they are sustained by the judgment or coincidences
in the opinion of others. The first question on
this head submitted by the society is : ' Whether
the growth for wood for timber and fuel, be equiv-
alent to the consumption in your viciuty .-' ' The
universal reply has been indicative of an alarm-
ing decrease in Massachusetts, of both timber and
fuel, and that a recurrence in the country is had in
many places to peat, as a siibstitiite for the latter ;
while recently it is well known, that in po|iulous
places, and near the sea coast, as well as in many
of our manufacturing establishments, there is an
increasing and extensive use, particularly of the
coal of our country, as a substitute for the article
of wood. Nor is this to be regretted ; on the con-
trary, it seems most wisely ordained, that while
the discoveries of the age call for an increasing
use of fuel, as to which the surface of the earth
could give us no adequate supply ; there are beneath
us and at hand, inexhaustible resources for every
possible demand. It is not to be denied, however,
that these are but substitutes — and very inconven-
ient ones in tnany places ; nay, more, that they arc
getierally recurred to from the force of necessity.
To most of those long habituated to it, the cheer-
ful blaze of a wood fire, has a |iowerful attraction.
But if wood is abandoned for fuel, and no means
of encouragement are given by government,
whence is our timber, &c, to be derived ? Here
with great respect a consideration is submitted to
our legislators, which, thougli 'femiliur to many
may not, as to its effects, be so well known to all.
By a law passed March 4, 1829, it is enacted,
'That all wild or unimproved lands, shall hereafter
be assessed at six per centum instead of tico per
centum, on the value thereof I!'

Excesses in legislation are apt to operate injuri-
ously, especially, when they effect changes in long
established usages. The effect has been herein
sudden and violent in its operation on farmers.
Feeling the threefold weight of the ^o.r, thus ju-
creasc(/ upon a capital not immediately prorfucd'ye to
them, they have laid the nxe. to the root so heartily,
that wood at 12 to 20 miles from Boston, has
actually deen depressed in value more than one
third, and timber is of little more value than for
fuel ! This was probably unforeseen by the leo-isla-
ture, and is to be lamented. But it will meet the

attention it merits, from the watchful guardians of
the Interests of the commonwealth. The next
inquiry has been, ' what measures are taken to
provide against the inconvenience of future scar-
city.' To this, the answers given are much to be ,
regretted. In most instances, the replies are,
the wood lots are not fenced frotn the habit of
economy and other motives, and where cattle run
at large on the commons, they eat and destroy most
of the sprouts from the slumps of late fallen tree.s.'
In fact, unless there is a surplusage of young shoots
and but very few cattle to browse, the whole are
cropped !

To confirm this, I will slate an experiment
lately made. On an Inclosure, partly of good
pasture land, in a spot the most retired from culti- I
vation, on the north side of a rocky precipice, where
there was not a blade of grass^ and at some distance
from grass feed, about ten loads of wood in scatter-
ing growth, on about an acre of ground, were cut
off. Some young bushes and the brush were left
on the ground to discourage the approach of cattle.
To furnish sprouts or browse and to ascertain how J
far cattle would be induced to crop the shrub oak,
an acre or two of young growth were cut over.
The latter were very sparingly resorted to — while
I was unable, with ihe assistance of two persons,
to find one sprout of the walnut, oak, and other
trees, untouched by the cattle.

It is uuforiuuately too true, that cattle will cro|i
all the shoots of young forest trees which they can
reach, constantly temjited by their sweet sap ; thus
discouraged and gradually destroyed, they give
place to bushes and shrubs, which instead of
affording nutriment to cattle or being advantageous
to the husbandman, make the soil not merely use-
less, but an occasion for heavy expenditure.

Some of the tvils invariably arising to lots
recently cut over, by browsing, will be stated.
First, a tree or sucker thus deprived of its main
shoot, it is said, never grows straight, or becomes
a timber tree, and its thrift is injured.* Next, if
the trees are cut in the proper season, when the
sap is said to be down or the leaf is off, in the
following spring, the circulation of the new system
then puts forth its eftbrt, strongly for the needed
action of the atmosphere, by the function of its
leaves, &c. If this is not afforded, vegetative life
is endangered, if not lost.

For these and other reasons which will follow
in connexion with this sidiject, it is apparent, that
as relates to both of these questions, the ' growth of
wood and timber' — or the means of provision,
against future scarcity, the inroad, or browsing of
cattle, must be prevented.

The next question presented is, ' in getting
your wood for fuel, do you pick the oldest trees, or
do yon cut clear?'

The reply from individuals, as well as societies,
mostly given is, ' It is generally practised to cut
the oldest and most decayed trees, leaving the
rest.'

Our belief is, that our farmers have attained a

t

A forcible doaionstration of the power and Ihe heal-
thy lunclions of Ihe leaf, anil the effect of llieir los, may
not be thouglil out of place here, besides beiiiK somewhat
analogous. Some years since, a tract of pasture laad,
about l.'j miles from (his cily, appeared to be overrun
with Sumacli, (Rhus tnpliintim) so useful as a dye stuff.
A worker in morocco urged tlie occupant to galbcr the
leaves and chy tbem at.fiiOa ton. As there was a large
family ol clii.dren, it was set about in good earnest, and
over five tons wore gathered and paid for. It is not be-
lieved llial five pounds of this material havegrown on this
land since !

better knowledge and practice, and that both $
perience and observation will well justify the ng
prevailing usage with tbem, of' cutting clear,.'

Where old and decayed trees only are selech
the growth becomes more and more scatteril
and the young trees or suckers, deriving no vig
li'om the sun and atmosphere, fall Into dec(
Tliis remark, with some others, may jierhapa
deemed a repetition of what has been before sai
but it is well to note what tune has confirmed.

The cnitiug of two growths on several lots si
the period alluiled to, has passed under my oh
vation. Some of these were dcuionstrative of
disadvantage of ' picking out the decayed tr€
as well as the benefit of cutting clear.

The practice in one instance had been, in tij
long gone by, to pick out Ihe trees as wanted,
limber, or fuel, anil the growth bad become v
scattering, and of no sensible increase ; thoi
most of them were of white oak, and from
cient growth and great size, had become
valuable ; yet when the lot was again cut O'
there were more cords of wood, and a gr^
profit in the latter, than in the former case,
first was a product of more than acentury'
latter of only thirty years ! !

It would be a waste of time to nudtiply remai
as might be done, on this head.

It may here be observed, that the informal
sought for by the society, has relation to'T
wood lots, and the best means of production(
fuel' — as to our timber, there is no great scan
at present ; there seems to be enough to meet
demand. But tlie principles of production,!
widely diflerent, in relation thereto. Timbe
is said, to endure long, must be matured by {
of thinner growth, &c. But as to this, our co
try itself, sinecits settlement, can hardly be saiil
have had a reproduction ! !

The next question which has been proposeil
' Vr-jiat method is best calculated, to increasei
value of woodlands ?' ■

To this the answers given arc general and iiM,
nite, alluding mostly to the keeping out of ct.
It Is here intended to submit some reasons for*
sideration, as well as ihe result of several exji
meuts of different modes, by which it would s
that the cutting clear and having a reproductio
by far the most proinising and eflectual modi
be pursued with us.

And first, there is generally on all farms s
rougli or rocky soil In ' wood, ' unfit for cull:
and which would be unproductive in any othcii
priqiriation.

Next, rs to the certainty herein — there i|
known instance of a failure in a regrowth. I
has been often predicted, particularly on somej
where the tops of the trees were mostly d'
this was a score of years ago, and there is m
very thick growth, almost fit for the axe ! It
be said that there must he a period of dec
trees — tliat this is the course of vegetation, an I
deed 'he law of nature ! \

However true this may appear, it may yH
answered, that after cniting off an old lot ll
there spring up innumerable young shoots, vH
seem to have been hidden, or inactive, belfl
the surface, and then start Into new life. »
suckers, too, put forth with still more vigor,,''
the surface is so thickly covered tiiat soineaiH'
duced to thin the growth by a selection of 'j
poles — at least to early gain if not ultimate ai"!
tage — as to which opinions vary.

J

Vol. IX.— r-in. 4 0

AND IIOllTICULTUllAL JOURNAL.

3r

As to tlie freneral principle of the germination
of puckers, it appears that the roots of old trees
throw lip tlieir shoots at a greater distance, con-
verging towards the slinnp, and graduallv becom-
ing more and more thici;. In- nrnklle age they
start nearer ; while in younger trees they spring
from the stiini|) itself as well as ahont it.

A failure in vegetation from what wouhl seem
to be old age, is very rare ; indeed in many cases
where the roots of large trees have not put forth,
a sufficient reason lias appeare<l, (as is appreheiid-
ed) in the modes of cutting. The firmer strikes
inward and downward to the heart of the tree,
and a hollow or basin is often left sufficient to con-
tain several gallons of water. Fermentation is
thereby had in every stage and process, and the
apertures of the sap vt^sels are clogged, and as it
were poisoned thereby.* This appearance has
j)resented itself, an^l been so often noted by the
writer, that the attention of agriculturists is solici-
ted hereto.

If such is the effect of this practice, a remedy is
easy, by cutting a notch or gap in the rim or ex-
terior of the slump.

In closing, as to the inquiries of the Society,
which have preceded, it should be noted, our ju-
dicious farmers, it is believed, have genendly of
late been induced first to cut clear, as well as pre-
vent the browsing of cattle on a recently cut lot,
and next to appropriate certain portions of their
farms (especially those least calculated for culture),
to a reproduction of a growth of wood — ami thus
afforded the safest answer, as to the best moiles to
be adopted.

The im|)ortance of the subject in discussion,
has further induced the Society, some time since,
to ofler 'a premium of One Hundred Dollars, for
the best plantation of white oak, aad some other
trees raised fi om seed.'

It was doubtless a principal object to encourage
efforts in bringing forward nurseries by planting
the acorn, anil svd)=eqiient culture of the soil. This
plan some have thought might be extended to a row
culture in lots, coppices, &c. To aflbrd one ex-
periment for inquirers, though on a somewhat
different principle, I took about six acres of old
pasture land, about seven years since, and pro-
ceeded gradually to plant thickly over the whole
lot several bushels of acorns, chesniits, &c, in the
following manner :

A tongue of earth was raised by the hoe, and
an acorn put beneath at a depth of two to three
inches ; then the sod was pressed down by the
foot or hoe, to jireveiit a loss by birds, squirrels,
&c ; all stock was kept from the inelosure. Trees,
have vegetated to be sure, but they seem quite un-
thrifty in the tough grass-sward with which they
feebly contend ; and there ajjpears at present, (as
I had indeed apprehended) little room for much
expectation from this mode.

At the ])resent price of land and condition of
the country, any attempt to raise a wood-lot by
appropriating a valuable soil thereto with the ex-

* To show the effect that may be produced on (he most
extensive roots and hbres of newly cut trees, the follow-
ing fact is stated.

A grove as well as several rows of that pernicious tree,
called with us Lonibardy poplar, unfortunately introduced
by a bad taste, was not only cut off but wholly eradicat-
ed by the following method. On cutting down the trees,
a hole of three or four inches was bored with an auger lo
prevent waste, and a handful or two of salt put on each
stump — not a single sprout ever appeared above the sur-
face. The same has been since seen in instances of other
trees.

pense of culture, &,c, may he found by fur too ex-
pensive.*

We are now brought in closing these remarks,
to the utility of nurseries for ilie rearing of forest
trees, which has been most strenuously iirgeil in
this Journal.

It is believed that the seed of a finest tree (par-
ticularly ail elm or an ash,t) placed in a nursery
at the time of setting out a number of trees of
the usual size, in such cases may be afterward
transplanted and added thereto, and present the
largest growth. {

If these vie^vs are correct, with the aid to be ex-
pected from the ardor and inti lligence of the
Horticultural Society, it will no long,.)- be allowed
'as a mortifying fact, that the inhabitants of Mas-
sachusetts import most of their ornamental forest
as well as their fruit trees from abroad.'

These remarks are submitted, ' not so much
for any knowledge the writer may posses, hut that
the attention of others may be turne<l to the sub-
ject. Tliiis, every step in the |)rogress of exi>i-
rience, will be towards the perfection of knowledge.'
I ain, sir, yours, Jou.n Welles.

*1 have had covored very desirably with a thick growth,
several barren spots which were offensive to view, by
setting out two or three pilch-|)in(^ trees (pijiiis rigida),
which is a most unwelcome intiiiiler on a good soil to
shed their seeds thereon. Probably lo have gathered the
lone at early frost, and to have scattered them on the soil
would have had ihe same effect.

t From the extraordinary size of the tap root, or some
other cause, I have had no success in transplanting the
walnut or shagbark.

t An elm from the forest, set out at usual size in 21)
years gave 3 I'eet 4 inches.

An ash set out as above, gave 3 feet 2 inches.

An elm seed, planted in a nursery, and transplanted lo
a row, gave 3 feet 9 inches.

An ash seed planted as above, gave 3 feet 10 inches.

HOT-BEDS.

Those persons who are foiul of good g-ardens
will find it very much to their advantage to rear
their young plants in a hot bed, and although pro-
fessional gardeners may make theirs in March, we
would not recommend those who are unacquainted
with the business, to commence theirs until April.

To manage an early hot bed with perfect suc-
cess, is one of the skilful operations in gardening;
but when the bed is not commenced untd April,
tliey may he managed with success by any one
who vyill i)ay a little attention to the subject. By
commencing a bed about the first of April, plants
may be kept in a thrifty growing state, under the
glass, until the weatlier becomes warm enough to
plant them out, without the trouble of changing
them from one bed to another, or giving the bed a
second heat; whereas, if planted one month earli-
er, tliey reipiirethe skill of an exi)erienced garden-
er to keep them from rumiingup with long stalks,
which would injure them, or their being stunted
by the bed becoming cold, after the fermentation
of the manure is over.

As we are wishing to give simple directions to
those who are unacquainted with the business, the
more experienced gardeners will make all allow-
ance where w'e do not describe their more practi-
cal rides.

To commence a hot bed, take a sufficient quan-
tity of manure, (that from the horse stables, and
which has been thrown in a heap and began to
heat, being preferable;) arrange it in a square form,
about five feet wiile, and of such length as may
suit your convenience, and about from eighteen in-
ches :o 2 feet in height; on the top of this place a

box about four feet wide, and of a length corres-
poiuling with your bed, making the north side six
inches higher than the south, to give the glass
sufficient slo]ie to carry ofI"lhe water.

This box should he made with good joints, other-
wise the mice will get in and destroy the plants.
The box thus prepared, is to be placed upon the
top of the pile of manure, which should be made
level, that the box may sit close upon it. The
south side of the box should be about one foot high,
and the north side about one foot and a half; and
when placed upon the manure, there should l)e put
into it about four inches of good fine rich loam —
that from turf land is preferred.

After the bed lias been thus formed, and has be-
come warm, (which may he known by riinniiig a
slick into it), the seed may be planted ii|)on it.
The whole bed should be covered with glass,
where that can be hqil ; but as many of the far-
mers may not have that, oiled paper may be used as
a substitute, which may be taken off in wnrin days.

By a little attention to this mode of raising plants
gardens may be advanceil from two weeks to a
month, and many plants raised with more certain-
ty than when planted in open ground.

Among the seeds that are to be sown first upon
a hot bed, may be enumerated — Early York and
Dwarf Cabbages, Early Cauliflowers and Brocoli,
Cucumbers and Melons of diticrcut kinds. Peppers
of all sorts, Tomatoes and Egg jdaiits. Lettuce and
Pepper grass, a few Radishes, Squashes, Turnip
BeetsiTand if some eyes are cut from Early Potatoes,
and planted in the bed, and after the frosts are past,
planted out, they will be fit for use two weeks ear-
lier than those planted directly in the open ground.
Other jiotatoes may be put in holes made with a
stick in the side of the bed, where they will soon
sprout and be ready for early setting. If Sweet
Potatoes can be procured in season, by sprouting
them in a hot bed, they i)roduce very well in this
section of country. — Genesee Fanner.

VILLAGE GARDENS.

Round many villages and small towns, gardens of
moderate size are numerous and productive. It is a
fortunate circumstance, when manufacturers and
mechanics take a delight iu them ; since their
health is protiioted by the exercise in the open air
fir which an opportunity is thus afforded ; while at
the same time, any tendency to immorality is great-
ly checked by agreeable and useful means of occu-
pation. The village garden is frequently the re-
treat of the occupier, in the summer evenings, after
the labors of the day, where he agreeably employs
himself, in watching t)ver the progress of his crops,
and the Buccess of his exertions.

In those manufacturing villages, or sm all towns
where a luindjer of inhabitants have gardens, a
taste for keeping them in gooil order is prevalent,
and few' instances of dissipation occur. In such
gardens, not only aromatic herbs and medicinal
plants, are cultivated, but flowers of various sorts,
are raised, as carnations, pinks, auriculae, polyanth-
us, &c, by the sale of which some money is ob-
tained. The Florist Society at Paisley in Scot-
land, is a sufficient proof of the advantage to be
derived from directing the attention of manufac-
turers in such innocent [inrsiiits. The rearing of
beautiful flciweis is found to improve their taste
for manufacturing elegant patterns of fancy muslin ;
while the florists of Paisley have long been re-
marked for thu peacefulness of their dispositions
and the sobriety of their manners. — Sinclair's
Code ofJlgriculture.

318

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

BOSTON, \VED.NE~DAY EVENING, APRIL 20, 1S31.

POULTRY.

Continued from p^ige 29-1.

The Turkey, (.^[elel•(gris Gallipavo, L.,) is a
native of Aiiiojifuaiul was ijitiuiliiucd into Kiirope
by llie Spauiards, acconliiig to Louilon ; llioiigli
some autliors say that tlie turkey derives its name
from the country from whicli it was first inii]orted.

Breeding. — One turliey coclv is sufficient for six
hens or mure, and a lien will cover from 9 to 15
eggs, accordiiig to lier size. The hen is apt to
form her nest abroad in a hedge, or under a bush,
or some other insecure phice. She lays from
eighteen to twentyfive eggs or upwards, and her
term of incubation is thirty days. Site is a steady sit-
ter, even to starvation, and therefure requires to bu
regularly supplied with food and water. Button
.«ays that slje is a most aftecliouate motlier, but
Mowbray observes that from her natural heedliss-
ness and stupidity, slie is the most careless of moth-
ers and being a great traveller herself, will drag her
brood over field, heath or bog, never casting a re-
gard liehind her to call her straggling chicks, nor
stopping while she has one left to follow her. The
turkey differs from the common hen in never
scratching fur her chicks, leaving them entirely to
their owii instinct and industry, neither will they
fight for their brood, though vigilant in the discov-
ery of birds of prey, when they will call tlieir chick-
ens together by a particidar cry, and run with con-
siderable speed. Hence when not confined within
certain limits they rccpiire the attention of a kce])er.

Turkey chicks should be withdrawn from the
uest as soon as hatched, and kej)t very warm by
wrapping them in flannels, or putting them under
an artificial mother in a warm room or other warm
place. Various nostrums, (says Loudon) are re-
commended to be given and done at this season
as a pepper c<u-n, and a tea spoonful of milk, im-
mersion in cold water, &c. Alowbray wisely re-
jected all these unnatmal jiracticus, and succeeded
by giving curd and hard eggs or curd and barley
meal kneaded with milk and renewed with clear
water rather than milk, as he found the last often
scoured them. A sort of vermicelli, or artificial
worms from pulling boiled meat into strings he
found beneficial for every species of gallinaceous
chicken. Two great olijects are, to avoid super-
fluous moisture, and to maintain the utmost clean-
liness for which jiurjiose as little slopfood is given
as possible. A fresh turf of short sweet grass
should be daily given as green food, but not snails
or worms, oats, nettle seed, clover, rue or worm-
wood, as reconmiended by the elder housewives.
Water is generally preferable to milk. When the
weather is fiivorable the hen is cooped aliroad in
the forenoon. During the rest of the day and
night, for the first six weeks, she is kept within
doors. After that the hen may be cooped a whole
day externally, for another fortnight, to harden
the chickens; and afteiwanls they may be left to
range, witliiu certain limits, being fed at "oin"
out in the iiioruiiig and returning in the evening.
Their ordinary fcjod may be that of commoii
cocks and hens. They will prefer roosting abroad
on high trees in the smmner season, but that
cannot, generally, be periuitted without danger of
their loss.

Falhning. — Loudon says ' sodden barley, or bar-
ley and wheat meal mixed is the most approved food

for turkeys, and the general nioile of management
is the same as that of the common cock ami hen.
They are generally fed so as to come in at Christ-
mas, but they may be fattened early or late. Some-
times, though rarely they are ca|)onized. The
living and dead, weight of a turkey are as 21 to 14.

R. Weston, an English writer of reputation, in
a work entitled Tracts on Practical Agriculture
and Gardeiting has the following obs.irvations on
fattening lurkeys as well as other poultry ?

' Boil some rice in water gently, till it be
plumped lip, and very tender ; add about two
ounces of very brown sugar to every pound of rice
just before it is boiled enough ; let the fowls be fed
with it three times a day ; in ten or twelve days
they will be fat, but if they were in good condition
when put up to latti'ii they will be ready in seven
or eight days ; they must by no means have any
water given them in summer ; too much rice must
not be boiled together, because of its soon turning
sour; nor is milk so good for that season as water
only; besides, the milk is very liable to make the
rice burn to the pot.

' Kreipieiitly oli'al rice is to be bought very
cheap of the grocers in the city. The rice causes
the flesh to be reniarkably white, and to have a
fine delicate flavor.'

Mr Cobbott in a work entitled Collate Economy,
makes the following remarks :

' The great enemy to young turkeys (for old
ones are hardy enough) is the wet. The first
thing is to take care that young turkeys never go
out on any account, even in dry weather, till tlie
detv is quite off tlie ground ;and this should be ad-
hered to till they get to the size of an old partridge
and have their backs well covered with fiiathers,
and in wet weather, they should be kept under
cover all day long.

' As to feeding them when young, various
nice things have been recommended. Hard
eggs chopped fine with crumbs of bread, and a
great many other things ; but, that which I have
seen tried, and always with success, and for all
sorts of yotmg poultry, is, milk turned into curds.
This is the food for young poultry of all sorts.
Some should be made fresh evert/ day ; and if this
be done, and the young turkeys kept warm, and
especially //-oira wet, not one out of a score will
die. When they get to be strong, they may have
meal ani! grain, liut still they always love the curds.

When they get their head feathers they are
hardy enough ; and what they then want is room
to prowl about. It is best to breed them under a
common hen ; because she docs not ramble like a
henturkey; and it is a very curious thing thnt the
turkeys hreil up by a hen of the coinmon fowl, do
not themselves ramble much when they get old;
than which a more comjilcte proof of the great
power ofhnhit, is not perhaps to be found. And
ought not this to be a lesson to fathers and moth-
ers of families ? Ought not they to consider that
the habit which they give to children are to stick
to them during their whole lives.'

'The hen should be fed exceedingly well too
while she is sitting and after she has hatched :
for, though she does not give milk she gives heat ;
and let it be observed that, as no man ever yet
saw healthy jiigs with a jiom- sow, so no man
ever saw healthy chickens with a poor hen. This
is a matter much too little thought of in the rearing
of |ioultry ; but it is matter of the greatest conse-
quence. Never let a poor hen sit ; feed the hen

April 20, 1831.

while she is silting; and feeil her most abundant-
ly when she has young ones; for then her labor is
very great; siie is making exertions of some sort
or other during- the whole twentyfour boms ; she
has no rest ; constantly doing something or other
to |irovide food or safety for her young ones.

As to fatting turkeys, the best way is never
to let them be poor. Craumiing is a nasty
thing and quite unnecessary. Barley meal mixed
with skim milk, given to them fresh and fresh will
make them fit in a short time. Boiled carrots and
Mwedish turni[)s will help and furnish a change
of sweet food.

To be continued.

The Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society for offering and awarding premiums upon
the products of the Kitchen Garden, submit the fol-
lowing list of premiums for the ensuing season, viz.
Asparagus, the two best bunches, S.5 in a

bunch, ,f2 00

Beets, six roots, the best blood, 2 00

BaocoLi, the two best heads, 1 00

Bea.ns, large Lima, 2 qts. earliest and best, 1 00
CncuMBERS, best four, fiirced, 1 00

" " " in open ground, on or

before the first Saturday in July, 2 00

Carrots, six roots, the finest orange color, 2 00
Celery, four roots, the best, 2 00

Cauliflower, the two best heads, 2 00

Corn, sweet, one dozen, the earliest and best, 2 00
Lettuce, two heads, the best, 1 00

Melons — Water, the largest and best, 2 00

" Musk, two, finest flavored, 2 00

Peas, one peck, the best, on or before the first

Saturday in June, 2 00

Peas, one peck, the best, having regard to the

quality and yield, 2 00

Potatoes, one peck, the best, forced, 2 00

" one peck, the best, in the open

ground, on or before the last Saturday in

June, 2 00

" for winter, the best, not less than 25

bushels, having regard to their productiveness

and quality ; samples to be delivered to the

Committee for trial, 5 00

Salsify, six roots, the best, 1 00

Savoy Cabbage, four heads, the best, 2 00

The Committee will attend at the Hal! of the So-
ciety, every Saturday, from 13 to 1 o'clock, for the
examination of such articles as inay be left, labelled
with the owner's name (for premiums.) Such as are
intended for exiiibition only, will be labelled accord-
ingly. No premium to be declared until after the
season is over. A particular description of the me-
thod of planting and growing will be required of
those who send in vegetables for premium.

N. B. Members of the Society are particularly
requested to send in their finest vegetables, either for
premium or exhibition, (all of which will be reported
in the New Eugland Farmer,) stating their good
qualities, size, &c, and the raiser's name.

The Jl'icked Tariff. — What shall be done with
it ; we seriously ask our farmers who have sheep,
how they can approve of such a Tariff? Within
a week an agent has been in this town offering as
high as sixtyseven cents per pound .'"or wool, not
of the best quality. Our advice to the fanners of
this section is, not to sell at present, or rather not
to engage, for if agents are sent out thus early to
purchase and will offer the prices that were olTer-
ed here, it needs no great foresight to see, that
before the month of June goes out, it will be much
higher. It must be so. Vast quantities of sheep
vviM'e driven out of the country the last year, and
it cannot help raising the price of wool. — .Veu;-
Hampshire Post,

Vol. IX.— No. 40.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

319

Grnjiiiisr-

Gentl-Miien wi^hins; to hiive eniiraftins; done, the scions
warranleil lo take, ami an ac oiinl of tlie same lo be la>-
en in Uie auuimn, will plfa-ie to tivo no'ice imiiu-.lialcly
at lliis olfice, or to the Messrs Winship, of Ungliton.

April 20. It

Latest Improved Short Horns.

Yor.NG WVE COMET.

The subscriber iiil'oniis iho-e ili>|>o<cil lo improve their
stock, thai ihis lihe full blood aiiiiuil will be oii'ler bis
care this season. Teims $2. -Apply lo A. GREEN-
WOOD, near Dr Coclinm's Nfeetinsjhouse. April 20.

For Sale or Erchaiigt,
A raluable mare, with foal by one of the best stnds
for draiigbt horses in the country ; she will be exchang-
ed at a bargain for a first rale family horse. Apply lo J.
B. Russell. Stis April 20.

Bones ff'aiiled.
Shin and Lejr Bones constantly purchased by GEO.
H. GRAY a,- CO. No. 68 Kilby sireel.
April 20. 2mos

Cnlaicba Grape J'ines.
For sale by S.^imcel Ponp, near the Universalist
Meeting House, Cambrid^iporl, a few Catawba Grape
Vines, 3 years old, pi ice ,91,25 each. April 13.

•Voivi Scotia Potatoes.

For sale at Ihe H.tlllav Packet Office, No 26 Foster's
wharf, several banels of pi iine Nova Scolia Potatoes, lor
seed. Farmers in want of a good variety of this impor-
tant vegetable, are requested to examine these.

April 13. 3t

.■iirricuttural Seeds.

For sale at the New Enj^land Seed Store, 52, North
Market street, Boston,

Buck Wheat ; Perkins' Early Seedling Potatoes, (that
took the premium from the Massachusetts t'orticuitural
Society); Hurnham's Preiiiiuiu Potatoes, (that have
twice taken the premium Irom the Essex Agricultural
Society, as the best stock potatoes laisi-d in the county) ;
Early Maaly Potatoes, (originally from Europe); Grass
Seeds of all kinds, &c, — ill of the very first qualitv.
Asparagus Roots.

Several thousand plants of the Large Early Devonshire
Asparagus, 3 years old, price 75 cts per hundred, well
packed in moss, in boxes of one, two, and three hundred
roots each.

Gooseberry Bushes, kc.

Also, large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes, just re-
ceived from Greenock. — Large Red ('urrant Bushes.

.\lso, Catawba, Isabella, White Sweetwater, Black
Hamburgh, and other kinds of Grapes, well packed in
moss, so as to bear tran*portation hundreds of miles with
safety — price 50 cts each. Large Tart Rhubarb Roots,
25 els each. March 26.

The public are respectlully informed that sundry per-
sons, lost to a sense of honor and regardless of the lives
of the community, have offered and do continue to ofler
for sale an article purporting to be ' Dr Monre's Ii-ssence
of Life,' but which does not even approach an imitation
— the bills of Directions have the same caption — enumer-
ation of diseases and certiticates as Ibrmer bills enclosing
the genuine article, but the list of agents is not the same.
The individual against whom I would most particularly
guard the public, is Benjamin F. .Simpson, q( Chester, N.
H. This man has sold to sundry persons in the city of
Boston the spurious article — to some individuals he has
given liis own name, to others he has called his name
Moore — to one person he sold a parcel of his article, and
affixed the signature ol Ebenezer G. Mooi e — to his bill
of sale to another person he represented himself as my
brother, and claimed an equal riglit with myself to man-
ufacture and vend ' Moore's Essence ot Life.' I should j
not have noticed Mr Simpson it cortaiti deale s in Medi-
cine were not in the habit of receiving from him and
palming upon coun'ry traders the spurious article — whe- '
tfaer their oliject is g.iin, or a wish to injure the i eputation i
of the genuine .Moore's Es-ence, and thereby introduce
articles of their own composition, I know not — this much
I do know, the reputation of ' Dr Moore's Essence o(
Life' is too firmly established to be overthrown by the {
concentrated efforts of spurious dealers. 1 have long
known of the circulation of the pretended imitation, and
have suffered it to pass unnoticeil, but the duty I owe the
public, my aged father, and myself, requires this exposi-
tion. JOHN S. MOORE. i

Feb. 23. eopGw

Fruit TVees, Sliruhs. Grape J^ines, S{c.
Gentlemen in want of Fi uit and Forest Trees, Orna-
mental Shrubs, Grape \'ines. Honeysuckles, &c, &.c,are
respectfully informed that they can be ohtaiiied in any
quantity or \'arii'ty, ot .Yiirsery prices, by leaving their
orders at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52, North
Market street, Boston. The Trees will be delivered at
the Warehouse, fr e of extiense ot freight, except when
obtained from New York, l*liil.idelpbia, or .\lb..ny, when
it will be added to the bill, dialogue-^ of most of the
Nurseries can be obtained at the N\' alehouse, gratis, ex-
cept Prince's of New York ; of which he has just pub-
lislied the twentysixth edition, 91 pages, pi ice 12^ cents.
As the season is forward, ami it will soon be too late to
transplant trees with safely, an early attention to the

subject IS requisite.

ril 13.

F-iiit Trees, S,-c.

For sale at Davenpo t's Nursery in Milton, a good col-
lection of all the most valuable kinds of Fruit Trees cul-
tivateil ill New England, as .Apples, Pears, Cherries,
Peaches, Plums, ^'c, — with a good assortment of Green
House Plants and Fir Trees. — 01 Pear trees, he can sup-
ply the following sorts of extra size and quality, viz : —
Bloodgood's, Early Chauiiiontelle, Long (ireen Mouth-
water, St Michael's, Winter Bergamot, Beurre Rouge,
Seckle, Bartlett, Cap Sheaf, and Biilfiiis. Orders may be
left with J. B. Russell, at Ihe .Agricultural Warehouse,
52, North Market-street, Bo-lon — French if- Davenport,
713, \\'ashington-street, or at the Nursery in ISlilton.

April 13.

For Sale,

Silk Worms' Eggs, warranted good, price 50 cents per
thousand, with shor practical instructions for rearing
Silk Worms, by J. H. Cobb, which are given to pur-
chasers. Apply at the New England Farmer Office.

April l.r

JWic l'es:clables.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52, North Market street, a small quan-
tity of each of the following new and valuable vegeta-
bles:

S'night's new Dwarf Honey Pea; (a most delicious
pea, and great bearer; originated by Mr Knight, Presi-
dent of the London Horlicultuial Society.) .AVtf Ilaliaa
Head Lettuce; large, close heads, very tender; (intro-
duced by Lieut. Ridgway, of the U S. Navy — 12* els.
per paper.) Early Orange Beet ; early, beautiful and
very delicate ; not common in the Boston market — 12^
cts. per paper. Ca47ada Crook J\'eck Squash ; the most
delicate sort cultivated in New England; in eating from
the beginning of August to the first of February ; small,
but prolific. Com. Porter's Valparaiso Squash, have
attained the size of 46 lbs. in Vermcmt last season. A~cw
Early DwarJ Pea, 33 cts. per quart, very early and pro-
liiic — does not require sticks : also the D waif Blue Im-
perial Pea, introduced into general use by us, four years
since; now too well known and appreciated to require
comment. London Horticultural Pole Bean, sent lo
Messrs Thorbuin ^- Sons, of New York, last year, by
the London Horticultural Society — they have proved a
valuable acquisition, very prolific, and rivalling the Lima
Beans in richness of flavor ; 50 c|s. per quart. .April 13.

Hi/e Grass Seed, S^-c.
For sale at Ihe Seeil store. 52, North Market street —

A few bushels of Racy's Improved Perennial Rye
Grass seed.

Fruit Trees.
Persons wishing to purchase Fruit Trees, are informed
that catalogues of all the principal respectable Nurseries
in the United Slates, can be had gratis at the New Eng-
land Seed store, 52, North Market street.
Souther.n Clover.
500 lbs fine Southern Clover, put up in Pennsylvania
expressly (or our relail trade. Farmers in want of good
Southern Clover seed .'re requested to examine this.
Barley.
50 bushels two lowed Barley, plump and clean for
seed, raised by E. H. Derby, Esq. Salem.

Cauliflower and C.4bb.\ge Palnts.
Cabbage, Cauliflower, aiid Broccoli Plants, 25 cenls
per dozen.

Flower Seeds.
Packages of Flower Seeds, of eighteenvarieties, com-
prising the mo-t showy amiuals, among which are the
fallowing beautiful and comparatively rare sorts; Ele-
gant Coreopsis, Variegated Euphorbia, Cypress Vine,
Candytuft, sweet scented Virgin's Bower, Sensitive Plant,
&.C, &c, with directions for their culture.— Price $\ per
package. Apiil 13.

PRICES OF COUjVTRY PRODUCE.

AIMM.F.3,

ASHES, pot, first sort,

IVarl, lirsl sort,
BEANS, white,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. I,

Cargo, No. 'J, ■ .

ItUTTEIt, inspected. No. 1, new, -
CliEESL, new milk,

.'"^kimmed milk,
FL.AXSEEI),

ELUUK, lialiimore,Howard-slreel, -
(leiiesee,
Alexandria,
Baliunoie, « liarf,
GRAIN, Com, Ncrilieni.

Corn, Soiiihern Yellow,
Kve,
Barley,
Oats,"
HAY.

HOG'S LARD, firsl sort, new,
HHI'S, Istqualiiv,,
I.IMK,

I'l.AlSTER PARIS retails at
PORK, clear.

Navy mess.
Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red I'op (northern J
Lucerne,

Rod Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, tried,

WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -
INIerino, ml.xed with S.ixony,
HI<'| ino. three fourths wasli'od,
Meiino, halfblood, , -

Merino, quarter.
Native, washed,
PiiMed, La.^ili's, first sort.

Lamb's, second sort,

spinning, first sort

PmIIcI,
Pulled,

FROK

TO

barrel

2 50

300

ton.

110 00

112 OO

"

122 60

125 00

hushid.

90

1 00

barrel.

8 75

9 00

It

7 30

7 75

tt

6 60

6 75

pruiid.

11

15

ti

G

8

It

3

4

1 I'i

i .W

barrel.

7 1-2

7 25

7 30

7 7,5

n

6 23

6 75

"

6 00

6 50

mshel.

80

82

II

70

Ti

It

65

70

II

62

75

II

43

45

cwt.

60

70

cwt.

9 GO

10 00

14 00

1^00

cask.

911

95

ton.

3 00

3 IS

larrel

20 nr

lano

13 00

1*00

"

|3 .W

1*00

bushel.

2 00

Si 25

"

60

67

jiound.

33

38

12

u IS

cwt.

«00

8 50

pound.

70

76

7.'j

80

"

GO

65

It

65

60

II

45

50

It

45

50

It

68

60

ti

43

48

■■

60

65

PROVISION MARKET.

CORRECTED EVERY WEEK BV UK HJVWARD,

( Cie.-k of FMieuil-hall Market.)

ISEEF. best pieces, . pound. 8 19

PORK, Iresh, besi pieces, - •' 6 7

whole hogs, '■ 5.} 7

VEAL, . " 6 8

JICTI'ON, . " 4 8

POULTRY, . " 8 12

BUTTER, keg and tub, . " 12 IS

Lump, best, - " 13 20

EGGS, . dozen. 10 12

MEAL, Rve, retail . bushel. 83

Indian, retail, . " 33

POTATOES, - " 22 62

CIDER, [according to quality] Ibarrel. 100 2 00

Brighto.n Market — .Mo)idat/,.'lpril 18.
[Uftported for the Chronicle and Patiiot. J

At Market this day 350 Beef Cattle, iiicluding 50 unsold
last week, 6 pair Working Oxen, 12 Cows and Calves,
100 Sheep, and 163 Swine. 50 Beef Cattle remained
unsold at the close of the market.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Last week's prices were not
supported — a falling off" of about 17 cts. per hundred on
the average — more deduction on good than on thin Cattle.
We quote from 4 50 to 5 17, extra Cattle were taken at
5 25 a 5 50 — an unusual number of good Cattle were at
market.

Working Oxen — No sales noticed.

CoiBS and Calves — We nolicqd but few sales at $17,
18 50 and ,923.

•Sheep — Dull, a few only sold, price not known.

Swine — We noticed one small se ected lot of barrows
at 5 cts. one of sows and harrows at 4jc. and one of large
barrows at 4J cts. Considerable doing at fetal at 5 cts.
for sows and 6 for barrows.

A'eto York, .Iprit 11.— At market from ," to 400 lie^d
Beef Cattle, few lots Sheep, and one of Swine. — Sales of
Beef very brisk, and price a little higher than last week.
A few small lots of extra taken at 8h, a few good at 7i aS,
several fair at 65 a 7, and ordinary at $6 per cwt. Sheep
dull and very few sales effected ; price well kept up, but
little variation from former reports. — Swine — the lot re-
parted above was sold for 4,^ a 44c per II : Milch Cows —
Market is full and sales dull, 20, 25 and $:iO.— Jour. Com-

NEW ENGLAND FAUMER.

Aiiril 20, 1831.

RAIL. ROADS

LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAIL ROAD.

Extract of a Utter to the editor of the Philadelphia

Gazette, dated

London, January, IS-il.

Tlie Treat Liverpool Tunnel, wliicli is said to be
the lar<?est in the world, is in all respects a niagniti-
cent work It commences a sliort distance from tlie
north corner of the Queen's Dock, and runs mider
the town of Liverpool, finally terminatmg at Ldgc
Hill a distance of more than a mile and a quarter.—
This subterranean passage is very wide and spa-
cious and cannot fail to inspire the visiter « ith the
most impiessive admiration for an achievement that
would but a few years since have been condemned
as the most chimerical of all projects. The deep
and heavy rumbling of carriages is distinctly heard,
as they are hurried along the busy pavements over-
head teeming with life and enterprise ; and as you
advance, you see painted on tlie wall, the names of
several streets, under which the line passes at vari-
ous depths from the surface. The sides and root of
the vault have been white washed, and the whole is
destined to be splendidly illuminated with gas,which
will bestow upon it a most brilliant effect. When
the day is perfectly clear, the light may be discern- j
ed at the opening of Edge Hdl, when more than aj
mile distant. It has the same appearance as that of
the upper hem.isphere of the moon, seen through a
■ thin mass of fleecy clouds. When the work readi-
es its completion, it will constitute one of the most
splendid promenades that can well be imagined ;
but at present no other accommodation is enjoyed
by the pedestrian, than the dim and struggling light
afforded by two or three torches.

It seemed to me a matter of some surprise, how
such an extraordinary excavation could be effected.
I was informed by one of the Directors, that the first
shaft was commenced in 18-2(5, and the operations
continued with scarce any intermissions, night or
day, until the work was completed. Nearly two
thirds of t)ie Tunnel was perforated through a solid
rock ; so that upwards of one hundred and fifty
thousand tons of free stone were removed, which
served admirably for building and many other pur- j
poses. The pickaxe, hammer, wedge and gunpow- |
der, were the principal agents employed, in thus j
forcino- this ponderous thoroughfare through the
bowels of the earth. Several shafts were opened at j
the average distance of five hundred yards ; and j
such was the precision with which the workmen ap- i
proached each other, that they seldom varied more
than an inch at the point of junction.

Passengers destined for Manchester, repair to the
grand are°a at Edge Hill, from whicli place the rail
way coaches set off. I took my seat in one of those
vehicles, and rapidly descended an inclined plane,
leadino- through the small tunnel, which is about
three "hundred yards in length, principally cut
throucrh a solid rock, and illuminated with a double
row of lamps. The carriages are variously construct-
ed and are quite unique in their appearance, al-
though utility rather than elegance, seems to have
been°the object of the builders. Tlie seats are di-
vided into three compartments, some of which are
tastefully lined with cloth, and each compartment is
sufficiently large for the convenience of two per-
sons. The carriages and coaches are six or seven
in number, and the whole joined together, present a
very novel, and striking spectacle, when travelling
with unprecedented velocity, and drawn only by a
single engine. I found it highly necessary to pur-
■ chase a ticket a long time previous to the period of
starting, or I should otherwise have infallibly been
I prevented from procuring a seat. Only one hundred
and thirty passengers, comprising the stipulated
I number, can be accommodated at a time ; and not-
I withstanding the carriages set out from Uie respect-
ive places six times every day, making the complete
I number of passengers seven hundred and eighty, —

I there are yet scores of people who are obliged, diur-
nally, to depart disappointed. Yours, Bl**.

GREAT SHIP RAIL ROAD ACROSS THE ISTHMUS OF
SUEZ.

The railway and steam engine appear destined to
produce a great revolution in the affairs of the world.
What Shalt we say, for instance, to the astonishing
feat wrouirht the other day on tlie Liverpool and
Mancheste°r Rail Road ? The M-ijestic travelling
six times between those two places, thus going over
a distance of 180 nules in a day— and conveying
backwards and lorwards 145 tons? There are ten
such engines emploved on the road.

But a^project is now conceived of raiUvayin<r the
Isthmus of Suez, and carrying over it vassels of the
heaviest burden from the Mediterranean to the Red
Sea. A paper to this effect has been read before the
Society of Arts in London. The vessels are to be
placed upon the railway, out of the water, by means
of Morton's patent slips, and then transportedto the
opposite sea by means of /ocoHio/ii'e steam engines.—
Uy such slips the vessel becomes a sort of amphibi-
ous carria<Te, and the steam wafts her gently, crew,
ciiro-o and all, over the plains of Egypt to her native
element. It is said the difficulties of the enterprise
are not greater than those encountered in the con-
.struction of the Manchester and Liveipool Rail Road
—and that the Pacha of Egypt has actually employ-
ed an Enu-ineer to inspect Morton's Patent Ship.—
■Whatare°we coming to nexl.= Shall we ca7ia( or
' railway the Isthmus of Panama? moving bodily the
I whole mass of the vessel and cargo from the Mexi-
! can Gulf to the Pacific, instead of doubling Cape
' Horn ' If our successors go on the next fifty years,
and with the same accelerated velocity as we have
done for the last fifty years, what prodigies will not
be performed by human ingenuity? If we extend
the calculation further onwards, where will be the
limit of scientific improvement ?

Rail Road Mania.— 'We are an excitable people,
albeit a very calculating one too. The hobby of the
moment is rail roads, ami it is ridden boldly. The
stock of the Mohawk and Hudson rail road company
which, at the outset, dragged heavily, and could
only with difficulty be filled, is now selling at 1624,
althouo-h the road is yet unfinished. Within a week,
books for the stock of a new radroad, authorised in
New Jersey, between Peterson and the Hudson
opposite this city, were opened. Three tiiiws the
sum requisite was subscribed, and the scrip is now
sellino- at IKJ,— even before, as we suppose, any defi-
i nite survey has been made of the route, or estimate
of its cost.— Yesterday the ceremonial of opening
books for subscriptions to the stock of the Catskdl
and Canajoharie Rail Road, was gone through with
at the Exchange -, and it was only a ceremonial— for
! the thin"- was done in the twinkling of an eye— the
' subscription was declared to be filled ; and thougii
: we saw many who were disappointed, we did not
I fall in with any who had succeeded in obtaining
stock This scrip was also immediately sold, we
' are informed, at a premium. All this denotes abund
ant means, low profits, few opportunities of perma-
nent investment, and,— a very little, perhaps— of the
spirit of gambling.— A^w York American.

John Howard Smith and Elizabeth Ireland, both
of Huntington, Su«"olk county, L. I. were married
in the year 177,5. They are still living in the eiijoy-
raenl of health at a ripe old age, the former being
in his 87tn, and the latter in her 83d year. Iheir
descendants are as follows, viz :
17 children,
1)7 grand children,
135 great grand children.
1 great great grand child,
Total 2.50; of w"hoin210 are now living.

As a proof of the good example and the sage
councils of the aged pair, in all the 210 decendants
yet living, not one of them is known to be dissipated
or intemperate.

The Mayor of Baltimore has caused all dogs to
be confined, in consequence of several cases of
hydrophobia.

Valuable and Cheap Land— for Sale.
The subscriber olft-rs for sale, 14,000 acres of cbofce
Land, siiurtleil in ibe lown ot Pinckney, counly ol Lewis
and slate of New York. Some ol the land is improved
and undi-i- cultivation. The couiitiy is rcmaikahly heal-
lAn, hein'^ entirely free froni ibe fever anil a^ue and from
llie corniiK)n bilious fevers whicli olien afflict Ihe towns
uoon Lake Ontario, tliis town being 18 miles east of the
lake. The soil is principally a sandy loam, n.uch of it
covered with rich Idack mould. The timber is chiefly
Suo-ar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &c.
The land yieUls first rale crops of Grass, Rye, Oats Bar-
ley, Potatoes and Fla.x ; and on some lots, good W heat
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior gr.izing farms, a tine opportunity r.ow offers itself.
The pioduce' of pasturage and liay bom an acre of this
land, is very large, fully equalling if not sm passing that
Iroiri the same quaniilv of land in any olher ol the Black
River townships. The land is admirably well watered,
there beiiif tint few lots which have not durable running
streams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchard-
ine- the Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Siock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble troulde. and lo the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying
the highest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
from the New England Slates, and some of them from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at the very low
price of bom two dollars and a hall to three dollars per
acre lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
lialf to five dollars and a half tor the improved lots. The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two
to five ye.us' credit for payment, in annual insialments,
will he given. As a further convenience to parchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep,
Perk Grain or Grass Seed, lor which products he will
allow' the highest cash prices. The title to the land IS
indisputalde, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchaseis. Persons desirous of pnichasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jefferson, State of New York or to David Canfield,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.
March 9. "^P^^' ^

Ammunition ,_/J)

01 the best nuality ai.d tuwest prices, for sporting—
co^tantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6a Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found sati-factory, it may
be returned, and the money willbe refunded, tf Jan. 7.

Evergreens, Silver Firs, i,-c.

The subscriber being engaged in the Seed

business would be happy to receive orders

for Forest Trees, Seeds, and Evergreens from

Maine, and being Agent for J. B. Russell,

^__^,.^ Boston, and Prince S,- Sons, Flushing, N- Y.

o7tn"^^t through Ihem or otherwise, will be attended

to without delay Particular directions fo/ t^l<'"P "P »"'*

packing is requested. ^ M. MANN.

Augusta, Me., Marches. 6t

A list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, ^c, can be
seen at the New England Farmer office.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at gi per annum,
payable at the end of die year-but those who pay withm
sixty days from the lime of Bubscrib.ng, are entitled to a de-
duction oflifly cents.

Jj' No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
beiniT made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russeli., by I. R. BuTTS-by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet ths
wishes of customers. Orders for printmg received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. M North
Market Street.

agents.
New Vor'.— G.Thof.bukn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street
PhHmlelphia- 1). & C Lanpketh. 85 Chestnui-sireel.
Bjllimoe-G. B. Smith, Editor ol ihe American Farmer.
ctncinimli-S. C. Paukhurst,23 Lower Markei-slreet.
^//„j,„,_Hon. Jesse Buel, Albany Nursery.

4/Au;ii/— \Vm. THonBURN,347 Blarket-slreet.

FlTsZo-, N. Y. Wm . Prince & SoNs.Prop. Lm. Bol.Gardcn

//ur//bri/— GoonwiN & Co. Booksellers.

Nfiobiiryport, Ebene'/.er Stedman, Bookseller.

Portsmouth. N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookse er.

Portland, M'..—S\NV^l. CoLMAN, Bookseller.

Msnsta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Otticc.

Montreal, L. C— A. Bowbian, Bookseller

NEW EI^GL-AND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AcRictLTUR.vi. Warehouse.)— T- G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTOX, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 4, 1831.

NO. 42.

(s v& msa ^sra^iiaavosr^a

FOR THE NEW EXGLAXD FARMER.
BEES.

MkFessendex — I5y your penuission I will ofTer
someobservalions in rcfeiciice to the coinimiiiica-
tion of Mr Bcanl, publislicd in ojie of your late
papers on the subject of bees. I hope Me. B. will
not be ilispleaseil if say that his communication
consists of incongruities, from \vliich>jio cnrrpct in
ferences can be drawn. He speaks of a hive of
'bees which he has melted down,' (for au explana-
tion of this the reader is referred to his forniercom-
munication). The bees in that hive were so com-
pletely deranged from their natural course by the
accident, that no sort of reliance should be placed
on any supposed discoveries from that source. Mr
B. tliinks that he discovered a larjre bee in the act
of laying eggs. — ' I killed some of them,' he adds,
'meaning probably the conmion bees). ' These
were not queens, for they all bad stings.' It j«
scarcely to be believed that Air B. is unapprised that
every queen is furnished with a stiiig, and that
one queen only is found in a hive. But be again
betrays his unacquaintcdness with the prevailing
theories of the modes by which bees are ))ropn-
gated. He inquires 'where are Mrs G.'s drones,
that vivify the young, (the eggs) at this time ?' Add-
ing that ' without drones they are manufacturing
their family.' It is perfectly well understood that
in general not a single drone is to be seen in i.
hive from September till the month of May follow-
ing, when they are produced from eggs laid by
the queen. To liis inquiry where the drones
are bred, he may be informed by the perusal of
books on the subject that drones are bred in their
appropriate cells, from eggs deposited by the qneon
bees in the proper seasons. His last query ' wheth-
er a queen and a drone can give birth to a dif-
ferent species from themselves, or make a hcnev-
jbee with a sting ?' if it convey any correct niemiug
imust remain without a reply. Mr B.'s remarks
relative to the internal arrani^ement of a bea hive
are peculiar to bimself, and bis description of its i
Icontents appear so singular that it may be passed j
joTer as entirely useless. Nor can we be better;
Isatisfied witii his description of his new fashioned
bive,being provided with ' celling, cracks and slides.''
|lt is in these last |)oints only that what :s called
!his patent hive differs fr.ni the box hive that has
been in use in some |)laces for 30 years pas:, and if
he has obtained a patent for it he is acconrtable to
the patentee of the bive from which he has copied.
With all his imjiroveiTfents, however, Jiis hive
is not well adapted for the purpose in view. His
attempts by boxes and slides to regulate the bees
in their labors can answer no useful pu.'pose, but
will tend to disturb and interrupt their native hab-
its. Why his hive should be ' of good size for the
Maine bees, and too large for bees raised here,' re-
quires some explanation. Mr B. asserts that he
has this spring given his bees nearly half a barrel
of beebread ; the reader will doubtless be |)nzzlid
to know from what source half a barrel of pollen
can be procured at this season ; but it is the re- '
mains of his other hives, after the bees 1 ave been |
removed or died. It is well known that every hive ,

will furnish itself with pollen at the proper season ; Our win;cr crops look reniarkalily fine and we
lilt if cultivators were required to supply bees are now sowing bnrley upon laiiil in the best
with this article ill the spring, we should soon find order. — Our Gardens rencfv their annual prornise,
that our apiaries would be abandoned. We must the gooseberry blooms, and the flower buds are
trust altogether to the sagacity and industry of bursting u|)on our iihim and cherry trees.

these insects to provide
own way with as little

for themselves in their
nterference as possible.
The great object in the management of bees should
be to |irovide for them a hive of jiroper size and
so contrived that the honey may be taken with
little iuterrnption to their economy.

Of ibis description is the improved hive now in
use and which is generally considered as deserv-
ing of preference. It is neat, and simple, of a
proper size to suit all swarms, the two drawers
will contain about 24 lbs. of comb honey of the
[lurest kind, free from young bees or bee bread
anj being furnished with glass fronts it may be
seen when they are filled. In a favorable season
a swarm a year old will fill the drawer twice, and
the lower apartment containing about 40 lbs. will
be occupied by the queen and her brood, with bee
bread and their winter store of honey. Expe-
rience has sufliciently proved the great utility of
this improved hive, which is kept constantly for
sale at the agricultural store, North Market Street,
Boston. James TuACHER.

Plymouth, .Ipril 22, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

TWITCH GRASS, AND PLASTER FOR
TREES.

Mr Editor — I am much pleased to observe your
paper made the medium of information upon all
things relative to rural economy. For where is
the Farmer or Gardener, who has not yet many
things to learn, and I trust there are few of us,
who would not be willing and able, to teach some
useful lesson. In our business, knowledge should
be considered common property and the equal right
of all.

In answer to the queries of ' A Subscriber' in
No. 38, I would observe, that although we liave
upon the banks of the Mohawk a very great abun-
dance of Twitch-Grass (or as we call it quick-
grass) it is not by our good farmers considered
as 'dreadful stuff.' They are in no case afraid of
it, or think it ' a lion in their way.' — They meet it
boldly with their improved ploughs and harrows,
and by working the land well during our hot and
dry summers, never fail to convert tlie innumera-
ble roots of this grass into a valuable manure.
Spring and fall ploughing will not have this effect.
But a complete summer fellow, with good imple-
ments, always renders this seeming evil a blessing
in disguise. And it is the slothful gardener, alone,
who thinks it a troublesome weed. — To the second
inquiry, 1 would notice, that the cheapest and most
suitable remedy for wounds upon trees, occasioned
by pruning, is, Spanish brown paint, a little thick-
er than ])ainteis generally use. Lay it on with a
brush and take care to cover the wounded part
thoroughly. This will effectually exclude the air
and weather, and nature's healing process will
soon perform the cure.

I have not time for further remark. The season
ia forward, and requires every man to do his duty.

S. Rev.nolds.
Miiiavtlle, A". Y. .Ipril 23, 1831.

HORTICULTURE.

ProcKdings of the .Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety, at a meeting held at the Hall of the Jnstilu-
tion on the 30th of .Ijiril, \S3\.

Report of H. A. S. UEinnoRN, Preaiilent of Ihe Society.

I am happy to stale that important information
and valuable contributions of various kinds continue
to flow in from all quarters. Since the last meet-
ing the following letters have been received.

1. Letter from Henry Corse, Esip of Montreal,

witii a bundle of Apple and Plum scions.

Montreal, April lOlh, 1S31.
Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn.

Dear Sir — According to the promise I made
to some of the Members of the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society wlien, last summer, I was in
Boston, I have the honor of forwarding for the
Society, scions of fruit trees ; most of which are
of very recent origin, and from the original seed-
ling trees ; and it may not be, perhaps, improper
to remark that, no man has a greater aversion than
myself to the too jnevalent practice of swelling a
numerical collection by intruders that have noth-
ing in particular to recoininend them ; and that,
it is my belief, the varieties which I have the pica-
sure of sending, will be found an acquisition of
no inconsiderable magnitude.

The Plums, except the November Gage, are of
my own raising from seed, the product of an an-
nual planting since 1812, and of their merits I
can sjieak with some confidence, possessing a con-
sitlerable collection of the most esteemed varieties,
and having had a good opportunity during my
tour, in the pro|jer season, of exaoiiiiing a very
great variety from Richmond, Virginia, to Albany,
and I wish them no higher distinction than to have
them brought for comparison with any equal num-
ber that can be produced, or the best against the
best.

Corse's Nota Bena, I look upon as the best.

Do. .\dmiral, is dark jiurple, about the size of
the Magnum Bonum, or yellow Egg, but of good
flavor.

Do. Field Marshal, about the size of the latter
and bright Red ; the most showy plum that I have
ever seen, and ofWood flavor.

Do. Rising Sun, about tlie size of the Bingham,
bright yellow with a tinge of Red on the sunny side.

The Blue November Gage is extraordinary for
its late ripening and the length of time it will re-
main upon the tree. I have picked them in De-
cember ; it is of good flavor and of medium size,
they are all very productive, some of them bear too
much.

Of the Apples, the most important is the Saint
Lawrence, of accidental origin, bore fruit for the
first time about twelve years since; is a large, beau-
t'ful and excellent fruit, ri|)ens in September, and
sells here readily for from fifty to sixty cents the
dozen.

330

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 4, IS31.

Corse's Favorite, llie name given to it, by tlie ] of any other nation
Nursery-Mien here, in consequence of its having
been introduced by me. It originated in a pasture,
accidentally, about live miles from Montreal, and
of all Apples, suits my palate the best of any 1
have ever tasted ; it commences rii)ening in Au-
gust, and has this singidar peculiarity, in matur-
ing ; it is six weeks from the time the first are fit
for tlie table before tlie last are so ; it should be
perfectly matured upon the tree and eaten im-
mediately.

Corse's Indian Prince is a seedling originating
on niv own place, matured frnlt for the first time
in 1829, is large and vi.'ry handsome, and of very
peculiar, and good fiavor.

The Reinette Aiiglaise and Autumn Calville, are
both supposed to be of Canailian origin, and are

As yet we have received [ If this first part meet encouragement, I intei)
intelligence from only a few places in some six or ' to publish the remainder, which I hope will h
eight states, and a small district of one of the more creditable to mo in a horticultural and sciei

Canailas; still it is evident, that it will requn-e
many years to collect even a sm;dl portion of the
existing varieties, while they are aimually increas-
ing. As to other fruits, it has already been ascer-
tained, that we possess many valuable native pears,
plums, and peaches ; but it requires the patience of
Lectier, and the zeal, intelligence, genius, and in-
dustry, of a Duhumel, to collect, class and describe isoii^ — for her literary and scientific contribution!

tific point of view, than the one now before yoi
Yours, very respectfully,

M. Griffith,

This estimable lady, who has so long been dis
tinguished for her extensive, interesting and valua
hie experiments as a practical cultivator of th

them. To facilitate these labors, the Society wi
direct all its energies ; but a Garden of Experi-
ME.NT is inilispensahle for the coniple:e accom-
plishment of this great object.

Such an eslablishment is so desirable, and im-
portant, that we coufideinly rely upon private and

certainly good ones. The Nonsuch is from Eng- i public munificence, for the means of founding

land, ripens 'he latter part of August. I send
this in consequence of having observed in differ-
ent catalogues, an Apple resembling this same
that ripens in November : this is very large hand-
some and good, but continues only for a short time.
I am very anxious to |irocnre from Boston the un-
der-mentioned varieties of fruit scions (a cutting or
two of each,) particidarly the native Pears, when-
ever a convenient opportunity shall offer : Lew-
is, Dix, Gushing, Wilkinson, Clap, Pounil and Ger-
man Muscat Pears. The Roxbury Russett and
Baldwin Apple, and Downer's Cherry. I have been
so fortunate as to have obtained the Harvard, Heath-
cot and Bartlett Pears.

With my best wishes, for the prosperity of your
Society, aud for your own individual exertions in
Ibrwarding the interest of Horticulture, you will
please allow' me the honor of subscribing.

He.nrv Corse.

The scions wliich Mr Corse has so kindly presen-
ted, are an important acquisition. The varieties of
fruit are remarkable in character and interesting
from the counlry of their nativity, — more espe-
cially, since European and American cultivatois
have so generally turned their attention to the
collection, or creation of new kinds, to replace
such as have disappeared, or are deteriorated in
quality. These have an additional value from
liaving been reared in a more northern climate ;
as it is considered an established principle, that
several kinds of fruit trees, as well as many other
plants, flourish belter when removed from a north-
ern to a southern latitude, than those which are
transplanted tVom a milder to a more northern re-
gion. Plums and A[)ples at least are more likely
to maintain their character and even improve,
when brought io the vicinity of Boston, from
New Hampshire, Maine and Canada, than when
introduced from Xew York and Pennsylvania. As
l]ardy as apple trees are generally, it is notorious,
that the famous Newton Pippin, so justly esteemed
in New York, does not thrive well in this state,
where the climate appears to be too rigorous.

JMr Corse has conferred a great favor upon us,
and it is desirable that the intercourse, whi-.'h has
been so generally commenced on his jiart, should
he cordially contimied, and rendered reciprocally
beneficial to the horticulturists of Canada and the
I/nited States.

From the number of kinds of apjdcs which
have already been announced since the organiza-
tion of the Society, ami the information we are
continually receiving, from all ])arts ot the coun-
try, as to the existence of many Qthers, it would
appear that our catalogue will soon exceed that

on various subjeirts, in the several branches o
rural economy, and for the noble efforts she hai
made, to elevate the character of her sex, in a
the relations of life, now claims our most respeci
fill homage, as the first female author on tillagt
The work which she has done us the honor <
dedicating to our Society, anil presenting a copy fc
one, at no very distant [leriod. In the mean , t|,e |jij,-.„-y^ |g an anomaly in the annals of agricu

time, great reliance is reposed upon the enterpris-
ing |)ro|)rietors of nurseries, several active and
zealous members of the society, and many intelli-
gent and patriotic gentlemen, who have long di-
rected their attention to the culture of fruit trees.

In this state, the services which have been ren-
dered by John Lowell, Esq. of Roxbury, and S.
G. Perkins, Esq. of Brookline are well known, and
will constitute a valuable aud interesting portion,
of the horticultural history of New England. As
scientific and experienced practical cultivators of
fruits, and as munificent patrons of rural industry,
they have been conspicuous for the third of a cen-
tury. With untiring perseverance, infinite trouble
and great expense, they have collected fruits, from
all parts of the world, and generously dissemina-
ted them among their fellow citizens. And in-
stead of their ardor having abated for the culture
of their magnificent grounds, it appears to increase
with their ripening years, and give the energy
aud vivacity of youth to all their labors, aud for
the advancement of the husbandry and horticul-
ture of their native state. To the late Mr Preble
of Watertown, we are much indebted for his
liberal and successful exertions, to multiply
our variety of delicate fruits. He introduced the
black Tartarian cherry, — the most superb and
delicious of all the varieties of that fruit.

Mr Pri.nce of Jamaica Plains has, for many
years, been a distinguished cultivator of foreign
and native fruits, and is actively engaged in making
additions Io his extensive collection.

Mr Manni-Ng of Salem has evinced a zeal aud
intelligence fin- this pleasing culture, which merits
our unqualified admiration, and gratitude; his
services are invaluable to the Society : and Mr
Do.wner of Dorchester is constantly extending his
researches for new native varieties of Ap|iles,
Pears, Cherries and Grapes, while his neighbor Mr
Cook, so conspicous in bis attention to the manage-
ageineut of vines and in jn-ocuring the best kinds
in Europe and America, and a great number of the
their horticultural fellow citizens,are coo|)erating in
the same laudable |inrsuit. We are therefore
cheered in the hope that in a very few years, the
Boston fruit market will be equal to any in the
United States, and surpassed but by few in any
country.

No. 2. Letter from Mrs Mary Griffith of New-
Jersey. *

Cliarliesliope, April IStll, 1831.
Gfiv. Dearporn,

Sir. — Bo so obliging as to present the little
volume, herewith sent, to the Mass. Horticultural
Society.

ture aud gardening. Although the ladies ar
zealous disciples of Flora, aud Botany has so fi
claimed their attention, that they can boast ofseA
eral individuals, who, by their pencils and publics
tions, have become illustrious for the service
they have rendered to that delightful and usefi
science ; — still in no age or nation have they pre
diiced a writer, on the theory and practical a-
of cultivation, until Mrs Griffith assunied that ex
alted station.

Well may the mothers and daughters of this ri
public, emulate the independence, intelligenc
and industry of this accomplished matron of Ne
Jersey. By precept aud practical illustration, sb
has not only done much, to ameliorate the conditio
of their unfortunate country women, but rivals th
elfortsof our most celebrated patrons of husbandr
and horticulture, by the judicious applicniion c
theory to the duties of the field, aiid tlie dift'usio,
of intelligence, on these imiiortant arts.

In the prime of life she became a widowei
mother, and instead of despairing, or yielding t
the too common and inefficient means of obtain'
iiig subsistence, which either custom or false prid
had imperiously prescribed, she boldly entered th
the I'areer of rural industry with the hardy culti
valors of the soil; and as an agriculturist and auj
tlior, now ranks as the worthy successor of a Co^
in the land of Ins usefulness and his fame. i

With the fullest confidence, in the beneficii
consequences which will result from Mrs Griffith''
' Letters O.N Horticulture,' it is earnestly re
commended to the ladies of the United Statei
and to every gentleman, who participates in th|
interest, which has been recently developed fc
the advancement of husbandry and gardening
The wo:k when completed wdl consist of thre
volumes; the second and third will soon be pul
lished.

There are several departments of horticultun
which apoear more exclusively to deserve the spe
cial attention of females ; — such as the culture c
silk-woriiis, bees, flowers, and the delicate varitj
ties of fru.t. Either for amusement, instruction;
or profit, liow can a portion of their time be mor;
rationally employed ? and in the country, all havJ
the opportunity of indulging a taste for objecti,
which are 30 directly connected with the comfort
and pleasuies of domestic life, and which tend, S
materially, to promote the prosperity and renow
of the Union. With such an enlightened insti;uc
tor, generous patron, and commendable examplf
they cannot fail of success,

3. A letter from G. B. Smith, Esq., of Baltimore

Vol. IX.— No. 4-2.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

331

^riiiLT his thanks for tlie honor conferred upon

by electing him a corresponding member of

,hc Society, and expressing liis disposition to ren-

ier such services as it may bo in liis power to e.\-

enil, for advancing tlie objects of the institution.

Respectfully submitted by

II. A. S. Dearborn'.

Jlesohcd, TliQt the thanks of the Society be

irr,iMitcd to Henry Corse, Esq., of Montreal,

ur his valuable present of Apple and Plum Scions.

]!c.^oh-e(l, That the thanks of the Society be pre-

■ cnifil to Mrs Mary Griflith of Charliesliope, in

,-tato of A'ew Jersey, for the honor she has

procured from neigliborin<; islands as well as the
uiaiu laud. The neaiest islan<l, is one mile : on
another, about one mile and a half distant, honey
liecs have been observed, in great plenty, when
the white clover is in blossom. Indeed, a fanner
informed me that he had repeatedly seen them
arrive and depart for the island on v,hicli tliey so
unexpectedly thrive, llidl, a small town, is at
the distance of two miles, and Quincy about four,
— from each of which pbces, judfiing from the
numbers of retm-ning bees, over the broad ex-
panse of water heavily laden with farina and honey
their bm-dens must have been brought.

' This relation at least shows that when obliged

Miitly witli that of Pennsylvania,

[.K-ricLLTi-RE and Xatiral Phenomena, and

losenting a copy for tlie library.

witV'rred upon tlici Societv, by dedicating to it, ^ ■,,,,•

" ],pj. Lj..j.T.£P^g oy ; by necessity, bees travel to considerable distances,

— and also proves, that in cities, jiroyided there
were no flowers for them to visit, tliey would go
ill search of them in the environs. But all cities
, ,.„.^^ have gardens, and some of them are of such
CULTIVATION OF BEES IN CITIES. ,,.,„t^i„ B^^^on, particularly, that, unaided by
We have received a small work of upwards ol ^|^^ millions of flowers, flourishing under every
100 pages 1-2 mo. entitled '•'« -Es^":/ o" "'f P'-f"-- ' window, or springing up on the borders of the
icahilily of cuthvating the Honey Bee in Maritime i,,,,>„,if„, eomnion, in my opinion, they would sus-
Toivns and Cities, as a soiiree of Domestic Eeono- j ^^.^^^ ^,^_^^^ ^ |.^^„^. „y^fjp, of liives. Again, tliere
nijand Profit. By Jerome V. C. Smith, M. D. 1 ^^.^ an immciise"number of trees, in all cities, by
Boston: Perkins and Marvin. New\ork, J. ii,e ,,„i,ii(. „,alks, and in the grounds of all valua-
Leavitt.'

There is [uobably no object of culture, no branch
jf rural economy which has given rise to more
jbservation, discussion, theories and experiments
:han that which this treatise embraces. There
jave been, perhaps, as many works published on
Bees as there are insects in a populous hive. Still
the secrets of their domicile and work shops

ble estates, and in sufficient abundance too, to sus-
tain, without cultivated gardens, hives enough to
supply a portion of the population with a moderate
rpiantity of honey.

' But when the trees exhaling sweet dews, the
shrubbery, the flower gardens and the thousands of
flower pots, yielding a rich perfume, are taken
into consideration, it must be evident, that the

havenotbeenfully disclosed, for this among other] J ._, ^^.^j.^ ^^^ objections to the successful

»alid reasons — the operators will admit no look-
3rs-on to view their manufactory. The moment we

and profitable cultivation of the honey-bee. If
any demonstration is required, it need only be said

throw light on their proceedings their labors are ^^^^^ j ,^^^.^ ,epeatedly exhibited a glass hive,con-
sufepended. We see only what they have done, ,^.^^. ^^.^^ ^^^^ l„,„dred pounds, which was
but how they performed their miracles IS a mystery '^^j^ j_^ ^1^^ i.eart of Boston, in a few summer

leat source of their extension) so as to promote
their increase to the greatest possible extent !'

A second year's planting with a good use of the
hoe cliecks them somewhat. But a third year I
have found full and effectual.

This grass gciii.'rally prevails most on a rich
soil, about gardens near cow-yards, &;c ; for which
n^asoii somi; call ii, (.•imoiig tin," infinity of its names,)
garden-grass. It fills the earth with fine roots,
every minute part id' which, is on se|)aratioii n
new plant, and is doubtless, a great anr.oyance to
the cultivator. Besides, when made into hay, the
woody fibre prevails, and it is not so nutritious, I
am iiiduce<l to think, as most other grasses. It be-
comes too of a yelhiw color and is very unsaleable
in the hay market.

To the description of our correspondent, oblig-
ingly handed to us, we aild thai of the Hon. Mr
Welles from the Mass. .Igricidtural Jiepositori/,
vol. viii. No. 1, p. ~-2.

' The grass called Cambridge, Dog, and Garden
Grass is the Trilicum repens. Dr Elliot calls it
the " hurtful blue or Outcli grass." In England
it is called couch, knot, or dog grass. Every
joint of its roots produces a new plant, and it is^
said to be there, as it is found to be here, one ot
the worst weeds and most difficult to extirpate.
It resembles wheat of which it is a species. The
best mode to destroy it is to keep the lanils longer
under the plough, with a frequent use of the hoe,
as where this is not done, two years ploughing
only not merely multiplies, but occasions it to en-
gross the w hole soil. It lias a hard woody fibre,
and is disliked by cattle. It flourishes mostly near
cow-yards and gardens, and is called Cambridge-
grass, from its abounding on the salt banks of
Charles river. One hundred iiounds cut July 22d ,
in late flower gave fortycigbt pounds.'

we lack means of developing.

It happily happens, however, that we can de-
rive advantage from the labors of these tiny ar- I
shitects without penetrating the mysteries of their
raft. The practical part of this branch of econ-
omy is simple, and a little plain common-sense,
;ogether with a few rules of easy comprehension,

m. , ,. 1^- T,i I . c. :,i-. „„ 1 ,,!,„,. apiirebensive that quarrels might ensue between

to be obtained irom Inachers, Smiths and otber i ii „ . , ,„■ ,, r,„

• -1 .■ 11 II „„„,,„..„„ „r .1,0 two c asses 01 animals proverbialv irritable. Ihe

Similar treatises, will enalde any person ol tne '

weeks.'

With regard to giving bees the privilege of ten-
anting the attic lofts of our mansion houses, &c,
we are not prepared to ofter an opinion. To say
nothing of their intruding upon the prescriptive
privileges of the poets' apartment, we should be

most moderate capacity, a good stock of bees to

begin with, one of Dr Thaclier's hives and a quiet

corner to place it in, to furnish himself and family ,

w\lh an article of food which is as wholesome as I J°"'J P'-°J"'^<^ n°''""g ''e"" "'^i'.' f^'"-;'" ^"l'"'-

t is delicious, and whose value in medicine and the fl"°"S miseries of lite and a plentilul lack of lau-

battles of the bees and the bards though done into
metre by Christopher Cockloft, Esq. would never
rival that of the ' Cranes and the Piamies,' and

Bits, but few people have properly appreciated.

With regard to making citizens of Bees, we
an only say, try and see. Experiments must
decide, and we believe, so far as trial has been
made, success has been the result. Dr Smith
says {p. 10, of his Treatise,)

'Several mistaken writers agree in remarking,
that in foraging, bees rarely go more than a mile
or a mile and a half from home ; this, my own ex-
perience proves to be otherwise. On an island
in Boston harbor is a hive of bees, in a flourishing
condition, whose range cannot be less than three
and four miles, in order to procure their full store.
The island on which they are located lias but few
flowers at any time, and on the whole, presents,
to the apiarian, a forbidding aspect. Notwith-
standing these discouTaging circumstances, the
quantity of honey, from season to season, has been
unexpectedly large, and must, therefore, have been

rels to the luckless combatants. Setting aside evils
of this kind, the plan appears to possess advantages
for some situations, too obvious to need explana-
tion or comment.

FOR THE IS'EW ENGLAND FARMER.

TWITCH GRASS OR COUCH GRASS, &c.

Mr Editor — In your paper of the 6tli inst. one
of your correspondents wishes to be informed of
the most eftectual way to exterminate from the
soil the disagreeable intruder called Twitch Grass.
I have, in the course of my cultivation arrived at
one mode, which, though not perfectly satisfactory
is yet nearly so. jMy object in turning up the soil

SHEPHARDIA.

Messrs Wixships request the editor of the New
England Farmer to correct an error in his paper of
Wednesday last, in regard to their being- likely to
have on hand the ensuing autumn plants of the She-
PHARDiA of good size. Those gentlemen who have
seen and appreciated the production, have taken all
they have been able to propagate. It was with much
regret they noticed its publicity, as in all probability
it will not be in their power to supply the public de-
mand. Small plants will be ready for sale in the au-
tumn, and the price will be much reduced, with a
hope to meet the public approbation.

Brighton .\'nrseries, May 4th, 1831>

EbenezerT. Drake of Pittsfield, N. H. slaugh-
tered a Pig, 11 months and three days old, weigh-
ing 371i;pounils, when carried to market, .April
ll,lS3l" — .V. H. Patriot.

Anthracite coal is used at New-Orleans for bak-
ing bricks, and is preferred to wood, the bricks
being more thoroughly baked.

We understand that the survey of a new route for
the Lowell Rail Road has been commenced. It is
is to get it into a good a"'nd full crop of "grass, in , ^° P^ss down the valley of the Medford river, and
reference to the market for hay. Of course, I continue the line of the turnpike. It is said to b&
sometimes plant but one year and seldom exceed the intention of the corporation not to cross the
'^^o- I track of any road, but rather to pass under or over it.

One year's culture subdivides the roots, (the by tunneling.

382

THE UMOX OF LABOR AND STUDY.
We have alreatly aJverled to lli'is siiliject, and
now return to it again, for tlie purpose of laying
before those who are most concerned in such a
discussion, the results of experience in those in-
stitutions, where the manual labor plan has been
associated with study. Facts always form the
safest guide.

The provision requisite lo a manual labor academy.
The Soutlicnv and Western Tlieological Sem-
inary at Jlaryville, Tcnii., was begun by tlie
purchase of a farm at 8^,500. The horses, cattle,
wagon, and fanning utensils cost about a thousand
dollars more. Tlierc is a boarding house where
all the scholars upon charity are fed, and lodged.
.it Danville, Kij., is a inanu;l labor Seminary.
The farm consists of 112 acres of first rate land,
the necessary buildings are put up with logs, and
are sufficient to acconmiodate 40 or 50 persons.
The whole e.\pensc of the farm and tlie buildings
was §3000.

At Germxintoivn, near Philadelphia, is another
Academy for tlic union of labor and study. The
farm here has 72 acres, with the ordinary farm-
ing utensils, two horses, four cows, and other
domestic animals, supplying out-door employment
for more than a dozen students, and shop room
for 6 or 7 more. The buildings will accommodate
about 40 students. The property cost sSOOO.

M .']ndover, Mass., is a department for manual
labor and study. A workshop is erected here, of
rough stone, 6-5 feet by 40 : capable of containing
75 laborers. The cost was about §3000.

The Episcopal church iu Pennsylvania has
lately purchased a farm of 80 acres in the state of
Delaware, and near the river. They estimate the
requisite amount for the purchase of the land,
repairs of Imildiiigs, and stock, at $6000. They
calculate four hours each day for every student to
work, and sir or more for study.

Expenses. — At filaryviHe the annual expense of
each student for board, over and above his labor,
which is only one day in the week, is §25.

At Danville, wliore they all labor two hours
daily, the expense of board is reduced to one half
the regular charge, when labor is not required.

At Germantou'ii the labor in many cases is
equivalent to the whole expense of board. In this
place the students labor four hours every day,
Sundays always excepted.

At the proposed Episcopal Institution in Dela-
ware, it is intended that the daily labor shall about
equal the expense of board ; or in other words,
that the steward or superintendent who takes the
farm, shall, in general, accept the labor of each
student for ybiir /lours each working day, as suffi-
cient pay for the board of each student.

The di I in each of the [daces named, is c'en-
erally plain, consisting of meat and bread, vege-
tables, milk and fruit, but no tea and coffee.

The kinds of labor. — At Maryville, farming only
is usedV
At Duiiville also, the labor is wliolly agricultural.
At Gennanloirn, are various kmds of joiner
work, especially fif the jilainer kind ; horticulture
and agriculture, together with the management
of horses and cattle.

Studies. — It is the concurrent testimony of all
the above naineil insiitulions, that the studies of
the students are no wise impeded by their manual

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

labor. The opiinon is strongly held, that their
attainments are in every respect equal to those
who devote their whole time to study.

Condition of admission. — In most of the sem-
inaries now reviewed, the performance of labor
is an indispensable condition to membership.

Remarks. — It will be seen by the preceding ar-
ticles, that no doubt can exist as to the practicability

May 4, 1831.

despot — but, at others, of a 'brute madman.' To
this circmnstance, I attribute the b.igh prices of sea-
men's wages. The Western States aflbrd him
a greater inducement than the navigation of the :
Atlantic, which he leaves to the natives of the Sea
Girt Isle ; and, whose element, from the narrowness
of their native land, is essentially the ocean. Their
march is indeed over the mountain wave, and their
home is on the wild of waters. I have reflected
much on the subject, and think that those who fol-

of the plan of uniting labor and study. The pro- 1 1,-,^^ |„y example, will eventually arrive at the same
ject, inileed, does not derive its feasibility from j conclusion.

mere recent e.vperience. Some of the best scholars, I Rut, is there no other cause which will contribute
and most useful men in our country, have passed • to lessen the tonnage of the United States ? I con-
throuffh this hardy course of mental training. ! tend that there is, and that it will be found in the
Their" education has been jirosecuted amid the ■ universal adoption of railways. The profound ignor-
interrui.tions incident to laborious avocations. !»"« P^ey^lent as to their value will bo well recol-

Their hands hardened with severe toil, and ac- l^'^"^''-., f" ''f^'^'^y ,' "^' '^"^ '° hasten their pro-
iiieii ii.uiu. , iiaim-M-i. ' . . ' gress. It should seem thev are now being laid down

customed to the rougher briplementsot agriculture-^ ^^ ,j,^„y p,^^gg_ in links, as to developn their
have not been deemed unfit to turn over the vol- advantages in the most striking manner. The peo-
umes of science, and form the figure 5 of ma- ! pie of Philadelphia have determined, with a view to

tbematical calculation. Of how many intelligent
men do we learn the simple fact, that they are
self-taught ? In almost every such case there has
been a union of labor and study. Labor has made
the study sweet, and study has, in its turn, soften-
ed labor.

The above article is from our respected contem-
porary ' the Columbian Star.' — If additional facts
and arguments are required to enforce the propri-
ety, anil indeed absolute necessity of labor, call
it by what term you choose, gymnastic, agricuU
tural or mechanical, and perhaps each in turn
ought to be had recourse to by students, it would
he sufficient to refer to the experience of Pesta-
lozzi, and above all of Fellenherg in his celebrated
establishment at Hofwyl. — Ample and very satis-
factory details on this engrossing subject will be
found on reference to the American Journal of
Education. We are satisfied, by intimate experi-
ence, and we may say personal sufliering, that sad
injustice is done to human nature in the common
systems of education, by a neglect of suitable and
regular physical exercise ; directed as well to the
immediate preservation of health and prevention of
numerous ailments, as to the learning of some
useful handicraft enifiloyment, and acquiring the
ability to use our senses and limbs with that read-
iness and accuracy so useful in the various situa-
tions of life, whether of daily business or unfore-
seen ])eril and emergencies. — Journal of Heallit.

RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES, EUROPE AND
ASIA.
Tlieir eventual effects on Tnnnnge and fnr Commerce, nnd llie
particnlar efloct of liiem and oilier circumstances, on that of
the t-niled States

The circumstances of the high price of sailors'
wages, the diminished quantity of tonnage in the
Southern ports, and the generally, if not decreasing,
stationary state of the United States Commerce,
induce me to address you. I would premise my
paper with the expression of a conviction, that the
people of the United States, generally, have labor-
ed under a great mistake in believing, that its for-
eign commerce would go on increasing, until it
obtained a condition sufficiently magnified to con-
tend with, or rather rival, that of G. Britian. The
latter country is a small, and greatly consuming ter-
ritory. The former, extensive — and as to its Wes-
tern sections, consumes but little. The latter has
none of the immense resources within herself which
the former possesses in such abundance. The cul-
tivation of these resources, and the land, ofiergreat-
er inducements to the industrious and independent
man, than the naval profession can possibly do. In
the one, his actions are ' free as air,' and he is sur-
rounded with all the comforts of domestic life; in
the other, he is the slave of, at times, an intelligent

their more successful rivalry with New York, to aid
their Jersey neighbors, in laying one down to Amboy. <
Nor have the citizens of Baltimore been behind '
hand. With their eyes directed Westward and.
Southward, they have excited the inhabitants of
Ohio, and the Shenandoah valley, to unite with them ''
in making Baltimore the g;reat Port for the trans-
mission of Western produce* to Europe ; and this
they afe doing, while the Richmond Enquirer is i
writing its 1,001st- essay on State Rights, and per- I
suading the Senate of Virginia to ruin its Eastern
section, by denying the Petersburg Rail Road Com- '
paiiy the .$1(30,000, which, if common sense or can-
dor, prudence or common foresight could be found
in Virginia, should have been granted without de-
bate. The result will be, that the commerce of
upper Alabama and Mississippi, with all Tennessee,
will be at Baltimore before the talking States can
stir a step.

Thus begun, the Rail Road system will anni-
hilate the coastingtrade — for if the people of Charles-
ton can bring a bale of Cotton for ."lA cents from
Augusta, it will not cost 95 to faring it to Btdtimore
from llunlsville ; and there is little difficulty in
foreseeing that, eventually the facilities oflbred by
a Rail Road from New Orleans to unite with that
of the valley, will more than compensate the ease
of marine conveyance, accompanied, as it is, by the
difficu' ties offered by the point of Florida, and the
shallow Irarbors of the Southern States.

Indeed, however important may have been the
discoveries of the mariner's compass, or of the pas-
sage around the Cape of Good Hope, they will be
equalled by the value of the Railway. It is not
going too far to anticipate a passage from the North
of Germany to the Gulf of Ormus — The distance,
on an air line, is not, to speak ven/ lars:el}i, (so as to
leave rooai for blunders) 10,000 mi'les. "And .$10,000
per mile would effect it. This would be .$100,000,-
000, or £2,1,000,000 sterling — and this expense would
he divided among- France, Great Britian, the Ger-
man powers, Russia, Turkey, Persia, and the East
India Company, under a new and efficient organiza-
tion. The mineral wealth of the dependencies of
Austria and Russia, are immense ; and, in the wish-
es of the Porte, to ameliorate the condition of the
people, will be found powerful auxiliaries in the
scheme. It would indeed 'annihilate both spaccand
time' — and, in the interchange of commerce, add
much to the happiness of the world.

Tunneling the Allegany.— A petition has been
presented in the Legislature of Pennsylvania, from
Gen. Simon Cameron and others, for an act of incor-
poration to make a rad road across the Allegany
mountain, on the plan recommended by Moncure
Robinson, with a tunnel. The company oiTer to-
give security for the certain and speedy completion
of the work.

Vol. IX.— No. 4-2.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

833

The Lundou Times, of Feb. 16 contains a
debate in tlie House of Conimons of loth in the
course of wliiili Mr Ewart the nicinher from
Liverpool, observed that 'with regard to the silk
trade he had to state an important fact as illus-
trative of the progre-NS of that trade, namely, that
the first iinporlnlion of silk, Ike produce of Hit
United Stntes nf America, into the Port of Liver-
pool, had taken place last week.' — -Jhis was
silk sent by our distinguisheil ftdlow citizen, P. S.
Du])onceau, Esq. to whom nur country will luro-
after acknowledge itself to be much indebted, fur
the patriotic zeal witli which he has promotoil the
culture of that im[)ortant l)ranch of industry. —
J^ialional Gazette.

\mw^ aiT^a>iisra) s'iiiijaiaui.

nOSTON, WED.N'ESD.AY EVENI.NG, MAY 4, 1831.

Palm Leaf Hats. — Most of our readers have no
idea, probably, of the extent to which the manu-
facture of pahn leaf hats is carried in this State.
In several towns we mio-lit mention, from twenty
to fifty thousand are annually made. Two estab-
lishments in Barrc,those of Messrs. Wood and Lee,
sent to market seventyfive thousand each. It
is calculated that last year tliere were made in
New England nine hundred thousand, and the
present year, two million of this sjieciesof hats.
They are sold tor about .*.3 per dozen, and ship-
ped to the Southern States and some to South
America, where thcv form a favorite article of
summel wear. — Traveller.

Large quantities of these hats are also made
in Dedham.

Boston. — This city exhibits many proofs of re-
turned prosperity. Two new slips are about Jto be
erected from Commercial street, projecting lowanls
the harbor. Tiiey will be capable of accommoda-
ting a considerable number of vessels and nmch
merchandize. AVharf property is more highly es-
timated. Several new houses are erecting, and
such is the amount of building and repairing, that,
we understand. Meclianics are in full employ.

" Pal.

Fruits of Intemperance. — On examining the
records of the Almshouse in Baltimore, it is ascer-
tained that between the 1st of May, 1S29, and
the 1st of May, 1S30, there were 1376 persons
admitted to the benefits of that institution. Of this
number 1,076 were victims of intem])erance —
963 adults, and 108 children of intem])erate pa-
rents. Let this fact be remembered, and when
the poisonous drauglit is about to be swallowed,
let it strike heavy on the mind to prevent the act.

P.ARSLEY. (.Ipium petrosilinum.)
This well known garden-plant, is, in England,
a subject of field cultivation. It is"a native of
Sicily, but will endure the winter of our climate.
Mr Loudon says, ' Parsley is sown along with clo-
ver and grass seeds in some places, anil especially
in Lincolnshire, as a preventive of the rot in sheep.
A writer for the Farmer's Blagazine, (Scotland,)
says, ' a friend of mine having occasion to observe
the partiality of black cattle ibr the common gar-
den parsley, and their preference of it, when grow-
ing, to almost any other green food, took it in his
head to try how it would succeed in a field that he
was going to sow down for pasture, lie accor-
dingly sowed two or three ridges with parsley
seeds, and the rest of the field with clover and rye
grass. As soon as the field was ready for pas-
ture he led his cattle into it, and it was ])crfectly

Loudon says that parsley ' is sown along with
clover and grass seeds in some places, and espe-
cially in Lincolnsliire, as a preventive of the rot
in sheep, &c. In laying down lau<ls to grass,
Hoyte in the fourth volume of Commutiicatiovs to
the Board of .li:;ricutture, ai\\\ses the sowing with
twelve pouiuls of white clover, two pounds of
red clover, two pecks of rye grass, and two jiounds
parsley to the acre ; as the jiarsley stands two years,
and by its diuretic qualities, prevents the sheep
iVom dying of the red-water, which too luxuriant
clover is apt to produce. The seed recjuires a
longer time to germinate than any other agricul-
tural plant, and might probably be advantageously
prepared by steeping.'

GARDENEIl'S WORK FOR MAY.

It is nearly or i|uite time to attend to raising
your principal sunuuer crop of cucumbers. And
first with regard to seed. English gardeners say
it is advisable to use seed from two at least to
four years ohi, in iircferencc to newer seed, as the

evident that they i)referred the part which was I new seed is apt to run too much to vine, and the
sown with the parsley, to any other ])art of the plants from it do not show fruit so soon, nor so
field, insomuch that they never touched the rest, abundantly as those from seed of a greater age.
while there was a single blade of parsley to be But when seed has been kept more than four years
had. Horses were equally fond of it. He had it is sometimes found to be too much weakened. Mr

Britannia Ware. — There is a manufactory of Brit-
tania ware at Taunton. We believe it is the only
establishment of the kind in this country. It is about
three years since it was commenced on a small
scale, and has now grown into an extensive busi-
ness. The ingenious and enterprising mechanics,
who began it, are deserving of great praise. By
their native ingenuity and skill, unassisted by any
foreign aid, they have succeeded in mixing their
own metal, and preparing their own machinery;
and their ware is now pronounced, by competent
judges, to be far superior to the imported article.

9 Frauds in the packing of cotton and tobacco are
'■ much mentioned in the Southern papers. An
^ Alabama planter in writing to an Editor who
had published an instance in which the planter
was the guilty party, says 'I see you have made a
fuss about that dirty trick that I did, but all the plan-
ters in my neighborhood do it.'

not an opportunity to try sheep upon it ; but the
probability is, that they would (if possible) have
been fonder of it, and thriven better than the
other two. We know that black cattle, sheep,
horses, and indeed every other animal, always
])rerer that food, wheif they have it in their pow-
er to make a choice, that it is most agreeable to them
and most conducive to their health. We know,
also, that parsley is a most wholesome vegetable
for the huiuan species.' It is a powerful anti-
se[)tic. If we were to reason from analogy we
should suppose that its beneficial properties should
extend to the animal creation in genera!.' Wil-
lich's Domestic Encyclopedia, says ' Parsley is
pro|ingated by seed, which according to Miller
should be drilled (early in the Sfiring as it remains
several weeks under ground) in the proportion of
two bushels per acre, in rows about one foet
asunder, and hand hoed ; though Mr Mills [in his
Practical Husbandry, vol. iii.] is of opinion, that
the ])lants will flourish better, grow to a larger size,
and be in all respects, more perfect, if the dis-
tance between the rows be sufficient to admit a
hoe-plough. He adds, that a smaller quantity of
seeds will be required, the culture will thus be
less expensive and, he is confident, the plant
will afford a better footl for cattle.

' Tins vegetable is eaten with great avidity by
sheep, and it not only renders their flesh more
delicious, but is also believed to preserve them

Armstrong in his Treatise on Gardening says, it is
best to sow old seeds in the spring, when vegeta-
tion is most powerful, and new ones in July, when
it begins to abate. The same author gives the
following directions for obtaining a summer crop of
cucumbers.

'The ground being dug and smoothed, line it into
squjires of six feet. In the centre of each, dig a
hq^i about fourteen inches deep ; fill this with
well rotted dung, and sow on it five or six cucum-
ber seeds : cover these with mould, and, when
they rise and take a rough leaf select two to each
liill, and draw out the remainder. This sowing
cannot in our climate he safely made till the 10th
of May. Dr Deane says ' the dung of swine should
be put uudercucumbers, which makes them grow
i-.iore ra[)idly than any other manure which I liave
.ever tried.' . ,

.Melons. — The following are M. fllahon's direc-
tions for planting melons in the open ground.
Some time in May ' prepare a place of rich .sandy
ground, well exposed to the sun ; maimre it and
give it a good digging; then mark it out into
squares of 6 feet every way ; at the angle of every
square dig a hole twelve inches deep, and eigh-
teen over, into which put seven oreight inches deep
of old hot bed dung, or very rotten manure : throw
thereon about four inches of carthj^'and iii:\ the
dung and earth well with the s|>ade ; after v, liicli
draw the remainder of the earth over the mixture

against the rot. Instances have occurred, where so as to form a round hill about afoot broad at the
sheep fed on parsley remained sound, while those top. Some people use hot stable dimg utioier an

in the vicinity of the farm were uniformly sub
ject to that disease. Mr Mills, therefore, recom-
mends these animals to be fed with it, twice in
the ',veek for two or three hours at each time. —
It may likewise be beneficially given to sheep af-

idea that its heat would promote the ve^'etatioii
of the seed : this is a mistaken notion, as, in (a few
hours it loses all it had, for want of a sufficient
quantity being together to promote fermentation,
and becomes a dryish wisp, unfit^ least lor the

fected with the «ca6 or rerf-toaYer, and is said to be present, to aflbrd either heat oi'feurishment to
very efficacious in recoj'ering surfeited horses, or i the plants.

such as are subject to the g-re'/se.' ' When your hills are all prepared, as above.

Another English writer says that parsley should plant in each towards the centre, eight or nine
be sown among oats and fed the following year ; grains of good melon-seeds, distant two inches
with sheep. Two bushels of seeds to the acre is from one another, and cover them aI)outhalfan
the quantity recommended when no other grass ; inch deep. The plants in these hills should be so
seed is sown ; but, probably, the management • thinned as eventually to leave but two or three in a
would be to sow it with clover or some other sue- i hill,
culent grass. I Squashes. — These may be cultivated in the same

J^.

334

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 4, 1831.

way a5 is diiccted for ciiciimliprs ami melons.
They siioiild be sown at tlie same time, and at!
similar distances, witli this ditiereiioe, tliai fewer i
seeds will aiiswer, as tliey may be tbimied, till
eventuallv but two plants are left in a bill.

Pumpkins will grow on any sdil wliicli is |iro|)-
er for lioed crops, but the laml cannot be made too
rich for them. lioudon says, ' tbouffli the pumpkin
iscommoidy cultivated in gardens iji England, for
curiosity, yet in some of tlie country villages the
inhabitants grow it on dungbilis at the backs
of their houses, and train the vines to a great
length ovBr grass. The Fanner^s Assistunt th'iDki-,
that pumpkins will grow better when planted by
themsolvcs than when raised, as usual, with
Indian corn. The hills in such cases shouUl stand
about seven feet apart each way, and a nundjer of
seeds sliould be planted in each hill, to make al-
lowance for what may be destroyed by insects.

Peas are an important article in a kitchen gar-
den. For the early crop choose a dry warm soil,
well sheltered from the northerly winds. After
the ground has been well dug, raked and I. 'veiled,
mark it out in double rows, about lOinclies apart
and leave intervals of three feet for the early small
kinds ; four feet for the larger, and five feet for the
largest, so that wdien they are furnished with brush
or poles of length proportioned to their growths
respectively, there may be a free pasage through
the intervals. INIake the drills three inches deep ;
and place the ])eas about an inch apart in the drills,
and cover them with a rake. It is recommended
when the first plants arc uj) to put in another crop
for succession. In this way green peas may be
had from early in June till sliarp frosts put an end
to vegetation. _

Busli beans. — It is very (lesirable to have beans
early, and they should therefore be planted as
soon as the grouiul is warm. It is usually proper
to [dant a principal crop in the beginning of May,
and succcssional crops, about the middle and to-
wards the end of the same month. For the early
chooto a piece of light ground well manured.
Make the drills about two feet and a half ajiart,
and au inch and an half deep. Place the beans
in the drill, 2J or 3 inches from each other and
draw the earth evenly over them.

Pole Beans. — In raising berns whose vines
need support the following' mode is prescribed by
the Fanner's Guide. ' Let i)oles of a proper height
be fitted in the ground about 2 feet apart, in rows
3 or 4 feet distant from each other — around each
pole let 4 or -5 beans be planted ; the poles should
have small knots left on them, orpins put through
to support the vines. This way of planting gives
an opportunity of kee|)ing the soil loose around
the roots, and prevents the injuries arising irom
driving poles into the hills. Of the various sorts
of pole lieans, one planting is enough ; for if you
gather as the beans become fit for use, they con-
tinue bearing all though the sinnmer, especially
the Lima bean, which deliglits in heat, and which
should not be planted till the ground is quite warm.
The scarlet bean [muUiJlorus) is well worth cul-
tivating, both for use and ornament.

POULTRY.

Continued from page 3]^.
The order f(H.Sf)c.s comprehendsthe duck, goose,
swan and buzzard under a regular system. Mow-
bray observes, it would be preferaljle to separate
entirely the acpialic from the other poultry, the
former to have their houses arranged along the
bauks of a piece of water, with a fence and suffi-

ciently capacious walks in front ; access to the
water to be closetl by doors at will. Should the
water be of considcralde e.\tent a small boat would
be necessary, and might be ;ilso conducive to the
pleasure of anglina-.

The Duck, {.inets hoschus.) The flesh of the
duck is savory ami stimulant, and. is said to afford
nourishment jn-eferable to that of the goose, being
less gross, and more easily digested. The flesh
of the wild duck, though more savory tlian that
of the tame, is supposed to be still more easy of
digestion. The ancients went even beyond our
greatest modern epicures in their high esteem for
the flesh of the duck, and Plutarch asserts that Cato
preserved his whole household in health by diet-
ing them on duck's flesh.

Breeding. — One drake is generally put to five
ducks; the duck will cover from eleven to fifteen
eggs, and her term of incubalioh is thirty days.
They begin to lay in February, or March, and are
apt, like the Turkey, to lay abroad, aiul conceal
their eggs by covering them with leaves or straws.
The duck generally lays by night or early in the
morning; white and ligl:t colored ducks jn-oduce
similar eggs, and the biown and dark colored
ducks, those of a greenish blue color, and of the
largest size. In setting ducks it is considered
safest to put light colored eggs under light ducks,
and th(i contrary, as there are instances of the
duck's turning out with her bill those eggs which
were not of her natural color.

During incubation the duck requites a secret
and safe place, rather than any attendance, and
will, at nature's call cover her eggs, and seek her
food, and the refreshment of the waters. On
hatching there is not often any necessity for taking
away any of the brood, barring accidents ; and
having hatched, let the duck retain her young upon
tlie nest her own time. On her moving with her
brood, prepare a coop upon the short grass, if the
weather be fine, or under shelter if otherwise : a
wide and flat dish of water, often to be renewed,
standing at hand, barley or any meal the first food.
In rainy weather, particularly, it is useful to clip
the tails of the ducklings and tlie surrounding down
beneath, since they are else apt to draggle and
weaken themselves. Each duck should be cooped
at a distance from any other. The period of her
confinement to the coop depends on the weather
and the strength of the ducklings. A fortnight
seems the longest time necessary ; and they may lie
sometimes permitted to enjoy the jiond at the end
of a week, but not for too long a time at once,
least of all in cold, wet weather, which W'll affect
and cause them to ap|)ear rough and draggled. In
such case tln^y must be kept within awhile, and
have an allowance of bean or ]ica meal mi.\ed with
their ordinary food. The straw beneath the duck
should be often renewed, that the brood may have
a dry and comfiirtable bed; and the mother her-
self he well fed with solid grain, without an am-
pie allowance of which, ducks are not to be rear-
ed or kejit in perfection, although they gather so
much abroad.

Ducks' eggs are often hatched by hens, when
ducks are more in request than chickens; also
as ducks in unfavorable sduations, are the more
easy to rear, being more liardy ; and the plan has
no oVijection even in a confined place, and with a
small stock without the advantage of a pond ; but
the hen is niuch distressed as is sufiiciently visible,
and in fact, injured, by the anxiety she suffers in
witnessing the supposed perils of her children ven-
turing tijion tlie water.

Ducks are fattened, either in confinement, with
plenty of food and water or restricted to a pond,
with access to as much solid food as they will eat ;
which last method is preferable. They fatten
speedily, in this mode, mixing their hard meat with
such a variety abroad as is natural to them, more
particularly if already in good case ; and there is
no check or ini|)e3imeiit to tlietn from pining,
but every mouthful tells, and weighs its due weight.
A dish of mixed food is preferable to clear grain,
and may remain, on the bank, or rather in a shed
for the ducks. liarley, in any form, should never
be used to fatten ducks or geese, since it renders
their flesh loose, wooly and insipid, and deprives it
of that high savory flavor of brown meat, which
is its valuable distinction ; in a word rendering
it chickeny, not unlike in flavor the flesh ot ordi-
nary and yellow legged fowls. Oats, whole or
bruised, are the standard fattening material for
ducks and geese, to which may be added pea-
meal as it may be required. The house wash is
profitable to mix up their food under confinement ;
but it is obvious that while they have the benefit
of what the pond affords, they can be in no want of
loose food. Acorns in season, are much affected
by ducks which have a range ; and they will thrive
so much on that provision, that the quantity of fat
will be inconvenient, both in cooking and upon
the table. Ducks so fed are certainly inferior in
delicacy, but tlie flesh eats high, and is far from
disagreeable. Fed on butcher's oftal the flesh re-
sembles wild fowl in flavor, with however consid-
erable inferiority. Offal-fed ducks' flesh does not
emit the abominable stench which issues from of-
fal-fed pork. When live ducks are (ilucked, only
a small quantity of down and feathers should be
taken from each wing.

' Ducks,' says Nicol, a Scotch writer on Horti-
culture, 'are excellent vermin-]Mckers, whether of
caterpillars (such as are within their reach,)
slug.s, snails, and others, and ought to be turned
into the garden one or two days every week
throughout the season. Never keep them longer
in than two or three days at a time or else they tire
of their food, and become indolent. While here
they should be offered no food,but may have a little
water set down to them if there be no pond or
stream in tlie garden.

' They are very fond of ripe strawberries or
gooseberries ; and, while they can get at these will
not seek after little snails or other insects ; but they
are most useful before these come into season for
them. There are some kinds of vegetables they
have a liking to, and on which they will fall
if vermin be anywise scarce ; therefore when
this is perceived they should be turned out. Never
turn them into the garden in the time of heavy
rains, or in continued wet weather; as in that
ca.se, and particularly if the soil be stiff, they pat-
ter and harden the surface, to the injury of small
crops and rising seeds.'

The Quarterly Review, for February 1831, has
just been republished in this city, by Messrs Lilly
& Wait, and contains dissertations on the follow-
ing subjects : a Year in Spain — Memoirs of Oberlin

Popular Specimens of the Greek Dramatic Poets

Townson's Practical Discourses — Ancient Crim-
inal Trials of Scotland — Herschell's Treatise on
Sound — Poor-Law for Ireland — Parliamentary Re-
form— Published quarterly at .$5 per annum.

Several communications are necessarily deferred this
week.

Voi.lX.— No. 42.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

335

Early Peas. — Mr Fiost of We-t Canibridje on Tues-
day 3d inst. produced tlte tirsl Karly Pesis (tbroed) tii.it
have appeared in Kaneiiil Hall Market, Boston, this slmsoo.
They were serveil up by Mr Edward-, of the Frank-
lin Hoii-e, North .M.irket Stro.>t. We liclicve that West
Cambridge has produced the fii'st peas tlial have appealed
in Boston Market for many years past.

MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, APRIL 30
Mr David H.\ggerstox exhibited two pots otKeeiis
Seedling Straw berry, with ripe fruit. Long Gre.ii Cu-
cumbers were cxiiibiled from the gai'den of Juh.n
Prince, Esq. raised under glass, — planted since Isl of
March.

Early Manly Potatoes, the growth of the present sea-
son, (lorced) wore exhibited by Doct. N. Rich.4rdson,
of Reading, Ms.

A Special meeting of the Massachusetts Horticulniral
Society will be held oti Saturday nevt. at 11 oVIoek, at
the Rooms of the Society, Nos. 14 and 1.5 Joy"s Buildings
on the second gallery. R. L. E.mmons, Sic'i/.

Grape Vines.

For sale, at the Seed Store, connected with the New
England Farmer Office, No. 52, North -Market Street,
100 superior Grape Vines, Isabella and Catawba,
being the two leading hardy standard sorts cul-
tivated, of extra size and thiifty growth, packed in moss,
price 50 cts. each. A further supply of the Alexander.
Winne, Scuppcrnong and Elsinburg, are hourly expect-
ed, at the same pi ice.

Also, a good collection of the finest Double Mexican
Dahlia roots, of the most showy and esteemed sorts, fi om
25 cts. to 51 each — -Also, Jacobean Lilies, Tube Hoses.
and Tiger Flowers— price 25 ets. each. .\ll the above
are now in fine order for transplanting.

Also, a few Jlountain Ash Trees, IVom C to 14 leet high
— price 50 cents.

Daldla Roofs.

For Sale, by David Haggertson, at the Green
House, Charlestown I'iiteyanl, Eilen-slreet, (on the
south side of Bunker's Hill,) a superior collection of the
above Roots, containing sixty varieties. The color of
each kind marked with the name and Tvarranted as de-
scribed. This collection has been distinguished by gene-
ral praise, and was awarded the premium last autumn by
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Also, an extensive collection of Green-House Plants,
and Keens' Seedling Strawberry J'ines, in pots, with
ripe fruits at reasonable prices.

All the above roots and Strawberry Vines are for sale
by Mr Russell at the Agricultural Warehouse, North
Market Street, at the same prices. •'■'^".V ■!•

For sale at the .igricullural If'archouse,

52 NORTH I^IARKET STREET,

inrWILLIS' IMPROVED BUTTER STAMPS J3]
This is a simple, but elegant and useful implement,
which moulds butter into a handsome rectangular, or
cubic form, presses out the buttermilk ; and by the same
process fixes upon it a beautiful impression, which ad-
mits of being varied into .such letters or figures as may
best suit the fancy of the owner of the article.

The Old Sherman Morgan Horse.

This Horse so well known in Vermont and New
llanipshiro, will stand the coming season, at the ' Te.v
Ilii-i.s Stock Farm' in Charlestown, Mass. 2i miles
IVoiii the city of Boston, viz. at one dollar the in irc to be
paid to the groom at the time of covering, and a condi-
tional Note, to be received, tor fifteen dollars, to he paid,
if the mare is in (bal ; all mares parted with, before the
usual lime of foaling, will be consiilered in foal, and
the note to be valid. --These are the only terms on
which this Horse will be allowe<l to cover.

The Slock of this Horse is so universally known and
admired throughout New England, that it is hardly ne-
cessary to repeat their merits. To a seller of Horses, it
is only necessary, to establish the fact, that bis horses are
of the Morgan Stock, ami he meets with a ready sale, at
good prices, and the purchasers are more than satisfied.
They excel in great eudiirance, carrying weight a long
distance, noble and generous spirited, with a docility of
temper, that the most timid can drive them, but it put to
their mettle, they are a full hand for the best whip. —
It has been asserted (and I believe it cannot he coiitra-
dicteil with propriety) that there has never been a Slock
of horses in New England, which have proved to be so
generally useful, as the Morgan stock. They have
often excited the admiration of strangers. The above re-
marks are particularly made for those at a distance, who
have not an opportunity of viewing for themselves ; for
those who have, the Sherman Morgan needs no prais-
i:,ir._Pedi£ree, J^-c. hereafter. SAM'L. JAQUES.

May 1st,' 1831. _^__^____

The JVaturalist,
DEVOTED to Geology, Botany and Mineralogy, edi-
ted by D. Jay Browne, and published monthly by Peirce
k Parker, il Cornhill, Boston. Each No. contains 32 8vo.
pages, accompanied with a plate. Price i"!- a year. The
first five numbers of this work have been issued, the
contents of which are as follows : Zoology. Man. The
Be.iver. The Bee. The Silkworm. White Ants. Botanv.
The Vine. The Mulberry. The Lilac. The Weeping
Willow. The Sugar Maple. Mineralogy. Platina.
Gold. Silver. Mercury. The Culture Of Silk. Re-
marks on the Culture of The Vine, and The Cultivation

Sweet Potato Sli/is, &,-e.
This daj'ieceived at the .Agricultural Warehouse, 5i2
North Market-street, a further supply of Sweet Potato
Slips — Price 17 CLiits per (|ii.irt ; 50 cents a half-peek. —
.Also, a fresh supply of i\lillet and Orchard (.irass seed.

For Sale,

Silk Worms' Eggs, warranted good, price 50 cents per
thoiis.ind, with shuit practical iiistiuclions tor rearir.g
Silk Worms, by J. H. CouB, which aic given to pur-
chasers. Apply at the New England Farmer Ullicc.

April 13.

.Igricultural Seeds.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, North
.Market street, Boston,

Buck Wheat ; Perkins' Eirly Seedling Potatoes, (that
took the premium from the .Massachusetts Horticultural
Society); Hurnhain's Premium Potatoes, (that have
twice taken the premium liom the Essex .Agricultural
.Society, as the best stock potatoes raiseil in the county) ;
Early Maaly Potatoes, (originally from Europe) ; Grass
Seeds of all kinds, &e, — ill of the very first quality.
Asparagus Roots.

Several thousand plants of the Large Early Devonshire
Asparagus, 3 years old, price 75 cts per hundred, well
packed in moss, in boxes of one, two, and three hundred
roots each.

Also, Catawba, Isabella, White Sweetwater, Black
Hamburgh, and other kinds of Grapes, well packed in
moss, so as to bear Iran-portalion hundreds of miles willi
sifety — price 50 cts each. Large Tart Rhubarb Roots,
25 cts each.

Jf'roiight-Iron Ploughs. — Bar-Iron, ^r.
Wrjught-Iron Ploughs, of all sizes. — .ilso, \ Complete
assortment of -American, English, Swedes and Russia Bar
Iron — -American Braziers' Rods — Spike and Nail Rods,
Shoe-Shapes— Hoop anti Band Iron — Steel of all kinds —
Pipe-box and Mould-board plates, &c. constantly for sale
by GAY ,V BIRD,

6lis. No. 44, India Street, Boston.

Bees in Cities.
AN ESS.W on the practicability of cultivating the
Honey Bee, \n maritime Towns ami Cities, as a source
of Domestic Economy and Profit. By Jerome V. C.
Smith, M. D. Just published by Perkins &. 'Marvin,
114, Washington Street, and for sale by J. B. Russell, at
the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North Market street,
price 38 cents.

Lead Pipe.
LEAD PIPE, all sizes, constantly for sale bv Li-vcol.v
Fearing k Co, No. 110, State Street.
.april 13, 1831. 6w^

Bones ff'anted.
Shin and Leg Bones constantly purchased by GEO
H. GRAY .$- CO. No. 68 Kilby street.
April 20. 2mo3

of Bees.

.May 2, 1831.

Ri/e Grass Seed, &,-c.
For sale at the Seed store, 52, North Market street —

A few bushels of Racy's Improved Perennial Rye
Grass seed.

Southern Clover.
500 lbs fine Southrrn Clover, put up in Pennsylvania
expressly tor our retail trade. Farmers in want of good
Southern Clover seed .ire requested to examine this.

Barley.
50 bushels two lowed Barley, plump and clean for
seed, raised by E. H. Derby, Esq. Salem.

C.A.ULIFLOWER .A.ND C.VBB-4GE Pl.VNTS.

Cabbage, Cauliflower, a, id Broccoli Plants, 25 cents
per dozen.

BRooii Corn.

-Also, just received, a few bushels of prime Broom Corn
raised last season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.

Flower Seeds.
Packages of Flower Seeds, of eighteen varieties, com-
prising the most showy annuals, among which are the
fallowing beautiful and comparatively rare sorts ; Ele-
gant Coreopsis, Variegated Euphorbia. Cypress Vine,
Candytuft, sweet scented Virgin's Bower, Sensitive Plant,
kc, kc, with directions for their culture. — Price $1 per
package. April 13.

jVova Scoiia Potatoes.

For sale at the Halilax Packet Othce, No 26 Foster's
wharf, several barrels ot prime Nova Scotia Potatoes, lor
seed. Farmers in want of a good variety of this impor-
tant vegetable, are requested to examine these.

April 13. 3t

Latest Improved Short Horns.

VOUN'G WYE COMET.

The subscriber informs those disposed to improve their
stock, that this fine full blood animal will be under his
care this season. Terms .?2. -Apply to A. GREEN-
WOOD, near Dr Codman's fleeting-house. April 20.

For Sale or Exchange,
A valuable mare, with foal by one of the best studs
for draught horses in the country ; she will be exchang-
ed at a bargain for a first rate family horse. -Apply to J.
B. Russell. Stis April 20.

Yellow Locust Seed.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Oflice No. 52 North
Market Street,

A few lbs. genuine Yellow Locust Seed, ( Robinia
pseudoacaeia) saved near Ilarrisburg, Pa. expressly for
this Establishment. The excellence of this tree for ship
timber and fences, its rapid growth, and its beneficial ef-
fects on sandy, barren plains, where it thrives well, are
too well known to require comment.

Ct^ Cabbage.
Just received, at the"ecd Store. No. 52 North .''.larket
street, fvom London a small quantity of Seed ot the Cow
Cabbage ; it is thought that no plant cultivated in this
country will give so much fodder tVom the same space of
groiinil, for Milch Cows, as this. It has been successfiilly
cultivated !o a large extent in New England and the Mid-
dle States the past year, and promises to be a great acqui-
sition.

Dr HulPs Patent Truss.

CASE OP MR FISIIBCEN.

Dr Hull, Sir — Under the advice and direction of
Dr K.N-iPP, I have been cured within the year past of a
bad rupture of 9 years' standing, by the use ol one of
your patent trusses. I had woi n various kinds of trusses
before I got one of yours, but ihey were very burden-
some to me. Your truss, on the contrary, is comfortable
to wear, and as convenient to put off and on as a pair of
spectacles. I wore it not to exceed l\ve months, and
found myself cured. 1 have not had it on for six months
past, and have exerted myself violently at wrestling,
jumping, riding, and other hard exercises without any
return of the complaint, not even a feeling of weakness
in the part. In fine, your truss has made me as sound
and well as ever I was ; it is one of the most valuable
inventions in the world. H. N. FISHBURN.

B-alti.-more, Jan. 1831.

dj^'Dr Hull's Trusses are sold by Eben. Wight, (sole
agent for this city,) I\Iilk-st. opposite Federal-st.

Feb. 11. eop3t

Brighto.n Market Monday, .May 2.

[Roporled for the Chronicle anil Patiiot. J

.At JIarket this day 160 Beef Cattle, 8 pair Working
Oxen, 14 Cows and Calves, and 380 Swine.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — In consequence of the limited
number at market an advance ol about 50c. per cwt. was
eflfected ; we quote from $5 to 5 75, extra at ^6.

Ti'urking Oxen — No sales.

Cows and Calves — A few sales were eflected — no
price noticed — all at market were ordinary.

Sheep — None at market.

Swine — We noticed one or two lots of barrows, at 5 cts.
At retail, 5c. for sows and 6c. for barrows.

336

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

May 4, 1831.

31 I S C E L L, A N Y,

ARTIFICE.

What 's the bent brow, or neck in thought reclined:

The boJy's wisdom lo conceal the mind.

A man of sense can artilice disdain,

As men of wealth may venture to go plain;

And never be this truth forgot,

Solemnily''s a cover lor a sot.

I find the fool when I behold the screen.

For 'tis the wise man's interest to be seen.

Vuun<;.

EXTRACTS FROM BERTHA S VISIT TO HER CNCLE.

Mj' uncle told me today of a curious mode of
catching fish by diving-, which is practisea in the
Gulf of Patrasso, in Greece, and which is, he be-
lieves, peculiar to that place.

The diver being provided with a rope, made of a
species of long grass, moves liis boat where he per-
ceives there is a rocky bottom ; this done, he throws
the rope out so as to form a tolerably large circle :
and such is the timid nature of the tish, that instead
of rushing away, they never attempt to pnss this
imaginary barrier, which acts as a sort of talisman;
they only descend to the bottom, and endeavor to
conceal themselves among the rocks. After wait-
ing a few moments, till the charm has taken effect,
the diver plunges in, and generally returns with sev-
eral fine fish. As he seldom finds more than their
heads concealed, there is the less difficulty in taking
his prizes ; and these divers are so de.s:terous, that
they have a method of securing four or five fish
under each arm, beside what fthey carrv in their
hands. The effect of the circle reminded Fred-
eric of the singular manner in which pelicans and cor-
Biorants catch fish in concert witli each other. They
spread into a circle at some distance f>om land ; the
pelicans flapping on the surface of the water with
their great wings, and the cormorants diving be-
neath, till the fish containedA'ithin the circle arc
driven before them toward tire land. As the circle
becomes contracted, by the birds drawing closer
together, the fish are at length brought within anar
row compass, where their pursuers find no difficulty
in taking tliern. One species of cormorants are so
docile that they are trained by the Chinese to fish
for their masters. XPiey plunge into the water at a
given signal, and return with a fish, which they
never attempt to' swallow without permission.
These birds were'formerly kept in England for the
same purpose. Charles the First had "his master of
cormorants, as well as his falconers.

In Hindoostan is a very singular bird, called the
Bengal grossbeak. It is remarkable lor its sagacity,
its pendant nest, and its brilliant plumage. Dr
Buchanan says it is a fact that these nests are
lighted at night by fire-flies. The bird fastens a
bit of clay to the lop of the nest, and slicks a fire-
fly on the clay, as if to illuminate the dwelling
which consists of two chambers ; but the real ob-
ject probably is to deter the bais from approaching,
as they kill the young of tiiese birds. The blaze
of light dazzles the eyes of the bats. The gross-
beak is said to resemble a sparrow in shape and in
the color of the back ; but the head and breast are
yellow. They make a chirping noise, but have no
song. They associate in large communities, and
cover extensive clumps of accacia and Indian fig-
trees with tlieir nest; and also the palmcirn, or wild
date, on the leaves of which the Bengalese children
learn to write. They prefer trees that hang over
a rivulet. The nest is made of long grass, which
they weave almost like clotli, in the form of a large
bottle. It is divided into tlirce chambers, and is
suspended firmly to a flexible branch, with the neck
downward, so as to secure the eggs and young from
serpents, monkeys, squirrels, and birds of prey.
The eggs of this little bird resemble large pearls.
They are wonderfully faithful, sensible, and docite,
and never voluntarily desert th-e place where their
young are hatched. They are easily tamed, and
taught to perch on the hand. They may even be

taught to fetch a piece of paper, or any other small
thing that is pointed out. So great is their de.xterity
that if a riiig be dropped into a 'deep well, the
bird will dart down with such amazing celerity,
as to catch the ring before it touches the water ;
they will bring it up with apparent exultation. The
Hindu name for the bird is Baya. The young Hindu
women at Benares wear thin plates of gold, called
licus, slightly fixed, by way of ornament between
their eye-brows. Mischievous young men train
the Bat/as to go, at a signal given them, and pluck
the pieces of gold from the foreheads of the women,
as they pass through the streets, and bring them to
their employers.

The following experiment seems to prove that the
common house-spider possesses a natural diving-
bell, to assist it in crossing water: a spider was
placed on a small platform in the middle of a large
I tumbler full of water. The creature first descend-
I ed by the stick that supported the platform, tdl it
j reached the water ; but finding no way to escape, it
j returned to the platform, and prepared a web, with
1 which, by means of its hinder legs, it loosely envel-
' oped its body and head. It again descended, and
, without hesitation plunged into the water, when my
j uncle observed that the web contained a bubble of
air, probably intended for respiration. An ingenious
German managed to produce a gossamer veil woven
I by spiders. He contrived to spread his little manu-
facturers over a large glass, and contrived to place
them so that the work of each was connected with
that of its neighbor. As he could change their pro-
gress at pleasure, he was not only able to form the
veil of a tolerably regular shape, but by inducing
them to go several times over the same spot, to give
it something of the appearance of flowered lace.
The whole veil, though of a larsre size weighed only
three grains and a half; and a breath blew it up
into the air, where it floated like a cloud.

Anecdote. — A gentleman of the bar, in a neigh-
boring county, in easy circumstances and pretty good
practice, had rendered liimself somewhat remark-
able by his attempts in the way of matrimonial spec-
ulation. A maiden, rather advanced in years, resid-
ing some miles distant, hearing of this lawyer's spec-
ulating propensity — that his character was une.vcep-
tionable, and his life tolerably good, resolved upon
making him her husband. She hit upon the follow-
ing expedient: She pretended suddenly to be taken
very ill, and sent for the man of the law to draw
her will. He attended. By her will she devised
£10,000, in bank stock, to be divided among her
three cousins, some thousands, in bonds and notes, to
a niece — and a vast landed estate to a favorite neph-
ew. The will being finished, she gave the lawyer
a very liberal fee, and enjoined secrecy upon him
for some pretended purpose — thus precluding him
from an inquiry into her real circumstances. Need
I mention the result ? In a fortnight the lady
thought proper to be restored to health. The law-
yer called to congratulate her on her restoration —
befrged permission to visit her, which was granted.
After a short courtship, the desired offer was made.
The bargain was concluded and ratified. The law-
yer's whole estate, by his wife, consists of an annuity
of sixtufive dollars ! — English paper.

Planting Trees. — Farmers would do well to
plant trees along the roads and about their houses,
for ornament as well as use. The white mulberry
might as well be set out in the vicinity of their
houses to make silk from. From this tree may bo
derived botli ornament and profit.

Evidence of Trade. — The Philadelphia Gazette of
Thursday says; — During the last three days, up-
wards of forty arrivals, have been registered on the
Coffee House Books from Port Deposit. Most of
the vessels tlius recorded brought produce from the
Susquehannah country. Twenty thousand barrels
of flour have also been received by these arrivals.

Trainable and Cheap Land — -for Sale.

The subscriber offers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice
Land, situated in the town of Pinckney, county of Lewis
and state of New York. Sonje ol the land is improved
and under cultivation. The country is remarkalily heal-
t.^q, beiiio; entirely free from the fever and ague and from
the con]Mion bilious fevers which often atilicl the towns
upon Lake Ontario, this (own being 18 miles east of the
lake. The soil is principally a sandy loam, much of it
covered with rich black mould. The timber is chiefly
Sugar .Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &c.
The land yields first rate ci'ops of Grass, Kye, Oats, Ear-
ley, Potatoes and Flax ; and on some lots, g'ood Wheat
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing lo obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity noTV olfers itself.
The produce of pasturage and bay from an acre of this
latjd, is very large, fully equalling if not surpassing that
from the same quantity of land in any olher of the Black
River townships. The land is admirably well watered,
there being out few lots which have not durable running
streanjs upon them. The land is well adapted (o Orchard-
ing— llie .\pple tree thriving very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors ot the farmers, anil paying
the lii£;hest cash prices for their cattle, which-will readily
find puichasei's at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
from the New England Slates, and some of them from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at the very low
price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a half lor the improved lots. The
land will be sold in lots lo suit purchasers, and from two
to five years' credit lor payment, in annual instalments,
will he given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he will
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Persons desirous of purchasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jefferson, Slate of New York, or to D.ivid C.\n field,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March i). epl6t

.flnimuvilion ^£0

Ot the lest quality and ii/7('esJ prices, for sporting. —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
G5 Ih'oad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7j

Evergreens, Silver Firs, ^-c.
The subscriber being engaged in the Seed
business would be happy to receive orders
for Forest Trees, Seeds, and Evergreens from
Maine, and being Agent for J. B. Russell,

Boston, and Prince A' Sons, Flushing, N. Y.

orders sent through them or otherwise, will be attended
lo without delay. Particular directions for taking up and
packing is requested. WM. MANN.

Jiugustn, Me., March 26. 6t

A list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, i^-c, can be
seen at the New England Farmer office.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at JS3 per annum,
payable at the end of die year — but those wiio pay within
si.vty days from the linie of eubecribing, are entitled to a de-
tiuction oflifty cents.

^^y No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 02 North
Market Street.

agents.
jVfio York — G-Thoekurn &, Sons. G7 Liberiy-street
Alhnnii — Wm. Thorburn, 3n LMarket--treet.
I'hUadelphia— ]). & C. Landketh. !!5 Cheslnul-slreet.
U.illimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of ihe American Farmer.
Cim-innati—S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Blarkei-slreet.
Flushing, N. Y. Wni.FRiNCE&SoNs.m-op.Lia.Bot.Gardco
Hitiifiird — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Xnrliiirtjpnrt. Ebknezkr Stedjian, Bookseller.
Porlsinoutli, N. II. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Mf.—SANVE-L Colman, Bookseller.
.1ui;usta, Me. Wm. Mann.

lliiiilax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller

I^W ENGIiAND FAMMER.

sesB^Ksa

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse. )—T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTOX, WEDNESDAY EVENING, BIAY 11, 1S31.

NO. 43.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

SOAKING SEED CORN IN COPPERAS
WATER.

Mk Fesse.nde.n — A low yiais apo, I lliliik
1826, I soaked my seed corn tiion)ii<;lily in copperas
water before planting. My jri-ound was dry, iind
there was a very dry time at, and lor sevcr.it weeks
after ijluniiti!,', so tjiat the corn did not sprout, but
became as dry and liard as iC luni: in tlie bi;rn.
I despaired of its ever toming u|). But wlien tin;
land liad been wet with rain, tiie corn sprouted
and grew well and I had a very good crop. I did
not find the copperas any protection against
worms; for my corn I tbonglit, was injured by
them quite as much that year as Usual, and I have
forborne to recommend it to my neighhors. Tliiid<-
ing, however, that this might ho oidy a solitary fail-
ure, and finding the practice so often recommended
in various quarters, it passed" iiinioliced. The worm
which injured mj/ corn, ami frolii which I generally
suffer most, is a species that eats out the heart
or inside of the plant while growing', and destroys
it by degrees. 1 do not often sufier by the grubs.
As to copperas guarding against crows, <Scc, I can-
not say, as my 'field was not much e.vposed to
them.

LUCERNE.

Having seen Lucerne strongly recommended
in the New England Parmer and in many . •her,
periodicals, I determined to give it as fair a trial
as I could. Accordingly I, last spring, prepared
about 40 rods of land, on which the year before
I had about SO bushels of corn to the acre, sowed
it with oats, and on the first day of May, I could
not get the seed sooner) sowed Lucerne and red-
top, bushed them in, and rolled the ground down
smooth. I put oti at the rate of more than 20 lbs.
of lucerne seed to the acre. The oats, though
sowed and harrowed in before, had not then s|irout-
ed. The land was a dry rich loam, made mellow
and I think as good fin- lucerne as any in this vi-
cinity. It came u|) well and grew well, till the
oats began to choke it: they grew very rank and
nearly one half lodged. The lucerne then turned
yellow, and seemed to dwindle away, and for a
while I thought it would all die. After harvesting
the oats however, it started and grew some, but
did not a|)pear very promising. It is now nearly
all dead, and the little that remains is generally in
plants scattered here and there, wholly insuflicient
for a crop of grass. Some small patches, the
bigness of a common sized table are thick and
grow well, being about ten inches high.

The result of this experiment has satisfied nie
that lucerne will not answer for our soil and
climate. No doubt it may be profitably grown in
other places. I did not attribute my failure to the
rankness of the oats. B.

Plymouth, Conn. April 29, 1S3I.

By the Editor. — There is no grass, respecting
which we have such varied and opposite accounts
as of Lucerne. AVhere it succeeds at all, its pro-
duct is very great ; but it is very liable to be stifled
by weeds ; and the grain which is sowed with it
appears often to monopolize the soil, to the exclu-

sioii of tliC young plants of lucerne. \Vc have
given, imder our editorial head of this week's pa-
per, some rules for the culuire of lucerne, deduced
from observation, and tlie writings of practical as
well as scientific cultivators.

FOR THE NEW ENGL.^ND FARMER.

WINTER BUTTER, SHORT HORN CAT-
TLE, &c.

Mr EniTOR — !\Iueh has been said in the N. E.
Farmer about yjeetnio- the milk to obtain cream for
butter. My objections to this ])ractice are, the
butter so made is inclining to be white, will not
sell well, ami is crumbly and tcill not cut liitndsome-
ly. Besides, I think the flavor hardly equal to that
made in the method we have pursued.

Our object has been to keep the milk in a tem-
perature always above the freezing point — say, not
lower than 40 or 4.5 degrees.

The meibi d'w hich we have practised, and
which I think best for winter, was reconiinended
to me by that great friend to agricultural improve-
ment, Charles Vaugha.n, Esq. as fi)ll(med in
the counties of Somerset and Devon, England.
The milk itnmediately after it is taken from the
cow, is put in a copper or brass vessel, of a size
according to the quantity of the milk, care being
taken that it is not more than eight or ten inches
in depth, and gradually brought to within 2 or 3
ilegrees of boiling heat, when it is permitted slow-
ly to cool. In the comse of five or six hours, the
most of the cream rises in a beautiful thick sheet,
and is so solid that it may be cut with a knife in
almost any form. It comes to butter almost im-
mediately, never requiring inore than five minutes'
churning. The butter is of fine quality, being of
good color and flavor. The practice also saves
labor and cold fngers. Wc have in this way bad
no liuttor that was not as high colored as what I
send you. But perhaps the high color may be
owing considerably to the extra richness of tlie milk,
and this quality of the milk is wholly attributable to
the cows. My stock consists of the Sliort Horn
breed in the blood of Calebs, Denton, and Hold-
erness, the Herefordshire in the blood of Sik Isaac,
the Bukewell, and that excellent, though undefined
breed introduced here from England by Charles
Vaughan, Esq. and the best selected native.

I am aware that much contrariety of opinion
exists as to the properties and relative value of the
different breeds of cattle, and my inteiitions have
been, and still are, to go through with a scries of
fair experiments on the subject.

So far as several years' observation and one
year's ca-pen'tMce will enable me to judge, I am in-
clined to think the iinprove<l imported races (the
Short horns, particularly,) the n^osl prof tuble, — that
is, taking them for all purposes. I do not know
that they will give ■ ny more milk than the ' natives,'
but it is, I believe, generally of a belter quality, and
they certaiidy keep in much better order on the
satne food. They are also put together more on
mechanical iirinciples, are stronger, and have bet-
ter constitutions. I would recommend to every
farmer to give them a fair trial.

Yours with respect, Sanford Howard.

Vaughan Place, )

Hallowell, April IS, lS3i. \

FOR THE .NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MILCH COWS.

Mr FESSENnK.N — I am much obliged to your
corrcspondciMS Co/oiu(S and /r. for the notice they
have taken of my comnmnication of March 2 ;
But I perceive I did not make myself perfectly
understood. Tlii' fact is, I catmot afford to buy
the best cows in Alassachusetts ; much less to itn-
port them fnnn Switzerland, Lapland, or China.
I wish to be gradually increasing and improving
my stock of milch cows as I may be able either by
crossing the best I now have with better stocks or
now and then buying young cattle.

I did hope to profit by the experience of those
who have tried the imported races of cattle, if it
is found to be true that a much larger proportion
of any of them are actually better for milk than
native cattle.

The communication of Coloniis is interesting ;
but it appears to be historical fact, and not his own
experience. ' Jl'.' refers to agricultural reports. I
know that some very good milch cows of the im-
ported breeds, have been exhibited at the Cattle
Shows. But does the experience of Massachu-
setts farmers prove them to be dpcidedly better
than the native, with the same treatment? In
Governor Li.ncol.n's letter to Col. Jaqlf.s, in your
paper of March 9th, ho speaks confidently of ' the
entire difference, in different breeds of cattle, be-
tween utter worthlessness and great productive-
ness and vc'i.X).' Cliis is the best authority, as I
am told he has a large stocli of different breeds of
horned cattle. If he has found by his experience,
any breed remarkable more especially for the pro-
duction of mffk, the information would be of great
importance to the agricultural interests of tlie
state. Yours &c,

April 28,1831. A Rustic.

WIND-MILL AT SOUTH BOSTON.

Mr Fessende.n. — I am much pleased to learn,
that the Directors of the Boston House of Indus-
try propose to erect a wind grist mill. I have
thought much of the sidject ; and previous to the
suggestion in yourpai)er of the 13ih ult. had made
a rough calculation, which satisfied me, that the
whole cost would be saved in one year. I am now
confiimed in the correctness of my estimate. The
toll, saved upon 5000 bushels of grain, would be
312J bushels; which at the present average price
of corn and rye, would amount to about 23.5 dol-
lars. The whole carrying expense to the Dorches-
ter tide mill or to the Mill Dam, will amount to
nearly or quite as niuch more annually. The re-
maining balance on the cost of the mill, might be
gained, by grinding for those of the inhabitants of
S. Boston, who send their grain to mill ; if the
Directors would accommodate them. This would
be to them also a great saving ami convenience.
Yours respectfully, L. C.

South Boston, .May 10, 1631.

SPORTING.

MrFesse.vden — Permit me, through the medium
of your highly useful journal to call the attention
of our farmers and horticulturists to the wanton
practice of tnany young men from Boston audits
environs, of shooting the birds in this vicinity.

338

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 11, 1S31.

It is a well known fact that ihe alarming in- j
crease of worms and insects in making ravages
upon our fruit trees and fruit, not only paralyzes '
the eft'orts and disliearten^ ilie lioi)es of the cul-l
tivaior, but threatens total destruction to many of i
the most delicious kin^ls. — So extensive are their j
ravages that hut very few of our apricots and pUnns j
everHp-n without premature decay iVoni the worm
trenerated by the beetles which surniuud our
trees in the twilight of the evening in great uumbers
when the fruit is quite young. And when the
produce of our apple, pear or peach trees is small,
but few of these escape the same fate.

I attribute the n\pi<l and alarming increase ofj
these worms and insects wholly to the diminution I
of those birds which fall a prey to our sportsmen,!
which are known to feed upon them and fur wliose i
subsistence these insects were apparently created. I
111 addition to the important usefulness of
these birds, their musical liotes in the twilight of
the morning are peculiarly , delightful ; awaking
the cultivator to the sublime contemidation and
enjoyment of all the infinite beauties of creation.
In vain will be all our toil and labor, in vain
the tmited efforts of Horticultural Societies for in-
creasing and perfecting the cultivation of the
most delicious varieties of fruits, uidess we can
increase, or at least ccffsf to diminish these nsetul
and melodious birds.

If we have a Statute in this Commonwealth pro-
viding for the protection of these birds, let us unite
our efforts to arrest this wanton destruction of
them by enforcing the penaUies of the law in every
instance of its violation. Our Horticultural Soci-
ety can scarcely do a greater service in promoting
the objects of its organization, than by making a
spontaneous and vigorous effort to. tjiis elfect.

If there be no Statute for !he,protecti,-on of liiese
invaluable creatures, I wonhl earnestly, yet re-
spectfully suggest to the Horticultural Society the
propriety ami even necessity of their petitioning our
Legislature at their next session for such an act.

It is a connnon praclice with tiiese sportsmen
through the sunnner lo range Ihe groves and
orchanls, in this vicinity, almost every pleasant day
and more numerously on holidays, and to shoot
every bird that comes within their reach.

It is not however a small nor an easy task for
one individual, to get thci names, residence, and
the evidence necessary for their conviction ; but it
requires the imited efforts of all who are imme-
diately interested. Already have these sportsmen
commenced their wanton destruction of these use-
ful creatures, even befme they had time to build
a nest for reariiig of their young. — Birds that
have survived the dreary winter in a more genial
clime, having now returned to bless our efforts
by their industry and to cheer our days with their
melo ly, are scarcely permitted to commence their
vernal song, ere they mnsi fall victims to a wanton
iDLF.NE.ss that is as destitute of moral feeling, as of
useful employment. A Cll'tivator.

Brooldinc, April 31.

shaped hives. My object is to obtain honey in the ' porticos or porches boring small holes in the plank
safest and easiest way with little trouble or ex- for them to go through. In truth, there can be no
pense, and also I hope with a greater certainty [ difficulty in having plenty of honey, if we devote

of keeping clear of the bee moth, from the great-
er elevation from the earth than the usual method.

1 have this week received the letter I had so
long been expecting, and now give it to you for
publication. Yours, &c,

Roxbury, April 12, 1S31. J. Pri.nce.

any time to making a house for the bees.

I am, &c, (Sec, P. N. O'Barnum.

BEES.

Mr Fesse.nden lu a communication made

for your pai)er a few days past on this inexhaust-
ihle subjjct, I regretted not having received an
answer from a gentleman in the western country
to whom I had written last autumn on the meth-
od of keeping Bees in the upper part of n house,
oraiiy other building. I do not enter into any contro-
versy concerning these valuable insects, or the best

VEBSiiLLEs, tVoodfoid Co. Ky. April 20, 1831.
John Prince, Esq.

My Dear Sir — Your friendly letter of October
last was forwarded to me at this place, but did not
reach this luitil my departure for the southern
counties ; conse(piently this is the first opportuni-
ty 1 have had, and nuist plead my excuse for not
attending to your request sooner : and now, I have
to re<i-ret that my friend Duct. Parker has not fur-
nished me with all the iufm-inatiou 1 require, con-
cernino- the management of Bees ; but he has
kindly afforded me an opportunity of examining
his Bee-bonse, and if I possessed the power of
description you should certainly have it, intelligibly.
This much is certain, that he has in the garret, a
<rreat nuiidier of bees. He thinks about 40 swarms
at this time, all proceeding from une liive, put there
about 10 years ago. He placed the hive near the
brick wall or end of his garret leaving an aperture,
or small hole in the wall, through which the bees
passed out and in. A tight room was then made
fur them, such as may be made in the end of any
house, leaving a door, which may be locked or bol-
ted. The room must be light, ad.nitting neither
air or li"bt, or very little of either. A large box
was then (lUt into this room, say S by 4 feet, one
half sawed in two, with small hinges on it, and
fastened at the bottom by a bolt or lock, for the
convenience of raising up and getting the honey'
whenever you may want it. The hive being
placed on the top of the box, and the latter having
■5 or 6 holes bored in it by a small auger — as soon
as the bees have filled the hive, they go down into
the box, and never swarm until they have com-
'.iletelv filled it. But yuu must have room enough
in voiir house to keep them always at work. And
this you may do by adding box to box ; and they
will even tlicn proceed to deposit their eomb on Vie
rafters of the house.

Doct. Parker told nie the other day, that he
could now take from .50 to 100 wt. of honey comb
without disturbing, or even seeing a bee. — We
have also a Bee-house in the yard ; 3 sides plank-
ed up, as other framed houses are, we have framed
a box the whole length, say 14 feet ; this box is 18
inches wide and about 12 deep, v.ith holes bored
all alonT the top, over which the hives are set or

placed the front part of this box is full of holes

for the egress and ingress of tlie bees — they di-
rectlv o-o up through the box into the hives, fill
them, and then go to work in the large box, so
that you may take the hive olT as-siwS«'^'ft6*'fe'+ed'
and place another there, so that there is no ne-
cessity of ever killing a bee. — You can fasten the
hives on the box, by running a bar of iron or wood
throun-h each end of the house and putting a lock
on it, so as to prevent robbery. — The lock is
placed in the end of the bar, outside of the house.
We have several other plans, or methods of
raisino- bees in this neighborhood — such as small
brick buildings, and putting the hives in them,
eaving holes in tlie wall for them to go out and in

PROSPECTS OF AMERICAN FARMERS.
The piobabdity of a gin' ral war in Europe^ap-
proaches veiy near to ceilaiuty. That it will be
one of terrible carnage, may be inferred from the
nature of the two great parlies in U, despotism and
liberty, and from the fact, that it is to decide the
fate of the former ; but its probable duration is not
so clearly indicated — it may be a war of twelve
months or twelve years. As members of the
human family, as philanthropists, the people of
this country will regret this state of things ; as
republicans, they will feel intense interest in it,
but as a nation, we have little to fear, and nothing
to lose by it. Its effects will be felt in this country
to an important degree, and by no class of i)eople
more than the farmers. It will create a demand
for bread stufl's, and thus enhance the value of
agricultural products immensely. If the war does
become general, the prcdiability is that the ensuing
harvest will be the most valuable one to firmers
that has been reaped for many years. We must
not be considered as « isbing for a war of blood-
shed and devastation in foreign countries, that our
own may be benefited by it— far from it ; but if
such is to be the unfortunate lot of our neighbor
nations, without any act of ours, no good reason can
be seen for our not preparing to furnish tliem with
such supplies as their necessities may require, and
wliich they must obtain somewhere. As well
might it be argued, that it is improper to ju-epare
wrecking vessels to assist shipping unfortunately
cast away by the fury of the elements, with a view
to salvage, as that we ought not to look for, and
even preiiare for the sutlersln'p of this general war.
As well might it be said that we should not take
advantage of our neighbor's necessity by selling
him bread, because he stands in need of it. One
thing we hope om- farmers will not neglect ; and
that is the husbanding not only of their harvests
from which they have reason to expect so much,
but of their gains also from this source. When
our planters and farmers, not many years since,
were reaping such rich harvests, from a similar
cause, they seemed to fiirget that there could be a
change in their circumstances, and consequently
as fast as their money 'came in at the door.it was
shovelled out at the window.' The pndiability
is, that there will be a stiite of agricidtural ]>rosper-
ity fully equal to that of any period'»ncc we be-
came a nation ; and it is to be hoped that its bene-
fits will not be squandered. — American Farmer.

American Silk. — A correspondent of the New
York .Journal of Commerce writes from London
as fidlows : — 'I^ forgot to mention to you some time .
f'nce, iTiat the Anierican sdk ofil'red here for sale,
was bid in at jniblic auction. The price was
limited at 14s. but only iSs. Od. was offered. The
manufacturers however speak well of it.'

Here we have 'the best commentary that can be
made on the assertion, that it is ruinous for us to
make sewing silk, mits, gloves, ^-c, out of our good
silk ; and that we ought to export our raw eilk.
At 14 shillings a pound in London the American
producer would scarcely realize more than $2.50

,,,1....,;^ ..-.. ■- - -o forrawsilk. Whereas he can make it into sewing

at, having a door in the back or front, as you please. ^■,]\^^ .,„fi thread fi)r mits, stockings, &c (those 'gold'
We also have the hives placed in the top of the I frying pans' of Messrs. Dn Ponceau and D'Homer-"

Vol. IX.— No. 43.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

339

cue ! ) and olxain from five to seven dollars a |)ouiul
according to qualily. We hope to hear no more
of e.xpnriiiifT our raw silk, and importing the man-
ufactured article. If the process of manufacturing
sewing silk from raw .silk is to ilouble the value
of the material — that is, to make three dollars worth
si.\ then let us have the advantage of it. — lb,

MILCH COWS.

The attention of larmers is invited to the coji-
sidcration of the character and condition of our
loilch cows.

How much milk ought a cow to yield to he
worth her keeping ? What is the aver.ige time that
onr cows are in milk ? Is there much, if any,
waste of fodiler among us hy keeping aiumals lli.il

yield little or no return of profit r — Questions like

tJiese, and there are many such, ought to be i)Ut farmers, and particularly scientific farmers

insure a belter selection for milch cows. Farmers
would think more of the advantages of employing
hulls of the iin])roved breeds. Heifers should be
milked with great care and very thoroughly, to
get them in the hahit of holding out as long milkers.
If they once dry eaily, no care and keeping after-
wards will correct this fault. Heifers with the
first calf wdl he fed well with some ailditionul care
the last three months they are in milk, to make
lliem hold out.

The profit of a milch cow is not generally under-
stood. Milk is not only the most nutritious but
cheapest article of food. The food necessary for a
cow in full milk, does not e.xceeil in price, one
third of what is necessary in feeding for the butch-
er.

These few remarks are hastily made to draw out

on

and answered in the New England Farmer. It this subject : There are a great many facts to the
may turn out that our dairy stock is e.vtremely low ; puriiose, which should come to light. — Mass.

iu character and its management wasteful.

If something like an average quality of milch
cows could be settled — to effect a standard — and
it should be understood that no good tanner would
keep an animal for mitk that fell below it ; all the
cows in the country would soon come up to that
standard and go beyond it.

A milch cow of meilium qualily in this slate will
give, it is supposed, 12 ((uaris of milk per day for
two months after calvijig, and about 7 quarts per
day on grass feeil for the next four months, and
four quarts, per day for the next foUowijig two
months, and pi-rhaps "2 quarts one month longer.
Altogether 1.500 quarts in a year.

It takes 9 quarts of milk to give a pound of but-
ter, an<l 4 quarts to yield a pound of cheese. The
skim milk and dairy wliey may be valued at $3 a
cow per annum.

Now, a cow that gives 1500 quarts of milk in a
year, will produce 166 lbs. of butter, worth at 16
cents per lb. $26 56

Skim milk, say 3 44

■ igri. Rep.

-V-

§30 00
Notliin* is saiil of the worth of the calf, as all

the milk the cow gives is credited.

A milch cow's keeping one year cannot besha'-t

of 2.5 dollars in the interior.

Suppose a farmer to resolve that he woidd keep

no cow that did not hohl out as a good milker 9

months in the vear — and that did not give sixteen

A MARKET FOR COCOONS.

The Editor of the .\nienaii Farmer is authorized
to say that any quantity of co6oons will be pur-
chased the ensiung season, by a gentleman who is
preparing to erect a filature in Baltimore. — From
forty to fifty cents a pounil will be given for them,
according to quality. — Particidar care should be
taken in killing the chrysalis that the fibre of the
cocoons be not injured by heat, and thai all the
crliysalis be certainly killed. If the cocoons be
put in to a tin vessel, the cover closed perfectly,
and the vessel be ))laced in a kettle of boiling
water for half an hour, the chrysalis will be all kill-
eil and ?nte cocoons receive no injury from too
high a heat as the water will prevent the temper-
ature rising above the boiling point.

We have tlnnight it prouer to give this notice
that those who have been deterred from raisaig
silkworms by the absence of a market for cocoons
might be induced to commence. At forty cents a
pound cocoons will be a very profitable article.
One person with a boy to assist during the last
ten days, can attend to one hundred thousand
worms, which, if well attended to, — kept clean ami
well fed with mulberry leaves, will produce 300
pounds of cocoons, which will bring at the mini-
ununi price -Si 20, and if really first qiialitj-, which
Jtliey will be by proper attention, they will bring

r, ... , <■ ^ .1 r. I ■ SloO, — and the time occupied wdl not be over

quarts of nulk per day lor 2 months alter calving, ^ ' ,- , , i

^ . ,. . I „ ., , ., SIX weeks. — What niore profitable einployment

and 12 quarts per day the next 3 months, and 2 ,, , m, i -li •

' , , 1 rn ■ c 1 can lemales pursue. llie gentleman will give

quarts per day the month lollowmg. — such a cow i ' " "

would yield per annum 3000 quarts of milk. |

Here it may be remarked, that with the addition

of five dollars per annum to the cost of food as es-
timated for a common cow, the neat profit would
probably be four Ibid.

Is it not practicalile to liave throughout the coun-
try, as common dairy stock, animals as good as the
last described ?

This question is submitted to farmers for con-
sideration. The probability is that in taking some
pains to get stock as good, they would get even
better.

If the various modes of obtaining this object
were resorted to at once and with zeal throughout
the country, there wonll be a prodigious improve-
ment in a very short time. No young animal of
promising appearance for milk would go to the
butcher. More care would be taken of young

notice in a future advertisement of the place at
which the cocoons will be purchased. In the
meantime the Editor will take pleasure in giving
all necessary information on the subject. — All
letters must be post paid. — American Farmer.

YELLOW JASMINE..

We announce, with deep sympathy in the afflic-
tion which the event visits on her fond parents, and
in the lifqie that it will operate as a solemn warn-
ing to young persons, the fiict, that Sarah, the inter-
esting little daughter of Mr John D. Gordon, aged
about 4 years, was poisoned yesterday from eating
yellow Jasmine flowers. The child, we learn, was
in good health at the breakfast table, went out
and came home an hour or two after, to breathe
her last in the arms of her parents, who are over-

BARLEY.

The two rowed barley, if it can be had, is
decidedly preferable for mellow ground — if not
the four rowed is next to he preferred. — It should
he prepared by steeping in cold water some twelve
hours, carefully skimniing all the oats and foul
stuft" which rises to the top olthe steep ; the water
may then be drained off; and the barley thrown
into a heap upon the floor, where it must remain
twelve hours ; then some house ashes are to be
mixed with the barley and sown immediately
three bushels to the acre. Barley from clay land
should be sown on sandy or alluvial soil, and
vice versa. The time for sowing is from the 20lh
ro the last of .\pril.

I am aware that this manner of treating seed
bailey is very difierent from the customary mode ;
but let the farmer act upon these instructions, and
1 shall endeavor to sustain the propriety of them ia
a subsequent essay by what I conceive to bo
sound reason. — Genesee Farmer.

Meuici.ne. — We have just heard of a man, who
\ciy honestly and conscientiously, takes brandy
and loaf sugar, as a medicine for those complaints
which have usually been treated in this way.
Probably he does not know the fact himself, but
\us friends know that he becomes in reality, in-
toxicated in this manner almost every week of his
life ! What shall be done for him.- The pledge
of the Teinpeiance societies runs — ' except for
medicine.' He takes the medicine only when the
disorder returns. He takes but just enough to
remove it — but he takes enough to. render him an
inebriate. Is there no remedy ? Is there not, in
the whole range of matefia niedica, a proper sub-
stitute ? tins heaven inflicted physic ai. evils ou
man which it is his duty to remove, and which
can only be removed by moral ilegradation ? Who
can believe it ? — Gen. of Temperance.

whelmed with grief by tlie sudden and heart ren-
etock. More young stock would be retained to ; ding event. — J\'orf oik Beacon.

Clea.nliness." — Cleanline.'is is a mark of polite-
ness, for no one unadorned with this virtue, can
go into company without giving manifest otVence.
It may be said to be the fo.ster-niolhcr of affection.
Beauty commonly ])roduces love, but cleanliness
preserves it. Age itself is not unamiable, while
it is preserved clean and unsullied. Cleanliness
is intimately connected with purity of mind, and
naturally inspires refined sentiments and passions.

THE BLOOD ORANGE.

' The date tree I observed ; but though it renches a
considerable size in Malta, (so.Tie specimens of which
I have seen being ten or twelve yards in height,) it
is not made to bear. The walks and plats [of the
Grand Master's Gardens] were literally strewn with
oranges and lemons. They seemed left to perish ;
although in better times the product of the gardens
from oranocs alone, is said to have yielded the reign-
ing Grand Master two thousand ALiltese crowns an-
nually, a Sinn about equal to one thousand dolhirs. —
The' blood orange which is the boast of the island, is
a most dehclous fruit. It is produced by grafting the
slips of the common orange on a pomegranate stock.
The pulp inclines to the color of red, but not so much
in mass as intermixed in streaks ; and hence its name.
It is riot only more luscious but less husky thaft tlie
ordinary varieties of orange, and in size it is fir sur-
passing. The blood orange sells in Valetta for eight
pence a dozen, while the best of other sorts may be
had for four pence.' — Bigelow^s Travels.

Pennsylvania Canal. — Boats from Philadelphia
have arrived at Harrisburgh, via the Schuylkdl, and
the Union and Pennsylvania Canals.

340

ONTIIEUSEOFLEAVESAS A iMANURE. 1

BY R. K. MEADE.

The great im[)Oi-taiice of leaves as a iiKUUiie lias
frequently been alhuled to in the Farmer, but
never rccorninended in such a nianuer as to fur-
nish serious ground for a calculating and praeti-
cal fanner to go to work — the nearest approaeh
by a New England farmer in collecting them for
the barn-yard, was by throwing them into a tont
and thence into a wagon — a [dan so far removed
from efficiency as to damp the enterprise of nine
out of ten who would attempt it. I have been
successfidly engaged in converting them into
manure for several years past, under the feet of

NEA^ ENGIAND FARMER,

May 11, 1831

our ' talent' would be hidden in the earth, if the I pears to be abundantly thick, and by comparison
neglect of soM)e of the most apparent opporturdties ' with e.xperiments made last year, no doubt will
of employing the resources of nature lo advantage prove so in time ofharve^t — on the same ground,

wi'.hout the aid of this well pidverized manure, ten
or twelve gallons of wheat per acre would have

were perujitteil.

The |)rocess of supjilying the farm yard with
leaves is as follows : after designa
ways a prudent distance fiom the roots of trees,
which might possibly be iiijiiied by their removal,
rake tlieni up into winrovvs from eight to ten feet
wide, then with sorne kind of plough, cultivator
or harrow, scarify the earth on each side lightly,
the width of the leaf-bed ; with the back of a hand-
rake shove the loose earth to the leaves, and with
shovels cover them an inch or so deep. Thisop-

liorses, cattle, sheep, and hogs, and find the follow- eration should be peiformed when the leaves are

wet and the earth light and loose. This prepar-
ation should be maile in the s|)ring months to an
extent ol' the probable demands of the farm-pen
for the season before yon, but may be done at any
time most convenient for the farmer if the leaves
arc not too di-y. The impoitauce of having a
sufficient svipply of leaves ahead, is, that when

ing prominent reasons preccdmg others for their
use, and for the attempt to |)romulgate this essay.

1st. A belief that there is a general neglect of
the use of leaves as a material for manure.

2d. The almost universal use which might be
made of them.

3d. Their importance as a material to keep up
a system of operations for a seasonable sui)|)ly of
manure.

4th. Their salutary influence in afl:brding a com-
fortable bed tor all kinds of stock, particularly
for hogs ; freeing them from the mange — and
their valuable substitution when straw is scarce
for ice-houses, &c.

5tli. The importance of their removal from the
fence corners in case of fire, ;tnd to preserve the
rails from rotting.

6th. Their qualities are as a material for man-
ure, as tested by experience in its apjilication gen-
erally, but particularly in its adap'ation to the wheat
crop in spreading it broadcast on the rough fallow,
and harrowing it in before seeding, &c. Some
object to the use of leaves from the fear of injur-
ing the forests — it will he jiroper to show why
there is no reason for such apprehension. If the
scripture triuh with regard to the fidling of the
tree was verified in relation to the leaf, there
migljt be an argument mged in their removal,
that Peter was robbed to pay Paid — hut it is cer-
tainly not the case — the tree lies where it falls, but
the leaf is driven by the most prevalent winds
iuto some deep valley, the lee side of declivities,

and spread about si.x inches deep, as uniforndy as
possible to receive the animal manure — dotdile
this thickness will not be too much for an early
winter preparation mingled with straw and corn-
stalks— in the spring the leaves will be incorpora-
ted with the great mass of manure. The process
of hauling them to the farm-pen is important to be
considered, as many have laughed at the idea,
saying you might as well attempt to haul feathers
in an open cart ; and it is not much to be won-
dered at, under tlie difterent plans and systems
attempted. — Large ox carls discliarging their
loa<ls by a tilt, or one horse carts, are by far the
most expeditious mode of conveyance, with very
liigh sideboirds, &c. Four pronged forks, with the
teelh sligbtl}' curved and flatted, composing a
frame about two feet square, are used to lift the
leaves, and will raise as many as a man can con-
venieiuly heave into the cart, weighted as they
are with the adjoining soil, and kept continually
wet or damp, by the covering of the earth ; — four
hands are employed to a large ox cart, two with
forks, one witli a rake to keep the leaves and

or into the corners o'f a fence where they moulder j p^"!"''' neatly pushed up, the fourth in the cart to

into dust, rendering no service to man or beast,

and benefitting only a portion of soil which may

never be called into cultivation — hut the habit of

permitting leaves to bank up against fences is

highly injurious to them, evidently producing

premature decay. If by any prudent fore-
thought or arrangement the leaves could be

detained just whore they fell, which may in some

f otl otonr d -il- '^'^''" required to have produced tlis same verduiie
and apparent thickness ; and as to its ultimate |)ro-
dnction there is no donbt of the great superiority
of the thin sowing and manuring. There is then
I a saving of from three to five gallons of wheat
! per acre in conseipience of the manuring.
j But it will be urged by many an industrious
! farmer, that tliere is not time to collect the mate-
rials for this additional stock of manure, and haul
it out in proper place, cnllivatiiig at the same
lime the usual quantity of land. If this really be
the case, unhesitatingly let it be recommended
that a few acres be detained in grass, in order to
I atTord opportunity for the important work of man-
1 uring. At this time of day it would appear su-
j |)erfluous to recommend or exhort our farmers to
jtlie accumulation or application of manure, since
the practice of ages, and our every rlay experi-

tliiis prciiarcd they may be transported at any time i ,, ,, ,

, ,' , ■ ", „ 11-11 I I , ence tells us it is iiKJispensalile ; but to investigate

whether wet or dry to the farm yard, wbicli suonlil . , . ' , , ' ,..,,.

be done at periods of from four to six weeks apart.

one "who looks to the improvement of his soil,
degree be done by an attention to the clearing of j through a generous and regular system of manur-

the value, and recommend the more liberal use of
a much neglected material amongst the varietie3
presented to onr choice, can scarcely he doubted
as important to the improving condition of the
farmer. A brief hint of anoiher mode of using
leaves may be important to some — carry them im-
mediately on j'our knolls to the cow-pen, ami from
ten to twenty loads per acre — double the ground
may be gone over in ihe season, and more effec-
tually manured, as half the period will suflice to
keep the. pen in one place — the leaves preserve
their moisture, and save much of the manure
from exhalation. It may he well, IMr Editor, nov>r
to come to a close — your patience and my pursuits
should ha considered, though a two feet snow
permits the farmer to do hut little more than feed
the stock and sled a little wood. But be assured
that if this leaf subject were done justice to, sup-
jinrted by numberless remarks connected with it,
too long fiir one essay, the practice and science of
manuring might be benefiied beyond ordinary
calculation, and fiir beyond any feeble allemptof
yc-ar friend and humble servant. — hner. Fanner.

WHITE WASHING.

As spring is a time country housewives make
every exertion to introduce cleanliness into their
department, we would particularly recommend
mixed with the leaves, and their weight by rea- whilcwasJiing, s.s well out doors as in. Whoever
son of the season, may be carried at each load in passed by a cottage where alltlie fences about the
an ox cart or wagon to the farm-yard— the speed ' gardens, the out houses, &c, were whitewashed,
with whiidi this loading is done, and conse(iuent without being impressed with the idea that the in-
filling ii|) of the fiirm pen is truly encouraging to i habitants were cleanly and respectable ? To pairit

receive and tread them firmly down. One ton,
more or less in pro|)ortion to the quantity of earth

■y

a plantation in reference to its altitude and expo-
sure to the most prevalent winds, their removal
would never be recommended, because it is rational
to conclude that the forest requires a return of its
foliage, however abniidaut, to keep up a supply of
food for its powerful growth and absorption, and
detain with greater security the moisture so much
to be valued in our dry climates and waving lands:

ing. As an evidence that I have given this mode
of increasing the manure bank a sufficient trial,
permit me to say that I have in the Bourse of a
year useil more than one hundred loads. But
once fiir all, let it be kept in mind, that in the
pursuit of this system of increasing the stock of
manure, no risk should be run, detrimental to
the forest, for all its alluring advantages, one of

but it is enough for us to know here, the iindoiiht- jw''i'^'i 1'"^ "PPP"''"^'! very conspicuously in the
ei fact, that millions of tons of leaves are annually '"**' autumn, and although it is a fact which the-
deposited in some place and lost to all intents and "''.V of some will combat, it nevertheless stands
purposes for the want of either a pro[icr know- ^** "" evident confirmation of its truth. Six or
ledge of their useful aiiplication, or the skill and ^f'^'^" '"■''^•'* of land were covered with 130 ox
industry to haul tlicin to the farm-pen. Our rea- ' '^^''^ loads of this leaf manure, and a fraction less
son and observation would be o^iven us in vain, 'ha-" seven gallons of wheat sowed per acre — it ap-

board fences white with lead and oil is a costly
business and looks a little like extravagance and
unless everything corresponds with it does not
have a more pleasing effect than a coat of white-
wash well laid on. The cost of doing it is trifling
and it can be done by the females when the men
are very much engaged in putting in their spring
crops. It adds ranch to the health of the family to
have the house whitewashed as often as twice a
year and by giving the out-hoiises and fences a
coat in the spring many insects are destroyed, and
their hnunts are broken up. One of the cheapest
and best modes of preparing the whitewash, is to
use skim-milk with new slacked lime. This reta-
ilers it adhesive, and it does not fall off as quick
as when the lime is wet with water. — Genesee
Farmer.

Vol. IX.— Nn. -13.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

841

PRESERVING EGGS. i

At this season, cjgs are plenty and cheap but I
collect that next February and March thoy may I

0 as dear as they have been the past season, viz.
■ iMi> eighteen to twentyfive cents per dozen. It
vill be good economy tlieretbre, to lay doun eggs
br the season of scarcity. For this purpose, take
I vessel ot" sufficient size and till it witli strong
imc water in which put fresh eggs ; let them bo
iept perfectly covered by keeping apiece of board ;
oaded with sulficient weight upon them to keep [
Jiem an inch or two belov,' the surface. In this
nanner eggs may be kept two years. — .\nother

'• ;hod is to dip them in melted bees wax, tallow
n- varnish, or a solnlinii of gum Araliie, by which
he pores of the shell are made tight. Either
nethod as may suit the convenience of the house
.vife, will render them suitable for long keeping.!
-Ibid. j

PU.MPKINS. I

We believe this crop is more neglected than
1 ought to be. Whether this is owing to the
)l(l cant phrase of'Bruiher Jonathan anil Pump-
iiii pie,' u:<e([ by our transatlantic brethren we
inow not. But this is cert:iiu, that a given weight ,
or measure of Pumpkins contains more nutritious j
matter than the same quantity of turnips, aiul they i
ire not as difficult to keep. For feeding to milch
cows in the fall, we do not know of a better arti- !
cle according to their cost ; for feeding to beef rat- i
tie they are excellent — and when boiled, and a j
little Indian meal added to them, for feeding hogs [
excel most kinds of food. — We hope therefore
that instead of running mad about raising Kuta i
Baga om- farmers will look carefully to raising |
Pmnpkius, for without them the einii'r.ints from
Conneetii'Ut would make but sorrowful work
keeping Thanksgiving. — lb.

goes out — drmdiciuicss and quarrels will die. —
Portsmouth Journnt. '

Ship hitlers. — .V New York jiaper states that
10,000 ship let'.cMs were receivi'd at the Post
Otfii'e, in tliat city in six days. This gives some
ide.i of the immense busiiu'ss done there.

Tli( Census. — The wlnde population of the 1'.
States, according to the recent census, is about
12,821,181 souls. Of this nuiid)er there are np-
wanls of 2,000,000 slav.'s.

812,000 worth ofcloverseed has been jucpared
at one rrull near Chamberslmrg, Pa. this season.

' Hedine. of Bostiui.'' — The amount of duties
Rt this port lor the ipiarter emliug April 1, 1831,
is estimated at one tniilion of dollnrs ! iieing an ex-
cess over the corres|iomling quarter of 1830 of
•SoOO, 000. The duties for the present month up
to this day, amount to aiiout .*600, 000.

In adilitinn to the above, we are gratified to
state that preparations are making to build ex-
tensively, and that the prospect is, that mechanics'
as well as every other kind of business will be in
active and profitable operation.

We learn that the Liverpool Packet Company
will continue their operations, and that tliey have
ordered the keels of two fust rate ships to be
laid.

The number of arrivals from foreign ports up
to the 20ili inst. exceeded that for the same time
last year by fftijsix.

IMezzotinto w;i? invented by Piince Rupert. in the time
of Chark-s 1st, 1649. It wns siingesleil by a l\i-il, which
h.iil rusteil in the night-dew, ami "^ave the idea of produ-
cing a sniootii black inipiession l)y iiipans of a steel loller
■.V'*!i projecting:; points, to covei- the plate wiih an iiilinity
of small boles. Tlie rough surf.ice thus produced, beiii*
sciap-'d awav at |)lcasiiro, leaves the vaiious gradations
of liglit. — .l/(i.js. Jour.

Lots of Bacon. — Oik^ establishment at Cincln-
nai, had on hand 100,000 pounds of hams and
shoulders; another had ' barrelled and liaconed,'
eight thousand hogs during the last winter.

Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. — One hiiudred
and eighty vessels, recently [lassed through this
Canal in one week.

Mr Joseph A. Baron, on the 21sf ult. present-
ed the editor of the Norfolk Va. Herald wiih a
■peck of green peas.

An elegant schooner Cidled the ' Pipe r,' lias
been launched from the yard of Wm. Lewis, Esq.
Barnstable, being the 68th vessel built under bis
direction.

' Mr Samuel Dare, of Salem county, N. J. slaugh-
tered a bog, lltb ult. which weighed when alive, i
1074 lbs. and- when dressed 954. I

D. Rowell, Esq. of Madison, killed six hogs last
wi.Mter, weighing 427, 436, 449,483,492, and
538 lbs.— in all 2825 lbs. j

Specie. — .'Vbout 855,600, gold and silver, ar- \
rived in the ship Florida, from Lima, on the 14tli
nit. at New York.

The merchants of Portland are taking active j
measures to have a good road built through the I
Notch of the White mountains.

.\'othing for the Grand Jury. — At a late coui't
in Williamsburg District, South Carolina, it ap-
peared that the Grand Jury had nothing before |
tbem. Judge Huger remarked, ' Gentlemen, I
perceive there is not much Whiskey drank here.' [
He was right. Take away the fuel, and the fire i

iim"^ m\i^:LA.:j'T) siiasiiaaj.

BOSTON, WED.^ESDAY EVENING, MAY 11, 1831.

POULTRY.

CominuPd from page 3?A.

TiiK Goose. — This species of birds, is diviiled
into two varieties.

1. The ferus, Gray Lag, or Wild Goose, that
inhabits the feus and lakes of the northern parts
of America, Europe and Asia.

2. The mansuetus, or Tame Goose, or the Gray
Lag in a state of doincsticatiou.

The flesh of the goose is stimulant, hard but
palatable, and a favorite dish with the epicure.
But it is not proper food for those wlio lead seden-
tary lives, whose digestive powers are not in the
most etlicient state, or are troubled with eriiptions
or diseases of the skin. The fat of the goose is
thought to be jieouliarly penetrating and useful in
softening and discussing tumors, &c, and is gen-
erally, carefully preserved for domestic applications.
The goose attains to a great age, and there are
Well authenticated instances on record of their
living to tli(,' extent of 70 and 80 years.

A new breed of geese, called Bremen Geese
has been introduced from Germany into the United
States, which we are told is decidedly, andcO:isitler-
ably superior to any heretofore known in this
country. They were first imported by Mr James
Sisson of Warren, R. I. who received a (iremium
from the Rhode Island Society for the encourage-
ment of Domestic Industry, for the exhibition of

geese of this breed. They are said to possess the
following advantages oviu' any other animals of
their kind : — They ^now to a greater size, may be
raised with more facility, are fattened with less
grain, and make more deliiious fnoil.

The hist Philadidphia edition of Jftllirh's Do-
mestic Enci/clopcdia, slates that 'Then; is a valua-
ble breed of this fowl in the southern states, from
a niixluie of the hiriiest Gray Gnose with the Wild
Cau.'idiaii Goose, {.Inas Canadensis.) They are
niiicli larger than any sort of tame geese, and in
thiur cry and manners resemble the Canadian
Goose.

Breedincr. — ' One gander' according to Loudon,
' is generally put to five geese ;' but Willich saya
' three of these birds are usually allotted to a gan-
der; for if that niinilier were increased the eggs
would prove abortive. The ni'st should be pre-
pared as soon as the female begins to carry straw
ill her bill. The niiuiber of eggs to each goose for
setting should he about twelve or thirteen. While
I the goose is setting, some writers direct to place
I corn and water near her. Loudon, however, ob-
serves that ' feeding geese upon the nest is seldom
required.' The gander should at this time, have
free access to the goose to guard and accompany
her. The nest should be made of straw, and so
constructed that the eggs will not roll out, as the
sitting goose, it is said, turns her eggs every day
during the period of incubation ; n period, accor-
ding to Loudon, of from 25 lo 30 days. It is un-
necessary to take any of the goslings from the
mother as hatched ; but pen tiio goose and her
brood at once on dry grass well sheltered, putting
them out late in the morning or not at all ill severe
v.'eaiher, and always taking them in early in the
evening. The first food may be similar to that
recommended for the duck, such as barley meal,
bruised oats, or fine ]ioilard, with some cooling
green vegetables, as cabbage or beet leaves inter-
mixed.

Rearing. — At first setting at liberty the pastur-
age of the goose should be limited, otherwise, if per-
mitted to range over an extensive common, the
goslings will become tired and cramped, and
some of them will fall behind and be lost. As
the young become pretty well feathered they also
become too large to be brooded beneath the mo-
ther's wing, and as they will then sleep in groups
by her side they must bo well su|iplied with straw
for beds, which they will convert into excellent
dung. Being able, says Rlowbriiy, to frequeii
the pond and range the common at large the
young geese will obtain their living, and few peo-
I pie, favorably situated allow them anythiiig more,
, excepting tiie vegetable ])roduce of the garden.
But it has been his constant practice always to
dispense a moderate quantity of any solid grain or
: pulse at hand, to the flocks of store geese, both morn-
ing ami evening, on their going out ami their return
I together, in the evening more especially, with
jsucli greens as happen to' be at command: cab-
bage, mangel wurtzel leaves, lucerne, tares, and
occasionaly sliced carrots. By such full keeping
his geese were ever in a fleshy state and attained
a large size ; the young ones were also forward
and valuable breeding stock. Geese managed in
that manner, wiH be speedily fattened green, that
is at a month or six weeks old, or after the run of
the corn stubble. Two or three weeks after feed-
ing on stubble land must be sufficient to make
them thoroughly fat. A goose fattened entirely
on the stubble, is to be preferred to any other ; since

342

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 11, 1831.

an over fattened !;oose is too much ii! the oil-rake least for tlie siininier sii|i])ort of all liis teams and When lucerne becomes yellovT it shoidil bo cut

and grease-tub style, to ailinit even the iilea of
delicacy, firmness, or true flavor. With clean and
renewed beds of straw, plenty of clean water, oats
ciTJshed or otlierwise, pea or bean meal (the latter,
however, coarse and ordinary food,) or pollard
mixed up with sUiin milU, geese will fatten pleas-
antly and speedily*

It is said that goese may be fed to advanta^'e
on turnips, cut in small pieces, similar to dice,
but not so large and put into a trough of water.
Mr Cobbett says ' when the young ones are hatch-
ed they should be kept in a warm place for about
four days and fed on barley meal, (probably In-
dian meal is as good) mixed if possible with milk ;

other horses; and if in addition to this quantity, and the plants will sprii

he provides also for thus feeding much other stock der

in Ills farm-yard, he will find it a must jirofitable

practice. The ])roper soil depends principally on

two qualities, that it be quite dry and very rich. If

near the stables and yard, the convenience will be

much the greater; but to choose the best land on

the farm is, upon the whole, the best direction he

can have. Those wlio at present cultivate it on

the largest scale in Kent, Sussex and Hampshire,

where are to be found hu'ge quantities of it, very

generally have it in the broad-cost mode, and as

far as positive practice goes, this method must be

preferred , but as effective cleaning it, and espe-

up free from the disor-

and then they will begin to graze. Water for , cially from imligeuous grasses is an object of great

them or for the old ones to swim in is by no means
necessary nor perhaps ever even useful. Or how
is it that you see such fine flocks of fine geese,
all over Long Island, where there is scarcely such
a thing as a pond or a run of water .'" Water
for geese to swim in, however, is said by other
writers, to be useful, if not in<lispensab]o for the
welfare of geese, as it preserves them from vermin.
The Complete Farmer, an English work, says
'if you would fatten geese you must shut them
up when they are about a month old, ami they
will be fat in about a month more. Be sure to
let them have always by them in a small rack
some fine hay, which will mtich hasten their fatten-
ing. But fur fatting older geese it is commonly
done when they are about six months old. or soon
after harvest, when they have been in stubble
fields, from whieli food soiiie kill them, which is
a good way. But those who desire to have them
very fat, shut them up for r fortnight or three
weeks, and feed them with oats, splir peas, barley
meal, or ground mrdt mixed with milk. But the
best thing to iatten them with is malt, mixed with
beer. You inust, however, observe in fattening
all sort of water fowl, that they usually sit with
their bills upon their rumps, where they suck out
the greater part of the moisture and fiitness, at a
small bunch of feathers which you will find stand-
ing upright on their rumps, and always moist,
with which they trim their feathers, which renders
them mm-e oily and slijipery than the leathers ol'
other fowlSj and causes the water to slip oft' them.
If therefore the upright feathers are cut away close,
they will become fat in less time, and with less
food than otherwise. If you give them rye be-
fore or about nnd summer, it will strengthen them
and keep tlicm in health, that being eonimonlv
their sickly time.'

Louilon.

FAKMF.R'S WOlUv FOR MAY.

Lucerne. — The following observations on Lucerne
are from Arthur Young's Farmer's Calendar for
May. ' This plant may yet be sown ; being a jier-
ennial, and, well cultivated, yielding an imtnense
profit, too nuich attention cannot be given to lay
the seed in the grouml with all possible advanta-
ges ; that is the land shoidd he very rich, fine and
perfectly free from weeds : these requisites a man
may not be able to procure in April. In such case
let him not sow in April, but wait till May : ai;d this
whether drilled or sowed broad cast : if the latter let
it by all means be sowed with buck wheat, which
is preferable to sowing it alone.

'Tlica<lvantages of cultivating Inccme are so ex-
tremely great that the young agriculturist should

be determined at all events to have sufficient at

consequence, Nyhich nuist be executed when broad
cast by a powerful and heavy harrow, it much
deserves attention, whether drilling very straight
at nine inches equi-distance woidd not be a prefer-
able method. Drilling has been tried by many and
abandoned for random sowing ; but nineteen twen-
tieths of the drilled lucerne which 1 have seen, have
been at 18 inches, 2 and sonje even 3 feet. The
consequence has been a heavy expense and trouble
in reaping instead of mowing ; and, if the spaces
are kept truly clean [from weeds and other grasss]
the hu'erne being damaged by the pulverized earth
adhering to it and carried to the racks. If drilled
at 9 inches, it might once a year be most eflin'tive-
ly horse-hoed, which would eradicate grass far
better than any harrowing that could be given to
a broad-cast crop, without a forntidahle expense,
and some danger of daujaging the croj), tough as
the roots are. The grand object in the |M'epara-
tion of the ground is, to have it as free from weeds,
anil especially grass, as skill and jjerseveranco can
efl^ect.

' Not less than 12 lbs. an acre should be drilled,
and 20 lbs. if sown broad-cast It is apt to be eaten
by the fly, &o ; if it escape that damage, all is safe
and the fanner may be assured that Ids care will
be well repaid. No manuring at this period is
necessary ; but to sow soot just as the young lu-
cerne comes above ground, may be beneficial
against the fly. With regard to proportioning the
([uantity of land thus occupied to the stock inten-
ded to be fed on it ; a quarter of an acre per head
is sufficient for all sorts of large rattle, take;i one
with another, if the land is very rich and good ;
but on more moderate soils, half an acre per head
will be a proper allowance. It is much better to
have too much than loo little.

From some experiments made by the lion. Rob-
ert Livingston, recorded in the Transactions of the
.'Igricnllural Societi/ of jYew York it appears that
with good cultivation and abundant manuring, from
six to nine tons of hay may be obt lined from an
acre of this grass in a season. It answers very
well with, reil clover, and is not injured by the cold
or the changes of our clin;ate.

Mr L. advises as the rosult of his experiments,
1. Never to sow on ground not ijerfcctly ])ulver-
ized. 2. Not to sow till the ground has acquired
a degree of warmth friendly to vegetation, \iz. in
iMay. 3. To sow with no crop that will probably
lodge. 4. If sown with buck wheat to apply no
gypsum or other manure till the buck wheat is olf.
o. When the quantity sown is small and the far-
mer can alford to lose a crop to give the ground
one turn in autumn, another in April, harrowing
fine, and a third the beginning of May, and then if
the weather be mild and warm sow if the ground be
in perfect tilth, otherwise give it another ploughing.

The Hon. J. Lowell, of Roxhnry, has culti- ;
vated lucerne successfully for 8 or 9 years past, and i
Irom lime to time has favored us with his remarks
on this grass, and the soil and tillage liest adapted i
to it. His last observations on this subject are giv- i
en Jiage 243 of the cmrent volume of the jV. JS. ■
Farmer. One piece cultivated by Mr Lowell was i
sown with tall meadow oat grass, in the propor-
tion of one bushel of oat grass to six poimds of lu-
cerne.

' The first crop was very great ; it was difficult to
decide in this first crop which excelled tlie lucerne
or the oat grass. But in every succeeding crop,
the lucerne predonnnated to so great a degree that
it seemed to be the only croi). This was owing to
the greater breadth of its leaves. I never cut it
till it flowered. I made 4 crops last smmner of
excellent hay from it, amounting in all to six toils
and an half per acre — and after that it furnished a
rich supply of after feed. This crop was seen
and admired by a great number of intelligent far-
mers.

' Having been convinced that it was suited to
my soil, I last j'ear laid down an acre and a quar-
ter for a pasture, being satisfied that it is admira-
bly adajited to that purpose. 1 laid it down with
barley, but it grew so fast that I was obliged to cut
the barley stalks very short, or else I should not
have been able to thresh it, so thick and succulent
was the lucerne. I cut over this field once and
then depastured it.

' I mention this fact as a remarkable one, be-
cause the French writers speak of it as a very rare
occurrencie even in their climate, that it will bear the"'
scythe the first year.

' At the South and in New York the lucerne ha»
done as well as with me, yet many persons have
not succeeded with it here. It will not endure i
wet or black soils. The land in which I havei
raised it is a warm soil — the smface good, but
thin on a gravelly bottom. It has stood drought j
better than any other grass. I have always used J
gypsum, and perhaps owe my success in part tt>
that valuable stimulant. I have employed two
bushels to the acre.'

By the Ontario, from London, and th"? Durham,
from Havre, Messrs Buel & Wilson have received
a valuable addition to their nursery assortment,
comprising'50 of the choicest and mostly new French
and Fl(;nnsli |)ears, and 30 new roses, from the
well known Noisette, at Paris ; 40 choice fruits
from the London Horticultural Society's garden i
at Ohiswick ; 50 new roses and 40 s|)lendid dah-
lias or Georgianas from the best liOndon nurseries,
and about 60 varieties of fruits, and several new
ornanieiital plants from correspondents and aina-
teurs. The whole will be ])ropagated with all
tlespatch, and soon added to the catalogue of plants,
for sale at Albany Nursery.

At Greenfield, Mass. last week, one Harvey A.
Wright was sentenced to the Slate prison for two
years, for stealing oats from a barn in the night
lime. He is a drunkard, and stole the oats to pay
for rum.

2764 passengers from foreign jiorts arrived
at New York between Dec. 1, 1830 and 1st inst.

I About a hundred vessels arrived at the port of Bos-
ton on Wednesday last, and the night before.

Vol.lX.— No. 43.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

313

For Sale, Full- blood .Vtlncrney and Short Horn
Bull and Htifir Calves.
Two Alilorney Ball C.ilves. ;iii(l one Hcif-r Calf. Al-
to, one Bull ami Iwo Hcilei- Calves of the Short r.'orii or
reeswatei- hieeil, all fi-orii full blood iiuporlcil slock, on
poth siiles. Foi- terms apply at this otiice. -It May 11.
' Brishton, Mav 2, 1S:)1.

For

Hickory.

This .istonishing fleet iiorse was ralse'l in Montreal, is
rora an Encjli^h hlnod mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
erior to ariy in the U. Slates lor speed, action and beau-
y. He is a fine sorrel, well huil!, good size, and pro-
lounced by (good) judges in every respect a tirsi rale
lorsc ; trols a 3 ncimite gait, last walker, and has paced
iround the troilutti: course, Lotjg Kl.ind, in 2 minutes, 31
.ccoruls, and \vas otteied publicly to match ag.unst any
lorse that could be piodueed. it is considered unneees-
ary to say niore,as his ([uaiiricaiions are too well known
0 be doubled.

He will sland at Abtiott's Inn, Holden, during the
cason. . Terms j*i?. the season. 61 .Mnvll.

for

cents

lie at the Seed store, 52, North Market street —
Southern Clover.
,")00 lbs fine Soullurn Clover, put up in Pennsylvania
expressly lor our retail trade. Kariners in want of good
Southern Clover seed are requested to examine this.
Barlky.
50 busliels two lowed B.irU-y. plump and clean
seed, raised by K. H. Derby, E-q. Salem,
! Cauliflower .and Cabbage Plants.

Cabbage, Cauliflower, a.id Broccoli I'l.int;
per dozen.

Broom Corn.
,\liO, just received, a few bushels of prime Broom Corn
raised last season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.
Flower Seeds.
Packaci-os of Flower Seeds, o( eif;iiternrari(iie.i, com-
prising the nio*t showy auuu.ils, among which are the
f-illowing beautiful and coiiip.iraiively rare sorts; Ele-
gaiii Coreopsis, Variegated Euplinrbia, Cypress Vine,
1 CaiulylufI, sweet scenied Virgin's Bower, Sensitive Plant,
&.C, iicj with directions for their culture.— Piice ijil per

Grnpc lines.

For sale, at the Seed Store, connected with Ihe New
;;nglaiid Farmer Office. No. 52, Noilh .Market Sheet,
00 superior Grape Vines, Isabell.i and Catawba,
Leing the Iwo leading liarily standard sorts cul-
fivated, of extra size and thiifly growth, packetl in moss,
irice 50 cts. each. .\ further supply of tlie .Mexander,
Vinne, .Scuppernong and Elsinburg, are hourly exp"Ct-
•d, at the same price.

Al-o, a good collection of the finest Double Mexican
:5alilia rool*,ofilie most showy and esteemed sorts, from
l!5 ct?. to 51 eacii — .A.Iso, Jaeoliean Lilies, Tube Hoses,
nd Tiger Flowers — price 2.3 cts. each. All the above
ire now in fine order for transplanting.

Also, a few Mountain Ash Trees, from 6 to 14 Icet high
—price 50 cents.

package.

April 13.

Dahlia Roots.

For Sale, by David HACrGER'^soN', at the Green
Io"se, Chnrlestown I'htei/nnl. Edcn-slreet, (on the
outh side of Bunker's Hill,) a superior colleciion of the
bove Roots, coiilaining sixty varieties. The color of
rach kind marked Willi the name arid warranled as de-
cribed. This collection has been tlislinguished by gene-
•al praise, and was awarded the premium last autumn by
lie itla^sachusetts Horticultural Society.

Also, an extensive coUeciioii of Green House Plants^
ind Keens' Seedling Strawberry Vines, in pots, with
ripe fruits at reasonable [irices.

All tile aliove roots anil Strawberry Vines are for sale
ly Mr Russell at the Agricultural Warehouse, North
■\farket Street, at Ihe same prices. .Way 4.

For sale at the .'l2;ricultural ll'archouse,

52 NORTH MARKET STREET.

■ in-WU.LIS' IMPROVED BUTTICR STAMP.s jm
; This is a simple, but elegant and useful impleiiiciit,
ivhicli mouMs buller inlo a li.uidsonie reetangul.u', or
:ubic form, presses out the luitlermilk ; and by tlic s.ime j
process fixes ujion it a beaiiliful impression, wiiicli ad-
mit^ of being varied into such letters or figures as may
best suit the fancy of the owner of the article.

J fraught- Iron Ploughs. — Bar-Iron, ^r.
'Wr.iught-lron Ploughs, of all sizes. — .llso^A Complete
issortment of -Vmeriean, English, Swedes and Russia Har
Iron — American Braziers' Rods — Spike and Nail Rods,
Shoe-Shapes — Hoop and Band Iron — Steel of all kinds —
,Pipc-box and Mould-board plales, Jcc. consiaiilly for sale
by GAY Js- BIRD,
6lis^ No. 44, India Street, Boston.

Bees in Cities.
AN ESS.W on the practicability of culiivaling Ihe
Honey Bee, in maritime Towns and Cilies, as a source
of Domeslic Economy and Profit. By Jerome V. C.
Smith, M. D. Just published by Perkins & Marvin,
114, Washington Street, and for sale by J. B. Russell, al
the Agricnllui al Warehouse, No. 52 North Market street,
price 38 cent^.

Lead Pipe.
LE.\D PIPE, all sizes, constantly for sale bv Lincoliv
Fearing U Co , No. 110, Stale Street.
Jpril 13, 1831. 6w.

Bones If'anted.
Shin and I.ea- Bones constantly purchased by GEO.
H. GRAY 4- CO. No. 6S Kilby s'treet.
April 20. 2mos

IVie Old Sherman Morgan Horse.

This Horse so well known in Vermont and New
Hampsliire, will sland the coming season, at the 'Ten
Hills Stock F'.arm' in Cl-.arleslown, Mass. 2A miles
fioiii the cily of Bo-ton, viz. at one dollar the m ire to be
paid lo the groom at the lime of covering, and a conili-
timial Nolo, lo lie received, for filleen dollars, to be paid,
if Ibe mare is in foal ; all mares parleil with, before Ihe
usual lime of foaling, will be considered in foal, and
the note to be valid.--These are the only terms on
which lliis Horse will be alloweil lo cover.

The Slock of this Horse is so universally known and
adiniied throughout New England, lliat it is hardly ne-
cessaiy lo repeat their merits. To a seller of Horses, it
is only necessary, lu establish the fact, that bis horses are
of Ihe .Morgan Slock, and he meets with a ready sale, at
good prices, and the purchasers are more than satisfied.
They excel in great endurance, carrying weight a long
distance, noble and generous spii ilcd, Willi a docility of
temper, that the most timid can ilrive them, but il put to
lluir mettle, they are a full hand for Ibe best whip. —
It lias been asseiied (and I believe it cannot be conti\i-
dicted wilh propriety) that there has never been a Slock
of horses in New England, which have proved to be so
generally useful, as the Morgan stock. They have
oflen excited the ailmiration of strangers The above re-
marks are particularly made for tlio-e at a distance, who
have not an opportiinily of viewing /or iliemselves ; for
those wlio have, the Sherman Morgan needs no prais-
i:ig.— Pedigree, .^-c. hereafter. SAM'L. JAQUES.

M ay 1st,' 1.S31.

The .\'aturalist,
DEVOTED lo Geology, Botany and Mineralogy, edi-
ted by D. Jay Browne, and publislieil monthly by Peirce
St. Parker, 9 Cornhill, Boston. Each No. contains 32 Svo
pages, aeeompanieil wilh a pl.ile. Pi ice ^'2 a year. The
first fi\'e numbers of Ibis \vork have been issued, tlie
cuntenls of which are as follows : Zoology. Man. The
Be.^ver. The Bee. The Silkworm. While Ants. Botany.
The Vine. The Mulberry. The Lilac. The Weeping
Willow. The Sugar Maple. Mineralogy. Plalina.
Gold. Silver. Mercury. The Culiure 0{ Silk. Re-
marks on the Culture of The Vine, and The Cultivation
of Bees. May 2, 1831.

.Igricultural Seeds.
For sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, North

.Market street, Boston,

Buck Wheal ; Perkins' Early Seedling Potatoes, (that
took llie premium from the Massachusetts I ■ orlicullural
Society); Burnham's Preiiiiiiiii Polaloes, (that have
twice taken Ihc premium liom the Essex .^gricultural
Society, as the best slock pol.iloes raised in the cuuiily) ;
Early Manly Potatoes, (migiii.illy from Europe); Grass
Seeds of all kinds, kc,— ill of the very first quality.
.■\si'aragl's Roors.

Several thousand planls ol ibe Large Early Devonshire
Asparagus, 3 years old, price '5 cts jier hundred, well
p.ieked in moss, in boxes of one, two, and three hundred
root> each.

Also, Catawba, Isabella, White Sweetwater, Black
Hamburgh, anil other kinds ol (irapes, well p.icked in
moss, so as to bear ti an-portalion huiulreds ot miles with
sifely — price 50 els each. Large Tart Rhubarb Roots,
25 els each.

Su-eet Potato Slips, ^-c.
This day received at the .Vgricultiiral Warehouse, 53
North .Market-sireel, a fiirlher supply of Sweet Potato
Slips — Price 17 cents |)cr quart ; 50 cents a half-peck. —
Also, a fresh supply of Millet and Orchard Grass seed.

For Sale,
Silk Worms' Eggs, warranled good, price 50 cents per
thousand, wilh slioit practical instruclions lor rearing
Silk Worms, by J. H. Cobb, which are given lo pur-
chasers. Apply at the New England Farmer OlVice.

Yellow Locnsl Seed.

Just received and for sale at Ihe Seed Store connected
wilh the New England Farmer Ollice No. 52 North
Market Street, ^

A few lbs. genuine Yellow Locust Seed, ( Ruhinia
pseudoacncia) saved near Ilarristiurg, Pa. expressly for
this Eslabli--hinent. The excellence of this tree for ship
limber and fences, its rapid growth, and its benelicial ef-
fects on sandy, barren plains, where it thrives well, are
too well known lo require comment.

Cow Vahhage.
Just received, at the Seed Store, No. 52 Nortli Market
street, from London a small quantily of Seed of the Cow
Cabbage ; il is lliought that no plant cullivati-d in this
country will give so much fodiler lion- the same space of
ground, for Milch Cows, as this It has been successfiilly
ciillivaled lo a large extent in New England and Ihe Mid-
dle States the past year, and piomi-ies lo be a great acqui-
sition.

.Yova Scotia Potatoes.

For sale at Ihe Halilax Packet Oflice, No 26 Foster's
wharf, se\'eial barrels ol prime Nova Scolia Potatoes, lor
seed. Farmers in want of a good variety of this impor-
tant vegetable, are requested to e.xaniine these.

April 13. 3t

Latest Improved Short Horns.
you.NG wye comet.
The subscriber informs ihose ili-posed lo improve their
stock, that this fine full blood animal will be under his
care this season. Terms $2. Apply to A. GREEN-
WOOD, near Dr Codinin's Meeting-house. Ani-il 20.

Dr HulPs Patent Truss.

CASE ttr MR VISIIllURN.

Dr Hull, Sir — Under the advice and direction of
Dr Iv.v.\pp, I liave been cured within the year past of a
bad rupture of 9 years' standing, by the use ol one of
your jialent trusses. 1 had \\ oi n various kinds of trusses
before I got one of yours, but they were veiy burden-
some lo me. Your truss, on Ihe contrary, is comfortable
to wear, and as convenient to put olf and on as a pair of
spectacles. I wore it not lo exceed five months, and
found nivself cureL I have nnl had il on for six months
past, and have exerted myself violently at wrestling,
jumping, rilling, and other hard exercises wilhout any
reliii n of ihe complaint, not eet n a feeling of li'eakness
in the part. In fine, your truss has made me as sound
and well as ever I was ; il is one of the most valuable
inventions in the world. H. N. FISHBURN.

Baltimore, Jan. 1S31.

[lj=Dr Hull's Trusses are sold by Eben. Wight, (sole
agent lor this city,) Slilk-st. opposite Federal-st.
■ Feb. 11. eopSt

For Sale or F.rehange,
A valuable mare, wilh foal by one of the best studs
for draught horses in ihe counliy ; she will be exchang-
ed at a bari:ain for a first rale f.imily horse. Apply lo J.
B. Russell. Stis April 20.

Qj^Cash will be paid for any number of copies of the
New England Firmer, No. 41 of the current volume —
Printers wilh whom we exchange, who do not file their
papers, will oblige us by returning tliein.

Ljrighto.n Market — .^londai/, .Vai/ 9.

[ftf^pfirlcd for Iho Clironicle and Patriot.)

Al Market this day 208 Beef Cattle, IS Cows and
Calves, 12 Sheep, and 116 Swine.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — The market today was quite
brisk and last week's prices were well supported ; more
good Callli? were at market, and more were sold at our
highesl (piolalions. We qnule the same as last week,
fiom ijo 111 5 75, extra al s>>.

Cows and Cati'es—We noliced sales at .<!|0, .«il5
two at 18, 21 , 23. two at 25. one at .«l2S 50 and one at §30.

Sheep — No sales noliced.

Swine — We noticed the sale of one entire lot of 100 at
5 cts. — .M retail, 5c. for sows and 6c. lor barrows.

Hay has risen in the Bosloa market lofrom 75 to SO cti
per cwt.

344^

M I S C E L, L, A N Y.

THE SPRING JOURNEY.

BY BISHOP HESER.

Oh green was the corn as I loJe on my way,
And bright were the dews on the blossojus of May>
Ami dark was the sycamore's shade to behold,
And the oak's tender leaf was of emerald anil gold.

The thrush from his holly, the lark from his cloud,
Their chorus of rapture sung jovial and loud ;
From the soft vernal sky to the soft grassy ground,
There was beauty above me, beneath, and around.

The mild southern breeze brought a shower from the

hill,
And yet, though it left me all dripping and chill,
I felt a new pleasure as onward I sped.
To gaze where the rainbow gleamed broad overhead.

" Oh such be life's journey, and such be our skill.
To lose in its blessings the sense of its ill I
Through sunshine and shower may our progress be

even.
And our tears add a charm to the prospect in heaven !

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

May 11, 1 S3 1.

T015.\CC0.

(Estr.ict fioiii Professnr Sriiart's Letter.)
'But I must retiini to myself, in order to answer
some of the inquiries wliieli you maUe resi|)ectii]g
the results of mj' own efturis to break off from
tobacco. After tbe convicfion wliicli ensued the
reading of Dr M'Allister, I thought it must be a
duly for nie once more to niake the elTort to break
off. Two things were aiid are clear to me; (1)
Tobacco, liuviug powerful and fatal ])ro|)ertie.s,
must, or at least may be, a dangerous tiling to
tamper witli ; or as Dr Mussey of Hanover
once told me, " It is not safe to play with edged
tools." (2) What other good can tobacco do, than
to gratily the senses .-' A thing which the sot and
the opium-eater can [ilead foi, and urge as a reas<jn
for cojitintiing their practices. I came therefore
to a resolution to desist. JJut how seemed to be
a question of more iiiiportain;e and difficulty, than
you will admit "^diu never, I suppose, have been
addicted to using tobacco. I bad seen veterans
in the use of it, sulTer seriotl.^ly in their healtli
and spirits, fiu' a lime, in consequence of abruptly
breaking off from it. The reason is obvious.
Their system had been brought, by long habit, to
discharge a great quantity of saliva fluid by tlie
mouth. When the occasion of doing this was
wholly removed, the whole system must mulergo
a change in its economj'. Sudden changeSj and
such great ones, they could not well bear. — Young-
er jiersons can endm'e tliem much better. 15iu
men of grey hairs should look well bow tliey make
sudden changes, in cases of sncli a nature.

" I thought it not safe to break off wbcdly at
once. But I did this ; I broke off until hanker-
ing became oppressive. I then procured some of
the most detestable tobiicco that it was possible to
find, and took some of it. It generally nauseated
me in a very short time ; and this was exactly what
I wanted. In this way, the appetite would occur
more seldom atid when it did occur, the gratifica-
tion of it would admit of but very little indulgence.
I cannot say that others need this gradual process ;
I hope they do not. I am sure that young persons,
and men, of robust health, do not need it. They
can break off at once without any danger, becatise
they can bear great changes. But veterans would
do well to take some precaution, when in a valetu-
dinarian state.

'It is impossible! fur those who have never used
tobacco, even to imagine the strength of the appe-
tite for it, when once fully formed. ] cannot stip-
pose that the thirst for ardent spirits exceeds it in
strength. But that it can be overcome, I do be-
lieve. My own case is yet too recent to boast of
it. My full persuasion is, that it is my duty to
break off. Occasiouiilly I am persecuted, even
now with the baiiefu'. appetite. But its |)ower is
evidently dnninished ; and if my reason remains,
it will never have tlie rule over me again.

'As to all those who use a little tobacco, I sup-
pose they are in the same plight with that in wlii. h
I have been myself. They do not use it, 1 suppose,
less than once a d ty ; and this was my orilinary
measui'e. That it has been mischievous to me,
I have not the least doubt, on looking back upon in}'
past experience. That it can in lu) ordinary case,
be |)ro|ier to use suck a powerful and dangerous
substance as a luxurtj, every candid man, it seems
to me, must feel inclined to adtnit. Of coiu'se
my miiul is fully made up to abandon it altogether.

Ingenuity Rewarded. — A Mr Reynolds, of Bristol,
R. I. lias invented, after much laborious research,
and under that worst of all discouragements to in-
genuous mechanics, poverty, a machine for manu-
facturing wrought nails. IMr R. under all his em-
barrassments, by the dint of study and perseverance,
has brought his machine to such perfection that it
will take from the rod and deliver 200 wiouglit nails
in a minute, superior in every respect to nails
wrought on the anvil. The ingenious inventor and
his associates have sold the e.xclusive right of the
machine to a company in Philadelphia, and have re-
ceived as a compensation the liberal sum of .'i; 100,000.

PiRON, the celebrated French satirist, was once
brought for some midnight frolic, before a Divisional
Commissionary of Police, who sternly asked him the
usual questions — his name, his profession, &c ; of
which he was no sooner informed than ho changed
his tone, and assuming a smiling countenance, said
— ' Ah ! Mr Pi RON', the poet — wo are all friends here ;
fori too have a brother who is a poet.' 'That is
very likely,' returned the satirist, ' for I also have a
brother who is an egregious block-head.'

Reason for Widowhood.— Mr Crotchet was left
a widower, with two children ; and, after the death
of his wife, so strong w'as his sense of the blessed
comfort she had been to him, that he determined
never to give any other woman an opportunity of ob-
literating the liappy recollection. — Cra(c/ifr« Cas-
tle.

It is said the Penacock Indians, who were a form-
idable tribe in this vicinity, used to predict the
weather from the movement of tho morning fog,
which usually passed off in the direction towards
the mountains. ' If (said they) the fcg goes a fish-
ing, we shall have fair weather ; but if it goes a
hunting look for a storm.' This saying is not uncom-
mon among the fishermen at the present day.

O.N Miss Long. — Slie was a beautiful young lady;
but so short, that she was when alive called the Pocket
Venus, or Love's Duodecimo. Her epitaph concluded,
alluding to her size :

Tllouirh long, yet shnrt ;
I'liiiugli short, yet prcrtif long.

Men are born with two eyes, but with one tongue,
in order that they should see twice as much as they
say ; but tiom their conduct one would suppose that
they were born with two tongues and one eye ;
for those talk the most who have observed the least.

In the morning think what thou hast to do; and
at night, ask tliyself what thou hast done.

Valuable and Cheap Land — for Sale. -

The subscriber oilers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice
Land, silualed in the lown of PincUney, counly of LewU
and state of New York. Some ol the land is improves
and under cultivation. The country is remaikably heal'
l.^i, being entirely bee bom the fever nnd at^ue and fron
llie common Itilious fe\'ers which often aillicl the townt
upon Lake Ontario, this lown being 18 miles east of th«
hike. The soil is principally a sandy loam, much ofi^
covered with rich black moidd. The timber is chieflj
Sugar ALiple, Ulack Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &c
The land yields first rale crops of Gras-:, Rye, Oats, Bar-
ley, Potatoes and Flax; and on some lots, good Whea'
ami Com may be grown. To those wisliing to obtain sil-
pel ior grazing fai'ins, a fine oppottunily now oilers itseH
The pioiluce of pasturage and hay from an acre of thi
l.iiid, is very large, fully equalling if no! sui passing thtt
liom the same quanlily of land in any other ol ihe Blac)
liiver lownsbips. The land is admiiahly well watered
there Ireiiig nut few lots which have not duiable runninj
streams upon them. The land is well adapted lo Orchard
iiig — Ihe Apple tree thriving very wtdl in thi:^ countf
Slock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi
ble Ijouble, and to the greatest advantage, Ihe droven
purchasing at the very doors ot Ihe farmers, and paying
the hishest cash prices for their callle, which will readil]
iiud purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far
mcrs at present residing on this town, were originalb
liom the New England Stales, and some of them froD
Massachusetts, who are in tluiving ciiTunislanres. Thi
above described land is olfered for sale at the very lov
pi ice of bom two dollars and a half to three dollars pe
acre, loi- the uncleared land, and bom Ihtee dollars and;
half to i\\'e dollars and a half lor the improved lots. Thi
lanti will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and b'om twi
lo five years' credit lor payment in annual iiisialmentE
will be given. As a furlher convenience to uurchasers
ihe subschber will receive in payment, Cattl ', Sheen
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he wij
allow the highest cash prices. The litle to Ihe land i
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given ti
pmchaseis. Persons desirous of pui chasing will plea*
to apply lo the subscriber, at Henderson Hailior, countj
nf Jefferson, Slate of New York, or to David Canfiel"^
E-q. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March i>. epl6t

i

.Immunition ,;-fQ

01 the test quality ai.d luwest prices, for sportine-
constanlly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE
b.5 Broad Street.

N. 15. If Ihe quality is not found sali factory, it mat
be returned, and tlie money will be refunded, tf Jan. '

Evergreens, Silver Firs, &,•€.
The subscriber being engaged in the See
business would be happy lo receive ordet
for Forest Trees, Seeils, and Evergreens fror
Maine, and being Agent for J. B. Ru9sel
_^_ Boston, and Prince S,- Sons, Flushing, N. Y
or.k■l^ sent through them or otherwise, will be atfende
lo without delay Particular directions for taking up an
packing is requested. WM. MANN.

Augusta, ,4/e., March 2(5. 6t

A list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, .^c, can b'
seen at the New Englaiul Farmer office.

— I -. — *^

Published every Wednesday Evening, at ^i per annuo,
payable at the end ol the year — but those who pay withi
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a d(
duction uflifty cents.

^^ No paper will be sent to a distance without paymel
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. RiissELL, by I. R. Butts — by whoi
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet til
wishes of customers. Orders lor printing received by J. 1
KussF.Li., at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 Norl
Market Street.

AGENTS.

Next) Ynrk — G.THor.BURN ifc Sons, G7 Liberty. street
Alhami — W'm. TnoKliUUN, 31-7 Market-street.
PliHadelphia— D. & C Lanoreth.SS Chestnul-slreet.
Bittlimoie — G. I«. Smith , Editor of ihe American Farmer.
Citn'ui'niti.S. C. Paukhukst, 23 Lower Markel-street.
Fiiisliins:. N. Y. Wi\i. Prince & Sons, Prop. Liu. Bol.Gardt
Harifortl — Gm>i)\\iN & Co. Booksellers.
IVewhurijport. Ebkne/er Stedhan, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland. Mi;. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
.lugusta. Mc. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller

%

:&mw ENGL.ANB FARMiSlf.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)-T. G. FESSENDEN^^ITOR^

VOI^. IX.

^"'^'BOSTOX, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 18, 1831.

NO. 4i.

(S(&sasawgii'Sii'^a@syQo

Tlie lolloiving arlicle was received soiiiO tiino since,
andshoul! li.ivo had an earlier insedion h.id it not been
misljid. ltaln)ears tobe llie pro.lnction of a practical
cultiVitoi: wlio lias tested his tlieories by actual experi -

ir.L;.t:_

■ kilK. Tt.'IE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

g^X'lUi: Cl^ Lt.URE OF INDIAN CORN.
•Tjl*fisri'"v*vWii I'liljicjitinn in your |ni|)i r, vol. i.\.
IJRisS, il^loi?' l'l_\ iiKiiuli, Cdii. Alai-cli 7, 1S3I,
^»Cii1.c-4^ m wliicli tlie \vritc;i- states liis metlioil
ijpwisitkg Ciini on green swarit, nnil lie |ilaiits no
'cr .Will corn. I understand liiiii tliat it is not
risil'ile to plant any 'itlier gioniKl wiili eorn. I
■ [i|ioscd to titis (ipinion for tlie following rea-
1 will endeavor to show the advantages,
ult from nut |ilaaliiig green sward with

plough an acre smooth, hy ploughing every furrow, \ clods, destitute of any kind of niiinure, and the
than cut new furrows, ami leave one half un- , corn is suhject to renewed colds from every rain-

ploughed : beside

with

the bant
the coil

ts being niuch harder for the! or dew; hence it raiinot thrive. On the other
team, it requires twice the attention in laying the j hand, if it be plou^'lied three inches deep, the
furrows i'ven, and there is the balk to ploiigb be- sward full of vegetable inanniv,
tween the row.^. The advantage in harrowing, ' dung, and the rubbish are ploughed
pulverising, levelling and lightening the cracks of will lay up light, ?iiid the si.n and air having their
the level-ploughed above die ridge-plonghed, 1 1 etfeet to the depth where the roots wi
consider very great. I had rather tend 4 acres
of the level than one of the ridge-plougbed. Mr

be found
most abundantly, and exactly in their ehinenls, not

■orir|» ^l^ptatoes are • phiuted on green

itSi'*<)i' no danger of worms inju- I ploughing.

4'

B. says bis neighbor almost lost his crop, 15i)!
this must have been because be did not plough
right, not because he did not ridge up his ground. -

In ploughing most level ground for tillage, be
sure to plough in a direction to drain, and in small
lauds.

The ordinary mode of tilling low level land

with corn is to enter on one side, and plough a

large flat land ; having no reference to draining

it, and paying little or noattenlitm to the depth of

e is litl^foi' no danger of worms inju- I ploughing. • Consequently in this moist and soft

and if well managed, the crop is likely j ground it is ploughed one foot deep. If the inan-

tlie second year. The ground of ure is spread and piouglied in, without any addition,

say ten fifiy-lnishel cart loads, the probable crop,
with good attendance is ten bushels of eorn to the
acre. .If four loads of old yard manure is put in
the liills in aildilion, it is twenty bushels. It is
seen that I allow hut little in this mode of tillage.
Hut my experience teaches me that it is full enough.
Now this seems to be discouraging in tilling low
ground with corn. But I tell you not to ho dis-
eouraged ; I am sure those soils are the richest on
our farms, and they ran be improved so as to ]na-
duce the most corn as well as most other vcgeta-

ro bij,

coursijwill be more clear, and better worked over,

lliap bylillage for corn. The ground after the

M tops are tukeu away f )r manure, is free

] obstructions for cross-pbuighing and mixing,

janil with common ustiire well tilted for a crop of

I corn, without the least hazard of being injured by

!tlie grub worm, which too often disappoints the

farmer of his crop. It is certain that corn will
;grow well after potatoes, though they are very
' (Ill'cl:-:iS3-"-' ''"-' growlli of many vegut-diles. By

planting corn after potatoes the farmer obtains
1 not ojily a more sure but a much larger crop oWbleg. Cart on the ten loads of good manure, and

c^ruyand afterwards much better v.heat and grass.'
Mr B. states that he feeds bis ground iiitended
t for corn as close as 'jjqssible. Foj|lhis he gives
no reason; hut I fn'ink there is great reason
against it. I am confident t^e is great benefit
derived from iiloughiitg in v^Biable substances,
and especially if green. I have known good crops
of corn without any manure^ except those sub-
stances ploughed in. In oiil instance I doubled
my crop, side by side, hy ploughing one piece a
uionth later than the other, from the benefit of
green vegetable inanur

spread it even. Plough with a sharp plough
with a foot, as we call it, for a guage on the
beam ; it is far preferable to a roller, as it levels
off small jirotuherances, instead of jumbling
over them like a roller. Plough this ground
in small lands, in a direetion to drain 6 inches
deep. Tend it well, and the inobable crop is 40
husliels. Add four loads of manure, and put it
in the bill, and the crop will be fifty bushels. Now
thwe is encouragement. But plough the ground
with the same apparatus in the same direetion
and the same manure, three inches ileep, with

Mr B. says he spreads his manure and ploughs , the same good attendance, and the probable crop
his ground into ridges, leaving a path between ' is 80 bushels per acre. In this last mode of till-
tlie ridges nnplonghcd. I observed his manure age it is improper to put manure in hills. And if
has been spreujcl from before ploughing until hoeing ' the four loads or more be added and spread care-
on the surface, livery g«o^l farmer knows that it fully on sward, and ploughed smoothly in and
has thps been exposed, by evaporation, the effects ' carefully harrowed lengthwise witli the furrow, so
of sun, au; &c, to a great loss of virtue. At the that you turn back no turf and the whole attendance
first hoeiiTg, Mr B. ploughs or breaks np his balk, be good, you may reasonably expect 100 bushels,
and if tough, he admits it to be hard hoeing. I , common evils excepted. I will observe that these
presume it is; I have tried a small sample in a sini- , remarks are founded on experience, and not on
ilar way, and found it very hard tending my corn. ' theory. This last mode I mueli prefer to all
MrB. states that one of his neighbors tried a level 'that I have heard of or tried, and I have tried all
moist piece of ground in Mr Phinney's mode and which promised the least siiccess.3
it being a wet season he nearly lost his crop, j I will briefiy explain the causes of these differ-
Thus it is seen that Mr B.'s advice is altogether in ent products. In the first and ordinary mode,
favcr of ridge ploughing even of green sward for | the sward that is full and warm with vegetable
s crop of Indian Corn. I will endeavor to show manure is turned below the reach of the corn
more plainly the advantages of level ploughing

In the first place it is presumed that the manure
in either cases is equal, and the labor of getting it

roots, especially as they run shoal on this wet
ground, and if manure is in the hill it will spring

a little from the effects of it. But there is noth-

onand spreading it the same. Now I had rather iing else to feed the corn, but the wet, cold, naked

suffering from thought nor w<-t, will thrive beyond
conception. This is the ground and the mode of
tillage,,tlint I shall principally pursue the coming
season."

I choose to plant my rows across the lands and
furrow, and as the sward rots, a light harrow has
a good effect. I plant in a ilrill, made by a large
tooth in a light horse harrow or a machine for
that purpose. Th 'le can bo no ploughiin; among
this corn, nor any hill made.

I planted high ground last season, and to guard
against drought, and to have my ground well pre-
pared to sow winter rye I made my drills 7J
feet apait, and dropped my corn, single kernels
4 inches apart in the dull. A part of it was 3
keriicls together, one foot in the drills. One object
in tilling this ground in this manner was to have
it well pre|)ared to harrow into it winter rye, at
any time when 1 might thiidv proper, without any
other expense. I worked my ground so constan lly
wilh harrow, plough, &c, drawn by a horse, as
to keep it perfectly clear and mellow, sung up to my
corn, n.sing the hoe only to clear the weeds round
the roots nl the corn. By this tilUi my ground
was ke])t in tlie most perfect and beauiilul order
that can I)e conceived and without a single cent's
cost for the next crop. And I found no obstruc-
tion ill getting in my rye while the corn was oa
the ground.

I will ob.serve that I have not owned this ground
long, before 1 tell you that it is nuich worn down
by too frequent tillage. Consequently I could not
expect a great cro|), especially as I put only 2
loads of barn yard manure per acre. This was
strewed in the drills, after rlropping the corn. My
crop exceeded my exiJectation. 1 expected only
•200 bushels, but gathered 300 from about 12
acres. This mode of husbandry is somewhat
new to me. I shall leave it for the reader to
judge for himself the advantage. On my low ground
I shall drill for my rows 4 or 5 feet distance, as
the land will he much higher manured and not
liable to drought. I am sensible that I get more
corn from drill than hill planting. But I will give
one hint to those wlio I'or any reason plant in
hills. A general, if not universal opinimi pre-
vails that the seed corn should be spread in the
hills, and much pains is taken consequently to
spread it, and this they say they know to be thtt
best method for a cr^ p. They tell me the corn
comes up when alone much stronger and stnhbed-
er, shoots out, and far outgrows that which
comes np together. This is true as far as res-
pects the better appearance of the corn, when
young. But this is not all which should he con-
sidered in a crop. The object should he to grow
tli3 most corn on the same ground. To convince
farmers to change their practice and to ]dant their
seed as nigh together as possible, they will be

346

benefitted from less labor ami a much better
croi), I fitted a piece of ground as equally as I
could and well for a crop of corn, with old dung
in the liills. I fixed a machine with five ti-ee nails,
in nn even circumference, eiglit inches diameter
and stamjicd a number of rows, after heing levelled,

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

In this way I have known great crops raised on
green sward ground, where the soil was a sandy
loam, but mostly sand.' This writer and many
others, recommend a cro|) of potatoes as pre-
paratory to that of corn. E. Phiiiney, Esq. has
been very successful in raising corn on green sward.

May 18, ISSl,

sandy and clay soils should merely be turned over,
in ii flat furrow, and not afterwards ploughed so
deep as to break the furrow. For clay, if mel-
lowed too much will become mortar in wet weath-
er and bake in dry, and the sand will becotne too
loose to support vegetation. Memoirs of A". Y.
Board of ^OgricuUure, vol. ii.p. 20.

3 Although such shallow tillage is contrary to the
theory and practice of most cultivators, it is not
witiiout precedent. Earl Stimson, a celebrated

and planted my SI ed carefully in them. I took j and his methods of culture are described pages
a staff and made one hole iu a place, in rows 22G, 266, of the current volume of the N. E. Far-
fitted in the same manner by their side. Tlieitner.

appearance of the corn planted by single kernels j „ ^y|j|^ regard to ridge ploughing, the fol-
was far before the other while young. I am posi-: i^^ing appeals to us to be correct. ' When there is
tive that every plant luul from two to four shoots 1 ^.^,^gg,, ,o ap|,rebend that the ground will i)rove too
each ; and 1 am as positive that tlicre was not one j ^^^^.^^ f^^. ^^^-^ ,.|.,,p^ j^ ^^j,, [^^ advisable to plough
on one stalk of the other; and they also apjieared I j^j|j^yii.ji.|.^^yi.jj,„gg^ and seed each ri.lge with
much slimmer. It is.easy to conceive that the single j ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^,^ ^^^^^ ^^ gl^.^], ,,g ^^^^^^ convenient. But
planted was vastly harder to tend. This ground
was warm and fair for a crop. As the season ad-
vanced, and becenie hot and dry, the single plan-
ted began to stop growing, while the others ap-
peared to suffer for nothing, and throve beyond ac-
count compared with the single kernel planted,
as that was very bushy, and so affected by drought
that it produced but small ears, whereas the other
liad fidl, large ears. I weighed the corn in baskets
when harvested before husked, and fouiid twice
the weight from that planted together, and be-
lieve there was more difference when shelled.
Since that experiment I have taken care to plant
my corn, that I plant in hills, as close together as
possible. The reasons I give for this great differ-
ence in produce from the different modes of jdan-

ting are, that corn requires a free circidalion of air,
and a good exposure of the earth to the sun, and

a good unobstructed space for tlie root ; and

lastly, not to be over stocked wiih any kind of

of vegetable, of which corn-shoots are the

worst.'* ,

I feel unwilling to leave this subject until I have

given a full exposiwc of erroneous opinions and

practices that in-evail. A neighbor set out with

a full determination to get a premium. His farm

was under the higliest cultivation ; he was in the

habit of procuring great quantities of manure and

using it freely. In this way he prepared 3 acres of

his best ground, and had given out word, with

the greatest confidence, that he should got the

premium on corn, lie considered that his ground

was as good as any in the country and he was

confident no one would manure as higli as he

would, and of course his ground ought to be seede.l

high. lie also gave his corn the best of attend-
ance. It throve wonderfully, it was a show, and

he appeared to take great pride and satisfaction

in it. It grew so high ami slender withal, that

it could not well su[)|)ort itself. The result was

that at harvesting lie received only five bushels

per acre. A. R.

Portsmouth, JV. H. .'Ipril 11, 1831.

orticulture.

Proceedings of the .MassctcJiusells Korlicultura,

Society, at a meeting held at the Hall of the lastitu

tion, on the Mth of April, 1831.

William D. Hammonil, Esq. presented the frui
of the Custard .'\pple, or Sour-sop, [Aunona Mu
ricata,] which be brought from one of the Wes
India islands, and the seeds were distributee
among the members.

This fruit is much esteemed by the inhahitanli
of the tropics ; being considered cooling am
wholesome, and is often given to sick persons.

The tree is middle sized, rarely above twelvi
or fourteen feet high, and never above twen
ty. Leaves oval, lanceolate, smooth and acute
fruit, nearly double the size of the largest pear
heart shaped and slightly curved ; skin greenisi
yellow, and covered with s|)iiies, or muricates
flesh a wliite pulp, filled with many largo flat ova
seeds, of a chesnnt color ; petals ovate, the interi
or ones ohtiis:!, shorter. The smell and taste o
the fruit, flowers and whole plant rrscmblo ven
much, those of Black Currants. The tree wa!
cultivaled in England as early as 1656 by Tra
descant, and is now prop igated with great care

eceived from Doct. S. C
llildreth of Marietta in the stale of Ohio. Sei
his letter in the N. E. Farmer of March 23d.

ORNAMEiNTAI. FoHEST TrEES.

NOTKS EV THE EDITOR.

1 Dr Deane, in his N. E. Farmer, expressed
opinions similar to those of our correspondent wiih
regard to the inexfiedience as a general rule of

agriculturist of Saratoga County, N. Y. raised | by such gentlemen as have a|)propriate stove:
very great crops by ploughing but 3 inches in i for raising the tropical plants. They are consid
depth. In an address delivereil before the Sara- ercd nn interesting tree, from the beauty of thi
toga Agricultural Society [re-i)ublislied in the N. i leaves.

E. Farmer, vol. v. ]). 224, 252,] he gives the de- The seeds and scions described in the follow,
tails of his mode of culture for Indian corn, andjini catalogue, were
other crops, and remarks, shallow ploughing and
the ai)prication of manure to the surface is con-
trary to the common theory, as it is contended
by some writers that the manure loses its strength
by evaporation, when so much exposed to the
sun. There may be some loss by the exposure,
but not so nuich as there is by ploughing it in
deep. I slioidd always wish, however, that the
manure after being si)read from tho wagon might
be immediately mixed with about one inch of
the surface either with the plough or harrow after
rolling, as the ilecoinposition is nuicli quicker when
it comes in contact with the soil, and in this situ-
ation it becomes a better conductor of tho vege-
table elements to tho plant. Keeping the vegeta-
ble mouhl as near the surface as possible, I have
found not only a great preservation to the plant
against frost, heavy rains and severe droug-hts, but
the sod below absorbs the wash of the manure,
and thus prepares it well, when turned back, fur
the next crop. As our now lands are much surer
for and more productive of crops, where the veg-
etable mould is all on the surface, the nearer I ap-
proach the same principle in cultivating the soil,
the better I succeed in raising crops. I have re-
ceived more benefit from three loads of manure
applied as above than frotii five, when ploughed
iu doej).'

"' In an a[)le essay on the culture of Indian
eorn, by S. W. Pomeroy, re-published in the N.

l)lanting corn on sward land ; and says ' it is apt to I E. Farmer, that gentleman observes, ' I think
be too backward in its growth and not to ripen I four stalks together afford support to each other
well. But if wo do it ou such lojul, the iioles | against winds and are not so apt to send up suck-
should be made quite through the furrows, and
dung put into the holes. If tliis caution be not
ob.served, tho crops will be uneven, as the roots in
some places where the furrows are thickest will
have hut little benefit by tlie rotting of the sward.
— But if the Iir>lc3 lie made through, the roots will
be fed will) both fixed and putrid air, supplied by
tlie (ermentatiou of the grass roots of the tiiri".

ers as when single, and there may be some sd-
vantagc by concentrating the manure, in forward-
ing the young jilants during the cold season,
which we frequently have in June.' Judge Duel
likewise says 'Plant your corn in hills. The dis-
tance will depend on the kind of seed and strength
of the ground' &c, see page 326, our current vol-
ume.

'%

No. 1. Magnolia Acuminata. N. B. These seeds mus
be cleansed from the oily pulp, by ashes and sci aping, be
fore pliinling.

2. Magnolia tripetata ; from Fishing creek, Va. fou
miles from the Oliio river, and forty from Marietta.

3. Bi2;nonia catalpa. One of the most l)eautifal orna
mental trees, when loaded with its large clusters of ricl
flowers; very hardy and easily cultivated.

4. Liriodendron tulipifera.

5. Gymnocladus ohioensis ; coffee nut tree, or maho
gany tree.

G. Celtis occidenlalis ; {Hackbcrrtj.) Fruit hanginj
on tlie free nearly all the winter. ^

7. Juuiperus virginianus. (Red cedar;) growing inos^
ly in rocky precipices.

8. Acer s.ieuh.irinum ; a very beautiful shade tree — tfil
(oliage of the deepest green, and putting out early il
the season.

9. Gieditschia triacanthos.
OniV.VMEjfTAi. Shrubs and small treeh.

10. Circis oliioensis, (Red bud;) a very beautllu
flowering tree, or large shruh — blooming at tlio same tinM
with the Cornus Florida, and viUbrding a delightful com
trast to the pure white of tlic latter.

11- Cornus florida ; white blossomed.

12. Col nus florida ; red blossomed,

1.3. Eiionynius atropurpureus ; (Burning Bush, M^
dian arrow-toaod :) a beautiful shrub for borders, the
filled with red beriies in the midst of winter.

14. Fra-tinusaromaticus. (Srveet scented tish;) b\ossomi
very fragrant. A moderate .sized shrub, fit for borders-
Root aromatic and bitter, good in dyspepsia, and vveakoefli
of the stomach.

1.5. Acer regundo. {Box-elder;) Seeds of a small ep«-
cies of raajde ; suitable for yards and borders.

16. Hamanielis virginica ; (Witch hazte;) pale yeltowj
blossoms, flowering in November, and aflording the singu-
lar anomaly of flowers and fruit at the same time — alargej
shrub, suitable for door yards and parks.

17. Stapliylea tiifolia, or bladder nut; with pale y«f-
low flowers in spring, and in autumn the branches filled
with beaulifiilly inflated capsules; 2 variefies — a shrub.
Cor 8 feet liigh.

18. Dirca palustris ; a beautiful shrub, growing in •
nwist, rich soil, northern exposure — and bearing a proft>^
sion of yellow flowers.

19. Genista americana ; (jlmcrican Broom;) a pretlji
shrub, bearing a profusion of yellow flowers.

Vol. IX.— No. 44.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

347

Fruit bearing trees.

20. Juglans alba, or SheWark Hichoii/ ofOliio. These
re of the common size, ami well worth culliv utini;.

21. Julians nigra. This tree in the i-icii liottoms, is
mietiincs six feet in diameter, at the lower end, and al-
lios the height ofl^O or 100 feet.

22. Quercus lyrata, or (over cup oak;) growing on the
aoks of tlie Ohio and Mississippi rivers, but llourishes

Veil on diy uplands ; timber valuable for po-ts, &c.

23. Uyo?porus americana, (.imerican Date.)

24. Anona glabra (custard apple.)

2."i. Chickasaw Plum, a very superior one, from Gran-
ule. Ohio.

2t<- Crab apple. Seeds of the indigenous crab apple —
ell worth cultivating, for the delicious fragrance and
:aul\ of its flowers.

Vi.vEs AND Creepers.

25. Parilla lutea. Seeds of the yellow PariUa. a pe-
i.'nnial vine, bearing large clusters of purple berries, like
rapes, and hanging on the vine through the winter.
ea\ es large and heart shaped.

29. Ra^a niullitlora, ohioensis ; producing a profusion
/blossoms, of three shatles on the same cluster ; one stem
;jing sutficient to cover the iVont of a large house.
^ 30. Celastris scandens; a climbing plant ; pretty in a
)rdcr of shrubbery.

81. Bignonia ndicans ; very common in our rich bot-
-ras, and aflording a profusion of tiowers from May to
sptcmber.

N-attve Flower Seeds.

32. Blue Perennial Aster.

33. Seeds of an indigenous Red Lily. The stem from
hich these seeds were gathered, was 9 feet high, bearing
profusion of llowers — 37 having been counted on one
em ; requires a rich, moist soil, and a little shelter from
lesun.

34. A variety of anemone.

35. Button Snakeroot.

36. Indigenous Dracocephalus ; from the hills near
"arietta.

3". Flos adonis ; perennial — requiring a shady situation ;
ilor a rich azure ; in October.

38. Asclepias tuberosn. Not inferior to any exotic, for
^autv and permanency of flowers.

39. Giilenia trifoliata. American Ipecacuana.

.40. Cassia marilandica; common in the river bottoms
|ld rich hill sides.

' Seeds from mv G.^rdex.

'41 — 12. Seeds of the Crown Imperial, red and yellow
i*aised in my garden. An ingenious gardener may
rhaps raise ^'om them some new varieties of this su-
rb flower.

43. Purple Dahlia ; raised in my garden.

44. Scarlet Dahlia. Seeds of a fine scarlet Dahlia ;
>m Biy garden.

45. Seeds of a fine Water Melon, called the ' Ice-rind.'

46. Ohio, flat, sweet Pumpkin — Flesh five inches
ck ; superior for pies.

47. Sweet Potato Squash; to be cut in pieces and
ked, with the cuticle on like a sweet potato.

48. Extra Early Corn ; from the Mandan villages on
'3 Missouri river; fit for eating the last of June in this
^mate if planted early.

Twelve Varieties of Pe.^ch Stones,
luted from our best fruit, and ripening at different

periods.
No. 1. Large white freestone Peach — ripe in Sep-
niber.

2. Blood Peach clingstone ; medium size — ripe last of
ptember.

3. Portugal Peach ; a large white chngstone, remark-
ly rich and juicy — ripe in October.

4. Large red and white free stone Peach ; very rich
d juicy, weijhing from C to 11 ounces — ripe first Sep-
nber,a seedling from mv garden.

5. Red and orange free stone ; very beautiful — ripe
3 last of September.

6. Large yellow free stone ; a very superior Peach —
■e ia August.

7. Large yellow free stone Peach — ripe first Septem-
r.

d. Large red clingstone Peach ; weighing from 6 to 8
ncea — very beautiful.

9. Red rareripe Peach — ripe in July.

10. White Peach; (free,) — ripe in August; a Tory
iuiiful Peach, producing white blossoms like a plum.

11. Yellow rareripe Peach — ripe in July; a very fine
ach.

12. Fine Peaches, not named — Free stones.

Ome specime.v or our common xikld Corn.

Thirteen seedling apples, scions of which
ark put up a.nd numbered, as follows:

No. 1. A yellow apple, above medium size ; a regular
bearer ; ripo in March and .\piil, brrl will keep .sound un-
til July — ajriicy, plea-ant apple, fcir eating or for pies.

This Icf^iiiue is extensively cullivntcd by the
Dutch niid Cienrrnns, and is cslceincd as one of
tlioir most valuahle cdilrle vegetables. They are
only eaten when ripe and are ])reserved as a sub-

•J. A deep and br illiant red, striped and spotted with stilule for dry pe.is and beans
whrle. Skin smooth and glossy ; flesh white, tinged with I The Lentils of E
red ; juice lively anil aromatic — a fine eating apple ; ripe
in October, but keeps till Januar-y — grew in the orchar-d
ol Mons. Thierry, an emigrant from Paris, in tjie early
scltlcincnt of this place.

3. Pale led and yellow, flesh yellow, tender, rich and
picy — a great and constant bea'rer ; fit for the table in

entils of Egypt were liighly valued by
the ancients, and are often mentioned in the Bible.
Doct. Sliaw says ' those of Alexandria are jiar-
tictilarly valiinble, and are the [iriiicipal food of
persons of all dislinclions ; they are stewed with

October, but will keep with care till January ; a large I ""' '''^solving easily into a mass ^and making a

and superior apple for eating. " ] pottage of a chocolate color. This we find was the

4. A large red apple; ripe in October, but will keep | " red pottage," uhicli Esau, fioin tlience called

unlrl Dece.rrber-aood for eatiriger cooking. It h.as iVom, exchanged for his birth-right.' 'When
been named bv the familv of Mc.\llisters, who raised the ' ,» ., ,, , . 5. , . ,1. , •

tree, the ' Lafayette apple.' 1 U^^'d was come to itlulranainr, !?lrol)i, Alachir

5 Medium size, red and orange colored, flesh pale ' "'"J l^'i'''-'"'>' '"'O'tSl't '""i '^"''''1 "'"Ot'S 'lie vari-
ycllow, juicy and sprightly — keeps till late in the spring ; ' 1
good for- catin<j or cooking. — From .Mr .VidJhswart.

fi. A mottled and marbled appearance, dark mixed ;
juice very sweet; medium size, flat — fine for baking

miking preserves ; keeps sound until spring. — Front do.

7. A large and yellow apple, of the most brilliant and
beaulifirl appearance ; a great and constant bearer — su-
perior for culinary purposes, and a tolerable table apple ;
keeps tillJanuary. — From .Mr Jennings.

^. .\ very beautiful apple; spotted on the sunny side
liki- a leopard, red and yellow spots ; medium size ; flesh
while, juice r-ather acid ;. keeps well, but more valued for
its striking beauty, than excellent qualities. — Fioni do.

9 .\ large, well fornred apple, highly tinged with red ;
flesh white, rich and fine flavored ; ripens in October, but
will keep till November or December. — From .Mr Gates

10. A gooil sized apple; yellow when ripe, with a rus-
set cheek ; flesh, juicy, aromatic and breaking, and to
my taste one of the very best table apples ; shaped like a
lemon, and by me named the Lemon Pippin; a wreat
anil constant bearer ; keeps till January ; raised in the
orchard of Mr-s Cook.

11. A seedling from the ' Cooper apple ;' a fine large
apple, often weighirg a pound ; one of the most rich, fine
flavored, and aromatic apples in the country ; in e.itino-
from October to January. External appearance like that
of No. 9. — From the orchard of .Mr Cole.

12. A fine large sweet apple — striped with bright red,
a little more oblong than No. 7 ; ripe in October and
November, a great and constant bearer ; very fine for
baking. The tree stands by the side of No. 7, and as
the fririt fills on the ground, and intermixes fi-om the
two trees, it requires a careful scrutiny to distinguish the
sweet from the sour*. — From Mr Jennings.

13. A large apple, neatly the size of No. 4, in the
painted specimens ; color not so deeji ; mere flat ; ripe in
October — a superior apple for eating or culinary purposes.

14. Cuttings of a wild plum; ripe in September.

15. Cuttings of a native Gooseberry ; fruit covered
with spicula; very hardy and suitable for tarts, hut not
good for eating.

16. Culljngs of a native grape ; growing on the hills in
a poor clayey soil, producing its frrrit near the ground,
being a small vine compared with the fox grape ; it
makes a very rich wine.

17. Burlingame pear cuttings.

18. Native crab apple scions ; blossoms of the most de-
licious fragrance.

Also, 4 varieties of Peach cuttings— seedlrnss.

Drawings, done in oil, of ten of the apples are packed in
the box, with a basket of Ohio fruit, grown last autumn,
and painted by Mr Bosworth, of Marietta.

N. B. — The drawings of the apples arc numbered on
the back of the piece, opposite the fruit represented ; and
corresponding numbers are attached to the bundles of
scions.

Attached to each bundle of Seeds, is a written descrip-
tion of the plant, its blossoms, habit, &c. or something
relating to its qualities, which may be useful to the cul-
tivator. [Published in preceding column.]

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society he
[jresented to Doct. S. C. Hildretb, for the valua-
ble present of seeds and scions, anil drawings of
several kinds of Ohio fruits which lie has so lib-
erally transmitted.

Z. Cook, Jr. Esq. first Vice President, pre-
sented scions of several valuable fruits.

Doct. Francis Lieber presented a package of
Lentils, which w here raised in Germany.

oris articles of food, wliich were furnished to his
weary and thirsty people in the wilder-

himgry,
ness.

Doct. TJeber has kindly |)romised to furnish the
Gcrm;in recipe forcookiug tlieiri,when it wHI be
published in the New England Farmer.

Ilcsolred, That the thanks of the society be
presented to Doct. Francis Lieber for the addi-
tion he has made to our varieties of pulse.

The following letter from Admiral Sir Isaac
Coflin was read by the President of the Society.

Pliiladelplilu, M.iy 3, I83I.
Sir — I should long since have replied to your
kind commriiiication of the 6th of last December,
had not the gout disabled my right hand.

I am truly sensible of this additional mark of
attention my countrymen have been pleased to pay
me, and on all occasions as far as my jroor abilities
will allow shall be most happy to contribute to the
advancement of horticiiltiirul knowledge in that
part of the Uniterl States most dear to me.

I must take occasion to observe, which yo»i can
communiciite to the parties most interested, that
I have no druibt the ravages annually committed
by fiost on our Lsljinds in Hostoii IL-irbor and not
the sea, may he easily ami successfully arrested by
planting hardy trees of the Pinaslre tribe facing
the sea on Deer Island, Long Island and George's
Island.

1 have the honor to be, Sir,

Your humble servant^

Isaac Coffi.x,
Gen. H. .4. S. Dearborn, Admiral.

rr.'S. Mnss. Ilorl. Focielj'.

Clark's Patent Wagon continues the transporta-
tion service between Boston and Montpelier, and is
approved by the driver. It started from Boston on
Saturday, with a cargo of four tons, which was
drawn over our pavement with case and at good
speed by two horses, the driver sitting on the wagon
with long reins. The wheels are seven feet in di-
ameter, each wheel acting on a short and separate
a.xle established outside of the wagon. The wagon
is thus permitted to hang low between the wheels,
and is loaded with peculiar convenience. The ac-
cident of upsetting, which sometimes occurs toother
wagons, can hardly happen to this.

Population. — A list has been published in many
of the papers purporting to contain the names of the
towns in the United States, of more than 5000 in-
habitants, with their population. This list is quite
imperfect, and the statement of population incorrect.
Three towns in this State, of over 5000 inhabitants,
each, are omitted, viz. Gloucester, which has 7513,
Nantucket 720-2, and Middleborough 5008. There
are 15 towns of this class in Massachusetts.

The late Hon. James Lloyd bequeathed $5,000
each to the Asylum for Indigent Boys, and to the
Fenjale Orphan Asylum, of Bostoa.

Il<

NEW ENGl.AND FARMEll,

Mav 18, 1831

TilE PLKASURKSOF A GARDEN.

Not lie alone, rcmaiksa celebrated iiioriiiist, is
to be esteemed a lieMefnctor to iiiaiikiiul, who
makes a useful discoveiy ; but he also, who can
point out and recoiiunend an innocent pleasure,
friendly alike to morals and to health. Of this kind
are our emotions arising from the observation of
nature ; and they are highly agreeable to every
taste uueorrupted by vicious indulgence.

Rural scenes, of almost every Uiiul, are delight-
ful to the mind of man. The verdant [ilain, the
flowery mead, the meandering stream, the playful
lamb, the warbling of birds, are all capable of
exciting emotions gently agreeable. But the
misfortune is, that the greater number of us are
hurried on in the career of life, with too great
rapidity, to be able to give attention to that which
solicits no passion. The darkest habitation in the
dirtiest street of the city, wliere money can be
earned, has greater charms, with many, than all
the freshness and luxuriance of an Itahan land-
scape. Yet the patroti of refined jileasure, the
elegant Epicurus, fixed the seat of his enjoyment
in a garden. He thought a tranrpiil S])ot, funfish-
ed with the united sweets of art and nature, the
best adapted to delicate repose : and even the
severe phi!os<i|diers of antiquity, were wont to
discourse in the shade of a spreading tree, in some
cultivated plantation.

It is obvious, on intuition, that nature often in-
tended solely to please the eye in her vegetable
productions. She decorates the floweret that
springs beneath our feet, in all the perfection of
external beauty. She has clothed the garden
with a constant succession of various hues. Even
the leaves of the tree undergo pleasing vicissi-
tudes. The fresh verdure they exhiliit in the
Spring, the varioiissbades they assume in Summer,
the yellow and russet tinge of Autimiu, and the
nakedness of Winter, afford a constant pleasure
to a mind enamored with the |)'.cturesque. From
the snow-drop to the moss-rose, the flower-garden
displays an infinite variety of shape and color.
The taste of the florist has been ridiculed as tri-
fling ; yet surely without reason. Did nature bring
forth the tulip and the lily, the rose and the honey-
suckle, to be neglecteil by the haughty i)retenuer
to superior reason? To omit a single social duty
for the cultivation of a polyanthus, were ridiculous,
as well as criminal ; but to jjass by the beauties
lavished before us, without observing them, is no
less ingratitude than stupidity. A bad heart finds
little amusement but in a comnuniication with the
active world, where scope is given for the indul-
gence of malignant passions •, but an amiable dis-
position is commonly known by a taste for the
beauties of the animal and vegetable creation.

Among the em])loyments suitable to old age,
Cicero has enmnerated the earc of a garden.
It requires no great exertion of mind or body : and
its satisfactions are of that kind which please
without agitation. Its beneficial influence on
health, is an additional reason for an attention to
it at an age when infirmities abound. In almost
every descri|>tion of the seals of the blessed,
ideas of a garden seems to have predominated.
The word Paradise itself, is synonymons with
garden. The fields of Elysium, that sweet region
of poesy, are adorned by the ancient writers with

represents the hajipy pair engaged in cultivating
their blissful tdiode. Pope also was distinguished
for his love and taste for gardening ; according to
Warton, the enchanting art of modern gardening,
for which Great Britain is deservedly celebrated,
chiefly owes its origin and its improvements to the
two last named poets, Slilton and Pope. Lucan
is re|)re*ented by Juvenal as reposing in his gar-
den. Virgil's Georgirs prove him to have been
captivated with rural scenes, though, to the sur-
prise of his readers, he has not assigned a bonk to
the subject of a garden. Shenstoue made garden-
ing his study ; but with all his taste and fondness
for it, he was not liapjjy in it. The captivating
scenes which he created at the Leasowes, afforded
liim, it is said, little pleasure in the absence of spec-
tators. The truth is, he made the embelHshment
of his grounds, wliich should have been the amuse-
ment of his life, the business of it ; and involved
himselfin such troubles, by the expenses it occasion-
ed, as necessarily excluded tranquil enjoyment.

It is the lot of few to possess lanil so extensive
and well adapted as his, to constitute an ornamen-
tal farm. Still fewer are capable of supporting
the ex|ienso of preserving it in good condiiion.
But let not the rich suppose they have ap|nopria(ed
to themselves the ])leasures of a garden. The
possessor of an acre, aye, even of a few rods of
ground, may receive a real pleasure from observing
the progress of vegetation, even in a culinary plant.
A very limited tract, jiroperly attended to, will
furnish ample and pleasing employment for an
individual during those hours not necessarily devo-
ted to the calls of business or of duty. The op-
erations of grafting, of inoculating, and of trans-
planting, are curious experiments in natural phi-
losophy, which may be carried on even in a garden
of contracted dimensions; and that they are pleas-
ing as well as curious, those can testify who re-
member what they have felt oil seeing their at-
tempts succeed. ' Amusement reigns,' says Dr
Young, ' man's great demand.' Happy were it,
if the amusement of managing a garden were
more generally relished. It would surely be
more conducive to health, and the iireservation of
our faculties to extreme old age, were that time,
whi h is now devoted to indolence or to trifling
or vicious in-door amusements, orwhicii is wasted
in bacchanalian festivity, spent in the open air, and
in active employment — in other words, in the
cultivation of a Garden. — Journal of Health.

drill, and you will have potatoes earlier and of a
larger size than in any other way. The time of pre-
paring the hot bed and of setting out tlio plants
will vary according to the time when the last frosts
are e.xpected, and according to the care taken to
protect the plants after tliey are set out.

The writer of the above has made the experiment
three years in succession with uniformly pleasing
results. Tlie potatoes where what are called in
Penns'ylvania, llerccr or Neslianock; any other ear-
ly kind may answer as well. The same kind of
potatoes were planted at the time the parings
were placed in the forcing bed, in the ordinary
way by cutting and whole, and those from the par-
ings were earlier and larger than those raised in .
tiie common way. From experience he is satis-j
fied that it is useless if not injurious to planl^
more of tlie old potato than is sufficient to cause
the bud to germinate.

Tiie greater part of the potato usually planted
may thus be saved and used for the cattle. It is
nevertheless Ihouglit important to select the larges'
and most perfectly formed potatoes for seed, be-
cause they v.ill afford parings suitable for planting,
and will probably improve the stock, which wil!
degenerate if small and deformed ones are usee
for seed.

Princeton, (.V. J.) Feb. 1st, 1S31.

From the New York Farmer.

AN ECONOanCAL METHOD OF RAISING
EARLY POTATOES.

In the month of February and the first part of
March, let the potatoes intended for family use be
pared somewhat deeper than usual. — Save the par-
ings by spreadiag them on the cellar floor, or any
other place wliere they will not freeze or dry up.
About tlic 20th of Marcii prepare a hot or forcing
bed in the ordinary way with fresh stable manure.
Spread over the manure an inch or two of sand,
or light earth ; then lay your potato parings with
the skin up close to each other, so that the whole
forcing bed may be covered, and cover the parings
with light earth two inches deep. Water the bed
frequently, and protect it from the frost by cover-
ing with mats or straw when necessary, and let it

all that imagination can conceive to be in this way j bo exposed to the sun and air in moderate woath-
delightful. Poets have always been charmed with j er. When the plants arc two or three inches high,
the beauties of n garden. Some of the most j transplant them into rows or drills two and a half
pleasing passages of Milton, are those in which he | feet apart, and ten inches from each other in the

PLANTING GRAPE VINES.

As the season for planting out grape vines in tliii
climate has now arrived, a few directions foi
those nnaccusiomed to the culture of the vim
may be useful. — Two methods are resorted t(
for the commencement of vineyards: or fcr cul
tivating the most ajiprovei! kinds of grapes foi
the table. The first is, by procuring from tht
nurseryman such as have already taken root
and made one or more year's growth. Wlier
such can be olitained, care should be taken tha'
the roots he not dried or frozen before they art
planted out, as eillnu- would be very injurioui
to ihem. Grapes have very long roots therefore
much care should be taken in setting, that tliej
may be well laid in ; when they have largt
bunches of fine hairy roots, they should eitbei
be cut off or washed in, by pouring a suffieien'
quantity of water into the hole after i' is |)artl}
filled. To reduce the soil to a thin puddle, wher
by shaking tiie vine, the earth will be filled ir
amongst the roots ; theyshoidd then be left unti
the water disappears, after which the hole ma;
be filled with good rich soil and trod.den firinh
about the plants : unless this precaution is lake
the fibrous roots being packed upon each otlie
are liable to become mouldy and do the plan
material injury. The same effect is often pro
duced by putting manure into the hole dug fo
receiving the |)lant : this is a bad practice, am •
ought never to be allowed. After the vine ha
been planted out, a little manure spread about i
will serve to keep th<^ ground moist in dry weath
tr, and will be (bund very beneficial. — Tbi
first year after planting, a small stake should h'
driven down by each plant, to which the yonni
vine should be tied as it increases in length. Can
should also betaken to trim off all the sprout
but one, or, two at most, from a vine of ordinar;
size the first year after setting, and the tops o
those should be pinched off by the middle <i
August to allow the wood to rijicn more perfecti;
to enable it to withstand the first winter TIm
other method commonly practised, is to cultivaf

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

849

.plants I'min i-uaiii;,'.s wiiicli li;ivo Uwii taken rimii
the vine ijrevioiis to the CDiiiiiiciicemeiit of thi;
circulation of the sap in the siirin;.'. Tiic coniliuin
length oflhesiMS iVoni a lout tn a loot anil a half.
These shduM be |plaiitFil out in good rich earth
antl where it is rather inelinhiy to clay -than sand
nnd a iiortiierii aspect is iiruleralilo to a sonlh. |
Bury the cutiin;;s in a slanlin^' position nearly [
then' whole Imgih, leaviii;; the np|ier hnd near tlie |
surface of the ground. In dry weather they slionld
be watered and the grounci covered with some
coarse mainn-e to keep it moist. The American
varieties do not lake root as rea<liiy as the forei^'n
ones, bnt both will grow with case. As cuttings
make bnt small shoots the first year, it is well
to cover them up the first winter, after which
all the American ami most; of the Enropeau vines
will endure tiio winters in this district without
being covered. — Vcnijsee Fanner.

IMPROVEMENT OF CORN'.

The Editor of the American Farmer, has been
several years in the habit of improving corn by
crossing different varieties, with decided advantage.
— If he has a variety with small cars, which lie
deems good in other respects, he plants it in the
TOWS with another kind with large ears that flowers
at the same time ; and at the time of the tassels '
appearing, carefidly cuts away tlie male flowers (or I
tassels) of the large eared kind. I$y this operation
large ears are produced of the small eared kind. —
There are so:ne kinds of early corn which, though
excellent in other respects for green corn are very
much injured by the coloring matter in their red
cobs. This he attempted to remedy last summer
by transferring the corn from the red to the white
cob in the same way and he thinks with success.
He planted some of the rod cob Tuscarora, which
he thinks the best early green corn, in the rows
with the largest eared while cob sugar corn he
could lind, about half and half. As the tassels of
the sugar corn made their appearance, he
carefully cut them away, le.iving the whole to be
supplied by the pollen from the tassels or male flow-
ers, of the red cob Tuscarora. The result was
he had the Tuscarora corn on the white cob of the
ugar corn as he desired. From his experiments
the Editor concludes, that any variety of corn may
be at pleasure thus transferred to the cob of any
other variety that flowers at tlie same time, and
that if a large eared kind can be found that flow-
ers at the proper time, the smallest eared kind may
be made to produce large ears by the above pro-
cess. He has not extended his experiments to
the improvement of the cob of field corn ; but, has
no doubt, that by the same process, the thick cob
of some kinds may be improved. Suppose the thick
cob kind were planted in the row with some other
that usually has a small cob, and the tassels of the
latter cut off as above directed, would not the de-
sired variety of corn be obtained on the small cob ?
— American Fanner.

The aggregate subscription to the stock of the
Schenecfadtj and Saratoga railroad compani/ is about
§1,100,000. The capital is only $200,000, with
the privilege of increasing it to $300,000. The
commissioners met in this city on Saturday, for the
purpose of distributing the stock, and we under-
stand, apportioned it in about the following ratio,
viz. S~-5,000 in New York, 820,000 in Albany,
518,000 in Schenectady, and the residue in Sar-
atoga Springs, Ballston, &.c. — Albamj Arms.

From the ^icrican Farmer.
TRIMMING ROOTS OF FRUIT TREES.

George Town, (0. C.) M iimiuli, ISIU.

Names.\kf.. — The great benefit of thy extensive
Journal is, to coniiiuiuicate results ; ami the more
extensive its circidaiion, of course tin; more heii-
elicial its eflTects will be ; and especially,' t/ every
man icill do his dutij ; (as it has liien said .Toii.n
IJuLL, or some of his subjecis, had required his
men.) Then eacdi agricniturist may Un put in
possession of the best mode hitherto reduced to
practice, in most, or all the various branches of
iiushaniiry, and at the small expense of the Ameri-
can Farmer. .\nd again, each one may examine
for hiinself, ami see, ivhetlicr the crops which lie
cultivates, arc the best which can be adapted to his
soil and conditi(UU

But lo the subject ; trim befin-e yon plant. On
the 6tli day of 4ih mo. 1830, a near neighbor and
myself, had each a nice young apricot tree sent us :
lie took choice ; they were then in bloom : we each
planted our trees in puddle — that is, we took rich
earth, about such as would be considered a good
garden soil, and made it so limber with water that
it xooxddjusl run and when we set out the trees in
the holes prepared for them, poured the puddle on
the roots until they were covered, then filled the
holes up nearly even full, with the earth that had
been taken out ; the trees were planted about nine
inches deep. The only ditVerence in our ir.ode of
idanting was this : he planted his just as it came
to hand ; I trimmed off all that portion of the end
of each root, that appcareil to have become dry by
exfiosure to the atmosphere ; (the trees were about
one inch ilinmet(;r, brought from the same nm'sery,
and carried about three miles ; ) now sec the result.
My tree did not appear lo have sutfered the very
least by the removal. My neighbor's tree was
sick, and seemed as though it would die until late
in the season, then it revived and became green,
anil looked healthy.

I considered this a very jilain case : and thought
it one that might be useful to some of the readers
of the American Farmer — it ma;/ be to all. Every
one will see, that the ends of the roots, no matter
how small, are in fact the months that take in the
nourishment of the tree ; and, that if these, by ex-
posure to the atmosphere, become dry, they of
course lose their tone, they cannot operate ; conse-
quently the tree must suffer for the want of food
— and the only remedy is, that the tree must throw-
out new roots, which according to the course of
nature, will each have its mouth, and thus the tree
is enabled again to gather food. But if the roots
are all trimmed off to the fresh wood, then each
one will perform its [iroper function, and tlie tree
sustain very little or no injury by a removal — and
it may he at almost any season of the year.
Very respccttully thine, Gideon Davis.

Rail Roads. — One thousand bales of New Or-
leans Cotton were to have been drawn in 2 trains
on the 2d ult., on the Liverpool Railway.
Sampson & Goliath, appropriate names, were the
steam engines employed. It has been proposed, by
means of a small tube, on the line of the Liverpool
and Manchester RaU road to convey information
as quickly as in conversation, llerschel mentions
hearing a low whisper at tjio distance of 3120 feet,
through the water pipes of Paris. The Liverpool
Mercury thinks articulate sounds could be distinctly
heard from op.e city to the other through similar
tubes.

The Stason. — It may be a matter of some inter-
est with some of our readers to compare the for.
wardness of the spring in successive years. In
1823, the work > f gardening began o:i the third
week in April. I'eucli trees were in blossom on
the 28th.

In 1829, tront yards with a southern a.spect,
were green on the first of April. — On the 7th, the
frost was still in the groniid in the open fields.
Gardening began on the foiirlh wi'ck of the month,
bnt no trees were in blossom till May.

In 1S30, the spring was very early. — It commen-
ced in March, but was afterwards checked by an
easterly wind which lastcil with short intervals
from the last week in March, till the 14tli of April.
It was then mild till the Ii);hwhen after a severe
fioston the morning, the iner-cnry rose suddenly to
70 in the afternoon. — This was the signal for gar-
dening to begin. Peaches and cherries were in
full blossom on the 30lli of April : apple and pear
trees were in full blossom on the 2d of May.
The nights in .May were however so cold, that
vegetation on the 1st of June was not farther ad-
vanced than in ordinary seasons. There were
severe frosts on the 10th, 11th nnd 21st of May.

How this spring wiil ccnipare with others, re-
mains to be seen. Thus far it is early as the
earliest. Last year the weeping wilow began to pnt
out its leaves on the 4tli of April. The same trees
began to be in leaf on the 4th of this year. — Spring-
field Rep.

Preserved Butter. — In the summer of 1827, 1
had presented tome a piece of butter 21 years old
and which to taste and smell, was as line and
sweet as the day it was churned nnd for aught
1 know, even sweeter, ' for it was the very cream of
tintler.'' It had been preserved under the following
circumstances. A farmer's wife during, very hot
weather, had put a large roll on a pewter plate, and
lied it over with a white napkin, and lowered it
into a deep well to fit it for the table. In with-
drawing it, the string broke, and it sunk to the
bottom. Twentyonc years after, the well was
cleaned ; during the operation, it got loosed from
its imprisonment, rose and swam on the surface to
the no small annoyance and surprise of the man
who was in the well. It was carefully drawn up
as the egg of some land or sea serpent, but the good
wife soon laid the spook, and explained the myste-
ry.— Genesee Farmer.

It was remarked by the Solicitor General at the
Sujireme Court in Springfield last wcclc, that he
found bnt one indictment in Worcester county, one
in Hampshire, and three in this county ; and in
other parts of the State, he had found the indict-
ments for crimes sur|irisingly diminished within
two years. lie could ascribe this change in favor
of virtue and good order to no other cause than
the influence of Temperance Societies and the great
change in the consumption of ardent spirits. —
Springfield Rep.

The Tartars have a singular manner of drawing
water from a great depth. A long rope, with a
large leathern bag (kept open at the mouth by
a iioop,) is let down into the well: the end is
fastened to the saddle of a mounted Tartar, who
rides off, and by this means draws the water from
the well; a person in attendance empties the bag
while the horseman returns, and repeats the pro-
cess as often as may be required.

350

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 18, 1831,

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 18, 1831.

Q^Twentyfive cents each will be given for any
number of copies (not exceedino; 30) of the New
England Farmer, No. 41, vol. IX. published April
27,°18.30.

SMITH'S TREATISE ON BEES.
, In our last, page 331, «e gave a brief notice,
with short extracts of .In Essay on the practica-
hiliUi of cuUivaling iht Honey Bet, in Marilime
Towns and Cities, as a Source of Domestic Econo-
my and Profit. Since tliat article was written, it
lias occnrrcd to ns that the work merited a more
extended, and analytical notice, and a more deci-
ded and explicit reconnncndation.

Tlic objects of this work are well indicated by
the following extract frorii its Table of Contents.
'Method of beginning an Apiary in town. Lo-
calities for Bees in Cities. Plan and Elevation of
an Ornamental Bee-house in the form of a jiros-
tyle temple for glass hives. Swarming. Transfer-
ring Bees from one Hive to another. Mode of
constituting a jjrofitable family hive. The Bee
Moth. To extract Honey from tlie Comb in
quantities. To prepare wax, after taking out tlie
Honey. Method of managing Stock Bees in
winter. To bleach yellow wax. Method of re-
lieving the jiain on being Stung. Method of
supplying Bees with fresh water. Blethod of
markijig particular Bees, in and out of the Hive
in order to ascertain their specific cmploymenls.
Anatomy of the Honey Bee. Physiology of the
Bee. The Anger of Bees. Language of Bees.
Longevity of Bees. Descripiion of Dr Tliachcr's
Hive. Mrs Griffith's Hive.' &c. Sec.

This Essay is written in a pleasing and per-
spicuous style ; it eniliraces a very important ami j
interesting tu])ic of domestic economy, and will i
be read with pleasure as well as profit by all
whose tasles are not vitiated by luxurious habits, :
and time not engrossed by the frivolous pursuits
of the votaries of dissipation. The cost of keep-

stated however on good autl?ority that the rose has
been made to vegetate when Imdded on the oak
and on the orange, but the shoots thus formed
were liut short lived and jjerished as soon as the
natural sap became exhausted. The course of
nature as regards the vegetable kingdom is quite
simply and plainly delineated, anil there exists
little of that mystery to which some pretend. By
the exercise therefore of good judgment we may
generally attain to correct conclusions, and not
lind it necessary to rest our faith on fables.

I have only to remark further that my numer-
ous engagements have for some time precluded
me from contributing to your cohuuns, but the
])eriod is at hand when ] sliall be again enabled
to do so. Very respectfullv,

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

Linniean Botanic Garden, )

Jlay 13, 1831. ( r

LEAVES FOR MANURE. ^
Mr Fessf.,\i)e>' — I have just read an article in
your paper of the lltli instant, e.xtracted i'rom the
American Farmer, recommending the use of leaves
as a valualile iiigredient in mamu'e. I have long
been in the habit of using say 20 cart loads in a
yesr, as litter for my stables, and am abundantly
convinced of their utility. I have found them
superior to straw, for absorbing, and retaining the
urine, which makes no inconsiderable (lortion of
the strength of stable manure, as is well known
to most of my brother farmers. I recollect that
some years ago, you published a commiuiicatiou
from me on the above sidijcct, with my iiarticular
method of collecting and using tlie leaves. I now
take the liberty of again recommending the plan
to yoiu' subscribers as it is often needful that we
have ' precept upon ])i'ecept, and line U|)on line,'
in husbandry, as well as in Theology.
I am, sir, respectfully yom-s,
JVewton, May 14, 1831. J. Kenrick.

Jlcmarks hy the Editor — We arc happy to avail
ourselves of the above intimation, and are under
great obligations to Mr K. for his suggestion ;

:djility to contribute iiseAd articles for our paper,
which are the result of correct theory, tested
and sanctioned by actual and beneficial operations,
relating to the all important arts of rural economy.

ing Bees is iiotliing, but perhaps a hive or two to which aflords additional i)roof of his will and
begin with, a dark, unfurnished empty a])artment
to serve as a woik shop for the little artists, and
some manual like that which we would now re-
commend to public attention, contaiinng concise
but plain and i>racti<:al rules for the management
of the little laborers; workmen whose lives are
devoted to our service for a compensation so
trifling that tlie poorest cottager in the country, i
or tenant of a ienfeet domicile in the city employ
them by miHions.

From tin' Boston Dally Adverliser.

THE BLOOD ORANGE.

Mr Fessendkn — Your Farmer of lltli, has
just been perused, and I notice an extract on tlie
subject of the 'Blood Orange' which contains the
erroneous statement that this variety of the orange
'is produced by grafting the common orange on a
Pomegranate stock.' I have no doubt that silly
tales of the kind are propagated at Malta and
elsewhere, which has causeil the author to insert
it, for I have seen many of equal inronsistimcy
proimdgatcd in the public prints. I will state how-
ever as a guide against deceptive statements of
tliis kind, tlitit it may be taken as a general
rule, that trees and plants can in but few instances
be amalgamated by grafting or inoculation be-
yond Ihc limits of their respective genera, and

Mr Hale — For very many years, I have been in
; the habit of .sending to your paper the slate of the
seasons. The last two years, I omitted it, because
the same information was communicated to the
New England Farmer ; but finding that some per-
sons have complained of the oinission,beeause they
read 7/oi(r paper, and do not see the N. E. Farmer,
I am imluccd to resume my long continued usage.
It is not extraordinary that men, cooped up in the
city, should be desirous of knowing what are the
prospects of fruit and vegetables for the ensuing
y(,.ar — and there are some philosophical farmers,
who arc desirous of recording the variations of dif-
ferent seasons.

liCt ine premise, that the past winter was in
some respects very extraordinary — so mudi so, ns
to stand alone, when compared with the winters
of the last twenty five years. No frost entered
the ground to the depth of three inches, before
the first great snow, which covered the earth like

that all tales of grafting the peach on the willow,' a warm blanket. There was no moment during the
the rose on the currant, &c, are mere fables. It is winter in which you could carry heavy loads over

wet meadows. — The cflect of this covering of
snow was very curious. Plants which are killed
in ordinary seasons, survived in per.'ect vigor.
The ctToctiipon grasses of all descriptions was
favorable, imd I presume equally so upon winter
grain. The result was, that the moment the snow
was removed, the grass started with undiminished
vigor, and although the months of April and May
have been cold, yet tlie grass is more forward than
ever I have known it to lie at this season. The
same causes have been favorable to the early ascent
of the sap of fruit trees. The small fibrous roots
have not been bound in frost, and tlie season is
very favorable to fruits, as the following compar-
ison w'M show.

First lilossoming of Cherries.

In 1813,

May 10.

In 1S26,

May 4.

1815,

May 10.

1S27,

Aiu-il21.

1816,

May G.

1828,

May 1.

1822,

May 1.

1829,

May 9.

1823,

May 7.

1830,

April 28.

1825,

April 25.

1831,

April 23.

Pears opening their blossoms.
1823, May .3d— 1824, May 4tli— 1825, April 30th

— 1829, May 14th— 1831, May 1st.

.flpples opening Blossoms.
1823,Mav 19th — 1824, May 13th— 1825, May 8th

— iS29, May 15th — 1831, May 6th.

I have not extended my comparison in this publi-
cation as far as I have sometimes done, though I
have done enough to show that it is one of the
earliest seasons, and I can add that it is earlier (on
the whole) than any season for seventeen years.

I will merely add, for the satisfaction of the
lovers of fine fruits, that the Peaches have surviv-
ed the wintei-, but they suffered from the two last
years'ovcr abundant crops. Yet there are blossoms
enough on them, and the fruit, if the season should
be warm, will probably be as much superior in
quality as it will be deficient in quantity.

I have never known a more universal and vigor-
ous bloom in the Pears.

The A]iples cannot be so well ascertained, but
as the crop last year was superabundant, it is
almost certain tliat it will be very moderate this
year.

Cherries, Raspberries, Strawberries, and all
smaller fruits, i)romise most abundant harvests.
A RoxEURY Farmer.

Exhibition of Flowers at Horlicultwal Hall, on Sat-
vrday, May Ulh, 1831.
A pplendid specimen of Musa eoccinca, or scarlet
flowering plantain nee.

Cactus speciosa, Aniarillis forniosissima, Kerria japcn-
ica, Asclespias ciirassavila, willi many other fine speci-
mens of native and exotic plants, t'lom John Lowell, Esq.

Hlioilodendi'on ponticum, several fine varieties of Ge-
laniums, Tulips aad other tlowers, from BIrJohn I.emisf.

28 varieties of Tulips, Double flowering Chinese Ap-
ple, Cornus Florida, and other flowers, from H. A. S.
Deaiborn.

25 varieties of Geraniums, Calceolaria rugosa, from
David Haggerstoti.

Fine Tulips, and other flowers, from J. Joy, John
Prince, Rufus Hone and N- Davenport.

AodVc.

The Standing ConimlKee of the Massachusetts Ilorti-
cullural Society on Flowers, Shrubs, &c, hereby give no-
lice, that tliey have fixed upon Saturday next, for ad-
iudging the premium on Tulips. Those members wlio
intend offering for the premium, are requested to have
the flowers at the Hall befnre 10 o'clock, in order that
they may be examined bv the Committee before exhibi-
tion. Per order, R. L. EMMONS, Chairman.

May 15.

Vol.IX.— No. 44.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

351

$5 011

52 00

$5 00

$5 00
$3 00

$-i 00
$2 00
$2 00
.$2 00
$2 00
$■5 00

$3 00
$j 00
$3 00
$5 00

3fassachnsclls Horlkitllural Socieh/.

The Stiinding Coiiiniiltee on oriuiinenlal trees, sIiiuIh,
flowers anil green houses, bcf; leave respectfully to sub-
mit the following list ol" premiums lor llie year 1S31.

For the most successful cultivation of the Ame-
rican Holly ; the nujuhcr of plants not less than
four, wliicli have been transplanted, at least, three
years, $10 00

For the four best flowering plnnts of the Mag-
nolia Glauca, which have been transplanted at
least three years, $10 00

For the most succer-sful culiivalion of the Rho-
^Jodendi-on Ma-iimnm, the number of plants not
less than lour, which have been transplanted three
years,

For the five best phints of the Kalmia I.atifolia,
which have been transplanted not less than three
years,

For Ihe best seedling plants of either of the
above, not less than ten in number, of three years
growth and upwards.

For the five best vaiieties of the Chinese Chrys-
anthemums, in pots.

For the best half dozen of Tulips

For Ihe best half dozen of Hyacinths,

For Ihe best half dozen of Ranunculus,

For the best pot ol Auriculas,

For the best pot of Anemones,

Frr the best pot of I'inks,

For the best pot of Carnatioits,

For the best iiulf dozen of cultivated native flow-
ers.

For the finest Roses, of five different varieties.

For the finest Dahlias, five varieties.

For Ihe finest specimens of Camellia Japonica,

Discretionary premiums will be awarded by the Com-
mittee, on flowers not above enumerated.

Per order, R. L. EilMONS, Chairman.

May IS,

~ ^

JVolice to iTie Members of the J\lassachusetls Horli-

cultund Societi/.

At the last special meelinj of tlie Society a vole was
passed, directing, that all the books should be relumed to
the Library, on or before Ihe first Saturday in June, and
the members are earnestly desired to comply with the
requisition. A eomplele catalogue will be prepared itn-
medialely after the books have been received, anil prinl-
ed copies disliibuted among the members, when llie Li-
brarian, E. W. Payne, Esq. will deliver out the books,
on the application of members, in conlormily to the Li-
brary Regulations,

As the weekly exhibitions have commenced, all the
iiiembeisof the Society are requested to send flowers,
fruits and vegetables to the Hall, every Saturday ; and
that they may be arranged, and the rooms opencil to vi-
sitors, at eleven o'clock, it is desiralde that all specimens
intunded for premium or exhibition, should be placed
upon the stands and tables, as early as ten o'clock.

It is only by the liberal contributions of the njembers,
who have gardens and green houses, that the exhibitions
can be rendered interesting and h norablc to th-- Instilu-
tioti. If each person makes it a point to contribute some-
thing,— if but a single flower, fruit or vegetable, the col-
lection will be large and imposing, every week. Rare,
or magnificent specimens cannot be expected from all,
but each member can send at least one or two varieties,
of such as he may cultivate, and should not refrain from
presenting them because they are deemed common.

We wish to exhibit, from week to week, samples of
the horticultural products of the environs of Boston, and
this can only be accomplished by the generous eflbrts ol
the members. No one should excuse hiraself, on account
of the character or number of the specimens within his
eommand. Let him throw in his mite, and the result
will be commensurate with public expectation.

The flourishing condition of the Society encour.iges us
to continue our labors with renewed zeal, so as to render
it not only an agreeable, but a useful association.

H. A. S. DEARBORN, Prcs. Mass. Hon. Soc.

May 18.

Il'ni. F. Otis Sf Co.
No. 110, Faneuil Hall Market, have a good supply of
Carnalion Pink roots. Pino Apples, and fine West India!
Squashes, from Trinidad de Cuba. Alay 18. j

[ Potatoes for Seed.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North !
Market Street—

A few bushels of Ihe liBe seedling potatoes mentioned |
by the editor of the New England Farmer, vol. viii, p. I
102. This is but the filth year from the ball ; lluy have
twice taken the premium horn the Essex Agricultural
Society. (See Colonel Pickeiung's Report, N. E.
Farmer, vol. vi. page 98 ) They are represcnleil by the
person who raised Iheni, as tolerably early, more than
middlin": bearers, remarkably delicate and mealy, size >
nearly round, color wliitc, ani'i have but \'erv frw prolu-
beiances. A good opportunity now olii'is to farmers to
secure a superior variety of this important vegetable for
seed. Price $1 per bushel. May 18. i

Branding Irons, at reduced prices. '

Carter's improved Branding lions, for bianding Guide I
Boards, for sale at the .Agricultural Warehous:^, Nos. 51 1
ami 52 Not ill Market street. This is a very convenient
article for country towns, as it will enable them to put up i
permanent guide boards at a trifling expense ; it is sim-
ply by burning the brands into a piece of board, then
lightly plane it over, after which give it a coat of white '
paint. Guide bo.irds made in this way are much more
durable tlian the common boards, and the cost is trifling.
The above are olfered for sale at 40 to 50 per cent discount '
from former prices, which will enable all towns to fur- i
nish themselves with a very useful article. May 18.

Jf'roughl-lron Plougtis. — Bar-Iron, S,-c.
Wrmghl-lron Ploughs, of all sizes. — Also, A Complete
assortment of .\inerican, English, .Swedes and Russia Mar i
Iron — .Vmeriean Braziers' Rods — Spike and Nail Rods, I
Shoe-Shapes— Hoop and Band Iron — Steel of all kinds — |
Pipe-box and Slould-board plates, &.c. constantly for sale
by GAY .S- BIRD, |

6(13. No. 44, India Street, Boston.

Aol'rt Srotia Potatoes.

For sale at the Halilax Packet Olfice, No. 2G Foster's
wharf, several barrels ol piime Nova Scotia Potatoes, for
seed. Farmers in want of a good variety of this impor-
tant vegetable, are requested to examine these.

April 13. 3t

PRICES OF COU.VTUY PRODUCE.

Lead Pipe.
LEAD PIPE, all sizes, constantly for sale bv Lincoln
FiARixG ii Co , No. 110, Stale Street.
April 13, 1S31. 6iv.

Bones it anted.
8hin and Leg Bones constantly purchased by GEO.
H. GRAY Sf Co. No. 68 Kilby street.
April 20. 2mo3

For Sale, Full hlood Mdnerncy and Short Horn
Bull and Heifer Calves.
Two Alderney Bull Calves, and one Hcifr Calf. Al-
so, one Bull and two Heifer Calves of the Short Horn or
Tecswater breed, all from full biooil imported stock, on
botli sides. For terms apply at this ollice. 4t May 11.

Grape Vines.

For sale, at the Seed Store, connected with Ihe New
England Farmer Office, No. 52, North .\Iarl;et Street,
100 superior Gi*ape Vines, Isabella and Catawba,
being the two leading hardy standard sorts cul- :
tivated, of extra size and thiifty growth, packed in moss, '
price 50 els. each. A fiirther supply of t)ie Alexander, 1
Winne, Scuppernong, York Madeira, true Red Bland's \
and Orwigsburg, (dU hardy sorts) are just^received, at I
Ihe same price.

.\\-n, a good collection of the finest Double Mexican ]
Dahlia roots, of the most showy and esteemed sorts, from
25 els. to S\ each — Also, Jacobean Lilies, Tube Roses,
and Tiger Flowers — pi-ice 25 cts. each. All the above
are now in fine order for transplanting.

B.VRLEY.

50 bushels two lowed Barley, plump and clean for
seed, raised by E. II. Derby, Esq. Salem.

Broom Corn.

Also, just received, a few bushels of prime Broom Corn
raised last season in Ihe vicinity of Connecticut river.
Flower Seeds.

Packages of Flower Seeds, o^ eighteen varieties, com-
prising the most showy annuals, among which are Ihe
fjllowing beautiful and comparatively rare sorts; Ele-
gant Coreopsis, Variegated Euphorbia, Cypress Vine,
Candytuft, sweet scented Virgin's Bower, Sensitive Plant,
Sec, &c, with directions for their culture. — Pi ice i^il per
package. April 13.

Yellow Locust Seed.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the New England Farmer Office No. 52 North
Market Street, ,

A few lbs. genuine Yellow Locust Seed, (Rnhinia
pseudoaeacia) saved near Harrisburg, Pa. expressly for
this Establi-»hment. The excellence of this tree for ship
timber and fences, its rapid growth, and its beneficial ef-
fects on sandy, barren plains, where it thrives well, are
loo well known to require comment.

A|-PLES,russelliiigs,
ASHES, jiol. first sort,

i'earl.lirslsorl,
BEANS, ivbile,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, N". 'J,
KfiT'l'LU, inspecicil, No. 1, new, •
(JliEESE, new milk.

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED.

FLOUK, lialiim(ire,IIoward-slretl, -
tieiiesce,
Alexandria,
Balllmnre, u linrf,
GllAIN, Corn. Nnrllieni.

Corn, .Southern Yellow,
Rye,
Barley,
Oals,
IIAV,

HOGS LAUD, first sort, new,
imi'S, 1st quality,
l.l.MK,

PLAISTEU PARIS retails at
I'ORK, clear,

Navy mess.

Cargo, No. I, ..

SEEDS, Herds Grass,

Rci\'l'n\i(norllieniJ
Lucerne,

Red Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, tried,

WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -
Merino, mi.^ed wiUi Saxony,
Merino, three foiirllis washed.
Merino, liaUhlood,
Rlerino, quarter.
Native, waslipd.
Pulled, La.nb's, first sort.
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.
Pulled, " spinning, first sort

barrel.

FnOK,

3 001

ton.

HO 00

tt

\TZ 50

hushed.

901

barrel.

8 73l

1 "

7 oO|

"

G iO,

oomik!.

11

"

f*!

11

s!

1 12

Ibarrel.

6 25!

It

6 25

"

5 87i

"

5 75]

bushel.

75

((

70

ti

80

"

58

"

40

cwt

co!

cut.

9 00

It

12 00

cask.

1 00

' ton.

3 00

harrel.

20 no;

'

13 00.

"

13 .50

bushel.

1 62

1 "

50

pound.

33

1*

12

cwt.

10 00

pound.

70

I "

73

"

63

II

68

1 ((

48

45

58

u

45

II

60

PROVISION

liEEF, best pieee.s,
I'ORK, fresh, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
AIUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, Icej and Inb,

Lump, best
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, relail,
I'OTATOES,
CIDER, (according to quality]

MARKET.

pound.

8

6

I.

53

It

6

It

4

It

8

It

12

f

13

dozen.

10

bushel.

87

**

87

"

26

barrel.

1 00

1 00

9 00

7 75

6 75

J5

8

4

1 SO

6 37

6 60

£ 00

6 00

80

73

83

62

43

70

10 00

13 00

1 25

3 12

13 00

14 00
14 00

1 87
62
38
13

le 00

75
80
65
60
50
48
60
48
65

10
7

7
8

i:
n
\j

20

12

ICO

100

2 00

Brighton Markkt — Monday, May IG.

[Kfiporlpd for tho Chronicle and Patriot. J
At Market this day 1.86 Beef Cattle, 9 pair Working

Oxen, 13 Cows and Calves, 160 Sheep, and TO Swine.
Prices. — Beef Cattle — The CalL'e today were not so

good as last Monday, but the same qualities brought a

lillle belter prices; we shall quote higher, from §;5 to 6,

extra at $6 25.

Working Oxen — No sales noticed.
Cows ami Calves — We noiiced the following sales :
$18, 19, 20, 23, 30, 35.

Sheep — A few cosset weatfiers were taken at about $6,
a lot of a thin quality at 2 33 a 2 50.

Swine — We noticed the sale of one lot at 5i cts. and
one at 5\. — At retail, 5c. for sows and 6c. for barrows.

Prices of Veget.a.bles at Faneuil Hall Market:
.\sparagus 6 els. per bunch ; Leiliice 4 cts. per head ;
Radishes 3 cts. per bunch ; Rhubarb stalks, for tarts, &c,
8 cts. per lb. ; new Onions 4 els. per bunch ; French
Turnips 50 cts. per bushel ; Prsnips, do. The stall of
\Vm. F. Otis & Co. No. Ill), is abundantly supplied
with squashes from Trinidad do Cuba, at 3 cts. per lb.
These squashci are of excellent quality, and will keep
six months in their present state.

35:

NEW ENGLAND FAllMEIl.

iifay 18, 1S2

M I S C E L, L, A N Y.

INCOMPREHENSIBILITY OF GOD.

BY M!=S ELIZABETH TOWNSK-.'D.

The editor of the American Cocnmon-Phice Book of
Poetry, s:iys, ' These lines are equ..l in prrandevir to the
eelcbraleJ production of Bryant—" Thanalopsis"— nor
will they suffer by a comparison with the most sublime
pieces either of Wordsworth or Coleridge.'

'Igo fonvurJ, but he is not ihero ; nnd backward, liul I cannot
peiceive liiiii.'

Where art thou :— Tnotj ! Source and Suppott of all
That is or seen or felt ; Thyself unseen,
Unfelt, unliiiown,— alas ! unknowable !
I look abroad among thy works— the sky.
Vast, distant, glorious with its woild of suns, —
Live-giving earth, — and ever-moving main, —
And speaking winds, — and ask if these are Thee !
The stars that twinkle on, the eternal hills.
The restless tide's outgoing and return.
The omnipresent and deep-breathing air —
Though hailed as gods ol old, and only less —
Are not the Power 1 seek ; are tliine, not Thee.
I ask Thee from the past ; if in the years.
Since first intelligence could search its source.
Or in some former unremembered being,
(11 such, perchance, were mine) did they behold Thee :
And next interrogate futurity —
So fondly tenanted with better things
Than e'er experience owned — but both are mute ;
And past and future, vocal on all else.
So full of memories and phantasies,
Ave deaf and speechless here I Fatigued, I turn
From all vain parley with the elements ;
And close mine eyes, and bid the thought turn inward.
From each material thing its anxious guest,
If, in the stillness ol the waiting soul.

He may vouchsafe himself — Spirit to spirit !

O Thou, at once most dreaded and desired.

Pavilioned still in darkness, wilt thou hide thee ?

What though the rash request be fraught with fate.

Nor human eye may look on thine and live ?

Welcome the penalty! let that come now.

Which soon or late must come. For light like this

Who would not dare to die .'

Peace, my proud aim,

And hush the wish that knows net what it asks.

Await his will, who hatli appointed this,

Vi'ith every other trial. Be that will

Done now, as ever. For thy curious search,

And unprepared solicitude to gaze

On Him — tlie Unrevealed — learn hence, instead.

To temper highest hope with humbleness.

Pass thy novitiate in those outer courts.

Till rent the veil, no longer separating

The Holiest of all — as erst, disclosing

A brighter dispensation ; v.'hose results

Ineffable, interminable, tend

E'en to the perfecting thyself — thy kind —

Till meet for that sublime beatitude.

By the firm pron.ise of a voice from heaven

Pledged to the pure in heart I

THK ELEPHA.NT. j

This instinct which llie elephant possesses of try-
ing the strength of any construction, whether natu-
ral or aitificial, which it is necessary for liim to cross, !
is particularly worthy of observation. When the enor-
mous weight of a full-grown elephant is considered,
it must be obvious, that if the creature were rashly
to place his body upon any frail support, his clanger
would be extreme. His caution, therefore, in avoid-
ing such an evil is constantly exercised ; and the
powerful as well as delicate instrument of touch
which lie possesses, enables him always to be con-
vinced of hiiikBecurity, without incurnng any risk
under ordin-ary circumstances. The elephant at the
Adelphi retained this instinct in full force, however
she might have been led away from her natural hab-
its by the artificial restraints of her discipline; — and
we, therefore, give full belief to the assertion. We
are not quite so prepared to believe v.'hat we have
also heard stated with regard to this animal, that,
upon being satisfied of the strength of the stage, and
finding herself in a theatre, she immediately, without
any direction from her keeper, began to rehearse
the scenes which she had previously performed at
Paris. Pliny, however, tells

having been punished for his inaptitude in executing
some Teat wliich he was required to learn, was ob-
served at night endeavoring to practise what he had
vainly attempted in the day ; — and Plutarch confirms
this, by mentioning an elephant who practised his
theatrical attitudes, alone, by moonlight.— ii6ra)-_|/o/
Enlertaining Knoiclcdge.

Valuahle atul' Clicdp S^S^il — forSnh. ■
The subscriber oiii^rs for sale, 14,000 aft'es of cRice
Land, situated in the town of PjiicUney, counly of Lewi's
and state of New York. Some ol tbe land is improved
and under cultivation. The countiy is rciiiaikably heal-
tXq, liciug entirely free from the fever and aguea^d from
the common bilious fevers which often afflict, the towns
upon Lake Ojilario, this town t^Uig 18 miles cart of tlMk^
lake. The soil is prii'.cipiilly a'^9"ly ioam, much of iF'

One SwciUow does nol. make a Summer.— One sharp
frosty day the late King, when Prince of Wales
went into the Thatched House Tavern, and ordered
a beef-steak ; but observing that it was excessively
cold, (lesired the waiter to bring him first a glass of
brandy and water. He emptied that in a twinkling,
then a second, then a third. ' Now,' said the Prince,
'lam warm and comfortable: — bring my steak.'
On this , Mr Sheridan, who was present, wrote tiie
following impromptu: —

' The Prince came in and said 'twas cold.

Then put to his head the rummer;
'Till swallow allot sicaUow came.
When he pronounced it summer,'

' Ferdinand the Seventh,' said a distinguislied di-
plomatist, 'is decidedly Priest-rid — buthis people are
absolutely governed by lunatics.' ' What else could
be expected,' replied a friend, ' When the very cap-
ital itself is Mad-vid '.'

covered with rich blijik niOubr^Tlie timber is chief]
Sugar ALiple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm,
The land yields lirst rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Ear- :'
ley. Potatoes and Flax; and on souje Jots, s.ood Wheat
and Corn inay be grown. To those wishing to obtain sut./
' perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now oti'ers itself:
1'he pioduce of pasturage and hay from aii^cre of this
l.iiid, is very large, fully equalling if not s,ui%«jsing that
froiu the same quantity of land in any othev«of the Black
River townships. The land is admiiably well watered,
there being oat few lots which have not diuabie running
streams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchard-
ii,iv — ihe Apple tiee thriving very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds may be dismayed of with t'.ie least possi-
ble trouble, and to the grStest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors ot the farmers, and paying
the liishest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily-
thatTneTeDiiani; '"""1 l'u'-^->'tisers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residnig on tins town, were originally
from the New England SLitei, and some of them from
Jlassachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is plfered for Sale at the very low
price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars. per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollaiAand a
half to five dollars and a half tor the iinproved lotsP The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two-
to five years' credit for payment, in annual instalments,
will lie given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep, i
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, lor which prodijcts he will
allow the highest cash prices. The title to'^he land is
iudi-putable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Persons desirou'^ of puichasing will please
to apply to the subscrii.er, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jeficrson.Stateof New York, or to David Canfield,,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

Ax Odd Mistake. — On the l'2th of the fiftlimoon,
the Q,wong-lieep led five hundred soldiers to the
villages outside the north gate, in order to seize cer-
tain banditti, who had plundered the house and vio-
lated the person of a lady, whose husband was ab-
sent on duty in Pekin. But, by some mischance or
other, the Q,wong-lieep seized a few of the frightened
farmers' men, and let the rascally banditti escape. —
Canton Register.

PowEU OF Habit. — Mr Amos, in a lecture, lately
ileliveied on medical jurisiirudence, related the fiil-
lowing singular fact: — ' I may mention a fact, which
of course does not appear in the printed trial. Patch's
Counsel, then Serjeant Best, pressed the prisoner, in
conference before the trial, to say whether he was
not left-Iianded, — bt'it he protested he was not, — as
the evidence proved tliat the murder v,-as committed

A Frenchman, in his recently published ' Tour
through England,' remarks that ' punch in all shapes
is a great favorite with the English : — punch is his
favorite liquor — Punch his favorite entertainment
— and a punchon the head his favorite argument.'

Charciinl. — The common council of Troy have pas-
sed a law, prohibiting any person from vending and
selling chorcoal in that city, unless it be sold by mea-
surement in wooden tubs or measures, to contain one
or two bushels of charcoal, and to be approved and
conspicuously marked by the sealer of measures.
A violation of the law, involves a penalty of $2 for
each offence.

'To the question what advantage is there in mak-
ing use of Greek and Latin sentences, when addres-
by means of a pistol-shot by a left lianded man; but j sing those who cannot understand them ? 1 ans-

being called upon to plead, and put up his hand, he
answered ' Not guilty,' anil raised hislefl hand.'' —
Legal Observer.

wer, none at all, and nobody does it now-a-days that
knows any better. It was fashionable once, but it
would be fantastic now.

Ammunition ,-Jlj

01 the best quality ai.il ii/jrfsf prices, for sporting-
constautly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
So Broad Street.

IV. B. If the quality is not found ^.atisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will he refunded, tf Jan. 7

Hickonj.
This astonishing fieet horse was raised in Montreal, is i
from an English blood mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
ferior to any in the U. States for speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well built, good size, and pro-
nounced by (good) judges in every respect a first rate
horse ; trots a 3 minute gait, fast walker, and has paced I
around the trotting course. Long Island, in 2 minutes, 341
secoiids, and was offered publicly to match against any
horse that could be produced. It in considered unneces-
sary to say Hiore, as his qualifications are too well known
to be doubled.

, He will stand at Abbott's Inn, H olden, during the-
season. Terms fS, the season. 6t Jlay II.

Published evc-ry Wednesday Eveniiig, at gi per annumi
payable at the end of die year — but those who pay withini
sixty days from the lime of Eubscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction of fifty cents.

Uj= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance. ■

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet tha
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
MarUet Street.

AGENTS.

Neio York — G.THop.KunN & Sons, 67 Liberty-street
Alhamj — WnL Thoruukn, 317 Market-slreet.
PhUadelphia—]). & C LASnuETii. SS Chestnut-street.
Billinwre—G. IS. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnati— H. C. Pakkhukst,23 Lower Market-street.
Fliishim;, N. Y. Wji. Princk & SoNs,Prop.L!a. Bol. Garden
Middlebunj, Vt. — Wight Chai'ivian.
Htiytford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Ncwburyporl, Ebenezkr Steuman, Bookseller.
Portsmontli, N. H. i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, lih.—SxNVEL Colman, Bookseller.
Aurrusta, .Me. Wm. Mann.
I Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller

NMW ENGIiAND FAKMSK.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL. AT NO. 52 .NORTH MAIiKET STREET, (at thk Aoiiiculti'h.w. Warkhouse.I-T. G. TESSENDE.N, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTOX, WEDiVESDAV EVEXING, MAY 25, IS3I.

NO. 15.

ii ^ Lii a ^"# jj *^ xr 13 12 a

/^

FOR THE NEW E.VGL.iA'D FARMER.

\

BKES.

Mr Fessendex — If llie inexliaiistible subject
of Bees is not worn out in your colunins, you
may state as follows.

In January la>t, wiili two friends, I calli'd at
a geutloman's house, in Worcestei', Otsego county,
N. Y. to see his Beehives. — lie slioweil us a
house 4 hy 6 feet, and 6 feit ti> tlie eaves, hoaidid,
claphoarded, shinghid and well fluored, with a close
door; on uidocking ami opening which, we be-
held an ordinary beehive altarhed lo the east wall
and well braced, with slight scati'oldings e.viend-
ing upon the east, south and north sides. The
only aperture was a small hole or two on ihe east
Bide under the hive, which was elevated about
three feet from the flour, for the bees lo pass out ]
and in. The bees had been put in, ayomlg;6!^'arll;, !
18 months before. The original jiiv!gj^<l*<not |
Dnly filled, but large masses of comliWitre aitarJied
;o the exterior, and along the contiguous scatl'old-
iig. The quantity of honey was probably fioni
too to 150 lbs. On my retmii I called to see
mother Bee house belonging to the same gentli:-
nan, on another farm, built the preceding suni-
ner. Tiiis was 6 feet square, better finished and
)ainted. The bees had filled the ordinaiy hive,
ind constructed eight or ten large )>ieces of comb
m the exterior, and these last were mostly filled
»ltli honey, and of the finest appearance, I think,
hat I eversaw. The gentleman t Id ine iie could
lelp hiu)>elf to honey whenever he pli-a.-^eL;,
vithout disrmbing the bees. I a.-keil him if the
tec Uiolh did not plague him ; he answered no.
It adopted llie simple prccnulion of sprinkling
pirils oj lurpaitine occasionally, say every two
Jtelis, about his ordinary hives, an I around the
olcs of entrance into his large ones, which U'holhi
tpelhd the moth. I was so much pleased with
lis plan of managing bees, that innnediaetly on
ly return I had a house con.structed for them.
Dd design lo put into it the first swarm which I
an save. Respectfully, J. Buel.

Frnm Ihe New York Fcrmer.

ATTENING HOGS WITH BOILED FOOD.

The remarks of .Mr Buel, on the advantages of , . .

Joking feed fi)r fattening Hogs, in the No. of yonri''^^"" please, publish this, for possibly some oi

just tiirneil him out of tin: sty, h iviiig done so the
lall before. On going to examine Ins other hogs,
I I f iimd they had been supplied with plenty pI
I good Sound corn in tlu^ais, an<l e(dd watiM- from
a rinming brook. 1 trif'd to persuaile the owne.
to ailopt my plan with this hog, and feed linn on
corn meal boiled, but he soon stntli up his nose al
Ihe idea of making 'hasty puddin<r fur his hogs !'
\,-;my eflorl lo persuade him was inefleclual, be
finally made me an offer of his hog. to try the plan
niy.self, confident, .jis he said, that I Would find it
altogether unsuccessful.
j To make the story as short as po.«sible, I bought
ihe hog, fur les.s than what the owner called the
\alcie ofthe corn he ha<l eaten, put him into a warm
stye, partiiioned from a horsi^ stable, and the next
day comineueed feeiling him with hasty pudding,
as my neighbor called it, made of corn meal and
a mixiuie of boiled potatoes, with now and then
some pumpkins. Tliis was done in a large kettle
Set in an arch, one boiling of which would last hini
a week. The hog soon began to fallen very fast,
and to satisfy my neiglibor who often called to
see him, I kept an exact account current of bis feed.
lie lalleiied asionisbingly. On the last of the next
June, having kept him very cool over night and
without food fi)r eighteen hours, 1 had hiinslaugli.
tered befo.e sunrise; and after baiminn' a Utile
tune, the meat cooled by throwing on cold water,
cut up andthrovi'n into pickle with the hams and
slioulders. On the 3d of July, I sent the meat
to .Albany by a careful mtin, jnstasit was laid
down in a half hogshead. He sold the meat read-
ily, and brought me back on ihe evening' of the 4ll;
ol July, 6 10 odd York sliilhiig-s for so many pounds
of meat from ibis hog, sold out of the pickle.
This enabled me to close my account currenl,the
result of which was a clear profit of about one
thiril of the sum he jnoduced me. These facts

were all pirfectly notorious at the time for at

that time this was a monster of a ' porker,' as they
say in Kentucky ; and I think was pnlilished in
some newspaper; but I do not know that any one
except myself, has persevered in this plan of feed-
ing, or that the experimenc had any permanent
efl>;ct on others. The farmers here have consid-
eied the perfection of pork 'making to con.sist in
plenty of good sound yellow corn, and clear cold
water, and so they will for aught that I can dis-
cover, judging by past experience. Yet you may,

bv llie best d.i

mosaic law. The
male by coagulalii

iDrnal for Dec. 1830, certainly merits more at
ntioii than the subject will be likely to receive.
J long since as in 1803 or '4, I had practical ex-
irience of this benefit in fattening what was then
lied a very mammoth of a hog, the net weight of
eat about six hundred and fifty pounds.

After having slain my stock of pork for a fiirm,
;e in December, on riding by a neighbor's, three

four miles from home, in the eastern part of Co-
mbia County, I discovered a very large framed
>g capering around the fields, his hair sleek, and
ncluded lie had just escaped from the sly. On
nng notice, the owner tohl me the story of this
ig ; which WHS that this had been the second at-
a>pt to fatten him, and that the hog ' would onli/
etc, and twt fallen,' for which reason he had
ncluded to give him another wintering, and had

may not be too wise to take a hint, if bint this long
story may be called. For thirty yeais I have fat-
tened all my jiork on cooked food, and am confi-
dent that it has been done with one half of the
quantity of corn that would iiave bi'en required
led raw, on the cob. It is more than ten years
since these facts were all communicated lo .Mr Buel
the writer of the Albany Coiiniy Agricultural
Report, by A Scie.vtific Faujier.

0\ CHEESE MAKING.
The preparation of rennet is one of the first
operations in cheese making, and the flavor ol
the cheese depends very mncli upon the manner
in which it is prepared. For this purpose, the
stomach or maw of some rnminaliug animal, is
made use of, and that of n young calf is preferred 'season commences,

my wonn n. \'arious opinions have
prevailed al diflereut times wiili regard to the use
of rennet. The .lews made use of the juice of
plants for coagnlatiii'.' milk for cheese making, ns
the use of rennet was siriclly forbidden by the
Duich cheese of commerce is
g till! milk with muriatic ucid,
which combining with animal alkali, coniaiiied in
the milk, forms muriate of ammonia, ami ii is owing
to the presence of this salt, that Dutch cheese has
Mich a sliarp pungent taste, like Ihe sal. ammoniac
of the shop.--. VVIien the stomach of a young culf
has been taken out, which is intended to bi; used
as rennet, the contents should be empiied out, anil
the bag washed very clean, and laid down into a
stone jar, or some other convenient vessel, and
covered with a strong brine.

It is the custom of some to save the coagulated
milk or curd, cnutained in the stomach, when the
ealf was killed; bill ii is foniiil extremely difficult
to keep it sweet, and t':erefore it is now neglected
at most dairies, ^Vhen the maw has been about
four days in the brine, it should be taken out and
drained, anil put into a new brine, sufficient in
quantity to cover the maw ; in which, there should
be put, at the rate of one lemon, and one ounce
of cloves, to four maws. After the rennet is
thus prepared, ii slionld be kept closely covered
so as to exclude the air as much as possible ; a
stone jug of sufticient size is w(dl calculated for
containing it during summer, which may be closely
corked.

Rennet which has been kept in this manner
one year, is foiiiid tr> be belter than such as ha.?
been newly prepared.

In whatever way the rennet is prepared, it
should lie done before the season for cheese
making commences, in sufficient quantity for the
season. It should all be prepared in olio vessel,
that the whole quantity may be assimilated in
strength as well as flavor. One very great defect
in most of our small dairies, is a want of uiiifiirmity
in the quality of the cheese, and with large ones
that we have never adopted any particular standard
for quality, which should be known in market
by a particular name.

In England, cheese making is reduced to a system,
and the kind of cheese to be made being' decided
upon, the particular process for that kind is pur-
sued ; and the cheeses are produced wilh as much
uniforinity, as our bakers make their bread from
the same flour ; ;itKl thus cheeses are known from
one end of the kindom to the other, by name •
and a person wishing to purchase of any given
variety, can send fir it with as little danger of
being deceiveil, as there would be, if he sent to
the bakers for a loaf of brown bread or a loaf of
while.

Now this niiiformily of ipiality, which should
be known by name, in our market, is what is want-
ed lo make our cheese compare with any in the
world, as no country produces finer or richer
pasturage for cows. The first great sle]) towards
llii.«, is the careful preparation of the rennet, to
have an article of the same sirenmh and flavor
through the whole season ; and this can only be
lone by having it all prepared together, before the
This is so important a part

354

of tlie process, that it should never be trusted to

unskilful hands.

It is a very common practice^for dairy women

to send to tlie Imtcliers and purchase dried maws.

This is risking the produce of the dairy, as it is

next to impossible to tell, after the maw has been
dried, whether it was carefully done : and if not,
no after process can restore it. And if the rennet
is bad, the most skilful operator cannot produce
.rood 'cheese with it. If yon have not sufficient
niaws in preparation fir the season, they should he
puichased of the butcher, when first taken out,
and prepared under your

own direction. It has

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

two ways with a two horse iron-tooth harrow
The seeding may take place at any tiuie between
the first of April and the first of June. A thick
sowing is always to be preferred : and no danger is
to be apprehended from overcharging the land
with seed. The land will force iij) as much as it
is able to bear, and the balance will remain under
ground, and perish without any prejudice to the
growing crop. By a thick sowing you reduce the
size of the stalks, which increases the quantity
and improves the quality. .

As soon as the Hemp gets fully in the blossom
and the dust fiics freely from the blossomed plants

been'pra'ctiscd bv sonic, to make use of the stomach I you may proceed to cut or pull them ; and
of hon-s as a substitute for those of calves. But; if your Hemp is of moderate size and the land
this should never be done, where those of calves i free from stone, there is no difficulty in cutting
can be procured, as cheese made from them is | with a scythe and cradle. The instrument most
very apt to have a strona-, rank, disagreeable flavor . to be preferred is a strong bramble scythe, about
unless there has been uncommon pains in iirepar- three feet long, with a strong cradle, made S3me-

jng them.

But let every dairy man and woman remember,
that after the rennet is well prepared, and the
milk is in readiness,that unless there is a uniformity
of process, there will not be a uniformity of
product. In the first place, the greatest attention
is necessary as to the quantity of rennet to a
given quantity of milk. This should always
be determined by weight or measure— then the
temperature at which the rennet is added. Tins
should never be left, to the vague manner of being
determined by the hand, but by a thermometer. A
thermometer is as essential in this process as in
brewing or distilling ; and we should pronounce
that brewer or distiller mad who attempted to
scald his grain without one. — Genesee Farmer.

From llie Virginian.

thing taller than what is used in saving gram
With such an instrument, a hand will save at
least half an acre per day. If your Hemp is pull-
ed up, you may cut oft" the roots. The Hemp,
after being cut or pulled, should lie on the ground
si.x or seven days in ordtr to become well drie<l ;
and then it may be put into stacks, or sheltered in
a house. — The latter is to be preferred. When
your Hemp is cured, you may jiroceed to prepare
it for the break or machine. This may he done
by water or dew rotting — the former process al-
ways to he preferred. By water rotting, the quan-
tity is increased and the quality improved, and it
will command a much better price in the market.
This should be done in pools or ponds prepared
for that purpose, where the Hemp should be im-
mersed in clean water, and weighed down with
timber, and if the weather is warm it will be found
that from five to eight days will be sufficiently
long for it to remain in water. It must then be
; s]n-cad out and well dried. When that is done it

HEMP.

The undersigned, being requested by the Am
lierst Triune Society to prepare a Treatise on the

culture and manasenient of Hemp, — with diffidence ! should he kept free from the weather until prepar-
and respect peiforms that duty, and begs leave to cd for market. By dew rotting-, the Hemp is rcn-
report : '' dered dark and unsaleable. But it is believed that

The cultivation of Hemp is well suited to the if it was spread out on meadows and green fields
Sliddle and Western States, and will be found to in the month of November, and continued out
"row best on land with a deep black mould, form- through the winter, it would become bleached,
"d from the decnrn|iosition of vegetable matter, i without iii.iury to the staple, and command a good
Lii.ids of this description will be found in the price in the market. — Some of the growers of
niounlains, and on bottoms and ravines near the ! Hemp have broken it, in the unrotted state, by the
creeks and rivers; and any lands that have an aid of machinery. But Hemp prepared in that
open free .soil, will, if manured, pioduce good , way is unsaleable for most purposes, and is entirely
Hemp. The Hemp crop does not require much : rejected for the use of the navy. The breaking

May 25, 1831.

suitable attention was directed to this subject in a
few years we might drive the foreign Hemp en-
tirely from our markets.

The cultivation of Hemp promises to the grow-
er a much better profit from his labor than any
other crop raised in Virginia. One acre of good ■
land in Hemp will jiroduce from 5 to 800 lbs. of'
merchantable Hemp, which if well prepared, wiir
be worth at least eight dollars ]ier hundred; and'
one able bodied man will manage six acres in
Hemp, in addition to an ordinary crop of grain.
And there is another consideration which should
strongly recommeml tlie Hemp crop to the atten-
ti(m of the agriculturists; and that is, that it is
the safest and most certain crop raised in Vir-
ginia.

The quantity of Hemp and flax imported into
the United States shows the extent of the demand,
and that it is increasing. And there is no other
country except England, that uses an cquai],
quantity. The Hemp, flax, cordage, sail, duck,
an 1 cotton bagging imported into the United
States in 1824 amounted to $6,138,890. All
these articles might b; raised and manufactured
in our own coimtry, and the heavy drain upon
the money of the country prevented.

The duty imposed by our Government on Heinj
and flax, and fabrics made of these articles, wlier
imported from foreign countries, will secure tc
the American grower and manufacturer of thes(
articles a certain profit on his labor, more likelj
to become permanent, than any other thing t(
which his attention can be directed.

How far Hemp is to be regarded as an exhaust-
ing crop, I am not jn-epared to say. But it ii
clearly much less so than either corn or tobacco
The undersigned regrets that the |)erformanc(
of this duty had not been assigned to a more com
petent band. The importance of the subject fi
one that demands the best talents and experieuci
of the country. All of which is respcctfiiUy sub
mitted. DAVID S. GARLAND.

sun, hence it is that lands with a northern
exposure, if rich, will be found to answer well.

As this crop derives its principal snslenaiicefrom
the tap root, it becomes important that the land
should be well broke ; not less than six indies dee|),
and this should be done in the winter, in sufficient
time fur the land to pulverize before the spring.
The land should have at least two ])loughing3 with
a two horse ]ilough, and then at suitable intervals,
and should be freed from every species of vegeta-
ble growth, and well harrowed. It is then prepar-
ed for seeding. But the seeding should not take
place until there is a favorable spell of growing
■weather. If the weather is favorable the seed
ivill vegetate ami come up in four or five days ;
and if the weather remains seasonable for ten or
twelve days, the young Hemp will cover the
ground by means of which the moisture will be
retained, and the crop rendered certtiin. Tlieseed
may be sown in the proportion of 1 J to 2J bushels
10 the acre ; and then it should be well harrowed

A WORD TO BEE KEEPERS.

AN EFFECTUAL SECURITY AOAl.NST THE WORM.

As soon as your bees commence working in thi
spring, incline your box or hive one side, and wit!
a slab of wood having a thin ed.gc, scrape the stain
immediately under tin" hive, also around the iiine
edge of the box, taking care to remove all the we
that may be tittarhcd to the stand or hive, as th
wiiolc secret is in keeping them free from the we
of Hemp may be |)erfornied by hand breaks or by ] formed by the moth or fly. Having com|)letcd thi

the aid of machinery, which may be operated by
horse or water power, (the latter to be preferrcil)
and it is believed that machines of that kind may
be constructed, at avi expense that will be within
the reach of every neighborhood. To break with
machinery is to be preferred on account of des-
patch anil the saving of labor. When Hemp is
raised within five or six miles of a machine, it
may be hauled that distance and broke on shares
or sold in the stack, to the owner of the machine,
at a price that will amply remunerate the grower.
— The preference that is given to water rotted
Hemp in our markets should imliice every grower
of that article to prepare it in that way, for while
dew rotted Hemp will not command more than
1-25 dollars per ton, the water rotted will command
ISO, in our own market. It now seems to be ad-
mitleil that the staple of the American Hemp is
equal to that of Russia or any other country, and
all that is wanting is a suitable preparation. If a

operation, provide yourself with four small blocli
of wood, and place one umler each corner of you
box so as to raise it about an inch from the stan
without removing the hive; this scraping operatic
must be repeated every three or four days, if the:
should be any appearance of web forming on th
stand or around the inner edges of the hive. 1
seems necessary to remark, tliat the moth or. 11
commences its attack by a kind of regular approacl
first forming its web on the stand, then extendin
it up the sides of the hive, until it gets complel
possession ; by a little timely attention in removin
the web as directed, the ravages of the worm inayb
effectually prevented. As an tidditional part of tti
plan proposcil, it will he necessary to make an ei
trance fi)r the bees by cutting a perpendiculi
slit in the front of the hive a few inches from tl
bottom, say about two and a half inches in lengl
and one fourth inch wide, with a kind of shelf ucdi
it, to serve as a resting place for the bees going oi

Vol. IX.— No. 43.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

355

returning to the liive ; at'tfr being a little used to it I A writer in the American Furnicr says, he has
the bees seem to prefer this entrance to the one at ! frequently tried every way which has been
the bottom. Iji the winter remove the blocks from recommended by its correspondents, to preserve
under the hive, and allow it to rest immediately on hams, &c, free from bugs, worms, and rancidity,
the stand ; that will render the hive perfectly close ' With him, not one of them succeeded well. The
at the bottom, and the entrance in from being pur- greatest dilliculty in a warm climate, is to preserve
posely made narrow, will guard^against the attacks I them free from rancidity. After being so nnsuc-
of mice, who are sometimes troublesome. — .4m. I ccssful in experiments, which might, perhaps.
Far. ! succeed well in colder climates, he resolved jo pack

his liams in charcoal, knowing its aiitisejjtic
(pialities. This has succeeded to liis perfect sat-
isfaction, and he shall not hereafter try any further
experiments in this matter.

It is of great importance, to have the hams, &c,
dried as early as possible, that they may he packed
away before the season arrives for the bug or fly
to attack them. If this is eftocted in due time,
and they are well packed in dry charcoal, made
moderately fine, he feeis assured that the lover of
good hams, will have no reason to regret hav-
ing made the experiment. The difficulty of
getting the charcoal ofl^, may be made an objection
by the neat house-wife, but this is not much great-
er than to get ashes oft' when bacou is packed in

From the New York Farmer.

jreevil and Smut, in Wheat. — Mr Fleet : .\mong
the directions which I have found in looking over
tlie volumes of the N. York Farmer, for destroy-
ing Weevil in Wheat, is the laying wet cloths in
the bins. — From the experiments I have made, I
find dry bags in which lias been flour, answer the
purpose much better. Do these destructive insects
seek the flour left in the bags? If so, could any
means be, or have any been devised from this cir-
cumstance, to destroy them more effectually ?

Two persons bought seed wheat of me, in which
there had been some smut. In the crop of one,
there was a great deal of smut, that of the other
was free from it. Was the difference owing to
the soil ?
acceptable

Mivark, .\. J. April 1831

Mrs Child, author of the Frugal Housewife,
and the Girl's Owil Book, has in tlio press a work
on education called Tue Mother's liooK. It is in-
tended to supply a deficiency winch haslonpf been
felt ; being expressly intended for the middling
class of people m this country. It furnishes hints
for the management of children from three weeks
old to sixteen years of age.

;>shes, as is the practice with many. As the

, . ., ... ,1 1 u season wd soon arrive, when every prudent liousc-

An answer to these inquiries would be , , . , ,. , , , ,,

keeper may wish to save his bacon, he lias thought

proper to state his experience upon the subject,

wishing it to pass for no more than its real

value.

N. W. T.

Planting Com. — If you plant in hills on good
Lighly manured ground, be careful not to spread
your seed, but let it be entirely close together. If

Chinese Corn. — .-V new species of corn from

China has been introduced into Ireland, a sort of

it be scattered to six or eight inches on such ground, I skinless oats, the most valuable produced in any

from five kernels you will probably have fifteen
stalks at least, and to pluck them off is mucli trou-
ble and is likely to be injurious to the corn. — Five
kernels in a hill close together, never will have a
shoot from the ground, and with good attendance
will thrive and produce double the quantity of corn
of the other, and is much cljejcper managed. This
ground can be over seeiftStK^fith two kernels only
to a hill of the same size ;; that is, plant on a bed
of manure eight inches apart in the hill, hoe it well
and yon will have as much as ten stalks to a hill.
Now if five is enough, ten is too much. — Ports-
mouth Journal.

PLANTING VINES IN YARDS.

Every person who occupies a house, either in the
cityorcountryshouldconsider himself under obliga-
tions to plant a vine in his yard. Suppose a choice
variety of either foreign or native grapes should
be planted in every yard in this city, in a few
years not a family, however poor, would be with-
out this delicious fruit. Tiie expense would not
exceed .50 cent.^. Many would undoubtedly he
neglected and die : but many, also, would grow
and bear fruit abundantly. Let it be not an objec-
tion, that the tenant is to occupy but one year. —
AC 1". Farmer.

country. It has many advantages over other
grain when threshed from the sheaf, it is exactly
like oatmeal, fit for immediate use, and free from
any particle of rind or husk.

The flavor is delicious, and it contains much
farinaceous matter. There accrues, of course, a
great saving of the oats; and expense of kiln drying,
grinding, and sifting, is avoided. The average
produce is twentysix barrels of 14 stone, to the
Irish acre. It is remarkably hardy, iind well
adapted for this climate. — Limerick Chronicle.

' Daniel Brown, Esq. of Portsmouth, N. II-
has recently put in operation a manufactory of pota-
to starch which has already used 15,000 bushels
of potatoes ami it is thought will use 40,000 bush-
els before 1832.'

I We believe there are two manufactories of starch
in this county alone, one at Gilsum, and one in
Dublin. Mr Abbot's factory in Gilsum worked up
16,000 bushels of potatoes the last season. One
farmer, in Sullivan, raised 2000 bushels. Starch
is used in all the cotton manufactories. — .Yew
Hamp. Sentinel.

Such and so well established is the confidence

in rail-roads in England, that three canals are about

to be filled up to make rail-roads in their place ! —

Ithe power of steam has effected wonderful changes

A Dentist in London had thousands of bodies , on land and water. Actual experiment has proved

unearthed at Waterloo, in 1819, for the sake of that a locomotive engine will travel on a level rail-

the teeth : by the sale of which he is said to have ' road, with perfect convenience and safety, at the

made a fortune. The U. S. Telegraph remarks i rate of twenty miles an hour, and draw one hun-

that the teeth once employed in biting cartridges | dred and fifty tons. — What further improvements

A Blacksmith's study. — What would the rea-
der say to an invitation to visit the study of a jour-
neyman blacksmith ? Ladies and gentlemen, walk
in ; don't be frightened ; blacksmiths were in fash-
ion before dauc.ng masters, and steel was used
for many purposes of utility previous to the inven-
tion of corsets. In one of our editorial peregrin-
ations we took some pains to call on a subscriber
and correspondent, whose zeal in the cause had
procured us a number of subscribers, and whose
pithy productions in our columns had drawn the
attention of the conductors of some of the first
literary periodicals. On arriving at the village inn,
we inquired for A. B. and was directed to a black-
smith's shop, where we found our friend busily en-
gaged at his usual occupation. — Without useless
apologies or ceremonies, he politely introduced us
to his residence and to his study. It was a com-
fortable and snug upper chamber, neatly plastered,
and provided with a fire stove, a bed, writing
desk, a book case and shelves, with other' corres-
ponding convehionces. His library consisted of
upwardsof a hundred well selected volumes, com-
prising some standard works on history, civil gov-
ernment, science, law, theology, and general liter-
ature. It must have been in such retirements that
the Benjamin Franklins and Roger Shermans of a
former age conceived and planned the movements
which resulted in the establishment of our free in-
stitutions.— Cadiz Gazette.

now ornament the mouths of the proudest or fairest
in the kingdom.

Millions of bushels of the bones of these poor
fellows and their horses have been carried to En-
gland and ground up to manure the land. — Ports-
mouth Journal.

are to be made we cannot say, but enough is done
to prove the economy as well as expedition of the
mode of transportation. It is less than one third of
a cent per ton per mile ; making a liberal allow
ance for wear and tear, and all possl'.-le expenses.

U. S. Gazette.

Propagation of Grape Vines. — The enterprize
and experience of Mr Longworth, are" worthy
of notice. He has a variety of vines which ho
raised from the seed, producing different varieties
of grapes, which bid fair to be excellent wine
grapes. His mode of propagating the vine on the
wild stock, has in no iiistauco failed, and merits
description. Late in the fall he selects a wild
vine, about the size of a walking stick — cuts it
about three feet from the ground, and digs it up
with as much root as he conveniently can and
transfers it to a hole, in which are mingled, fine
manure and light rich soil : thus the root is placed
until March. — He then cuts it close to the ground,
and inserts neatly the grape scion, in the same
inanner in which an apple tree is grafted. He
then applies a paste made of clay and fine dry
horse dung, — then scrapes the loose rich earth
arouiul into the top of the graft. So luxuriant is
the growth, that it is necessary, the first season,
to protect them from t!ie severity of the frost, by
covering them with earth. They bear plentifully
the second year, and are more hardy and fruittul
than if raised from cuttings. Ne.xt season, we
may expect to see Mr Longworth in our market,
with grapes worth looking at, worth buying, and
worth eating. — Zanesville Gazette.

BoneManureis highly estimated in every country
where it has been used. For wet meadows it is
of great service in promoting the growth of grass.
They should be broken up and driven into the
soil with a large hammer, or back of an axe.

356

NE^\ ENGl.AND FARMER,

May 25, 1831

From ilie Souihein Agriculturist.

ON THE USE OF CHLORIDE OF LIME,

A9 A PREVENTIVE AGJINT COUNTRY FEVER.

Dear Sir — Tlie peiiml liiis anivecl lor the per-
formance of a pioinisH tli;it 1 iinule jou in S^^iitein-
ber, that if I escaped the couiui-y fever unti! the
niiildle of November, that i would itialio you a
coiuiijuuicatioii on the use of tlie ehluri.le of lime,
as coulrihutiii^ to the preservation of liealth, when
exposed to the mephitic air of the couniiy during
the summer. Betbre I enter on the explanation
it is necessary to premise, that I visited uiy planta-
tion (under the culture of rice) throuj;hout the su'ii-
mer, for twenty years past, generally remaining
tvyo and often three nights — that for twelve succes-
sive years (with the exception of Ike two last,) I inva-
riably contracted the country t'uvei; and was sev-
eral times dangerously ill, and many weeks con-
fined to my cliamher. My annual exposure to the
deleterious air of a rice plantation, with a regular
recurrence of fever had made it almost a habit In
Itiy system ; hut 1 nevertheless continued to incur
the risk of visiting my plantaliou. In the lunnth of
June, 1859, having retieited umch on the establish-
ed purifying quality of the chloride of lime on an-
imal and vegetable putrefaction I determined to
test its effii'acy on the miasmata of tlie country
sup])osing that the air of my cliauihe:- might pos-
sibly be corrected by it, and rendered more salu-
hrions. Under this hnpressiou, I procured a small
jug of the chloride, and took it to my idantatioii
nbout the middle of July, in the summer of 1829,
when I commeiu^ed my experiment with it hy put-
ting two table spoonluls into two sam-ers, (two in
each) one saturated with water to a slate of [lasle
and the odier was kept dry; they remained on my
mantle-piece until I retired to bed, u lien they
were removed to my chamber and placed on eacli
aide of my bedstead, (on the floor) at the dis-
tance of three or four feet. I never repleidshed
the saucers until I revisited the comitry, which
was generally in the com-se of eighteen or twenty
days throughout the summer. I experienceil no
fever, after June, in 1829, and I can confidently
say that my visits to the conntry hi the summer of
this year, have been more frequent ami of longer
duration than heretofore, and with pi-rfict impuni-
ty. 1 have regularly used the cidoiide on each vis-
it, with the alteration of placing the saucers oji
the hearth, in preference to the bedside. Wheth-
er my exemption from fever in the two last years,
may be as.-rihed to the chemical properties of the
chloride, or not, I am incompetent to decide ; but
I am disposed to think that it alTonls some protec-
tion in our dormitory during the hours of sleep.
Planters will recollect that the snmir.er of 1829,
was as remarkahly wet as this has been dry. As an
auxiliary to the chloride, I recommend the avoid-
ance of night air whilst in the coimtry, and an ear-
ly breakfast before exposure to the morning air.
Having aciiuitied myself of my promise,
I remain, very respectfully,

Dear sir, your ob't serv't

Hugh Rose.

Charleston, M)vem.ber 16, 1830.

REMARKS ON THE CURCULIO.

I have been enileavoring to collect some mate-
rials for a paper on this formidable insect, but these
are far from being completed. It may bo more
useful to mention the little that I do know, Iiow-
ever, in this stage of the inquiry, as it may stimu-
late others, than to wait till 1 could speak with
more confidence.

The 3d volume of S.iv's E.\to.iiology, 1 have
not ex.-vmined, and know not its contents ; hut
I suspect that onr Curcu/io is exclusively .'imcn'cnn
and that we shall not hud it in any European work.
I have doubts also whether the insect described
by W. Wilson, as iierloraiing a peach stone, is the
same as those which prove so destructive to our
smooth skill stone fruit.

Soon alter the blossoms are fallen from the plum
trees we found our insect in considerable numbers
among the brandies; and on jarring the tree, they
commonly drop, pretending to bi^ dead. Several of
my friends assure me that they watched the move-
ments of the female ; that her mannirr oldepositiiig
the e;;g in the young fruit is similar to that of the
Curculio 7iucum of Europe ; and that while enga-
ged in this business she is not easily shaken from
the tree. They have also removed the nit and then
the fruit healed with a scar. These worms when
found ill fruit nearly ripe, are mnch larger than
those described by VV. Wilson. On conferring
with several persons who have examined onr in-
sect in its winged state (for 1 have no specimen)
we think its length is one fourth of an inch. The
color is dark brown.

The worms found in jjeais, plums, and apples
were consiilered as the same species by Dr

TiLTON.

It is said that the worm escapes from the fallen
fruit to the ground, and there remains during t'.ie
winter.

The fruit of an old pear* orchard in a pasture
near I'hilidelphia, had been much infested by
worms. At last the proprietor had it ploughed
late in Autumn or in Winter, and scarcely a worm
was seen the succeeding year. This effect was
ascribed to the Ploughing which turned the larvte
•ip to the frost.

As ail entomologist, I am solicitous that this in-
sect should be figured and described, and its man-
ners well understood ; but as a cuUivator of fruit,
I have no anxiety on the subject. I want no
premium to be proposed for its destruction, because
I consider the pioblem to be already solved. One
of mi/ friends has had plentiful crops of plums fur
eighteen years in succession by keeping hogs in his
fruit garden ; yet trees within fifteen rods of that
garden, have aimually lost all their fruit by the
Curculio. — JV. Y. Farmer.

SALSIFY, OR VEGETABLE OYSTER.

Tragopogon porrifolium, L.

This plant is a liardy biennial, which has, with-
in a few years past, become a favorite with our
gardeners.

It is cnltivateil for the roots, which are about
the size of small carrots, of a dingy white color
with a milky juice. When cooked, they have a
flavor not unlike oysters, from which circumstance
is <lerived their common name. To cultivate this
plant the seeds should be sown in the fore part of
May, in beds of deep rich earth, prejiared the
same as for parsnips — their general culture and
time of use being the same, and also their mode
of preservation. — To save seeds, a few jilants
should be put in the ground in the spring, when
they will shoot up about four feet high. The
flowers are of a dull purple color, which are fol-
lowed by seeds about an inch long, attached to
a feather, like the seeds of the dandelioii. The
young stalks and leaves of this plant are sometimes
boiled, and moke an excellent dish.

We think this plant will be more generally cul-
tivated, as gardeners become more acquainted

with it, as it is the best substitute for oysters that ;
has yet been discovered, ami iniiy be cooked in all I
the iliH'erenl ways in which they are, and in some '
dishes, it would be very dithcult to distinguish ^
the two. Having cultivated them for a number of
years, we most earnestly recommend them to our
western farmers and gardeners, as a vegetable de-
serving a place ill every garden, as they ore of
easy culture, not liable to be destroyed by insects
and as giving- a variety lo the table through the fall
winter and spring months. — Genesee Farmer.

The Soil best suited for Longevity in Peaches is a
light sandy bottom, for instance, the wood is never
so strong as in strong loam, and not so apt to be
infested with the worm in the roots : in such soil
as this, well cultivated every year, they will main-
tain their vigor for many years.

What I mean by well cultivated is, the ground
kept continually removed by croiiping it with such
crops as will tend to improve its texture ; such as
potatoes, turnips, peas, beans, &c, and every four
or five years a crop of buckwheat, to be ploughed
in, when in blooin ; this will be found to be great
service to both land and trees ; as for corn, clover
timothy, orchanl grass, and Eiich like, they ought
never lo be suffered to he cnllivatc<l in an orchard.

It is much better to have 1 00 trees of good kinds,
such as you want ihem for, well cid livated, than
500 or even 1000 mghcted to take iheir chance,
as is often the case when ground is cheap.

Great care is retpiired in preparing the ground
for an orchard. — Jhnerican Farmer.

Composition for presennng Farmer's Utensils. —
With three fourths of a pound of losin in an iron
kettle, melt three gallons of train oil, and three or
four rolls of brimstone ; when they are melted and
become thin, add as much S|)auisli brown or any
other color you (boose, ground up with oil in the
usual way, as will give the color you desire. Then
lay oil a thin coat with a brush, and when dry lay
on another. This will preserve harrow.'-, ploughs,
carts, wagons, yokes, gate posts, weather boards
shingles, &c,&i', many years from theefl^ccts of the
weather. It will also prevent the rain from injuring
brick walls.

Slips. — Ladies who are fond of green house
jilants, and have it in their power to procure slips
fif various kinils, will find a great benefit, and a
most certain preventive of fdhire, particularly
either in a warm room in winter, or a warm sun
in summer, by covering their slips with bell glass-
es, or wdiere Ihey cannot be procured, with tumb-
ler.-', or any kind of glasses that will admit light
observing to admit air, at least one hour each day,
and not keep the slips ton wet, as it has a tenden-
cy to rot them before tliey strike root, or have
leaves to carry on evaporation. By this process,
hardly any single insimce of a plant has been
known to fail. In setting slips, it is important ta
clip nearly all the leaves, else there is too greata
call for sap ere it has rooted. An ounce of saltpe-
tre, or a spoonfiil of chloride of lime, in a gallon
of water, is a great qnickener of vegetation, and
at once shows its beneficial effects. — Genesee
Farmer.

Tar on Sheep. — It is but little known, but it is
nevertheless a fact, says the Portland Mirror, that
a little tar rubbed on the neck? of young lambs or
geese,will prevent the deprcilations of foxes upon
them, these animals having an unconquerable aver-
sion to (he smell of tar.

Vol. IX.— No. 45,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

857

FrO!U the Moihci's Honk, a. work now in pre^j, by -Mrs Child.

POLITENESS IN CHILDREN.

Ill politeness, as in many other things connected
with the formation of character, people in general
begin outside, when they should begin inside ; in-
stead of bi;ginuing with the heart, and trusting that
to form the maniier.s, they begin with the niannors,
ind trust the heart to chance influences. The "-oW-
m rule contains t.'ie very life and soul of politeness.
Children may be taught to make a graceful courtesy,
)r a gentlemanly bow, — but, unless they have like-
vise been taught to abhor what is selfish, and always
Prefer another's comfort and pleasure to their own,
heir i)oliteness will be entirely artificial, and used
inly when it is their interest to use it. On the other
land, a truly benevolent, kind-hearted person will
dways be distinguished for what is called 'native
loliteness,' though entiiely ignorant of the conven-
ional forms of society.

1 by no means think graceful manners of small
mportance. They are the outward form of refine-
nent in the mind, and good affections in the heart;
,nd as such must be lovely. But when the form ex-
9ta without the vital principle within, it is as cold
nd lifeless as flowers carved in marble.

Politeness, either of feeling or of manner, can ne- I
•er be taught by set maxims. Every-day influence,
0 unconsciously exerted, is all important in forming
he characters of cliildren ; and in noUiing more im-
lOrtant than in their manners. If you are habitually
olite, your children will become so, by the mere
orce of iiiiilatjoii, without any specfic directions on
he subject. Your manners at home should always
e such as you wish your family to have in conipa-
ly. Politeness will then bo natural to them ; they
fill possess it without thinking about it. But when
ertain outward observances are urged in words;, as
mportant only because they make us pleasing, they
ssunie an undue importance, and the unworthiness
f tlie motive fosters selfishness. Besides, if our
wn manners are not habitually consistent w^illi the
ules we give, they will he^tiule avail ; Ihey will
n all probability be misunderstood, and will cerlain-
V be forgotten. I, at this moment, recollect an an-
cdotp, which plainly shows that politeness cannot
e shuffled on at a mnnient's warning, like a gar-
lent long out of use. A worthy, but somewhat vul-
ar woman, residing in a secluded village, e.'ipected
visit from strangers of some distinction. On the
pur of the occasion, she called her children togelh-
r, and said, ' After I have dressed you up, you must
it vf^ry still, till the company comes; and then you
lUst be sure to get up and make your bows and
o'lrtesies ; and you must inind and say " Ves,
ia;iiu," and "No, ma'am" — "Yes, sir," and " No,
ir, I thank you."' The visiters arrivea — and the
hil'iren, seated together like 'four and twenty lil-
c ilogs all of a row,' uprose at once, bobbed their
iiv.d and courtesies, and jabbered over, 'Yes, ma'am
■ 0, ina'ani, Yes, sir. No, sir, I thank you, There, —
lother, now we 've done it !'

POLITEXKSS TO THE AGED.

Nothing tends to foster the genuine politeness,
liich springs from good feeling, so much as scru-
iloiis attention to tlie aged. There is something
vtremely delightful and saliitarv in the free and
ippy intercourse of the old and young. The fresli-
■s^^ and euthusiasm of youth cheers the drjariness

a_'e; and age can return the benefit a hundred
ill by its mild maxims of experience and wisdom.
I tills country youth and age are too much sopara-
! : the young flock together, and leave the old to

iiiselves. We seem to act upon the principle
lat tiiere cannot be sympathy between these two
:tremes of life; whereas there may be in fact, a
ost charming sympathy — a sympathy more produc-
ve of mutual benefit than any other in the world.
The aged, from the loneliness of their situation,
le want of active employment, and an enfeebled
ate of health, are opt to look upon the world with
gloomy eye; and sometimes their gloom is not un-
ixed with bitterness; hence arises the complaint of
leir harshness and asperity toward the follies of the

young. These evils, so naturally growing out of,
tneir iioclated siiiiation, would seldom gain power i
over the old, if they were accus'omed to gentleness,
attention, and deference from the young ; they would
be softened by juvenile love, and cheered by juvenile
i^avety. Such intercourse sheds a quiet brightness
on'the decline of life, like sunshine on a weather-
beaten tree, or a mo.ss-covered dwelling. What is
there on earth more beautiful than an aged person
full of content and benevolence?

.7)1 Invenlion. — The Banner of the Constitution
describes a machine moved by a steam engine for .
plaiing, grooving and tonguing boards. A rough
pine board is placed on a platlorm, or carpenter's
bench, and drawn under a cylinder, to which aro
affixed a number of knives, which, revolving with
the cylinder with the rapidity of a spindle in a cotton j
factory, chip off from the upper surface of the board ;
small pieces of shavings as it passes along, whilst at i
the same time a groove is formed on one edge of the
board and a tongue on the other, by the application of
other stationary tools. In about forty seconds a rough
board is fitted to be laid down in a floor, having this
advantage over one planed by hand, that it :ia3 a
tliii-kness, uniform even to mathematical exactness
with all the others, so that, not only is it better cal-
culated to make a solid floor, from its evenness, but
the tongues and grooves all fit with perfect precision.
In this manner board follows board in rapid succes-
sion, without any stopping of the machinery, and
when each reaches the end of its journey it is push-
ed by the machine out of a window, where it gently
slides down an inclined plane into the yard, from
wliich it is hauled away to its final destination. The
most which this machine has yet accomplished is
five hundred boards in a day, fourteen feet long, and
from one to twelve inches wide. It requires two
men, or one man and one boy to attend it. A good
day's work of a man with the hand plane, is tsventy
boards per day.

Discoverij. — It is found that every loaf of bread in
the process of baking gives out about two ounces of
s.iirit in the form of vapor. A method has been con-
trived of constructing ovens in such a manner as to
save this spirit.

It is a coincidence worthy of note that at the
same time that a discovery was announced, which
is calculated to increase so prodigiously the quantity
of distilled spirit, Mr John Sullivan, civil Engineer,
has found that spirit is the readiest, surest andcheap-
est means jf igniting anthracite coal. In steamboats,
factories and even in private houses this may be
very important.

A Sea Eagle. — About a month ago the game-
keeper at Davenham Hall, Cheshire, the seat of J. H.
Harper, Esq. observed a remarkably large bird sealed
on one of the highest trees in the park. He fired at it,
and the bird was mortally wounded. On approaching
it, he found that it was a sea eagle of extraordinary
size, as weil as beautiful in form and plumage. From
the tip of one wing to that of the other, when ex-
tended, it measured nearly nine feet. This great
curiosity has been presented to the Natural History
Society, Manchester, and now enriches the museum,
it being the finest specimen of the sea eagle wliich
the Society possesses.

A few days since a Catholic clergyman residing
in this city, called at the residence of a gentlemen,
and inquired of the servant if he was at home. On
being answered in the negative, he asked for the
lady of the house, and on her presenting herself, he
observed — 'Madam, are you the lawful wife of iMr

?' She replied affirmatively, when he handed

to her a small sum of money which he said, he was
instructed to pay to her husband, or his legal rep-
resentatives— being the amount of which he had
been defrauded by a person in his employ. The
clergyman then retired without giving any furllier
information. — .V. 1'. Gazette.

RAILWAYS, &c.
The number of engines now on the line of tbe
Liverpool railway, all of which are made by
George Stephenson, Es(i. the ccleliruted engineer
under whose supeiiiitendeiico llie road was con-
structed is 19, Olid it is expected that several others
will be placed upon it in u few weeks. Willi re-
spect to the conveyance of goods, die railway most
fully answers the cxpcctaiion of the directors. —
More goods are conveyed by the company than by
all the carrying firms who ply between Manchester
and Liverpool. The jouineys wiili goods are inva-
riably performed in an hour and n half, in order
that they may not obstruct the carriages with pas-
sengers. The extraordinary Fpeed with which
they must necessarily move, to acconii>li>li the dis-
tance within the prescribed time, fills the mind of
spectators with astonishment ; and notwitlustanding
the frequency of the journeys made by tlie.se ma-
chines, the craving of the public secins .still undi-
iiiinishecl. The facilities afforded to coiiiiiierce by
the railway, are strikingly apparent from the fact
that the entire cargo of an American vessel, from
Charleston, S. C, laden with rolioii, arrived at
Manchester within a Ininilred iniiuitcs after being
<liscliarged.

Important Invention for Min)if,ictiirers. — Napo-
leon offered a preniiuin of tliri;e inillioiis of francs
to the person who slioiiM discover some in iterial
the production of Fiance, that should in all re-
spects answer as a substitute for indigo. In con-
sequence of this stimulus, M. Soiichon, a practical
clieiiiist and dyer, expended a fortune in experi-
iiieiits which finally resulted in the discovery of a
inethod for fixing the color of jirnssiate of iron,
even more permanently than indigo blue. With
this pre|).iration be lias succeeded iu dxiiig green,
blue black, iinil black, at an ixpense of little more
than one third of that of indigo colors, and said lo
be ill every respect equally fine and perma-
nonr.

We learn that Mr Arnold Biiffon of this state,
during bis residence at Paris, effected a contract
with M. Souchon, for the communication of'llic pro-
cess to him, to be inlrodiiced into the United States ;
and that lie lias recently rec«'ived n full explanntion
of the method by which this important desideratum
is effected.

The colors are said to resist the action of both
acids and alkalis, and when worn fiir years (as we
have seen stated by a nieicantile lioiise of high
standing in Paris,) will present no whitened appear-
ance on the seams, or at the pocket and button
holes of garments, the colors there remaining un-
changed— Providence American.

Fecundity of Fish. — Eight or ten years since, half
a dozen small pickerels were put into the Cobb-
osseconte, none of whose tributaries before con-
tained any, and now all the ponds and streams
cimiiected with it swim with these fish. Wiiliin the
last year thousands have been taken and yrt they
aiipear to be on the increase. Y'esterday we saw
40 or 50 very fine ones — one of which weighed 5
pounds — all taken by one iiidivJrtunl in 2 or 3 hours
— Gardiner, Me. paper.

Charcoal for Hams. — A writer in the American
Fanner rcciimincnds to pack Ilams, after tlicy have
been smoked, in pounded charcoal. It keeps out
ibe flies, and prevents the fetid smell and iiiipleasanl
taste too often found in liums exposed for sale.

358

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 25, 183L

sraw 2Jsr^iLiisr2) s>iisjaia®j

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 25, 1631.

Messrs Buel and Wilso.v, Nurseiyineti, of
Albany, who are indefaiisralile in tlieir exertions
to introduce tlie new liortimiltural pnidnctions of
Euro[ie, liave just received the following vakiahle
acqnisitions whioli will be propagated with all
practicable despatch.

100 varieties of pears, mostly new, du[)licate
plants, from M. Noisette.

15 now green house and 15 hardy tree roses
duplicate plants, from do.

27 New Koses from Loddiges of London.

50 do do from Charlwood.

18 Pears, 12 apples, 3 plnms and 5 cherries
(scions) from the London Horticnltural Society's
garden.

27 Pears and 15 apple (trees) from B. Saun-
ders, island of Jersey.

13 Pears and 28 apples from M. Saul, Lanca-
shire, Rev. Mr Bree, Coventry, Youngs, Epsom and
Konald's, at Brentford.

40 extra fine Dalilias, selected by an amateur,
and cost in London 81 each.

Value of Agriculturai. Information.

Exiract of a letter from a subscrilier in Maine .

'Twenty years since I planted out several peach
trees, aU'of which died soon after, for want of
knowledge how to treat tliem. I was then inform-
ed by our knowing ones, that the peach would
not grow in this place. I believed them, and
made no farther eflbrt to propagate them, until
three years since, I])rociired from Wn). Kenrick's
valuable nursery half a dozen trees, five of which,
I now have in a healthy, flourishing slate, very
full of blossoms, and witli a prospect of much
fruit from them. For this I am indebted to the
information obtained from the New England Far-
mer. There are some persons here who know not
what kind of tree it is that appears so beautiful,
and others when passing have even called in to
inquire what they were.'

SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE.

The following letter was written by the pro-
prietor of ' Orange Farni,' to the editor of the
American Farmer. Tliis farm is situated about
two miles from Baltimore, and is under the care
of Mr Underwood, formerly of Roxbury. It is
certainly a very encouraging esara])le.

Ma Smith — Under an impression that the
agriculturists of our country with a few excep-
tions, did not employ capital enough in their
business, I, about twelve years since, determined
to carry my ideas into effect upon my Orange
Farm, consistiiig of 400 acres. After the desired
fertility had been given to the soil, 80 acres of it
were converted into a garden, and 270 acres
into a dairy farm. Of these 270 acres, about
70 are in wood, and about 200 under cultiva-
tion.

The cows are in number about 100 — some-
times more, and sometimes less. They are kept
in warm, but well ventilated stables throughout
the winter, and part of the sjjring and autumn.
They are not exposed to cold rains even in sum-
mer. They run during the sirmmer on luxuriant
pastures, each of which afford a comfortable
shade. So much importance is attached to shade,
that sheds have been erected over the troughs.

where they get their drink. As there is no run-
ning vvater on the farm, we have to depend on I
pumps. And it may not be out of pla.ee Iiere to j
slate, two dogs, one at a time, pump all the water,
and cut all the corn stalks, straw and ha^) used
for all the cows and other animals of the farm.
These cut articles, mixed with cornmeal, bran,
shorts and roots, are cooked by means of a very
simple steam apparatus for their food during the'
winter with occasional variations. 1

The cows are at all times in the stables clean,]
by being kept clear of their own dirt, by means;
of a well constructed drain so fixed as to re-'
ceive all their dung and urine.

Of the sales of the products of this dairy'
farm, there has been for a series of years a
])rogressive increase. — The account of the sales
of last year, as rendered to me by my manager
on the 1st Jan. last, you have below ; and lam
given to understand that it will be more this
year. In this statement the proceeds .of the gar-
den of thirty acres are not included.

As the expenses of repairs, of buildings, and
of every other kind, are paid by the manager, I
have not allowed myself to pry into tliein very
closely. I have contented myself with knowing,
that he has to deliver to me, and that he does
deliver to me, without limitation every day,
whatever quantity my family may want of fresh
butter, cream and milk, and that he has to pay
to me and does pay to me in cash every Saturday,
a satisfactory net amount of rent.

Amount of sales on the Orange Farm for 1830.
Slilk, $4,822 20

Butter, • 1.779 36

Beef, 1.201 84

Veal, 184 79

Pigs, 72 50

Vegetables, • 455 87

Hay, 1.153 06

$9,669 62

Extract from the Report of the Visiting Committee of the Penn
sjlvnnia Horticultural Society, riiatle July, Ib30.

'NURSERIES AND GARDENS OF D. AND
C. LANDRETH.'

< Tliese extensive grounds stand on Federal
Street, near the Arsenal ; they were first cultiva-
ted fortyone years ago, and have been well kept
up ever since.

The earliest collection of Camellias was made
here ; some of those now in possession of these
distinguished nurserymen, are 10 feet high ; they
have twentyfive sorts, two of them seedlings, in
high estimation.

The selection of Grf.en House Plants is vaki-
able, and extensive — consisting, among many oth-
ers, of Wiododcndron arborca, 7^ feet high, hear-
ing rich crimson flowers. Tlie Ertjthrina crista-
galli, conspicuous in the Papilionaceous tribe, and
bearing for the second time this season a profusion
of flowers ; the Strelitzia regina, with its curiously
formed and elegantly contrasted flowers ; the Cor-
rcea spcciosa, &,-c. Different species of the genus
CHrus, consisting of the Orange, Lemon, Citron,
Shaddock, Sfc. are in good order and covered with
fruit.

The Green Houses are 132 fee't, to which are

added a room 40 by 20 feet, and extensive glass

framing for keeping plants. Adjoining to the

mansion-house are some handsome evergreen

\ hedges of the Arborvita:, Thuya occidentalis, and

orientalis ; some of them are well grown althougK
only three years plant.pri,

In the Nurseries we saw a great many Mag-
nolias, of which they possess no less than thirteen
distinct species, and three varieties ; one plant of
the Grandifora is 20 feet high, and in full bloom.
Here are likewise the Cordata 50 feet high ;
a beautiful Eliptica, in flower ; and a magnificenb
specimen, 18 feet hi^h, of the Conspicua ; the
curious Osage Ora'".ge, that retains its lucid foliage-
longer than any other diciduous tree ; a very large
Virgilia lutea the Gordonia pubescens ; the
Halesia — Carolina snow-drop tree ; a beautiful
bush, 8 feet high, of the Clethra acuminata the
Andromeda arborea ; varieties of red, yellow, and
white Azalea fine ; Hydrangeas planted in the
open ground many years back, some of which are
4 feet high, and 22 feet in circumference with
about two hundred flowers, one flower measured
12 inches diameter ; it is thus proved that with a
little protection this shrub wdl stand our winters
in the open ground ; a large bush of the Pyri
Japonica, more than 30 feet round, stands the win-
ters well too.

The Nurseries are very correctly managed, and
cover 40 acres, supplying every part of the Union,
a detad of which would occupy too much of out ■
sptice. We therefore content ourselves wi/h stating
that the stock is very large, and in every stage
of growth, consisting of Forest and Ornamtntdl
Trees, Shrubs, Evergreens, Vines and Creejyers, with
a collection of Herbaceous Plants, Fruit Trees of
the best kinds, and most healthy condition ; large
beds of Seedling Apples, Pears, Plums, ifc, for
budding and grafting upon, a plan very superior
to that of working upon suckers, which carry with
them into the graft all the diseases of the parent
stock. In these grounds are to be seen in th-
spring the most beautiful Hyacinths in the countr .
consisting of fifty different sorts of the double
kinds.

Gard.en Seeds of the finest quality have beeii
scattered over the country from these grounds, and ~
may always be depended upon. The seed estab- .
lishinent of these Horticulturists is the most exten- i
sive in the Union, and the reputation is well sus- i
tained from year to year. To obviate the chance '
of mixture of the farina of plants of the same
family, they have established another nursery at a
suitable distance, so that degeneration cannot take
place, and which secures to purchasers a genuine
article ; the age, quality, and process of culture of'
every plant being thus known to the proprietors,
the supply from their grounds is recommended
with great confidence. When properly assorted
and labelled, the seeds are sold at their Ware-
house, No 85 Chesnut street, where may be had
likewise all kinds of Garden Tools, and publica- 1
tions on Botany, Horticulture, Landscape, and Dec-\
orative Gardening.

HINTS TO FARMERS.

Baron Htniiboldt says, that timber slioiild be lefti
standing on the tops and sides of hills, for three
very good reasons :

1st. Afl'ording a shelter during high winds.

2d. Aflbrding better fuel than timber from loWi
lands.

2d. Preserving the subterranean water courses
which pursue the uneven tenor of their way up
the steep woodlands ; but when the sun is let in,
the parched earth drinks up, retards, and finally de^
stroys llicni.

Vol.lX.— No. 45.

AND HOllTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

359

Sheep — Sheep.

Valuable Books on the best inelhoi! of forming ^ood

ocks, of increasing them, and treating thctu properly
rhen in health and when diseased — on the character
□d value of IMerino Sheep — anatomical structure, tScc,
:c — 5 valuable works, viz:

Sir George Stewart Makenzie, Bart.

Robert R Livingston, LL. D.

Samuel Bard, M. D.

JL Daubenton, a man of letters, and profound Natural-
3t ; his work was published In Gcnnany. Italy, Spain, [
nd Amciica — and in France, at tlie expense of the na-
ion.

' Mr Tessiu, inspector of tlie Rambouillet Establish-
nent — and others in Fr;inec. i

Also for sale — a v.iluable coUpction of Books on A^ri- .
::uUure, Manures, various treatises on Horses, Cattle, i
Jotany, &c, &c. By R. P. & C. WILLLAMS, whole- !
,ale and retail Booksellers and Stationers, No. 18 and SO
Ilornhill, Boston. May 25.

Libranj of Enfertaininfr Knowledge, '

Jnder the dreclion of Uip Snci'ty fur tlie DilTusion of Useful i
Knowlfilse.

Now publishinii; by Lilly & Wait, (late Wells &!
Lilly,) rear oi Boylston market, and by Carter, Hen-
dee &;. Babcock, Washington street, Boston.

The parts of this interesting work whicii treat upon '
rimber Trees, and on Fruits, give much useful and cu-
rious information on these subjects, — and are valuable to
the farmer not only for the facts, that are collected with
c^reat researcli and judgment, but for the interesting
manner in which they are combined and narrated — lead-
ing the old and the young to regard their daily occupa-
tion, not alone as a laborious means of gaining a liveli-
hood, but as ati amusement, and a science.

The parts upon Insect Architecture and Transformation
will prove unusually interesting.— Interesting to all ; but
to the Agriculturist particulnrly useful, in enabling him
to understand the origin and the character of such in-
sects as may be made subservient to the uses ol man, as
well as of that numerous tribe that 'olten blight the ex-
pected harvest, and nip his promised fruits in the green
tree and in the bud.

There is scarcely a subject already treated upon, or
that has been announced in this beautiful series, that is
not calculated to prove interesting to the farmer. Not
the farmer alone, but the mechanic, and the scholar, will
find it in the highest degree useful and interesting. It is
a treasure to the man ot science, without proving a
stumbling-block to tlie unlearned.

Each part contains more than 200 pnges, and nume-
rous engravings on wood, beautifully executed. — Price
forty cents a part, and continued on the s-^me terms.

Societies for the diffusion of useful knowledge, schools
and seminaries, supplied on the most favorable terms.

[I3^Twelve numbers of the American edition are now
published, and several others which are equally beauti-
ful and interesting, now in press, and will appear in
speedy succession. May 25.

Grape Vines.
For sale, at the Seed Store, connected with the New i
England Farmer Ollice, No. 52, North Market Street,
100 superior Grape Vines, Isabella and Catawba, i

being the two leading hardy standard sorts cul- '
tivated, of extra size and ihiifiy growth, packed in tho.ss,
price 50 cts. each. A further supply of the .\U>\aiidcr, '
Winne, Sciippernong, York Madeira, true Rod Bland's
and Orwigsburg, (all hardy sorts) are just received, at
the same price.

Al-o, agood collection of the finest Double Mexican
Dahlia roots, of the mo't ;-howy and cstet*mcd sorts, from
25 cts. to 51 ea- h — Also, Jacobean Lilies, Tube Ro-^es,
and Tiger Flowers — price 25 cts. each. All the above
are now in tine order for transplanting.

B.VRLEY.

50 bushels two rowed Barlt-y, plump and clean for
seed, raised by E. H. Derby, E^q. Salem.
Broom Corx.

Also, just received, a few biislielsof prime Broom Corn '
raised last season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.
Flower Seeds.

Packages of Flower Seeds, o^ eighteen I'arieties, com-
pri-;ing the most sliowy anuuals, among which are the
fjllowing beautiful and comparatively rare sorts; Ele-
gant Coreopsis, Variegated Euphorbia, Cypt'css Vine,
Candytuft, sweet scented Virgin's Bower, Sensitive Plant,
&.C, &.C, with directions for their culture. — Price §il per
package. April 13.

li'm. F. Otis Sf Co.

No. 110, Faneuil Hall Market, have a good supply of
Carnation Pink roots. Pine Apples, and tine West India
Squashes, from Trinidad de Cuba. Alay 18.

Potatoes for Seed.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market Street—

A few bushels of the fine seedling potatoes mentioned
by the editor of the New England Farmer, vol. viii, p.
102. This is but the fifth year from the ball ; they have
twice taken the premium from the Essex Agricultural
Society. (See Colonel Pickering's Report, N. E.
Farmer, vol. vi. page 9S ) They are represented by the
person who raised them, as tolerably early, more than
middling bearers, remarkably delicate and mealy, size
nearly round, color white, and have but very few protu-
beiances. A good opportunity now offers to farmers to
secure a superior variety of this important vegetable for
seed. Price $tl per bushel. May 18.

The public are respecllully informed that sundry per-
sons, lost to a sense of honor and regardless of the lives
of the community, have offered and do continue to offer
for sale an article purporting to be ' Dr Moore's Essence
of Life.' but which does not even approach an imitation
— the bills of Directions have the sative caption — enumer-
ation of diseases and certificates as tbrmer bills enclosing
the genuine article, but the list of agents is not the same.
The individual against whom I would most particularly
guard the public, is Benjamin F. Simpson, of Chester, N.
H. This man has sold to sundry persons in the city of
Boston the. spurious article — to son;e individuals he has
given his own name, to others he has c.nlled his name
Rloore — to one person he sold a parcel of his article, and
affixed the signature of Ebenezer G. Mooi e — to his bill
of sale to another person he represented hitnself as my
brother, and claimed an equal right with myself to man-
ufacture and vend ' Moore's Essence ot Life.' I should
not have noticetl Mr Simpson it certain deale s in Medi-
cine were not in the habit of receiving from him and
palming upon country traders the spurious article — whe-
ther their object is gain, or a wish to injure the reputation
of the genuine .Moore's Es-^ence, and thereby introduce
articles of their own composition, ! know not — this much
I do know, the reputalion of * Dr Moore's Essence of
Life' is too firmly established to be overthrown by the
concentrated efforts of spurious dealers. 1 have long
known of the circulation of the pretended imitation, and
have suffered it to pass unnoticed, but the duty I '^■
public, my aged father, and myself, require*
tioD. JOHV

Feb. 23, eor'^

Dahlia Roots.

For Sale, by Dwin Haggertson, at the Green
House, Chnrlestvwn Vineyard. Eden-street, (on the
south side of Bunker's Hill,) a superior collodion of the
aliove Roots, connining sixty variolies. The color of
each kind marked with the name and warranted as de-
scribed. This collcrtion ha-i been distinguished by gene-
ral praise, and was aw;irded the premium last autumn by
the Massachusetts Hiuticultural Society.

Ai-so, an extensive collection of Green House Plants,
and Keens' SecAWiMi; Strawberry Vines, in pots, with
ripe fruits at reasonable prices.

All the above roots and Strawberry Vines are for sale
by Mr Russell at the Agricultural Warehouse, North
AJarkct Street, at the same pri^ces^ May 4.

For sale at the .l^ricuUural Jf'archousCj

52 NORTH MARKET STREET,

[j:tWILLIS' IMPROVED BUTTER STAMPS. XH
This is a simple, hut elegant and useful implement,
which moulds hulier into a hand-;ome rectangular, or
cubic form, presses out the buttermilk ; and by the same
process fixes upon it a beautiful impression, which ad-
mits of being varied into such letters or figures as may
best suit the fancy of ihe owner of the article.

Branding Irons^ at reduced prices.
Carter's improved Branding Irons, for branding Guide
Boards, for sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51
and 52 North Market street. This is a very convenient
article for country towns, as it will enable them to put up
permanent guide boards at a trifling expense ; it is sim-
ply by burning the brands into a piece of board, then
lightly plane it over, after which give it a coat of white
paint. Guide boards made in this way are much
durable than the common boards, and the cost i~
The above are offered for sale at40 to 50 per c
from former prices, which will enable '*"
nish themselves with a very useful ar'

IVrought-lron Plonghs.-
Wr?ught-Iron Ploughs, of all
assortment of American, Englis
Iron — American Braziers' Rods
Shoe-Shapes — Hoop and Band
Pipe-box and Mould-board p
by

6tis. N<

For Sale, Full hlood
Bull and
Two Alderney Bull C,i
so, one Bull and two Ih
Teeswater breed, all *"
both sides. For terms r

IV

Just received an''
with the New
Market Stree^

A fp^- '
pse^'

Bees in Cities.
AN ESSAY on the practicability of cultivating the
Honey Bee, in maritime Towns and Cities, as a source
of Domestic Economy and Profit. By Jerome V. C.
Smith, M. D. Ju^I published by Perkins k Marvin,
lU, Washington Street, and for sale by J. B. Russell, at
the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North Marketstreet,
price 3S cents. _

Dr HulPs Patent Truss.

CA = E OF MR FISHBURS.

Dr Hull, Sir— Under the advice and direction of
Dr Knapp, I have been cured ivilhin the year past of a
bad rupture of 9 years' standing, hy the use ol one of
your patent trusses, i had worn various kinds of trusses
before I got one of yours, but they were very burden-
some to nie. Your truss, on the contrary, is comfortable
to wear, and as convenient to put off and on as a pair
spectacles. I wore it not to c.\ceed five months
found mvself cure 1. I have not had it on (or six n
past, and have exerted myself violently at wr
jumping, riding, and other hard exercises will
reliiin of Ihe com|iljint, nut even a feeling r-''
in ihe part. In fine, your truss has mar"
and well as ever 1 was ; it is one of t'
invcniions in the world. H

B.A.LTtMORE, Jan. 1S31.

(lj=Dr Hull's Trusses ar-
agent for this city,) Milk-''

Feb. 11.

360

MISCELLANY,

Frooi the Philadelphia Album.

NOTHING TO DO.

Alas! how very weai'ily

The heavy hours roll by !
I wonder if there ever was

A man so dull as I.
From rnoriiinf; light to dim twilight

TheiC's iiolhing I can do,
Except 10 eal, and drink, and write.

And feel exceeding blue.

I wander with a stare forlorn

Through mauy a well known street.
And see how full of business

Is evei-y one I irieet ;
And then 1 sigh to think that I

Alone among mankind.
Have not a thing to occupy

My lingei's or my mind!

1 heard one say the other dav,

That 1 had grown a boie,
Aud did not seem to understand

The purpose of a door —
The paltry dunce ! I lent him once

A HIty dollar bill:
He has not paid it to me yet —

I guess he never will !

When now I call on Adeline,

She never is at home —
She say-, siie could not bear a man

So much inclined to room ;
She has rttiirneil, and I have burned,

My lelteis old and new ;—
'T is queer she did not think to send

The watch I gave her too.

And now there's nothing I can do.

So pesteied by the blues!
Our daily papers are not (it

For Christians to peruse :
I do not care for politics,

Wais, trials, or debates —
skip all • horrid accidents,'

'nd never notice dates.

n vain I try (o laugh,
ton tries to pun —
'ly upon
'in.

'^Ided in

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Coffee. — The general effect of coff"ee upon the
nervous coat of the stomach is, unquestionably, a
gentle stimulant ; and as most substances of that
class have to a certain extent, a tonic power, it may
be safely recommended lo individuals whose powers
of digestion have been debilitated by stimulants of
a more powerful character,such as fermented liquors,
wine, spirit, &c. The cu.stotn of taking coffee
after dinner, and just before retirement to rest
is bad; because its stimulant property on tlie m^rves
of the stomach exerts a power destructive to
sleep; it promote i an activity of the minii, ^nd
gives a range to the imagination, which pre^gjjtg

self furgetfulness that sure harbinger to repo^g

Manual of Invalids,

Royal Te.nderness. — The Emperor of China
has reproved the sheriff for strangling the vvrono-
subjects by mistake, and requests them not to do
so in future !

Pretty Good. — ' What dat you pic up dere.
Sambo .=' ' Dollar, Pompey.' ' Well juss leff" 'em
down again ; I only put 'em dere to try you.'

A caoutchouc (India rubber) tree is mentioned as
growing in a garden in Pliiladelphia. The Balti-
more American says there is also one in the garden
of a gentleman residing in that city. It soniewhat
resembles the fig tree.

There is one in Boston. It may be seen at the
fruit store in the right wing of the Tremont House.
It is a very beautiful tlirifty sapling.

JVeic ivay of blacking boots. — An Inn-keeper in

Connecticut — who was prodigiously fond of a joke,
and valued himself more on his gibes and jeers,
than his good accommodations and honest reckon-
ings one day, as he was sitting before his door,
obeerved a raw looking young man from the coun-
try, whose boots were polished much beyond the
general style of his appearance. Boniface thinking
he would be a capital subject for sport,called to him.

' Here, young man, I wish to speak with you.'

The fellow slopped, and Boniface proceeded.

'[ admire the appearance of your boots — I wish
you'd tell me how to black mine.'

'That,' said the awkward looking fellow; 'you
can do easy enougli— jist rub them against your
character.'

May 25, 1831.

Valuable and Cheap Land — for Sale
The subsciiber offers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice
Land, situated in the town of PiiicUney, county of Lewis '
and stale of New Yoik. Some ol the' land is" improved I
ami under cultivalion. The country is rcmaikably heal-
l.iq, btiiig entirely free fiom the fever and ague and liom
the ciiinmon bilious fevers which often afflict the towns '
upon L;ike Ontaiio, Ibis town being 18 miles east of the ;
like. The soil is principally a sandy loam, much of it
coveied with rich black njould. The timber is chiefly
Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &o.
The land yields fust rate ciops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Ear-
ley, Potatoes and Flax; and on some lots, good Wheat
and Coin may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
peiior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now offers itself.
I'he pioduce of pasturage and bay I'lom an acre of this
l.uid, is very large, fully equalling if not surpassing that
from the same quaniily of land in any other of the Black
River townships. The land is adn:iralily well watered,
there being nut few lots which have not durable running
stieams upon them. The land is well aiiapied lo Orchard-
ing— the Apple t:ee thriving very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors ot the farmcis, ami paying
the bisbest cash piices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present resiiling on this town, were originally
fioin the New England Slates, and some of them from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is otfered (bi- sale at the very low
price of IVoiu two dollars and a half to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleaieil land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollais and a b.ilf for the improved lots. The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two
to five years' credit for payment in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
the subsciiber will receive in payment, Cattle, Sheep,
Perk, Giain or Grass Seed, lor which products he wil!
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purcbaseis. Persons desirou- of puicbasing will please
to apply to the subscril.er, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jefii?i-son,Slaleof New \'oik,or to David Can field,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March i). epl6t

Anecdote.— The Duchess of Marlborough, at

"ning conversations, occasionally covered her

'i her hanil kerchief and was then supposed to

She was in that state one evening ; at

she was much displeased with her

■ .lohn Spencer, for acting, as she

^ influence of Mr Fox, wliose

', she exclaimed, ' Is that the

?' — y/,(. Marchmont Papers.

n eminent chancery barris-

at Lord Chancellor Eldon

nowledge of the case he

if the documents, and not

nsel, and that lie invari-

udicial sittings between

and a daily correspon-

r.' Sir Edmund cites

nal epistles, this sen-

ning to their stupid

am writing to you.

of Discovery
■T occasion

"-'SUS,

Ammunilion ^SJ)^

01 the best quality ai.d luM-csf pri'ct.'!, for sporting

oonstainly lor sale at COPELANO'S POWDER STORE,
65 Broad Sheet.

IM» li. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money » ill bii refunded. If Jan. 7

Hickory.

'I'his aslonisliing fleet horse was rai,=r>d in Montreal, is
f^rom an English blood mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
ferior lo any in the U. Slates lor speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well Iiuilt, good size, and pro-
nounced by (good) judges in every respect a first rate
horse ; trots a 3 minute gait, l.isi vvallcer, and has paced
aiound the tiotling course. Long Island, in 2 minutes, 34
seconds, and was offered publicly to malch against aoy
horse that could be pioduce.l. It is considered unneces-
sary to say more, as his qualifications are loo well known
to be doubled.

He will stand at Abbott's Inn, Holilcn, during the
season. Terms ,fS, the season. Ct May 11.

Published cvi ry \\ , ,l,„sday Kicnimr, ,-,1 ^^3 per annum
payable at the end . f dn- i^ear— but those who pay within
sixty days from the lime of eubscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction of fifty cents.

[p= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russem,, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. P.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 32 North
Market t-treet.

AGENTS.

New York — G. Thokuukn &. Sons, C7 Liberty-street
Allh'tnj — W'm. TlloucuitN, ;3i7 iMarkel-slreel.
PllHailelphia-- 1). & t; L.\n1ikkth. Ba Chi'Sliiut-slrFCl.
B'xHimoii—G. H. Smith, Ediiorotihe Ameiicaii Farmer.
Cinciiiiidli—H. C. I'aiikhukst,23 Lower IViarkei-slrecl.
Fliuliinc;. N. Y. W»i I'KiNCE & .Sons, Prop. L:a, Hot, Garden
MiMlebury, Vl. — Wight Chapman.
Hili//or(l—Gt)i)i>\\iN & Co. Bnnkscllers.
Neu'bunjjiort, Ebknkzkr Sticdm-in, Bookseller.
Porlsmonih, N. H. J. W. Foster, l!oi>ksellei'.
■■'/i"hI, ,Ve. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
'f» Wm. Mann.

'. Holland, Esq. Recorder Offiop.
■ "• Bookseller

NEW EI^GLiAND

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL^TNOM^ORTH M \RKET STREET, (at the AoR.cuLTunAL Warf.ho«se.)-T. Q. FESSENDEN, EDITOR

VOI^. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 1, 1831.

NO. 46.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FORM OF A HOLLER.
MrFessenoen — llaviii;; lately sieii two or niorr
icri|itioris of Rn|lor:i in tlie Farmer, I will !ry
;ive you liie (lescii|)tii>ii cf oiih I liitely saw iji
iciistiT Oiiiiiiy, Pa. at the farrn of u fiiernl of
le am! wliicii he says is Ihe kind nio.st ,i|i|iiov-
of ill parts of Chester County, Pa. A siiiU 6

long anil from 20 to 36 inches in iliaineter is
je bori'il llironf;li wiih n 5 inch hole, then by

Ing blocks ill each end finil the ecntre of each
e anil describe a cire.'e on each end of the
as laiije as it will ad.niit, from which dress
3und and snioolb, and then with a cross cut

it in two which gives j on two pieces of 3

each in length ; next prepare a good piece of
id for an axis, dressed rinnid. and ^tb of an

less than the hole bored, anil hm^
through both pieces and seciice
1 a tenon of 2 by 4 J inches on each

enoUj;h to
1 the frame
end ; on
end is to be left a shoulder, inside of the len-
ind on the other a piece of board as a \yasher
Sep the roller clear of the fiame in working,
frame consists of 2 pieces before and 2 be-
I, and one on each side ; into the latter of
ch is put the axis after having the two parts
he roller and the washer put on. A tongue
:ured to the two front pieces of the frame with
chains to prevent strain in turning, and a
ith and rings for breast chains on the end,
a pin hole at the proper place fm- a double
but where oxen are used nothing but 2 pins
the end of the tongue is necessary, and no
is used in the construi-iion except the stay
ns and sheath. A box forgiviiitr it addition-
eight or for gathering stones may be placed

1

!r over the top, {>r, as is often done, to lengthe:
ongiie, on the hind part of the frame. The
mage of having tliendlerin 2 pieces is, that
•ns easier and without dragging the ground,
a short turn the pieces move in opposite di-
ons.

is said to work admirably. — My friend told
hat ill cash lai I out, his roller cost .fiS ; the
he had of his own and tonk no account ol
ing it. lie h.'id a carpenter H davs whom
ssisted and paid for also boring." If the fine-
description has not been already given and
hink it will be of any use, yon may piiblisli it.

A Pennsitlvania Subscriber.
11/ 2, 1831.

Iicrance proves to be a worm, wra|)ped in a coat
of mail, closely adhering to the wood.

The worm is alive. I send it, with the limb
for your inspection. This worm has evidently
caused the death of this shoot. Is not this the
cause of bbght in pear trees ?

Yours respectfully, W. 15.

Framingham, Ma;/ 20, 1831.

Ill marks by the Editor The limb of the pear

trees, alluded to above. ca:iie to band, but the in-
sect had made its escape, and of course has eva-
ded our observation. Blight is nolhing more than
another term for wilheriiifi;, or decaying suddenly ;
and whatever causes a fruit tree or otiier vegeta-
ble production to wither or u'i7( (as we express the
drooping of a plant) is the cause of blight. Lou-
don says ' Blight is a comnion term fur injuries re-
ceived by the vegetable kingdom, when in a stale
of growth, which cannot be referred to any obvi-
ous or certain cause, and coming suddenly is
said to give them the appearance of being blijilit-
ed or Idastcd.' Some writers atliibuie the sudden
decay of the (lear tree, commonly call d blight, to
Ihe scorching rays of the sun. Others irnagine
that warm weather in winter, or early in spring,
sets the sap in motion, which subesqnent cold
weather arrests, and causes it to stagnate, and be-
come corrupt in the pores of the albiirnuni. Oth-
ers are of opinion that manuring too high, anil
pruning too much causes the tree to die of surfeit.
Th.n there is abundant proof that bli;»lit in pear
Ireei is often caused by sr-o/y/u,, ;yyn, a small in-
sect, first accurately descril leil by the late Professor
Peck, and often taken ncitiee of in our Journal.
In all cases of blight, thf only cure or palliation
yet discovered is found in sawing oft' the aftecied
branch or branches some inches below where the
blight, or marks of disease appear.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PEACH TREES.
Mr Ff.ssenden, — Dming the time I have paid
attention to the cullivatimi of Peach trees viz
since 1820, I have observid that young trees are
liable to be stung on the body and limbs by an
insect, often fatally. The appearance produce.!
by the sting is the oozing out of a darkish n-ieasy
looking gum ; on examination the stings can be
traced quite into the alburnum, the inner l)ark
being .-1111111 discolored. On older trees in the
spring and fore part of summer, tufts of dead
leaves and fruit are seen through the tree.s, the
twigs to which they are attached having been

Js^iiig. Also the fVuit when half grown or more,
Btiing in many places, at first occasioning whitish'
spots, which if the fruit in a knotty state it does
not outgrow, results in rot, acconiDanied with a blu-

„. ... „ , ■ "';'l. ''''""'" '" ! ■'■■^'' ''"'^'y >"«"l'l. » I'it-I' "" touching, occasions the

uselul paper on the subject of blight in pear I speedy rottin.^ of the .-adjoining fruk. Is all this

„ , , r 11 CI 1 i •"■'^•''f^'"ned by ihe sting of the same or different

m no fully satisfied as to the causes ofthis insecs? I presume "cultivators geneiallv in
.-today I noticed that neaily one fourth of niiddle .states n,u.st have observed it._An answer
ppere.xtremityof one of my small pear trees in the Faiiner from Dr Harris
ut out no leaves and was apparently dead, other of your learne.l or pradicii

or readers would be very acceptable, espi-ciallv il
it contain directions for preveiiling said depreda-
tions, which to me oftei

BLIGHT IN PEAR TREES

Fessenden — Much has b

ose examination at the foot of the dead limb,
tuberance was discovered, nearly one inch
gth, and so nearly of ilie color of the bark
i limb that it would not have been noticed
r the enlargement of the limb. This protu-

yourself, or any
correspondents

proves a serious los
Your friend, A Pen\. Cultivator.

York Omnlij, (Pa.) May 2, 1831.

PLANTING TREES.

Mr Fessende.x — In the Cili vol. page 301, of
the New England Fanner, 1 read a cominiinil;ation
by Solomon Drown, M. 1). recomnieniling ' the
ancient iiuiucunxial mode of planting,' and having
an orchard to plant the following spring, I conclu-
ded to dispose of the trees in that way. The
piece contains near four acres, has two ravines
meeting in it at an obtuse angle which renders it
of little value for common farming purposes. The
soil of middling quality and slaty. 1 commenced
at the side where the hill was the steepest, and
most extensive, and ran my rows of stakes so that
in ploughing that face of the ravine, the plough
would run in a horizontal direction, and continued
row after row until the whole was finished, 'vhon
on examining the faces of the other slopes I waa
surprised tolind that in every case the rows v.ere
30 disposed as to admit of the plough running in
a horizontal direction between. Had this piece,
been laid out in squares, I do not see that it could
have been ploughed at all ; as it is, under the most
favorable circumstances, it has cost the life of a
valuable horse by a fall while ploughing one of its.
steepest faces. However the piece, containing
101 apple and 310 peach trees (now in a flourish-
ing condition) has been ploughed and sown with
grass seed, and in future it is my intention to cul-
tivate the trees by digging around them, as I shall
never again attf •..ii.t to plough it.

This spring 1 have planted anoflier piece of
uneven shape and surface in the same manner,
containing about 140 apple and three times as many
peach trees. 1 plant my apple trees at 40 feet
apart and between every two apple trees a peach,
and again between every two rows of app c an en-
liio row of peach at 20 feet apart, which, upon the
peach trees failing and being cut awav, will leave
the orchard of apple trees at 40 feet apart.

I think this manner of planting is preferable to-
squares in every case, but more particularly where
there is an iineveniiess of shape or surface in the
piece to be pjanted. The beauty of this manner
of planting consists, in part in each tree being
the centre of a circle,* whose circumference con-
tains six trees standing oqui-distant therein and
each of course equi-distant from the centre, thug
rorniing within the circle a hexagon, three
rhombs or diamonds, or six equilateral triangles,
and thus throughout the orchard. By way of
illustration I send you the annexed diagram..
The figure as eiltndtd, exhibits a large circle
inclosing a hexagon, the latter divided into three
rhombs, viz, one composed of diamonds, one of tri-
angles and one of circles and parts of circles, a
square and larger rhomb is also shown, and the
places marked for trees after the quincunx order,
extended to the whole and shewing how each
figure would be filled thereby. Bi t there exists s
difTcrence of opinion respecting what constitutes th«
quincunx ; several of our encyclopedias and diction-
aries and one of your correspondents seating it to b»
what appears to be nothing luore than sqnareg
reversed, while in the place before referred to is

* Sec Mr Drown's comniunicallon in N. E. Farmer,
vol. vl. page 301.

862

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 1, 1831.

given what I suppose to be the real quincunx, viz,
two letters V joined thus, l_ ^ ^

+>■"<+

Where trees are to be planted in quincunx at
20 feet apart, I would recommend using two 20
feet poles, first running a straight line of stakes
at 20 feetapirt along one side, leaving sufficient
room between the row of stakes and fence for a
plough and horses to turn ; then let the end of a
pole te placed to the first slake and another lo
the second and the other ends of the poles be
drawn togetlier until they meet in the direction
from the 1"ence, where drive a stake; then place
the poles to the 2d and 3d stakes, draw the ends
toirelher and drA-e another stake and so proceed
till finished. If the piece is of uneven shape, noth-

ing more is nesesary than to cliange the line to
which the ends of the poles are placed and they
will meet in any desired direction, as it is noth-
ing more than laying out one equilateral triangle
along side of another and repeating the same
thoughout. It requires one person to each pole
and another to draw the ends together and drive
the stakes. Where it is desired to plant at 30
feet or further, chiins or tape lines may be used |
instead of poles. Where stakes have got a little ]
out of place, in proceeding with the work, I have'
found it disposed to correct itself; where the
ground is not level care must be taken to hold the
measures in a horizontal position in laying out.

If you tliink the foregoing or any part of it
would be of use to any of your readers, you are at
liberty to publish it. Your friend,

JfrightsvUk, Pa., .9pnl 15, 1831. M.

Horticulture.

The following isa translation from the German Encyclo-
pedia Dictionary, edited 'ly C >plain Picrer. Allenburij,
1829, anj communicaled for tiie New England Farmer by

Doct. LlEB£R.

Lentil. 1. in hotnny, the genus Ervum. 2. in
gardenings the common leniil, L. Ions, conies from
France and the Valais. Tlie thin, annual root
brings forth weak, creeping hairy, angular stalks,
from 1 to 2 feet long, divided from near (he liottoin
into several brandies, and clinging for support to
other )dants;llio feathered leaves stand alter-
nately; from the angles of the leaves proceed fine
Btalkawhicli each have two orthrec whitish flowers,
hanging down. The pods do not contain more
than two sound seeds, flat upon both sides. 3. in
Aus5an(/ry, lentils are cnhivated in the fields for the
seeds just mentioned. They rerpiirc a rather sandy
yet strong soil ; they arc sown somcMvliat later than
jieas and vetches (in the middle o( April), liccaiisi^
ihcy cannot endure night frosts ; the soil is to be
ploughed in narrow furrows and well harrowed;
care is to be taken that tlie seed is not put too
deep into the ground and tliat the young plants are
well hoed and well weeded. For the harvest
(generally in the middle of August) the precise
lime is to be chosen, when the little pods begin to
turn brown though the plant may be fitill quite
green, and, if possible, it is best to choose the

afternoon of a ilry warm ihiy, for if the pods are
quite rijie, or are wet with rain at the time of gather-
ing they easily crack open, and a great loss of seed
takes place. Two varieties are generally ciiltivoteil;
a, the large garden lentil, b, the common field
lentil ; the foriner is distinguished by its size and the
greaterquantity of mealy substance which it willaf-
fm-d, but not hy a better taste. The straw of lentils is
good food fur cattle and sheep, particularly for calves
and lambs; lentils are also mixed with vetches
and sowed as food both green and dryed for milch
kiiie. 4. Nutriment. Lentils when cooked aflbnl a
nutritious food, (this slionid be done in the pod to
preserve their flavor) but like peas and beans are
not good fm- persons whose digestive powers are
weak, particularly if they are not cooked quite soft.
They ought to be cooked for two hours and a
half; when they arc browned, some butter and
a few onions roasted in butter are added, also .salt ;
they are then cooked half an hour more. A good
soup m.-y also be made of them. Some persons
si.fteii the lentils lielbro cooking in cold water.
Purified r;:in water is best to cook tliem in. In the
Archipelago they are one of the principal articles
of food. Formerly the meal of lentils, (farina
lenti.i) was usi-d by ap..thecaries. To fatten pigs,
lentils are execllent; ami given wit!: other food in-
crease the milk of cows.

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticulturo

Socitty, at the Exhibilion meeting, held at th

Hall of the Institution on the 2Sth of May, 1831

Eeiiort iiirdel)y n. A. S. Dearbor.v, i'residriil orUie Society!

Oil a recent occasion, I alluded to the meritorii
oiis services, which had been rendered, by se^^f^!
distinguished liorticultiirisis, whose names are er
rolled among the members of our Society, and i
confirmation of the asticrtion, that their ardor ba
not abated, for the ailvancenient of rural cultur
I will read a communication fr<un Sam'!. G. Pe
kins, Esq., on a new method of warming Gret

Houses, Vineries, &c.

BrooklineMay 21, 1831-
Gen. H. a. S. Dkarborw,

PrfS. Mitss. Ilorl. Society.

Sir Agreeably to my promise I have now tl

honor to submit to your consideration the resi
of my first experiment on the .application of h
water in heating Hot Houses or Vineries. — I mt
however, premise, by observing that at the tit
this experiment was made, my house was unfi
ished ; the west end, where a well is now bu
where the reservoir is placed, was then entiri
open ; besides diis there is an opening at the ol
cr end of the house directly over the boiler;
course there was a free current of air thronglil
vinery vvliieli prevented me from ascertaining I'
degree of heat which the apparatus would g:
to the house when shut up. — This experiini;
was made on Friday evening last, 20th inst.i ,
when the mevciiry stood in the open air at 8 P. .
at 57 degree.* — ami the reservoir was entirely ••
posed, uncovered, to this temperature.

The boiler and reservoir are of cast iron, ci -
taining each about 80 gallons. — their diomcr
is about 3 feet, and their depth 22i inches, li
bouse is 80 feet long in wiiicli they stand, the b
er at the east, and the reservoir at the west ei
of course the leiigih of the pipes that conr
them is abmit 74 feet. These pipes aro introdu
or open info the kettles as follows — viz.
upper edge of the upper pipe is within three ino
of the top of the rim ; and the under edge
the under pipe is a bttle below the perpem
iilar or sti-aiglit line of the side of the ket
which briuL'S it (as the lower part of the kenll
somewhat dishing) within two or three inchei
the bottom.

The pipes are of cast iron, 4i inches in dia
ter within the boiv,— hut the exterior of the ]'9'
pres.-ntsa siirfice of 10.^ inches, making in the o
pipes a surface of 33 'inches.— These pipes «
laid perfectly hm-izontal ; of course when yot II
your boih-ryou fill your reservoir in the same i-
gree; the proper point when filled for opera «
being an "inch above the upper edge of the u| Jr
pipe. — Tbp pipes are computed to bold about S
or 120 gallons of water, which together with >t
which is contained in the two kettles when fi d
to the proper beiglit, say 140 gallons, makes 0
or 260 gallmisof water to be heated, belore'ie
fill effect of the apparatus can be experici (I
tbroiishoKt the house.

At about 6 o'clock fire was put nniler the b er
with some light fuel ; in half an hour the at
was .sensibly felt in the end of the upper |iipe *•
the boiler ; at 7 o'.dock the mercury stood ir ~
boiler at 120, — and in the middle of the ri
voir it s'ood at 96— but at the month of^
upper pipe that opens into it, it rose to 100. Al
this time the upper pipe gave out considerable tl"

Vol. FX.— No.46.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

363

at liair past 7 o'oclock llie'niciciin slonil in tlie
^joiler at 1-14 and in tliC iniilille. of ilie restrvoir it
stood at 110 — but ii|M)n its bL-iii».i),it tu tlie nioutli
jf the pipe it rose tu 120.

Tlie under pipe was nu w warm as Hir liack as the
:entre t()war<ls ilie boiler. The top of the resei-
bToir being open iluriMg the nlioli; proce>s of heat-
,ng, yon conid see the moveinejil ot thi> hot water
froMi the upper pipe into the reserv(dr after the
joiler had atiaiued the temperature of 120, — the
leat of tiie lower pipe had increased so much
.hat I was satisfied there was no difficulty to be
ippreheiiileil, and being trou!de<l with rhenma;is!n,
(he eveidng air bring- cold, I left my gar'cner

0 watch its propress, and to report to ma the
lext morning, which he did as follows : i

Soon after I left him he went to his supper and
bund on his return the fire had burnt down, but
vas renewed auil kept lip until the temperature of
he water in the boiler was 176, and that in tl)^
,-eservoir 156, — this was a little after 2 o'l-lfitk.
he upper pipe was now very hot, and the lower one
;iving out heat tliroughout its whole e.vtent. Soon
ifter, the fire was allosved to go out, which it did
'ery readily, as it was .-supported only by pine chips,
.nd some half rotten chtsiuit pots that had been
lUt of the ground a few days previous. The next
oorning at half past five, I found the tenipeiature
■fllie hoiler, at 8S ; this, consiileriiig the i>peii stale
f tl e bouse, anil especially over the boiler, was
liglier than I e.xpected lo find it, particularly as
he night air was quite cold. — Plad the house
eeii closed, it would have made a great ilifrerence_

1 the temperature of the apparatus in the morn.*
:ig, — the water in the boiler would have beeiT
eated sooner, and of course that in thf^ reservoir
nd tlie pipes would have been sooner in a state
J commniiicate warmth to the house, had the
|Old air been excluded.

I think, when the house is closed at both ends,
lie boiler may he raised to 185 or 190 degrees
1 two hours, at which time a peck or a peck and a
alf of Lehigh coal %vill keep up the heat during
le winter nights of Jan'y and Feh'y. — The ob-
^'Ction to the large boilers is, the time taken to
eat so large a body of water ; but it must be
'collected that during the whole time of its heat-
ig, it communicates a portion of its caloric to the
ouso — first to that part nearest the boiler, and
ibsequently to the other end. as the heat increases
|i the reservoir ; so that the fuel employed in
iieating is not lost entirely at any time ; for long
fefore the whole apparatus is heated, the temper-
iire of the bouse will be found to have changed ;
iideed, all the lieat which is communicated to the
ater must be given out again ; and as it has no
jcape but into the house, the air or the tempera-
ire of the air therein, must be rising from the
lOment heat is felt in the boiler.
Another reason for preferring large boilers and
Tge pipes to small ones is, first, that w here a
rge body of water is heated, it takes a much
nger time to cool it than it does to cool a sinall-
• volume, during all which time it L-» giving out
3 heat into the house. — 2. When a large Imdy of
ater is heated, asmall quantity of coal will keep up
e heat, so that the gardener may retire to his n-st
lull confidence of finding his house in good heal
the morning, — in this puiiit of view it has a
"eat advantage over brick flues; as it frequently
ippens that gardeners are obliged to set up half
le night to watch and renew their fires in the
MQter geasoi), when their houses are heated by

L

tills means. Besides, brick flues cool very soon
after the fire has gone down, whereas, a largo
body of hot water will coininiie to give out heat
many hours after the fire is extinguished.

Another important advantage in healing with
hot water is the saving of fuel ; — a house 80 feet
long requires two furnaces, and two flues, each -10
feet, to keep up an equal heat at both ends of the
house; and it is diflicult to heat these sufficiciitly
with Lehigh coal, at their extremities. — Whereas
by the hot water process you require but one fur-
nace, and the whole consumption of coal must be
much less in this, than in one of the furnaces
attached to brick flues, because these, to be heated
to any e.vtent, require a strong draught, which of
course consumes the fuel w ith rapidity ; but when
this fuel is applied to the healing of a kettle, set
over a well and judiciously constructed fire place
and smoke flues, there is no waste or loss of fuel, as
moderate draft only is required.

Another very important reason in favor of large
boilers and large pipes is the extent of surface
from which heat is given out into the house ; and
when compared with any single brick flue it is as
33 to 18; for instance, the pipes in my house
each present a surface of 16 inches, making 33
inches surface together. Now the largest size
tiles which are used here, at least the largest that
I have seen, are 12 inches square ; an inch on each
side lodges on the brick, of course they present
only a surface of 10 inches on the top, from which
heat is given out freely. — iJeside this there are 4
jpches on each side of tlie flue, where the bricks
stand edgewise ; this added to the ten on the top
makes 18 inclies. — The pipes therefore present 83
per cent more surface than the flue, through which
heat is communicated to the house, to say nothing
of the surface of the top of the boiler, and the top
and sides of the reservoir, which added to the
pipes, would make 100 per cent in favor of the hot
water system on the single point of mediuip through
which the heat is communicated.

Under this view of the subject, I cannot but
think that heating hot houses, vinerie.s, &.c, by tlie
application of hot water is more efficacious, more
certain and uniform, and more economical than
heating IJy-.,brick flues.

1 shall, ^enever my house is closed in, make
another trial of the apparatus, and a further re-
port on itscSects, and in the mean time 1 remain
respectfully,

Your obedient servant.

Samuel G. Perkins.

The very important discovery of distributing
heat ihroughriut the most extensive Green Ilou-ses,
and Vineries, by the means of boiling water, is
destined to have a very favorable influence, on the
horticulture of all countries, situated beyond the
tropics. Ill Great Briiaiii, the experiment has
been made with complete success, and we are
much indebted to Mr Perkins for having made
the apparatus known in this country, by a practi-
cal application, on a large scale. There cannot
he a doubt, that hot water will be universally
ailopted, as a siilisiitiite for steam and hot air flues,
to heat Green Houses and Vineries, while the
former, will be comliiiied with ilie apparatus, as
the best mode of irrigating the foliage of plants,
requiring protection.

It is understood that Col. T. H. Perkins, who
is erecting a I'eachery, Vinery ami Green House
within his magnificent grounds at Brookliiie, 280

feet ill length, intends to heut the whole range
with hot water, in the manner so siiccessfiilly
adopted by his brother. He has n Vinery 300
leit long, which was built some years since,warmed
and irri;.'ate<l by steam.

it is obeeriiig lo luhold the rapiil increase of
Green Houses and Vineries, in all the beautiful
villages which snrrounil our capital. Within three
years from fificen to twenty have been erected,
ami others are in progress. Wliile gentlemen of
fortune thus emliellisb their country seats, practi-
cal gardeners find ihem profitable appei.dages to
their establishiiieuts ; as the sale of the flowers
and finits, which they are enabled to culuvate
afl'ords an ample remuneration for the expense
of the edifices and the labor of superintending
ibeni.

Respectfully submitted, by

H. A. S. Dearborn.

Fres. Mass. Iloil. Soc.

( llnrliciillurnl Hall,
) Sniuolny, »l.iy -Jl, 1831.

This being the day appointed by the Committee
for awarding the premium on Tulips, the number
and beauty of the flowers exceeded that of any
previous exhibition.

Fine specimens of tulips were 'exhibited by
H. A. S. Dearborn, of Koxbury, Z. Cook, Jr,
of Dorchester, John Prince, of Roxbury, P. B.
Hovey, of Camliriilgeport, S. Walker, of Rox-
bury, D. Ha;#'(-sl'on, of Charlestown, Otis
Pettee, of Newton, Rufus Howe, of Dorchester,
Charles Lawrence, of Salem.

A branch of the double flowering hawthorn
from the garden of John Prince, Esq. Was par-
ticularly adiiured.

Rich liuncbes of Flowers from the gardens of
Henry A. S. Dearborn, Z. Cook, Jr, and Charles
Tiippan. ,_

From Otis Pettee of Newton, a fine specimen
of double rose colored Paeony and Calla mthioiiica.
An Orange branch with fruit from R. G. Austin.
p. 15. -/Hovey exhibited many fine specimens of
Ranuncidus for preiiiiuui.

Messrs Wiusliips from the nursery at Brighton,
exhibited a fine collection of hardy shrubs and
herbaceous plants, including five distinct varieties
of Lilac, and the beautiful shrub Lonicera lar-
taricn, or ii|irigiit Tartarian Honeysuckle. This
variety of Honeysuckle is one of the most orna-
mental shrubs which can be introduced into a
garden, being perfectly hardy, of vigorous growth,
and covered at this season, with the most delicate
and interesting pink flowers.

The standimr Committee on Ornamental Trees,
Shrubs ami Flowers, award the premium on Tu-
lips to Mr David Haggerston of the Charlestown
Vineyard. R. L. Emmo.ns, Chairman.

.Wai/, 21 1831.

Members adsiitted Mat 21, 1831.

J. M. Brown,
Edward Motley,
William W. Wheelwright,
Lot Wlii'elwriglit, Jr.
Amos Lawreii(;e,
Joseph Russell,
Josiah Qiiincy, Jr.
Henry Slieafe,
John Gray,
Jacob Bender,
Ezekiel D. Dyer,
George Read,

Boston.

tt

Rozbury.

1

3G4

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 1, 1881.

ii(a-uiacs^i5swujia<

Celery, endive, lettuce, &c, &.C ; :;

It is found in practiee tliat celery constituteSiS
SYSTEMATIC ALTERNATION'S OF CROPS- j thus, by keepingalltlje legumes, as peasanil heans, 1 cxcellmu preparation for asparagus, onions aki
In tlie culiivation of the ground, either in | the brassica or cabhairo kinds.

In cro|)ping all gardens, as far ns it can be render-
ed practicable, rotation should be aimed at, and

the bulbous or cauliHovvers.

farming or ganleuing, a proper alteiuion to the | onion kinds, and lighter crops, as salads, &c, by
regula" rotation of crops forms one of the first I themselves, each following in regular succession,
and principal features of good management, al- the garden would not only look better, but would
though its beneficial influence has not yet been j to a certain degree, produce the rotation required.
fuUy^ccounted for by chemists. The rationale of | In no ca?e should any of the brassica tribe follow
rotation is thus given by Sir Humphry Davy :— I another upon the same piece of ground, neither
• It is a great aJvantag>^ in the converli'iile systems : should peas follow peas, nor beans, beans ; on-
of cullivafion, that the whole of the manure be I ions are probably, the only exception in garden
employed ;and that those parts of it, which are not i culture. A journal, or plan of the garden should
fitted for one crop, remain as nourishment for

another. Thus, if the turnip be the first in order
of succession, this crop manured with recent ihiug
hnmediately finds sufiicient soluble matter for its
nourishment, and the heat produced by fermenta-
tion assists the germination of the seed, and the
growth of the plant. If after turnips, barley with
grass-seed be sown, then the land little exhausted
by the turnip crop, afiords the soluble parts of the
decomposing manure to the grain. The grasses,
rye-grass, and clover remain, which derive a small
part only of their organized tnattrr from the soil,
and probably consume the gy[)stiin in the manm-e,
which would be useless to other crops ; these ]ilants,
likewise, by their large system of leaves, absorb a
considerable quantity of nourishment from the
atmosphere, and when ploughed in, at the end of
two years, the decay of their roots and leaves af-
ford manure for the wheat crop; and at this
period of the course, the woody fibre of the farm-
yard manure, which contains the pliospliatc of
linie,and the other diflicult soluble parts, are broken
down, and as soon as the most exhausting crop
is taken, recent manure is agaiji applied.'

G: rdeners shouhl pay |)articular attention to
rotation of crops, as far as the nature of the thing
will admit of; a good practice is to sow down
part of the garden every season in grass, clover,
and barley, which may be used as green food for
horses and cows. The barley should be sown
with the clover, and cut down, not being allowed
to ripeu ; thus it acts as a nurse and a shade to the
clover. But in all cases where this is done, let
the ground be laid down in as good condition as
possible, and the mamue laid on will not be lost. —
Land tbuslaid down should contiinie so for two
years, or if for three, the greater will be the benefit.
However, this is generally regulated by the quantity
of ground which can be spared from crops, for
the time when the ground is wanted. The crop
of grass, if dug in, but not too deep, for reasons
given already, will materially improve the soil ;but
on no occasion whatever trench it in, as is too often
the case. This j,'ra"tice, although excellent, can
however only bo applied to gardens on a lar£reex-
tent; for its adoption would not be attendeil with the
■ame advantage in* the general run of our ganlens.
By a rotation of the perennial crops, such as
quartering out currants, gooseborries, and rasp-
berries, &c, the ground will not oidy be renewed,
but also rested, or nt least very irun-h improved.
None of these crops need occupy the ground
above twelve years, and not less than three ; this,
together with trenching for the prluripal crops of
autunni-planted brassica will keep the ground in
fresh order, and be attended wiih no loss of space ;
for in all large gardens, anti the gc-nerality of small
ones, new plan'alious of these ilungs should be
made to a certain extent animallv, which will throw

be kept, and the ground ihvidcd into portions, each
of which should be numbered and a careful record
kept of all crops, manurings, trenchings, &c.

The necessity of rotation is pointed out to us
by nature ; for all perennial herbaceous plants
have a tendency to extend their circumference,
and to rot and decay at their centre, where others
of adiflerent kind,si)ring up and succeed them.
This is [jarticularly exemplified in the strawberry,
and all such stoUmiferous growing plants ; mush-
rooms are said never to rise two successive yeavs \ Practical Gardener.
on the same spot. The production of the phenom-
enon, called fairy rings, has been" ascribe 1 to the
power of the peculiar fimgus, (Agnricus arcades,)
which forms it, of exhausting the

Turnips or potatoes are a good preparation fo
cabbages or greens.

Broccoli or cabbages are a proper preparatioi
for bea ns or peas.

Cauliflowers prepare well for onions, leeks, c
turnips.

Old asparagus land aflfords a good preparatio
for potatoes or carrc.ts.

The strawberry, currant, gooseberry, .ind ras|
berry, for the same.

Turnips give a suitable prefiaration for celei
or endive ; and peas, when well manured, are
good preparation for spinach, &c.

By properly attending to all these differei;
points of management, crops of almost all descri);
tions may be put into the soil, so as to succei
with much greater certainty, and in a much mo
perfect manner, than is usual in the ordinary met
ods of putting them into the ground. — Engli

soil of the

MANURE.
Farmers should make it a point to get as mu ■
manure as |)ossible in the ground in the sprit;
ruitrinient necessary for the growth of the species, i -phey thus save a great deal that is lost by evapoi |
— The consequence of which is, that the ring ex- jJq,, when the manure is left in the yard until suj '
tends itself annually, as no seeds will grow where ,;,e,- ;,ni| then carted out into the fields. Hie ( i
their parents grew before lh°m ; at the same time,
th;!t the interior of the circle has been exhausted
by succeeding crops; hut in those places, where the
fimgus has died, grass has grown luxuriantly,
nom-ishment being thus left for the support of
grass and other plants, after the agaricus has

composition, too, is more gradual in the sprii i
aftbrding fiiod to the plants according to their i
creasing wants.

a certain proportion of ground into regular rotation. 1 Sz.c ;

plants,
exhausted all that was destined by nature for
its support.

All crops for a few years tiirlve well on newly
turned np virgin mould, but in a few years they
degenerate and require a fresh soil. Land, in the
cntn-se of years, often ceases to produce the most
common vegetables, and fields which are well laid
down with cultivated grasses, lose every one of
them in a few years ; they become, as it were, tired
of them, but the truth is, that they have exhaust-
ed the nom-ishment proper fir their respective
sorts, and consei]nenlly die, and give place to
others. Tliis fact is frequcmly experienced by
botatiisis to tlveir regret, for a plant is often found
in abundance for years, in one field or wood,
and in course o( time wholly disappears.

From the general richness of garden-ground,
and much rnanui-e being constantly employed in
the raising of garden-crofis, much less attention
has jierhaps been paid to the courses of cropping
in the garden, than in the field. It is, however,
equally necessary in one case as in the other, and
the same principles are applicable to both.

A variety of circumstances, however, conspire,
to prevent its being so efiieetnally accomplished in
the garden as in the farm ; such as the smallness
of the portions of ground generally allotted to this
USB ; the vast number of aitieles which are to be
grown, aftd their great sinnlarity and ri'lation to
each other. The following classification may be
•onsidercd the most proper: —

Broccidi, cabbage, .-aMlillower, and savoys ;

Common beans, French beans, and peas ;

Carrots, beets, and parsnips;

Turnips, early potatoes, onions, leeks, eschalots.

Fallcning Hogs. — A wiitor in the Genet |
Farmer, remarking on tlio article on this subji j
in the last New England Farmei-, by a ' Scient:
Farmer,' gives the following directions.

' In the spring as soon as the grass has attainei,
sufiicient growth to aflford a good bite, the hogst|
let out of the pen and put upon pasture (clover is t
best) in which there is plenty of miming water, a
fed regularly about two quarts of corn meal to es
hog, per day — ke|)t well salted, and, occasiom
mix with the feed a little sulphur, salt petre, &c
preventives against disease. ,\bout the first
October, they are again sliut up and fed high a I
weeks upon boiled potatoes and corn, until
weather is cool enough for butchering. Sii
adopting this method, I have always realized fr
ahundred to a hundred and fifty pounds morep'
with the sauio expense than I could get from al
of the same quality (in the spritig) treated in I
usual manner of pasturing during the summer, ;
fattening in the fall upon raw corn and cold w»

I have never been able to make hogs growy
rapidly upon grass alone, but with the aid of a I
"'rain they may be made to thrive and grow m
faster than one would suppose, who has not t
it ; and when fed iu such small quantities, w
ruiming to grass, they will thoroughly <lige
without boiling. There are other advantages
rived from fiitlening hogs during the summer — 1
are always peace.dde and contented ; your por
ready fi)rihe fall market, and the trouble is ot
the way bef Tc colJ weather comes on .

Those who keep a dairy, and fi-ed their vj
.and buttermlK to hogs woidd find it much to ' "
advantage, I think, to mix wiili it a little men"
bogs fiitteu nuich faster and easier in warm '
cold weathei-.

Vol. IX. — '-in. 46,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

865

LAMI'.VS OF HOUSES.

As the sta-son is now approaching when
some people coiniiienec one iit" the most cruel :ind
barbarous of pnicticcs ever retuiiicil by any jieople,
pretending to be civillzeil, viz : tliat of burninj; out
the lanipas from the mouths of young horses,
we cannot refrain from mailing a few remarks up-
on that stibjict.

We are sensible that some of onr most enlight-
ened readers will say, that this articli; should ap-
pear under the head of V'LTt,GAR Errors ; but yet
we have what we consider a reasonable e.\cuse for
not putting it there.

Most cl'tlie articles which have been placed nn-
iler that head, in om- p^per, are rather innocent delu-
sions, than partaking of the barbarous; rather su-
perstitious rites and ceremonies, appertaining to
property, than ajiy retained usages of the dark
ages of barbarity. At what time or with what
people this practice originated, we will not pretend
to say ; but there is one nation who should either
discontinue the practice, or else say lesson the gen-
eral diffusion of useful information ; that is .Amer-
ica.

The idea that the enlargement of that Jiart of
the roof of a horse's nionth, is a disease, has long
been exploih'd by all veterinary surgeons. Ail
horses arc subject to it, beivtecn tlie ages of three
and five, more or less ; and in many cases, this soft
spongy enlargement, descends to a level with the
fore teeth, « iiliout marks of tenderness or intlr.m-
maiion indicating disease, and if left to the opera-
tion of nature, will disappear, and the horse will
have a somvl and heallhy mouth ; not to speak of
the danger of bleeding the horse too freely, by op-
ening the palatine artery, the manner of ])erform-
ingthe operation, is shocking to the feelings of hu-
manity, as well as paijiful to the animal. It is un-
called for ; and must be considered apiece of wan-
ton cruelty. — Genesee Farmer.

TREES.
No pains and no reasonable expense should be
spared by the farmer in setting out useful and orna-
mental trees around his house and the public road.
lie should do this fijr his own interest and from
patriotic feelings. Our fathers made sacrifices for
our country with sword in band. It belongs to their
children to make them with the spade. The neces-
sitous calls of oin- country are so few, that a patrio-
tic spirit is in danger of becoming too qnicsci'iit.
It slioidd be .said of no farmer, in any part of the
Union, that he has not patriotism sufficient to set
out a tree to ornament his house or 'he public
road. The good of the country requires that a
mulberry tree sbotdd be planted in every unoccu-
pied corner.

sri^^ :s£rv]&iLii£r^ i^iiji^saiiiao

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, J17.NE I, 1831.

Thunder fatal to Goslings. — A writer in the
.American Farmer says, in a late thimder storm the
lightning descended in afield, within less than half
a mile of my dwelling, and killed two laborers and
laid prostrate and injured three more. But the ef-
fect in my fowl yard was very remarkable. I had
two broods of goslings, one nearly a Week old, on
the ground, and another, two days, in a basket in
a house. At the instant when the thunder fell,
which it did with the most astounding force, the
woinan who had the care of the fowls, hajipened
to be looking upon those in the basket, and saw
them, at once, all fall over upon their backs and ex-
pire. Those in the yard, half an bfun- after, were
found dead also ; a nestof eg^'s under a goose, then
in progress of hatching, were all killed. You may
rely on the correctness of this statement. Thoni'li
goslings are easily raised, and live more than a
centmy, they seem to be endued with nerves of
uncommon sensibility, or to have systems peculiar-
ly favorable to electric impressions.

A French chemist states that jioiatoes one third
boiled, effectually supply the place of soiip in wash-
ing linen. That their larina is a useful ingredient
in starch, has long been known.

Currying Cows. — Cows should be curried as
often as horses, particidarly when they are shediling
their hair. Independent of other consequences, it
tends to prevent them from licking themselves, by
which tWylso often swallow the hair, and receive
injury.

Yellow Locust, Robinia pseudo acacia — Mr Win.
Bnckminisier of Fiauiingham, encouraged by a
premium of fifty dollars, offered hy the Massachu-
setts.Xgricultural Society, sowed some seed in 1S28.
lie first poured bo ling water on them and let llieni
soak three or fi>nr <lays. He then sowed them in
his garden. — In the spring following, he transplant-
ed them iu worn-out h.nd, in rows eight feet apart
and lour feet distant in the rows. On an acre be
has 1000 trees some of which are four and a half
iin-lics in circumference. Many a farmer wonhl add
to the value of his farm by following this example.

Prevention of the Mildew on Peach and A''tctarine
Trees. — The following preventive of the mildew
on Peach and Nectarine trees has simplicity, as
well as the e,x|,'erience of many years, to recom-
mend it: — Take of sidphur and rain or river water,
proportions of two ounces of sulphur to every four
galhms of water. Put the tpiantily which may he
required into a copper or boiler, and let it fafterit
CDimiiences boiling) boil for half an hour: after
whicii it may be taken out, or suffcri'd to remain
untd it becomes of a tepid state, when it ought to
be applied to the trees by means of the garden en-
gine or .syringe as in a common washing with wa-
ter. The time for applying it is aniMially, as soon
as the fruit is set and considered out of danger.
— Loudon.

Harvesting Oats. — It is nmch the best way to
mow (not to reap) oats when beginnmg to turn
yellow, whether ihey are wanted for fodder, or for
the oats with the fodder. If a farmer wants to
make the most of bis oats, if they are ever so stout,
let him mow them when beginning to turn vellow
Dry them well, thresh them as much as he pleases
and his cattle will eat the straw in preference to the
best meadow !iay ; and besides the grain will be
nmch brighter and heavier than if they stand in the
field till quite ripe, and the straw is spoiled. — De-
troit Courier.

Exportation of Cattle. — During the first three
months of the present year, there have been ex-
ported from New Haven to the West India Islands
nearly one thousand head of cattle, horses and
mules, amounting in value to more than lifiy thou-
sand ilollars; being a umcli greater mnnher and
amount than was ever before exported from this
place ill the same length of time.

Chickens destroy Insects. — D. T. recommends, in
the Genesee Farmer, as the most efP-ctive plan to
destroy insects, to put chickens, as soim as they
leave the nest, into the garden. The hen is confin-
ed under a coop.

FARMER'S WORK FOR JU.XE.

LUCERNE.

Wc believe that the frequent complaints of the
failure of'lucc rne in this country might be traced to
the tenderness of the young plants, and the soil be-
coming monopolized by weeds for want of thorough
culture the fust season. Young's Calendar for June,
says ' The lucerne drilled iu the spring, will now
want attendance. It wdl not be advisable to horse
hoc it the first year, because its great tendernesB
will not bear any accidental evils that may arise
in ihe operation, but the hand hoe should be kept
diligently at work ; the land kept throughout this
month perfectly free from weeds, and the surface
well broken by hoes, to prevent any degree of bind-
ing. While the men are hoeing they should never
omit to stoop and pluck out such weeds with their
fingers as grow among the plants in the rows:
this is highly necessary ; lor if they are left they
will injure the young lucerne much. Whoever
cultivates the grass, must ab.solutely determine to
spare no expense in the eradication of weeds.
There is no plant will bear the neighborhood of
weeds so badly, and especially while it is young.
If the band hoes are applied in time and often
enough, the expense will not he great ; but if,
through saving, you defer it till they are gotten
much ahead, the crop will either be lost, or the
expense of clearing enormous.

KILL CATERPILLARS.

It is strange that the owners of orchards should
permit caterpillars to overrun their fruit trees, when
a little time and attention might rid them of the
nuisance. A rag fastened to the end of a long
ligiit pole well wet with strong soap suds, and
applied to the nest is an approved, cheap and efS-
cient remedy. Care should be taken to attack the
iusecis when they are in their nests, either morning,
evening or in cloudy weather.

TOU.VG FRUIT TREES.

Sir .lohn Sinclair observes in llie Code of Agri-
culture ' It cannot be too strongly inculcated that
to permit young fruit trees to liear fruit too early
is to do essential injury to their future fruitfulncss
'and duration.' The fruit should, at least on young
trees, be ihiuned by )>lncking it carefully by band,
till there is no more left than will be sufficient to
serve as a sample of the product of the tree, and
shoiv whether it would be desirable to engraft it.

DESTRUCTION OF INSECTS.

In the progress of preparing tobacco for use, a
liquid is finally expressed from it, which is very
cheap, and highly destructive to animal life.
This mixed with from three to five parts of water,
is found to be an effectual remedy for the aphis,
caterpillars, and other insects of every description.

TAR FOR SUEEP.

We have been assured by a gentleman, who kept
a large flock of sheep, that, during the season of
grazing he gives bis sheep tar at the rate of a
^ill a day for every twenly sheep. He puts the
tar in troughs, sprinkles a little fine salt over it and
the sheep cmisume it with ciigerness.

SALT FOB CATTLE AND SHEEP.

All ilomesiie animals, which subsist on green
anil fresh fo ul require salt. It is recommended
to keep it unilcr cover, in such a situation that
cattle and sheep niny liuve recourse to it at pleas-

366

NEW E^CLA^D FARMER,

June 1, I83i.

ure. Those cattle, however, which have not been
accustoiiieil to so iVee an use of salt shoulil bo
brought to it by degrees. We have been infornied
by a practical fanner that iji jiiviii!; salt lo his
cattle and sliee|), he mixes it with unleached wood
ashes, at the rate of one quart of fine salt to one
half bushel of ashes. To this composition his
cattle and sheep always have access. He thinks
it increases the appetite and improves the health
of the animals. *

COPPERAS WATER FOR SKED CORM.

We have several timus adverted to contradic-
tory testimonies relative to the benefits of a solution
of copperas for soakin<» seed corn. We recently
conversed with an intelligent farmer, who assures
us that he has used the solution f(n- several years
and found it a perfect antidote against the wire-
worm, or red-wurm, an insect which attacks the
seed corn under groniul bel'ore it vegetates, — That
last season, he planteil a p rt of a field with corn
prepared with copperas water, hut not having
enough prepared to finish the piece, a few rows
were planted with corn, without any preparation.
Most of the latter was destroyed by the wire-worm,
but the prepared corn wholly escaped. He says,
hovirever, that the solution of copperas is not a
preservative against the cut-icnrin. This last named
insect is an ash coloured worm, with a stripe al-
most black on its back, which eats off the stem of
the young plants of cab! ages, cauliflowers, &c.
as well as of corn, near the snrfice of the ground.
This gentleman is of opinion that the solution of
copperas is a perfect I'.ntidote against the ivire-
u;orm, but of no use against the cut-worm; and thus
reconciles the apparent coiitrailictiun relative to
the solution of copperas preserving corn against
insects. ■ ^7:7.=

DESTRi;CTI0N OF INSECTS. . ij-V .

Forsyth says the leaves of walnut, steeped in
boiling water, and that infusion mixeil with lime
water, soap suds, ami urine are liiund very etiica-
cious for destroying slugs and worms in the
ground ami insects on trees.

TO PRESERVE INDIAN COSN AND POTATOES
:AGAK\ST THE GKUB WORM.

The farmers of liensselaer county, N. Y. say that
ashes or quick lime ought always 10 be applied to
the top of corn hills so(Ui after planting, if it follow
sward, to prevent grub larvae from destroying it. ]
The same applications will have a similar effect, if
applied to the lop of potato hills, but neither un-
leached ashes nor lime in iis quick or caustic state
should in any case be allowed to come in contact
either with the seed corn, or the young plants.

SOILING

Is a term ap|)lied to the practice of cutting her-
bage crops green tor feeding or fafening live stock.
On all farms, under correct management, a part of
this croj) id cut green, for the working horsf-s,
often for milk cows, ant], in some instances, both
for growing and fattening cattle. There can be no
doubt of the advantage's of this [iractice, in regard
to horses and cows ; but for young and for fat-
tening beasts, a sufficient luimber of experiments
are not known to have been jf t made with any
great degree of accuracy. Y(Jiin^ animals require
exercise in the open air, and iirobably will not be
found to thrive so well in houses or fold-yards du-
ring summer, as in pastures; and though in every
case there is a great saving of food, ihe long wooily
and conqjaratively naki'd stems of the plants, witli
l;avc8 more or less witaered, are perhaps not so

vahiable in the production of beef or fattening stock
as a mncli smaller weight of herbage taken in by
pasturage. Milk cous, however, are so inqiatient of
heat and insects, that this way of feeding them at
least for a part of the day, in warm weather, ought
to be more generally adopted ;ainl the convenience
of having working horses always at hand, besides
that they fill their stomachs speedily, is ofiioi less
importance than econnmy. See C'ommunicalioiis to
the Board of Agriculture, \o\. vii. Brown's Treatise
or Rural Affairs, vol. ii. General Report of Scot-
land, vol. ii. and iii.

HEATING HOT MOUSES BY STEAM.
We would beg leave to solicit the attention of
our readerslo the article under the head, of ^ Mass-
chusells Jiorticu'.tural Socict;/,' in this day's paper
written by S. G. Pf.rki.vs. Esq. with remarks on the
same by Gen. Df.arborn. We highly approve
of the ohjei-t, and are happy to perceive the suc-
cessful results of Mr Perkins' experiment. Hav-
ing devoted some attention to heating apartments
&c, by liot water and steam, we intend as soon
as room and leisure will permit to offer some
observations on the economy of heat.

Culture of Silk.— We are happy to learn that
several public spirited individuals in this vicinity
are making exertions to introduce the culture of
silk into Massachusetts. One gentleman in Middle-
sex County intends to have under culture next
year one million of white mulbcry trees, which
will be sold at the hare nouiinal cost. He has now
growing a large nundier of trees and is making-
preparations to raise 300,000 this season, Mr
U'Hom(;rgue of Philadelphia has been considt-
ed on the sidijeet anil inviteil to establish a silk
Filature at Lowell, whii-h he is willing to do as
soon as cocoons are raised in this quarter in a suf-
ficient degree to justify it. Th ; general introduc-
tion of the culture of silk into New England would
justly he considered an auspicious era in the agri-
cultural prosperity of the cimnlry.

The book appears to us to fulfil the promise con-
veyed by its prefice, and olduirse is a valuable ac-
(ini>ition to the com-imnlty, as well as tbe'idass of
mankind for whose use it is most directly adapted.
The IVdIowing extracts may serve as a specimen.

'The horse is a bold and fiery aniiual, even in
a domistic slate : he faces death «ith ardor and
inag;.aniunly : he delights in the tumnit of arms and
seems to feel the glory of victory ; he exults in
the chase : his eyes sparkle defiance on the course
and his whole air bespeaks spirit and energy. He
is nevertheless docile and tractable: he knows
how to check and govern I he vivacity and fire of
his temper. He appears pleased 10 yield to the
hand that' guides him, and to consult the inclina-
tions o( his master: he in smiie measure, appears
voluntarily to resign his very existence to the
pleasure and accominadation of man : his educa-
tion commences with the loss of liberty and is
finished by constraint. Who coidd endiu-e to see
so noble an animal abused ? Who conid endure
such haibaiity ? The .Arabians consider the horse
a valuable present sent them from he.aven, and
tlioy consider it a leligious duty lo treat it with
that respect which is due to the great Giver of so
valuable a gift. Could so mui.-h be said for those
districts of the world which are termeil civilized,
and distinguislied by the exalted epithet — Chris-vs
tian ?

TO PREVENT WORMS OF EVERY DESCRI PTIO.V,

Kei'p a handful of wooil ashes in the bottom
fif your manger, ami salt your horse at least every
third day; this will also prevent many other dis-
eases. The ashes will prove destructive to worms,
(if any exist,) and is also a gentle cathartic. The
nature of the animal requires salt, without which
he cannot be fattened, nor his bowels kept in a
healthy state.

Fabmer':5 Farrier, — illustrating the [teciiliar nature and cliar-
ncii'iislirs t>l' liie flnrsi", iiiirl tli>ea-->-s In which he is linhlp,
witli ilif. syni|H'i;n-J are! r-ne'tU.'* laitnli irly ex|)Iat:iHtJ ; accotti-
piiM'^iJ wall Oil; Periiurpc of Uie hloinl^d Jiursfs ni llie \\>s(,
VViUl sever t1 elfi^aiil li[i:;raviitg^. Hy H. t^. Haraiini, Rilil.ir
of the Uniteil stales Agnciilliii ist, and Fanner's Kepurter.
Cnitiitiiali, puhlished hy A. Ii. Raff, &c.

The above is copied froiri the title page of a
valuable book lately presented«[() us by the pub-
lisher, after having beai) lioimdfgilt and lettered in
a beautil'id manner. ^!^he following exlrai-t from
the preface oi'the work will exhibit,'its object
anil claims to public patronage in a mani*BP equal-
ly concise and perspicuous. ' V i^IBSK- ■ ' '

'The most of the publications 011^]^^^ are
cither too volulii«jous and ex|)erisive, ■^vj.'i^'ab-
striise as to render them lit'le better than" '^ sealed
hooks " to tlie 'mlypirity.pf those who arc nmst in
terest^d in t+j6 swjject. Bift few farmers make
any pretensio{is to vctcnn.a'r^ sm-gery, anil it can-
not be expccM that they ■mil understand all the
technical teril^vvliich geiiarally characterize pub-
lications on Kiih'iery, therefore wo have attempt-
ed to form a concise, simple and correct treatise,
which willbe inlelligible to any ))erson of common
capacity. In compiling it we consulted the most
• celebrated and skilful farriers, and endeavored to
1 select everything that would be useful to farm-
ers on this subject, and at the same time to ex-
punge all that would not be immediately coimect-
ed with their interest.

TVee Pceonij. — The Hon. Jonathan Hunewell

has sent to the office of the New I'aigland Farmer
a beautiful speciuicn of this magnificent plant. It
is three feet high, covered With 30 blossoms, some
of which are IS inches in circumference, of a light
purple color, intermingled with some paler shades,
and of a mild agreeable fragrance, forming a rare
combination of splendor, delicacy, and fragrance.
This plant IS extensively cultivated iu China, of
which ihey have several varieties, some of which
it is said, were formerly sold (or 100 ounces of
gold. It is there held iii such* liLgli esteem, as to
be called the ' King of Flowers.' Mr Prince of
Flnshing has specimens in his gardea tliat have
produced 50 flowers each, annually^ m ^ :^ '

Roses. — A magnificent show of Scotch Roses, in
bloom, is to be seen at Messrs Winships' Brighton
Nursery. Of ihis unique and delicate rose, which is
at present so fashionable in Europe, (here are about
sixty varieties under cultivation at the Brighton nur-
sery. Their collection of other nscs comprises up-
wards of one hundred and fifty choice varieties,
which will soon be in bloom.

IForticnltural Curiositij. — Mr Emmons has grow-
ing in his garden in Eliot Street, a Grape Vine
that i'l November last'was covered with fruit in
Rochelle, France. It has blossomed well this
spring, and gives promise of another fruitful pro-
duct in Boston.

-^

I

Scientific Societies. — It is estimated that there
are above fifteen hundred learned and scientific
societies in the world : above one half of which
are occupied in the encouragement of agricul-
ture, manufactures and commerce.

Vol.lX.— No. 46.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

367

Messrs Editors — Mr Amos Russell, ofDeer-
fielil, ;l}li>»(ly IJio.ik) killed on the first day of
Marcli last, five |.i-s, a IV w days l.'ss than a year
old, their ex-.ct age not luring known, whit-h
weio-hed respeiyively as follows : — '285, 310, 331,
358 and 352 ; inakiMg in ihe wlmle, 1636 Ihs, and
including rough fat 17(3 lbs. lie has since killfd
another |iig about tliirlL-en and a half months ohl,
which weitrhed, as dressed for market, 496 Ihs.
and inehiding rough fat, 518 lbs.

Mr Russell is a genilenian who would not hoast
of his agricultural exploits, nor elialleiige his broth-
er fanners to snrpa>s hiui : hut should you hc.-ir
of any one cfpiaHiiig liiui in this parlic-ular, you
will doubtless make it known to us through the me-
dium of your paper. — Green/it Id pa.

Cheap Paiitl. — Mr John C. Pendegrast, pain-
ter, of this village, has discovered a material for
mixing paints, whii h proniisi's to he of immense
value. It incirporates completely with Linseeil
Oil, and may be used as astdistitnte for that cosily
article. The cost of the new material iscoinpar-
atively trifling, and abounds in almost every part
of the U. States. Paints are mixi'd and prepared
with it, in the same maimer as with linseed oil and
spirits of turpentine. The most satisfactory ex-
periments have been inaile. It produces a smooth-
er and harder surface, answers for any color, and
is equally impervious to water. The invent-
or has obtained a patent, and has alreaily dispos-
ed of rights to several of the first establishments
in this state. He also introduced his paint in Wil-
mington, and had the pleasure of seeing it used
on tlie public buildings in that city. — tf'aytie Stn-
tinel.

Specimens of the above can be seen at 109
Beeknian Street, New York. — .V. F. Fanner.

A method of accelerating the maturity of .Melons.
— This consists in spreading nuder and around
the tnelims, a bed of pulverized charcoal two in-
ches deep. Latnpodias, at Freiheng, attempted
this experiment in 1813, tmd he succeeded in ri-
pening melons in a box fdled with earth and not
covered during the cold summer of that year.
The surface of the charcoal attained a tempera-
ture at noon of from 115 to 128 degrees, while

elsewhere it was oidy from So to 88 degrees.

American Farmer.

Gypsum near Ihe Ocean. — A writer in the Middle-
town Sentinel living seventeen miles from Long
Island Sound, speaks fro to his own experience since
1796, of the benefit of using Plaster of Paris as
a manure, particularly in dry seasons. He finds it
answers an excellent purpose for flax, potatoes and
prass. He generally puts it on the same land.
The farmers on the greater part of tliis Island
do not pay siifBcient iittention to the cultivation
of succulent crops as food for their stock, and
with a view of supplying the New York market.

Oyster Bay, April 6, 1S31. K. L.

NOTICE.

A stated meeting of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society will be held at the Hall in Joy's
buildings, on Saturday next, at 10 o'clock.

Those members who have books belonging to the
Library are requested to return them on that date,
in conformity to a vote of the Society, passed on the
7th of May. R. L. EMMONS, Secretary.

May 31. ' ^

The true Sugar Beet.

For s.ile at the New EiijUikI Seed Store, 52, North
M.okct street, Bj^Ioii, 100 Ib-i. of Ihe tiuc French Sugar
lieel Seed,— receivcil llii-' day horn Paris, hy the last
Havre picket, via Neiv^jorl. The cxcclleace of tliis
.ool for calile, and for culinary and other puiposos, is too
well known to require conuiieiit.

Also— Large and Saiall Lima Beans— Early Dwarf
jjeaiis— several vari.-iies oC pickliii;; and other Cucum-
bers— Radislies, Lettuce?, Calibas;e<, Turnips &c.
Broom Corn.

Also, just received, a lew imslieUof prime Broom Corn
r.ised last season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.

Hants a situation,

As Gardener, a married man without children, who
nnderslaiids the management of a garden in all its vari-
ous brandies — hot housi^rcen hunsc, laying out garden
giound, &c.
A IVw linos will bo thankfully attended to at this office.

J u ne 1. '_ ^

Sheep — Sheep.

Valuable Books on the best method of forming good
flocks, of increasing them, ami treating Iheiii properly
when in health and when diseased — en the character
and value of Mciino Sheep — anatomical structure, &c,
&c — 5 valuable works, viz :

Sit Georsje Stewart Makcnzie, Bart.

Robert R Livingsion, LL. U.

iSanniel Bard, U. D.

M. Daubenloii, a man of letters, and profound Natural-
ist ; hi-, work was publi-;lied in Germany, Italy. Spain,
and Aineiica — and in Fiance, at the expense of the na-
tion.

Mr Tesslu, inspector of the Rambouillet Establish-
ment— ind others in France.

Also for sale — a valuable colhction of Books on Agri-
cultin'O, Manures, various iiealises on Horses, C.ittle,
Botany, &c, &c. By H- P. & C WILLIAMS, whole-
sale and retail Bi^oksellers and Stationers, No. 18 and 20
Cornhill, Boiion. May 25.

Library of Entertaining Knowledge,
tinder the dreclion of the Socm-iv fur the Difl'uijion or Useful

Now publishing by Lilly & W.\it, (late Wells &
LiUvO rear of Koylston market, and by Carter, Hen-
dee &. [Jabcock, Washington street, Boston.

The parts of this interesting work which treat upon
Timber Trees, and on Fruits, give much useful and cu-
lious information on these sutjects, — and are valuable to
the fanner not only for the facts, that are collected with
great research and judgment, but for the intercstin;;
manner ia which they are combined and nariateil — lead-
ing the old and the young to regard their daily occupa-
tion, not alone as a laboiious means of gaining a liveli-
hood, but as an amusement, and a science.

The parts upon Insect Architecture and Transformation
will prove unu-;ually inteie<ting.— Interesting to all ; but
to the Agiicultuiist particularly useful, in enabling him
to understand the origin and the ciiaiacter of such in-
sects as may be made subservient to the gses of man, as
well as of that numerous tribe that olten blight the ex-
pectoil harvest, and nip his promised fruits in the green
tree and in the bud.

There is scarcely a subject already treated upon, or
that has been announced in this beautiful series, that is
not calculated to prove interesting to the farmer. Not
the farmer alone, but the mechanic, and the scholar, will
fina it in the lushest dej^ree useful and interesting. It is
a treasure to the man of science, without proving a
stumbling-block to the unlearned.

Each pari contains more than 200 pages, and nume-
rous engravings on wood, beautifully executed. — Price
forti/ cents a part, and continued on the S'liie terms.

Societies for the diffusion of useful knowlcdLxe, schools
and sendnaries, supjjlied on the most fivorablo terms.

Oj=T\velve numbers of the American edition are now
published, and several others which are equally boauli-
lul and interesting, now in press, and will aiq)ear in

Jf'rought-Iron Ploughs. — Bar-Iron, IfC.
Wriught-lron Ploughs, of all sizes. — .ilso.A Complete
assortment of American, Ell^li^b, Swedes and Russia Bar
Iron— American Br.izieis' Rmls — Spike and Nail Rods,
Shoe-Shapes- Hoop nnd B.ind Iron — Steel of all kinds —
Pipe-box and Mould-boaid plates, &c. constantly for sale
by GAY -V BIRD,

6iis. No 44, India Street, Boston.

If'm. F. Otis «,- Co.
No. 110, Fanoiiil Hall Market, have a good supply of
Carnation Pink roois. Pine Apples, and fine West India
Squashes, from Trinidad de Cuba. May 18.

Potatoes for Seed.
For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market Street —

A lew bushels of the line seedling potatoes mentioned

hv the editor of the New England Farmer, vol. viii, p.

102. This is but Ihe lilili year from the ball ; they liave

twice taken the premium bom the Essex Agricultural

1 Society. (See Colonel Pickering's Report, N. E.

i Farmer, vol. vi. page 9S ) They arc represented by the

I person who raised tbeiii, as tolerably early, more than

{ middling bearers, remarkably delicate and mealy, size

; nearly round, color white, and have but very few protu-

beiances. A good o;qiortiinity now offers to farmers to

secure a superior variety of this important vegetable for

seed. Price $1 per bushel May 18.

Bones ff'unted.
Shin and Leg Bones constantly purchased by GEO.
II. GRAY Sr CO. No. 68 Kilby street.
April 20. 2inos

Bees in Cities.
AN ESSAY on Ihe practicability of cultivating the
Honey Bee. in maritime 'fowns and Cities, as a source
of Domestic Economy and Profit. By Jerome V. C.
Sinilh, M. D Just published by Perkins & Marvin,
114, Washington Street, and for sale by J. B. Rus.sell, at
the Agricultuial Warehouse, No. 52 North Market street,
price 38 cents. ^^

For Sate, Full blood Aldnemey and Short Horn
Bull and Heifer Calves.
Two Alderney Bill C.ilves, and one Heif r Calf. Al-
so, one Bull and two Heifer Calves of Ihe Short Horn or
Teeswator breed, all from full blood imported stock, on
both sides. For terms apply at this ofTice. 4t May 11.

Lead Pipe,
LEAD PIPE, all sizes, constantly for sale by Lincolpt
Fearing k Co , No. 110, State Street.
.Ipril 13, 1S31: 6\v.

Brighton Markkt — Monday, May 30.

[Itoportcd for Ihe Chronicle and Patiiut.J

At Market this day 304 Beef Cattle, 10 pair Working
Oxen, 31 Cows and Calves, 601 Sheep and Lambs. Un-
sold at the close of the market about 90 Beef Cattle, ex-
clu>ive of 70 wtiicb are left within a few miles oi the
market.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — The extreme warm weather,
and the 1 uge number of Cattle at market, produced a
* glut ' Sales were slow and uneven, and at a reduction
of about 50 cts. per hundred, taking all together. We
shall quote from 4 75 to 5 75, extra at 6.

J1\irking Oxen — No sales noticed.

Cotvs and Calves — We no!iced several sales as low
as $12, alo several at about §30, and a number at inlci-
mediate prices.

Sheep and Lambs — Wc noticed a number of lots, the
sales of which averaged about ^2; one or two lots,
quality poor, several shillings less; also extra at 2 25 a
2 33 ; one lot of wethers, sheared, at 2 60, one at 3 and
one at 3 50.

Swine — None.

speedy succession.

May 2.-..

Yellow Locust Seed.

Just received and for sale at the Seed Store connected
with the Now England Farmer OlBce, No. 52 North
Market Street,

A few lbs. genuine Yellow Locust Seed, ( Riihinia
pseudoacacia) saved near Hairisburg, Pa. expressly for
ibia Establishment. The excellence of this tree for ship
timber am! fences, its rapid growth, and its beneficial ef-
fects on sandy, barren plains, where it ihiives well, are
too well known to require comment.

JS'ew-Vorlc Cattle .Varhet, May 23.~-At Mirket thh

I day from 3 to 400 I'oef Cattle, several lots Sheep and

I Lambs, number not ascertained; a few lots Swine, and

30 to 40 Milch Cows. Demand for Beef good, nearly all

sold, but prices somewhat reduced ; the quantity, hower-

[ er, was observed to be a little inferior to those of former

sales ; a few lots extra, taken at 7 50, several good, at |!7,

fair §6 a 6 50, middling 5j a 5h, and a few prime pairs at

$8 per cwt. Sheep, market fair, and all sold, extra, $5 »

oi, good 3.J g 4,fair "JA a 2|, and ordinary at JtlA a 2 each.

Lambs in great demand, and bring §2 a 2 50 per 1 ead.

Swine, quality, lather inferior, being sitll fattened, 4, 44

a 44 c. Milch Cows, dull at $22 50, 25, 28, and 30.

368

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

.Tu'tie

1, 1831.

MISCEL.L.ANY.

THE FALSE ONE.

^BY T. H. B ilLEY.

I knew him not, I sought him not —

He was my father's guest;
I pave liiiu not one smile more liind

Than those I gave the rest :
He sat besiile me at the board,

Tlte ciioice was not my own.
But oh ! 1 never heard a voice

With hall so sweet a tone.

And at the dance again we met —

Agaiti I was his choice —
Again 1 heard the gentle tone

Of th;it beguiling voice:
I sought him not — he led me forth

From all the fairest there,
Ami told me he had never seen

A face he ihouglit so fair.

Ah ! wherefore did he tell me this ?

His praises made ine vain ;
And, when he left me, how I longed

To hear that voice again !
I wondered why my old pursuits

Had lost their wonted charm.
And why the path was dull, unless

1 leaned upon his arm.

Alas ! I might have guessed the cause —

For what could make me shun
My parent's cheerful dwelling place

To wander all alone .''
And what could make me braid my hair.

And study to improve
The form that he had deigned to praise —

What could it be but love .'

O'.i ! little knew I of the world.

And less of man's career ;
I thought each smile was kindly meant^ —

Each word of praise sincere :
His sweet voice spoke of endless love —

I listened and believed.
And little dreamed how oft before

That sweet voice had deceived.

He smiles upon another now —

And in the same sweet tone
He breathes to her those winning* words

I once thought all my own ;
Oh ! why is she so beautiful ?

[ cannot blame his choice —
Nor can ! doubt she will be won

By that beguiling vuicc.

Providential escape of Gen. Mina. — During tlie
last ill-fated attempt of the coiistilulionaiists upon
the Spanish frontier, Mina, in order to detach tlie at-
tention of the enemy t'roni his flying friends, with
two of his officers, attempted to retreat by anollier
route, whicli, from being on horseback, they lioped
to accomplish with the greater facility. They were,
however, disappointed ; for the woods and defiles
through which they huii to pass were so close and
intricate, that they were at length obliged to destroy
their horses ; and at the mo.ment they were about to
aiuk under excessive fatigue, they providentially dis-
covered a cave, in which tliey took shelter. The
enemy having discovered the dead horses, naturally
conceived from their having been recently killed,
that their prey coidd not be very distant, they con-
tinued their search as long as dayliglit allowed them,
but, happily for t!ie fugitives, fruitlessly. Several
bloodhounds were then procured ; but who will deny
the interposition of Divine Providence, when it is
stated that at this niome'it of extreme peril two wild
(Jeer, animals rarely if ever met with in Spain out of
the royal preserves, started up, and the dogs so ar-
•lently pursued them that no efforts could draw
t'lcin off.

The merciless wretches then procured torches ;
but the utmost e.xertinns of feeble men are unavail-
ing when opposed to the all-protecting power of Om-
nipotency ; and thus the fugitives escaped tUoir otli-
erwise but too certain fate.

Effect of Cliuatf.. — The human race is natu-
rally the inhabitant of a warm climate, and the para-
dise described as Adam's first abode, may be said
still to exist over vast regions about the equator. —
There the sun's influence is strong and uniform,
producing a rich and warm garden, in which human
beings, however ignorant of the world which they
had come to inhabit, would have their necessities
supplied almost by wishing;^, .The ripe fruit is there
always hanging from the branches; of clothing
there is required only what moral feelings may dic-
tate, or wliat may be supposed to add grace to the
form ; and as a sheltiT from the weather, a few broad
leaves spread (ni connected reeds will complete an
Indian hut. The human family, in multiplying and
spreading in all directions from such a centre, would
find, to liie east and west, on^the lengthened para-
dise, with slightly varying features of beauty ; but to
the north and south, the changes of season, which
make the bee of high latitudes lay up its « inter store
of honey, and sends migrating birds from country
to country in search of warmth and food, would also
rouse man's energies to protect himself. His facul-
ties of foresight and contrivance would come into
play, awakening industry ; and, as to their fruits, he
would soon possess the knowledge and the arts
which secure a happy existence in all climates, from
equator almost to the pole. It is chiefly because man
has learned to produce at will, and to control, the
wonder-working principle of heat, that in the rude
winter, which seems the death of nature, he, and
other tropical animals and plants which he protects,
do not in reality perish — even as a canary bird es-
caped from its cage, or an infant exposed among the
snowhills. By producing heat from his fire, he ob-
tains a novel and most pleasurable sort of existence ;
and ill the night while the dark and freezing winds
are howling over his roof, he basks in the presence
of liis mimic sun, surrounded by his friends and all
the delights of society, while in his store rooms, or
in those of merchants at his command, he has the
treasured delicacies of every season and clime. He
soon becomes aware, too, that the dreary winter, in-
stead of being a curse, is really in many respects a
blessing, by arousing from the apathy to which the
eternal serenity of a tropical sky so much disposes.
In climates where labor and ingenuity must precede
enjoyment, ever.v faculty of mind and body is invigo-
rated ; and hence the sterner climates form the pei-
fect man. It is in them that the arts and sciences
have reached their present advancement, and that
the brightest examples have appeared of intellectual
and moral excellence. — JlrnoWs Phi/sics.

MosTACHEs. — There is r.o civilized animal that
looks respectable in IMustaches, but grimalkin. To
her they are quite becoming, for tliey suggest at
once ideas of use and fitness. But a man in mus-
taches— a human being with purrers — is an object
supremely ridiculous, if they are of no use to him —
and of this there can be no doubt — do they add any-
thing to his beauty ? To an officer, military or na-
val, they may, but not to a citizen, not to a boy whose
cheeks are hardly razorahle. Young gentlemen who
cultivate mustaches are like boys when first inbreech-
ed ; they strut about and fancy themselves men;
but no one but themselves is cheated in the belief
of it. j

[He must have been a bold fellow who indited the
above, for if known, there is but little doubt that like
Absalom ho would full a victim to hair. In England
the rage for whiskers and mustaches is so great,
that the office of barber has become a sinecure —
that ancient profession receiving now the same re-
compense for thinning the hairy crops in the corners
of a man's moiith, as they did formerly for denuding
the whole face of the oxcresence. Sliakspeare says,
something about 'the more hair the less wit ;' but he
boing as lighlly bearded as a spear of wheat, and bald
withal, is not so good authority upon this subject as
some olliers, and cannot therefore be quoted as giv-
ing to 'A-airy notliings a local habitation and a
naiue.'J--.V. Y. .'Imerican.

Valuable and Cheap Land — for Sale.

The subsciiber offers for sale, 14;0()0 acres of choice
Land, siiuaieil in ihe town of Piiicl>ney, counly of Lewis
and sl.ite of New York. •Some ol the land is improved
and under cullivalion. The countiy is remaikably heal-
thy, being cnliiely free bom the fever and a};uc and from
the common bilious fevers which olien afiiicl the towns
upon Lake Onlaiio, this town being 18 iiiile.-^ east of the
lake. The soil is [irincipally a sandy ioam, much of it
covered with rich black niouM. The limber is chiefly
Sugar M.iple, Ulack Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &c.
The land yields first rale crops of Gras.:, liye, Oats, Bar-
ley, Potatoes and Flax; and on some lols, good Wheat
and Coin may be grown. To those wishing lo obtain su-
perior' grazing farms, a tine oppoituniiy now offers itself.
The pioduce of pasturage ami hay fionr an aci-e of this
land, is very large, fully equ.illing if not surpassing that
from the same quantity of land in any olbei- ol the Black
River lownsbip-i. 'J'be land is admirably well watered,
there beiirg nut few lots which have not durable running
slreaiirs upon them. Tire land is well adapted lo Orchard-
ing— Ihe Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds nray be disposed uf with the least possi-
ble tiouble, and to the greatest advantage, Ihe drovers
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying
the highest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at piesent residing on this town, were originally
I'l oin the New England States, and some of them from
iNIassachusetts, who ar'c in tliriving cii'cuinstances. The
above ilescribed land is otfered ibi' sale at the very low
price of fioiii two dollars and a half to thi-ee dollars per
acre, loi- the unclear-ed land, and horn three dollars and a
half to five dollar-s and a h.ilf lor the improved lots. The
land will he sold in lols lo suit purchasers, and from two
lo five year-s' credit lor payment in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to iturchasers,
the subscr-iber will receive in payment, Catll.', Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he will
allow lire highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good VVar-rarrty Deeds will be given to
purchaseis. Persons desirous of purchasing will please
to apply to the subscri',ei", at Henderson Har bor-, county
of Jeffer-son, State of New York, or to David Canfield,
Esq. on Ihe town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

Ammunition ^£0

Of tlie best quality ai.rl /i^?/Jes< TJriccs, for sporting —
constanlly for sale at COPELAND'S POVV DER STORE,
6: Broad Street.

N. B. H' the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded. If Jan. 1

Hickory.

This astonishing fleet horse was raised in Montreal, i»
from an Engii>h blood mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
ferior- to any in the U. Slates for speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sor-rel, well built, good size, and pro-
nounced by (gnod) judges in every respect a first rate
horse ; trots a 3 minute gait, fast walker, and has paced
around the trotting course. Long Island, in 2 minutes, 34
seconds, and was olfer'ed jinblicly lo matcli against any
hor-se that could be produced. Jt is considered unneces-
sary to say niore, as hrs qualifications are too well known
to be doubted.

He will stand at Abbott's Inn, Holdcn, during the
season. Terms ."^S, the season. 6t JMay 11.

Published evrry \\'«-ihiesday K\eiiirig, at ^5 per annu
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction trffifty cents.

03^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by L R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
llussF.LL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agicnts.

.Vt'ic I'or/t — G.Thof,iiup.n & Sons,67 Liber-ty-street
AHiaity — VVm. TiioRHuuN. 3t7 iMaikci-sireei.
PiiHaitelphia- ]). & C I..\miheth. 8& Cbeslnul-slrect.
Billimore—G. 1!. .Sjl ITH , Edrlor of ihe American Farmer.
Uincinnali—S. C. Pahkhukst, '23 Lower Markel-slrcel.
Flnshina:. N. Y. VVm, Pkinck &. .SoKs.Prop.Lia. Bot.Gardea
Middlcbunj, T;.— Wight Ciiapm.^n.
Itriif/ori/~Gutt]t\\is & Co. Dooksetlers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Ni'wburyporl, Ebf.nk.zkh Stkhman, Bookseller.
Porlsmoiilli, N. H. J. W. FoSTF.B. Bookseller.
Fo;'(/nni/. ;)/•-'.— .Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Jliirrxista, Me. Wii. Mann.

Ihiiifux, i\. S.— P. J. Hoi la:d, V.i<\. Recorder Ofricc.
iloidrea!, L. C. — A. Bowman , Bookseller

ix'EW mngIjANi^ farmer.

PUBLISHED BV J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 8, 1831.

NO. 47.

cSs&sa;si^Erit^iisa©srs9

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

THE PEASO.V.
'Mb. Fessende.n — I have just road the observa-
;ioiis u|ion the season by a lloxbiiry farmer; and
ijtiioiigli I (eel the greatest respect for the opinion
jf this aceiirate and scientific observer, I catniot
.lilt think him mistaken in altrihiitiiis the earliness
uul promise of tlie present sprinj; in Massachusetts
]0 the great depth of snow the hist winter, its
lonff continuance on the f;ronnd, and consequent
shallowness of frost. I should once have concur-
red in this opinion ; but the experience of the last
^earin Maine has satistied me, that it is dependent
an other causes. The -past winter was in fllaine, as
lyell as in Mass. ' very extraordinary.' The autumn
lad been uncommonly mild. .Agricultural opera-
ions on the Kennebec, usually iu!i)pded by frost as
jarly as the middle or 20th Nov., need not have been
iUspenJed the last year on account of frost, till
iie '20th Dec, ; and the river, the averajie of whose
iiial close for the last 40 years is the 10th Dec,
iiras not linally shut up this year till the lltli Jan-
larv. Tiiere were several violent storms of rain,
)ut very little snow iluring the whole winter,
rherc was very little sledding, only a few days at a
juie and in the whole not nuich more tlian a fort-
jight. After the middle of January, the winter
issumod nearly its usual severity, the mercury.
>ccasionally falhng below zero ; and the earth b^
ng unprotected by snow allowed the frost to pe^-
strate to very unusual depth. I found it this spring
Q clayey soil, 3 ket 4 inches below the surface, and
J feet 8 inches in gravel. Such a winter oug-lit,
iccording to common opinion, to Inive been fol-
owcd by a backward and unfruitful season. Par-
tjcuhirly as one rain was accompanied with cold,
io that the trees were so loaded with ice that
nany brandies were broken oft' by its weight.
5o far however is this from being true, that the
ipring is early ; ami I have no recollection of a
leason, when every product of the earth gave
mch )>romise of fruitfulness. The river opened
) days before the average time, having lieen closed
)Ut tliree months and a half. The ice was not
arried out by a flood, but dissolved by the heat
)f the weather. I suhjoin a table of the conipar-
itive forwardness of the spring for the last 6 years.

1826 1827 1828 J829 1830 1831.
•pen atGardilier \ ^ f f

irourid Lil;ic ) . ,5 jiar.SS War. 23 .\p.ai Ap. 4 iMar. 31

>DCnione, Do. Ap. 23 Ap. 6 Ap. 6 Ap. 25 Ap. 4 Ap. 6
!:potle.l Lily, do. Ap. 30 Ap. 19 Ap. 19 Jlay 4 Ap. 19 Ap. 21
^'luin do. M:iyll May 9 May 8 May 12 Ap.30 .May 6

i Winter grain, which accoriling to common the-
:iries, ought to have been destroyed by the winter,
lever suffered less, or looked more jiromising in
ilay. Neither did the grass suffer from its ex])OS-
ire to the cold; but there is a prosjiect of an un-
isually heavy crop. I might go on and speak of
!very |)lant that suffers in our climate for the win-
er, and say that it either has not suffered from
he winter or suffered much less than usual.
Phe Antwerp Raspberry is alive to the extremity
if every branch ; nearly the same may be said of
he roses ; and the Magnolia and Catalpa have for

the first time since I have cultivated them, lost
but little of the preceding year's growth of wood.
The peach tree, which is so frecpiently killed,
as scarcely to be worth cultivating, has not only
survived the winter, l)ut has been most beautifully
covered with blossoms. The hardier kinds of cher-
ry are generally productive; but the more delicate
liiuds seldom perfect their blossoms. This year
they were covered with bloom, and two successive
frosts, while they were in blossom, have not i)re-
vented the conversion of those blossoms into
fruit. Pears and apples promise to be abundant.
The plum is the only tree, which does not now
promise a great crop. Two years since, the plum
trees in this section were mostly destroyed by the
winter. I lost about seven eigliths of mine,
and the remainder have not yet entirely recovered.
That winter so ftal to the plum and injurious to
many other trees and plants was a winter of deep
snows, which continued late. I submit these facts
without attempting satisfactorily to account for
them, but I would, ask whether we may not attri-
bute the present early and promising spring to the
circumstances; that the autuimi was mild and moist,
so that the buds were well formed ; and not
injured by alternate severe fl•o^ts and warm weath-
er, and that the spring, though upon the whole
forward, did not have very hot days or very cold
nights, before the month of May.
^Gardiner, May 20, 1S31.

ONF. WAT TO rnOTECT CABBAGE PLANTS FROM
WORMS.

Ma Fessende.n — In the months of May and
June, 1830, the soil in this vicinity was infested
with an unusual quantity of worms of various
kinds which made great havoc in gardens, corn
fields, &c. I set out on a small plat of ground nearly
200 cabbage plants which were destroyed in a few
days. The same ground was set a second and a
third time, but with no better success than before
and although hundreds if not thousands of worms
were destroyed in my (^bbage yard, their number
appeared to increase ; having only a sufficient num-
ber of plants to set in my yard once more and it be-
ing late in the season I thought of the following ex-
pedient : — after I had taken the plants to my in-
tended cabbage yard, I cut pieces of paper from
6 to 8 inches long and from 2 to 3 inches wide and
wound or wrapped them round the stalk of the
plant leaving the roots as far as the dirt was attached
to them below the paper, and shaped the top or
upper part of the paper that stood out of the ground
iu the form of a tunnel, to give room for the top or
leaves of the plants ; and the better to keep the paper
in shai)e, wound some slack twisted yarn around
the papers ; but the paper will do well witliout the
yarn by placing the soil snugly round it : this had
the desired effect and entirely protected the whole ;
my crop of cabbages was abundant, and found a
ready market. This (dan holds good to other
plants when it is praclicable, and even to small
fl'uit tree;!. — When the cabbage had grown consid-
erably and needed hoeing, the papers were removed,
whWl is done with great ease directly after a raiu,
or early in the morning, after a heavy dew.

Respectfully yours, &c, Ekoch Place.

Strafford, jX. H. May 25, 1831.

CALCAREOUS MANLRES.
This class of manures comprehends a number
ofanidcs, as. Burnt or calcined limestone; — Poun-
ded limestone ; — Limestone gravel ; — Chalk ; —
Maries ; — Sea shells ; — Soaper's waste ; — and Gyp-
sum.

1. Advanlaf^es of Lime. — Though there are
exceptions to the rule, yet in general, it may be
confiilently asserted, that unless where a soil has
by nature, enough of calcarous matter in its com-
position, for the ])urposes of vegetation, it can nei-
ther be brought into its most fertile state, nor will
other manures be so useful as they ought, if lime,
or some other calcareous earth, be not previously
applied. By lime spread upon a moory soil, good
herbage is produced where nothing but heath, and
unpalatable grasses grew before. By the same
means, grass-lands, instead of yielding- nothing but
but bent, and other inferior grasses, have been
covered with those of a more valuable description.
The utility of lime to turnips is so great, that though
in the same field, wliere no lime had been applied
the crop died away, yet in the limed jiart," the
turnips flourished with unabated vigor. On the
INIendip lands in Sorrtcrser, by the applicatiTin of
lime, the value of land was raised, from 4s. to 30,
per acre ; and dung, which juevions to liming
liad no sensible effect, operated after its application,
as on other lands. Macclesfield forest in Chesh-
ire, and vast tracts in the northern and more eleva-

ed parts of Derbyshire, and adjacent districts,
have been astonishingly improved by the same
means. The rye lands of Ilerofordsliirc, in 1636
refused to produce wheat, jieas, or vetches; but
since the introduction of lime, they have been so
fertilized, as to be successfnilyapidied to the growth
of every species of corn. In maiden soils of a
tolerable quality, the ricliest manure will not en-
able them to bring any crop.s, but those of oats
or rye, to maturity ; whereas if they receive a suffi-
cient quantity of lime, crops of jieas, l)arley, or
wheat, may be raised to advantage. The benefit
resulting from the use of lime, has been indispu-
tably proved in the same farm, for the richer parts
that were left unlimeil, were uniformly inferior in
])roduce, to the jioorer that had been limed, during
a period of not less than twentyone years, under
the satne course of management.

2. The principles on ichich lime operates as a
manure. — Quick-lime in powder, or dis-olvcd in
water, is injurious to plants ; hence grass, watered
with lime water, is destroyed. But lime freshly
burnt, or slacked, forms a compost with vegetable
matter, which is soluble in water, and nutritive
to plants. Mild lime, (as chalk, or quick-lime
again impregnated with carbonic acid),chicfly oper-
ates, by improving the texture of the soil, and its
relation to absorption.

3. The various sorts nf limestone. — Sometimes
lime-stone is almost perfectly pure, as is the case-
with marble, which frequently contains scarcely
any other substance but calcareous matter. Sever-
al sorts of limestone, however, have mixtures of
clay and sand, in various proportions, by which
the efficacy of the Qanure, in proportion to the
quantity of these substances, is considerably di-
minished. It is necessary, therefore to analyze

mestone, to ascertain the proportion of pure limej

370

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 8, 1831.

Iiefore it is advisable to use so expensive an article
in great qiianlitie?, more especially if it imist be
conveyed from a distance. IJituuiinous limestone
makes good manure. But the magnesian is the
species which requires the greatest attention

6. Effects of lime Many farmers have subject-
ed themselves to an expense, at the rate of ten
shillings per acre per annum, for the lime they
used, and have been amply remunerated. The
benefit, derived in the cultivation of green crops is

Limestone sometimes contains from 20.3 to 23.-5 i sufficient for that pm-pose. Such crops may be

of magnesia, in which case it would be injurious
to weak soils, to apply more than from 25 to 30
bushels per statute acre, though in rich soils, dou-
ble that quantity may be used, and still more with
peat, on which soil it would have a most powerful
effect in producing fertility.

4. Mode of preparing il for use. — Limestone is
i)urnt in kilps of various constructions. It is ap-
plied with advantage to soils recently reclaimed,
in a caustic state ; but is generally slacked, by throw-
ing water upon the lumps, until they crack and
swell, and full down into a fine powder. This op-
eration, when it is to be done, should not be de-
layed, for if properly burnt, calcined lime is easily
reduced into a fine powder, which may not be the
case if the slacking be postjioned. If water can-
not easily be obtained, the lumps may either be di-
vided into small heaps, and covered with earth by
the moisture of which they are soon pulverized,
or made into large heaps, the lumps and earth six
inches thick, and the whole covered with earth.
Where it can easily he had, it is a great advan-
tage, to slack the calcined limestone for manure,
with sea-water or urine. When a|)j>lied to land
in a powdery state, lime tends to bring any hard
vegetable matter that the soil contains, into a more
rapid state of decomposition and solution, so as to
render it a proper food for plants.

5. Applicdlion. — Summer is the proper season
for liming land. That experienced farmer, Mr
Rennie of Phantas.~ie, is of opinion, tliat the mosT
profitable j.'criod for applying lime is, when th
land is under summer fitllow, in the months of
Junv^ and July, that it may be completely mixed
with the soil before the crop is sown. This is al-
so the general practice in otlier districts. For a
turnip crop, itshould he laid on early in the spring
before the turuips are drilled, in order that the
lime may be thoroughly incorpoiated with the soil,
by the plougbings and harrowings it will receive;
the land will thus have time to cool, and the bnie
will not dry up the moisture necessary for liring-
ing the turnips into leaf For potatoes, lime is
not to he recommended, as it is apt to burn and
blister their skins. When applied to old ley, it
4s a good practice to S[>read it on the surface,
previously to the land being broken up, by which
it is fixed firmly on the sward. One year has
been found of use, but when dom; three years be-
fore, it had produceil still greater advantages ; in
the former case, the increase of oats, being only at
the rate of 6 to 1, and in the latter, that of 10 to 1 oi'
the seed sown. The <piantity applied must vary
according to the soil. From 240 to 300 bushels,
of unslackeil lime, may be applied on strong lands
with advantage. Even 600 Ijushels have been laid
on at once on strong clays with great success. On
light SOI s, a much smaller quantity will answer,
sny from 1.50 to 200 bushels, but these small dosrs
ought to be more frequently repeated. When ap-
plied on the surfa('e of bogs or moors, the quan-
tity used is very considerable, ajij ilie more that
is laid on the greater improvejuent. The real
quantity, however, of calcareous matter used, de-
pends upon the quality of tlng-jHtone. It often hap-
pens, that five chaldrons do not furnish more ef-
fective manure than three, because they do not con-
tain three fifths of calcareous matter. »■

raised by large quantities of dung ; but where ci
careous substances, are applied, it is proved by long
experience, that a less quantity of animal and
vegetable manure will answer the purpose. This
is making the farm-yard dung go farther, with more
powerftd, and more permanent effects; and, from
the weightier crojjs thus raised, the quantity of ma-
nure on a farm, will be most materially augmented.
Indeed, iqion land in a proper state for calcareous
application, (as old ley), lime is much superior to
dung. Its eftects continue for a longer period,
while the crops produced are of a superior qual-
ity, and less susceptible of injury, from the exces-
ses of drought and moisture. The ground like
wise, more especially if it be of a strong nature
is much more easdy wrought ; and, in some in
stances, the savins; of labor alone, would be sufli-
cient to induce a farmer to lime hlsbuid, were no
greater benefit derived from the application, than
the o]iportunily thereby gained, of working it in
a more perfect maimer.

7. Rules for the management of lime. — 1. It
is necessary to ascertain the quality of the soil
to which lime is proposed to be a|>plied ; and
whether it has formerly been limed; and to what
extent. In general it may be observed, that
strong loams and stubborn clays, require a full
dose to bring them into action, as such soils are
capable of absotblng a great quantity of calcare-
~aMS matter. Lighter soils, however, require less
lime to stinndate them ; and may be injured, by
adnnnisterlng a quantity of lime, recently calcin-
ed, that would prove moderately beneficial to
those of a heavy nature. 2. As the effects of
lime greatly depend on its intimate admixture
with the surface soils, it is exped.ent to have it in
a powdered state before it is ap])Hed, and the
drier and the more perfectly powdered, the better.
3. Lime having a tendency to sink in. the soil, it
cannot be ploughed in with too shallow a furrow
or kept too near the surface. 4. Lime ought not
to be applied, a second time, to weak or poor soils,
unless mixed with a compost ; after which the
land should be immediately laid down to grass.

to state the result of another ex|ierlment which
has ha<l the experience of niy neighbors for the
last three or four years, and I believe without a
single instance of liiiUire so far as I have ascer-
tained the fact ; it is as follows : to a half bushel
of seed corn take one pint of tar, more or less ; let
it be warmed over a moderate fire until it will
run freely ; then put it into the corn, at the same
time stirring it up until it be all coated over with
the tarj you may then add ground ])laster of jjaris,
or wood ashes (as is most convenient, either will
answer,) and stir it until the kernels will separate,
and will not adhere to your fingers ; you may
handle it when cooled without the least inconven-
ience, when planting. The first inqiression from
the appem'ance of the seed after it has gone through
the loregoing process is, that it will not vegetate,
but three or foiu'years of actual experience amon^
farmers who raise from two to five hundred bush-
els of Indian corn each, annually, has settled thai
question beyond a doubt, — and the crows nevei
have pulled up more than two* or three hills in
any one field, and have never carried even that
away, but have left the field instantly, without evei
returning to renew the experiment, — and iu ad.
dltion to this, the corn has never been infested by
the wire worm, which has been many times verj
destructive to the crop, nor has any other animal
or reptile been yet found who was fond of mak-
ing a meal of tarred corn.

I confess when this mode was first proposed '
was very faithless ; I doubted whether seed woulc;
vegetate, and if it tlid I had my doubts whethei
the tar would not be detrimental to the crop : bu
lam convinced that tar is so far from being injii
i'ious to the crop, that I nosv believe that it no'
only guards the crop against birils and insects, bu
Is salutary to the growth of the corn. — If yon set
fit to insert the foregoing in your useful paper, (al
though past seed time) it may at least give timi
for corn growers to inquire into the truth of the
facts herein stated, and 1 hope may re suit in some
benefit to the connnuuity ; and you will gratiP
one at least who inhal)lt3 the

Valley of CoNjiECTicuT.

FOR THE N-EW ENGLAND FARMER.

PREPARATION

Mr F£sse:«den — I
muiiications. upon the best inetlioc

OF SEED CORN.
lave noticed sundry com-

HOW TO I.N'CREASE THE PROOUCTI VENESS OF TREES
AND PLA.NTS.

Mr Knight, iu bis treatise on the culture o
the apple and peai', p. S3, has this |)assage
' In the gard ;n culture of the ap]de, where tree.
are retained as dwarfs or espaliers the more vigor
ously growing kinds are often rendered unproduc
tive by the excessive though necessary use of thl
pruning knife. I have always succeeded in mak
ing trees of this kind fruitful by digging them up

of preparing
seed corn for planting, with a view to prevent ! and replacmg tlicjii with fresh mould in the sami
crows from pulling U|) the corn, &c. ftlnch has i situation. The too great luxuriance of growth 1
been said about soaking tlie seed in copperas wa-| checked, and a disposition to bear is brought onj
ter and it would seem that she question was now I The san;e observation was made by Sir Lawrence
settled by general consent, that this mode is tlie i So if beans, which are but a few inches high, b
only safe preventive in the ear, but my own ami I transplanted, they* do not become so tall, bu

my neighbors experience has brought us to a dif-
ferent conclusion. We were in the habit of using
the cop]ieras water for several years, and at first
(as is the case many limes with new experiaients)
we were disposed to believe that it had the desired
effect, but upon further experiment we found that
the crows made the same depredations upon the
seed soaked with copperas, as with that which
had no (ireparation before planting. I could if
necessary cite sundry careful experiments which
brought us to this conclusion, but I take the liberty

they flower and ilprn sooner. The same occur'
in frequenlly transplanting broccoli ; the plant doe
not grow so tall, but has earlier flowers, and i.
greater numbers. It is probable says Dr Darwii'
that confining the roots of ciicnndiers and melolD
in small garden pots would stop the too luxuriar
growth of the vines, and make them more fruitfu
if care was t;d(en to supply them with water mor
frequently, and with Euflicient nutriment, by mij
ing with the water some of the carbonic blac,
fluid which has drained from a manure heap.

Vol. IX.— No. 47.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

371

Horticulture.

Proceeilings of the Massachusitls Horlicullural
Societ;/ at the second (jiiarlerli/ ineeling, held at
the Hull of the Institution on the 4th of June,
1831.
BeportnuJe by II. A. S. Dc^RBnitN, Tresiilent of the Society.
A few weeks since, Giileon B. Siiii'.h, Esq.,
Editor of the American Farmer, piil'lislieil in
Baltimore, prcscntcil the Society, a ninnber of the
;ubcrs of the Aracad.a ; another citizen of that
;ity has evinced his laudalile zeal for the advance-
nent of nnal economy, throiigliout the Union, by
» donation of tlie seed of the Cheropodinni Uninoa
md seeds of several varieties of grapes. The follow-
ing Jelter accompanied the package.

D.iUiniore, .May 24, 1831.

Df.4,_r Sir — 15y the brig Chatham, 1 send to
^our address, fir the Massaehnsetts Ilorticnltnral
Society, a small package containing as follows,
liz.

One paper Lenoir Grape seed.

One do Herhemont's iMadeira do.

One do mixed Grape se^d, viz. Bland's
Madeira, Isabella, and Herhemont's
Arena ; and

One do of Chenopodium Quinoa seed.

The Grape seeds were sent lo nie by that ex-
;ellcnt horticulturist, N. Herhemout, Esq. of Co-
umbia, S. C. and the object expected to be attain-
sd by their distribution and plantinji, is the pro-
luction of new and valuable varieties of grapes,
^pable of witlistauding the rigidity of our various
limates.

The Chenopodium Quinoa was received from
'cru by J. S. Skinner, Esq. from Lieut. Fitzhngh
if the U. S. Navy ; an account of this grain will be
bund in the 10th number, vol. 13, of the Ameri-
!an Farmer. It is presented to the Massachusetts
riorticultiiral Society in the name of J. S. Skin-
ler, who requests their acceptance of it. If we
luccced ill cultivating tliis grain, it will be one of
,he most important additions to our agricultural
)roducts ever made in any country.

I am, respectfully your.s,

Gideon B. Smith.

P. S. Since writing the above, the Quinoa has
vegetated and grows rapidly. Planted on Friday,
13th May, come up Friday, 20tli, and on Sunday,
!2d. many \>iains had their second leaf formed.

Ciuact fiom lh4 American Ffirmer, nn the cbaracler and cultnre
of Quinoa.

Qci.voA. — The letter below from Lieutenant
fitzhugh of the United States navy, accnmiwinied
he quinoa, the receipt of which we noticed last
veek, and together with the subjoined direction
or cultivating the quinoa from the same gentleman,
las been i)olitely furnished for publication in the
•"armer by Mr Skinner, to whom the quinoa W!is
lent from Peru.

We have examined all the puljlications in whicli
ire could hope lo get any information on ihe siib-
ect of the quinoa, and have satisfied ourselves on
he subject of its botanical character. In Peru it
s called rjuinua, ])ronounced keen-ica, with the last
lyllable very slightly accenled. Humboldt speaks
if the chenopodium quinoa as being one of the
ew plants cultivated in the highest and coldest
egions of the Andes and Jlexican Cordilleras;
iind says that when the old historians use the ex-
iression small Peruvian rice (arros pequeno,) they
mean the chenopodium quinoa. Don Ulloa also

spc'iks of quinoa being peculiar to the |irovince
of Quito, ami as deserving of being ranked as
one of the most palatable foods. These authori-
ties, supported as they are by the name by which
the seed in question is called by the natives ami
residents of Peru at the iiresent time, sullicicntly
establish the fact that it is the chenopodium (/iii'noa,
of botanists. There are a great many varieties of
Chenopodium, several of which arc very common,
(mere weeds) and the whole genus is tailed goose-
foot, in England — for instance, English mercury,
upright CToosefoot, purple goosefoot, &c. Several
of tlio species are indigenous to ihe United States,
viz. the anthelmiiuicum or worm seed, the spear
leafed, the bearded, &c. But the quinoa, the one
particularly under notice, is the only one of the
genus that is indigenous to Peru.

It is annual, grows three feet high, flowers in
July, flowers green, propagated by seed, in common
earth. The seed are circular, flat, one twelflli of
an inch in diameter, white, and easily pulverised.
It belongs to the 3lh class, Pcntandria, and '2nd
order, Digynia.

The quinoa is cooked and used like common
rice and hence the name sometimes given it of
Peruvian rice. Capt. Dungan, in whose vessel the
seeds were sent, politely presented the Editor with
some of the prepared seed for his table. It seems
that the quinoa is scalded or part boiled, before it
is disposed of by the cultivator, whether for the
purpo-e of its better preservation or lo prevent its
cultivation in other countries we know not; and to
this fact is probably to be attributed the failure of
all jirovious attempts to cultivate it. Having eaten
of the quinoa, prepared in several ways, we are of
course enabled to speak of its qualities from expe-
rience. Gentlemen who have eaten it in Peru
speak of it in the highest terms of praise. We
are not willing to go so far, thourrh it may improve
with us upon further acquaintance. It is certainly
of a very pleasant flavor, but that is peculiar —
unlike that of common rice, and resembling that of
oatmeal. Its appearance when served up is sin-
gular. The grain is principally composed of a
germ, or sprout of the young plant, closely coiled,
and surrounded with farina. In boiling, this spiral
germ is detached, and the dish presents the ap-
pearance of being full of skippers, something simi-
lar to a dish of boiled beans. Our present impres-
sion is, that though it may attain an equal place
with rice, it never can supersede that excellent
vegetable on our tables.

The Editor of the Farmer has planted a quart
of the seed of the quinoa, and taken such mea-
sures and resorted to such means to insure its
I growth as he supposes will be successful so far
1 as soil anil cultivation are concerned. He is not
I however, very sanguine in his expectations. The
climate of Peru is very different from ours, the for-
' mer being very temperate and subject to no change
of the seasons ; therefore, we have our extremely
I hot and dry weather, and the comparative short-
I ncss of our seasons, as obstacles to success in the
culture of the quinoa. And yet it is very possible
I that it will withstand all this, and if so, it will be an
I important agricultural acquisition. It will be ob-
i served, that the subjoined directions say it is to
i be sown at the same season and gathered at the
! same time as wheat. It should however be re-
I collected that there is no winter in Peru, and of
! course no fall sowing of wheat to withstand its
i-igors. If it succeeds with us at all it must be [
sown in the spring and gathered in the fall, for it '

is not believed that it can bear our winters like
wheat.

U. S. S. SI Louis, Cullao Roads, I
}. S. Skinner, Es«. Jan. 31, 1B31. j

Dear Sir—\ have at length the pleasure of seiz-
ing you by the James Beacliom, two bottles of Qui-
iiar, which alter much inquiry and research, on the
part of my friend Mr McCa'll, of Lima, has come
forth, it was obtained two himdrcd miles from this.
Inclosed you will receive a description of its cultiva-
tion, curing, and preparation for culinary purposes.
Truly yours. And. Fitziiugh.

Description of the Manner of Sowing in Pern the
Grain known undtr the name if ' Quiiiua.'
It should be sown in soil and climate not of too
cold a temperature for wheat, neither should it be
what would be called warm. It is sown St the same
season and gathered at the same time as wheat.
The ground is prepared in furrows, twice ploughed
with Peruvian ploughs, (which are nothing more
than wooden knees pointed at the end,) and the seed
is sown, scattered as wheat. When ripe, (to save
waste, as the grain shells ofl" very easily) it is cut
carefully and gatbered in on folds of cotton or linen
cloth, of a texture not sulliciently coarse to allow
the grain to pass through. The grain is separated
from the stalk by merely rubbing it between two
folds of cotton or linen cloth, and the chatV is after-
wards winnowed from it.

Besides being cultivated as a cereal plant, for
the grain, it is valuable as a green culinary vegeta-
ble, the leaves being eaten in Peru, as a substitute
lor spinach and sorrel.

Rtsolved, that the thanks of the Society be
presented to J. S. Skinner, Esq. for his donation
of Quinoa and Grajie seeds.

The President having stated what measures had
been taken by the Committee, which was appoint-
ed last autumn, to take into consideration, the
expediency of establishing a Horticultural Garden
of Experiment and a Rural Cemetery, offered
the following resolution, which was adopted.

Resolved, that the Committee on an Experi-
mental Garden and a Cemetery, bo authorized to
increase their number, and lo ask the aid of such
other gentlemen, not members of the Society, as
in their opinion will forward the objects desired,
by being associated with them.

The following Connnittee was appointed to
nominate a gentleman to deliver the next anni-
versary Address, and to report at the adjourned
meeting of the Society.

Z. Cook, Jr.

Committee.

Z. Cook, Jr. ^

G. W, Bkimmer, > '
G. W. Pr.ATT, j

William Curtis of Newton was elected a mem-
ber ; Dr Thaddens ?.l. Harris of Dorchester, a
corresponding member.

Adjoiui'ied lo Saturday next, 10 o'clock.

Messrs Winships exhibited a beautiful bouquet
of Scotch Roses i-omprising fiftyfive varietii.'S, of
great fragrance and delicate colors. — Elegant bou-
quets of Roses, Geraniums, Native Wild Flowers,
Cactus, cScc, were exhibited by Gen. Dearborn, Mr
Ilovey of Cambridgeport, IMr Ilaggerston, and Mr
Russell of Cambridge.— Mr Phippsof Charlestown
exhibited a fine collection of JMoss Roses, that
excited universal admiration.

Early Peas and Mushrooms were exhibited by
Mr Davenjiort of Milton.

Seeds of the Studley Carrot were iiresontcd by
Messrs Thorburn and Sons of New York for dis-
tribution. This is a valuable variety of this root^
suitable for field culture for cattle, and introduced
by them from Scotland.

Extract from an aJJress delivered at Northampton
before the Hampshire, Franklin and Hampden Agricul-
tural Society, Oct..27, IdSO.by Hon. Samuel C. Allen.

MORTGAGES.

There is another subject connected with the gen-
eral doctrine and purposes of my tliscourse, which
I am bound to bring to your consideration. I re-
fer to the extent in which real estates amon£r us
are passing under mortgages. And what adds to
the cause of alarm is, that most of them are made
to corporations which never die, and are subject
to the control of a few men, and nobody knows
who they will be. There is already vested in that
way an amount of capital, which is bringing the
yeomanry of the country into a state of dependence
and peril. — If the evil was confined to the owners
of the mortgaged estates, great as it would then
be, it would pass off, without deeply affecting the
springs of the general prosperity. But it subjects
the whole landed interest to the dominion of a mo-
neyed capital, and exposes it to all the sudden pres-
sures arising from fluctuations in the currency, —
not exactly a solid one in tliia country, — and from
great speculations in trade. It reduces the price
of real estate generally, and diminishes the resour-
ces of those wlio farm it, and of the towns wherein
it lies and detracts from tlioir ability to meet the
burdens imposed upon them. It takes from tlie
fanner the clear income which springs from the
land, and deprives him of his natural reward for
the skill he has acquired in his business.

Every state has its chief interest in its soil. It
is this which constitutes it, a state. Capital may
be here today, and elsewhere tomorrow. It be-
longs to no country. It is an instrument of gratifi-
cation, or gain, and can be employed with equal fa-
cility in one place as another. And there is no moral
tie that binds it. It is a power wliich has sprung
up and increased in tlie progress of society, and is
swallowing up all the land in tlie country, and
bringing in a new sort of aristocracy, of a more
uncompromising character than the feudal, or any
landed aristocracy, ever can be. — Does not this
state of things call for some protection for real
estate ? What I suggest is no new thing. Our an-
cestors brought this policy wiili them. Our own
legislation, from the first settlement of the country
had maintained it tUl the statute authorising the
sale of equities of redemption was introduced into
our law. This fatal act has, in effect, chano-cd our
policy on this head ; and by the increase of mort-
gages is exposing the whole real estate to be knock-
ed off under the hanuner of the auctioneer. It
has caused the ruin of many farmers whose real
estates have been sacrificed by such sales. Why
not restore at least the old law, and bring back
apprisal .'

TAXr.S.

In regard to taxes, it is not right that tlic mort-
gager should pay the whole tax upon the estate.
It is making him pay for property which he does
not own, and is palpably unjust. T_he estate must
be taxed in the town where it lies ; let the mort-
gagee be taxed for the amount of his lien upon it,
and the mortgagor for the rosidiie. There wotdd
be strict justice in this, as regards both the town
and the mortgager, and there is not the least diffi-
culty in carrying it into effect by legislation.

INTEREST.

There rniglit be also a reduction of the rate of
interest on debts secured by mortgage. Why is in-
terest paid for money at all .' It is on account of

NEW ENGLAND FARMEll,

the benefit, of the use to the borrower, and for the
risk on the part of the lender. In the manner in
which debts are now secured by mortgage there
is scarcely the shadow of risk, and why should a
debtor, who gives such security, pay for a risk
when there is none ? The United States can bor-
row at four per cent, and why should mortgagors
give more ? It is as much as the income of real
estatevvill admit. And is there not just ground for
a difference between the rate of interest on debts
secured by mortgage and debts resting on personal
security only ? Such a provision would afford
great relief to the farmer, and in its effect would
also benefit the manufacturer and the trader.
These are subjects of great interest, and they aie
forced upon our consideration by the circumstan-
ces of the times.

CREDIT.

I had intended to say something on the subject
of credit. The facility with which this is obtained
proves the ruin of one half of mankind. It is a
snare and a trap to tlie young. To the youtig
man, his strength is property and a resource for
future years, and he should never contract a lien
upon it to any one. There was a practice among
the ancient nations, of mortgaging the |)erson's
body as security for the loan. Credit in its mild-
est form is little better than this. It is in fact, to
him whose only resource is his labor, a mortgage
upon his physical strength and his liberty. There
is a great difference, it is true, between a debt
contracted for property which is kept and yields
an income to the purchaser, and that which is spent
and consumed.

Credit perhaps cannot altogether be dispensed
with, but it is a grave question, whether, on the
whole, it has not done more mischief than good.
There is hardly an evil in society which is not
sprung from it. It has created a race of non-pro-
ducers, who render no equivalent to society for
what they consume. It has se|)arated knowledge
from labor and deprived the labm-er of the improve-
ments which his faculties require, and of the sat-
isfaction for which his nature was designed. It
has oppressed inilustry and worth on the one hand
and panq)en;d idleness and profligacy on the other.
If every young man, who should from this time
come of arc, would contract no debt, what would
be the state of society in 20 years ? It would be
changed in its whole condition and character.

ADVANTAGES TO 15 E DERIVED

FROM THE EESTRUCTION OF WEEDS.

Plants that grow naturally, among a crop that has
been sown, may be reijarded as weeds, or, in otiier
words, as encndes to the crop that is cultivated.
The destruction of weeds, therefore, must be con-
sidered as one of the most important branches of
the agricultural art ; for if it be neglected, or even
if slovenly performed, one tliird, or one lialf of a
fair crop, may only be obtained, even from the
very best soils. Besides, it merits consideration
that if weeds are suffered to exist, the full advan-
tages of manuring land, and many other improve-
ments, can only be but partially reaped. Nor is
this all ; the mixture of weeds in the soil, prevents
the crop from receiving the beneficial influence of
the air; — augments the risks at harvest, (for a crop
that is clean, may he reaily for the stack-yard in
much less time than is required to harvest it, when
encumbered with weeds); — and the seeds of these
intruders, deteriorate the quality of the grain.
Notwithstanding all the injuries thence sustained.

June 8, 1831.

how many are there, who hardly ever attempt to
remove weeds in an eflectual manner ? This negli-
gence is the more to be blamed, because, wers
farniei'S at the trouble of collecting all sorts oj
weeds, before they have formed their seeds and
of mixing them with rich earth, they would sooi
be reduced into a soft ))ulpy mass, and in Ihiswaj
a pernicious nuisance might be converted into i
vahuible manure.

Various experiments have been tried, to ascer-j
tain ilie posilive advantage derived from carefullj
weeding one part of a field, and leaving anothei
part undone ; among these, the following, madt
with peculiar accmacy, may be salely relied on.

1. Jf'lieat. — Seven acres of light gravelly lane
were fallowed, and sown broad-cast ; one acn
was measured off, and not a weed was |iulled ou
of it ; the other six were carefully weeded. Th(
unweeded acre produced 18 bushels ; the six weed
ed acres, 135 bushels, or 22i per acre, which is 4;
bushels, or ;} more produce in favor of weeding

2. Barley. — A six acre field was own witii
bailey, in fine tilth, and well manured. The weed
i;ig, owing to a great abundance of charlock, cos
12s. per acre. The produce of an unweeded acr
was only 13 bushels ; of the weeded, 28. Differ
ence in fiivor of weeding, 15 bushels per acre
besides the land beingso much cleanerfor succeed
ing crops.

3. Oats. — Six acres sown with oats; one acr
ploughed but once, and unmanured, produce onl]
17 bushels. Another six acres ploughed thre
times, manured, and roeeded, produced 37 bushel
per acre. This experiment proves,that oats i-equir|
good management, and will pay for it as well a
other crops. Ten bushels of the increased pre
diice may be fairly attributed to the weeding ; an
the other ten to the manure.

The i.mportance of weeding, both to the indi
vidual and to the public is such, that it ought to bi
enfiirced by law. At any rate, a regulation of pc
lice, fin- fining those who harbor weeds, the seed
of which may be blown into their neighbor'
groiuul, can have no injustice in prineijde. I
England, theiictty constable might be required, b;
precept from the high constable, to give in preset!'
meuts to the Quarter Sessions, containing a lii
of all persons who suffered weeds to run to seei
in their hedges or lands, such iiresentmeiits to h
particularly specified to the court. Those refei
ring to the coltsfoot, to be given in at the Ladj
day sessions : and those referring to thistles, raj
weed, (Sic, to be given in at the Midsummer ser
sions. An order of court might then be made, ft
the immediate removal of such nuisances, and
not complied with, the oftender shoidd be fined
sum not exceeding five pounds, one half to the ii
former, and the other half to go for the relief
the poor.

If, in consequence of such a system being cr
forced, 4i bushels of wheat ; — 15 do. of barley
10 do. of oats additional, were raised in all tl
fields in the kingdom, whose crops are injured I
weeds, what benefits might not be the result .'-
Indeed if such a plan were to take place, and
the overseers were compelled, by an express sta
ute, to employ the poor, in the destruction of weed
England might, in jirocess of time, become as fri
from that mfisance, as China or Japan ; and tl
farmers would soon find, that however anxious th(
may be, to have their lands tilhe-frce, yet to hai
them weedfree, is of still greater im[)ortance,

On the whole, keeping his land in a clean stat

IX. — l\n. 47.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

873

oiiglit to be a piincii);il object with every farmer;
and if tliis be not curefully attended to, he may
rest assured of paying dearly for his neglect. But
the losses which he suffers, do not remedy the in-
jury which the public .sustains from his slovenly
conihict. The regul,-\tions, therefore, which hinc
been suggested, may be considered as I)olIi expedi-
ent and necessary ; for were they adopted, it is evi-
dent, that many of the evils alluded to wotdd be
removed, and the wealth and agricultural resour-
ces of the nation, materially augmenleil. — Sinclair's
Code of •igricullurc.

From the New York Farmer.
k-

MANGELWURTZIiL ANDRUTA BAGA.

The committee of the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Society for 1S30, awarded the premium of
8"20 for Mangel Wurtzel, to Mr Gideon Fostir, of
Charlestovvn. By measurement Mr F. had 1113
bushels to the acre ; and by weight, allowing 56 lbs.
to the bushel, he had \ol2 bushels, or 36,45.5 lbs.
upwards of fortythrec tons. When itistaken into
consideration that our stock is fed on preserved
fodder for about six months in the year, the impor-
tance of such a crop as food for cattle, cannot be too
highly estimated by the farmer. I agree with
you, Mr F.ditor, that many farmers, by no means
follow soun{| sense, nor regard the voice of nature
when they confine their stock throughout almost the
■whole winter on dry hird todder. In almost every
part of Long Island,! have known farmers to feed
out to their milch cows, winter after winter, nothing
but salt hay and bottom cornstalks; and in tlic
summer, to confine them to pasture without a sin-
gle particle of salt during the whole grazing sea-
son. Such ti'ealmcnt cannot be otherwise than
prejudicial to the health and the development of
the desirable i)ro|)ertics of a milch cow. The
practice of giving succulent food to cows and sheep
is more common now than a few years past. The
attention of agriculturists in most parts of the
Island, is confined to potatoes and turnips. It is
the impression among us, that mangel wurtzel, su-
gar beets, parsni|)S and carrots require more labor
and are attended with greater expense than pota-
toes, turnips, corn, and English bay. But the above
comtiiittec say that ' no climate is better adapted
than ours, for mangel wurtzel, sugar beets, (the
most nutritious of the two, and equally produolive)
ruta baga, common turnips, carrots, parsni|is and
potatoes — and of all these, cattle are very fond,
and most if not all of them, fortn the most whole-
some food of sheep and swine. ' We have,
generally, it is believed, had the idea that much
more labor and skill are necessary in culiivating
mangel wurtzel, sugar beets, an J ruta baga, thati for
corn and potatoes. This notion is natural enough,
because we have attended to their culture much
more thati the former. But we have in this report,
as we had in the report of the last year, the testi-
ftiony of a practical and nice oliserver, the Rev.
Mr Colmati, who, in speaking this year of the
ruta baga, says; — ' the whole from the sowing to
the gathering, was not two thirds of the labor usually
bestowed in planting, cultivating, and gathering an
acre of potatoes.'

Mr Foster's ground was manured with about
eight cords of compast manure, and ploughed in
eight inches deep. The seed was sown about the
12lli of May, in rows, twentytwo inches apart.
The soil was kept mellow and free from weeds.
It is now the season for farmers to make prepa-
rations for the next winter's provision for their live

' siipply of succulent food — and let this be judiciously
given out in connexion with his salt hay, cut straw

I atid corn-stalks. This done, an increased quantity

[ of milk, and an improved appearance in milch

I cows, will bo the consequence.

j By the same report, I perceive the Rev. Henry

I Colman obtained the premium of S-0 for his fine
crop of ruta baga. Allowing 5(j lbs. to the bushel

1 he bad 003 busiiels to the acre. On the supposition
that the wiiole expense of this crop, was not
greater than would be the culture of an acre of
wheat, the advantages are easily perceived. Kuta
baga usually sell in New York, from 19 to 44 cents
the bushel. Allowing 20 cents, the above crop
would amount to .*1S0 (iO. The land on Long Isl-
and does not generally produce over ^.D bushels per
acre — anountiiig at .$1 '20 to $30 00. The land on
this Island, well manured and the crop well tilled,
will yield equal to that of Massachusetts. I am
fidly ofthc opinion that the farmers on the greater
part of this Island do not ]iay sufficient attention
to the cultivation of succulent crops as food for their
stock, and with a view of supplying the New York
market. E. L.

Expenses of the Slate. — We make the following
extract from an article in the last Springfield Re-
, publican : —

I The amount of expenditure for Massachusetts, ia
stated by the J\'ortli(imijton Committee to be about
] 8293,000 ; and for the other five N. E. States,
•'J244, 000. Now if the system of expenditure is
1 the same in all these Stales, the comparison is just ;
j otherwise it is not. But the system is not the same.
j None of these states provide for foreign paupers :
none of tb.em b.ive such a system ol hgishition ;
most, if not all of them, support their judicial estab-
lishment by fees paiit hi) those who g-o to Court, and
not as here, out of the State Trcasiirv. And they
differ in several other respects. To inslitulo a fair
comparison, we must deduct from Massacliuselta
the following items.

For State paupers 5.-70, 000

" Agricultural Societies 5,000

" Land agency 1,020

" Extraordinary legislation 50,000

" Criminal proceedings 30,290

CIDER.

The rules on which making srood sugar depends,
are careful straining and cleanliness. With equal
propriety it may be said, that good cider depends
on the observance of the same rules — the juice
carefully strained from the pulp. It has long been
our opinion that too much carbonic acid is suffered
to escape during fermentation producing either too
much alcohol <'r acetic acid. We perceive some
of the best cider mid<ers recommend the prevention
of the escape of carbonic aeid gas by laying light
substances, such as cloths or leaves on the bung
hole, while the liquid is under fermentation.

Paint for Garden Fences, Out Houses, Eaves
Troughs, &;c. — IMelt over a slow fire in an iron pot
or kettle, two lbs. of rosin and one lb. of roll
brimstone ; when perfectly li<iuefied, add slowlv
three gallons of train or fish oil, and when |)erfectly
incorporated, add S|)anisli !)rown, Venetian red,
yellow ochre, or any other dark color, till of sufli-
cient consistency to cover wood of a uniform col-
or ; use it warm with a brush , and when dry
give it a second coat, and you will have a paint that
weather is incapable of affecting. It takes longer
to dry than common paints, but if rightly manageil
usually becomes hard in five or six days. — Gene-
see Farmer.

Dgduct from

■;156,910
292,000

13 5,590

So that the expenditures of Massachusetts, upon
the system of the other New Kngland States,
would be .•< 13-5,000, which deducted from .*244,000
the expenditure of timse States, leaves .'<108,000,
balance in our favor, instead of §50,000, against
us.

Horse Barefoot. — Many of our readers (says the
New Bcdiord Gazette) recollect that Admiral Sir
Isaac Coffin sent four elegant horses from England
to Brighton, with a view that the breed in his native
state might be improved. One of those horses.
Barefoot, we un(lerstan<l, left Providence on Sun-
day, the 15th inst. for New York, where he is to
be shippeil to England to run a race [or sixty thou-
sand dollars. Our informant, ';who saw him on
board tlie steandioat at Providence, and who has
seen many of the finest horses raised in this coun-
try, says Barefoot is by far the most beautiful and
splendid horse he ever saw.

It was remarked by the Solicitor General at the
Supreme Court in Springfield last week, that he
found but one indictment in Worcester county, one
in Hampshire, and three in this county ; and in
other parts of the State, he had found the indict-
ments for crimes surprisingly diminished within
two years. He could ascribe this change in favor
of virtue and good order to no other catise than
the influence of Temperanire Societies and the great
change in the consutnption of ardent si)irits. —
Springfield Rep.

MORAL CHARACTER OF THE QUAKERS.

Judge Mellen, in his charge to the Grand Jury
at the opening of the present term of the Court
at Portland, Me. slated that in a practice of forty-
five years, in which he had been intimately ac-
quainted with the proceedings'of thejudicial Courts
in that part of the country, he had never known
but one instaiice in which a memiicr of the Society
of Friends was arraigned at the bar as a criminal.

Chalkfor Calves. — To iirevent the scours in
young calves, a little chalk is recommended to be
put in the tnilk.

Great .Yalural Curiosity. — The brig Hardy, Cap-
tain Shirley, wliich arrived here 3d inst. from
Batavia, has on board a living female Ourang Oct-
A.N-R. She has suffered much on the voyage and is
very sick. She is greatly affected by cold, and keeps
a blanket constantly wrapped about her. She has
been visited by Dr Snnth, the Quarantine Physician,
who examined her, felthei pulse and ordered milk to
be given to her, which occasioned a temporary re-
vival of her spirits. She is still able to walk, al-
though she totters from weakness. When she
stands erect her hands nearly touch the ground.
She eats, drinks and spits, like a human being.

This is the only successful attempt ever made, to
introduce one of those remarkable animals alive into
this country. Some years since, an Ourang Outang'
was brought into port, but died in the harbor. The
skeleton has been frequently exhibited by Dr Smith,
at his annual Anatomical Lecture. — Boston Tran-
script.

374

l-jj"^. — ^Mgf r.»u-]»»»«^L--j

NEW ENGLAIND FARMER,

mm'W 13Sr^2iilST2> a>ilSiSE:23B»

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE ?, 1831.

CANKER WORM.

J. Winsljip, Esq. of Briglitoii, near Boston, a gen-
tleman, wlio is well ]<no\vn to possess much prac-
tical as well as scientific knowledge of the cnltnre
of fruit trees has suggested to us a remedy against
the cankerworin which he has himself made use
of with much success. After the worm, in the
latter part of spring and fore part of summer has
made its lodgement among the branches and com-
menced its ravages on the leaves of fruit trees, it
has generally been suppos('d that the owner of the
trees had nothing to do, but to submit to an evil
which it liad 1^'en too late to remedy. But Mr
Winship applies tar to the body of the tree at that
ii'me, according to the common mode of tarring
trees, to prevent the ascent of cankervvornis ; and
then by jarring or shaking the body and limbs of
the trees, the worms fall to the ground, or let them-
selves down by threads, so that they may be struck
off with a stick, and thus detached from the tree.
They then instinctively, and innnediately tuin to-
wards the body of the tree, ami attempt to ascend
to the high places from Avlience they have fallen.
Bi;t here the tar presents an insuperable obstacle
to their further progress, and they fall back and
perish for want of food.

We doubt whether it would he safe Co rely al-
together on this mode of destroying the insect
without the customary fall and spriiig ap|)liances
of tar. Perhaps, however, it may supersede those
troublesome and expensive processes ; and at any
rate, it must pi-ove a powerful auxiliary to tlie old
mode of attacking these depredator.''.

SxMALL WORMS ON PEAR TREES.

A friend has entered a complaint at our ofitce,
against a small worm, which, on its first appear-
ance resembles the maggots found in cheese, but
aftenvards changes to u green color, and devours
the leaves of the pear tree. We sidmutted the
case to i*.Ir \Vinship, the gentleman named in the
preceding article, who advises to sift or scatter
wood ashes, or quick lime, or dry dust over the
leaves infested when wet with dew or rain. If
the insects were accommodated, by means of a
syringe or garden engine, with now and then an
artificial .-T^hower of soap-suds, lime-water, decoc-
tion of walnut leaves, ditto of elder leaves, or to-
bacco leaves or stems, we presume they would
mke such treatment in dudgeon, and disappear
without delay or ceremony.

Silk. — Tlio New llam))shire Statesman says that
the manufacture of Silk Ribbons was attempted at
Durham, N. II. about forty years ago by the late
Gen. Joii.v Sulliva»n of revolutionary fame. — He
employed French weavers, and ke])t three or four
looms employed about a year. The causes that
led to the rclinquishnifnt of the business are not
now known : ijrobablv the diliicidty of procuring
raw silk at that early period.

PROPERTIES op MANUKES, &C.
TolheEililnr nf ilie Aew England F.Triiirr.

Sir — I wish to ask, through the incdiiitu of
your valuable paper, what chemical ingredients
contained in manures enter into the composilion
of plants, an<l in what state manures contain the
most of them.' C. W.

FARMERS ^MV GARDE.NERs' WORK FOR JD.NE.

Melons and cucumbers, which have liitherto
been protected by glass, or by paper frames, may
now be e.xposed to the open air. If the season he
at all dry your vegetables will stand in need of wa-
ter. Loudon remarks that many kitchen crops are
lost, or produce a very inferior quality for want of
watei-ing ; lettuces and cabbages are often hard
and stringy; turnijis and radishes do not swell;
onions decay, &c, copious waterings in the eve-
nings, during the dry seasons, would produce that
fulness and succnlency which we find in the veg-
etables produced in the Low Countries, and in
the Marsh Gardens at Paris, and in England at the
beginning and the latter end of the season. Tlie
vegetables brought to the London mtuket, from
the Neat's Houses and other adjoining gardens,
where the important article of watering is much
more attended to than in private country gardens
may be adduced as affording ])roofs of the advan-
tage of the practice.

Vegetables that are newly transplanted, as they
have their roots more or less diminished, or other-
wise injm-ed, often need watering, until they have
taken new roots. But lliis should be done with
caution. If a dry season follow the transplanting
let them be watered, if they appear to droo|), only
at evenings and in cloudy weather, and with water
which has been exposed, one day at least to the
shining of the sun ; not with water directly from
a well or a cold spring, as it will give a ciiill to the
plants. Only a small quantity should be applied
a' once ; that it may have an effect similar to that
of a refreshing rain; for water applied, plentifully
or fijrcibly, or falling from a considerable height,
is a))t to wash away the finest of the mould from
the roots, or make little cavities about them, which
admit too much air.

In a dry season, whole gardens sometiines need
Watering ; and in doing it the above precautions
should be regarded. It is of very ^rqat conven-
ience to have a piece of standing water or a brook
or rivulet near at hand by which water may be
furnished in sufficient abundance without a great
degree of labor.

Weeuing. Sir John Sinclair observed that ' the
importance of weeding is such, both to the in-
dividual anil the public, that it ought to be en-
forced by law. At any rate a regulation of police
for fining those who harbor weeds, the seeds
of which may be blown into their neighbor's
ground can have no injustice in lu'lncqile.

HoKiNG. The ends to be answered by hoeing
are chiefly these : — To destroy weeds, whicli are
always retidy to si)ring U]) in every soil, to exhaust
the laud and starve the plants. For this purjiose
when the weeds have attained any size, deep
hoeing becomes necessary. To in-event the soil's
becoming too hard and close, so that the roots can-
not extend themselves freely in setuch of vegetable
food, nor feed on the fixed air and other fertilizing
gases generated in loose and rich soils. In this
case deep hoeing is necessary. But hoeing should
cease entirely or be very shallow when the roots
are so mui'b extended as to be injiu'ed by hoeing.
The deeper land is hoed, ju'ovided the roots are not
disturbed, and too much cut in pieces, the greater
advantage it will be to the plants. The ofiener
land is hoed the mcrre moisture it retains, the
more the crops are nourished, and the belter it
wiilistands drought. The earth about the stems
of young plants of corn, &c, should be removed
cither with a hoe or the fingers, and fresh soil

Junes, 1831.

substituted, but not accumulated about the stems,
lest the lower roots should be deprived of the
benefit of the sun and air.

The land is in a good degree prepared for suc-
ceeding crops by hoeing ; and there is great and
obvious advantages in stirring the ground whihj
the dew is on in the morning, or soon after a light
rain. Where land is tolerably free from obstacles,
the frequent use of the horse jdough to a consid-
erable depth renders the labor much less severe
and expensive, and more advantageous to the
crop, than to depend on the hoe alone. The first
time the plough is used, turn the furrow from the
rows. At the next ploughing, and all after ploush-
ings, the furrows are to be turned towards the rows;
this jirevents the plotigh from injuring the roots.
The depth should be about the saine as for any
other ploughing or the intention will be in some
measure defeated. This may render it necessary
sometimes to go twice in the same furrow. A
plough called a cidtivator has been constructed,
with two mouldboards, which turns the mould
both ways at once.

The o[)inion entertained by some, that no
hoeing at all should be done in a dry time is
irrational and ridiculous. They deprive their land
of the benefit of the dew, sufllir it to be overrun
by weeds, and allow the ground to be so hard
tiiat the rain when it comes will not penetrate it.
There is no soil perhaps except a thin sandy one
that will not be benefited in hot dry weather by
frequent hoeing.'

Salad herbs may be grown at sea by sowing the
seeds on thick flannel well cleaned and moistened.
Put the flannel on aboard uiiiidi can be hung up.
Place on the flannel on which the seeds are sown
another piece of flannel fastened to a thick board.
Take off the upper board as soon as the seeds
have vegetated, say 24 hours. In six or seven
days, if good weather, the crop will be two inches
high. — It is then fit for use. Be careful to keep
the flannel always icet. >" ■.

.,' , KADI.StfES.

To have.-a constant succession of radishes for
the table the seeds should be sowed once a fortnight
from April to August. As" they are uncertain in
their growth, the best method is to put the seed
between rows of other plants ; and they are so
easily pulled that they need not. incommo.de the
plants among which they grow.

TURNIPS.

Sow strong house or wood ashes over the ground
about the time tlieturni|)S arc springing up. This
will cause the young [dants to grow sooner out
of the way of insects, produce a large crop and
make the turnips sweet iind palatable.

Hilling Corn. — Erastus Ware of Salem, Mass.
saysxjf an excelleiU field of corn, which obtained
p. pren)ium, that it was hoed three limes, but not
hilled as has been customary ; and upon comparison
of that not hilled, after a severe gale, he is satisfied
that no advantage is gained by hilling as is com-
mon. His opinion is that there is no benefit to be
derived from hilling corn— -and corn raised on a
fiat surface, when the weeds are destroyed and the
o-round kept loose, is by no means so likely to
suffer, by the drouglit, or to have its roots impeded
in their search after their jiroper nutriment, as
where the ground is drawn up round the stalk in
a high steep hill.

Vol. IX.— No. 47.

AND IIOIITICULTURAL JOURNAL.

375

JVeiu Potatoes. — We were preseiitefl by Mr Poml ' Yellow Locust Seed.

of Catnbri.l^e, o« Monday the 7;li of June, with 1 Just rccoivc.l and for sale at the Seed Store connected
_ ,7 .1 1- .1 . with the New England Barmer Office, SSo. 52 JNoitli

Potatoes oi tlie growth ol the present season, jyj.,|.|jp, gdect

from 5 to G inches in circniMfereuco. The sort \ lew Ihs.' genuine Yellow Locust Seed, ( Robinia
was Perkins' Early Seeclliiiif, the same that was i /isfuiZoocacm; saved ^ear Hanislnni;,P.i. expie-.ly lor
solil from Mr iiussell's seed store the last spriufj.

This Potato lias a great tcputalion in Bristol
county (where it orlginateil) for its productiveness
anil flavor, as well as earliuess. These were rais-
ed in the oiicii air without forcing.

Beet .^ugnr, — It appears hy the official returns
that there arc upwards of 100 Beet root sugar
works in Fraiire, which threw off in 1S30
8,920,000 Ihs. of beautiful crystallized Sugar.
There have been eight Treatises published in
France within a few years on the subject. Thire
are five large establishments near Calais, where
most of the operations are conducted by ste am
power.

tlii> Eslablislimeiil. The excellence of lliis tree lor ship
timber and fence-, ils rapid growth, and its benelirial cl-
Iccts on sandy, barren plain
00 well known to require comment

where it thrives well, are

NOTICE.
A stated meeting of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, will be held at the Society's rooms in
Joy's buildings, by adjournment, on Saturday, June
11, at 11 o'clock.

R. L. EMMONS, Secretary.

Brass Sfjringes.
For sale at Ihe Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and

Potatoes for Steel.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market Street—

A lew bushels of the tine seedlin<: polaloes mentioned
by the editor of the New Ensland Fanner, vol. viii, p.
102. This is but Ibe fiflb year from the ball ; they have
twice taken the preniinin from tl

Society. (See Colonel Pickering's Report, N. E.
Farmer, vol. vi. page 98 ) They are represented by the
person

Lead Pipe.
LE.\D PIPE, all sizes, constantly for sale by Lincoln
Fearing ti Co , No. 110, State Street.
Jlpril 13, 1831. 6w.

Bones Wanted.
Shin and Leg Bones constantly purchased by GEO.
11. (;KAY «• CO. No. 68 Kilby street.
April 20. 2mos

PRICES OF COUXTRY PliOUUCE.

AI'PLES,riisscninj;s,

ASHES, poi, first son,

Pearl, first sort,

. ■ ,, II nEANS,\vbite,
Essex Agricultural ,,g,,.i,. „„

-'■■ " ■■' "^ *• ' Car-o, No, 1,

Cargo, No, i,
who raised "them, as tolerably early, more than IIUTTER, inspected, No. I

I

middling bearers, remarkably delicate and mealy, size
nearly round, color white, and have but very f<^w protn-
beianees. A good opportunity now offers to farmers to
secure a superior variety of this important vegetable for
seed. Price $1 per bushel- May IS.

ff'ants a situation,
As Gardener, a married man without children, who
understands the management ol a garden in all its vari-
ous branches— hot house, green house, laying out garden
ground, &c.
A few lines will be thankfully attended to at this office.
June 1.

Bees in Cities.
AN ESSAY on the practicability of cultivating the
Honey Bee, in maritime Towns and Citiei

52 North Market street, a very useful article for destroy- j of Domestic Economy and Profit. By Jerome V. C.

Smith, M, D. Just published by Perkins & Marvin,
114, Washington Street, and for sale by J. li. Russell, at
the Agricultural Warehouse, No, 52 North Market street,
price 33 cents,

ing Caterpillars, Bugs and other insects. Likewise to
prevent the mildew on Vines and Gooseberry Bushes. —
See N. E. Farmer, vol. 8, page 358 and 363.

The true Sugar Beet.

For sale at the New En£;land Seed Store, 52, North
Market street, Boston, 100 lbs. of Ibe tiue French Sui;ar
Beet Seed, — received this day from Paris, by the lj«t
Havre packet, via Newport. The excellence ol Ibis
root for calile, and for culinary and other purposes, is too
well known to require comment.

Also — Large and Small Lima Beans — Early Dwarf
Beans — several varieties of pickling and other Cucum-
bers— Radishes, Lettuce?, Cabbages, Turnips, &e.
Broom Corx.

Also, just received, a few bushels of prime Broom Corn
raised last season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.

Slieep — Sheep. ■

Valu.ihle Boo'^s on the best methoil of forming good
flocks, of increasing them, and treating them properly
when in health and when diseased — on Ihe cli.iracter
and value of Jlerino Sheep — anatomicd structure, &.C,
&c — 5 valuable works, viz :

Sir George Stewart IMakenzie, Bart.

Robert R Livingston, LL. D.

Samuel Bard, M. D.

M. Daubenton, a man of letters, and profound Natural-
ist ; his v.'ork was publislied in Germany, Italy, Spain,
and Ameiica — and in France, at the expense of the na-
tion.

Mr Tessiu, inspector ol the Rambouillet EstaMish-
ment — md others in France.

Also for sale — a valuable collection of Books on Agri-
culture, -Manures, various treatises on Horses, Cattle,
Botanyv- &c, Sec. By R. P. &, C. WILLIAMS, wbole-
sale./ind retail Booksellers and Stationers, No. 18 and 20
Ccirnhill, Boston, May 25.

For Sale, Full blood .ildnernei/ and Short Horn
Bidl and Heifer Calves.
Two Alderiiey Bull Calves, and one Hcif r Calf. Al-
so, one Bull and two Heifer Calves of the Short Horn or
Teeswrter breed, all from full blood imported stock, on
both sides. For terms apply at this office, 4t May 11,

Urn. F. Otis &,■ Co.
No. 110, Faneuil Hall Market, have a good supply of
Carnation Pink roots, Pine Apples, and tine West India

Squashes, from Trinidad de Cuba. May 18. T.T.^..r,c.r^-vT

— -i- ; ■ PltO\ ISIOA

Branding Irons, at reduced prices. ^,^^^^, ^^^^^ ^.^^^^^

Carter's improved Branding Irons, for branding Guide i>(j[;|.;'^ frrsli, besl'pieces,
Boards, for sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 . ' whole hogs,

and 52 North Market street. This is a very convenient ■ VEAL,
article for country towns, as it will enable them to put up |\I( iTI'ON

(vIiEESL, new milk

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,

FLOUR, iiallimt.re. Howard-street, -
tieiiesee,
Ale.iandria,
Bailimnre, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Northern.

Corn, Soulhcrn Yellow,
Rye,
Barley,
Oals,
HAY,

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,
I HOPS, 1st quality,

LIME,
' PLAISTER PARIS retails at
I'OUK, clear,

Navy mess.
Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herds Grass,

Red Top (northern)
Lucerne,

RedClover, (aorlhern)
TALLOW, tried.

WOOL, iMerino. full blood, washed, ■
Merino, niised with Sa.vony,
Merino, three fourths wasliod
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter,
Native, washed,
Pulled, La.nb's, first sort.
Pulled, Lamb's, second sort.
Pulled, " spinning, first sort,

1

FBOKI

TO

barrel.]

3 OO' 3 .W

ton.

Qj 00 103 00

tl

'20 00 12'2 50

lashcl.

90 1 00

barrel.

8 75 9 00

n lo 8 00

II

C -0' 7 00

OCHIIld.

111 )5

**

6| 0

II

3 4

1 12 1 50

barrel.

5 75 G 00

11

6 00 6 25

II

5 75 5 87

11

5 50

6 75

jjiisliel.

7l,

72

"

70

75

*{

80

83

It

GO

G?.

It

40

42

cwt.

CO

in'"^

cwl.

10 00

0 25

9 00

10 00

cask.

1 00

125

ton.

3 25

Jt^

barrel.

18 00

20 OO

13 00

!f 00

"

13 .50

14 00

bushel

1 75

2 00

It

50

62

pound

33

38

tt

11

12

cwt.

7 60i 8 00

pound

70

75

"

75

80

It

60

65

It

68

60

it

4f

50

tl

45

48

It

68

GO

u

451 48

,

50

65

MARKET.

permanent guide boards at a trifling expense ; it is sinv
ply by burning the brands into a piece of board, then
lightly plane it over, after which give it a coat of while
paint. Guide boards made in this way are much more
durable than the common boards, and the cost is trifling.
The above are offered lor sale at 40 to 50 per cent discount
from former prices, which will enable all towns to fur-
nish themselves with a very useful article. May 18.

POULTRY,
liUTTEll,kegaiKllub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDF.K, taccordingto qualiiyl

pound

8

G

'■

53

((

6

tl

4

11

.8

It

12

t.

13

dozen.

.10

bushel.

82

It

82|

1 "

30

'barK-'..

1 00

in

7

7

8

S

12

13

20

12

84

84

2 00

Wrought-Iron Ploughs. — Bar-Iron, Sfc.
Wr)Ught-lron Ploughs, of all sizes. — .'^/so, A Complete
assortment of American, English, Swedes and Russia Mar
Iron — .\inerican Braziers' Rods — Spike and Nail Rods,
Shoe-Shapes — Hoop and Band Iron — Steel of all kinds —
Pipe-box and Mould-board plates, &c. constantly for sale
by GAY Si- BIRD,

6tis. No. 44, India Street, Boston.

For sale at the JlgricuUural Warehouse,
5'3 NORTH :m.\rket street,
dj' WILLIS' IMPROVED BUTTER STAMPS. XS
This is a simple, but elegant and useful implement,
which moulds butler into a handsome rectangular, or
cubic form, presses out the buttermilk ; and by the same
process fixes upon it a beautiful impression, which ad-
mits of being varied into such letters or figures as may
best suit tlie fancy of vhe owner of the article.

Crighto.n Markkt — Monda;i, June C.

[Rpporlcd for llie Chronicle anil ruliiDl.J
At Market this day 1S5 Beef Cattle, (including 82 un-
sold last weekj ; 12 Cows and Calves, and 638 Sheep and
Lambs. Unsold at the close of Ihe market 63 Beet Cat-
tle, exclu-ive of 105 left within a lew miles of the mar-
ket, all of which will make more than have been sold
this day. .

Prices.— Secf Cn/f/f— Market 'glutted; price of
Cattle reduced about 25c. from last week. We qiiot*
from 4 75 to 5 50— three or four yoke extra at 5 75.

Cowx and Calces — We noticed sales at ^'14,17,20,

Treatise on Sik.

Just published, and for sale at J.B.Russell's Seed
Store, 52 North Market Street,

A Practical Treatise on the Culture of the White
Mulberry Tree and the raising of Silk. Price 124 cts.— I "ccommodalion ,

$9 per hundred— a valuable agricultural tract for distri- ; 'he most pleasing and profitable branches ol rural cc_on

Dr Thacher's Bee Hives.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52, North
Market street —

Improved Beehives, constructed on apian invented ' 23 and 25.
by Dr Thachcr, author of an excellent Treatise on Bees, .Shcej, and iomfe-Sales quick ; we noticed one lot
The American Orchardist, &c. These Hives are so at .*1 75, one at 2 00, and one at 2 2o-a lot of fin.; weth-
formed that they afford facilities for taking honey without ers at abut g!5
destroying the Bees; and li!;cwise present security

the Bees;
against the ravages ol the Bee Moth, the great enemy to
that uselul, industrious and indispensable insect; together
with other advantages, which give it a decided superior-
ity over any othei- hive which has been offered for the
of persons disposed to engage in one of

hution.

oniy.

April 6.

Prices of Vegetables atFaxeuil Hall \fAa-
KET. — Early Peas $1 per bushel. Strawberries 33 cl«.
per box. Early White Dutch Turnips 10 cts. per bunch.
Cucumbers 12 els. each. Potatoes 30 cts. per bushel.
Onions 3 cts. per bunch. About 500 bushels of Early
Peas were sold at Faneuil Hall Market on Monday and
Tuesday last.

376

ailSCELLAlVY

MOTHER OF WASHINGTON.

The following beautiful lines were written by Mrs
SiGotjRNEv, a few years since, while on a visit to
Fredericksburg.

MOTHER of him whose godlike fame
The Good throughout the world revere.

Ah ! why witliout a stone or name.
Thus sleep's! thou unregarded here ?

Fair pensile branches o'er thee wave.
And Nature decks the chosen dell,

Yet, surely o'er tliy hallowed grave

A Nation's mournful sighs should swell.

Rome, with a burst of filial pride.
The mother of her Gracchi viewed ;

And why should we restra'm the tide
Of reverential gratitude ?

She to sublime Volumnia paid

Her tribute of enraptured tears,
When the dread Chief that voice obeyed

Which sternly curbed his infant years.

Thou, in the days of Sparta's might,

Hadst high on her illustrious roll
Been ranked amid those matrons bright.

Who nobly nursed the great of soul —

For, disciplined in Wisdom's school.

The lolly pupil owned Ihy sway.
And well might he be skilled to rule.

So early nurtui'ed to obey.

No enervating arts refined.

To slumber lulled his heaven-born might,
No weak indulgence warped thy mind,

To cloud a hero's path of light.

Say, when upon thy shielding breast.
The Saviour of liis Country hung.

When his soft lip to thine was pressed.
Wooing the accents from thy tongue —

Saw'st thou prescient o'er his brow
The shadowy wreaths of laurel start ?

Or, when his infant hands were taught
By thee in simple prajer to rise —

Say, were thy own devotions fraught
With heightened incense for the skies ?

Well may that realm, confiding rest,.

Heroes and mighty chiefs to see.
Who finds its infant ofTspriug blest.

With monitors and guides like thee.

Some future age, than ours more just.
With his shall blend tliy honored name.

And rear, exulting o'er thy dust.
The monument of deathless fame —

Shall thither bid young mothers wend

To bless thy spirit as they rove.
And learn, while o'er thy tomb they bend,

For Heaven to train the babes ihev love.

A late Tory Esse.x Member of Parliniiiuiit. having
al a parochial meeting made some proposals whii-li
were oljjcctt-a to by a sturdy farmer ; ' Sir,' said
the great man, 'do you know who I am ? do yon
know tliat I have eat in two parliaments ; and
that I was bnnigbt up at liotb Universities :' ' Why,
replied Hodge, ' that may be ; 1 had a calf that
sucked two cows ; and the more he sucked the
^ bigger calf ho grew ! '

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

A rich old farmer in the north of Devon, speaking
to some of bis friends of the scholastic progress
bis nephew bad made, exclaimed, ' Wliy, a shud a
made Dick a parson, I tbink, but a look'd sucb a
good band to boldiug the plough, that Iz tboft
'twas a pity to spoil a good ploughman.'

A gentleman on horseback finding himself at a
spot where four roads met, asked a countryman
who was woiking on one of them, where it ran to.
Clodpolfi raising himself from bis stooping posture
and scratching bis bead replied with a grin ; ' I
does'nt know where it rins to, zur, we finds it here
every morning.'

It is a beautiful trait in the history of tlie Amcri
can government that it has never shed a drop of hu- i
man blood, nor banished a single individual for State I
crimes. No renegade minister grows immortal there
by 'saving tlie constitution and crusliing the "hydra
of jacobinism," at the e.xpense of human blood and
human happiness. I am delighted to find that the
more popular a government grows, the more mild it
becomes ; and tliat the glory of dispensing with the
services of the hangman in political atfairs, was re-
served for the first government erected and conducted
by the people ; — by those -n-hom the planners of our
bloody treason and sedition have chose to designate
as " ferocious rabble." ' — Scotsman.

Female Fashions at Malta. — When abroad
they are all arrayed in black. Tliey put over their
other dress a robe or loose shirt of that color, brought
high on the bosom, and in place of bonnets tlieir
heads are covered with a black silk mantle which
invests their shoulders and descends half way behind.
Tlie part which covers the head is furnished with a
piece of whalebone inserted in the hem, which keeps
it in position and prevents the silk from dropping
over the eyes. One hand placed inside, is always
necessary to hold together the sides of the scarf in
front; and the other is often hid under its folds, only
a fore finger being suffered to peep out through an
opeiung left for the purpose. Of course, under such
mutflers little can be seen of the beauties of form or
feature, if a Maltese nymph happen to possess tliem:
the eyes and a moving pall-black figure are all that
can be distinguished. But sometimes the fair one
deigns to exhibit her face to a curious gazer, in place
of engrossing to herself the privilege of seeing ; and
features, good humored, rather pleasing than hand-
some, and irradiated by a pair of fine sparkling eyes,
are displayed to the beholder. The complexion is a
dark olive, but partaking a little too much of a sort
of mulatto tinge. The mantle is obviously borrowed,
or rather it has descended from a distant age and
people. It answers to the veil of Eastern ladies. —
Bigelow''s Malta.

.J)j .'Ipology. — When John Clerk (Lord Eldon) was
at the bar, he was remarked for the sang froid with
which he treated the .Judges. On one occasion, a
junior counsel, on hearing their lordships give judg-
ment against his client, exclaimed that ' he was sur-
prised at such a decision!' this was construed into
contempt of court, and he was ordered to attend at
the bar the next morning. Fearful of the conse-
quences, he consulted his friend John Clerk, who
told him to be perfectly at ease, for he would apolo-
gize for him in a way that would avert any unpleas-
ant result. Accordingly when tlie name of the
delinquent was called, John rose and coolly address-
ed the assembled tribunal — 'I am very sorry, my
lords, that my young friend has so far forgot himself
as to treat your bench with disrespect ; he is ex-
tremely |ienitcnt,and you will kindly ascribe his un-
intentional insult to bis ignorance. You must sec at
once tliat 'it did originate in that. He said be was
surprised at the decision of your lordships ! Now, if
he bad not been very ignorant of what takes place
in this court every day — had he known you but lialf
so long as I have done, he would not be surprised at
anything you did.'

June 8, 1831.

Valualile and Cheap Land — for Sale.

The subscriber olTers for sale, 14,000 acres of choicti
Land, situated in the town of Pinckney, county of Lewis
and state of New York. Some of the land is improved
and under cultivation. The country is reriiai kably heal-
thy, being entirely free bom the fever and ague and from
the common bilious fevers which often atllict the towns
upon Lake Ontario, this town being 18 miles east of the
lake. The soil is principally a sandy ioam, much of it
covered with rich black mould. The timber is chiefly
Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &c'.
The land yields first rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Ear-
ley, Potatoes and Flax ; and on some lots, good Wheat
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now olfers itself.
The pioiluce of pasturage and hay from an acre of this
bind, is vejy large, fully equalling if not surpassing that
from the same quantity of land in any other ol the Black
River townships. The land is admirably well watered,
there being but few lots which have not durable running;
streams upon them. The land is well adapted ia Orchard-
ing— the Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Stock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovere
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying
the bishest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
from the New England Slntes, and some of them from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at the very low
price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a half for the improved lots. The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two
to five years' credit tor payment, in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to purchasers.,
the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, lor which products he will
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Persons desirou« of purchasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jeirerson,Stateof New York, or to David Can field,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

Ammvnition =£0

01 the beat quality ai.cl lor/'esi/jrifcs, for sportinfj —
constantly for sale at COPELANU'S POWDER STORE,
ti ■ Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7

Hiel-ory.

This astonishing fleet horse was raised in Montreal, is
from an English tilood mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
ferior to any in the U. States for speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well built, good size, and pro-
nounced by {good) judges in every respect a first rate
horse ; trots a 3 minute gait, fast walker, and has paced
around the trotting course, Long Island, in 2 minutes, 34
seconds, and was oflered publicly to match against any
horse that could be produced. It is considered unneces-
sary to say niore,a3 Ids qualifications are loo well known
to be doubled.

He will stand at Abbott's Inn, Holden, during the
season. Terms if 8, the season. 6t May 11.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at ^3 per annum^
payable at the end of die year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the linie of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction oftifly cents.

[Jj= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butt.s — by wliom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agents.

New York — G . Thof.burn &• Sons, 67 Liberty-street
Alhnini — \Vm. TnoREURN, 31-7 IMarket-slreel.
Philtulelphia- 1). &, C L.vndketh, 83 Cheslnul-slreet.
lialtimore — G. 15. tjMiTH, Eilitor ol the American Farmer,
finciii'iiiti—S. C. Pakkhukst,23 Lower Markel-slreel.
I'/iishins, IV. y. W»i. Piunce cSt StiNs.Prop.Lia. Bol. Garden
MiclJIeliitry, Vl. — Wight Chapman.
Hailford — GoonwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfietd, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Nni'Imriiport, Ebknezef Sted.iian, Bookseller.
Purtsmontli, A'. //. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Porllund, Mf.—SAMVEt, CoLMAN, Bookseller.
Jlususta, ^fc. WiM. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder OffiCB.
Montreal, L. C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller

NEW ENG1.AND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B.

RPSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agbicultdral Warehodse.)-T. G. FESSENDEX, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 15, 1831.

NO. 18.

vs ^ SI ai '^ ST a >s -^ '-S 3 'i> i"J 2 a

rhc following is an able essay on an important topic. Ed
ON BREEUINO FO.R A D.MRY STOCK.

Mk Fk.ssendkn— Tf.e sul.ject of bre.clins for i;;°vo.n;yj';«_^";;^
I Dairy Stuck, is otic of a goo.l deal of interest
It tliis time. IiKiniries arc frequently made in
conversation wliicli sliow this to be the case. In
he present Slate of onr knowledge such qnestions
IS the '"ollowiiig appear to the writer not at all t6o
ilenientnry.

1. What is meant by a particidar breed of
lattle .'

2. Are there one or more breeds of cows
tnown, by long trial, to be deep milkers ?

3. To \vhat e.xtent is breed to be relied upon
in the selection of a stock for milk ?

I propose to make a few suggestions by way
of answer to these questions.

There is another which I shall say sometliing
upon in another paper with your permission,
viz.

On what else, besides breed, depends deep milk-
ing^

siirn, as that the smaller the refuse parls, the nearer a pure milk-stock, that is, a stock descended for ma-
wm'be the appro.\iinalioii to perfection in the more ny generations from none but line milkers. Some
v.duable parts, whether for beef or milk— and this may think that the art of breeding cannot, be cur-
is all. So much has been most satisfactorily ricd so far as to secure a uniformity of e.\cellence
elusive reasonings of Mr Cline, in this particular (piality in the progeny. Tlie an-
the eminent anatomist, in an essay published by swer can only be that they have attained to that
him a long time since.* I degree of perfection in England— that for half a

The Huldtniess Breed have the small head and | century thorough breeders, have been successful in
sJiort horns, but thev are esteemed in England ; this particular as in others. It is gratifying to be
much better fitted, in general, fur the shambles than | able to state any one thing on this most important
for the dairy. An established dairy stock might, subject, entitled to rank as an axiom and of a truly
no doubt, be raised from them by a careful selee- scientific character.

tion of individuals, male and female, from a milk We say that thorough breeders have been en-
family. But it would be too much to say of so tirely successful in England. Not that the farmers,
hve a class as the Durham, Denton or Hereford, j generally in England have reached that degree of

though M short horns, that bearing either of those
names, they may be relied U|ion as good milkers,

It is nothing new to say that the object of |
breeding (in a technical sense,) is to perpetuate
in the jnogeny, the form, constitulioii, and partic-
ular qualities of one or both the parents. But
what I wish to ask attention to, and to enforce in
this communication, is the very important fact —
that the longer any distinguishing quality, mark.
or peculiarity, can be traced back in the ancestry
the more deeply will it be fixed in the descendants ;
predominating, or taking the place of other qual-
ities of more recent standing in either of the pa-
rents.

A particular cow may chance to be a fine milk-
er, but if the parents, for some generations, were
not remarkable in the same way, her heifer calves
will not jirobably be good milkers — at least no
dependence can be placeil upon them. If the
sire is of a pure milk stock the chances are very
much increased of course.

It is not too much to say from experience, here
and in England, that of all the varieties of cows,
designated by the terms, Short Horns, Long Horns,
and Hornless — or by the names, more limited in
their apiilication, as Devon, Hereford, Holderness,
Suft'olk, Denton, Bakewell, Alderney, ^x, — no
one of them has been found to give uniformbj or
generally, more or better milk than any other. —
The evidence before the public, abroad and at
home, is contradictory.

There have been individual instances of extra-
ordinary milkers among all — and I may go so far
astosay families, of extraordinary milkers, among
all.

It has been too often taken for granted, that a
good cow will produce good calves without inquiry
into her parentage or that of the bull to which
she is sent — and prejudices have been raised in
favor of marks and certain appearances, in such
an animal, which have no necessary connexion, or
none at all, with her faculty as a milker — and such
marks have been allowed to determine the choice
of another cow as infallible signs of a good one.
The most prevalent popular token now is the small
head and short horns This is so far a good

and to produce uniformly good milkers

If the e.xperieiice of the country will not bear
the writer out in this remark he will be glad to find
the dairy stock so much in advance of his opin-
ion.

The Devon Cows are not considered in England
to be so good for milk as some other kinds. And
yet Mr Coke, the great Norfolk Farmer, sent to
a friend in Maryland, several years ago, a number
of Devonshire cows, bred by himself, which were
remarkable fur quantity and quality of milk. They
were bred on the side of both male ami female,
we presume, from animals whose progenitors were
d stinguished for this same quality : had he frequent-
ly crossed the blood of the Devons with any of the
so^eral kinds of Short Horns, whose descent, from
an equally good stock for milk, had not been so
well guarded, this same fiimily would in a few gen-
erations have given evidences of material deprecia-
tion.

The truth really is, that we have yet the work
to do to establish a pure milk breed.

To accomplish this, we must have a class of
farmers who shall be professed breeders of a dairy
stock — they will employ no bulls but such as come
of good cows, they will raise no calves but from
first rate cows. They will keep the heifers for
some generations, sending off to the butchers such
as turn out'inditferent milkers : as some there wi"
be, in whom the faults of remote parentage will be
found to linger. — A herd thus carefully purged,
and finally, after a few years, exhibiting a uni-
form character,/or milk in the young, as Mei/ come
in, will prove a lasting and sure source of increas-
ing profit to the skilful, intelligent breeder, and an
immense gain to the country.

The writer would ask, suppose a young farmer
at the present moment is about to stock a milk-
farm and is willing to pay the full value oCgood cows
— good, we mean as breeders — where shall he go
fer them, in New England .= Where shall he be
sure to find an established milk breed that will not
disappoint him ? He will find improved breeds
enough — but who will venture to insure him that
the improvement will not be found to consist
as often in adaptation to the shambles as to the
dairy ?

The idea suggested, whether well or ill found-
ed, let others judge, is that we have not yet

excellence. This would be far from the truth.
All that is true even there, is the invaluable fact
that ])articular families of milcli cows are there
known totransmit their peculiarity, as great milk-
ers, with uniform certainty, 1o their progeny. This
fact is as valuable, for our instruction and example,
as if the same thing were true of all the milch cows
ill England. On the other hand, let the following
statement have its due weight, going to show, as
it does, that it is of some consequence for breed-
ing from what family an animal derives its descent.
' IMr Woodward of Birlingham, Worcestershire,
England, purchased twelve deep nii/Ai'ng- Yorkshire
cows without pretensions to breed, or disposition
to fatten — with these cows he used a hi^h-bred
Hereford Bull — and in the progeny lost the disposi-
tion to milk wliich the mothers had; acquiring
that oflayiiib: on fat, which was the distinguishing
merit of the family to which the Inill belonged.*
Here is a striking case,where high blood enabled
one of the parents to propagate his own peculiar
excellence, and to prevent the transmission of the
peculiar excellence of the mothers — viz. their ten-
dency to be great milkers ; because this quality
was accidental in them and not derived from a
select ancestry, and therefore not firmly establish-^
ed in the constitution.

'Massachusetts Agricultural Repository.

FOR THE N,EW ENGLAND FARMER..

BEES WILL SWARM IN FOUL WE.^THER.
Dear Sir — I have this spring for the first time,
undertaken the management of bees. I purchased
a hive in the winter, which appeared to be very
full, and placed it in my garden, giving it an east-
ern aspect. On the first of this month, I discover-
ed a disposition to swarm, judging from their gath-
ering in clusters on the sides of the hive : since
which time, they have been carefully watched eve-,
ry day : from 10 A. M. till 4 P. M. e.\ceirt at such
times as when the sun was obscured by clouds,
feeling perfectly sure of their not leaving the hive,
but in a clear sunshine. In consequence of the dull
state of the weather, yesterday, I neglected them
altogether, and was much surprised, when inform-
ed through a neighbor who fortunately saw them,
that my bees had swarmed. At this lime the sun
was, anil had been, during the forenoon, obscured,
and but few minutes jircvious to his discovering
them, it had rained ; I think it must liave rained,
during tlie process of swarming. In chap. 5tli of
Tliacher's Treatise on Bees, he says, ' it is only on

•Prize Essay of the Rev. Henry Berry.

378

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

a warm, clear sunshine day that sivarming takes
place,' and, should the sun be obscured hy a chjud,
the swarming process is most certainly interrupted
and they await the moment when it shines Ibrtii
in full lustre.' It appears froin the above state-
ments that this is not an iurallible guide ; and I
have been induced to communicate the circum-
stance of my bees having swarmed in weather, en-
tirely different from that decribed in bis chapter
on swarming, in the ho|ie that it may be needful
in guarding bee keepers against relying impliritly
upon any state of the atmosphere, after tlie bees
liave evinced a dis|)ositi(;n to leave the hive; t!ie
consequence of wliieh may be the loss of many
valuable swarms.

Your obedient servant.

War. P. E.sDicoTT.
DanverSjJune 7, 1831.

BLAST ON CHERRY TREES.

Mr Fessenden — As a prevcinive of the blast,
■which has been so injurious to the cherry tree
of late, 1 think you may with confidence recom-
ined the application of sulphur and lime water
which has so eftectually prevented the mildew on
the grape and gooseberry, say two quarts of sul-
phur, and three to five pounds of quick limp, to a
barrel of water, first incorporating them with a
pailful of boiling water.

The |)receding year, we had a large sized tree
attacked ; the present season, the de|n-e(iation or

lore acquired.— On the first trial the difference ,
between the temperature of the boiler and that of
the reservoir was from 20 to 24 degrees, and it '
may be well to remark that the same relative de- '
grees of heat between the two kettles was observ-
ed to exist on the last trial until the water in the
boiler became heated lo ISO, when it became hot-
ter 111 the reservoir in proportion to the boiler, un-
til the difference was only fifteen dcrees.

The thermometer was placed in the "centre of '
the house, about half way up the rafters, where |
I supposed we could ascertain the mean tempera- !

ture with consiilerable accuracy Here it rose to j

say eiglitytwo,— making a difference of seven- 1
teen degrees between this and another house
where there was no artificial heat; but where the '
temperature, in the course of the day, had been 1
at So and 90. The reason why the water was !
heated at the last trial sooner by an hour than at'
the first, is that the fire was better made, more
steadily kept up, and the external or evening air
excluded from both the kettles; whereas, you
will recollect, on the first trial they were both
within the immediate influence of it, the kettles
were, however, both uncovered during the whole
time of heatinw.

As the circulation of the water through the
pipes is facilitated by having its siirfitce as near
the to]) of the upper pipe as possible without al-
lowing it to draw air, the kettle should not be
filled beyond an inch, or an inch and a quarter

June 15, lS.3i.

Extra shed, where you have two
furnaces, one at each end of the
house 10 00

SllO

blast continued, and to a|>pearance one half of the L/' .i • ■ . /■

tree was dead; when three weeks since it was ^ V ' ^°', ' "^ """'^"^ as a general rule, it
discovered that four other trees of considerable '.f "'" *" '>':<•'' y""' boiler above 185 or 186,
size were attacked like the former on the north ^^ "'"P«'-''>"o" ^™ultl hecome so great as to

size were attacked like the former on the nortl
side, I purchased at the Farmer's aixricultiiral ware-
liouse one of Mr Newell's excellent syringes, and
npiilied the wash three times. The ditfiV-ulty is com-
pletely subdued, and from present appearances the
tree first named will undoubtedly recover, with the
loss, only, of a few small limbs. " If this exiicriinent
should be announced to the public and any bene-
fit should be derived from it, the gratification will
be great to A Circumxavigator.

June 14.

n o r t i c SI 1 t u F e .

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society at the an adjourned meeting, held at
the Hall of the Institution on the l\th of June
1831. -^

The President read the fcjllowing communica-
tion from S. G. Perkins, Esq. giving an account
of a second experiment, whi'-h he had mailc with
the apparatus for warming his yinerv with hot
water.

BroilUine, June 6, If 31.
He.n-ry a. S. Dearborn.,

Prcs. Mass. flort. Sociely.
SiR_Since I had the honor to lay befijre you
the result of the first trial of my hot "water appar-
atus, I have closed my house on all siiles, and
have made a second experiment with more suc-
cess than on the former occasion, as the water
was now heated sooner, by an hour, to the hi"h-
est temperature that it attained on my first trrnl ;
for in two hours from the time the fire'was lighted
the mercury in the boiler stood at 175, and \a the
reservoir at 154; whereas, on the first trial it
took three hours to heat it to these points. In
three hours it was now heated to 199 in the boil-
er and 1S4 in the reservoir, making a difference
of 23 degrees in the boiler, and 28 degrees in
liie reservoir, over and above that which it bc-

reduce tlie water in a short time below'the top of
the pipe. — By heating to the temperature of 199,
as I did in this last trial, I found the evaporation
very great, and in the morning I observed the
water stoo.^ in the kettles half an inch, or more,
below the top of the bore of the upper pipe.

The heat produced by this system is uncommonly
agreeable, and is said to be congenial 'o all jilants.
—There is none of that dry, suffiicating heat which
prevails when a house is heated by a brick flue
alone;— nor any of that extreme moisture which
IS iM-oduced by steam apparatus;— but a soft, mild,
and iileasaiit tcarmth is created throughout the
house, exceedingly agreeable to respiration.

To compare the advantages of the hot water
system with brick flues, it is necessary to make a
calculation of the relative expense which these
two modes of heating involve,— and I believe that
the following estimate will not vary imich from
the fact.

1st. Two kettles of 80 gallons each, cast with
the shoulders necessary to receive the pipes, will
cost -^21 each, or $43 00

The connecting jiipes of cast iron, four

inches in diameter in the bore, will cost

60 cts. jier foot, say 150 feet.
Carting
Iron masteis to [lut them up and cement

the joints
Furnace under the kettle, and setting the

kettles

90 00

9 on

10 00

16 00

Cost of a|iparatusin house SOfeet long §160 00

The cost of a flue, with two furna-
ces, covered with 12 inch tile,
house SO feet long,masou's work, §85 00

Carpenter, fir plank. Cedar posts,
nails and labor to place the flue
on. at least 1,5 qo

SI6O 00
This would make the whole cost of the flue and
steamer one hindred and sixty dollars— the same
as the cost of the hot water apjiaratns.

Now if you will look over the various advanta-
ges which this last has over thcjrst plan of heat-
ing ;as well as the greft saving of expense in fuel,
labor, repairs, &c, yon will see that there can
be no comparison between these two modes of

The hot water apparatus therefore cost
ill the first instance $50

say fifiy dollars more than a single brick fiae,
three dollars per annum. Now the water establis
ment once up there is an end to tiie expense.
But a brick flue, (as every oi.e knows who is
the charge of repairing them,) is a constant sonr
of expense, certainly more than doulile the inte
est oil the extra cost of the hot water apparatu
Again, with the hot water there is no danger
burning or scorching your plants ; but with a brii
flue you are constantly liable to this evil ; and fro
the cracks thiougli which smoke issues into tl
house, it is well known that plants arc frequent
ilestroyed. — I have myself this season had thre
large grape vines much injured by the hot sniol
and air that passed through the cracks in one
the flues in my old vinery ; but with iron pipe
filled with hot water, there can be no smoke, 1
extra beat introduced into the house.

The boiler and reservoir are within the houst
but the fire place or opening into the furnace is i
the shed on the other side of a brick wall, so thi
you have never within the vinery any of that ai
dent and dry heat which is so often injurious tl
tender exotics when the flue is over heated ; nc
are you liable to those chills which often occu
from neglect of tlie fire, and which prove equalh
fatal to them. With water pipes, a sudden or ox
trome heat cannot be got up ; and at no time an
by no means can it be raised so as do any injury
The temperature is raised gradually, and is reduce
in like manner, and it is never scorching or dr
even, like that created by brick flues ; or°suddeni
changed from one extreme to the other, as is con>
mon in that mode of heating houses. In wintei
or cold weather, the fire must be made an houi
earlier in the hot water establishment, than may be
required where a brick flue is used. This is the
only inconvenience attending it, if it be one.
If to the cost of the brick flue, as above

stated, say $110 00

yon add, as a corrective of the dry heat
of the brick— a steaming apparatus, you
may do it with great ailvantage toa vine-
ry either connectoil, or unconnected
with one of the furnaces which heals the
flue. — If it is connected, then the house
will be steamed, at the same time that it
is heate.l by the flue, — but I am satified
from my own experience that steam
alone, with any apparatus that has ever
been got up in thiscounlry, will not ans-
wer to heat a house during cold weath-
er ; buta cheap steaming apparatus with
a boiler coiinecled with one of the fur-
naces of the house, may be put up with
advantage, SO feet long for 50 QO

Vol. IX..— No. 4S.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

a79

ill France, 1111(1 tlic , covcralile, ami not llio slightest panicle of copper

had resiileil in a I in ffreeii Tea, as vulgar prejudice will have it.

countiv fioni St j The injurious cfllcts of Tea, if any may bo

ating hot houses, or vineries, or indeeil any j NewVork, who lately travelled

ler houses. | other from a gentleman who 1

Whore lioi water is used, steam is unnecessa> | French family wliieli came to thi . _ •,,•■,,

;_the moistiiro of the house is sufficient with- I Domingo. Mr Carter says, the French add hoiled j ascribed to the heated state in winch it is .Irank.—

t being excessive, as it is with steam apparatus ;' milk to their cotVee, which gives it a mellowness , Cencscc Farmer. ^

d it has this advantage over it — if your steam \ not to he imparled by cold milk or cream ; and my ;

atus be coniiectod with the furnace that heats ' other information is, that the French sweeten their | Spontaneous Combustion. — On Tuesday last, a

pa

iir llu
era

plants ill till

liouse will, duriiii^ its eotfee with sugar candy, or sometimes with what j noon, a small quantity of rye straw took fire at the

eration' be perfectly wet, this, while the house: is about the same thing, with clarified syrup, nut ■ McLean Asyliiiii, in Cliarlestowii. The fire was

warm, may do no harm but so soon as the fire i jet reduceil to a slate of crystallization. The pro- ^ discovered immediately and extinguished in 4 or 5

es out the air becomes chilled, while your plan ts 1 cess for making either ol these issufficiently simple, ' minutes, the dam- • - '•- '^•" '""

not cxceeiling five dollars,
but as tiie last has abridged labor, and many cell- j The straw, as usual, had bsen emptied from beds
veniencesto recommend it, I will speak only of that, into a bin adjacent to the straw house, both of which

An egg with its shell is beat up to a froth and add
ed to two or three quarts of water in a bell-inetal
kettle — from eight to twelve pounds of sugar
(either brown or white) is added to this, (I am told
a few glasses of lime water is a useful addition, but
I have not tried it,) and it is simmered and scum-
med over a bark or coal fire, until clarified and re-
duced to a syrup of the proper consistency, when
it is put up for use. Besides for coffee, this syrup
is also excellent for fritters, puddings, &c, if a
little Cogiiiac is added to it. I have tried all — the
strained coffee, the boiled milk, and the clarified
sugar, and commend the whole.

Cousi.N Tabitha.

3 still wet, which exposes them to be injured
;.icli more than if they were dry. — Now with
't water, although the air of the house is not
^;, it is not ire/ as in the steaming process, and
3 going down of the fire, or its total extinguish-
^nt, does not expose your plants to get injured.
I have written too much I fear on this subject
-the patience of my readers, and must tliere-
•e close it by subscribing myself
Yoi,r obedient servant,

Samuel G. Perkins.

Resolved, That the committee on a garden of
periment and cemetery be instructed to petition
; Legislature for an act to enable the Society
hold real estate, for a garden and cemetery.
Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer was elected an
norary member: and Joseph R. Van Zandt, Esq.
Albany, Win. Shaw of New York, Judge Strong-
Rochester, corresponding members. Adjourned
Saturday next.

Horticiillurai Hnll, |
SaluiUay, June 11, IdUl. J

FRUITS.

Strawberries. — A box of very large and superi-
'Keens' Seedling,' presented by Mr D. Haggerston,
the Charlestown vineyard. This splendid speci-
n of this e.xcellent variety, excited great admira-
m.

A box of very fine Pine Apple, from Hon. H. A. S.
urborn.

A box of large Mulberry, and another of Seed-
gs, raised from seed of the same kind, from AlrN.
whey, Waltham.

A box of large and fine Strawberries, presumed to
the ' Chili,' from Z. Cook, Jr. Esq.
A basket of large and fine WUmot, from Mr S.
alker, Roxbury.

A specimen of White Alpine, without runners,
)m Mr E. Vose, Dorchester.

These last were raised from seed received by the , - i i ■ i •

iciety from M.Vilmorin, of Paris, very highly per- I tion concerning it be found in the books in this
med, and bid fair to become a valuable variety. Village, beyond the fact that Hauy mentions its ex-
Two small and beautiful silver netted Melons were ; istence. — Probaldy the copper at this mine varies
3sented by Mr Thomas Brewer, of Roxbury. I considerably in its richness. In what proportion

Fine Early Cabbages and Cauliflowers were exhi- i ,,,g ^^,.^,.^1 ^^^^ g^jg, .^^ ^^e not informed. Their

ed by .\1 r Thomas Leonard, gardener to E. Her- 1 •. • i i . i ,i,„;, „;,,,„, ;^„ o^iroi,,o

n 1, V CO 1 „ quantity IS abundant, and their situation extreme-

? Derby, Esq., of Salem. i^ , , i- ,■

' ." -1' ly favorable for working.

About five miles nearly northwest from this, in

Mi.NES AND Minerals. — During our return from
Moiitpelier week before last, we spent a leisure
half liour in visiting a mine just opened in the
northeast corner of Braintree. Some specimens
which we brought away proved, on analysis, to be
composed of Iron, Sulphur and Arsenic, with,
possibly, a slight and unimportant admixture of
otlicr metals. The vein or bed, we could not de-
termine which it is, is known to be at least a mile
in length. An abundance of elegant speciinens can
be easily procured.

An interesting locality of sulphurets lias been
opened in Vershire. It is about three miles fiom
Post Mills Village, and about five miles north from
the copperas works in Straflford, and nearly in a
range with the vein wrought at that place. Of
three siiecimens given us for examination last win-
ter, one was pyritous copper, containing 18i per
cent of copper ; another was a maguetic, sulpliu-
ret of iron ; and the third was sulphuret of iron,
with an extra charge of iron. This last ore is not
mentioned by Cleaveland ; nor could any informa-

are detaclieil from all other buildings. The bin is
8 feet by 5 feet, open at top, exposed to the direct
rays of the sun from 11 to 1 o'clock. The straw
had been wet by recent rains, was two feet deep,
and very compact. The whole mass was hot down
to the bottom of it. It is improbable that sparks
had fallen upon the straw from a neighboring,
though distant chimney, as the wind at that time
would liave carried them in a contrary direction.

Daily Mvcrtiser.

Management of Poultry. — Break shells of oys-
ters and clams to about the size of grains of corn,
or smaller, and place them where your bnrn-fowls
can have constant access. They will eat of this,
and it greatly assists in forming the shell of the
e"<i. To insure success in the raising of poultry,
the newest laid eggs should be gathered with the
utmost care, to avoid any small break or fi-a''ture of
j the shell ; the setting hens should be each in a
barrel or box by itself, so that they can be cover-
ed lip in order that they may sit undisturbed.
Once a day and that in the morning, they should
be gently lifted ofi' their nests and fed, and the
moment ibey return, be again covered. They will
in two or three mornings, become quite habituated
to this order, and almost every egg put under them
will produce a chick. The feed of chickens, and
more especially ducks and turkeys, should be In-
dian meal, ground coarse, and mixed with sour
milk.

NOTICE.
A Stated meeting of the Massachusetts Horticul-
ral Society will bo held on Saturday next, at the
•ciety's Room, at 11 o'clock, by adjournment.

R. L. EMMONS, Secretary.

From the ,\mericatt Farmer.

FRENCH PREPARATION OF COFFEE.

Mr Smith — In all that concerns the table, the
•ench far excel all other nations. Their dishes
e savory, palatable, soluble, and wholesome.
loticed your receipt for making coffee in the
«nch mode, though the ground coffee be wet into
wste and kept in a glazed vessel over night, before
od IB the morning ; but you have^omitted two ini-
irtant particulars which I will supply — one I deri-
■d from the published letters of Mr Carter, of

Corinth, about 2 miles south from the meeting
house in that town, is a locality, from which we

Simple means of purifijing water. — It is not so-
generally known as it ought to be, that pounded
alum possesses the property of purifying water.
A large table s|ioontul of pulverised alum, s|>rink-
led imo a hogshead of water, (the water stirred
round at the time) will after the lapse of a few
hours, by precipitating to the bottom the impure
particles so purify it, that it will be found to |)0S-
sess neariy all the freshness and clearness of the
finest spring water. A pailful containing four gal-
lons, may be purified with a single tea spoonful.

GOOSEBRRT BUSHES.

A gentleman who has for several years protec-

have seen what appeared to be fragments of very | ted his gooseberry bushes from the disease or insect,
beautiful crystals of oxid of Titanium — several va- which is so destructive to this fine fruit, informs
rieties. We think the spot worthy of the atten- I us, that the disease (which he thinks is an insect)
tion of any mineralogist j.assing that way. Sien- ! originates in a kind of moss, which is observable m
ite is said to be abundant and beautiful in its imme- ' spots on the stock and branches of the bush, and
diate MicinWy.— Windsor, Vt Chronicle. that whenever he fijids it on them, he immediately

I cuts off the limb. He has left with us several

Tea. — The present yearly consumjition of this pieces of the bush with the moss on them, in
plant in Gre.-it liritian is 20,000,000 lbs; in 1716 ! which he entertains no doubt the egg of the insect
it was only 300,000 lbs. The reason why the is deposited. Since he began cutting off these in-
gout or stone are unknown in China, is ascribed to fected limbs, he has had abundance of fine goose-
the universal use of this beverage. From analyti- berries, which he couM seldom obtain before,
cal experimcts, made some time since on green and It would be well to try the experiment at least. —
black Tea, there wer; uo deleterious qualities dis- ' .imerican Farmer.

380

NEW ENGLAND FARMEU,

June 15, 1S21-

TULIPS. I

Now that we feel tlic 'etlicrial iiiiUlness' of
spring, we may peiliaps turn our tliouglits for a mo-
ment to tlie suliject of flowers.

Of the early history of the Tulip, from its discov-
ery amonirtlie Turks, to tlie extravagant specula-
tions in tlie roots, as articles of merchandise, in
various countries, iiut particularly in Holland and
England, about a century and a half ago, our rea-
ders are probably ns well acquainted as ourselves.
Mr Neale, however, has put into our hands a leaf
from a very old Magazine, from which we quote
the following paragraphs ' on the fondness of the
Turks for the Tulip,' from tlie OpuscoH of the
Abbe Sestini which will prnbaly amuse, if it does
•lot instruct the reader.

The Tulip, called in the Turkish language Lale,
is a flower which these people were so passionate-
ly fond of, that they employed the ntniost care
to bring the cultivation of it to perfection. They
did not set much value on those, the bulbs of
which were brou;;ht frotn Holland, because it is
an established rule among them to esteem more
whatever grows in their own country, than the
productions of foreign nations.

Tulips, however, have been in so great request
and so much sought after at Constantinople, that,
several Sultans have ordered roots to be brought
them from all countries, in order that they might
have every possible variety of these flowers. To
these varieties they even gave Turkish names,
which had some relation to those of the first offices
ill the Ottoman empire ; and they commanded
that a catalogue should he made out in the Tur-
kish language, of all the different species.

Under the Sultan Aclimet HI. who was pas-
sionately fond of this flower, all the nobility of
his court apjilieil themselves to the cultivation of
it, with the greatest care, and to procure uncom-
mon kinds, with the newest and most beautiful
varieties.

These nobles presented their tulips to the Sul-
tan, on a certain day of the year ; and this cere-
mony, which was extremely splendid and magnifi-
cent, was called vinfcl-lalesi that is to say, the fes-
tival of tulips.

The grand Vizier, Ibrahim Baschia, was also
remarkably fond oftuli|)s. As he liad never seen
any tine ones, ho took it into his head that he
could, by the assistance of art, procure flowers of
that color. He therefore consulted on this subject
dift'erent Turkish chemists, who all agreed, that to
have blue tulips nothing more could be necessary,
but to put into the bulbs the flowers nf ihe s;/ringa
cocrtden. The experiment was tried, but, as may
well be supposed, was not attended with suc-
cess.

The Turkish nol/dity derived afterwards anoth-
er pleasure from these tulips. They waited for
the moment when they were in full bloom in their
gardens, and intermixed them with small lighted
lamiis and cages, in which they inclosed nightin-
gales taught to sing; thus endeavoring to gratify
both the senses of seeing and hearing. This fes-
tival was called cieragan, that is to say, the illumi-
nation.

This reigning passion'for tulips continued in Tur-
key under the Sultan Mahnioud, and the Sultan
Musiapha ; but after the death of these emperors,
it gradually decreased. The Turks at present do
not entertain an exclusive passion for tulips, and
they set almost the same value on them as we do.
—.V. y. Com. Mv.

SOAP.

As this is the season of the year when most of
our housekeepers attend to making soft soap for
the use of the family, we trust a few observations
may be acceptable.

Much difficulty is frequently experienced in
this business, and many vulgar errors have been
connected with it ; and we have heard women de-
clare that they believed their soap was bewitched.
When the principles are once understood, the
whole process is easy and simple. First, then, it
is proper that liousekeepers should know the prop-
erties of the component parts of soap.

There are two fixed alkalies used in soapma-
king, viz. potash and soda. Potash is called the
vegetable, and soda the mineral alkali. Either of
these alkalies will unite with grease and form
soa])s : potash and crrease make soft soap only, but
soda and grease make hard soap. Both these alkalies
have a strong affinity for acids — uniting with them
and forming what is generally called neutral salts.
Thus potash and nitric acid form saltpetre ; soda
and sulphuric acid form glauber salts, and soda
and muriatic acid, or spirits of salts, form common
salt.

Now no woman in her sen.ses would think of
making soap with either of these salts ; and yet the
base of either, when separated from the acid,
would form when mixed with grease, as good soap
as if they had never been united.

There is also another acid which combines with
these alkalies, which will equally prevent their
uniting with grease as either of the before men-
tioned acids — that is carbonic. Now this acid is
continually floating in the atmosphere unseen, and
will combine with potash or soda whenever it
comes in contact, forming a carbonate of soda or
potash — neither of which will unite with grease to
form soap.

JMuch of the difficulty which housekeepers meet
with in soap-making, arises from their ley having
become more or less saturated with carbonic acid.
Ashes which have laid long in adanip place, or be-
come damp by any other means, will absorb carbo-
nic acid, or if the ley is allowed to stand too long
after it is leached in an open vessel, the same
thing will take place. Lime is often placed in the
bottom of the leach, and but few can tell why they
doit. If the question is asked, the reply is — be-
cause it makes the ley cleaner. Lime has a stron-
ger affinity for carbonic acid than [lotash has, and
of course will separate it from it. Conmion lime-
stone is lime and carbonic acid: when limestone
is burned in a kiln, the carbonic acid is separated
by heat, and quicklime is formed. Now if this
quick or fresh-burnt lime is placed in the bottom
of the leach and the ley made to pass through it,
it becomes piu'ified from the acid, and the only
thing necessary then to have it unite with grease,
is to have it of sufficient strength. — This may be
ascertained by its sjiecific gravity — to learn v. Inch,
put a new-laid egg into it: if the egg floatrJ, the
Icy is strong enough ; if it sinks, the ley nuist either
he evaporated by boiling, or by ag.-iin leaching it
through ashes. The grease made use of is the re-
fuse fat of animals, and before it is united with the
ley, should be freed .O'om all the salt by boiling it
in water. The quantity necessary for a barrel of
good soap is about sixteen pounds, or half a pound
to a gallon.

Soap when well made, should he thick and
salve-like, capable of being spread thin upon cloth
without flaking or rolling off. — If to such soap

about an equal quantity of soft water is added, the
soap becomes hard and liver-like, capable of being
taken up iu the hand. This many think is desir-
alde, — especially the soap-boilers who niidie ij
for sale, as they make double the profit they
would on tlie other quality.

Some housekeepers practise making their own
hard soap. This is done by adding salt to the
soap after it is well made, while it is yet boiling.
The effect is thus explained. Salt is soda and
muriatic acid. Potash has a stronger affinity fo«
muriatic acid than soda has, and when they comd
in contact, as in this case, the |iotash decomposes
the salt and combines with the muriatic acid, forrni
ing a muriate of potash — leavmg the soda pure t
form a hard soap with the grease : — the muriai
of potash will be found on cooling, in solution i
the bottom, being of greater sjiecific gravity thai
the soa|i. The salt should be added by sma!
quantities until the separation takes jdace, whic
may be known by the soap becoming curdled ; af
tsr which it should be allowed to stand until coh
when it may be cut into bars or cakes, as suits th
o|)erator. Many suppose that resin is necessar
to harden the soap. This is not the case ; it ]
used as a matter of |irofit — not of necessitv.

The common yellow color of soft soap is owing
to the iron contained iu it, as the oxide of iron is
dissolved by potash. Where white soap is desira-
ble, it may be made by substituting pearlash orcarfS
bonate of potash, and abstracting the carhonio'
acid by lime — and by using lard or other whitjl
grease, the purest white soap may be made. Gen-
esee Partner.

Copperas. — It may not be generally known to
our readers that a Copperas mine was discovered
about two years since, in the town of Templetoti,
Worcester County. We have been obliginglv fur^
nished by a gentleman who has recently visited the
mine, with the following jiarticulars respecting it.
About two years since, a mine was discovered in
Templeton, Worcester county, and the lands adja-
cent, to the amount of 200 acres inunediately pur-
chased by a company from Worcester. The Com-
pany have erected suitable buildings and iuive been
at considerable ex|iense in making arrangements to
manufacture the article extensively. They are now
in the ' fidl tide of successhil experiment.' The
ore produces about 75 per cent (d'the pure article.
,\bout six tonsof copperas have been luanufactured
and more than six hundred tons of ore have been
discovoed lying in one pit. The mine is supposed
to be inexhaustible. SutKcieut may be manufac-
tured from it to supply the whole country. We hope
the effiirts of the enleiprising company who have
embarked in it, will be attended, as there is every
reason to suppose they will be, with complete suc-
cess.— Dcdham Palladium.

AIor.MXG Air. — The most wholesome and in-
vigorating air of the day is usually at daybreak.
The man who rises at the dawn of day, may enjoy
a pleasure that is denied to a slumbcrer. It is the
best time for exercise. The birds gayly carol, tOj
welcome the rising sun, and to waken jiian tol
industry. The glorious orb of day is in itsajfj
an object of more magnificence than the Falls of
Niagara or Montmoreiici, the Peak of Teneriffe,
or Etna. Yet how many traverse sea and land to,
behold these tarrescrial objects, while |)erhaps they
never saw the rising sun in its utmost splendor,
the snblimest spectacle in creation.

Vol. IX.—

I\<%. 4S.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

881

Canal trade. — We aiincx an account, taken tVoni
the Providence American, of the lui-iiness oftlie
Canal up to the close of the last month. To that
time the amount is about 50 per cent greater tlian
it was last year, and the acting coininissionpi- in-
forms as tliat the tolls have increased in that ratio.
The present month, we iliinU, will shew an ecpKilly
great e.xccss over the corresponding month of
last year, with ever}- indication of its continnin<r
■through the season. We think the question now
settled that tlio slock will hccome ])erinanently a
par stock, at least, nt the cost of the canal, when
the benefit it confers on the community are in
calculable.

tion corrispoiids, exactly with those which we have
seen in this town. The writer says this bird is the
CliffSwallow, (railed by naturidists llirundo fnlva,)
which was formerly confined to the western side of
the .Mleghanies ; it has foimd its way over the
mountains and is gradually proceeding northerly
and easterly. — Hamp. Cnzellc.

To

From

Worcester,

405

tons.

l.SS 3-4 tons,

Milbury,

103 3-4

"

40 3-4 "

AVilkinsonvillc,

33

"

3 1-2 "

Grafton,

56 1-2

"

25 3-4 "

Northbridgc,

UG 1-4

It

253 1-2 ■'

U-xbridge,

96 1-2

t(

168 1-2 "

Milville,

12S

tt

19 3-4 "

Blackstonc,

178 3-4

"

59 1-4 "

Waterforii,

7

a

Woonsocket,

236 1-4

"

75 1-4 '

Mansville,

73 1-2

"

2 3-4 "

Albion Mills

28 3-4

(c

0 1-4 "

Kelly's Mills,

5 3-4

"

34 3-4 "

1490 828 3-4

Total 2327 3-4 tons
The following are some of the principal articles
prising the above tonnage :

Up.

2,457 bushels Corn,
89 do. Rye,
1,200 bbls. Flour,
415 sacks Salt,
20,633 galls. Molasses,
7,090 do. foreign and

Down.
209 1-2 cords Wood,
237 casks Lime,
1,636 bales and boxes Cotton
Goods,
134 do. Woollen do.
26 tons wrought Stone,

domestic Spirits, 2,298 Chairs,

18 casks Wine
37 do. Uice,
5.680 galls. Oil,
243,000 Shingles,
24,000 Clapboards,
13,000 Laths,
.lftS,000 feet Boards,

71 casks Dyewood,
223 do. Lime,
1,417 bales Cotton,
221 do. Wool,
20 tons Gypsum,
12 do. Castings,
103,266 lbs. Iron (wro't)
270 casks Nails and
Spikes.
30 casks Wire,
6,1-39 lbs. Sheet Lead,
12 tons Ovsler Shells,
714 Raw Hides,
165 boxes Sugar,
161 bills, do.

73 chests Tea,
113 bags ColTee,

22 tierces Rice,

74 kegs Tobacco,
11,539 lbs. Cheese

70 quintals Fish,
288 bbls. and boxes Fish,
59 crates Crockery Ware,
47 casks Pot and Pearl .\shes,
69,145 lbs. Leather,
100 casks Hay Seed,
33 Grindstones,
14 1-2 tons Coal.

3,544 ps. Sett Work,
11,000 Hoops,

14 bbls Black Lead,
205 boxes Cards,
303 d*. Shoes,

15 do. Hats,
11 do. Machinery,

1039 reams Paper,
449 dozen Scythes,
21 casks Hay Seed,
569 empty Casks,
21,000 Bricks,

67 tons Shp Timber,
931 setts Measures,
495 Pails.

45 boxes Whetstones,
60 do. Class

Swallotvs. — Some farmers and otliers in this town
and vicinity have noticed within a few years a new
species of swallow, which builds its nest on the out-
side of barns, under the caves. The same s()ecies
is spoken of in a paper published in the interior of
Pennsylvania : it is considered a new and rare bird
in that part of the state. Poulson's Philadelphia Ad-
'•Ttiser describes tlie bird and nest, and the dcscrlji-

,9t\cienl AfrricuUarc and Horticulture in .Ifrica. —
!M. ChampoUion, now in Egypt, has sent home a
number of drawings, copied from the tomb.s.
.A.mong these are the following : — Tilling the
ground with oxen, or by hand ; sowing ; treading
the ground by rams, and not by hogs, as Herodotus
says ; five sorts of ploughs ; the use of the pickaxe ;
the reaping of wheat ; the gathering of flax ; tlie
putting these two kinds of plants into sheaves; the
carrying to the mill ;the threshing, measuring, stor-
ing in the granaries ; two drawings of large gra-
naries on different plans ; the Hax carried by asses ;
a number of other agricultural operations, among
them the gathering of the lotus, the culture of the
vine ; the vintage, its carrying home ; two presses,
one worked by the hand, the other by mechanism ;
the pnttmg the wine into bottles or jars, carrying
it to the cellar, Sec, &c. Horticulture ; the gati

£ra\jy 2iiJva2.A£r:i) a>AUjai3aa

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVE.NING, JC.NE 15, 1831.

BRE MOTH.

Frikno EniToK — I have been a constant reader
of the New Kngland Farmer, and have read various
comnninications about the management of bees ;
but the right subject has never been discussed.
I mean, what is the best means to guard against
the Bee Moth ? If any of your correspondents
would be so kind as to give the information I want,
they would merit the best thanks of society.

I kept bees twentyfive yeais; but at length the
I5ee Moth found its way into the hives, and have
destroyed all but one; and that I am afraid of los-
ing the present season. I have become almost
discouraged about the raising of bees, and, as a
last resort, h.-.ve appealed to some expericnceil per-
son for information on the subjei-t, to know wheth-
er anything can be done to ginird against so des-
olating an insect. I*. C.

Remarks by the Editor. — In Dr Thacher's Trea-
tise, on iJees (which our correspondent may procure
for a trifle of sundry booksellers, as well as at

of figs, &c : The whole with explanatory : ^'"^ °^'"> """ ?'"^ ^"'^ l^"!-''""'' l-"an"cr,) is a valu-

hieroglyphic inscriptions ; also, the intendant of
of the country-house, the secretaries, &.c. — Le
Globe.

From Ihii Massachusetts Journal and Tribune.

FAR3IERS JtAKE THE BEST PUBLIC MEN

In a very clever little book for young people, called
Louisa and her Cousins, we find the following remark ;
* Good farmers have always been held in high estima-
tion. I came across an anecdote, the other day, wlrich
proves that this was the case in very ancient limes ; it
is related by Horodotus, who is cillcd the Father of His-
tory. The inhabitants of the island nf Miletus, in the
Ionian Sea, having been for a long time afflicted with
internal dissensions, at lenrrth solicited the inter|)osition

able dissertation on the bee moth. This suggests
sundry remedies against the insect complained of
and proposes ' a plan for an Improved Bce-liouse,'
intended to guard against it. We shall not reprint
this article, because the copy right of the work
is secured to its pnblisher.s, nml its republication
by us would trcs|)as3 on their property.

Mr John Stone, of Sudbury, Middlesex county,
Mass. in an application for a premium, to .Mass.
Agr. Soc, slates in substance that he had kept bees
for ten years last ])ast ; that for several years his
bees were inch injured by the bee moth — that
he lost two hives of bees which were wholly de-
stroyed by the insects. ' In the spring of 1824 or

of the Parians. inhabitants of an adjoining island.' When [ ISJo, about the first of April, I raised my hive
those, whom tlie Parians selected to perform the otfice I about J of an inch by putting a small block "of that
of arbitrators, arrived at MMetusfindu.g tlie whole state ; ,i,ickncss under each corner of the hive ; iinmedi-
involved m extreme coniusion, they requested permis- , . , , ,. ,

sion to examine the condition of the lands. Whenever, I '^"''y •■'"= "^cs commenced the work of destruction
in their progress through the island, they found any I upon the iiiotli-worm and entirely cleared tlie hive
lands under good cultivation, which, by the bye, did not | of ihcm. I have followed the practice ever since
happen in many instances, they wrote down the name of ^ g,,,, ^^^^ „j.,,p, ,.^^^-,,.^,1 ,„ ;„■ f,,^,^ „,(, y,^^

the owner. On their return to .Miletus, they called an , , i • , • ■ , , ,

assembly of the people, and placed the direction of af- \ i"'^"'' ""'■ ^^"o™ having been invariably destroyed
fairs in the hands of those, whoso names tlicy found on j by the bees, and brought out of the hives. The

hives have remained in this situation till the niontli
of October, when I have taken away the blocks-
and let tlieni down.'

The late Dr Low, of Albany, recommended the
suspension of hives a few inches above the floor-
hoards by cords, and to have the floor-board move-
able up and down, according to the weather. Mr
David Chandler of South lladley, Mass. recom-
mends (N. E. Partner vol. vi. p. 321,32:!) jilac-
ing the hives on the bare smooth ground about the
first of May, or perhaps earlier, at some distance
from the bee lioiise, and placing back, late in the
fall of the year, the hives which are to be kept
oyer winter. The objections to these remedies are,
that they expose the bees to be annoyed by raiu,
dust, wind, toads, and other reptiles, cobbers from
other hives, &c.

Dr Smith, in his Essrnf on Bee.t, (another cheap
and useful little v/ork, iirinted by Perkins and Mar-
vin, Boston)in treating of the bcc-moth says' A
very simple plan, and sometimes it is eminently
successfiil, consists in placing a burning lamp in a
pail near the apiary. I have been cpiite successful
in taking prisoners by this device, in the early part

their list of good cultivators; because, as they said, those
who took the best care of their own business, could be
most safely intrusted with the public interest. These
officers were appointed, and tranquillity restored.'

This anecdote struck us particularly, because it ex-
actly coincided with our ide;isof the true principles on
which the privileges of citizenship should rest. In fra-
ming our own government, and under the new order of
things in France, it was an important question what
should give a man a right to vote. \ certain, though
small income, was decided on by our legislators, as the
necessary qualification ; and this test has much of rea-
son and justice in it, because a comfortable income is the
visible reprpsrviaiirc of industry and good cbaracfer---
for it is certainly true in this happy country, that all who
have health, can obtain a decent maintenance, except
the lazy and the dissipated.

So far therefore as this principle merely extends to
excluding vagabonds, it is a good one ; still it does not
touch ail cases; fir wealth may be inherited by the lazy
and the dissipated, and thus tlie privilege denied to the
vicious beggar ,raay be bestowed upon the equally vicious
rich man.

It appears to us that the proper qualification for voting
is to have some regular and constant employment— to
perform a decided use as a citizen, in the way of some
permanent trade, business or profession.

This shuts out both extremes— -those who are idle be-
cause they arc rich, and thoso who a»c poor because they
are idle.

•^82

fSJ

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

of the evening. A keg, because it is smaller at such earth as can be collected from your ditches.

the top, by reason of the incurvation of llie staves,
having, in the meantime but one head, is the l)est
trap. Some fresh honey or if not readily obtained
even molasses, spread over the bottom is the bait.
All insects are particularly charmed by a bright
light; and none more than the bee molh. As
soon as they discover the light they fly towards it.
Another sense, which is probably strongly devel-
oped, smell, is gratified by the odor of the food ;
and hence they have a double inducement to enter
into the trap, where the blaze of the lamp or their
thill spread wings gives them the finishing blow
and tumbles them into the bollcin. With a little
management thousands may be caught with very
little time.

'Another method, which I have practised suc-
cessfully, is this, viz : set a long net;k bottle having
n little honey on the bottom, tmder the floor of the
bee-house, and another perhaps on the roof.
When once inside it is extremely difficult for them
to make their escape. Drawing a piece of gauze,
or making a wire door on hinges over the aperture
to the hive, which is closed over night is another
very good scheme. But this must be opened very
early in the morning as the bees begin to forage by
the earliest dawn. The gate most effectually
keeps the moth from getting within, though the
bees, thus confined, exhibit much restlessness, and
impatience during the time they are imprisoned
within their own castle.

Dr Thacher proposes to save hives from the in-
sect by placing them within an • Improved Bee
House ;' according to a jdan of which the details arc
given page lOS, of his Treaiise. lie observes, ' I
have now a bee house of rhe above description
which meets my sanguine expectations.'

Some writers have suggested that in fixing bot-
tles and other vessels as traps, baited with honey
(0 catch moths, there is a danger of catching and
destroying the bees themselves as well as their en-
emies. We hope that some of our correspondents
who have a practical, as well as theoretic acquaint-
ance with this subject will coiriply with the request
of P. C. given above, and ti'll us how to destroy
the bee moth, or at least point out the best way
of guarding against its ravages.

or old sward balijs ; your hogs will root and mix
lliem together, and thus with a little attention, you
may obtain 20 or 30 loads of the best maimre, or
much more if your hogs are numerous and receive
your attention. You will find an advantage, both
in the growth of your hogs, and in the quantity of
manure, if you sow half an acre, or an acre of
clover on a rich soil near the barn-yard, and begin
to citt early for fe<;d for your hogs , it will be found
both cheap and profitable. According tothebest
practical calculations, it will give a profit of
$30 |ier acre, when cut green and fed in the
bani-yard, either by horses, cows, cattle, or hogs,
besides the profits upon the manure. If you arc
in earnest about your farm, you may carry this
mode of making manure to any extent, by mowing
and carting in your stout stubble ; collecting and
carting in your coarsest hay, pumjjkin and potato
vines, corn bottoms, husks, &.e. The same mate-
rials will yield you a stronger and richer manure
from your hog i)ens, than from the stercorary, (as
practised in England,) and without the expense
of shifting, or changing it by hand, as in the sterco-
rary practice. Your hogs will do better than in
a close pen, and the same land, in clover,will yield
them more aUil better feed, than in pasture ; and
the manure thus obtained from the clover-field,
will give you a handsome profit. A little experi-
ence will soon lead every farmer to make the most
advantage in this way, which may be rendered very
extensive.

PARMER'S WORK FOR JUNE.

Among the multiplicity of your avocations at
this busy s>'a>on of the year you will not forget
the subject of summer made manure. Manure
is the spirit of agriculture, the essence of all good
fanning, and no good opportiuiity to increase its
quatitity ai;d improve its quality should be suflTer-
ed to pass without improvement. Cattle, or at
least cows which give milk, should be yarded in
a small s])ace. Their manure, once or twice a
week, at least, should either be ploughed in or
mixed with soi! for compost — ])laced uiuler cover
— shovelled iiito heaps and covered with earth, or
in some way secured against being wasteil away
by the elements. A large quantity of manure
may be manafaetured by swine, provided you fur-
irish them with raw materials, such as weeds,
brakes, decayed loaves from forests, &c ; or you
may manage this department of rural economy as
follows, viz.

Let your hogs be inclosed in an open pen, near
to, or in one pai t of your barn-yard ; throw intothis
the scrapings of your barns, together with every
L'sretable substtmco that will juitrefy and rot through

FAVORS FROM FRIENDS.

We have recieved a niunber of fine si>ecimens
of the fruits and flowers of the season, and other
sam|)lcs of taste, industry and ingenuity, which
we now gratefully acknowledge. Among other
donations ofthe kind are a pot of strawberry plants.
Keen's Seedlings, which have borne fine fruit abun-
dantly since they came into our possession, from
Mr David Haggerston, of Charleslown. A large
and elegant ]5ouquer, composed o( a great variety
of flowers, of the finest hues and fairest fra-
grance, from Messrs Wi.nships of lirighton. A
sample of American Sugar of American manufac-
ture from Mr Edwards of Springfield, Mass. &c,
&c.

June 15, 1S.31.

the branches, shootsmight be |>roduced between the
ring and the stems and the result has proved that
that my idea was correct. This, spring when the
blossom buds were about to hurst, 1 made a ring-
to the extent of one fifth of an .inch, in the usual
way, at the distance of two feet from the main
stem, romid a branch of a Jargonelle pear tree,
trained horizontally, which branch had for several
years been entirely bare both of fruit spurs and
wooil shoots ; iu)r was there the smallest appearance
of an embryo bud at the time of ringing. I soon
found that a space to the extent of seven inches
nearest the ring began to break into buds ; at this
tiiiie(Jidy) there are six fine'buds broken and two
eudiiyo buds are visible, which I have no doubt
will break next spring. The part of the branch
nearest the stem, about seventeen inches, is still
without a liud ; I therefore conclude, that si,t or
eight inches should be substituted in futt:re ring-
ings instead of two feet. Another experiment
has confirmed this opinion. About this time I
made that on the Jargonelle, I also ringed a branch
of a Bergamot Pear tree at six inches from the
stem, which has at this time six buds broken and
four embryos very prominent.

APPLES WELL PRESERVED.

Mr J. Perry of Sherburne, Mass. has presented
US with a sample of apples, preserved in pidveriz-
ea [ilaster of Paris, which were sold in Boston mar-
ket for $6 a barrel. The apples arc of the kind
called Nonsuch and were as fair to the sight, and
pleasant to the taste as If they had just been taken
from the tree.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.

The Standing Committee on Fruits and Fruit
trees, respectfully propose the following premiums
for the year 1S31, viz :
For the best Apples, not less than two dozen,

a premium of $4 00

For the best Summer Pears, not less than one

dozen.
For the best Autumn Pears, not less than one

dozen.
For the best Winter Pears, not less than one

dozen,
For the best native Pears, not less than one

dozen.
For the best Peaches, oot less than one dozen,
" Apricots, " "

" Nectarines, " "

" Plums, " "■

" Cherries, " "

» Native, do. « "

" Foreign Grapes, cultivated under

glass, not less than three clusters,
" Foreign Grapes, cultivated in

open ground, not less than three clusters, 5 00

" Native Grapes, not less than sLx

clusters,
" Gooseberries, not less than

4 00

4 00

4 00

4 00

4 00

3 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

2 00

5 00

ON A MODE OF COVERING THE NAIiED BRANCHES
OF FRUIT TREES WITH NEW WOOD.

Eitr.TctPd from a letter tn lli« President oflhe Lnnilon Ilorticul-
urat Soc'fly, by ;?amuei. S^i-rVKE Street, Esq. of I't-nryil Cutn
wait.

It is a fact well known to Horticulturists that
the branches of fruit trees trained against the
walls, and espaliers, after eight or ten years be-
come nakeil for about a foot or two nearest the
stem, which gives an unsightly appearance to the
tree, espesially when the branches arc trained hor-
izontally ; and it is generally diftlcult to procure
blossom spurs, or even wood shoots, in those sit-
uations, unless by training a new shoot, from
the main stem, which caunot be always procured.
The ideii struck me, that if I interrupted the

quart,
quart.

Strawberries, not less than one
Raspberries, not less than one

2 00
2 00
2 00

quart.

For the best method of cultivating Foreign
Grapes in open ground, which shall be
superior to any other now practised in
this country, with reference to planting,
training, shelter, &c, and for a length of
trellis not less than thirty feet, 20 00

The Committee have hopes tliat the mode now
universally acknowledged in France, to be the best
practised in that country for open ground culture,
may be successfully introduced into the United
States ; they allude to the Thomery method, a par-
ticular description of which may be found in the5or»
Jardinier for 1830, with a plate, and an accurate
translation of the same by the Hon. Mr Lowell, in
the N. E. Farmer, vol. 6, page 73.

The Committee will be at the Hall of the Society
on Saturday of each week, during the season of
fruits, from ten to twelve o'clock, to inspect siich
specimens as may be olTered. Those fruits for which

the summer: plough up and cart' in occasionally, sap at a distance from the main stem by ringing I a premium is claimed, must be so designated, other-

Vol.IX.— Xo. 4S.

wise they will be considered as offered for exliibi-
tion only.

Per Order, S. DOWNER, Chairman, pro km.

Saml-ei, Dow.xer, Chairman, pro Itm.

Robert Man.ni.ng.

Oliver Fisk.

Charles Se.nior.

Elijah Vose.

William Kenrick.

E. M. Richards.

AiXD IIQUTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

Ereatcm — In the communicalion from S. G. Pehkin! P^n
on the subject of heulioj hot hou,e, by hot water, an error ,r ^..n 3'
quenee occurred, vvhrch «e noted for corrccliun in last week's piner ■
bnt onr nouce was mislaid, or given to the win.l, by .heTyperse er.'
Ue, therefore, once more, attempt to rectify the mistake. In rho

instead of a ' hltle after a o'clock,' read a little after .i„,e o'clock
1 he loistako IS .mportant, because it represeais the water to have
been 8 hours m heatm; instead of 3 hours, wl,icl, was the li.-i
S nee that „me we learn that Mr Perkin, has heated the apparatus
m two hours to llie same temperature.

Brass Syrin/res.

^/v'" ','!'",?' ,""' -^S''"'""'"! ^Vaiehousc, Nos. 51 ami
o2 Noi^ll, .\ o.kel .^tcet. .1 very u-oful ailiclfc for rk-slroy-
,?± Z' V, '^"Ssan.l other inse'cl,. Likewise lo
p.e%e.>t the n„l.lcw on Vines a.,d f;oosel>e,ry IJu.hes—
fcec^N . L. F.irmcr, vol. 8, pa^e 3.5!< au,l 363

383

.Agricultural.

The Trustees of tlie Worcester Asricullural Society
are hereby notified, that a meeting of tlie Hoard will he
held at Ihe P.obate Office in Worcester, on Thuis.lay, the
2M day of June instant, at 4 o'clock, P. M , fo,- the nii-
pose of choosing an Orator, Chaplain, Committee ol Ar-
rangements, and Judges of Slock, &c, for the next Cattle
Miow ; and also for the admission of members

By order of the Pi-csident.

WILLIA.M D. WHEELER, Rec. Sec'iy.

\\ orcester, June S, 1831.

The true Sugar Beet.

Fors.,le at the Xevv England Seed Store, 52, Noi-lh

Market street, Boston, 101) lbs. of the Hue French .^^u.-ar

feet S>eed,-received lliis day from Paris. I.y the f.st

Hav,_e packet, via Newport. ^ The exeelle.ice of this

00 li,r eatile, and for cuhn.rry and other purposes, is too

well known fo requiie comment.

Also— Laige and Small Lima Beans— Eaily Dwarf
Beans-several yaiieties of piekling and other Cucum-
bers— Radishes, Lettuces, Cabbages, Turnips, &c.
Broom Corn.

Al=o just received, a lew busliels of pi'ime Broom Corn
raised l,,<t season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.

Treatise on Sik.

Just puhlished, and for sale at J. B. Russell's Seed
Store, 52 North Market Street,

A I'taclical Tiejlise on the Culture of the Whita
Slulherry 'I ree and the raising of Silk. Price I2i els —
$a per huniltcd— a valuable agricultural tract for distri-
hulion.

PRICES OF COU.VTliY PRODUCE.

Howard's Cast Iron Ploughs, S,-c.

Just received at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51
and 52 North .Market street, a few of C. Howard's Patent
Cast Iron Ploughs. This is the most approved Plou-h
now in use, and is highly recommended by our best la""! -
mers for doing the work with ease and in" the most per-
fect manner; the casting being ground smooth, the
Plough is not liable to clog even at the tii'st lime usiti"-,
but runs perfectly free at all times.

Also,— Tafl's superior cast steel SCYTHES, manufac-
tured expressly for this establishment. Likewise, Pas-;-
more's, Farwell's, Dudley's and English Scythes, 'with a
large asso: Iment of Garden tools.

Also,— Hall's superior Hay Rakes- the be-:t article of
the kind Bianuficlured in Ihe country. June 15.

Farmer fl'anlcd.

A permanent situation offers for a man who under-
stands farming generally, and a little of gardenin-, and
who would feel an interest in his eniployar's business,—
to go on to a farm in one of the pleasanlest towns in New
England, on Connecticut rivei-. Apply pcrsonall,/ at
Ihe New England Farmer office.

Tune 15. 3t

f>h(ep— Sheep.

Valuable Boo'.-s on the best method of forming .^ood
flocks, of increasing them, and treating them pr^.perlv
when ,„ bealth and when diseased-on the characte
nn.l value of .Mer.no Shecp-anatomical structure &c
6ic—o valuable woiks, viz : ' '

Sir George Stewart .Makenzie, Bart
•Robert R Liviiig^ion, LL. U.

J^amuel B.ird, Aj. D.

iM. Daubenton, a man of letters, and profound N.itural-
l>(, his work was published in Germany, Italy, Spain
and Amenca-and m France, at Ihe e.xpinse of the na^

n^P^,"" ^n i"f;. '"'P'^'l?'- °' the Rambouillet Establish-
ment— ind others in France

cuN,n"/"'Ar''~'' ''"'"•'"" ""'"^'i°" of Books on Agri-
cu tuie. Manures, various treatises on Horses, CalMe,
Botany &c, &e. By R. P. & C. WILLLUIS whole

Cnrnvn 'r"" ^•'"■^^'^''-^''^ ^"'^ Stationers, No. 18 an.l 20
l-ornhill, Boston. jj^^ .,..

Hants a silualion,
As Gardener, a married man without children, who
understands the management of a garden in all its vari-
ous branches-hot house, green house, laying out garden

''j.ml l'""' "'" """ "■*■■>"'>'""">' a'lended to at this olTice.

, -1 -f'"''" II I'nted.

Uanti,u, a"'ffrsfiatH Farm in the vicinity of Boston
containing 100 to 150 acres of land, with a good and con-
venient liouse, barn, &.c.

Letters (postage paid) addressed to R. S. H. Salem,
Mass. giving a particular description of Farms, of fence'
cash price, la.'ses, &c, will receive immediate attention.

June 15. eptf

Bees in Cities.

AN ESSAY on the pr.acticabilily of cultivating the

Honey Bee, in maritime Towns and Cities, as a .source

of .IJomoslic Economy and Profit. By Jerome V. C.

fl"] u- v;- ^T l'"'^li*''^'l by Perkins & Marvin,

the Agnciltutal W arehoi>se, No. 52 North Market street,
price .38 cents. '

A I'I'LKS, iiissclliiigs,
A8I I ES, nol. first sort,

I'larl, Insl sort,
liKANS, white,
liEEF, mess, ]

Cargo, No. 1,

Cai'go, Nn. '2,

'!H.''',''\''' "I'Pccted, No. I, new, -

(libE.'sE, new milk,

„ f^kimmed milk,

FLAXSEED.

FLOUK, ltaliini(.re,noward-slrccl, -

GeiieNCe.

Ale.vandria,

Baltininre. wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Nnrlhcrn.

Com, Southern Yellow,

Rye, '

llarlev,

Oats,'
IHY.

HOG'.S LARD, first sort, new,

IKU'S, l^,l(malilv,

LI.Mi;,

PLAISTERPARISrelailsat
PORK, clear,

Navy mess.
Cargo, .\o. I,
SEED.S, Herd's Grass, '.

Rcd'l'n),(uorlliemJ

■I'.rtnlv''^'","""' '"<'"'"='■'')
I ALLOW, incd,

WOOL, 1^'erino. full Mood, washed.

Merino, mixed wiih Saxonv,

nienno, three fi)iiiihs wash'od

Merino, half blood,

ftleriiio, (juarler,

Name, wa>hed,

Pulled superfine,

Isl Lamb's,

2d, "

3d, " ;

1st Spinning,

barrel
Ion.

bushel
barrel.

pound

barrel

bushel

cwt.
cut.

i cask.

ton.

barrel

bushel

' ■ " :

pound. I

cw I. I

pound.'

fROK TO

.1 3 OO; 3 .TO
'105 (10 108 00
1120 00 122 50
yci I CO
I 8 SO 9 00
7 '

G 50

II

G

3

1 12

5 37

5 50

5 li

701
G7
80
CO
40
60
10 00
9 00

1 oo|

3 00,

!G 50

13 00

13 50,

175

50'

II

8 00'

70

75

63

58

48

45

63

58

48

30

03

00

G 75

15

S

4

I 50

5 50

5 75

5 25

5 27

72

68

S3

62

42

70

10 25

10 00

1 25
3 25

18 00
13 50
U 00

2 OO
62
12

8 50
75 •
SO
65
60
50
48
65
GO
SO
32
55

PKOVISION MARKET.

.Manual of Ihe Practical .Yaluralisl, ^

Forming an Appendix lo the first six volumes of the
Library of Entertaining Knowledge. This day publish-
ed by Lilly & Wait, and by Carter, He.-vdee &
Babcock, The Practical Naturalist— Directions lor Col-
lecting, Preparing and Preserving subjects of Natural
Historj containing instructions and receipis according
to the most approved methods for taking and stuffing
Quadrupeds, Birds, Fishes, Reptiles- selecting, pre-
serving and arranging Insects, Minerals, Plants,"shells,
^iJiS: June 15.

For Sale, Full blood .Aldnerneij and Short Horn
Bull and Heifer Calves.
Two Alderney Bull Calves, and one Hcif r Calf Al-
so, one bull and two Heifer Calves of the Short Horn or
leestyater breed, all from full blood imported slock, on
both sides. For terms apply at this office. 4t May 11

ff 'rough!- Iron Ploughs.— Bar-Iron, &,-c.
Wrought-lron Ploughs, of allsizes.- -^/.so, A Complete
assortment of American, English, Swedes and Russia Bar

i'i°""l-'u'"^''''^'"' ^"^'^'■*' ^°<'''— Spike and Nail Rod-,
^hoe-Shapes— Hoop and Rami Iron— Steel of all kind^—
Fipe-box and Mould-board plates, &.c. constantly for toie
■>? GAY Sf BIRD,
^ilf: No. 44, India Street, Boslon.

Tl'm. F. Otis Sf Co.
No. 110, Faneuil Hall Market, have a good .supply of
t»malion Pink roots. Pine Apples, and fine West I.idia
squashes, from Trinidad dg Cuba. fllay 18.

Potatoes for .Seed.
For sale at the New Ensbud Seed Store, No. 52 North
iMarket otreet —
A few bushels of the fine seedling potatoes mentioned

uVtk' ■"'■,'" ' u' ^''^ ^"-^'""^ f "'"«'■■ vol. viii, p.
102. This IS but the tilth year from the ball ; they have

Soeietv ".i'"' P'-7"i","' '■'•»'" 'h« Essex Agricultural
Society. (See tolonel Pickerixg's Report N ^
Farmer, vol. vi. page 98 ) They are represented by 'tlTe
person who raised them as tolerably early, more than
middling bearers, remarkably delicate and mealy, size
nearly round, color white, and have but verv few protu-
berances. A good opportunity now olfers 'to fanners to
secure a superior variety of this important vegetable for
seed. Price §1 per bushel. Si^y is

ISEEF, best pieces,
PORK, Iresh, best pieces

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
HOTTER, keg and tub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
IMEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, (according to quality]

[Pound

•'

6

7

Si

7

"

G

il

"

4

V

8

12

12

13

13 20

dozen.

10 12

- bushel.

82 84

*'

ffi 84

30

barrel.

I 00| 2 00

Lead Pipe.
LEAD PIPE, all sizes, constantly for salo bv LitcOLK
I' earing fi Co , No. 110, Slate Street
■Ipril 13, 1831. 6w

Bones K'anted.
,j^l'}"''S'.'\^%^^°"^''<^onst.inl\y purchaseiUby GEO.
H. GRAY 4- CO. No. 68 Kilby street. ■-

April 20. o.nog

Brighton Market— .Vonrfa^, y„„c 13.

[noported for the Chronicle and Paliiot.J

At Market this day 252 Beef Cattle, 22 Cows and Calves

and 668 Sheep and Lambs. 46 Beef Cattle, were includ'

ed last week. Unsold at the close of tire market 75 Beei"

Cattle.

PRicr.s.-.Bef/ Ca»/f-Market continues 'glutted'
a falling o/r from last week of about 17c. per hundred.
We shall quote from 4 50 lo 5 33— extra at 5 58.

Cows and Ca/res— Sales were effected at the follow-
ing prices, $15, 17, 20, 23, 25 and 30.

Sheep and Lambs— We noticed one lot at $1 75 one
at 183, one at 2 00, and one at 2 .33. About 50 wethers
notsh.-ared were-t market, sale efTected at 5 12i each.

BosTo.v Faneuil Hall Market.- Early Peas 75
cents per bushel. Marrowfat Peaj $2, Early Mohawk
String Beans $1 per peck. Strawberries 12 to 17 els. per
box. Early While Dutch Turnips 12 els. per bunch.
Cherries 17 cts. per quirt.

June 15, IS3I.

MISCELLANY

From llie rioTidence Talriot.
PRINTING OFFICE MELODIES.

THE PRESSMAN.

Pull up, my boys, turn quick the rounce,

And let the work begin ,
The world is pressin;; on without,

And we niust;)rfss within —
And we who guide the public inind.

Have intluence lar and wide,
And all our deeds are good, although

The devil 's at our side.

Let fly the friskct now, my boys !

Who are more proud than we .'
While wait the anxious crowd without.

The force of power to see ;
So pull away — none are so great.

As they wlio run the car ;
And who have dignity like those

That practiseat the bar.

And you who twiil the roller there,

Be quick, ypu inky man ;
Old Time is rolling on himself,

So beat him i/you c-in ;
Be careful of the light and shade.

Nor let the sheet grow pale ;
Be careful of the inonky looks

Of every head and talc-
Though high in office is our stand,

Andpi-ous is our case.
We would not cast a slur on those,

Who fill our lower place ;
The gaping world is fed by us.

Who retail knowledge here ;
By feeding that we/fei/ ourselves.

Nor deem our fare too dear.

Pull up, my boys, turn quick t!ie rounce.

And thus the chase we'll join ;
We have deposits in the bank,

Our diaweisare full of coin,-
And who should moie genteelly cut

A figure or a dash?
Yetsometimes we who press so much,

Ourselves are pressed for cash.

NEW ENGLAND FAllMER.

Thus it will be seen, tliat efforts of genius and en-
terprise, if unaccompanied by wealth, too often suffer
and languish, and frequently are abandoned and lost ^^_^^ ^^^^

to the world, from the scepticism of the public mind j^^^j under ccUivation. The countiy is remarkably heal
with regard to improvements and inventions ot doubt- j ,,,y^ j,iinu entirely free from the fever and agueand from
ful utility ; Fitch, depressed in spirit, wearied with : (i,j, conmKin bilious fevers which olten alll
unappreciated e.xertion, and oppressed by creditors, [ „.)on Lake Ontario, this town being IS' mi
was seized with the Yellow Fever, and died in 17'J3 ; ] lake. The soil is principally a sandy imw
he continued unshaken in his faith to the last, that
steam boat navigation would finally be successtul,
and it was only from want of pecuniary resources,
that he did not complete what was'left for the tri-
umphant genius of Fulton to accomplish. A friend
has furnished us a little genealogical history of Fitch
and his ancestors, which may be relied on as accu-
rate : Joseph Fitch who settled early in Northampton,
was ffreat grandfather to John Fitch, the subject of

Valuable and Cheap Land — for Sale.
The subscriber oilers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice-
Land, situated in the town of Pinckr>ey, eounly of Lewis
and state of New York. Some of the land is improved

fevers which often alllicl the towns
les east of the
uch of ii
covered with rich black mould. The timber is chiefly
Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beecli, Elm, &.:.
The land yields first rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Ear-
ley, Potatoes and Flax ; and on some lots, good Wlieat
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now offers itsolt.
The pioduce of pasturage and hay from an acre of this
land, is very large, fully equalling if not surpassing that
' from the same quantity of land in any other of the Black
The land is admirablv well watered.

.. , „ River townships

the above notice and projector of the first Steam Uhere being out few lots which have not durable runninf;
-■ -- •-'• " " ' stieams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchard-

ino- ibe .\pple tree thriving very well in this county.

Stock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi

FIRST STEAMBOAT.

Boat ; John's father lived in East Windsor, Conn,
whose name was Joseph ; he was second cousin to
I'homas Fitch, Governor of Connecticut from 1754
to 17GL Ebenezer Fitch, who now resides in Hat-
field, was first cousin to John, who would be 88 years
old, if he was now living. So it appears, the first
inventor of Steam Boats had his early origin in
Northampton, and still has connexions .living in the
neighboring village of Hatfield.— jV. Courier.

The Coat of Mail.— Just before Napoleon set
out for Belgium, he sent to the cleverest artizan of
his class in Paris, and demanded of him whether he
would engage to make a coat of mail, to be wprn
under the ordinary dress, which should be absolutely
bullet-proof: and that, if so, he might name his own
price for such a work. The man engaged to make
the desired object, if allowed proper time, and he
named 18,000 francs as the price of it. The bargain
was concluded and in due time the work was pro-
duced, and its maker honored with a second audience
of the Emperor. ' Now,' said his Imperial Majesty,
' put it on.' The man did so. ' As I am to stake
my life on its efficacy, i/ou will, I suppose, have no
objections to do the same.' And he took a brace of
pistols, and prepared to discharge one of them at
the breast of the astonished aHiste. There was no
retreating, however, and, half dead with fear he
stood the fire, and, to the infinite credit of his work,
widi perfect impunity. But the Emperor was not
content with ojie trial ; he fired the second pistol at

ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying
the highest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find p"urchaser3 at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
from the New England States, and some of them from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at the very low
price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a half lor the improved lots. The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two
to five years' credit for payment, in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he will
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Persons desirous of purchasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
of JcHerson,"State of New York, or to David Canfi ei.d,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

epiet

It may surprise many of our readers to learn, that ' the back of the trembling artist, and afterwards dis
the first Steamboat which ever floated upon Amcr- ' charged a fowling piece at another part of him with
ican waters, originated, in its design and accomplish- ' similar effect. ' Well," said the Emperor, ' you have
ment with a native of the Connecticut Valley. In produced a capital work, undoubtedly— whatis to be
1765,' Jotix Fitch, a native of East Windsor, Conn, the price of it :' Eighteen thousand francs were
conceived the design of applying steanl-power to named as the agreed sum. ' There is an order for
propellinfT vessels, but being indigent in his circum- them,' said the Emperor, ' and here is another, for an
stances and meeting with innumerable obstacles, so- 1 equal sum, for the fright that I have given you.'

licited Congress to aid him in his design, but scepti- j „, „ " ,.

cism and doubt prevailed over his solicitations, and i Brief Correspondence.—' Mr P. s compliments
assistance was denied ; not being discouraged, he ' to Mr Q. and thinks it unnecessary Ins ptggs should
succeeded in formino- a company in Philadelphia, and i go through his ground.' Whereupon Mr Q. replies
after unwearied exertions, his first rude attempt was ; thus :— ' Mr Q.'s compliments to Mr P. and thinks it
launched into the Delaware in the year 1798 ; his ' unnecessary to spell pigs with two gees.'
education had been imperfect, but his strong mind j.„ .

and habits of mtUistry assisted him in perfecting his ! _A boy aootn^l^2 y^^[^Se^^2^^1 "1 ma.u"

boat ; the idea of wheels had not occurred toliim eminent London J^T^^ ^^,.^,^

but cars, working in Irame were substituted, and his f j;V;,;;;„^°,^:,ty„f°Laling wax, held before a light-
experimeut was tested „ ■ , , .. ! ed taoer —a frrevhound in miniature, in perfect ac-

Fitch was regarded as an en husiastand a vision- ed tape J -^'^^"^ ^ ^ ^^^^,^,(.,1 « .„;,,etry, a horse
ary man and many looked upon his attempt with idi- ^""'i JVfi vlbarred gate and awarrior onhorse-
cule and coldness, but his success, propitious thus '^apin^r a me uaiieu i,

far, was to be met with humiliating misfortunes ; his back, in lull vigor.

Boat, completed with the most sanguine belief of its , y^ preserve Cheese from Mites. Red pepper, so
final success, sailed for Burlington, twenty miles from called, is a complete antidote against flies impreg-
Philadelphia, and she approached the wharf, the ^-^^^^^^ cheese so as to produce maggots. Take

Boiler burst! Chagrined and mortified, she was
floated back to the latter city, and alter unwearied
efforts, a new Boiler was procured, and he again
sailed for Burlington : but from some cause, she only
made three miles an hour, and the expense of pro- jj^^^^^ _,j„,._ /ff„

curing other machinery being too great, his friends • ■ a • _

were "discouraged, Fitch disheartened, and the enter- | ' They that marry old people merely in expecta-
prisc abandoned. The boat was left to rot at the tion to bury them, hang themselves in hope that one
docks. ' will come and cut the halter.'

one and put it in a delicate piece of linen, moisten
it with a little fresh butter, and rub your cheese fre-
quently. It not only gives a very fine color to your
cheese but is so pungent that no fly will touch Lt.^

:,sq.

March 9.

Ammupition ,_£J)

Of the best quality ai,;l wwest prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
C; Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7

Hickory.

This astonishing fleet horse was raised in Montreal, is
from an English blood mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
ferior to any in the U. States for speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well built, good size, and pro-
nounced by {good) judges in every respect a first rate
horse ; trots a 3 minute gait, fast walker, and has paced
around the trotting course, Long Island, in 2 minutes, 34
seconds, and was ofl'ered publicly to match against any
horse that could be produced. It is considered unneces-
sary to say more, as his qualifications are too well known .
to be doubted.

He will stand at Abbott's Inn. Holden, during the
season. Terms $S, the season. 6t May 11.

Published every Wednesday f;veiiiiig, at gi per annum,
payable at the end of ihe year— but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of eubscribing, are entitled to a c
duction offifly cents.

[p= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
beini' made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, .it the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. acents.

jVpjp >'o,-/t_tJ. Thuriiurn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street
yl/iaH«— W»i. TiioRBUKS,317 JIarkei-sireel.
PhVaddphia-M.^ C. LANnKETH.85 Chcstnul-slreel.
ItaiUimore—ii. IS. .S.MITH , Editor of ihe American Farmer.
Cimiwiiiti-A. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower IMarkel-slreet.
F/uslilns,N. r. WiM. Prince & Sons, Prop. L-.n.Bol.G.irdcn
Middkbuni. 17.— Wight Chapman.
/Airi/or(/— GoonwIN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, ./)/«.— E. Edwards.
Neirhuniport, Ebenezkr Stedmas, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. 11. i. W. Foster, Bookseller,
/'ort/cinrf, ./I/?. —Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Jlutrusla, Me. Wm. Mann.

Hitiifa.T, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller

NEW ENGIiAND FAMMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. S2 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 22, 1831.

NO. 19.

Horticulture

i

Proceedings of the ^Iitssachusetts Hortkiilturnl

Society ,'at nn adjourned meeting, held in lite

apartnienls of the Institution, on ISaturduy, the

IStk of Jime, 1S31.

The following report was made l)y tlio coniiiiittee
on 11 Garden of t^xiieriment iinJ Rural Ceinelerv.

The Committee appointed to inquire into tlie
expediency of measures being taken for the estah-
lislimenlof an lixi'ERiMFNTAL Garden, and Ru-
ral Ce.metehy, ask leave to

Report. v

Wiicn ilio Massacluisetts Horticultural Society
was organised, it was conddenlly auticipatod, tluit,
at no very distant period a Garden of Expejinient
would be established in the vicinity of diston.;
but to arrive at such a pleasing result'^ it was
deemed expedient that our efforts should first be
directed, to the accomplishment of objects, which
woulil not require very extensive pecuniary resour-
ces ; that we should jiroceed with great caution,
and by a prudential management of our means,
gradually developc a more comi)lete and efficient
system furfl-eudering the institution, as extensively
useful, as it was necessary and important. Pub-
lic favor was to be propitiated, by the adoption of
such incipient measures, as were best calculated to
encounigCT^atronage and insure ultimate success.

V^jS niese views, the labors of the Society have
been c(fivfined to the collection and dissemination
'of inteSli;,'^iipe, plants, scion.s, and seeds, in the
various/departments of Horticulture. An exten-
sive c6rres|iondence was therefore opened with
similar associations in this country, and Europe,
as well as with many gentlemen, who were distin-
guished for their theoretical attainments, practical
information and experimental researches, in all the
branches of rural economy, on this continent,
and other portions of the globe.

The kind disposition, which has been generally
evinced, to advance the interests of the Society,
has had a salutary and cheering influence. Many
interesting and instructive communications have
been received, and valuable donations of books,
seeds, and plants have been made by generous
foreigners, and citizens of the United States. A lib-
eral offer of co-operation has been promptly tender-
ed, in both hemispheres, and great advantages are
anticipated, from a mutual interchange of good
' offices.

A library of considerable extent has been form-
ed, containing many of the most celebrated
English and French works on horticulture, sev-
eral of wliicli are magnificent. The apartments
for the accoinmodiUion of the Society, have been
partially embellished with beautiful paintings, of
some of our choice native varieties of fruits ; and
by weekly exhibitions, during eight months of the
year, of frints, flowers, and esculent vegetables ;
— by awarding premiums for proficiency in the art
of gardening, and the rearing of new, valuable,
or stiperior products ; — by disseminating intelli-
gence, and accounts of the proceedings of the
I Society at its regular and special meetings, through
I the medium of the New England Farmer ; and by
an annual festival, and public exhibition of the

various products of horticidturc', an interest has
been excited, and a s[iirit of iiupiiry awakened,
auspicion.s to the Institution, while a powerful
impulse has been given to all the branches of
rural industry, far beyond our most sanguine
hopes.

To foster and extend a taste for the pleasant,
useful and refined art of Gardening, tin- time ap-
pears to have arrived, for enlarging the sphere of
action, and giving the most ample development
to the original design of the Society.

The London, Paris, Edinburgh and Liverpool
Horticultural associations, have each established
Experimental Gardens, and the beneficial cflecls
have been conspicuously experienced, not only
tin-oughout England, Scotland and France, but
the whole civilized world is deriving advantages
from those magnificent depositories, of the rarest
[iroducts, which have been collected, from the vast
domains of Pomona and Flora. These noble
precedents have been followed, in Russia, Ger-
many, Holland and Italy. We nmst also emu-
late the meritorious examples of those renowned
institutions, and be thus enabled to reciprocate
their favors, from like collections of useful and
ornamental plants. An equally cnligiitened taste
will be thus superinduced for those comfirts and
end)ellishments, and that intellectual enjoyment
which the science and practice of horticulture
aftbrd.

With the Experimental Garden, it is reconi-
Hieidied to unite a Rural Cemetery ; for the
period is not distant, when all-the biu'ial grounds
within the (Mty will be closed, and others must be
formed in the country, — the ]irimitive ami only
proper location. There the dead may repose un-
disturbed, through countless ages. There can be
formed a public place of sepulchre, where monu-
ments can he erected to our illustrious men, whose
remains, thus far, have, unfortunately, been con-
signed to obscure and isolated tombs, instead of
being collected within one common depository,
where their great deeds might be ])erpetualed
and their memories cherished by succeeding gen-
erations. Though dead, they would be eternal
admonitors to the living, — teaching them the way,
which leads to national glory and individual re-
nown.

When it is perceived what laudable efforts have
been ma<le in Europe, and how honorable the
residts, it is impossible that the citizens of the
United Slates should long linger in the rear of
the general march of improvement. They will
hasten to present establishments, and to evince a
zeal for the encouragement of rural economy,
commensurate with the extent ami natural re-
sources of the country, and the variety of its soil
and climate.

Your Committee have not a doubt that an at-
tempt should be made in this state to rival the
un<lertakings of other countries, in all that relates
to the cultivation of the soil. The intelligent,
patriotic and wealthy will cheerfully lend their
aid, in the establishment of a Garden ok Expeui-
MENT, and a Cemetery. Massachusetts has
ever been distinguished for her public and private
munificence, in the endowment of colleges, acad-
emies, and numerous associations for inculcating

knowledge, and the advancement of all branches
of industry. A confident reliance is thoreforo
reposed on the same sources of beneficencT. TliC
Leuislatcre will not refuse its patronage, but
will readily unite with the Peoi'i.k in generous
contributions, for the acconqdishnient of objects,
so well calcidated to elevate the rlnracter of iho
Commonwealth, and that of its citizens.

The Experimental (Jarden is intended, for the
improvement of horiiculture in all its departments,
ornamental, us well as useful.

The objects which will chiefly claim attention,
ate, the collection ami cidtivaiion of conunon, im-
proved, and new varieties of the dillerent kin<ls
of Fruits, Esculent \'i-getable.s, Forest and Orna-
mental Trees and Shrubs, Flowering, l'2conomical
and other interesting Plants, vvbicb do not exclu-
sively belong to the ju'edial department of tillage ;
— |)aying particular attention to the qualities and
habits of each ; — instituting comparative experi-
ments, on the modes of culture, to which they
are usually sulijccted, so as to attain a know-
ledge of the iMost useful, rare and beautiful spe-
cies ; — the best process of rearing aiul propagating
them, by seeds, scions, buds, suckers, layers,
and cuttings; — the most successful methods of
insuring perfect and abundant crops, as well as
satisfactory results, in all the branches of useful
and ornamental planting, appertaining to IIorti-

tULTlRE.

Cojnpartments to be assigned for the jjarticular
cullivalioii of Fruit Trees, Timber Trees, Orna-
mental Trees, and Shrubs, Esculent Vegetables,
Flowers, and for the .location of Green Houses,
Stoves, Vineries, Orangeries, and Hot Beds.

For the acco.mmodation of the Garden of Ex-
periment and Cemetery, at least seventy acres of
land are deemed necessary ; and in making the
selection of a site, it was very ini]>urtant that from
forty to fifty acres slionld be well or partially cov-
ered with forest trees and shridis, which could be
appropriated for the latter establishment ; and that
it should present all [lossible varieties of soil, coni-
mou in the vicinily < f I'oston ; — be iliversified b^
hills, valleys, jdains. brooks, and low meadow.-.-,"
and bogs, so as to afford proper localities for every
kind of tree and plant, that will flourish in this
climate ; — be near to some large stream or river;
and easy of access by la-jd and water ; l)ut still
sufficiently retired.

To realize these advantages it is proposed, that
a tract of land called Sweet Auburn, situated in
Cambridge, should be purchased. As a large por-
tion of the groimd is now covered with trees,
shrubs and wild flowering plants, avenues and
walks may he made through them, in such a
manner, as to render the whole establishment in-
teresting and beautiful, at a small expense, and
within a few years ; and ultimate ly ofl'er an exam.
])lc of landscape or pictmes(]iie gardening, in con-
formity to the modern style of laying out grounds,
which will be highly creditable to the Society.

The streams, and parcels of bog and meadow
land may he cosily converted into ponds, and vari-
o.isly formed sheets of water, which will fornisli
appropriate ])Ositions for a(piaitc plants, while their
borders may be planted with Rhododendrons, Az-
aleas, several species of the superb Magnolia, aud

386

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 22, 1831.

»--•

oiler |)Iants, u'liicli require a constantly liuniid soil,
ami ilecayetl vi-getable matter, fur tlicir nourish-
ment.

On the poutlirastein anil nortlienstern borders
of the tract can lie ai ranged ilie nurseries, and
])ortions selected for the culture of fruit trees and
esculent vegetables, on au extensive scale ; there
may be arranged the Arboritnui, the Orchard, the
Cnlinarum, Floral de|iartriients, Melon giounJs
iuid Strawberry beds, and Green houses.

The remainder of the laud may be devoted to
the Cemetery.

15y means of a more extensive corresjioudeiice,
with eminent horli'-ulturists it is certain, that many
valuable, rare and beautiful plants may be obtain-
ed, not oidy from all parts of 'our own country,
but other regions ofthe globe, which could be
naturalized to the soil and climate of New Eng-
land. This can be efficiently imderlaken, so soon
as a Garden of Experunent is formed, but it would
be almost useless to |)rocure large collections of
seeds or plants, until we are enabled to cultivate
ihem, under the immediate direction of the Soci-
ety.

.Accounts of tlie experiments, which may bo
made should be periodically reported and publish-
ed ; and seeds, buds, cuttings and miconinion varie-
ties of rooted plants may be distributed among the
members of tlie Society, and be sold for its benefit,
in such manner as may be found most e^;pedient,
to render the garden the most extensively useful
in all its relations with the M-ants, comforts and
pleasures of life.

Such an establishment is required for 'collect-
ing the scattered rays of intelligence, and blend-
ing them with the science and accumulating ex-
perience of the times,' and then dift'using them
far and wide, to cheer and enligliten the practical
horticulturist in his career of agreeable and profita-
ble industry. It will powerfully contribute to
increase the taste for rural pursuits, — stimulate a
generous spirit of research and cmiriation, — sug-
gest numerous olijects worthy of inquiry and ex-
periment,— multiply the facilities of information
and the interchange of indigenous and exotic
plants, — develope the vast vegetable fesouroes of
the Union, — give activity to enterprise, — increase
ihe enjoyment of all classes of citizens, — advance
the prosperity, and ini))rove the general aspect of
the whole country. "^- —

'The establishment of a Cf.mf.tf.rt in connex-
ion with the Garden or Experime.nt, cannot
fail of iiiesling public apiirobation. Such rural
burial places were connnon, omong the ancients,
who allowed no grave yards within their cities.
The Potter's Field was wiihouttbe walls of Jeru-
salem, and in the Twelvi& TiYliles, it was presciabeil
' that the dead should neither be buried or burned
in the city' of Rome. Evelyn states, ' that the
CKStoni of burying in cburcltes and near about
them, especially in great cities, is a novel presump-
tion, indecent, sordid and very prejiidical to
liealth ; it was not done among tlie Chiistians in
the primitive ages ;' was forbiilden by the Emper-
ors, Gratiei), Valentian and Theodosius, and
never sanctioned until the time of Gregory the
Great. -Tlie Eastern Christians do not now inter
the dead within (hair churches. During the age
of the ijatriarcbs groves were selected as places
of se[)uh;hre. When Sarah died, Abraham pur-
chased 'the field of Ephj^jp, in Machpelah, with
all tlie trees that were f^i^iii, and the borders
round abortt; as a burying ptift©,' and there be
buried his wife.; 'and there they buried Abrahanx,

Isaac, Rebekab and Leah ;' and when Jacob bad I three days, that the relations might iierforni those;
blessed his sons, ' he Eaid unto ibem, I am to be I libations, v/hich aftV'clion and ndigion enjoined?
gathered unto my people : bury me with my j then they were placed on as many cars, as there
lathers in the cave that is in the field of Ephron.' \ were tnbes, and the proce.'^sion proceeiled slowly
Deborah ' w.is buried beneath l?eth-el under an through the city, to the Ce.ramicus, where funeral

games were exhibited, and an oiator jiublicly

oaK,' ami the valiant men of Jabe.sh-gilcad remov-
ed the bodies of Saul and big sons from the
wall of Bethshoii and 'buried them under a tree.'
Moses was buried in 'a ralley in the land of
Moab ;' Joseph in ' a parcel of ground in Sbechem ;'
Eleazer, the son of Aaron ' iu a bill that pertained
to Pliinehas,' and Maua.ssah with Anion 'in the
garden of f'zza.'

The planting of rose-trees upon graves is an
ancient custom; Anacreon sai s that ' it protects

appointed for the occasion, prunouucud an eu-
logiiim.

Even the Turks, who are so opposed to the-
cuhiv.ttiou of the fine arts, emliellish their grave-
yards with evergreens. With them it is a reli,^-
ons duty, to plant trees around the grave.^ of their
kindred, and the burying ground of Scutari is one
of the mo.st inieres;ing objectsiu the environs of
Constantinople, Situated iu llu: rear of the town

the dead;' and I'ropertius indicates the usage I and extending along the declivity of the Asiatic;

of burying amiilst ro.ie.s,

Plato sanctioned the jilauling of trees over
sepulchres, and the tomb of Ariadne was iu the
Arethusiau Grove of Crete. The Catacombs of
Thebes were excavated in the gorges cd" the for-
est clad hills, on the opposite bank of the Nile,
and those of Mempliis were beyond the lake
Aclierusia, from whence the Grecian mytliologists
derived their fabulous accounts of the Elysian
fields. There it was supposed tlie souls of the
virtuous ami illustrious retired after death, and
roamed tlirough bower.s, fuever green, and over
meadows spangled with flowers, and retreshed by
perennial streams. In the mountains near Jeru-
salem were located the tombs of the opulent Israel-
ites ; and in a Garden, near the base of Calvary
had Joseph, the Aramathean, prepared that me-
morable sepulchre in which was laid the crucified
iMessiah. The Greeks and Romans often selected
the secluded recesses of wooded heights and vales,
as favorite jdaces of iuternirnt, or the borders of
the great public highways, where elegant monu-
ments were erected, and surrounded with Cypress
and other ever verdant trees. Many of the richly
sculptured sarcophagi and magnificent tomlis,
reared by the ouce polished nations of Asia Minor
are still to be seen i.n the vicinity of the numerous
ruined cities, on the deserted coast of Karaniania.

The Athenians allowed no burials within the
city. The illustrious men, who had either died
in the service of their country, or were thought
deserving of the t(iost distinguished honors, were
buried in the Ceramicus, — an extensive public
cemetery on the road to Thria. Tombs and stat-
ues were erected to their memory, on which were
recounted their praises and exploits ; and to ren-
der them fiimiliar to all, to animate every citizen
to a love of virtue and of glory, and to excite in
youthful minds, an ardent desire of imitating those
celebrated worthies, the spacious grounds were

shore, towards the sea of Marmora, it presents a
vast forest of majestic trees; and thither the in-
habitants of ibe imperial city generally resort,
during the sultry months of summer, to enjoy the
ooul breezes, which descend from tiie I'^uxine, or are
wafted over the waves ofthe Pro|)oirtis. Through-
mit Italy, France and England, there are many
cemeteries which are ornamented with forest
trees and flowering shrubs. Pere La Chaise, in.
the environs of Paris, has been admired, and cel-
ebrated, by every traveller, who lias visited that
beautiful garden of the dead.

Iu Liverpool a similar burying ground was
completed three years since, and a meeting has
recently been held in Loudon for forming one, in
the vicinity of that city, of a size, and on a scalt?
of magnificence, which shall quadrate with the
weal'li and vast extent of the mighty capital of
a great nation. Witliin the central area are. to be
exact models of the superb temples, triumphal
arche.s columns and puldic mnnumciils ofGieece-
and Rome, as receptacles, or memorials of the
departed worthies of the empire.

The establishment of rural cemeteries similar to
that of Pere La Chaise, has often been the sub-
ject of convers.ition in this country, and frequently
adverted to by the writers in our scientific and
literary publications. IJut a few years since, a
meeting was bidd in IJoslou, by many of its most
respectable citizen.^, for the purpose of maturing
a plan and forming sueli an estabrisliment, in the
environs of the city. No one can bo iiiditterent
to a subject of such deep and universal interest. In
whatever [joint of view it is considered, who is
there, that does not perceive numerous and ])0W-
eriiil inducements, for aiilinrr in its accomplisji-'-
ment .' How consoling and jileasiug is the tlionght
that oiir memories shall be cherished after death ;
and that the spot, where our ashes repose, shall be

often visited, by dear and constant friends ; that
embellished with trees and made a ])ublic promen- ' they will there linger, to call up the soothing, yet
ade. Within the Ceramicus was the Academy ] melancjioly reu.iinisceuces of by gone limes;
where Plato and the great men who followed liini ; that the sod which covers us, will be kept ever. •
met their disciples and held assemblies for pbilos- ; verdant ; that a magnificent forest will be rear-
opliical conference and instruction. Connected ed to overshadow our graves, by those truly
with the Academy was a (jymnasiuni and a gar- ! kind hands, which performed the last sad office of
den, wliicli was adorned with delightful covered affection ; that (lowers will fringe the pathways,
walks, and refreshed by tlie- waters of the 'leading to our lowly resting place, and their fra-
Cephisus, which flowed, under the sbatle of the grance, mingled uitli the holiest aspirations as-
plain and various other trees, through its west- ! cend towards the throne ofthe Eternal.
ern borders. At the entrance and within the area i To those who mourn, what a consolation to
of the garden were temples, altars and statues of i visit the bower-sequestered monument of a much
the gods. loved friend, uiulcr circumstances and with associ-

Thc bodies of the Athenians, who had fallen | ations, so favorably calculated to revive agreeable
in battle, \^ere collected by their countrymen, and I recollections of the past ; and when those revolt-
after they were consumed on the funeral pile, their ] ing ideas are excluded, which obtrude ui>Qfl^he-
bones were carried to Athena ; there they were mind, while standing in the usual dreary, diSmatc*
exjiosed, in cypress coffins, imdera large tent, for and ruinous repositories of the dead^

Vol. IX.— No. 49.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

8«7

In a Kiiral Cciiii>tL-ry tlic names anil virtues o
lln3 ilfparteil would live in iieipelual rre>lincss,
aii<l lluir souls seein to coiiitnviiie willi lliose wlio
come lo do lionoi- to tln-ir manes, Tims wonlil
iiil lilio lo Rjiosc in ileaiii ; and wliowonld not
deetn it a hN'.-j^in;.', lo In; aide lo c.ink'r lliat favor
'>n a parent, cliiM, « Kc, Inisband, or iVieiid ? How

idled luts arc -sulisciilied

can liiis ol>jort i)e !--o sii<-ces;-riilly acoomplrslied j pi-emiiinl for tlio liL'lit of clioosiiiL',
as ill eoiintxion witii an t'.\-|iciiimMilal tiardiii ? iluir lo|s assij;ned to llieni by lot.

That part of llieland «liicli lias lieeii Tceoniineiid-
cd for ft Ckmf.tf.ry, may be emntiMallaled "liy a
■spacious avcirae, liiinlercd by trees, >ltnilibery and
jiereniiial rinwcrs ; railieras a line o1 deiiirirntioii,
tliaii ofdisconnexiiiii ; for llic urnainenial ^'rounds
•oftheG.viiUEN slionid Jie apparently blended «iili
those of llie Ccmetan-, and the walks of each
so intercoiuniunicate, ns to alTord an iniintorrupt-
ed ran:'e ove^"' ln'tli, as one coim-non domain.

.\nion!5 the hills, glades aiv.I dales, «!iieli are
now covered with evergreen, and deciduous trees
and slirubs,iiiay be selected sites for isolated graves,
and tombs, and those being surmininted with col-
■uiliiis, obelisks, and other Appropriate nionuuicnis
of granite and marble, may be reiulered interesting
specimens of art ; they wiU also vary and embcl-
li.^li the scenery, embraced within the scope of the

be binding un.,1 one hmidie.l lots are suoscnoeu ^ ^.^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ [I'-rji^'ens of Con. Dcrborn,

lor. , 1 „ ' Samuel Downer, of Dorchester. Mr Phipps, ol

3. That when a bundled or more lots arc lakPii,,^,|^^^|^^|^^^._^^ ^^^, j ^ Kenriek, of Newl.Mi, nnd
the right <d" choice shall be dispose.l ol at an anc- fijr Walker, of Koxburv.

lion, ol which seasonable notice shall be given ,\ mmilier iif ttiie varieties of Carnations from Mr
to the subscribers. i Ilangerstoii, of Charleslown.

, -1.1 . 1 1- '.tw..-, iv;,„,l,i .int nir,..- -I I The Koses e-.hiliitcdliy .MrJ. .\.Kcnriekof New-

4. Ihal iloKso snb.cr.beis, «ho,lo not od . a , ^^^^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ J^^,^,^ exhibition, were nn-

oosiiiL, sn.iii na\L , ,,^^^,^^1^ ,„,, |„|^,|.p^-t,ng;ninons thcniwere the White,
HUish and lied .Muss, Provence, While Pdultiliorj,
York and Lancaster, and many dark Hoses.

The Uu-Ca f\lii|pil'.il liy V't IJown-i- nere U-oiiv buslwn
iiiipoilfil by hiiii liom Coast,iiiiiiioj)le, iiml arc iho «oit
f;oai which llic Tuiks iii:iiiulnc;un; the Qllo ol Uuses".

5. That ihe fee of ihe land shall bo vesied in

ihe Massaidmsells llorlieidtmal Society, but lliat

ihe use of the lois, agreeably to an act of the

j Lcsrislatiiie, respeeliiig ihe same, shall be secured

I to ihe siibsi!!ibers, ilicir heirs and assigns lurever.

I 6, 'i;hat the land devoid to the purpose of a

Cenietery shall contain not less than forty acres.

7. That every subscriber, upon paying for his
lot, shall becomi! a member for lile, of the Massa-

' elnisetls Ilorlienliural Society, without being sub-
I ject to hssessments.

8. That a (Jardcn and Cemetery Committee of
nine persims shall be chosen annually, first by the
subscribers, and afterwards by the Ilorlieidtural
Society, who.se duly it shall be rn cause tlte ne-
cessary anrveys, and allotinents to be made, to as-

n a Suitable tract of laiiil for the Garden of the

numerous sinuous avenues, which may be felici- Socieiy,'Tind to direct all matters appertaining to

tonsly opened, in all direciions, and to a vast extent
•from the diversified and picturesque fealnies,
•wliicli the topography of the tract of land pre-
sents.

Iksiiles the great public advantages, which will
result, from the llorliciiltiiral de|)artiiienls, that por-
tion of the land which may be consecrated to llie
dead, and rendered like the Elysian fields of the
.Kayplians, a holy and pleasant resort for the living,
the whole will present one of the most instruc-
tive, magnifieeul, and pleasant promenades in our
country. From its iiiimeiliale proximity to the
» Capital of the Slate, it will attracl universal
interest, and become a place of healthful, rcfresh-
.ing and agreeable resmT, from early Sjiring, until
the close of anlunin.

To accomplish these two great objects, it is

the regijation of the Oardeii and Cemetery ; live
at least of this Committee shall be persons ha\ing
liglits in the Cemetery.

9. That the cslablisliment, including the Gar-
den and Cemeteiy be called by a definite name,
to be supplied by the Committee.

■loseph Story Frankl:n Dexter

Daniel Webster Alexr. H. L'.verelt

llemy .\. S. Dearborn .lames T. Ausiiii

K.VLL IM.OIGIM.XO Kia Sl»ai.NU CROPS,

Has been ofieii vecoir>ineiuled. Doubtless it
does well in many places. We have tried it till
WO are convinced it will not answer here. It iiK-
lerially impoverishes our land. 1 cannot tidl why,
bul am satislicd of Ihe fact.

I'lijmouth, CoJi. lime 13, 1831. B.

I'ROLtKlC COW^

There is a cow in this town, owned by a .Mr
Jonathan Hall, but five yeai-s old this season,
which has had niue calves; three when she was
two years idd, two when she was three years old,
one when she was four, and three when she was
live years old.

PUjmonlh, Con. June 13, ir.31. B.

ComfjflaUi Prospects fur Charitable Soci( tics anil
.llms-Ifotiscr. — The steamer Iticliclieu lately arriv-
ed at Moniieal and Quebec with about 5'.,'0 emi-
grants ; they (piarrcllud with some of (lie oilier pas-
sengers, and foiig^ht on l.nuliiig : several personii
v.diere hiirtuiili st<;!ics.

Samuel .Appletoii

Charles Lowell

Jacob IVi^'elow

Edwanl Everett

George hond

George W. IJrimmer

Abbot Lawrence

Boston, June 11, 1831.

Resolvi;!, That llie Ileport of the Conimiltee on
an Experimental (iardeii and iliiral Cemetery, be
accepted and that said Committee be aiilhorizcd
to pioeeed in the establishment of a Garden and

Charles P. Cmtis
Joseph P. Bradlec
Jidm Pierpont
Zebedee Coidt
Charles Tappan
Lucius M. Siirgeiit
George W. Prall

necessarv that a fund should be created, iomiedi-

ately, sullicient for the luindiase of the land, sur-

, rounding it wilh a substantial fence, the erection

of a gardener's lodge, laying out the grounds, and

preparing them for the purposes of an E>.peri- , (^g,i,p,gpy i,, go„fr,ri,i;,y ,„ ,|,j, Keiiort which has
. mental Gard.'U and a Cemetery. That this can l>c |,||ig ,|uy "ijeen made and accepted.

be done, your committee does not enleriaiii h|

doiibt, and respectfully recoiiimend iho adopiion

of the following measures, as best calculated to

insure success.
. II. A. S. Dearborn,

>^ For lliH Ctimiiiitlep.

The Committee to whom was referred the
method of raising subscriptions for the Experi-
mental Garden and Cemetery, beg leave to

REPORT :

1. That it is expedient to purchase for a Garden
-and Cemetery, a tract of laud, commonly known by
the name of Sweet Auburn, near the mad leading
from Cambridge to Watertown, containing about
seventylwu. acres, for the sum of six ihonsand
ilollars; provided this sum can be raiseil, in the
manner proposed, in the second article of this re-
gion.

FRriTS.

A basket of large Chili, and another of fine
DownitonStrawberries, were presented by Z. Cook,
JrJEsq.

''' A boltlc containing a specimen of natural Cher-
ries was-ri:ceive(l frmu Mr E. W. Bull, of Hart-
ford, Cdnn. which coiiformsd to the ilescripliou
he has i^ven of them in his accompanying letter,
which is lierewiili annexed.

il.irtfoiJ, June l.llli, 18JI.
To the rrcsiiteiit of the M^tss, Ilorl. Socit-ty.

SINGULAR MANUl-'ACTU RE5.

Ill Persia they have the art of carving spoons oiit
a," pear wooil, which are so delicate and so lhin,lhat
the bowl of the spoon can be folded up like paper,
and opened again. The hnrnllcs are so slender,
that it is a particiihir acconiplisliinent to carry them,
when full, to llie mouth in such a dexterous manner
as ti prevent their breaking. Pheso delicate uten-
sils are one of ihe accoinpaui.Tionfs of men of rank
lieing used only by princes and nobles when sippiiirr
their slierbit.

In the province of Wiatkr, in .Silioria, bowls aacj
cups are inaile of the knobs wliicli grow on the birclfc
trees. They are yellow, nnrhlcd with brown vgfls.
iiiid when varnished are very pietty. Some of tlini
/'arc turned so very thin as to be senii-tr5iis;;ar?nt ;
nnd wiicn put into hot water they becfime so pliant
thai they may bo spread out quite flat without injury,
as they return to tlieir original shape in drying.

A kind cf rose-beads aro made in Constantinople,
which are so much prized by the Sultan's wives, lliat
they are usually called Heads of the llarain. Theso
poor holies have so liitle cinploymenl, that llicy sit
for hours, passing these beads, v.'lien strung, Ihroiigli
their lingers. They arc composed of the petals of
the rose carefully picked, and pouudeil into a
smooth paste iii an iron vessel, which turns thciii
quite black, owing to a small quantity of grtHic acid
contained in the ros;-leaves. When the paste is
quite smooth, it is made up into liitle balls, which

Dear S.r_I take ihe liberiy of fownrding you -^^ p,,,,;„.„,d f,,^ str;iK?iu-,'and Vlien slowly 'dliid
a ponr specimen ol a .\,itur(il Clierri/ «hicli is very |„ n,,, shade. When hard, they are rubbed between
much valued with us, it being early, very sweet, the lianils, with otio ol rose, lilfquito smooth. They
never blasting, the trees very hardy and ihrii'ty always jireserve their fragrance.
Many of tlieui where they originated are 4J. feet or In A'orway there is a species of ants that Unircf
more in circnmfereiice, constant bearers; the season ! "i<^'r b-iliitatinns four or five f 'et high, coinposod' of

I should ' '''=''^''-^''^!'' ":'l"''' Ij^irli, >^'i;, fille<! iiji will) oarilh A»

1ms been very bad with us for ci.erries. ■ o,. .,,.,,., . - i.-,. ,. .. . • , ■ , --

„ rrii . I ■ .• 1 1 /• 1 . rl I ,. 1 1 r • i i i .i I. ,■ I "ottle halt lull ol water IS I irust into these ai'Vlii'ls

2. That a subscription be_ opened for lots of have forwarded a betler speemien liad I ihoughl ol N,,^ ^^.|,.^.,, j,^^, j,,^^^,^ ^^^, __^j ^^^ rrow'.^d^ lie

ground in the said tiact, contammg not less than it last week. ....... •- '

two hundred square feet each, at the price of si.\ty
dollars for each lot, — the subscriptiou lo not

I am, dear Sir, very respectfully yours,

K. W. IJULL.

I contents of the bottle are tlien boiled, ajjd a strono-
acid is produced, which the inhabitantiuso fp.cvijie-.
I gar. — Bcrilia's fisil to lur Uncle,

388

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 22, 1831.

Extract from the Re|inrl of the Committee appciiitpil by the
rennsylvania Horticultural Society, to examine and make a
report on llie present simile of lire Xursories and (•aniens i[i
the neighborhood of Thiladelpllia :—

BARTRAM BOTANIC GARDEN AND NUR-
SERY.
Robert Carr, Proprietor.
This Giinlsii is situate on tlie west liaiik of the
river Scliiiylkill, about 4 mil* (Voiii Phiitidelphia.
It was cslahlisheil as early as 1720, by that great
vegetal)le naturalist, Joliu Bartram, the eltier, at a
time when notliinr; of tiie kiml existed in the then
Colonies, except Dr Clayton's in Virginia. Here
are concentrated very many of the indigenous
plants and trees of North America, and in greater
profusion, perhaps, than can be found elsewliere.
Mr Bartram and bis Sons were industriously em-
ployed in making this collection, for 100 years :
so that in reference to out door plants, it must ne-
cessarily stand unrivalled. Tb'; present proprietor,
is likewise adding annually anil extensively, and
the committee consider his garden and grounds as
a rich deposit of the American Flora.

From this nursery many thousands of plants
and see<ls,are exported every season to Europe
and Suuth America.

It is computed that there arc 2000 species of
our native productions, contained in a space of
six acres. Plants of every size are to bo seen
here, from the minutest Marchantia to the loftiest
Cy|iress. One of these (Cupressus disliclia) is
about 118 feet high, 25 fcet in circumference
and 91 years old. A young Norway spruce of
SO feet, stands close by ; and also one of our na-
tive Magnolia, (jl/. acunu'naiii) of the same height.
Here too, is the Kentucky Cidfee-tree. The Acacia
Jnlihrissin, so beautiful in flower and graceful in
form ; the fiy-catcher — [Diontea muscipula.) &c.
On the south side of the garden is a field of 3
acres, preparing for a vineyard, as an addition to
the one already planted. Mr Carr has 145 sorts
of grapes, from some of which he has made very
good wine, for several years past.

The exotic department of this establishment is
also very rich, consisting of 1900 varieties besides
a splendid collection of more than 800 Camellias,
containing 36 sorts. The Grecn-bousc and hot-
houses arel96 feet long, and much framing is in
use. Tiie largest Sago-palm that vve have ever
seen is here. The circumference of the foliage
jg 22 feet and of the stem 3 feet 4 inches. Some
' beautiful'^ecies of tropical productions may be
enumerated, such as the Euphorbia hoteropliylla,
with its large scarlet bracteas ; Zamias, Pai:danus,
Marantas, Ficns, a"d a Testudinaria Elephanti|)es,
supposed to be 150 years old ; some curious spe-
cies of Cactus, lately received from Mexico. — ■
These last are astonishing productions, and new to
us. A Lemon tree, from seed, is worthy of no-
tice, ou account of its easy propagation.

Mr Carr's Fruit nursery has been greatly im-
proved, and will be enlarged next spring to 12
acres : its present size, is eight. The trees arc ar-
ranged in systema;ic order, and the walks well
gravelled. The whole is abundantly stocked, from
the seed bed to the tree. Hero are to be found

for their foliage, flowers or fruit, 76 sorts ; of the
second class, 56 sorts; of the third class 120 sorts,
and of ornamental evergreens 52 sorts ; of vines
and creepers for covering walls and arbors, 35
sorts ; of honey suckles 30 sorts, and of roses 80
varieties.

Mr Carr who ileserves so much credit for the
classification of his nursery, is no less entitled to
praise for the admirable order in which bis tool-
house is kept : a [rlace that in most gardens, in-
stead of possessing regularity, is made a mere lum-
ber room. The best order is. likewise preserved
in the seed room, in [iiitting up our native seeds.
That apartment, tnoreover, contains a lilirary of
upwards of 400 volumes, in which are all the
late works on Botany and Horticulture.'
Samuel Breck, ")
Edward Coleman, | Committee of
Thomas Hibbert, )■ Pennsi/lvania Hor-
JoHs M'Arran, I ticultural Society.
George Pepper, 3
October nth, 1830.

Strawlierries as well as peaches should have
fine shred paper under and between them in the
place of straw, which is only to be used for ap^
pies and iiears. Put in the strawberries and the
paper, layer by layer ; when the jar is full put on
the ^topper, and have it well luted round, so as
perfet'tly to keep out the air. A composition of
rosin or grafting wax is best ; let nonj of it get
within siile the jar, which is to be placeil in a tem-
perate cellar ; but be sure you finish your process
in the last quarter of the moon.

Do not press the liuit, as any juice running out
would spoil all below. — American Farmer.

PRESERVING FRUITS
Mr Smith—A member of the Dublin (Ireland)
Society, has presented me with the following
method of preserving fruits of difterent kinds about
twelve months, t'or which a premium often guin-
eas was given by the Dublin Society, to Signer
lirnacia Buonsegiia. I am desirous of having it
disseminated through the niedimti of your widely
circulating paper. By so doing you wiJl, as the
proverb says, ' kill two birds with one stone,' as
you will confer a favor on the public as well as on
Amicus Humani Generis.
It is necessary to pull the fruit two or three
days before you begin the piocess.

Take care not to bruise the fruit, anil to pull
them before they arc quite ripe.

Spread them on a table, over a little clean straw,
to dry them ; this is best done on a parlor floor,
leaving the windows ojien to admit fresh air, so
that ail the moisture on the skin of the fruit may
bo perfectly dried away.

Pears and apjiles take three days — strawberries
only twentyfoiir hours, these Jatter should be ta-
ken up on a silver three pronged fork, anil the
stalk cut off witbotit toucliing them, as the least
pressure will cause them to rot ; take only the larg-
gest and fairest fruit. This is the most tender
an;! ditTicult fruit to preserve ; but if done with
attention will keep six months ; there must not
be more than oncpound in one jar.

Choose a comiHon earthen jnr with a stopper
of the same, whiidi will fit close.

The pears ami apples then; sorted as before,
miisl be' wrapiied up separately in soft wrapping
paper, and twist it closely -about the fruit, then
lay clean straw at the bottom, and a layer of fruit :
then a layer of straw, and so on until your ves-
sel is full,; but you must not jiut more than a
ilozen in each jar; if inorc their weight will
bruise those at the bottom.

Peaches and apiitvots are best stored up wrap-
ped each in soft pajier, and fine slired paper be-
llSvarietiesof apples, 72 of pears, 22 of cherries, itwcen the fmiit and also the layers. Grapes
17 of apricot:^, 45 of plum's, 39 of peaches, 5 of | must be stored in the jar with fine shred paper,
nectarines, 3 of almonds, 6 of quinces, 5 of mul-

SwEET Potato. — A new variety of this root
grown in the forcing ganlen of Versailles, is thus
noticed in the 30ih No. of the Gtirdeners' Mag-
azine— ' A sort of Sweet Potato is grown here,
obtained froiTi St Domingo, and there called the
"Qu/trantin," which as the name imports, produces
tubeis fit to eat in 40 days.' In a country like
ours, where the Sweet Potato furnishes so large
a portion of the food consumed both by man and
animals, a variety like the one mentioned above
would |)rove valuable, if it possesses any portion
of the good qualities of those now grown by us.
These last are not dug even for immediate use in
less time than from 139 to 150 days. To a plan-
ter who has made a short crop of provisions, the
Quarai.tin would be of great value. — Southern
^'lirriculturisf.

Swiss Chard — mode of cooking. — The follow-
ing directions for dressing this vegetable, have
been politely furnished us by Mr G. B. Smith, to
whom we are indbbleil for all the seeds we have
distributed among our friends. — Editor So. Agr.

' We cook the Swiss Cbaril as follows -trim the
leaf from the stem with ii knife, and boil the stem
in water with a little salt till tender, then take
them out and drain all the water off, put them in
a stew-pan, pour on some drawn butter, [sauce
Wanc/ic, as the French call il) cover them close
and stew them for 15 minutes. This dish is then
equal (lo my palate) to asparagus.

' The leaf part is cooked in the same way, and
some cook the leaf and stem, together, but I
prefer them separately. Cooked thus the leaf is
fully eipial to spinach — to my i>alate of course.
Tlie French liave variiuis modes of dressing
Swiss Chard, but 1 am unacquainted with any but
the above.'

y

Coffee. — Coffee was first introduced into Eng-
land by Pasqua, a Greek, in 1652. It Was orig-
inally brought from Arabia Felix ; and its effect
was discovered by a goatherd on bis flock, which
after browsing on the berry of this tree, would
'wake and caper all night.' Its first use was tried
on the monks, to prevent their sleeping at matins.

berries, 6 of raspberries. 6 of currants, 5 of fil-
berts, S of walnuts, 6 of strawberries, and two
of medlars.

The stock considereil according to its growth,
has, in the first class of ornamental trees, esteon;ed

which will keep one from touching the other as
much as possible. Five or six bunebos are the
mrjst which siiould he put into one jar: if they
are large not so many ; for it is to be understood
that wlienover you opena jar, youhiust use that
day all the fruit that is in it.

Sick Peach Trees. — It was mentioned some time
since by a correspondent in the papers of this city
that certain facts had lately come to his knowledge,
which were stated, inducing the belief tliat pow-
dered cliarcoal strewed about the roots of peach
trees, would he a great preservative against disease
produced by insect, worms, &c. The Boston Cou-
rier corroborates the above opinion by bis own ex-
perience : and adds that trees planted in burnt land
are universally liealthy and free from worms at
the root.

Vol. IX.— No. 49.

AND HOilTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

889

FIELDPATHS.
Fiel(l|)aths are at tliisspasoii particularly altrKC-
tive. I love our real old Eiigllsli footpailis. I
love those rii.slic and ])icHlro^^l|ue sliles opening
tlieir pleasant escapes from tVeqiienteil places and
dusty liigliways into tlie solitudes of nature. It
is dcligliirul to catcli a glimpse of one in the old
village green, imder the old elder-tree by some an-
cient cottage, or half hidden hy the ovei haiuin,'
boughs ot a wood. I love to see the smooth, dry
trai'k, wiudiiig away in easy cin"ves along some
green slope to the ehurch-yar<l — to the forest
grange, or t^' the embowered cottage. It is to me
on object of certain ^n^■piration ; it seems to invite
one from noise and publicity into the heart of soli-
tude and of rural deligiit. It beckons the imagina-
tion on throngli green and whispering corn tields,
through the short but verdant pasture ;^tlie flowing
mowing grass ; the odorous and sunny hay-helil ;
the festivity of harvest ; from lonely farm to farm,
from village to village ; by clear anil mossy wells;
by tinkling brooks and deep wood-skirted streams,
to crofts where the dalfodil is rejoicing in spring',
or meadows where the large blue geranium embel-
lishes the summer way-side : to heaths with their
warm elastic sward and crimson dells — the chit-
tering of grasshoppers, — the foxglove, and the
old gnarled oak; in short, to all the solitary haunts
after which the city-pent lover of nature pants as
the hart pauteili alter the water brooks. What is
there so truly English ? What is so truly linked
with our rural tastes, om- sweetest memories, and
our sweetest poetry, as stiles and footpaths ? Gidd-
sniith, Thomson, and Milton have adorned them
with some of their richest wreaths. They have
consecrated them to poetry aiul love. It is along
the footpath iji seclu<le<l fields, upon the stiles in the
embowered lane, where the wild rose and the
honeysuckle are lavishing tlieir beauty and their
fragrunce, that wc delight to picture to ourselves
rural lovers, breathing, in the dewy sweetness of
summer evening, vows still sweeter. There it is
that the poet, seated, sends back his soul into the
freshness of his youth, amongst attachments since
withered by neglect, rendered painful by absence,
or broken by death ; amongst dreams and aspira-
tions which even now that they pronounce their
ov/n fallacy, are lovely. It is there that ho gazes
on the gorgeous sunset — the evening star follosNing
with its silvery lamp the fading day, or the moon
showering her pale lustre through the balmy night
air, with a fancy that kindles and soars into the
heavens before him ,'tliere tliat we have all felt the
charms of woods and green fields, and solitary
boughs waving in the golden sunshine, or darkening
in the nielamdioly beauty of evening shadows,
who has not thought how beautiful was the sight
pf a village congregation, pouring out from their
old gray church on a summer day, and streaming
off through the quiet meadows, in all directions, to
their homes .' Or who that has visted Alpine
scenery, has upt beheld with a poetic feeling the
mountaineers silently winding down out of Uieir
romantic seidiision on a sabbatli morning, pacing
the solitary heathtracks, bounding with elastic- step
down the fern-clad dells, or along the course of a
riotous stream, as cheerful* as picturesque, and yet
as solemn as the scenes around them 'i — Howitl's
Book of the Seasons.

RIUING FUU DVSl'lil'SI.V. | Will not all our churches, of every den.. mina-

As we said whilom that riding a hard trotting tioii, consider this subj.'et .= The experiment has

horse was 'the sovereii;n'st thing i' ihe world' been made ; our qiiaker brethren have set an ex-

forlhcllyp, so we now take the liberty to declare : ample worthy the imitation of all. They have

that riding a gently-trotting or sweeily-cantering l„iig prohibiti'd both the tratfie and consumiition of

ardent spirit in their soeiety — and what is the con-
setpience ? — They are distinguished all over the
world for their sobriety, exemplary morals, and
thrift in bnisuess. — They have clearly proved
also that ih.-re is fir less difiiculty in maintaining
rigid discipline, in the entire exclusion id' ardent
spirit, than in enforcing a loose one in regulating
Ihe conduct of those who have idreaily become
temperate. — Scwall's Mdress.

horse is the best thing in the world lur Dyspepsia.
This may souml like a bold assertion, in the very
face and eyes of Mr llalstcad's bocdi ; but we
repeat it, and if any dyspeptical reader of ours
has any doubt on the subject, we advise him to
make trial of the ri'iuedy.

It is not the mere tossing up of the stomach
which is reciuired ; the whole system must be
stirred along with it. The body must be invigor-
ated, the flagging spirits must be loused. The
stomach is merely, as it were, a sort of vice-prcis-
\ iilent of the syslein, and can do but liltle wilhont
! the aid of all the pans. If the body in general
he vigorous, there is liltle danger of the stomach
being weak. The whole must sufier, or enjoy,
together. When the body is strong and active,
the stomach is lively and vigorous — ready to do
it

Drink with Cal-tio.\. — Let those about to
quench their thirst, when overheated observe the
following rules, and they may drink moderately
w iih impuniiy.

' 1. Giiisp the vessel out of which you are about,
to drink, for a minute or longer, wiili both your

, , 1 . 1- . .1 ■ 1 [hands.- llus will abstract a portion of the heat

oi-k, and preiiared to digest evervtliing that , r , , -

, 111-,- , , ■ , , , I from the bo

the pauite delights ni, even though it be board i

nails, boiled cabbage, toasted cheese, hard eggs,
or heavy bread.

Exercise, in general, is to invig-orate the body,
and by that means to improve the stomach. But
of all kinds of exercise, none is so efficacious as
riding on horseback. It stirs the system most ju-
diciously ; it excites the bodily action without in-
ducing any injurious fatigue. Hut wherefore use
many words.'

fllake trial of the remedy, dyspeptics, whoever
you are — we mean such as are in want of some-
thing more active than your ordinary exercise.
Ride a few miles today, and see what effect W
will produce. Ride again tomorrow in the same
w ay, repeat it the next day ; and in short, keep
riding. There is pleasure as v, ell as profit in it.
IJiit to have your stomach whipped and cuffed be-
cause it is feeble and cannot execute its task, is
unkind, is unjust. As well might you chastise a
poor sickly boy, because he cannot perform the
labor of a stout and hearty one.

Get you a gentle hut spirited horse — borrow or
buy — one that will trot easy, rack fairly, or canter
judiciously. A thorough-going racker will stir you
up most completely. But either kind will answer.
Hide every day before dinner; ride ten or a dozen
miles at a heat. Follow it up ; and, ilepend upon
it, you will dine agreeably, sleep comfortably,
wake in the morning in better condition and spirits
than you have been accustomed to do ; and con-
clude, after all, that this v/orld is not so bad as it
might be .V. Y. Const.

oily, and impart it at the same time to
the cold liipior, provided the vessel be made of
metal, glass or carlh.

' 2. If you are not furnished with a cup, and
are obliged to drink by bringing your mouth in
eomactwilh ihe stream which issues from a pump
or spring, always wash your hands, previous to
your drinking, with a little ef the cold water.
By receiving the shock of the water first upon
those parts of the body, a portion of its heat is
conveyed away, and the vital parts arc thereby de-
fended from the action of the cold.

Majumoth Dandelion. — A dandelion weighing
FOUR pou.vDs 5 ozs. without the root was lately
taken from a garden in Eastport, Me.

TEMPERANCE.

It is disgraceful to any Cliureh, that its me libers^
should be concerned in the distillation, sale or use
of this poisonous and demoralizing substance;
it is ofl'ensivp to God and ruinous to man.

What should we say of a Christian, if such a
thing could be, who should spend his life in wri-
ting and disseminating infidel books, or in propa-
gating among his fellow cilizens, libertine senti-
ments? W'liat should w-e think of him who fh.ould
spread the small pox or yellow fever among his
neighbors, or sow the seeds of mania or consump-
tion— and this for the acquisition of wealth ? Yet
he would be farlesscriminal, would be f-ir more con-
sistent, than he who mauufuctures or vends ardent
spirit.

GLUTTO.VS.

During the gluttonous days of the Roman Em-
pire, once the most famous of their Epicurean dish-
es was called Trojanus. This consisted olan en-
tire hog stuffed (as was the Trojan horse with arm-
ed men) full of larks, thrushes, capons, and other
delicate birds, steeped in excpiisite gravy made of
the choicest wine and other costly materials. The
expense of this dish was so enormous that it be-
came the subject of a sumptuary law.

Another favorite dish id' these ' architects of
gluttons,' was foimedof a hog presenled entire,
whereas one half was roasted and the other halt
boiled ; and the whole was so curiously prepared
by the cook that it was impossible to diseovi-r how
the creature had been slain, nor yet how its inte-
rior came to bc-stuft'ed with sundry delicate things.

/ Rlr ^bijah Alley of Cincinnati has invented a
beeliouse, which is highly approved. It has been
patented by himself an-,1 Mr J. C. Parsons. It con-
tains slides, by which the bees are shutofTand tha
honey taken without disturbing them. ,

Let every firmer divide his jiasture ground as
he pleases. Let the fence between his arable and
pastnre land be as strong as an external fence.
But, if possible, let all his arable ground, ihoug-h
it be a hundred acres, he in one lot. Then hia
plough runs clear, in a long furrow. His tillage is
divided only hy the different species of grain and
vegetables he cultivates. There are no fences of
consequence, no inconvenient and worthless hcaJ-
.-.nds ; no apology for thistles and nettles. Tho
scene is beautiful to the eye. The whole has tb«
appearance of a garden, and begets in the farmers
sort ofhori4cultural neatness. — Gardeners^ Journal.

390

I Mill 1'i.fc" trtrTi-Tf'i^wi

mm'w 2iErvB-:Lii2rs a^JissaaiBj

BOSTON, WEDXtSDAV EVENING, JCJ.NE 23, 1831.

FARMERS' AND GARDENERS' WORK FOR
JUNE.

Ill feeding cattli! witli green c'.over or tiirn-
iiij; tlieiii into a fresh clov!er pasture, great attention
is necessary to prevent them from becoming
swollen or lioven wlncli is very apt to take place
when they are first put on this fuoti, especially if
it is wet with rain or dew. Caiile are cx|iosed to
this danger,whether they are sent to feed on chiver
in a pasture or have it cirt and brought to them;
htit there is less hazard in the latter than in the
former mode of using this grass, especially iftlie
plants are growing rapidly, and are very full of sap.
After being accustonied to this rich food for a few
days, during which it should be given rather spar-
ingly the danger is nuic.li diniinished J but it is
never safe to allow milch cows in jiarticular to eat
large cpiantiiies of wet clover. The best mode of
manageiiKnit, in many cases, is to turn cattle into a
fresh clover field for about half an hour near the
middle of a fair day, an I then turn them out of
lliat field into a poorer pasture. The next day
the bailing, as it is calloil, may be repeated, and the
cattle alluueil to stay a little longer in the clover
field, till at length they may be permitted to remain
in it during the day time, hut as long as the grass
retains any considerable degree of luxuriance, it
will be safest to yard the cattle at Tiight, and not
turn them into their clover pasture till the dew is
off in the morning.

If however in consequence of negligence or
accident, cattle or sheep are stcollen or hoven, or the
stomach is rendered incapable of discharging its
contents, a remedy must be speedily applied or
the animal is lost. The usual remedy for this dis-
order has been to stab tlie animal with a penliiiife,
or other sharp instrument under the short ribs, and
put into tlie orifice a tidie of ivory, elder, a goose
(piill, or something of the kind to give vent to the
confined air. The wouml in then dressed with
some sort of adhesive plaster, and thus, in general
the cure is easily efl'ected. The following remedies
are also recommended. 'Apply a dose of train
oil, proportioned to the age and size of the animal.
Give to an ox or cow a pint from a bottle, and rid)
the stomach well in order to make it go down, and
give the animal exercise. — Fanners' Mng.

Make about a pint of ley either with hot embers
thrown into a sufticient ipiantity of water, or by dis-
solving therein about an ounce of pot or pearl ash,
and turn it down the throat of the ox or cow affect-
ed. A porportionably less quantity will answer
for a sheep. This is said to give immediate relief
liy neutralizing the carbonic acid gas in the stom-
ach of the animal, which causes the swelling and
other symptoms of the comidaint to subside.

Loudon says there are three modes of relieving
this complaint, which may he adverteil to according
to the degree of distention, and length of time
which it has existed. These are internal medi-
cines; the introduction of ;i prolan^ of some kind
into the |)aunch by the throat; and the punctur-
ing it by the sides. Dr Whyatt of Edinburgh,
is said to have cured eighteen out of twenty Iioved
cows, by giving a pint of gin to each. Oil, by
condensing the airj has been successlully tried.
Any other [substance also, that has a strong power
of absorbing air, may be advantxigcotisiy given ;
(eomraon salt and water made strongly saline is

N E W E N G LAlSD FARMEK,

a usual country remedy. New' milk with a
proportion of tar eciual to one sixth of the milk
is highly spoken of. A strong solution of prepared
ammonia i i water often brings off a great quantity
of air, and relieves the animal. Any of these in-
ternal remedies may be made use of when the
hciveii has recently taken jdacc, and is not in a
violent degree. But when otherwise the introduc-
tion of an instrument is proper and is now very
generally resorted to. The one principally in use
is a s|)Pcies of prohang, invented by Dr Munro, of
Edinburgii. Another, consisting of a cane of six
feet in length, and of considerable diameter, hav-
ing a bulbous knob of wood, has been invented by
Eager, which is a more simple machine, but is
hardly so efficacious. It is probable that in cases
of emergency, even the larger end of a common
cart whip dexterously used might answer the end.
But by far the best instrunipnt for relieving hoven
cattle, as well as for clyste ring them , is Read's enema
apparatus, which is alike applicable to horses,
cattle and dogs. It consists of a syringe to which
tubes of dilTerent kinds are applied, according to
the purpose and the kind of animal to be ojierated
upon. There is a long flexible tube forgiving an
enema to horses and cattle, and a smaller one for
dogs. To relieve hoven bullocks effectually it is
necessary not onlv to i\ee the stomach from an
accumulation of gas, but from the fermenting
mixture which generates it ; for this purpose a
tube is apfdied to the extremity of the syringe,
and then passed into the animal's stomach through
the mouth, and being put in action, the ofiending
matter is discharged by a opening. When the same
operation is performed on sheep a smaller tube is
made use of The characteristic excellency of
Read's instrument is, that there is no limit to the
quantity of fluid that may be injected or extracted.
The same syringe is used for extracting' poison
from the stomach of man, for smoking insects, ex-
tingnlshing fires, ami syringing fruit trees. The
introduction of any of these instruments may be
effected by the help of an assistant, who should
liold the horn of the animal with one hand and
the dividing cartilage of the nose with the other,
while the operator himself, taking the tongue in
his left hand, employs his right in skilfully and
carefully introducing the instrument ; the assistant
bringing the head and neck into such an attitude
as to make the jiassage nearly straight, which will
facilitate the operation. But when no instruments
can be procured, or as cases may occur when
indeed it is not advisable to try them, as when the
disease has existed a considerable time, or the
animal has become outrageous, or the stomach so
inueli distended with air that there is danger of
immediate suflbcation or bursting, the puncture
of the uuiw must be instantly performed, which is
called paunching. This may be done with the
greatest ease, midway between the ilium, or
haunch bone, and the last rib of the left side to
which the haunch inclines ; a sharp penknife is
frequently used ; and persons in veterinary practice
should always keep a long trochar, which will be
found nmch the most eflicaeious, and by fir the
most safe, as it permits the air eseaping certainly
and quickly, at the same time that it prevents its
entrance into the cavity of the abdomen, which
would occasion an equal distention.- As- soon as
the air is perfectly evacuated, and the paunch re-
sumes its office the trochar may be removed ; and,
in whatever way it is done the wound should be
carefully closed with sticking plaster or other

/line 22', I'SS'r.

adhesive matter. It is necessary to observe that
the operation is so safe that wdienevcr a medical
assi.-tant cannot be obtained, no per.-ou' should
he.-iiaii; a mument about doing it himself. After
relief has been aflbnlt tl by means of either tho
prohang or of pauncbiiig, a stimulant drink may
yet be very j^roporly given, such a.-i hiilf a pint of
common gin; or one ounce of spirit of hartshorn
in a pint of ale, or two ounces of spirits of tiirpen-
tiiio in ale, may any of them be used as an assist-
ant stimulons.

Charcoal. — The Aiiierican Farmer' says, the
ravages of the yellow stri[ied bug on rni'uinber.s
and melons may be eflectually prevented by siftinjr
charcoal dust over the ))lants. If repeated two or
three times the plants will be entirely secure froni
annoyance. There is in charcoal some property
so obnoxious to those troublesome insects that they
fly from it the instant it is ajqilied.

Charcoal is not only used as an antidote against
insects but is a valuable manure. Dr Deane sta-
ted that he bad long ago observed where coal
piles had been burnt, the ground has discovered
a remarkable fertility lor many years after and
morq especially when it lias been a cold and wet
soil. The dust of the coals and that of the burnt
turf have conspired to produce this effect. Being
extremely porous, the pieces of coal imbibe much
of the su|)erfluou3 water, as well as increase the
licit on the surface as all black substances do ;
and when the weather becomes dry, they dis— i
charge the nudsture, partly into the soil, when it
grows dry enough to attract it, and partly into the-
air by the action of the sun upon it.

It is stated in the last .American edition of Willich's
Domestic Encycbipedia, vol. i. p. G55, that ' a friend
of Dr Mease informed him, that some years since
nearly all the cucumber ami melon vines in New
Jersey were destroyed by a fly or bug. . One day
he had occasion to ride i>ast a miserable hut in the
woods, and perceiving a very flourishing patch of~
cucumbers, ho was induced to dismount anil exam-
ine it. On approaching the spot he foiintl it had
formerly been a charcoal heap. He took the hint,
and by strewing charcoal round about the vines when
they first come up, preserves bis cucumbers effec-
tually.

A writer whose communication was originally
imblisbed in the Transactions of the London Hor-
ticultural Society and republished in the New Eng-
land Farmer, v(d. vii. p. 35-1, recommends charcoal'
iliist as a top dressing f.)r onions and a cure for
the clubbing in cabbages.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARBIF.E.

IMr Fessenuen — I observei] in the N. E. Far-
mer of the 15th inst. that the committtee on fruits
and fruit trees propose among other premiums for'
this year, one of twenty dollars. — ' For the best
method of cultivaiing foreign grapes, in open
ground, which shall be superior to any other now
practised in this country with reference to plant-
ing, training, shelter, &c — and for a length of
trellis, not less than tliiiny feet.' — The committee
then add that ' they have hopes that the mode now
universally acknowledged in France to be the
best practised in that country for open culture,
may be successfully introduced into tho United'
States ;' that ' they allude to the Tbomery meth-
od, a Jiarticular description of which may be found
in the Bon Jardinier for 1830, &c.

I shall be thankful. to the chairman of thai com- .

VoH>f.— ?J<.. 48.

AND HOUTICULTUIIAL JOURNAL.

391

miltce it" lie will answer tliu Collmvii);.' (jiiostioiis
5ji vniir iie.xt |>'>|ifi', as I may lie iiuliM-eil lo oIT.m-
'for llie |irein;iiiii it I can lie mail'! to iiiulcratainl
4lie piiipoit of llie |iroiiosiliuii.

1. Do tl)e coniniitee propose to i;ive a pri'tniiiiii
<if twenty ilollars [or ii 1\ra!isc on tlii; lust iiietlicid
-of eiiltivaiing foreign gra|ies in the npini grouni!,
oilier llian tliose now practised in this c'oiintry;
-or ilo they intend thiit this preiiiiniii yiNill he paiil
to the person who sh.ill show hy liis own practice
M belter mode of eultiire than any now iji ns(! here f

•2il. If, as ihe romrniltee seem to think, the
Thoniery nietltod lie the best now in nsi any-
where ; do ihey ine.in to exclnde this practice,
shonid it be found on imniiry th,-it it is now in suc-
cessful operation, or rather pro^Tcssin^' towards
siiocessl'nl operation in this iiei^hhorliood ; ami if
not, ilo they intend lo pay the preinimn, when the
trellis is partially tilled, or wait until the whole be
completed, and the advaiilaije of this methoil
be established over all other inodcsof open culture?

3d. Jf a treatise only is asl<ed for, then the com-
mittee can liave no refcience to the 'Thoniery
method,' as they have the ' Bon-Jurdiiiicr ' before
them, in w hicli that whole svstem is laid down.
The ipiestioii then is, will any method other than
the Thoniery, he satisfactory to the coinmittce —
that system having been universally acknowledged
iu France to be the best.'

4tli. If the Tliomery method is to be considcreil
as open fjr the premium, ami the condition of oli-
taiuiiig it is to bo the completion of the experi-
ment, from the planting of the cuttings to the til
ling the trellis with fruit, I apprehend I must give
iilj all competition for it. I am somewhat ad-
vanced in life, and if I nnderstand the method
jiractised at Thoniery, it cannot take less than six,
if it does hss than seven years to coMiplete a trel-
lis of eight feet square. It is true that a tr|.dlis of
lliirty feet may be completed us soon as one of eight
feet, but as I have iieitlier time nor nioiipy to
throw away, I wish the chairman to explain the
intention of the comiiiilteo on these points before
I engage in it ?

These (jnesiious are intended to ascertain
whether the Committee expects that any one will
urulertake to build and cover a trellis of thirty
feet long according to the Tliomery mclliod, and
treated as the Bon Jardinier directs in all respects,
for a premium of twenty liollars?

If I were to undertake it, and were permitted
to live long enough to carry it thniiigh, it would
cost me in money, over and above my personal
labor, one hundred dollars, in lien of twenty which
tlie Committee otfcr. — In the first place, to make
the experiment upon the system adopted at Tho-
niery, yon must erect either a wall or a wooden
fence on which to form your trellis : — in France
wails are used — here a wooden fence might answer.

Next the cultivator must either own the soil,
or he sure that he will he permitte.l to remain on
it to attend to the prnniiig of the vines from year
to year, extending them six or .seven inches only
every season, until they respectively arrive at their
lesiined positions on the trellis. — If he is success-
ful in bringing them to this point, agreeably to the
rules laid down in the Bon Jardinier — how can
he be sure, in such a climate as this, where we
have to contend with mildew, frost, ;iiid fly, that
ho will have a particle of fruit to show tl>e com-
itiitloe when they come to see whether he lias
faithfully and successfully worked out his seven
(Tears' apprenticeship.

These are not unimportant (piestious, IMr Kditor,
to one who is iu pursuit of a premium. — If tin;
Committee want the experiment t'airly and proper-
ly made, let them otVer a preniiuni of one hundred
dollars, and they will do a real good — mid save
some poor wight from spending that aiuount iu
pursuit of f.venly.

Kespectfiilly yours,

June 20, 1S31. " Viris.

llilliard and IJrown have; commenced » series
called the Library of Old English I'rose Writers.
Wo are glad to see ibis. Tlnu-t! is an ahuiidance
of vigorous thought, and rpia.intly beiinlifiil expres-
sion In these old 'wells of l'',nglis|i ninlelilrd ;' i\iit\
they have been to mncli neglected hy the mod-
erns. The 1st vol. contains Fuller's Ilcdy State,
with n preface and account of the author, by the
Rev. Alexander Young, Jr. of this city.

Edinburgh Review.— The lOjili No. of lids able and
popular journal has just been republished by Lilly &. Wait
of this city, and contiins elaborate articles on the fol-
loudag subjects: LIngard's History of England — Causes
and Cure of Disturbances ami Pauperism — Public
Schools of England ; Westminster and Eton — Schiller
and Goethe— Readc's Poems — Midler's History of Ihc
Dorians — Bulwer's Siamese Twins — Tayloi's Historic
Survey of German Poetry — Character and Authorship
of Ihe Episloix Obscurorum Virorum — fJeechy's Voyage
lo the Pacific and Behrirg's Strait — Rcl'oim, and Ibo
Ministry — Qiuuterly List of New Publications — Pub-
lished quarteily at IviJjOO per annum.

- l^ad ripe.
LE.\D PIPE, all sizes, consiaiuly for sulc by LiscOLiv
Feaiiing k Co, Ko. 110, Stale Street.
Jlpril l:i, is:il. 6iv\

Bones H'nnlcd.
Shin antl L(-g Hones consl.uit'v purchased by GEO.
II. (;KAV Sr CO. No. es Kilby street.
April 20. 2inos

,lp;ricutlnnil.

The Truslees of the Wurcestor Asricul'inal Srcicly
are hereby uoliticd. that a mcoling of ibe lioiinl will bi
held at the Piobjie Otfice in Worcester, on Thursday, thv^
23d day of June instant, at 4 o'clock, P. M., for the p-n--
pose ol choosing an Orator, Cbanl.rm, Coniinitlee ol Ar-
rangements, ami Jutlpt-s of Slock, &c. for Ihe next Ciilllc
Sliovv ; and also for Ibe ailndssion of members.

By order of Ih ' President.

WII.LIAJI D. WHEELER, Uec. Soc'iy.

Worcester, June 8, lS"t.

Brass Ni/n'»gcx.
For sale at llic Ail icultural W arcliotiso, Nos. ."il and
.">2 Nnrlli iM.uLiI stieel, a very usclul ai licit Hir de-lioy-
ing Catcrpdi.iis, IJiii^s and other insccis. Likewi-c lo
prevent llie iidldcw on Vines ami (Gooseberry liusbcs. —
Sue N. E. Farmer, vo'. 8, page Sji and 3G3.

Sheep — Sheep.

Valuable Boo!cs on iliu best nn.'l'iod of forming good
(locks, of increa--in;;- ibeiii, and Healing them properly
wbcn in liealib and wben discascil — mi Ibe cliararler
anil value of .^Jel iiio Sbcej) — anatomical sti uclure, 6cc,
Ur — Ty valuable woiks,\i7, :

Sii (A'oii^e Su-w.irt .Maken/.ic, Hart.

Robert It Li\ iii;;s:oii, LL. D.

.>^amiiel Itaid, M. 1).

M. Daiibenlon. a man of letters, and proronnd Nalural-
isl ; his work was publislicd in (■'ermaiiy, Ilaly, Spain,
and .\uiciifa — and in France, at the expense of the na-
tion.

.Mr Tcsslu, inspector of the Rambouillet E-tabli^h-
iiiciit — md others in France.

Also for .sale — a valuable collcclion'of Hooks on Agri-
ciillure. Manures, various Irealises on Horses, Cattle,
Botany, &c, kc. By K. P. & C. WILLIAMS, wbole-
sale and relail Booksellers an'l Slalioners, No. 18 and tiO
Condiill, Boiton. Mav '-■>■

Howard's Cast Iron Plousrhs, ^r. >.

Jusf received at the .Vgricullnral Wareliouse,Sos. .51
and 52 North M.nkct Ptieet, a few of C. llouaid's Patent
Cast Iron I'icug':s. Tliii i^ llie mo I approved Plough
now in use, ami is highly roroinmeuiled by our best far-
mers for doing ihe ^voik wiili case and in liie most per-
I'lcL maimer; the casiing licin:^ ground smooth, the.'.
Ploi:g!i is not liablc'lo clog cvi.-n at the lirst time using,'"
but runs pcifeclly free at all tiuu;s.

.\l-o, — 'fah's fupeiior cast steel SCYTHES, manufac-
tured cxiires-!y for Ibis cstablislimcnt. Likewise, Pass-
more';"-, Farv.ell';i, Diii!I.'y"s and English Scydies, with a
lar;xc assoriincnt of Gav(Lcn lorls.

Also,— Hall's sepcrioW?.iy Uakc?— the best article of
Ihe kiei! manuricliirctttn I'm ctmnliy. June 13.

Farmer ll'anled.
A permanent situation offers for a man who under-
stands farming generally, and a lilllc of gardening', and
who woubl leel an intciest in his employai's business, — I
lo go on lo a farm in one of the plea^-inlest towns in ,\e\v
England, oo Connecticut liver. Apply personally at
the New EnMaiid Farmer ofhee. • s-.^

For Sale, Full hhiod •lidnerne;/ and Short Horn
Bull and Heifer Calves.
Two Alderney Bid Calve-, and one Ikif r Calf. AI-
so, one Bidi ani two lleif'i'r C.dves td' the Short ^.'orn or
Ti'Cswater biecd, all iVi.m full h'.coA inipoilcrl slock, on
both .-.i-'cs. For terms apply al Ibis olfiee. -It May 11.

Farm Hunted.

^Vanled, a first i ate Fannin ihe vicinity of Boston,
containing inn to 150 acres of land, willi a good and con-
venient house, barn, &c.

Letters (posfai^e paid) addressed to R. S. H. Salem,
Mass. giving a particular description of Farms, offered,
cash price, taxes, &.c, will receive immttliate aUention.

ll'rouo^hl-lron Plousrhs. — Bar-Iron, £,-c.
Wrmgbl-lron Ploughs, otallsizes. — .'7.'so, .A Complete
assortment of .Vieerican, Enf^lisii, Swedes and Russia Bar
lion — American Braziers' Rods — Sjiikc and Nail Rods,
Shoe-Shapes — Hoop and Band Iron — Steel of all kinds —
Pipe-box and Mould-boaid plates, &c. cons:aiilIy for sale j
by GAV .S- BIRD, I

fiiis. No. 44, India Street, Boston. j

The true Sugar Beet. '

For sale at the New England Seed Slore, 52, North |
Market sireei. B>s!on, 1110 lbs. of llie liue French Su-;ar ]
Beet Seed, — received Ibis day from Paii,-. by the last
Havre packc!, via Newport. The excellence ol this
loot for cattle, and for culinary and oilier purposes, is loo
well known lo require comment.

Also — Large and Small Lima Bean.' — Early Dwarf
Beans — several variiiies of pickling ami other Cucum-
bers— Radishes, Letliiccs, Cdibagcs, Turnips, &c.
Broom Corn.
Al=o, just received, a few bushels rtf prime Brcom Corn
raised lust season in the vicinity of Conneolicut river.

IIkigiiton M.vukkt — .Moiida;/, June 20.

fttcpnrtri! for Ihe Clironiolo and ralii,,!.]

At Market this dayo31 Beef Cattle, including 73 unsold
last week; IS Cows ami Calves, and liOfi Sheep and
Lambs. 40 licef Cattle, remained unsold at Ihe close of
the market.

Ppicks. — Ber/ Cattle — V.'c shall tjuolo to day from
4 50 to 5 23, extra at 5 23 a 5 50. AVe noticed some tliijQ
Steers taken at 4 a 4 50.

Cou'S and Caleef. — Sales were efTcctcd at ft\'>, I'J.
24,25 and 27.

.^heep and. Lambs — S.des quick, we notice one lot at
$1 SS, several at 2, one at 2 25, also at 2 3.'? a 2 37,'.. We
noticed the sale of alot of wethers, sluared.'t 2 33, al-o
an extra lot sheared, at >i4.

JS'etc York C'all'e .'>!,irr:et. .lime i:i. — At Market this
day between 3 and 400 bead of licef Caltlc. from 250 to
300 Slicco and Lambs, a f*iv.' lots of Swiiio and about 2o
Milidi Cows. Beef continues lo bo in good demand, and
Ihc price well sustained. We noticed scv eral lots extra
lo be bonzht at S.S, several pood 7 a 7.50, f.iir from B a (>t
and iniddli. g at aj a 5^ per cwt. Sheep, the market is
lively and sales ctfected at exira .^ll, goad 3 a 3;, lair 2 .i
2.5 : and ordinary at 1,25 a 1,30 each, without the lleecc.
Swine scllin; quick at Si a 4^0. Milch Cows, several
sales at 20, 25, and 30 each .

S92

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

June '22, 1S3I.

MISCELLAiVY

DEPARTURE OF THE PIONEER.

Far away from the hill-side, the lake and the hamlet,

The rock and the brook, and yon meadow so gay ;
From the foot-path that winds by the side of the stream.

let;
From his hut and the grave of his friend far away ;
He has gone where the footsteps of men never ventured.
Where the glooms of the wild tangled forest are centred,
V/here no beam of the sun, or the sweet moon has en-
tered,
No blood-hound has roused up the deer with his bay.

He has left the green valley for paths where the bison
Roams through the prairies, and leaps o'er the flood ;
Where the snake in the swamp sucks the deadliest poison

ptirfiirmed by pro.xy. AiUlress, i)03t paid, jo.Miiss
Amelia Caroline Ada Josepliiiui Sorogg-s, Seven
Dials. — London Paper.

Hints lo Emigrants. — By felling the trees tlint
rover the tO|)S and sides of iiioiintains, (says M
Hiimholdr,) men in every climate prepare at once
two calamities for future generations — the want
of fuel and the scarcity of water.

The following description of a steed and out-rider

taken from a very interesting work, called A Year in

Spain, is a fair parallel to Rozinante and Sancho Panza:

' After beitifj iletained a day longer at Aranjuez than

1 had contemplated, for want of conveyance, my little

friend Jose at length procured me the means of reaching

Toledo. Indeed, 1 was just thinking of the expediency

, , ,, , f.i, , • 1 . 1 1 ;<!^ r„„^ i of departint' afoot on the fourlh day of my absence from

And the cat of the mountain keeps watch lor its lood. '", " i'^" '= , , , j j, ii ,i .

.nuu iiiv f I Madrid, when Jose knocked at uiv dnor, and told nic that

But the leaf shall be greener, the sky shall be purer.
The eyes shall be clearer, the rifle be surer,
And stronger the aim of the fearless endurer.

Who trusls nought but heaven in his way through the
wood.

Light be the heart of the pror, lonely wanderer.
Firm be his step through each wearisome mile.
Far from the cruel man, far from (he plunderer,

Far from the track ol tiie mean and the vile.
And when death, with the last of its terrors, assails him,
And all but the last throb of memory fails him.
He'll think of the friend, far away, who bewails him.
And light up the cold touch of death with a smile.

And there shall the dew shed its sweetness and lustre,

There for his pall shall the oak leaves be spread ;
The sweet briar sliall bloom, and the wild grape shall
cluster.
And o'er him the leaves of the ivy be shed.
There shall they mi\ with the fern and the hralher,
There shall the young eagle shed its first leather.
The wolves with thei'- wild dogs shall lie there together,
And moan o'er the spot where tlie hunter is laid.

Brainard.

ExTRAORr>T.N ARY LONGEVITY OF A NeGRO SlAVE.

— Died at Maryland, St Andrew, the property oi'
Sir Edward Hyde Cast, Btirt. on Sunday the 5tli
December last, Robert Lynch, a negro slave in
comfortable circumstances. He enjoyed al/nost
uninterrupted good health until vvitliiii a fortnight
of his death, walking generally from his residence
to the works of the property, about the distance
of one mile and a quarter. Tliis man perfectly
recollected the great earthquake which nearly de-
stroyed the. town of Port Koytd in 1G92 ; and fur-
ther, remembered the persons and equi|iages of
the Lieut. Governor Sir Henry Morgan, Knight,
whose third and last goveruorsiiip commenced in
1680. We shidi allow fur this early recollection, at
all events, the age of 10, or 1632, (the einl of this
gentleman's reign, we may add to the present time),
to prove the venerable old patriarch has been gath-
ered to his fathers after having lived (during the
reign of si.\ kings and one Queen, and the admin-
istration of 23 governors, 27 lieutenant governors,
and seven Presidents,) to liie age of 1.50 years. —
Howitt's Seasons.

he had got a horse for me, and tliat he was to go along.
to brintr him back on a borrico, (a jackass.) I liked this
arr,angement well. So, paying my bill, and packing up
my sack, I sallied out into the court-yard, to commence
my journey. I did not expect to be very splendidly
mounted, but my astonishment and confusion were in-
deed iTreat, on findinsr that I had to ride upon a niisera
ble ruern, that liad lost his hair by some disease, espe-
cially upon the (ail, which was as long and as naked
as the trunk of an elephant. The only flesh the
animal had left seeined to have descended into the legs,
and as for his hips, his backbone and ribs, they were
everywhere conspicuous, save where concealed by a
huge pack saddle, stuffed with straw, and covered with
canvas. What made the matter still worse, the master
of the beast, an old man in a brown cloak, held his hand
before me, as I was approaching to take a nearer view,
and told me that if it was i^ual to mc he woidd take the
two dollars beforehand. I explained to the old man
how very possible it was that his horse would not live to
complete the journey ; to which he replied, with some
indio-nation, that he would carry me to las Inilin.i, much
more to Toledo. As he continued to hold out his hand
with a resolute air, I dropped the required sum into it,
and grasping the pack-saddle for want of a mane, I vaid-
ted at once into the seat. The back of the poor animal
cracked and twisted under the burthen, and as he gave
some indications of a disposition to lie down, I drew for-
cibly upon th.e halter. "Tlius roughly handled, his neck
bent backward like a broken bow, and, making retrogade
steps, he backed full upon Jose, who, well pleased with
tile idea of so long an excursion, was drawn up behind,
upon a little mouse-colored ass, with a game-bag, which
contained all my travelling equipage, hung round his
neck, and hanging from his shoulder. Three or four
sound blows from the cudgel of Jose, accompanied with
a kick under tlie belly fiom the master of the beast,
corrected his retrotrade motion, which being changed for
an advance, we sallied out of the inn, and took our way
through the market place, to the admiration of all Aran-
juez.'— vol ji. p. 15, 17.

Marcli of Intellect. — Wants a Situation — A
young woman who has received the rudiments of
her education in a charity school, as house maid ;
she would prefer a place where the stairs are sent
out to scour, ami where she can carry on an epis-
tolaiy correspondence with her friends, and where
Cnrniture-ruhbing, washing and cleaning can be

Valuable -a-K^ Cheap Lanil — for Sate.
The subscriber otlers for sole, 14,00t) acres of choice,
Laiiil, situated in ihe town of Pinckney, county of Lewij
ami st.ite of Neft',jYork." Some ot the land is improved
and under cultivation. The country is remarkably heal-
thy, htdng entirely fr-ee*from the fever and ague and from
the cojnmon bilious fotttrs which often afflict Ihe towns
upon Laiie Ontario, thte>taw_n,,being IS miles east of tlie
Like. The soil is principally a^^f^Iy loam, niuch of it
covered with rich black mould. The timber is chiefly
Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &>:.
The land yields first rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Ear-
ley, Potatoes and Flax ; and on some lots, good Wheat
and Coin may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a tine opportunity now olfers i(seU.
Tlio pioduce of pasturage and hay from an acre of this
land, is very large, fully equalling if not surpa.ssing (hat
from the same quantity of land in any other of the Black
River townships. The land is admirably well watered,
t'lerc being out few lots which have not durable running
streams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchard-
iiicr — the Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to (he greatest advantage, (he drovers
purchasing at (he very doors ot the farmers* and payingj
the hi;;hest cash prices for their cattle, wbich will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of (he ye-ar. Several far-
mers at present residing on this (own, were originally
from the New England Slates, and some <^ (hem from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at (he very low
price of fiom two dollars and a half to (hree dollars per
acre. lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a half tor the improved lots. The
land will be sold in lots lo suit purchasers, and from two
lo five years' credit for payment, in annual instalments,
will lie given. As a further convenience to purchasers^
the sub-criber will receive in payment, Caltl", Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, lor which products he will '
allow Ihe highest cash prices. The tide (o (he land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given tc-
purchaseis. Persons desirous of purchasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
olJeircrson, Slate of New York, or to David.Canfielb,.
Esq. on the (own. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. ' epl6t ^

Ammuviiion ,J^

01 (he best quality ai.d loHiesf prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
d: Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be relumed, and the money will be refunded, (f Jan. 7

Hickory.
I'his astonishing fleet horse was raised in Montreal, is

Gallant Daughter. — Sir John Coclirane, wlio was en-
gaged in Arffylc's rebellion against James the Second,
was tak'cn prisoner, after a desperate resistance, and con-
demned to be hanged. His daughter, having notice that
the death-warrant was expected from London, attired
herself in men's clothes, and twice attacked and robbed
the mails between Belfor and Berwick. The executirui
was bv this means delayed, till Sir John Cochrane's fa-
ther, the F.arl of Dundonald, succeeded in making inter-
est with father Peter, a Jesuit, King James' Confessor,
who. for the sum of five thousand pounds, interceded
with his royal master, in favor of Sir John Cochrane,
and procured his pardon.

When Lord Erskine made his drhitt^i the bar, his ag-
itation almost overcame him, and lie was just going to
sit down, * At that moment,' said he, * I thought I felt
my little children tugging at my gown, and (ho idea
roused me to an exertion of which I did not think my-
self capable,'

Le<ral Pun. — .\s several gentlemen of the bar were a
few days since in conversation, ope of them, under favor
of the wind, received a portion of his neighbor's salira

upon his summer coat. 'Mr. R ,' said the sulferor,

' if this is the way you treat other persons habits, you
cannot expect to rate as a gentleman.'

from an English blood mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
ferior lo any in the U. States for speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well built, good size, and pro-
nounced by (good) judges in every respect a first rate
horse ; trots a 3 minute gait, fast walker, and has paced
around Ihe trotting course. Long Island, in 2 minutes, 3*
seconds, and was offered publicly to match against any
horse (hat could be produced. I( is considered unneces-
sary to say more, as his qualifications are too well known
to be doubled.

Ho will stand at Abbott's Inn, Holden, during the
season. Terms . $8, the season. 6t May 11.

Published every Wednesday Eiciiiiig, at gS per annum,
payable at the end of ilic year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction of fifty cents.

[0= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B, Russell, by I. R, Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet tha
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J, B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agents.

New I'or/r— G,Thori)UKN & Sons, 67Liber(y-s(rcet
Alhamj—Wtf- TnoRBUitN, :>I7 i\larkel-slreel,
Phi!<ulelphia—M. &, C LANnKETH,8o Cheslnul-slreel,
BMtimore—G. B, Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cinciimali—S. C, Pakhhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flnslunr. N. Y. W»i . Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Garden
Middlebunj, Fi!.— Wight Chapman.
/Ai)/y<w'/— GoonwiN ifc Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, .Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newlmn/port, Eofnezer Stedmas, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J, W. Foster, Bookseller,
/'c/r/iinrf,,^/^.— Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Jluirusta, Me. Wm, Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, L. C— A. Bowman, Bookseller

NEW ENGL.AND FABMSJR.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at tuk AcRicuLTURiL Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 29, 1831.

NO. SO.

^scssisi^sTiiaJiiaacjiUQa

FOR THE NEW ENGL.\ND FARMER.

CULTURE OF INDIAN CORN.
Mr Fesse.nden. — Mj reniarks, published in your
japer, No 36 of the current vohime, not No. 33,
IS Mr A. R. lias it, were iiitcndeil for persons
obligetl, like myself, to cultivate hilly, rough stony
ami, situateil at a distance from rivers, sea sliores,
litics, or large towns, where plenty of manure
;annot readily he obtained.

I did not venture to hazard an o|)inioi5 as to the
)est mode for faruiers that occupy large level
arms where manure is plenty. My principal ob-
ect was to draw the attention of the niiddliiig
ilass of fanners iji the interior of New England
vho are obliged to till rough land, to the iin|)rove-
nents made by those who are able and willing to
ry experiments and cojnmunicate the results for
ho benefit of others. Of this latter class, I con-
lidcr Mr Phinney and Mr A. R. But most of our
arniers on reading or hearing of successful ex-
jeriments and i.nprovemeuts made by such far-
Tiers, at once object and say, ' this is nothing to us,
)ur lands cannot be managed as those gentlemen
lo theirs.' True my friends, hut I woidd say to
'ou in the words of Mr R. not to be discouraged,
;onsider what is the great object to be obtained,
md see if you cannot some how obtain it. The
»reat object is to save and apply in the best possi-
)le manner, the manure carried on to the laiwl
ind the vegetable mould of the turf. Theyac-
;omplish this by placing both manure and turf
(Ut of the reach of winds and sun, where they
rill ferment and rot and nourish the corn when
he ears are setting and growing and thereby ren-
er the greatest benefit to the crop. Our lands
vill not admit of turning over the turf and hav-
ing it smooth and level, but I think by ridging in
ihe manner I described, nearly the same advantage
rill be obtained. I knew it would be objected
y farmers not accustomed to this mode, that it
?as four times the work to take care of corn
lautedinthis way, to that done in the other, of
loughing, harrowing, cross-jiloughing &c. — I
loughtand said the same at first myself, but my
eighbors |)ersuaded me to persevere, and e.xpe-
ience has satisfied me that it is a saving of labor 1
nd better for the crops and the land. Being j
jusible how discouraging this mode would appear '
1 the outset, both as to labor and crops, I almost |
espaired of convincing any one, not accustomed '
) it, to the contrary. But after reading and re-
acting on Mr Phinuey's experiment and success
lid considering the effect to be nearly the same
both methods, I ventured to connnunicate my
iews and experience, in hopes that some others
I'glit be induced to give ita fair trial. Notonce
ily, on a single rood of ground, but from year to
ear, till they had fully tested the advantages, and
sadvantag-es and learned by practice how to do the
ork in the best and easiest manner, as every kind
labor requires experience to make it perfect, and
e all know that often what is hard and difficult
first, becomes easy by habit. As to its being
Ivisable to plant any other than green sward
ith corn, I did not inean to give any opinion.

I plant no other, because I wish to improve as formation I hope to receive through the medium
much of my land as jjossible, with the least ex- I of TIte .Yew England Fanner. I have taken
pense of manure, and I find by manuring and several of these creatures in the very act, and
planting a piece of green sward one year, Inying} shall not bavi; to call vvitnes.ses to prove them
it down the next with oats and grass seed and
letting it lie in grass 3 years after, I can get good
crops of each, and at the end of the 5 years the
land will jje in better order I'or another crop of
corn, than.it was when I commenced : by following
this rotation coutiuucs to im|Move. When if plough-
ed 3 years in succession, as it must be or left in
the hill, if any other than green sward were plant-
ed with corn, it nnist be twice manured or become
impoverished. Potatoes ])crbaps are a good
preparation for com, when the same lauil is intend-
ed for tillage several years ; but in the country
where we have no market for potatoes, except in
our families and with our stork and of cniuse
plant more than ten acres of lorn to one of po-
tatoes, our corn land could not all be prepared in
that way, and if so prepared, would need two
successive inanurings.

I feed my land close before ploughing for corn,
because I find it easier ploughing and hoeing, the
sward not being as tough and the grass not star-
ting and growing as much before booing, and be-
cause experience has taught me that on my land
with such a sward and such grass as it produces,
it is better for the crop. No doubt on different
soils a different course would be better. An ob-
serving neighboring farmer, first informed me,
that be had (bund it best to feed close before plough-
ing- I doubted it at first, but tried it and am
satisfied.

Mr. R. soys my manure has been sp.read on the
surface from before ploughing until hoeing and
thereby exposed to a great loss of virtue. He is
mistaken, for by ploughing into ridges as 1 stated
at least four fifths of the manure is covered with
the furrows turned over for the ridges, and is col-
lected and kept in the very ])lace where aud to
the very time when, it will do the most good, on
the principle advocated by him and Mr Phinney,
that is, not to make a fine show of stalks but a
good crop of large ears of corn. And it strikes
me that Mr Phinney has erred a little upon his own
principle, in iiutting on and spreading his manure
after ploughing ; would it not be better to spread
the manure before plougiiiug and cover it with
the furrows? It would not aid the corn in the fore
part of the season as much, but would it not make
a better crop of ears ?

Plymouth, Conn. June 13lh, 1S31. B.

FOa THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

INSECT ON PEACH TREES.
T. G. Fesse.nde.v, Esq.

Dear Sir — I send you a small vial, containing
two of our (worst) peach destroyers. I had sev-
eral varieties of the peach, which appeared prom-
ising a few days since, and now they have mostly
fallen. The depredator deposits in l.'ie peach what
shortly becomes a maggot. As I have never suf-
fered much from their depredations until the pres-
ent season, and am now in a fair way to lose all
my crop, I feel desirous to be made acquainted
with the name of the insect, and the time and
means of preventing its depredations ; which in

guilty. I likewise send a peach, which they have
wounded. Very resiiectfully yours.

J. Cra.nsto.v.

Remark.'! hi/ the Editor. — We lulit'vc the insect
referred to in the above comuninication is the
great enemy to fruit for whose destruction
premiums have been proposed, and a Report of a
coiimiitlee of the Mass. Ilort. Soc. relative to
means of preventing its ravages was published in
the Ne w England P'arnicr, vol. viii. )i. 382. It
is a small bug or beetle, which perforates Mie
young fruit of the pear, apple, and all stone fruits
and deposits its eggs in them. These soon batch
and a small maggot isjiroduced, which feeds cither
on the pulp of the fruits, or on the kernel of the
seed ; for the tastes and habits of tlie different
species are not similar. In the stone fruits this
injury destroys their growth, and they fall with
their little enemy within them. The insect re-
treats into the earth, passes the winter in the chrys-
alis state, and comes forth just as the young fruit ia
forming or the petals of the flowers are falling, to
renew its mischievous labors and conlimies its dep-
redations from the first of May till autumn.

Dr James Tilton of Delaware in an article on
this subject published in tuo American edition of
ll'Ulich^s Domrstic Encydopedin, aud republished in
in the A". E. Farmer. \o\. ii. p. 09, observes that
' Our fruits, collectively estimated, must thereby be
depreciated more than half their value ;' and adds
in his directions for destroying the insect, 'All the
domestic animals, if well directed, contribute to
this purpose. Hogs in a special manner are quali-
fied for the work of extermination. In largo or-
chards, care should be taken that the stock of bogs
is sufficient to cat up all the early fruit, which
fulls from May till August. This ])recaulion will
be more especially necessary in large ])each or-
chards ; for otherwise, when the hogs become clog-
ged with the pulp of the peacl),^they will let it fall
out of their mouths, and content themselves with
the kernel, which they like better ; and thus the
curculio, escjiping from their jaws may hide under
ground till next spring.

' The ordinary fowls of a farm yard are great
devourers of beetles. Poultry in general are re-
garded as carniverous in the suumicrand therefore
should be cooped some lime before they are eaten.
Everybody iiiiows with what avidity ducks seize
on the tumble-bug, (Scarnhicus carnifcv) and it
is probable the curculio is regarded by all fowls,
as an equally delicious morsel. Therefore it is that
the smooth stone fruit, particularly succeed much
better in lanes and yards, where poultry run with-
out restraint than in gardens aud other inclosiu'cs,
where fowls are excluded.'

Dr Thacdier remarks of this insect, that instead
of retn^atiug into the earth, a part of the worms, at
least abandon the apjjle before it falls from the
tree, and locate themselves mnler the scales cf the
bark and in the crevices of trees. In making
search this day, Solh Hci>lcniber, I liave detected
a considerable nuudicr td' apple worms, in that
condition, entirely secure from the '.vcnthcr. This

V

cumstance

great utility of inoper
applications w"i."ees botl. in the fall au.l sp.i..g ,
for the destructio.. of insects. All tlic rough bark-
should be cavefully rcmove.l, and tlio trunk and
lar-e branches sliould be thoroughly washed with^
Forsyth's composition, or a strong decoction ot
tobacco, with a small quantity of quick hme, whud,
should be applieil to every crevice which cm, afford
shelter for insects or their eggs.' Thacher s Orchard-
ist, p: UG, 2d ed. , ,

In the autumn of 1828 vvc addressed a letter on
the subject of this insect, to a gentleman, who was
often benefitted the public, and obliged us by
commuiMcations on entomology. This gentleman
favored us ^vilh a scientific description of the
curculio, which was dated Milton, Oct. 1, 1S2S and
published in the .Yew England Farmer, vol. vii.
p 81 82 From this it appears that some broods
of the same insect attack the limbs, and cause
dark colored bunches or excrescences, and other
broods assail the fruit. The remedies which this
gentleman recommended were

' 1. To extirpate the diseased nodes or excres-
cences in June, and burn them.

' 2. To collect all fallen stone fruit, and give it

° ' To\vhich may be added that the fruit should
not be suff-ercd to remain long on the ground ;
that it should be boile.l or steamed in order eflect-
ually to destroy the contained larvae : and that tlie
above processes should be imiversall;/ adojitc-d in
order to exterminate the destructive insect.'

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Any room where they will keep dry and warm ]
through the winter, will preserve them. One may
be seen in I\Ir Shepherd's bar room, at Concord, ]ier-
fectly sound, which grew in 1829, and many of
last year's growth. I will also call your attention,
Mr Fessenden, to the mode of cultivating early po-
tatoes in DcMbighsliire, Eng. fiiund in Loudon's
Gardener's Mag. vol. ii. pp. 171, a*id pp.317;
and I for one should be glad if you will give the
substance of those two articles, in the New Eng-
land Farmer, at your leisure, as the IMagazine is I
in the Hort. Society's library, you can refer to it at
leisure. Yours &c. Edward Curtis.

Peppercll, June 21, 1831.

P. S. l{ &ny metnbevi of ihe Horticultural So-
cieitj wish for any seeds or scions froin Montreal or
Quebec, and will make it known to me, through
you, I will make arrangements for obtaining them
at the proper seasons, as I shall siiend the sum-
mer at those places. E. Curtis.

June 29, 1S31.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PRESERVATION OF SWEET POTATOES
APPLES, SQUASHES, &c.

Mr Fessende.n— Many experiments having
been tried in the vicinity of Boston to preserve
the SNveet Potato slips through the winter with-
out success, I have thought the following ob-
servations may be acceptable to some of your
T*p *i r) p 1**^

After digging my sweet potatoes last fall, I
packed a quantity of the slips down in a barrel
with waste cotton, such as is obtained at the cot-
ton factories for making into coarse paper and bat-
tin", (at 2 cts. per lb.) with a layer of cotton and a
la/e'r of slips alternately, and then placed them
away in a warm room, which we keep from freez-
ing during the winter. On opening them in the
sp'Jing, I found a part of them very fresh ; hut
where they were too thick, they had created too
much dampness and rotted. I also packed down
two barrels of apples in the like manner, and found
them in th-; spring much better preserved than
any I ever before saw. lam informed that the
New Jersey Quakers preserve their potato slips
in leaves. As the cultivation of the sweet potato,
is now becoming so g<;neral in this quarter, I
hope and trust there will be some mode discovered
to keep the seed without having to get them from
New Jersey every spring. And 1 feel confident
the one given above wUl be successful. I am
also inclined to think, that ground plaster, as
was mentioned in your -ISlh nundjer, will answer
this purpose.

I believe it is not so generally known as it
oii"-ht to be, how to keep winter squashes, almost
any length of lime wanted ; you have only t« hang
them up in a warm dry room. I have th'-m now
perfectly fresh, and their flavor as good, or bet-
ter than when they were taken from the vines.

GREEN PEAS.

Ma Fessende.n — After having taken pains to
procure seed of the best varieties of vegetables,
and been to the trouble to cultivate them too, it
is very vexatious to have them either spoiled in
cooking, or by any other means impaired in good-
ness, or flavor.

I am induced to make these remarks from ray
own experience, and if it should add to the com-
fort of any individual, my oliject will be realised.
Last spring at the proper time to plant early
peas, it was inconvenient for me to attend to the
•business, therefore I said to myself, 1 will plant
no early peas this year, but depend on the mar-
ket for the early, and when convenient, plant
some for later use. Accordingly when the market
began to abound with peas, I procured a mess —
they were dressed in the manner usually practised
in my family ; but when I came to eat thereof I
discovered to my disappointment, that they were
destitute of all the good qualities of the pea.— I
made up my mind at once to do without peas un-
til my own were fit for use. — In tlie meantime 1
dined at an inn, where peas were served, they
also possessed but little merit— but today I have
had a real feast on green peas, which were gath-
ered in my own garden, about two hours before
dinner.

i Now I will come to the point, and say what 1
might (but for a desire to be particular) have said
' at the beginning.

Green peas lose their sweetness very fast by
remaining on hand after they are gathered ; even
one night is sufiicieiit to extract much of then-
flavor. But here is a difiiciilty to which a large
proportion of our city friends will be obliged to

submit. A word on cooking and I came to a close.

—Green peas shouM be boiled with a little salt,
in a very small quantity of water, so that no more
liquor sliould remain when done, than is needed
iu the dish — for if a quantity of liquor is thrown
away, much of the richness of the pea- is wasted.
Another way of proceeding, which is probably
as good or even better, is to take a piece of salt
pork, and half boil it in a large quantity of water,
and then, pour off until you have just enough left
to boil the peas, calculating by the way, to retain
just enough of the salt of the pork (with the
help of the butter that may be used,) to season
the peas. A Rustic.

JVeuton, June 2-lth, 1831.

for the new ENGLAND FARMER.

Description of a Method for propagating Fruit
Trees, and Forest Trees, not as yet, generally prac-
tised in Europe, or the United States.— The ac-
count of the method here in question is taken
from the Philadelphia Medical Museum, luihhshed
by Dr John Rc.lmnn Coxe, vol. vi. p. 165.- Similar
accounts are to seen iu Sir George Staunton's Re-
lation of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, and
other publications. Its familiarity to the Chinese
is known from their introducing fruit trees, forme.)
iu this manner, into their deserts. The state-
ment is the rather borrowed however, from Di
llowison's r%|)ort, as he practised the method him-
self, and susgeststhe propriety of using it to otnei
trees, not bearing fruit, when they do not pro
duce seed in the coimtry where they are culttvat
ed.

Of the Chinese Method of propagating FruH^
Trees by Abscission. By Dr James Howison.-' Ii,
is said the Chinese do not raise fruit trees fron
s«rfsors-ra//s, as is customary in Europe, but u
the following method. They select a tree whic!
they wish to propagate, and fix upon a bunch
which will disfigure it the least by the removal
and round this, as near as conveniently it may be tc
its junction with the trunk, they wind .i cord raadt
of'straw, besmeared with cow dung, until a bal
is formed five or six times the diame'cr of the branch
Thisisintcidedasabed into wImcIi young root,
uiav shoot. Immcdiatelv under the ball the bar-{
is (iividcd down to the wood for nearly two thirds
of the circumference of the branch. A coco;
nutshell, or a small pot is then hung over th.
ball, with a hole in the bottom ; so small tha
water therein will only fall in drops; by whicl
means the rope is constantly kept moist ; a en-
cumstance necessary for the ready admission o
the young roots, and for the supply, of nourish

ment to the branch.

When the vessel has been supplied with wate

for three weeks, one third of the remaining branct

is cut ; and the former incision earned deepe

into the branch, as by this time roots Irave struc.

into the rope, and assist in giving support.

Aftcrasimilarintcrval, the operation is agai

repeated ; and in about two months from the com
me,-ccmfn( of the process, the roots are general
seen intersecting each other on the surface ol l ,
bal! ; which indicates that they are suflicientl
advanced to i.dmit of the separation ofthe brano
f,.o,„ uie tree.-And this is best do«e by sawin
it off- at the incision ; taking care that the rop
(wkich must have become nearly rotten) is n.
shaken by the operation ;-and then the bront
is planted as a young tree.

' It is conceived that a longer period would I

'necessary to succeed with this ojicration
Europe, because vegetation is so much slow
than in India (where Dr Howison made h.s exp<i
iments ;) but he thinks that an additional mon
would be adequate to make up for deficiency

climate. ,

iTh^ advantages of tliis method are^ stated
be that a further growth of throe or four yea
is sufficient, when the branches are of any c(
shlerable size, to bring them to their ul bear,
state ; whereas eight or ten years won d be oth
wise necessary. This he saw proved at 1 rv.

' Dr. Coxe copied the above from <''^ f "f '"if^'^j
spect, which took U from Trans. Soc. Jrts. >n LemA

vol. XXV.

Vol. IX.— No. .50.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

395

\f Jl'ales'' Islaml. [Bct«C(.'n the islands of .Siiiimira as the coniiniltee diil have rcfLMCiico to ilie Tlioinery ofler to [loiiit out an error in liis remarks on tho
ind .Tava.] niethoil the coiis(M|uent eonchision would be that Thoinery method in whicli he says, extending

' The writer's experience does not allow him they did not want a troatL'^e.
o speak of the success with which this method; As to the several inquiries in nlation to what
night l)c applied to //!(i7 trees; hut he little doulils „ouU! he the condnrt of the committee in certain
if its sucireding; and the adoption of it is rccom- conting(mcics, I cannot take upon myself to diter-
nended at all events in mnltiplying such plants, „uiic. I understand their propo.sal, according to its

evident import on its face, to apply to any now

method wliich shall be superior to what is now

atives of warmer climates, whose seeJs do not
ucceed in this counlri/.

' Dr Howi.<on has besides frequently remarked ; piaclised, anil I doulit not their award would he
liat such bianclics of fruit Jrtes, us were under
he operatioji of absi^ission <it the time of bear-

made in conformity to it, whenever it was convin-
ced the claimant was entitled to it. I do not un-
ng, were more laden with fruit, than the rest of j .lerstand llibm to say they think the Tliomery
ho trees, which is attributed to a plethora or ful- | ,„ode to he the best iii use "any where, but that it
less, occasioned by tlie conmiunicaiion between ; is acknowledged in France to be ihe best in use
lie branches and the trunk being cut oil" by the t|,ore, and of this I believe there is no doubt. I
livision of the bark. And he has observed that [ acknowledge that I was pleased with the proposal

of the Committee ; not that the sum of twenty

them (the vines) from si'jr to seven inches only
every season until they arrive at their intended po-
sition on the trellis. In the rules laid down in the
lion Jiinliiiier, it is stated, it (the vitie) should not
he lengthened more than lirtlvc orf/licn inches
each year, no very small iliscrepaney in a writer
who imderlakes to sc;t matters to rights in so au-
thorativc a tone as your correspotideut.
Yours, with great respect,

0.\K OF THE CoMMITTEK O.N FrCITS.

June 25, 1831.

he roots from a branch under this operation
vere lons:er in shooting into the ball of straw,
vlien the tree was in leaf than at another time:
—on which account he recommends the spring
IS the best season for making experiments.'

The quotation from the American' Wuseiim here
oncludcs.

It is proper to add, that tboiigb the division as
0 the bough which is to form the new tree, sbotdd
e made at the place above .lirected, )'et care
iinst be taken not to leave a slump behind on the
larent tree, for this would damage the stock for
tie sake of the new tree. The stump, therefore,
liist next be cut off clos" to the main branch, from
irhich it was tifken ; that the woimd may heal
y bark spreading to cover the inund from the right
nd lelt, and from above the wound ; not to
peak of some little elevation of bark, which
liny arise tlom below the wound. The bark, it
lu.-t be observed will never rise up and cross the
nd of n standing stump, but must be looked for
s a cover to the branch out of which the stmnp
;rew.

I am. Sir, yours, A. B.

dollars was much to offer : but it was a small step
towards some improvement in the old fashioned
mode, which like our first foreign vines, was im-
ported from England many years ago, and which
we have been practising upon ever since, with

KOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

CUTTING TREE.S lYjR REPRODUCTION.
I\Ir. FESSENnE.N. — In a conmmnicalion from Mr
Welles recently piildishiMl in your paper, it is inti-
mated that suckers do not grow from the stumps
of large" trees when cut, because the stumps liav-
ing been left hollow contain water. He suppo.sea
that if the trees were so cut as to prevent this,

what success, generally, 1 can appeal to many of! ''y 'citing the water run off, suckers would sprout

I OK THE NEW ENGLAND lAKMER.

Mr Fessende.v — A corresptmdent in your jia-
er of the 22d inst. over the signature of ' Vitis,' has
ndertakcn to animadvert upon the committee
11 fruits, for their proposal to give a premium of

our most respectable cullivntors in this vicinity to
determine. It is well known that several of them,
notwithstanding they have with great care, made
use of the required (irccaution of syringes and
washes, lime and sulphur, flying tents and fuini-
gators, have threatened to abandon their vines al-
together; yet there are some individuals so ortho-
dox in their faith in this mode ; arising perhaps
from a greater share of success, in perhaps very
favored situations ; or from an untiring zeal and
a disregard of expense ; that if they hear the
Tliomery mode mentioned they scent heresy in the
gale and seem determined to decry it at once, and
pertinaciously to adhere to a sys:em taken from a
country where it never did succeed (or open ground
culture, instead of essaying another mode received
from a country where it inv. riably has succeeded for
the same culture. You are not furnished with any
conclusive reasons for resisting the new mode, but
you hear, that it will require six or seven years to
complete a trellis; time and tnoney are not to he
thrown away ; it will cost a great ileal, you are not
sure it will succeed in this climate, a cultivator
must own the soil. I confess. Sir, I do not see

h does not ap-

venty dollars, ' For the best iiielhod of cultiv^-

Dg foreign grapes, in open ground, which shall be j much force in these objections w

tiperior to any other now piaelised in this country, ■ p'y 'o 'he ordinary mode, and if a substantial, coarse

ith reference to jilanting, training, shelter, &c
nd for a length of trellis not less than thirty feet ;'
I which he has appended some strictures upon
e Thomerv meibod.

forth and grow. For the last 20 winters it has
been my employment to cut timber. The result
of some of my observations on its growth I will
state. For a number of these years the trees that
I was cutting, were very old and much decayed ;
I observed that no suckers started from the stumps
of large trees when cut.

In tho winter of 1823, 1 began to cut a lot of
white oak, full grown, but iindecayed — not one in
the hundred unsound, the 8tum|is generally per-
fectly sound, — diameter from 18 to 3(3 inches.

This lot being secure from cattle 1 expected a
fine growth, but on examining the stumps the
following summer I could not find a single sprout.

Supposing this nnght have resulted from the
stumps being cut very low, and considerably hol-
lowing so as to contain several gallons of water,
I determined to adopt a different mode of cutting.
Accordingly, in the following winter, with an axe,
I cut the sap wood all around the tree, leaving it
the lowest on the oulsides, I then sawed the ro-
mainder with a cross-cut, saw — the teeth so raised
as to leave the stump in a form to shed off all the
water. By way of experiment I cut a number of
trees in liic usual way. This course I followed
two seasons, but no advantage resulted as to the
growth of wood.

Since then I have coiisulled my own conva-
nience rather than the growth of suckers in cut-

wooden fence, built upim red cedar posts with a

decent trellis attached to it, and furnislied with the

cojiing, can be constructed of thirty feet in length

and of the requisite height for ten dollars, and I am { ''"? "'J' timhcr.

The first difficulty he seems to meet with is assured by an experienced carpenter that it can, I ; -^("lei" reading Mr Welles' eommunicalion on the

hether tiie premium proposed be for the theory • do not see why one lumdied dollars need be expen- subject, I examined rising a hundred of the stumps

practice of cultivation and in his question whicii lied upon it ; this fence according to usual wear I o" '" i nianner to secure the growth of suckers

i formally marks No. 1, he inquires, ' whether it i would last for twenty years, a term of durability, I and have not found so much as a single sprout

ford treatise or to be paid to the person who shall , three times as great as your correspondent will ven- | growing.

low by bis own practice a belter mode of cuiti- ture any calculations upon about grapes, at all ; 1 If this be worthy a place in your valuable ]ia-
ition ihan'is now in use.' It is not easy to ima- neither do I see the pertinency of the remark that ' l"^"", you may publish it.

ne bow any one can fairly give any other than if the committee had offered a jiremiutn of one lours, &c, I. Alden, _d.

e latter construction to it ; is it not explicitly stat- i hundred dolliirs, they would have done a real good, i East Bridgewater, Maij \ith, 1831.

to he for the best method of cuUinaling which Consistent with the implied censure of the offer of I

all be found to be superior mi comparison with twenty dollars for the same object, the amount i Caterpillars. — The spotted Caterpillar^ has
hers now practised, and is not the trellis for the would not be intended to repay' the expenses „f |ComiTiiUcd great ravages in Pennsylvania. Whole
ecimen required to he of a given length ? Has ' the experiment, and your correspondem's ' uoov 1^°'"''^^ have been stripped ot their leaves. The
.,.'., ., . T- , „ I ■ . .Ti <• ■ 1 r II- ■■ same reptile has been mischievous in Massachusetts

IS anything to do with a treatise ? But your cor- , Wight, if he failed of success, would in eitiier case , ^„ ^^^^ [^^^^_ g^^^ Horticulturists have shaken

■pondent has solved his own difficulty; he says : have to sustain the whole loss of it himself, and lti,eni from the trees and then tarred tho trunks to
a treatise only is asked for, then the committee if he succeeded, his success itself would bebis own ! prevent their ascendin".

Q have no reference to the Thomery method, as • reward, and the premium simply an ackiiowlcdg- .

!y have the Bon Jardinier before them, in which ' ment for his laudable efforts. j Camidiorated spirit applied to'tlio flesh will keep

It whole system is laid down ; this is very true and i Your correspondent will (mrdon mc, I hope, if I |off muskctocs for several hoxu-s.

396

Extracts from 'Our XEiGHonr.HooD,' a work lately publishod
by Mrs Griffith, n liitiy of New Jeispy, wliose Agricuitutal
and Economical wriiings have conferred great benefits on com-
munity.

CHARRING POSTS.

'The proper time for felling trees for posts or
timber, is in Angnst. Whate\-jr is thus cut
should be left to season for a year and then taken
to the sawmill. When sawed in suitable pieces,
each piece should be charred at the bottom just so
far as it is to be sunk in the ground. Posts, cut
and charred in this way, will last for iwenty years ;
but unless the wood is cut in August, and season-
ed for a year in some dry |)lace, it is worse than
useless to char them. It has been ascertained
that when unseasoned umber is charred, the rot
takes place mucji sooner than if left without char-
ring. The timber from full grown trees lasts lon-
ger tlian that fom young saplings ; even the

dura-
ot a

limb of an old white oak will be of longer
tion as a post, than one of the same size
young one.'

The construction of tlie barn on the writer's ]
farm cannot fail of being read wilh interest by
farmers.

'Luckily for you, I have an immense bilrn made
entirely of stone, with a .slate roof. It is certain-
ly one of the most complete things I ever saw.
It stands on the brow of a knoll, or rather of a
slope. The cellar of the stable part of the barn
is forty feet by thirty, and about eight feet in
height, over this cellar are the horses and cows,
stalls, which are arranged on each side of the
stable. There is room for eight horses and ten
cows at present, but by a little ingenuity, and Mr
Grant has already suggested the plan, there can be
room made for four horses and four cows more, as
the space in the centre is a mere waste. Each
stall has one moveable plank at the lower end,
which when raised, allows all the litter of the
stable to be shovelled down to the cellar. You
can easily imagine how clean and wholesome a
stall can be ke[]t in this way, and how much more
manure is gathered by this saving process. Both
horse and cow stables should be built over a cel-
lar of lliis kind, that the animals may be kept
from breathing the foul air. Many of the diseases
of cattle proceed from the impure atmosphere of
stables.'

' I took out of the cellar, soon after I bought
the farm, at least one hundred wagon loads of rot-
ted manure. It had lain there a long time, the
owner not caring to disturb it. I shall in future
take out the manure every spring and fall. The
barn, or rather that part of the barn which is
appropriated to hay aifd grain, is of the sauic
dimensions, with a cellar also, under the whole,
divided from the other by a strong stone partition.
This cellar is for calves, and wagons, and wood-
sleds, &c. A wide bridge, or causeway, from the
barn door to the level belov,', makes an easy road
for ascending and descending wagons. Nothing
can be easier than to get at the manure below, for
the floor, which is of stone, is on a line or level
with the ground, and by backing in the wagons
they can be easily filled. With the projiosed al-
terations there will be room enough for all the cat-
tle that wc shall both want ; and as the barn stands
on the division line, it will be equally convenient.'
Her remarks on the ])eacli show the frequency
and extent of her observations.

NEA\ ENGLAND FARMEll^

am convinced that the roots of a tree can be
healthy, while the branches are unsound ; but I
never saw the the body of a peach tree look
healthy, and have unsound roots. The ])each tree
very soon exhausts the soil, for it abstracts nourish-
ment from it with greater rapidity than almost
any other tree ; it would be an easy matter, there-
fore, to prolong its life, and insure its health by
furnishing it with a sufficiency of food, were not
the fact known to us that too much manure is in-
jurious, unless we can supply it abundantly with
water. During what is called a wet season here,
the [leach trees revive from a very languid state ;
and were the moist summers to continue, this
fruit tree would live to a good age. You have
no idea of the rapid growth of a peach tree, and
how soon, when the trees are fifteen feet apart the
roots meet one another. IMr Thorn bared the
roots of two trees for my inspection, which were
fifteen feet asunder, and I saw they had actually
met. Now this fact proves that we do very wrong
in ploughing deep among peach trees, for the
roots are seriously injured by it. A bruised root
aflects the health of a tree ; but if we cut the
root with a knife, no harm ensues, unless we cut
oft' too nmch, or too many roots. It is just like
the tendon of an animal ; if we wound it, we
often destroy life ; but if we separate it entirely,
the injury we do is only local.'

June 29, 1831.

— r-TTTi T |— »• mill I I

of one of bis nearest neighbors, attended by the
most entire success.

In making this communication, the interest of
wheat-growers is my sole object, and if, by it. their
croiis should be increased, it will contribute to the
happiness of your obedient servant.

JOHN TAYLOR.

Liberty Hill, Carolina. \

ON REAPING "WHEAT.

To tlic Editor of the Virginia Herald :

Sir — As tlie time of harvest is a])proaching,
I address, through your paper, my brother far-
mers, on the importance of allowing wheat in-
tended for sowing, to be entirely ripe before reap.
ing. Accident last year, and eye-sight this
year, have convinced me of the propriety of this
course.

In the year 1829, having selected by hand some
ears of jMexican wheat, and sowed it in the foil of
the same year, it was forgotten last year, imtil my
little son reminded me that it ought to be gather-
ed. It was then from seven to ten days after my
other wheat of the same kind had been cut. —
This wheat was then gathered and deposited in a
bag. Last October, this wheat was seeded on the
same day, in the same manner, and adjoining to
other Mexican wheat. No selection of land was
made for it, as no exi)eriment was intended. It
has survived the fly, and the last severe winter,
with little injury, but not more than one third of
til

he adjoining wheat has been left alive. From its
present appearance, it will produce, I lielieve, two
thirds more than^its adjacent neighbor.

Can the keeping in the bag be the cause of this
superiority ? 1 believe not, because in several
previous years, seed wheat has been kept by me
in bags, and no similar result has taken place ; my
inference thence, is, that this difference nnist be
owing to the entire ripeness of the seed. Should
any reader of this communication, have doubts on j prefer the evenin
this subject, it would give me great pleasure to ! trouble attending is not greater than that of hivinj
show them' the growing wheat, which will con- ! Ihem when the swarms are allowed to come outi
vince, I should think, the most sce)itical. j the common manner, and the danger of haviil

From my twentyfour V£ars experience as a far- ^ them go off; is avoided. Another very great w
mer, I am"aIso satisfied; that the smut is mainly | vantage of this method is, the young swarms co^
altri'butablr to unripe seed wheat. My seed wheat 1 mence working early, by which they are _mp]
has been alwavs riper than that of my neighbm-s, certain of laying up sufficient food for wint^

ON THE MANAGEMExNT OF BEES.
Most people are fond of honey, and many are
also fond of bestowing upon Bees those cares
which seem neccessary to render them the most
profitable. One of the most troublesome parts of
the management of these republicans, is the time
when, from an over popule'jon, like the New Eng.
land States, they see fit to emigrate or swarm, as
the time which they select for this, is not al-
ways the most convenient for the farmer to attend
to them. Now it is with this, as wilh other biisi-
ness of agriculture ; it should be done in proper
season, and when it will best suit the convenience
of the superintendent. As to the prosperity of the
bees it is altogether indifl'erent whether they fix
upon the time of emigration or whether tlie hus-
bandman does, so that he uses judgment in the mat-
ter. If he finds in the month of May or June that
any of his hives are over-stocked with bees,
he should remove them into another, which, if re-
peated as often as the old hive becomes over-stock-
ed will prevent their swarming at til. Swarins sep-
arated from the parent liive in this way, do equally
as well as when left to fly out and se|)arate tliein"
selves, beside much time and loss of honey is sav-
ed ; for when a hive becomes over-stocked, the
major part of the bees which constitute afterward)
the new swarm, tlo not work at all, but live upo
the honey produced by the old and more indui
trious part of community, and the quicker they are
taken off" after their number is sufficient to form I
well regulated republic, the better.

For doing this let the old hive be turned bottot
upwards, and the new hive set upon it; strik
lightly upon the lower hive, and many of the bee
will ascend into the upper hive ; when a sufiiciei
number has collected in the new hive for a swam
take it off and set it upon the bench, and return th
old one to its former |)Osition. In doing this
insure success, it is necessary that one of tb
queens should accompany the new swarm, vvhic
may be known in the course of a day or two ; fi
if they have no queen, they will not stay in tl
new hive, but will return to the old one; but
they have a queen, some of the bees may be seei
in the course of twentyfour hours, standing neai
the entrance into the hive, amusing themselves M
raising their bodies to the full length of their legs
and giving their wings a rapid motion, making !
steady buzzing noise. This may be considered a
an indication of their satisfaction and the succea
of the operation. Some consider mid-day, thi
most fivorable time for doing this ; others agait
but either will answer, and ih

' In the disease called tl,e vellows, the roots of and during that period, I have never see,, but six , Where the common shaped hives are o be con^
the peach tree remained perfe'ctly Wealthy ; and in smutted heads in tny own crops. In a conversa- ued we would recomnnend to hose who a eUe.
seven cases out of ten, when a diseased tree was ' tion with the late Mr Isaac Williams, he confirm- ; ing bees, to try one or ^^ ° ^"^ "^^^^J^;' ^ ,
re.noved to a tnoist so I, the trees recovered. L d my opinion, bystatingtomethesamepract.ee will give them more satisfactory evidence, eitl

Vol. IX.— No. .30.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

897

for or against tlic praciici^, tliaii all lliat can lie
written on the sulijuct. The present price ofliees
in this section of country, we believe to bo about
five dollars for a goodliive in tiie spring ; sucli as
will give on an average, two swarms iluriii;,' tlic
summer. Tiiis, after deducting for tlie trouble of
the taking care of iliem, is a great profit. Each
hive of bees that are in good condition in the spring,
will maUc cMougli honey over tlieir own wants, to
{lay well for taking care of them, and leaving a
profit (d'two hundred per cent. Now if this ran
lie renlizcil, what better business can a farmer ask
for ? Surely we liave a land ' flowing with milk
and lionev.' — Geneste Farmer,

Aracaciia and Qlinoa. — The Editor of the
American Farmer sa\s the present appearance of
these new vegetables in his grouiuls is highly flat-
tering. The Aracacha is growing finely, notwith-
standing the irregular Weather; and, so far ap-
pears to be as well adapted to the climate as pars-
nips. Oie plant has already a few seed set. ila-
ny of the Quinoa are a foot iiigh, and all are grow-
ing like weeds. It was |)lanled May 13th, and
came up May 20th. It resembles closely, and is
a near relative to a weed conunonly called lambs'
qwirler. • Should these new vegetables succeed,
of which there seems now scarcely a doubt, the
country will have two most important additions to
its agricultural products. The Editor takes this
occasion to say, in answer to the inquiries of nu-
merous correspondents, that if he succeeds in
their cultivation, he will be able to spare a small
quantity of both vegetables in the fall, and will
give timely notice through the Farmer.

HEMP.

A company has been formed in Farmington, in
the state of IMaine, for the purpose of encouraging
the cultivation of hemp and erecting machinery
for dressing and preparing it for market. The
company is called the ' Farmington Falls Hemp
Company.' Their machinery will be in operation
by the first of August, in time to receive the
crops of this year's growth. It is believed that
farmers may make a profitable business by turning
their attention to the raising of hemp. A flour-
ishing establishment for dressing hemp, as our
readers are already informed, has been in o])cr-
ation the year past in Livermore. — Portland Cou-
rier.

Black Cherry Tree. — A medical correspon-
dent of the Cooperstown Watchtower, says, that
the bark of this tree is poisonous. He relates the
case of a young lady to wluvn he was lately call-
ed, and who, in consequence of drinking about
half a ])int of cider, taken from a closely stopped
bottle filled the evening previous with cherry bark,
fresh from the tree, was seized with vertigo, stu-
por and syncope, followed by great difliculty of
respiration and vomiting. Sinfilur efiecta were
produced in n slighter degree upon another per-
son, who took from the same bottle a smaller
draught of cider. He says that the French
chemists have recently ascertained that the dele-
terious principle of the cherry, laurel and the ker-
nel of the peach, is very analogous to pnissicacid.
This acid in its concentrated state, if a feather be
dipped into it and drawn across the eye of an animal,
produces instant death. Two drops, says the wri-
ter, have been known to kill a vigorous dog in a
^ery few minutes. — Ontario Repository.

From the .^int^rtcnii Farmer.

WILLIS' gZ\PE VINE.

Olfcril, MJ Slay 20lli, 18.11.

Mr Smith — .\s my vine has excited so much
curiosity amongst strangers and others, I vestcrdav
called in two (if my neighbors to try ami count
•he bunches on it. One limb was up a fruit tree so
high, that it could not be counted. It covers a
large part of tlie yanl in an espalier form, and
has run up four fruit trees. You have the certifi-
cate of my neighbors inclosed, and may publish
it if you iilease.

I have the honor to be, your most obedient
humble servant. Joux Willis.

We hereby certify that we were this day, call-
ed on tocomit die br.nchrsof grapes that were on
the vine in John Willis' yard, and we counted
them as well as we could, but have made allowan-
ces and thrown in many for good count, and have
countcil twentyfive thousand, one huudred and
ton bunches, one third or nearly half of them are
double bunches, and only comited as single bmi-
chc.s. The vine is commencing in its seventh
year's growth, as he say.s, and the stem is only from
nine to ten inches in circumference.

Charles Bromwell.

Ox/brrf, ."i/a^ 19, 1 S3 1. Richard Cossages.

LiN.viAN Gardens at Flushing.
Prince Paul of Wurtcniburg, whose extensive trav-
els, and scientific attainments are so well known,
attended by his suite, jiaid a visit the last week, to
the Messrs Prince, proprietors of the Linnrean
Botanic Gaideu and Nurseries at Flushing, Long
Island, and expressed himself highly gratified at
t'le great extent and high culture of the grounds,
and at the immense collections of trees and plants
concentrated therein, from every clime. This dis-
tinguiohed stranger is a great proficient in' Botany,
as well as in the other natural sciences. — .V.I'.
Cord. Mverliscr.

A correspondent of the New York Evening Post
thus closes a very complimentary notice of the
recent horticultural exhibition in Philadelphia : —

A peculiar order of things has sprung up in the
city and neighborhood of Philadelphia, under
the fostering care and well directed energies of
the excellent founder of the horticultural society.

It has been no less his aim by disseminating
useful knowledge, to enlighten the minds of those
who are engaged in the operative branches of
honiculture, than to increase the wealth and con-
sequence of the community to which the institu-
tion belongs. To the citizens this establishment
has been of incalculable advantage, for they can
now have an abundance of the rarest and best
fruits and vegetables at a comparatively low price ;
we trust that they will ever gratefully remember
to whom they are thus indebted, and that they
will continue to ' give honor where honor is due. '

It is to Dr Please that the peo))le of Philadel-
phia are under such obligations. This gentleman,
liaving leisure, industry and zeal, and being, with-
al, fond of scientific, pursuits — blessed too, with
a hap|iy temperament which delights in contribu-
ingto the comfort and pleasures of others, has
devoted his whole life to patriotic purposes.

DOGS.

Among the many purposes for which the servi-
iCes of these animals have been put in requisition,
I one may be mentioned, which has as yet in this

part of the country been but little known that

of operating machinery. An ingenious mechan-
ic in Conueciicut has constructed machinery, by
means of which the services of n jiair of dogs
may be nuidered iqiiite profitable to their owner.
In two of the card manufactories in Leicester, in
this county, the machinery is operated by dog pow-
er. In that of Mr Trssk, one dog operates two
machines for pricking the leather, and cutting niid
setting the card teeth. A third machine is occa-
sionally i)ut in operation at the same time with
il)(^ other two, and we were informed by MrTrask
that by altering the inclination of the revolving
plane upon which the dog treads so as to increase
the leverage, that fimr machines for rutting, prick-
ing and setting card teeth might be driven by the
same dog. The expense of the machinery for
one dog, is stated at one hundred dollars, including
the regulator to govern the velocity of the machine-
ry. Each adilitional dog power costs twentyfive
dollars. The labor of one dog by the aid of this
machinery is made equal to that of two men.
The dog is usually upon the working cylinder
about one hour at a time, and is then relieved by
another. The expense of keeping is estimated at
about a shilling a head per week. A friend of
ours, after witnessing the operation of this dog
machinery, said the sight had helped him to the
solution of an important query in his own mind,
the utility of the huge cur dogs that[throng almost
every town, he concluded that they 'were made to
drive machinery. The dogs we saw employed in
that business seemed to bo much more orderly
ami civilized in their demeanor than those idle,
gentlemanly sort of curs who lounge about the
town doing little else than annoy one's legs in the
day time, and make night hideous by their bowl-
ings. The labor of one man has usually been re-
quired to operate a single card machine through
the ilay. The reader can calculate for himself
what saving there may be made in tiic card busi-
ness by the use of dog power, without taking into
the calculation the dift'erence in the cost of ma-
chinery for working the card machines by water,
steam or horse power. — JVorcester .'Egis.

Spirits of Turpentine a cure for Stnggers in
dogs. — A writer for the Southern Agriculturist,
after remarking on the value of the services of
a faithful dog, and a disorder which often proves
fatal to animals o( that species, called staggers,
observes as follows :

The disease appears to arise from weakness in
the loins ; is most probably occasioned by worms.
He has but little use of his hind legs — staggers
about much — when down rises only on bis fore
legs, and finally loses all power to rise : at the
same time he has all his intelligence, and eats and
drinks for a while as usual. I give a table spoon-
ful of spirits of turpentine, in as much or more
molasses or brown sugar, three times a Jay and
seldom find it necessary to continue longer than
the second day before the dog is restored to health

Extraction of Potash from certain Minerals. — This
alkali so important to the arts may, it is sai J, be ex-
tracted from minerals containing it by a very sim-
ple process. This consists in merely calcining
them with lime, and then leaving them for some
time in contact with water, wliich is afterwards*
filtered and evaporated. M. Fuchs, as quoted in
the .inn. de V Industrie states, that ho has in this
manner obtained from 19 to 20 per cent of potash
from felspar, and from 15 to 16 per cent from Mica.

398

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

.Tune 29, 1631.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 29, 1831.

Hay making. — If a mowing lot is to be cut twice
is a season, the first crop ought to he mowed
earlier than where it is cut but once, in order that
the roots may recover imniediately, and he ready
for vegetation afresh. Wliere tlie grass is cut later,
the vegetation of the roots stops for some time.
The grass, however, which is thus cut early will
not be so heavy as that which is cut later, as it
will shrink after cutting ; but the roots will not
be so much c.vhausted, and will afford a larger
crop the next time of cutting, or the next summer
if mowed but once in a season. Loudon says in j
the cutting of grass crops, for the purpose of being
made into hay, it is necessary that they be in the
most suitable states of growth .-md maturity, for
affording the best and most nutritious fodder.
With this view they should neither be cut at too
early a period, nor suffered to stand too long ; as
in the former case there will be considerable loss
in the drying from the produce being in so soft
and green a condition, and in the latter from a
large ])roportion of the nourishing properties being
expended. Grass when mown before it comes
in full flower, while the rich saccharine juice is
in part retained at the joints of the flower stems,
is in the most proper condition for being cut down,
as at that period it must contain the largest propor-
tion of nutritious materials, but which then begin
to be absorbed, and taken up in proportion as the
flowers expanil and the seed lipen.s, so as to con-
stitute the meal or starch of the seed lobes, and
is either dispersed upon the land or fed upon by
birds ; the grass stems with their leaves being left
in a similar situation to that of the straw of ripened
grain. But there are other circumstances, besides
those of ripeness,'to bo attended to in determining-
the period of cutting crops of grass, as in some
cases, when they are tliick upon the ground, the
bottom [larts become of a yellow color before the
flowering fidly lakes place ; under such circum-
stances, it will often be the most advisable practice
to mow as soon as the weather will possibly admit;
for if this be neglected there is great danger of
its rotting, or at any rate of its acquiring a disa-
greeable flavor, and becoming of little value.
JlVhere grass is very tall, as is often the case in
moist meadows, it is liable to fall down and
lodge, by which the same effects arc produced.

Tiie same writer, under the head C/otier, ob-
serves that ' The making of herbage crops from
hay is a process somewhat ditfercnt from that of
making hay from natural grasses. All the herbage
tribe ought to bo mownbelbre the seed is formed
and indeed before the plants have fully blossomed,
that the full juice and nourishment of the plant
may be retained in the hay. By the adoption of
this system, the hay is cut in better season, it can
be more easily secured, and is much more valua-
ble. Nor is the strength of the [ilant lodged in
the seed, which is often lost. The great advantage
of converting under ri|)e herbage and grass into
hay is now beginning to be known. There is
much more saccharine matter ill it and it is con-
sequently more nutritious. A croji of clover or
sainfoin, when cut in the early part of the season,
may be ten per cent lighter than wlien it is fully
jipe ; but the loss is amply counterbalanced, by
obtaining an curlier, a more valuable, and more
putrilious. article ; while the next crop will propor-

tionably be more heavy. The hay from old herbage
will carry on stock, but it is only hay from young
herbage that will fatten them. When the stems
of clover become hard and sapless, by being al-
lowed»to bring their seeds towards maturity they
are of little more value as provender, than an
equal quantity of the finer sort of straw of corn.'

The mode of making clover hay, and that of
all herbage jilants, as practised by the best farmers,
is as follows. The herbage is cut as close to the
ground and in as uniform and perfect a manner as
it is possible to accomplish, by the scythe kept con-
stantly sharp. The surface having been in the
preceding spring freed from stones and well rolled,
the stubble after the mower ought to be as short
and smooth as a well shaven grass lawn. That
part of the stems left by the scythe is not only
lost, but the after growth is neither so vigorous nor
so weighty, as when the first cutting is taken as
low as possible.

'As soon as the swath or row is thoroughly
dry above, it is gently turned over (tmt tedded
or scattered) without breaking it, sometimes this
is done by the hand or by a small fork ; and
some farmers are so anxious to jirevent the swath
from being broken, that they will not permit the
use of the rsike shaft. The grass, when tm-ned
over in the inorjiing of a dry day is put into cocks
in the afternoon. It is impossible to lay down
any rules for the management of hay alter it is
put into cocks ; one thing is however always
attended to, not to shake out, or scatter or expose
the hay oftener than is necessary for its preserva-
tion.'

Lakge Strawberries. — There were exhibited
by judge Buel,at the horticultural show onTiiesday,
fifty strawberries of uncomnioil size and beauty.
On weighing them, the committee found that forty-
seven berries, divested of their stems, weighed a
pound — three averaging a little more than an
ounce ; and it is said every berry exceeded four
inches in circumference. These strawberries were
of the kind called Melhven or Methven Castle,
from the place where the variety originated and
are of the color and flavor of the common field
variety. They were gathered from plants put
out in August last, the runners of which had not
been clipped.

There were also exhibited, at the same time
from the Albany nursery, more than 100 varieties
of hardy roses, 7 varieties of honeysuckle [Loni-
cera,) 6 of the pink [Dianthtts,) Chinese peonies,
dahlias^ and more than 40 varieties of choice bor-
der flojvers.

W(? were presented by judge Buel, a day or
two since, with two bowls of the Methven straw-
berry, most of which measured fourinches in cir-
cumference, and of a rich flavor. — Albany Argus.

From the Journal of a Resident in South America.

' 1 found for the first time the seiisilive plant,
growing wild. It spreads very often over marshy
ground, something like a tumbler. The sensitive
leaves spread out prettily from the creeping ten-
drils in the sunshine, something like lady-fern. —
It is curious to come to a little dingle of them,
where there are a thousand tendrils, all interwoven,
like a bramble thicket, to shake the twig, and cotu-
numicate the vibration to the whole, and see ten
thousand green leaves, all curling themselves up,
and shrinking back at your approach, as if afraid
of being trod on, the sensation-like feeling of life,
running over them all, as a shock of electricity,'

SILK.
We visited yesterday the silk establishment of
Mr Pupo.Nc^AU and Mr Garache, in Chesnut
near Second street, and were astonished at the
vast number of worms which were feeding and
s[)inning. One circumstance was mentioned to us,
that is worthy notice. Last suumier, a nund)er of
cocoons were laid away in the supposition that
the worm was killed; but in a short time, the an-
imal in its winged state worked its way through
them, and as they were near the north window,
tlify took their station in the till of the window,
and on the outside ; here they laid their eggs. No
further notice was taken of them imlil this spring,
when, to the astonishment of the people about the
building, these eggs that had been exposed to all
the severity of the winter, hatched, and Mr Du-
ponceau in order to carry out the experiment
caused a number of worms to be put on the mul-
berry trees, in the yard of Mr Desaiique, in Sec-
ond street ; there they fed upon the leaves, grew
rapidly, and yesterday several were spinning on
the branches. It is the intention of Mr D. to
let the eggs take their chance for another year in
the open air. The success that has thus far attend-
ed Mr Du|)onceau's experiments is gratifying
to him as it will be beneficial to the couitry. — L'^
S. GazelU.

Ilorticulturni Itall, )
Salurd.iy, June 25, 1831. j
FLOWERS EXHIBITED.

From the Brighton Nursery of Messrs Winships^.
a great variety of Roses, Lilies, Spiraes, &c.

From the Charlestown Vineyard, by Mr Haggera-
ton, a splendid assortment of Carnations, and a fine
spechnen of Hoya Carnosa.

Fine Roses, and other flowers, from the gardens
of Gen. Dearborn, Z. jCook, Jr. Esq., E. Sharp, and
Samuel Walker.

Several fine varieties of Scabiosa, from E. M.
Richards, of Dedham.

From Mr Davenport, of Milton, dwarf Cape Jas-
mine, and Hydrangea.

NOTICE.
A Stated meeting of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society will be held on Saturday, July 2d, at
11 o'clock, at the Rooms of the Society, in Joy's
buildings. R. L. EMMOJMS, Secretary.

The Quarterly Review, No. 89, has just been re-
published by Lilly & Wait, of this city, and contains
articles on the following subjects : Beechey's Voy-
age to the' Pacific and Bhering's Straits ; Malthus
and Saddler ; Population and Emigration ; Capt.
Hall's Sketches of Sea Life ; French Revolution ;
Conspiration de Babeuf; The West India Question ^
Reform in Parliament; Index.^

THISTLES FOR SEED ! ! !

To the Editor of Ibe New England Firmer.

Sir — Whoever will take t'-e trouble to walk up
the short street leading from Washington Isti-eet to
Soiith Boston Bridge, (or the ' old Bridge,' as it is
frequently called) may see a fine patch of Canada
Thistles going to seed, and preparing fur distri-
bution, along the shores of South Boston, Dorches-
te r and Roxbury. It has, |>robably, been impor- ^
ted from the eastward, iu hay, which has been
landed in. that vicinity.

Should any imlividual in that neighborhood
possess a scythe, he might perform an act of pat-
riotism by mowing said thistles before the seed is
ripe. If not, perhaps some fellow citizen from the
country, niay takeascythe into town with him,
and perfijrm this service to the [jublic.

June 23, 1831.

Vol.lX.— No. 60.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

399

Cullure of Sit/;. — .V writer fnr the Troy Budget,
savs 'The i'ciuales of every fanner's family coiilcl
annually realize §100 anil upwanls liy the culture '
ofsilk. There is no doiiht of iiiakiu!' tine, fir.^t

Parmer Hauled.
A permanent situation oflurs I'ur a man wlio under-
stands farming generally, ami a little of paidcninf, and
wlio would feel an interest in liis ctuploynr's business, —
, to go on 10 a faini in one of the picasuiiest towns in ,\ew
rate silk, as tlie ex|ieriiiients have heeii fully tried. | England, on Connecticut river. Apijiy ;)(rjo;i«//^ at
Mrs Pawling of tltis ciiy, Itist year made as beau- { ''"•' ^'^w Knglaml fanner office.
tiful silk us the best imported.

would I'ecoiii-
meud those who wi^h information on this subject
to call on Mrs Ptiwliiig, or Dr Corning. Dr
Corning has planted a large number of mulberry
trees and is doing niueli to advance the silk cullure.

Hanginf; of )ri»tlow Blinds. — A corrcspomlent
of the National Intelligencer says ; ' Itis stnpris-
ing to nie that the mode of hanging window
blinds universally practised in France, should not

I Farm H'initcd.

\V,intcd, afnstiale Karni in the vicinity of Ooslon,

containinj; 100 to 150 acres of land, with a good and con-

veident house, barn, ice.
I Letters (poslaije paid) adilrc«ed to R. S. II. Salem,
I Mass. giving a particular description o( Kaniis, ollered,

casli price, taxes, &c, will receive immediate attention.

Pipe-box and Mould-board plates, &c. constantly for sale
by GAY A- BIKD,

6lis. No. 44, Inilia Street, Boston.

IVroufrlil-lron Ploughs. — Bar-Iron, Sfc.
Wriught-Iron Ploughs, ot allsizes. — .'lho,A Complete
assortment of .\meiican, Englisb, tSwetlesand Russia Har
Iron — American Braziers' Rods — Spike and Nail Rods,
have been introduced into our hot and sunny cli- Shoe-Shapes— Hoop and Band Iron— Steel of all kinds
mate. There the blind is hung liy hinges at the
lop, and opens by being pushed out from below
at any distance agreeable, instead of being hung
on the siilc and opening perpendicularly. By
our present mode, the blinds cannot be opened
without admitting the suti ; but by the French
mode the blind may be opened, an<l the air ad-
mitted and the sun at the same time excluded —
the window being still shaded, though the blind
be open. Let aily one try this plan on a south-
ern exposure, and lie will find its superiority.
Another a<lvantage is, that the blind is more easily
and quickly opened and shut ; and a further
superiority is, you ran have your blinds open
without losing the pleasure of privacy in your
apartment. We take, unfortunately, all our
fashions from Euglaml, and if England had adopt-
ed the French mode of hanging window blinds,
we should long ago have copied it. But the Eng-
glisli climate, requiring the ailmission of all the
little sunshine nature gives it, forbids the adoption
of tlie French mode, and we, therefore, have re-
jected it, although our climate renders it more de-
sirable than even in France itself. I pray our
builders to consi.1er the subject.

The true Sugar Beet.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, North

Market street, Bjston, 100 lbs. of the true Frencb Sugar

j Beet Seed, — received this day from Paris, by the last

Havre packet, via Newport. Tbe excellence o( this

loot for cattle, and for culinary and other purposes, is loo

I well known to require comment.

Also — Large and Small Lima Beans— Early Dwarf
Beans — several varieties of pickling and other Cucum-
bers— Radishes, Lettuces, Cabbages, Turnips, &.C.
Broom Corn.
Also, just received, a few bushelsof prime' Broom Corn
raised last season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.

Hydrophobia. — Dr Hamilton, after a laborious
research, fixes the 10th day after the infliction of
the wound, as the earliest period at which this
disease has appeared, and 19 inonths as the latest.
Between these periods the times of attack are
Tery various. Of 131 cases, 17 were seized be-
fore the 30lli day ; 63 between the 30th and 59th ;
■23 from 60 to 90 days ; 9 from 90 to 120 ; and 14
from -5 to 19 months. The Dr afterwards men-
tions the case of a boy bitten in the toe by a cat,
on the 14th July, 1797, in which the poison lay
dormant until 19th Nov. 1800, a period of three
years and four months! Dr Thacher's work on
Hydrophobia contains a minute description of sev-
eral cases, almost too horrible to read or think of.
— Journal of Commerce.

An apothecary in the neighborhood of Narbonne has
published a treatise extolling the husks of grapes
which have been deprived of their alcohol by distil-
lation, as an excellent substitute for bark in tanning
leather. After having prepared the skins in the
usual way, he places them in the pits and
them with the grape husks. From five and thirty
to five and forty days are sufficient to complete the
tanning. This method, according to the author of
it, oft'ers the following advantages : The operation
is much more rapid, it is much more economical :
the leather has an agreeable odor instead of that
of tan ; and it is twice as durable as leather tanned
by bark.

Lead Pipe.
LEAD PIPE, all sizes, constantly for sale by Lincoln
Fearing & Co , No. 110, State Street.
.ijiril 13, 1831. 6w.

Bones Jf anted.
Shin and Leg Bones constantly purchased by GEO.
H. GRAY 4- CO. No. 68 Kilby street.
April 20. 2mo3

Brass Si/ringes.
For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and
52 North Market street, a very useful article for destroy-
ing Caterpillars, Bugs and other insects. Likewise to
prevent the mildew on Vines and Gooseberry Bushes. —
See N. E. Farmer, vol. 8, page 358 and 363.

Sheep — Sheep.

Valuable Books on the best method of forming good
flocks, of increasing them, and treating them properly
when in health and when diseased— on the character
and value of Merino Sheep — anatomical structure, &c,
&c — 5 valuable works, viz;

Sir George Stewart JIakenzie, Bart.

Robert R Livingston, LL. D.

Samuel Bard, M. D.

M. Daubentoii, a man of letters, ami profound Natural-
ist ; his work was published in Germany, Italy, Spain,
and .\meiica — and in France, at the expense ol the na-
tion.

Mr Tesslu, inspector ol the Rambouillet Establish-
ment— ind others in France.

Also for sale — a valuable collection of Books on Agri-
culture, Manures, various treatises on Horses, Cattle,
Botanv, &c, &.c. By K. P. & C. WILLIA.MS, whole-
sale and retail Booksellers and Stationers, No. 18 and 20
Cornhill, Boston. May 25.

EiiRATDM. — In page .'579, 2il col. 10 lines from bottom,
iof %imite read Cijanitt.

For Sale, Full blood .lldncnuii and Short Horn
Bull and Heifer Calves.
Two Alilciney Bull Calves, and one Ilcif r Calf. ' Al-
so, one Bull and two Heifer Calves of the Short Jlorn or
Teeswatcr breed, all from full blood imjiorted stock, on
both sides. For terms apply at Ibis ollice. 4t May 11.

PRICES OF COU.VTRY PRODUCE.

A PPLES, russctiiiigs,
ASHES, pot. lirst son,

I'earl, tirst sort,
BEANS, while,
BEEF, incss,

(Jargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. '2,
UUTTEK, iiis|iecied, No. 1, new, -
CliEESL, new milk,

Skiiiuiied milk,
FLAXSEED,

FLOUR, lialiimorc, Howard-slreel, -
Genesee,
Alexandria,
Baltimore, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Norlherii.

Corn, Soutliern ^'ellow,
Uyc,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

HOGS LARD, first sort, new,
HUPS, Isiqualiiv,
LIME,

I'LAISTEll PARIS retails at
I'ORK, clear,

Navy me^s.
Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd'. Grass,

Ked'Vtip ftiorthernj
RcdClovcr, {northern)
TALLOW, tried,

WOOL, Merino, full Mood, washed, -
Merino, nii.ved with Saxony,
Merino, lliree fourlhs washocl.
Merino, halfblood,
IMerino, quarter.
Native, waslipd,
Pulled superfine,
Isl Lamb's,
2d,
3d,
Isl Spinning,

barrel
ion.

bushel
barrel

yHOK TO

.' .! 00' 3 .W

lO.'J 00 lfJ8 VO

l'.;o 00122 50

yo I 00

1 8 60, U 00

pound.

barrel

bushel

cwt.
cwt.

' cask.
! ton.
barrel

bushel.

it

pound

cwi,

pound,

1 75
G 50

3
112

♦ :i7

5 .J0{

5 12

5 121

71.

G7

80

60

40

60

10 GUI

!l 00

I 0(ii

3 OO'

n 00

13 OO'
13 .50
1 75
60
11
8 00
70
75
63
58
48
45
63
58
48
SO
53

PROVISION MARKET.

ISEEF, best pieces,
PORK, Iresh, besi pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY.
BUTTER, keg and tub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, taccording to quality]

pound.

G

tt

4

It

8

it

12

{*

13

dozen.

n

bushel.

Si

tt

82

tt

30

barrel.

1 00

8 00
6 75

18

a

i

1 50

5 50

5 75

5 23

5 27

72

63

83

62

42

70

10 25

10 OO

1 25
3 25

19 00
13 50
n 00

2 00
62

9 00
75
80
66
60
SO
43
65
60
50
32
55

]"

7

7

0

8

12

15

20

U

84

81

Howard's Cast Iron Ploughs, fyc. ■ ■••!■.'
Just received at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 6l
cove's l»and 52 North Market street, a few of C. Howard's Patent
Cast Iron Ploughs. This is the nio-t approved Plough
now in use, and is highly recommended by our best lar-
mers for doing the. work with ease and in the most pea--
fect manner; the" casting being grouml smooth, the
Plough is not liable to clog even at the first time using,
but runs perf«etly free at all times.

Also,— Taft's superior cast steel SCYTHES, manufac-
tured expressly for this establishment. Likewise, P.iss-
more's, Farwell's, Dudley's and English Scythes, with a
large assortment of Garden tools.

Also,— Hall's superior Hay Rakes— the be«t article of
the kind manufactured in (hs country. June 15.

Brighton Markkt — Monday, June 27.

f Reported for the Chronicle and Palriot.J

AtMarketthisdaylll Beef Cattle, including 25 unsold
last week ; 9 Cows and Calves; 1642 Sheep and Lambs^
and about 100 small pigs and a lew old swine.

Pricks. — Beef Cattle — In consequence of the limited
number at market an advance ol about 37.i els. per bun.
dreJ was etfecied- we shall quote from 4 75 to 5 73.

Cou-s and Ca/i'es— Sales were noticed at §15, 19,
24 and 28.

Sheep and Lomts— We noticed sales of lots at 1 75,
at 1 88, at 2 00, at 2 25, and at 2 33— vpeathers at 2 12i
at 2 50, and at 3 00.

Swine — No sales noticed.

In our last week's Report the number of Beet Cattle
should have been 231 instead of 331 as reported.

Boston Faneuil IIall Market.- Peas, $1 to
1,25 per bushel. Earlv Mohawk String Beans, 75 cen^s
per peck. Strnwberiies 12 to 17 cts. per box.

Early
Whit'e butch Turnips, 12 cts. per bunch. Cherries 121
cts. per quart. Cucumbers 75 to .$1 per doz.

400

f

^c

MISCELLAIVY

MELODY.
Silently, O silently.

The mooQ-beam tails on nie :
Silently, as silently,

It falls on land and sea.

Silently, still silently.

Creation's wings wax bright ;
Silently, more silently,

Bright morn succeeds to night.

0 let my soul, thus silently.
Depart from earthly clay ;

Thus silently and beamingly
Enter the realms of day.

TEMPERANCE.

Temperance Societies. — An aged man observed
to one of the distributors of the city committee,
that the change which had been produced among
seamen, riggers, and the workmen about tlie docks
and slips, was almost incredible. ' I have lived in
the city, said he, ' many years, and my occupation
brings me in contact witli these men ; and in
comparison with the profanity and drunkenness
which prevailed a few years ago, all is now peace
and quietude. Officers and hands read the bible,
and attend church ; many of our vessels are con-
stantly going to sea, and making voyages, without
any spirit on board. Such a change I never ex-
pected to see as has been accomplished by tracts
and temperance societie.s. — Report of the JV. 1'
at!/ Tract Soc.

Evils OF Intemperance.

The biographer of Napoleon, speaking of the loss
sustained by England on the field of Waterloo,
says: ' Fifteen thousand men killed and wounded
threw half Britain into mourning. It required all
the glory and all the solid advantages of that day
to reconcile the mind to the high price at which
it was purchased. But what mourning would fill
0.7 Britain, if every year should behold another
Waterloo? But what does every year repeat in
our peacefid land ? Ours is a carnage not exhibited
only once in a single field, but going on continually
ia every town and. hamlet.

Every eye sees its woes, every ear catches its,
groans. The wounded are too numerous to count ;
who is not wounded by the intemperance of this na-
tion ? But of the dead, we count, year by year,
more than four times the number that filled half
Britain with mourning. Could we behold the
many thousands whom our destroyer annually de-
livers over unto deatii, collected together upon one
fielil of slaughter, for one funeraCand one deep
and wide burial place ; could we behold a full as-
semblage of all the parents, widows, children,
friends, whose hearts have been torn by their
death, surrounding that awful grave, and loading
the winds with tales of wo, the whole land would
cry out at the spectacle. It would require some,
tiling more than ' all the glory aiid all the solid
advantages,' of intemperance, ' to reconcile the mind

to the high price at which they were purchased V.

" ' ' Temperance.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

NEW DEFINITIONS. [

Absurdity. Anything advanced by our oppo- [
nents contrary to our practice, or above our com- 1
prehension. |

Ainhiguity. A quality deemed essentially neces- j
sary in diplomatic writings and law proceedings.
Backward. A mode of advancement practised
by Crabs, and recommended to mankind in gene-
ral by the Holy Alliance.

Blushing. A practice least used by those who
have most occasion for it.

Book. A tlimg formerly put aside to be read,
and now read to be put aside.

Breath. Air received into the lungs for the
purposes of smoking, whistling, &c.

Courage. The fear of being thought a coward.
Cmining. The simplicity by which knaves
generally outwit themselves.

Ditch. A place in which those who take too
much wine, are apt to take a little water.
Echo. The shadow of a sound.
Finger. An appendage worn in a ring, and of
great use in taking snuff.

Gain. Losing life to win money.
Heahh. Another word for temperance and ex-
ercise.

Idol. What many worship in their own shape,
who would be shocked at doing it in any other.

Mouth. An useless instrument to some people,
— in as fur as it renders ideas audible, but of spe-
cial service in rendering victuals invisible.

Pedant. A man so absurdly ignorant as to be
vain ofhis knowledge.

Quack. A man who only wants a diploma to
make him a regular physician.

Satire. Attacking the vices or follies of others
instead of reforming our own.

Saw. A sort of dumb alderman, which gets
through a great deal by the activity of its teeth.

Ugliness. An advantageous stimulus to the
mind that it may make up for the deficiencies of
the body.

Umbrella. An article which by the morality
of society you may steal from friend or foe, and
which for the same reason you should not lend to
either.

Vice. Miscalculation ; obliquity of moral vis-
ions ; temporary madness.

Voice. Echo is the only instance of a voice
without a body, whereas three parts of our
unprecedented population are bodies with out a
voice — London jYeiv Monthly.

Y. Address

How TO PLEASE TOUR FRIENDS Go to India

stay there twenty years, work hard, get money
save it, come home — bring with you a store of
wealth, and diseased liver, visit your friends, make
a wdl, provide for them all— then die— what a
prudent, good, generous, kind-hearted soul you
»vill be. '

Royal Sports. — Louis XI. ordered the Abbe of
Baigne, a man of great wit and who had a knack of
inventing new musical instruments, to get him a
concert of swine's voices, thinking it im|)Ossible.
The abbot accordingly mustered up a number of
hogs of several ages, and placed them under a
pavilion, covered with velvet, before which ho
had asoimding board, painted with a certain num-
ber of keys, thus making an organ ; and as he
played on the keys with little spikes which pricked
the hogs he made them cry in such tune and con-
cert as highly delighted the king and his court.

June 2P, ISSr.

Valuable and Cheap Laml — for Sale.
The subscriber oflers for sale, 14,000 acres of choice-
Land, situated in the town of Pinckney, county of Lewis
and state of New York. Some of the land is improved
and under cultivation. The country is remarkably heal-
thy, beinj entirely free fioin the fever and ac,ue and from
the coiinuon bilious fevers which often afflict the towns
upon Lake Ontario, this town being 18 miles east of the
lake. The soil is piincipally a sanily loam, much of- i-t
covered with rich black mould. The limber is chiefly
Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &c.
The land yields first rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Ear-
Icy, Potatoes and Flax ; and on some lots, good Wheat
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now offers itself.
The produce of pasturage and hay from an acre of this
land, is very large, fully equalling if not surpassing that
from the same quantity of land in any other of the Black
River townships. The land is admirably well watered,
there being but few lots which have not durable ruiming
streams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchard-
ino- — the Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Stock of all kinds may be disposed of with tiie least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying
the hishest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find pui'chasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, wei-e originally
from the New England Slates, and some of them from
Blassachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at the very low
price of from two dollars and a half to thi-ce dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollar's and a
half to five dollars and a half lor the irnpi'oved lots. The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two
to five years' credit for payment, in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to jrurchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, for which products he will
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Persons desirous of purchasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jcll'erson,Stateof New York, or to David Canfield„
Esq. on the town. JAWES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. epl6t

Ammunition <-»3!)
01 the best quality ai.d ii/tcest prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
C; Bi'oad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be retrn-ned, and the money will be refunded, tf Jan. 7

Hickory.

This astonishing fleet horse was raised in Montreal, is
from an English blood mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
ferior to any in the U. Slates for speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well buill, good size, and pro-
nounced by (good) judges in every respect a first rate
horse ; trots a 3 minute gait, fast walker, and has paced
around the trolling course. Long Island, in 2 minutes, 34
seconds, and was offered publicly to match against any
horse that could be produced. It is considered unneces-
sary to say niore,as his qualifications are too well known
to be doubled.

Ho will stand at Abbott's Inn, Holden, during the
season. Terms .flS, the season. 6t Jlay 11.

.Jn Independent Oysterman. — At many of the oyster
cellars in New York, the signs are inscribed with —
' Oysters on the Canal Street Plan.' But an Irishman,
who keeps a cellar near the Chatham Theatre, with a
praiseworthy spirit of independence, both in the matter
of business and in spelling, has a sign lettered thus —

Oysters on my Oen Plan, as good as any other Plan.'

Published every Wednesday E\eiiiiig, at g'3 per annumj
payable at the errd of ilie year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of eubscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction oflifty cents.

0° No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customerB. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agents.

New York — G.Thorbukn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street
Albany— W'k. TiioniiuKN, 3i7 Markel-slreei.
l'hi!adelplda—'l>.&L C LANnKETH,85 Chestnut-street.
Jl.dfimoie — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cinciimali—S. C. Pakkhurst, 23 Lower Markei-streei.
Fiushinir, N. Y. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bol. Garden
Miildlebunj, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
iUilford — Goodwin &. Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Neivbinyport, Euenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, HI^. — Samuel Colhan, Bookseller.
Jlususta, Me. Wm. Mann.

llaliftix, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder OfEco,
Aionlrea/, L. C. — A . Bowman, Bookseller

NEW EWCJI.ANB FARMER.

PUBLISHEO BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 95 NORTH M\RKET STREET, (at thk Aokicultural Warkhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR.

VOT.. IX.

BOSTO.V, WED.VESDAY EVEM.XG, JUIA' G, 1831

NO. 51.

ADDRESS qnirc! nmcli inori! .skill and experience tliaii the; the iiilmbilarils to cxtniij evfiry s|)ccip.s of improve-

Delirered bcforo I ho ni.o.lo Island Society for the Eiicouragoment frli'ittlT p.irt of Iliecllilllic trilili'.'!. The 11)1111 wlio llHMlt of wllicll it i.s Slisccpliljh'. Italv, ullhher

•of Domestic id.liniry. , Works iipiiii lirnss nn.l iron, works with instrii- lioasti-il hlne skic*, ami cnclntiiting clini.i'tr, cxhib-

Bt SOLOMON Dllow.N', .\;. I).— (OcTODn, l?:n.) I tnniits, and upon niati-ri.ils of whicli the temper its not a fairer, more inlerestiiiir rcion nor liet-

Agriciilluie. aliliotigli an art nuiSl useful ami is ahvay.s the sanv, or viTV nearly the same : bnt ' ter adapteil for useful siilijects of rtiliivalion than

veil necessary to mankiml, and wliich has lieen llie man who plotiglis thr? o-roniid with a team of I lid's cr:!ille of ireniiirn; Idieriy the lillle State of

raelised from the earliest aijes, — i^j yet fir from horses or oxen, works with instrnmriits of wliieli ' Rliodt; Island and Proviilenee PInntalioiis The

fjing broiiglit to a state of perfection. The oh- the health, strength, and temper are very differ- 1 operations on t!ie lieantiftil evperimontal "Toiiiid

;ct of tills art is 'to increase tlie qiianiityand im- i ent iipcm different nreasions. The conditions of aroiiinl this Hall, wonl.l he calcnlalcd to ascertain

rove the (]ii:i!ity of sncli vegetable ami animal , ihe materials whiidi he works upon, too, are as ihcHie.st mo li'S of ciiliiiri;, and best imitlements •

rodiictioiH of earth as are ii.>eil liy civilized man ; ' variable as that of the instnmieiits he works with, the most prnfittible and beneficial rotations of wopp'

nd the object of the agriculturist is t.) ilo this ami both require to biMnana^'ed with sreat judgment the best maiiurcs, and whether old or now

iritli the least expenditure of means ; or, in other and discretion. Ilis iindersiamlinL' being accustom- manure is prefi;rable for the "cncralily of crops

rords, with profit.' What art, then, coulil be more eil to consider a v'reater variety of objects, is gener- &c. No doubt, however, new is best. The

or//)^ of im provement, and yet how much is ex- ally nuich superior to that of the oilier, whose
ended fiir the improvement of almost every i whole attention, from morning to night, is com-

therart. This shameful neglect in general of what
ertains to the fiirilierani:e of agricultural science,
I not a thing of moilcrn ilate. Nothing, says
ioUimella, an excellent ancient writer on Agriciil-
ire ; — nothing equals my surprise, when I con-
der, that tho^e wlio would learn to speak well,
boose an orator whose eloquence may-serve tlieni
ir a uio b;l : those wlio desire to apply them-
jlves to dancing, to music, and to all the frivolous
rts, search eagerly a master of melody, a master
f the graces, in a word, each chooses the best intis-
ir in order to make rapid progress under hisdirec-
on ; wht'i-eas the art the most necessary to life,
nd which is nearly allied to wisdom, has neither
isci|des who learn it : nor masters who teach it.
nd a modern u rit^-r remarks that, the nio-t nseftil,
le of tlie most difficult, and that which ought to
) esteemed the most honorable pursuit in life, has
len generally considered so easily unilerstooj,
at school.s, deemod necessary in 'almost every-
iiing else, have been looked upon as of no con-
[iquence in this. With respect to instructing a
ichool, and course of Agricultural Leclures hero,
-Sir Jolin Sim-I.iir, speaking of an Agricultural
rofessorship eslablislietl at Edinburgh, observes:
-' The utility of such an institution is so evident,
at it ought to be extemled to all the other iini-
rsities. The attention of young men, by such
itablishmcnts, would be dirocteil early to this
est useful of nil the branches of knowledge.'
he science of au'riculture is publicly tiuiglitin
e Swedish, Dar.isli, and German universities, and
some of the German and Russian colleges there
e prore5sors' chairs fir gardening, lorest-cullure,
The agricultural institution in Prussia, under
e direction of Professor Von Tliaer ; and the
tablishment at Ilofwyl, near Berne, conducted
the expense of M. Fellenberg, a proprietor and
riculturist, are much celebrated. Even Spain,
ually inactive on these occasions, in spite of all
e prejudices of a bigoted religion, invited Lin-
us, with the offer of a large pension, to siiporin-
ad a college, foundeil fur the sake of making
quiries into the history of natijre, and the art of
ricnkure. To show further the neeil of sludy-
§• this as well as other arts, — we may adduce
im the author of the, " Wealth of Nations," the
Ilowing cnrioiis and interesting comparison be-
een the husbandman and the artisan or nieehan-
He says, that not only the art of the farmer,
e general direction of the operations of lius-
iidry, but many inferior branches of lalior re-

of public patronage. Institutions for promoting

i, crow up, supported by the public purse : — and ! Davy obser'^es, ' the vegetable kingdom is qot to
!*> what object can it be dediciitc.; with greater , be considered as a secure and unalterable inheri-
tance, sponiancously providing for onr wants ;

monly occupied in perf -imng one or two simple
operations. — In CbVia and Ilindoostan, accor-
dingly, both the r.i(^.. and the w.nges of country
bihorors are said f 1. b superior to tliosf! of the
greater part of a»;.ticers and manufacturers.'

The illustrious Washington, in his message to
Con^'ress, in 1796, observes: — 'It will not be
iliHibted, that witli reference either to individual
or ii:itii)nal welfare, airicultnre is of primary iin-
[lonance. In proportion as nations ailvance in
poptihition, and other circumstances of maturity,
t'lis truth becomes more apparent, and rcmlersthe
cultivation of the soil, more and more an object

using fresh, i. e. unfcrmented manure, recommend-
ed by A. Young anil others, has been considered
a modern improvement: but this was known to
Columelhi, whe ol>serves, Finium jiratis quo
vetustitis minus prosit, quia minus herbarnm
progeneret : i. e. the older the dung the less pro-
fitable it is for iiieidows, because it would produce
loss herbage. — Sich fundamental maxims, enforc-
ed by actual experiment, would make stronger
and more diirahk imjiressions on the minds of
young a^'riculturists than the mere reading them.
Virgil, ill his ineomparahlo Gcrgics, declares,

Paler ipse col 'nili

Hauil ficilem esse viam voluit :
The Father of Nature himself would in no wise
have the ways r/f tillage to bi^ easy : — And Sir H.

propriety ?'

This is a very suitable place for such an institu-
tion, where lectures may be given, and a course
of instruction pursued, explanatory of the sciences
connected with Agriculture, — veiet.able Chemis-
try, with analysis of soils, — the outlines of Botany,
a science so useful to the agriculturist, ami horti-
ctillurist, — !Metoorology, and oilier parts of Natu-
ral Philosophy, &c. Here might be kept, as
models, the hand-threshing machine ; the machines
for breaking flax ami hemp without watering
or dew-rotling ; tiie most approved silk-reel, cfcc.

Agriculture, says Sir John Sinclair, though in
general capable of being reduced to sim[do prin-
ciples, yet requires, on the whole, a greater
variety of knowledge, than any other art. — It can
never, he says, be brought to its highest degree
of perfection, or established on rationni and un-
erring [ir'unciples, unless by means of experiments.

but as a duubiful and insecure po.sscssion, to be
preserved only by labw, :tiid extended and per-
fected by ingenuity.' — .\nil Ilcsioil, an ancient
Greek, the earliest writer on Agriculture, whose
works have descended to us, — says :

The fool of man in deep conroaliaent lies: —
Else h:Kl one day beslou'M sufficient cheer,
And, thoiii;h inaclivc, fed thee llroiigh the year. —
Love ev'ry seemly toil, that so the store
Of foodfiil seasons heap tliv garner's floor.
From labor men returns of \vealth behold ;
Flocks ill their fields and in Ibch- coffers gold :
From labor shalt tboii wifn ihf love be blest
Of men and L'ods ; die slotlifid ilicy detest.
Not toil, but sloth shall ic;noMiiiiiotis be ;
Toil, and tlie slothful man shall envy thee ;
Shr-llvicw thy growing weallb with altcr'd sense,
For glory, virtue walk with opulence.
But shun extorted riches; oli, far best
The heaven sent v.'calth without reproach posscst.

accurately tried, and properly persevered iu. — Let me repeat it — if there ever should be an
The ardent inquirer, has too long been obliged agricultural sclmol or seminary established in this
to rely on vague opinions and assertions which State, — this, niidoiibtedly woiihl be the most suit-
have not becir warranted by sufficient authority. — nble place for it ;— and such establishments are
The object of an experimental farm should be, strongly mlvocaled by some of the most eminent
to ascertain facts, and to publish them ; ami as ngricnittirists and practical farmers of onr country,
much credit would be acquired, by an inteUigent The establishment of agricultural schools iu the
conductor of an expetimental farm', for his exer- Uuitetl States, says an excellent fanner, would
tions in detecting errors, as in establishing facts produce a new era in our husbandry. They would
likely to be useful. One linppy result, says Sir II. expand the mind of the rural manager, polish his
Davy, which can generally improve the methods manners, and tend to render him an ornament
of cultivation is worth the labor of a whole life ; and a ble.-sing to society. I conclude by observing,
and an unsuccessful experiment well observed, that rural business— the operations of the farmer
must establish some truth, or tend to remove some ' and gardener,— are but the useful cfTorts of the
prejudice. Ipnjmnnslic art. Health, acuteness of intellect and

What part of America is comparable with ours ] contentment,— Heaven's choicest blessings,—
for.«xcelience of climate, ami for a disposition in 'spring from such excellent exercise.

At

VlF-

40'2

Books recommended to Students of .'igncuUare.
Di- Dean's Georgical Dictionary, Farniers As-
sistant, The New England Fanner, and sevcal
other valuable periodical agricaltural pnbl.ca-
• ions— the former containing some of the trans-
actions of the Mass. Hortkultural Society, and
also interesting translations from the best French
^vorks on Horticnltnrc, Arboriculture, S,x, by itb
enlightened and indefotigable President. 1< essen-
den's New American Gardener, Loudon a I'.ncy-
clopedias of Agriculture and Gardening.— t ur-
thermore-there is a little volume extant, entitled
'Compendum of Agriculture, or Fanner's Guide,
containing, at least, some useful hints in this most
important of all occupations. ^^

CHAMPAIGNE CURRANT WINE.

Mr Fessf.nden,

Dear Sir— Agreeably to request I have the
pleasure to hand you the details of my process
for making currant icine.

INGREDIENTS FOR 30 GALLONS OF WINE.

3 Bushels or 150 pounds of Currants
75 Pouuds of white Havana or dry Brazil Sua;ar.
3 Pints of white French Brandy, with sufficient pure
soft water

NF.W ENGLAND FARMER,

Tmter tint and much sweeter, but not so large as
the white Dutch. To its possessing a more vin-
ous substance, particular attention to observe the
process as above and management of the plants,
I attribute tJ-. superior quality of the liquor to

July 6, 1831.

uliii

Gather the fruit in dry weatiier when rather
under than oi-er ripe— mash them to break every
berry, but not bruise_,tl:e steins— add a portion of
the water and after stirring well turn the mass
on to a strainer over a grain riidle or cheese bask-
et, rubbing and pressing'';gently with the bauds ;—
by repeating the operation a few times, all the
vinous and saccharine matter will be extracted
and much of the pulp kejit back, which occa-
sions not only loo great a degree of fermentation
but diminishes the quantity of wine by the lees
it forms— saving much trouhle in comparison to
the usual practice of squeezing and wringing
through a strainer, by the fair hands of the will-
ing females to whom :he duty is commonly as-
signed—which not only forces through nearly all
the pulp and many seeds, but extracts a crude acid
from the stems, that is anytliing but viyicus. The
sugar should be put into a tub or other open ves-
sel" with the brandy : and the liquor strained on
to it. When the sugar is dissolved, stiain the
whole through a fine hair cloth or sieve into a
strong sweet cask of 32 to 34 gallons and fill nii
to within 2 to 4 gallons, which leaves sufficient
room for the fermentation to proceed ; and drive
in the bung so that no air can enter or gas es-
cape.

It is desirable that all parts of the in-ocess
should go on at the same time, and be finished with
all possible despatch— observing the same neat-
ness as in a well managed dairy. The sooner the
wine is bottled after it is perfectly fine, the more
briskness it will exhibit. The maxim ' the better
the sugar, the better the wine,' I have found by
experience to be correct, and I am inclined to bc-
Yieve, tlmt double refined loaf sugar, said to bean
indispensable ingredient for the manufacture of
Champalgne in France, would produce a wine as
much superior as to compensate for the extra ex-
pense. I believe 3 lbs. of sugar to a gallon is
the common recipe — but no doubt brown moist
sugar is in general use. I consider 2J lbs. of dry
white amply sufficient (even dis|iensing with the
brandy) for such fruit as I have cultivated. That
for white wine or Champaigno not being very
common, a description may not be amiss. It is
called the Champalgne currant and is a good
bearer, the fruit rather inclines to an oval, of an

any fictitious" wine I ever tasted.— When prepar
i,,,; ,ny vineyard at Brighton some 20 years since,
I v°as careful >o rub off all the buds of the cut- 1
tin-^s that were put under ground and 6 or 8 inch-
es above, which eflectually prevents suckers and
affords a free circulation of air around the bot-
tom 3 buds only were permitted to shoot, which
the next season were shortened to 4, and after-
1 wards pruned so as to resemble a tree shaped
like a icine glass. They were planted in rows 4
feet apart and 5 feet from plant to plant, m quin-
cunx order, that is, they stand opposite only in every
other row, which give to each tree an atmosphere
of about 6 feet,-when the fruit was fillmg the
young shoots were topped 4 or 6 buds. By such
management nearly all the force of vegetation is
directed to the fruit-enriching and increasing the
size so much, that I was ,orten applied to by
.Market Gardeners for cuttin^^of my red currants
as a new and superior va,-'ety • and it was with
difficulty I could convince t^U^i that they were,
the same kind they cullivateu. It should be bep
in mind that plants treated in this manner will not
last more than 20 years generally— though if per-
mitted to send up suckers every year they may
continue a century, but the superiority of the
fruit will amply pay for the renewal

The white currant wine for which the Trustees
of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society award-
ed me the first premium a few years ago, had re-
mainedin the cask I beheve two years ; showW
no briskness but was highly vinous and full sweet.
The white wine I have made to imitate Cham-
palgne has been drank by competent judges /or
very good imported from France. I have made a
very palatable dinner wine from the Champalgne
currant that has been taken for Sautcrne, a ta^or-
ite French wine,— and from the red currant, wine,
equal to that of late years introduced as Fr'-ncli
Madeira, such as we often find in Hotels and
Steamboats with the term French sunk, and the
Madeira price raised.— In producing such wme,
it is necessary to give air for a short time to in-
crease the fermentation and deprive it of a great
portion of the sweetness. When closmg a com-
munication much longer than you may perhaps
wish, I must remark that it will be in vam to at-
tempt the manufacture of wine upon a large scale
either from the grape or any other fruit, unless the
operation is promoted with a deep cellar or vault
where an equal and cool temperature can be pre-
served. With particular esteem, .

I remain very cordially yours,
Samdfl Wvllys Pomeroy.
Boston, -itk July, 1830.

manner in which they propagate their species, &c.
I have had some experience in the management
of Bees, and in agriculture for a number of years,
if vou think the few remarks I am about to make
will subserve the noble cause in which you are so
zealously, and assiduously engaged, you are at
libertv.to publish them.

I commenced keeping Bees mqre than 20 years

1 ago with tolerable success for several years, till at

i le^'noth the bee inoth began its ravages, and kiiow-

! ing°of no method to prevent them, my bees were

■ completely destroyed. I despaired of any furtlier

attempt to raise niy favorite little insecis.Vdl, about

8 or 10 years-agn, I heard it suggested that the

depredations of the moth might be prevented by

raising the hives from the board, by putting a

small block under each corner, (as recommended by

Mr Stone of Sudbury, Jlass.) I procured a swarm,

in an old flishioned hive, made of the trunk of a

hollow tree. Experience since has satisfied me

that the above method is an effectual security

against the bee moth, but it is attended by one se-

rkjus objection, as I have found to my cost, that

if. itaftordstoo great a facility to plunderers;

havinn-lost one of my strongest and best swarms

in this way, it occurred to tne that if a hive waj

raised i an inch or so from the boanl by drivinfi

shingle nails into the lower edge so close togethei

as but just to admit the passage of the bees in anc

out it would give the bees a better chance to defenc

themselves against robbers, and be an equal secu'

rity against the moth. I have tried it with a num

ber of hivxs and am satisfied that this way is pre

ferable to the other. But a better way than either

I believe, is recommended in Dr Thacher a

excellent Treatise on Bees, page 106. I hav( ,^

tried it with three very weak, cast swarms, and hay. ^

preserved them from tlie interruption of a single

moth. Since I have last ke|it bees, as above stat

ed, I have lost but two swarms by the moth am

these were lost in consequence of their remaimn,

unprotected through a summer when I was ab

sent One of them was a large, strong swarrt

two years old, the other a young and very wea

one, while hiinclrcds of swarms, in this vicinitj

have been totally ruined by iheir disgusting an,

terrible enemy the moth.— The foregoing remark!

if they are worth anylhiog, will chiefly benef

those who choose to keep bees in the old fash

ioned hives.

Ifl
liivi
Inili
llian

{fDl
|3lll!
0111

nei
He
Jill
nisi
foi
eon

w,
fret

|i([

|01

m

-^> BEES.

Mr FessenDen — The inquiry of a correspon-
dent who signs P. C. in the last number but ^ne,
of vonr valiiable paper, on the subject of Bees, is
an "important one. I agree with him that the
' right subject has not been sufficiiently discussed.'
It Is of much more importance that the plain
Apiarian should understand the Ijest means to pre-
serve his bees from ilestruction by tlieie enemies,
(among which the bee moth is by far the most
ruiuoiis) than that he should be made acquainted
with their peculiar instinctive habits, the internal
arrangements and economy of the hive, and the

11
remedy fob. wounded fruit trees. f

In a communication which I addressed to yo

a year ago last January, I mentioned that I hs

had the bark gnawed from a favorite young pei

tree, by a mischievous sow a short time before, ar

requested vou, or some correspondent to inform n

what I could do to save it.— The case was prob

blv thonirht a desperate and hopeless one, as n

request was not noticed ; indeed I considered it s,

as the bark was entirely torn from the tree more tlu

two feet from the ground and the wood consider

I bly mangled. Biif I have now the pleasure to i

form you, that the tree is yet alive and is no

bearing voung fruit which promises to come

miituriiy Induetime. The method I took is

follows. The wound was covered with inort

made of equal parts of the droppings of catt

clay, and old lime phvster, and bound on vvj

coarse tow.— This remained on till spring, wh

b*coming hard and dry, 1 took it off and appfied

covering of grafting cement, made with 3 paj

rosin, 3 bees wax, and 1 tallow, and covered t

whole with a tliick matting of eoarsa tow.

X

Vol. IX.— No. 61.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

403

which .'iitualion it has since remiiiiiiHl. Tlie acci-
dent hns checked the growth of tlie tree, to be
sure, but 1 think it will recover.

WINTER GRA1.N-.

Iftlie following simple rules were universally fol-
lowed, there would be a much grciiter quantity of
Indian corn, and winter wheat raised on old land
than what is g-own at prese.'it. Select a piece of
ground suitable for Indian corn and winter grain,
(and there are but few t'u'ms wliere such grouiul
cannot be found if properly managed} spread on
evenly 20 conuuon carl loads, or upwards, of sta-
ble and yard manure to tlie acre, plough it in just

3 inches deep and no luore ; harrow it length-
wise of the furrow, cross mark fur the rows 3i
feet for the small, or 4 feet for the large kind of
corn. Let the corn be properly tended by keep-
iDg the ground loose with the plough and boo, and
free froin weeds, and if the season is not very
utjpropitious you may safely calculate on a large
crop. But if the ground is hard and stony so
that it cannot be ploughed shallow as above re-
coraraeiided, then plough as shallow as possible,
and spread on the manure afterwards and har-
row it in, and proceed as above directed, — the
crop will not probably disappoint your reasonable
expectations. As soon as the corn has become
ripe or t( o hard to roast, .and if possible before
it is touched liy a frost, cut it up, bind and carry
it out of the field, and shock it in the usual way.
If you have drawn the earth around your corn
into hills (which I would advise never t» do in any
case) harrow the hills down with a heavy harrow,
plough 3 inches deep, and spread on evenly

4 or 5 loads of well rotted manure and sow 3
pecks of good clean wheat to the acre, and plough
it in with a light horse plough, and unless some-
thing disastrous happens, the summer following-
your garner may be filled with the finest of wheat.
The same directions will apply to ground planted
ivith potatoes. I woidd insure a crop sown on
'round thus managed for ten per cent less than if
sown on a summer fallow in the ordinary way.

Yours very respectfully

J.NO. Tow>-sE>D.
.indover, Con. June2S, 1831.

I eggs in the cells, as the hive in question was one and put in earth last fall and being now put forth
into which the bees had been driven from one in- may probably stand a better chance of stirvivin'^
tested with the worm— long after the season of the passage home ; they are of the followimr kinds
breeding was past— and too late to obtain a su|i.!most esteemed here, viz.— Sultana, Lady's Finger,

liosakie, Uonndhites, IMouscata, I'runel's, (Clazo-

ply of honey for the winter.

Voms truly,
A'orthampton, June 23d.

S. W.

JHSS.\C1JLSETTS lIUliTltlJLTUliAI, SOCIETY.
Snlurday July 2, 1831.
FLOWERS EXHIBITED.

From Messrs Wiiiships of the Brighton Nur-
series, a handsome collection of flowers and a plant
of the dwarf Cape Jasmine.

men) Currant aiul Black.

I ship to you likewise two barrels of the Wild
Olive Tree ; one of which you will oblige me by
re-shipping to Charleston, South Caro lina, to the
address tif my friend Gen. Hubert Y. Ilaync, as no
direct opportunity oders from here. If the Olive
can succeed at all in our country (of which I have
much doubt,) it must be in a Soutnern section.
Tire invariable pribctice here I learn is to engraft the

BEES.
Mb Fkssende-n — I have for the year past
been much interested in the culture of Bees, and
have been somewhat interested in the discusion
jf Drs Thacher, Smith, and others, and amused
ivith their theories.

About the first of June I placed a fine swarm in a
lark room six feet square, over my wood house, to
jrevent swarming and to be out of the way of
'.he motli, fifteen feet from the ground. Some
twenty or thirty bees found their Way through a
rack in a door opening into a chamber, where I
lad laid by with other bo.xes an old hive partly
3 lied with comb, in which the bees had perislied
ibe last winter for want of food. — The bees could
not find their way back — and much to my sur-
prise, commenced clearing out tlie old hive which
lad not contained a live bee since April. They
worked two days before I was aware of it. I open-
!il n window to permit them to escape. They eon-
luued to work for three weeks, until I added to
hem a small swarm which I found hanging on a
tee. I would ask where these twejNty bees obtaia-
'd a queen — as tee are told they icill not work with-
mtone. TLey could not, I think, have found any

Froni D. Ilaggerston, five Carnations and a j wild Olive after two or three years' growth, from
plant of the Hoy a Carnosa. ^ , , I the domestic tree ; if we would succeed in culti-

!■ me bunches of Flowers from the gardens of | vat
Gen. Dearborn, Z. Cook, Jr, Samuel Downer, S.
Walker.

Fine Carnations from Mr Thompson of Uled-
ford.

The following letters were read by the President.
One from Mr C. Perry ; and one from Tii : Hold-
up Steve.vs, Esq.

The vines and seeds will be distributed among
the members of ih.c society on Saturday ne.\t at^'
11 o'clock. f

Dr James M( tH- of Philadelphia was elected
an honorary member. Mr Isaac Livermore of
Boston, a subscri[ition member.

FRUIT.

Salurd:)y, July 2, I83I.
A box of white Antwerj) and a box of Red
.\utwer|) Raspberries, of fine appcaiance, were
presented by Hon. II. A. S. Dearborn.

A basket of large and fiue Gooseberries, com-
prising five varieties, was presented by Mr S.
Walker of Roxbury.

A box of Downer Cherries, very fair forthe
season, was presented by IMr S. Downer.

Two boxes of very fair Natural Cherries were
presented by Mr Aaron D. Weld of Roxbury.
S. Do\Y.\£B, Chairman pro tern.

U.?. Ship Concord, Malaga, April 9J, 1631.

Ge.ntlkmen'- By the brig Union, Capt. Wade,
I send a small box containing a few seeds from
Spain and the Islands of Minorca, which I trust
will be acceptable.

It will afford me great pleasure to forward from
time to time, during my cruise, such plants and
seeds as I may be enabled to oollect. I have
already made arrangements for procuring some of
the young shoots of the Cork Tree, and hope to
succeed in getting them safely to the United States.

I am, gentlemen, most respectfully.

Your friend and obedient servant,

M. C. Perry.

Messrs H. A ' 5. Dkabborn, and )
Zb££D£e Cook, Jr. Boston. J

U. S. Ship Ontwio, Smyrna, 1st .^pril, 1831.

My Dear Sir, — In conformity to the isromise
made in the letter I took the liberty to address to
you by the brig Daniel Webster which departed
for Boston on the 18th ultimo, I now ship to you
a box containing a quantity of the Cassabar
melon seed spoken of in that letter, and which
are undoubtedly geniune ; the same box contains
also some water melon seeds from the same
district and a portion of Pumpkin seed. I do not
know that either of these two latter kinds will be
found superior to our own, but they imiy prove
worth the trial of raising. I send you also a
barrel of grape cuttings, which having been selected

on we must adopt the same plan. The cuttings
can easily be procured hereafter, should we find
the Native Tree inclined to flourish with us. If
these reach you in preservation, and you are not
disposed to attempt rearing them in our Northern
climate, permit nic to suggest the propriety of
sending- them to some agricultural friend in Florida,
the soil and climate most favorably adapted, prob-
ably, to the expfriments of their cultivation.

The interest I feel in adding my mite to the
prosperity of our couimon country, will I trust
plead my excuse for the trouble I may impose on
you. I am Dear Sir, with higli respect.
Your obedient servant,

Tii. Holdup Stevens,

Commander,

General It. A. S. Dearbkrit,
Ijoslon, .-^lass. U. S. of America.

Fiom the N. V. Farmer.

Copy of a Lcller from Tliomaa UMliani Coke, Esq. M. P. to Mr
John Fisher, in reference lo the Devonshire Cntlle raised hy the
Alessrs Hurlbul, of Con.

ItoLKHAM, April 21, I83I.

Sir, — I am this moment favored with your kind
letter, and most fiatteiing account of the Devon
Oxen. It is to me a pleasing reflection that I
was the first person thit introduced them into
America through my friend Mr Patterson. I
thought then at that time, and I am still more con-
firmed in that opinion now, that they are the most
superior kind of cattle in this Lland, if well select-
ed. But I beg to be uuderstood, when I speak
of the Devonshire red Cattle, it is in praise of the
JVorth Devon Cattle, with yellow noses and indent-
ed foreheads, and yellow around their eyes, which
mark their character, beyond that of the Southern or
South Devons, which have black noses, or inter-
mixed with black. These 1 beg to be distinctly
understood not to recommend, or to be in any
way re«ommended by me, as a superior breed of
Cattle.

Be so kind as to express my acknowledgments
to Mr Ilurlbut, when you see him, and to assure
him that I shall be at all times most hajipy to show
him, or any of his American friends, should they
come to England, every attention in my power ia
the Agricultural line.

I remain Sir, your

Obliged, humble servant,

Tho. Wllliam Coke-

M. Fischer, of Vienna, lias discovered a new
process of Bleaching Straw. Instead of smoking
it with sulphur as heretofore, be steeps it in the
mwiatic acid saturated with potash. The straw
bleached by this process never grows yellow, and
is equally white, besides that it acquires a great.
fle.xibJIity.

401

NEW ENGLAND FAUMEll,

July 6, 1831.

From ihe tienesee Fanner.

and make, leaving tlin, lMm:;s open for a few d.-ijs,
tlieu put tlieni in loosely, ami in ten or twelve
•days bunged tight.

In December it was racked off, wlicn each cask
aftorded iwo gallons of lees in currant pulp; after
racking, it wi\t put hack into the cask.s again, and
fined with a |1int of skim-milk, and left to stand.

In Septemher I look alioui two bushel of peach-
es, (of the Columbian peacli) pounded them up,

CURRANT WINE.
Never expecting to arrive at a competency, that
would enable me to enjoy the luxury of foreign
Wines, I was led to seek for substitutes m our
home productions. Having never met with any
currant wine that would answer, I turned niy
attenlion to cider, obtained sundry receipts fur

making cider wines and "f\;;'il'';:''^Z ^nd 1;^ them^ostand a lew daj'S and iVrment, as
them for several years, n, order ° '■'--' ^^ ^ i |,ad done wi,h the currants, from which, with

sweras the substitute l<u- wme ; but all my un,lu-l ^^^ _ ^ ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^_^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ r,f iuice.

takings failed, leaving it to remam ciuer. Allliongli
considerable improvement can be made on the
common mode of mauufacturing cider, so as to

make it worth three or four times the value of or
dinary cider, yet the malic acbl of the apple, will
not afford the vinous flavor, like the tartaric acid
of the grape.

I then began the culture of grapes, hoping that
out of American grown grapes to be able to make
a home-made wine that would serve as an apology i
for the luxurious flavor of foreign wines. i

It is only two years ago that 1 first met with a
currant wine, at Oliver Phelps', in Uanandaigua,
that possessed a sufficiency of the vinous flavor to
cliaractorize it with the name of wine; all the
others that I had drank of before, were deficient
in the vinous flavor: they were loo heavy and of
a syrup taste, probably owmg lo the want of a
just proportion in their ingredients.

But finding Mr Phelps' so good an Imitation of
foreign wine I was induced to imitate it. Accord-
ingly, I took his, and also Maj. John Adliim's re-
ceipt for making currant wine, (whi:li I have an-
nexed) and varying their process in obtainimr the

some labor, 1 obtaiiu'd ;d)out three gallons of juice,
and to which I addi'd two pounds of honey to the
gallon, and tested it with the egg, and put it up in
a small keg, for making.

In October I picked about half a bushel of
the Isabella Grapes, and spread ihem in the cham-
ber for three or four weeks to dry; then mashed
and put Ihem into a stone jar, to ferment ; by neg-
lect, these were also left to stand nearly a week,
when a blue mould had formed on the top, and
the acetous fermentation Inul evidently commenced;
from them I obtained aboM two gallons of juice,
to which added two ]iounds ot honey to the gallon,
which bore the eL'g to the sizt of a two shilling
piece above the surface ; then iVi, the must into a
stone jug to make. ;

Both of these were racked off and fined in De-
cember.

Owing to the prussic aciil of the Peach, when
assimilated with saccharine, not developing the
vinous flavor, the like as the tartaric acirl of^ the
grape, the peach ji'iice has produced a very inferior
liquor ill its flavor, although possessing a good
bodv. It is of a pale white cider color, and a

IM-omised to lie the better liiiuor; but afterwards,'
the lioiiey gained on the sugar until it was racked
i when it lell baidc for a few weeks, but afterwards
it regained, and continues to increase iu superiori-
ty over the sugar. It has nearly the color of ftla-
' deira, perfectly fine and limpid, with a good body,
] and the spirit of the honey gives to it the oxliil-
lar.-iting properties of .s/iii char.ipaigue : its flavor
' denotes the uiiadiilt(.'raled purity of its ingredi-
ents and physicians have ailmitted it good for
medicinal uses, ne.xt to .Madeira, and by several
persons it has been I'onsideied equal to the Sicily
Madeira, wliicii retails at two dollars. While
computing ibc ingredients at llieir market price,
and allowing something for the labor, it may be
estimated to cost about fifty cenft.

Those who do not produce honey, can inocnve
the Havana honey in Rochester at ime dollar the

Tallon, which is estimated

weigh thirteen

liexecl) anU varying tliea- process in omamnig lo.; .m.mv. il i» u. « i-..^.-. ,,.,..>.„

iuice of the currant, to conform with Maj. Ad- strong acid cider taste; so that I consider the

linn's process for making wine of the grape, and
last year made the following experiments:

I picked the currants about the middle of July.
I had seven pecks, (instead of nine, as iiiven in
the receipt for a barrel of ivine) washed and pound-
ed them in an open barrel, aiiil instead of pressing
out the juice immeiliaiely, I covered the barrel
with a board and left it to stand and ferment ; but
(instead, of 12, 24, 36, or 48 hours, as Major
Adliiiri qn-escribes for grape juice) by neglect I
let them remain four or five days, when they had
gathered some mould on the top ; tlieii jiressed
out ihejuice by hand ; (n press ofsome kind would
have lessened the labor, and to have added a few
gallons of water would have obtained more extract
from the currants, and also facilitated tlie strain-
ing of it) then, divided the jiiico into equal parts
in order to make two half barrels ; one with iiKqile
sugar, and the other with honey.

To the one 1 added thiriyseven pounds maple
sugar that had not been <lr.iined of its molasses,
and suflicient water to make fifteen gallons of the
whole; then tested its sfioiigth by putting iu a
hen's egg, (Major Adium's handy anrl convenient
substitute for the Sacchromeler) iind found that il
floated the egg, showing about the size of a shil-
ling piece aliovc the surface ; then put u]) the must
into the cask.

To the other I put fijrtytwo ])ounds of strained
honey, and water to make the quantity (fifteen
gallons.) After the honej* was dissolved, I also
tested this with the egg, and found it to show a
part of the shell above the surface about the size
of a pistareen ; — which clearly showed that honey
contains as much saccharine, for its weight, as su-
gar.

The casks were put into the cellar to ferment

experiment of making wine frmn peaches an entire
libire.

That of the grape juice is evidently injured by
the acetous fermentatiou, when siiftered to stand
too long as before mentioned. It has a dark red
Teneriffe ccdnr, approaching to the Burgundy,
with a cooling taste, owing to the redundancy of
the tartaric acid and fixed air. It has been rather
an indiflerent liquor, but is improving considerably
liy age, and gives indications that it would have
b"en a successful experiment, had the quantity
been larger, and the process been duly attend-
ed to.

Tiie currant wine made of maple sugar has its
color darkened to Teneriffe by the coloring liiat-
ter, and its flavor rendered slightly bitter from
-the impurities of the sugar, clearly showing that
the liquor will be improved in iiroportion to the
purity of the saccharine used in making it. It
lias a slight tinge of the .Malaga flavor, and nearly
equal in its quality ; it is a drinkab'^ currant
wine.

But that made of honey promises to become a
superior article; it was a suggestion of my own,
proposed to 'Mr N. Goodsell, who at first obiect-
ed to the experiment, — but having the ingrcdieiit,
the produce of my farm, I preferred to venture it,
and ])roposed to add a gallon of brandy, accor-
ding to Mr Phelps' receipt, should he consider
the honey as wanting in giving a sufficient body
to sustain the liquor ; but he objected to that (Ui
Mnj. Adium's principle of developing the alco-
hol of wine, by fermentation, rather than by dis-
tillation, as making a mcn-e puro and wholesimie
liquor, and should we find it in danger of pricking
we could then add the s|iirit.

During the first two or three nKinths, the sugar

pounds, — that would need to be clarified ; — it can
be put into a stone jar, and that into a kettle
of water and boiled, wliicli will boil the honey
and allow it to be skimmed : or add some of
the water to fill the cask, and boil it iu the ket-
tle.

The manner iu which I obtained the supply of
honey in July, was by driving (be bees, after they
have done swarming, out of ihe olil hive, into a
new one.

As the honey was considered as a secondary
experiment, I put it into an old half barrel I had
on hand, which s|)rnng aleak in the winter, and by'
the spring I b.ad lost more than half its contents.
I propose to get an iron bouinl cask, and have it
painted for preservation. They can often be had
of the merchants, after having retailed out their
imported wines : and to retain their lees, and put
the current wine on those lees, will improve its
vinous flavor. J- HAWLEY.

Oliver Phelps' Receipt for malring Currant Wine.
Pick your currants in a fair day, when fully
ripe, say between the fifteenth ;ind twentieth July.
Wash "them in a tin cullender clean from dust,i
then put them into a clean llaiiuel bag, and press
out thi^ir juice. Measure it, and to every gallon
of pure currant juice arid two gallons of cold well
water, and to every gallon of this mixture add three
pniindsofgoo.i clear brown sugar, the purer and
lighter, the better, (excepting the Havana) and to
every eighteen gallons oi" liquor add one gallon of
the best French brandy.

When the whole is well united put it into a
good clean cask ; fill it nearly 'full, and put a piece
of leather over the bung hole with a small weight
on it. Take care that the cask is not so full as
to work over, as this would injure the liquor
and after the fermentation has ceased, bung the
cask as tight as [lossible. In tiie month of May
following, it will be fit for use, or for bottling, as
ymi choose. All this jiroo'ss must be done with
neatness, and you cannot fail in having the firsi
rate of eurrant wine.

John Adium's Reciiff,ifor making Currant Wine.
Take two btrSlfils'tif cnrrants, sixteen gallons
of watgr; anA ^i^m sevcntytwo to eigbtyfoul
ponr.#of siiga,r'j|r("ivrcofdiiig as you would have 1
more m^lfcss stiotfg'p Bruise the currants, add th(
water, then press oi- squeeze out all the liquid
then adil the sugar, dissolve it, and jiut it into you
cask^% t>il"cc11ar,fo"- ferniBUt; keep some of th'
li«luiiifl^H ttp the :oa¥lt as it wastes by fermenta

Vol. IX No. 51.

AND IIOllTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

405

tion, and in ;il.oiit ten ilays liiiiiu it ii|> ti^ilit, anil
liorn a ^i:Mljlet Imle ni'ar tin; bun^', am! ])iit a pip
in it li;.'lilly, anJ in all nt a nmnlli ilrivf it in tigljt
cxamiiiu it in Nipvenilii-r or tUo Ufjiinninir orDcci-rn- 1
lier, and it "ill irrniially I'O rcininl linu and liriglii,
when it ociglit to l>o lackicl into a cli;an cafU wrll
fiiniijiitfd with sulphur, and if it is not p-rrectly
fine anil lirighi, ^iic it; after which it may lie
hptllcd, or r.L'ain rarkcd into nnolhor cask, as
al)ov(" dircctril ; when it will keep for years in the

polar cirole is eipial in strength and firmness to
any species cultivated in more temperate cli-
mates.'

The cnliivation of the silk-worm in this coun-
try, is heeomiiis; an obji'ct of so nineh irnporlance,
that durin'r the year 1S-2S, the Senate oflhc Uni-
ted Stales, ordered 2000 copies ofu letter from tin;
Secretary of tliH Treasin\, transoiilling all the
information which c-(Mild he collected respcctin'.'
ilie cidiivalion of silk in the Uiiiini, to lie primed

.wood, anil be improving. I for the nse of iis ineinhers. In Virginia, Georgia

^ By taking nine peek- of currants and eighty fonr|..ii„| Sonth Carolina, the .silk-worm has been rear-
pounds of sugar, a whi.-key barrel I'nH- riiay he . p,] for many years. In 1760, silk was first raised
made, lioldin- from ihiriyiwo to thirty four gal- j i„ (^o„„^.p,i^,;, Since then in New Hampshire,
Ions — if the cask is not quite hill, fill it with w.-i- Vermont, Massachu.setts and very lately in Maine,
*^''- . this subject has atlracteil the alteniion of ecoii-

This mode of making currant wine, will make „,ws\s. Conneclient has been eminently snccc.ss-
it>norc.J.ike a n.reign wine, than any other I am f,,! j„ |„,,. ..nons :— in 1825, in the town of
ncfluainled with; and as almo.st every person who j ;\[a„gflpl,| „|„„pJ„ „,.,t s,;„e, the .silk maiiufac
has i ganlen, has a nnuiber of currant trce.s, I give | ,,,^^,1 „..,g ji,,.^.^ hundred pounds — valued at fijhrn

th

IS receipt to enable them to convert sneli as are
not .wanted f.ir jelly, into u very fine wine.

NoTF. — Tliirieeii and a half pounds of sugar [iro- ,
duceone gallon of liquid. The currants ought to j
be picked on a dry day, and the wine made the

Ihousniul ilollars : — in 1S26, the County of Wind-
ham mannfacinred silk to the ainomit of liftyfour
thousand dollars. It is estimated ihat five tlicui-
saiid dollars' worliTof silk is amuially sold in one
County, (Orange County) in New Vork ; and

same day, otherwise it will take more sugar, j ,|,g „,-o,g g.,,^ o,- .,,1^ j,,.,-^!,, j,, ,1,^^ g(,^,pi^ ^^^

and will not be so neat a wine as if the whole oper-
ations were completed in a day

Friiiu llolbronk's Scientific Tract?.

SILK WOU.MS.
The product of another insect, the caterpillar
of a molh, wlietlier itbe looked upon as an article
of commen'e, or an object of domestic employ-
ment
Tl

an emperor of China, so long ago as twentyseven
hundred years bel'>re the Christian era ; and .nn
empress first attended to the maniifaclure of silk.
This occupation for a long time was confined to
ladies of the most elevated standing;; but gradually
became an employment for females generally.

' ~ ■"■ '" tjj.-v... ........ ....^ >....|...., -

lent, is well worthy the aitention of our country. / Jlgave Americana. — .\t
'he raising of silk-worms engaged the attention of^ New York Ilorticnltural i

culated at fifteen thousand dollars. When it is
considered that the greater part of the lalior mav
be accomplished by feiiial"s and children, and
that it is not only a healthful exercise, but an
agreeable aiiiusen'ent, it will be thought a little
snpprising, that we are so willing and ready to
import silk from abroad.

late meeting of the i
Society, Ulr Saltus pre-
sented an Agave Americana and a specimen of
the lleinp manufactured from it, accompanied by
the following letter. ' j

r.irt.in Prnce, Mny n, 1«!1I, |
Sir — Referring to my respects of the 20tli I
nit. I have the pleasure now to forward yon |M'.brig j
After the quantity of silk manufactured was Onslow, the [dams you requested. Kegs could |
sufficient to clothe all classes in China, it was not he procured, but I hope they will arrive equal-
useil a?, an article of e.vportation, and was ly safe as they are. I

carried from the noriliern jiaris of the Chinese i The mode used for preparing this grass or
dominions to every |iart of Asia. — In 555, two hemp for market is very simple — a pi(!Ce of tim-
Monks hroiu'ht from China in th.^ir hollow stives, ber similar to that used by curriers in cleaning
silk-worms' eggs to Constantinople; and thus Eu- I skins at a certain period of the process of tan-
ro|ie first became possessed of the power of rais- ! ing, is arranged ; the green leaves or shoots are
itig siik. In Greece, as in China, females of the ' placed on it, and with a piece of hard wood, form-
first families counuenced the care of silk-worms, led something like a drawiui knife, an end in each

Im/joi-laiil Improvemeiil in the Production of
Cream. — For about twilvc months past Mr
.S.imuel Davis of this city lias been trying experi-
ments on the use of milk pans made of zinc as a
substitute for those of lin or other materials. His
experiiiuMils, last Bummer, on Long island and
i\ew Jersey, were highly satisfactory. He and
another gentleman interested, hiivc repeated them
this spring, wiih rusiilis eipially favorable. They

I have sscerluined that milk in zinc pans will keep

( sweet four or five hours longer than in tlioSe of
other materials, and consequenlly all'ord a longer

j time for the cream to rise.

On Wednesday, the 25th inst. we saw S tin and

! three zinc pans haviiii; in each nine quarts of milk.

\ The milk, ivliieli was just from the cows, lia<l been
put in on the Monday previous at three o'clock in

j the afternoon. TDii Wednesday at nine in the

• morning, when we were present at the skimming,
the milk in the tin pans had become mostly coagu-
lated or loppard ; that in the zinc pans but slightly
sour. At two o'clock this latter ntforded a second

' skimming. The result of the churning was, that the

! cream froai the zinc produced three lbs. five oz.
and that from the tin only two pounds five and a

' half ounces. Care was taken to have the experi-
ments correct and fair. lu addition to the extra
quantity, the butter from the zinc vessels is thought

j to be sweeter.

We do not know on what principle to account
for this effect, except it may be that of galvanic
agency. The iiu))<>rtance of the improvement

I will at once be perceived by every one. The pans
are very durable, not likely to rust or oxiilize, antl

' at a price very little liigher than those of tin.

Pans and kettles of every description are nian-
nfactnred by the innprietors of the patent, Messrs.

John Westlield & Co. No. 163 -Alott street. New
York. We hope fiiriiieis will loSe no time in
fiirmsliing theuiselves with one or more pans to try

the experiments. — .V. 1'. Farmer.

Penluhtyti CliiirTvi. — We should suppose one of
the easii'St hand churns in nse, is that operating
by a pendulum. A child of eislit or ten years
old can sit down and move a double churn with-
out difficulty, during the time requisite to produce
butter. A patent has been recently taken out liy
persons in this city, and extensive sales made. It
is, if we are not gready mistaken, an old inven-
tion.— A'. 1'. Farmer.

Next to Greece, Italy attended to the rearing of
these insects. About the year 1600, Henry IV.
introduced the raising of silk-wnrms into France,
which now derives from their labors 23,560,000
francs anually. — Although iiillSO, silk was im-
ported into England from China, which was ear-
lier than it had been received in France; still'noih-
ing of importance was done towards the intr^v;!,-*-
tion of the caterpillar into England, until within
the last eleven years, — two hundred years after
France had set an example. Ahhougli two pre-
ceeding attempts had fiiled to rertd»/ tlie cultiva-
tion of silk iu'portant in Germany, during the past
twelve years great efforts have been made there,
originating with the Agricultur.il Society of Ba-
varia. Ptusfia and Sweilen also, have not been
idle ; and in the former of ihese, it has been proved,
that ' siik equal to that of Italy may be produced,
affordinir greater profit than any other branch of
real industry ;' while that raised in tlio latter

hand, the green and juicy substance is rubbed |
oft ; the white fibres remain and only require dry-!
ing to be fit for sale.

Should these roots get to hand in good order,
I bog your acceptance of them, and am,
Very respectfiilly, your

Obliged Servant,

11. Phelps.
N. Saltus, Esq. Xew York. ^' '

^-.

Horiieullural. — Those who grafted their fruit
trees in the spring, should look them over and
see whether the bandages do not require ta-
king ofT ; — and whether young shoots from the
stocks are not dejuiving the grafts or inocu-
lations of their portion of the sap. If .so, they
should be cut off; but care should be taken
at fivst, not to trim off all the shoots so as
to leave the stock without leaves, for fear of stag-

nating the sap and causing the death of both graft
country would show ' t'lat the silk raised near the ' and stock. — Genesee Fanner.

Different Flo'ctrs on the same Slock. — The
newSloiithly Magazine gives the following meih-
of oblainiug flowers of different colors on the
same stem : Split a small twig of elder length
ways, and having scraped out the pith, fill
each of the apartments with seeds of flowers of
different sons, but which blossom about the same
time ; — surround them with mould, ami then lying
together the two bits of wood, plant the w hole in
a pot filled with earth properly prepared. The
stems of the difierent flowers will thus be so incor-
porated as to exhibit to the eye, only one stem,
thowing out branches covered with flowers analo-
gous to the seed which produced thetn.

Insects. — The Cmculio continues his ravages
upon the jdums, apricots and nectarines ; most of
which are already destroyed in this neighborhood.
The yellow bugs which destroy melons and cu-
cumbers, have been foiled by the aplication of coal
dust, and appear to have deserted our gardens.—
Oenesre Farmer.

■ 'v-h J*

406

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July G, 1S3I.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY G, 1831.

FOB THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

ON PARSNIPS.

As there is no inconvenience in giving to a sub-
ject a iiltle forellioiiglit, I heg to say a lew words
respecting Par«)ii;?s; notwitlistanding tlie time for
preparing tLe ground fur a large crop this year
has passed. But a small quantity may be raised
even this year, by way of experiment ; and some
parsnip iilants may yet ho set out for seed, to be
gathered in the fall for a full crop in 1832, shoulil
the experiment of tlje presetit year prove encom--
agiug.*

Deep ploughing may be expeoled to be requisite
for every plant with a tap root ; but the ploughing
must be deeper for ])arsnips than for carrots, to
prevent the shooting out of large side roots, which
would not only render the parsnip inconvenient
for harvesting, and for handling aftenvards, .but
diminish the central roots, in which its nourish-
ment chiefly lies. This deep jiloughing, however,
will bury many weeds, jiut out of the way many
insects, and prepare the ground for wheat and
other important crops, especially those having deej)
roots. The plant in question affords a variety to
the farmer, in his culiure, to meet the accidents of
seasons, as well as a variety in their food to some
of his farming stock.

The parsnip also, when liarvested properly, is
not readily affected by frost. It requires no ani-
mal or vegetable manure, and may be cultivated,
with proper care, for several years on the same
spot. We have not as yet, perhaps, had much
trial of parsnip crops among the farmers of the
U. S. but if we trust to English accounts, they
are valuable for horned cattle, swine, and horses,
and are likely to merit attention here, where (es-
jiecially to the eastward) parsnips may be raised
to great perfection in garden culture, as the writer
o'f this article cheerfully testifies.

Mr Arthur Young shall he our prijicipal evi-
dence as to the general merit of a parsnip crop
on a farm ; and my citation from him will be
taken from the tenth edition of his Fanner's Cal-
endar, printed in London in ISIS. — His words are
as follows :

' Of all the crops whicli the farmer can culti-
vate, the parsnip is the most valuable ; but it de-
mands a lielter soil than any oilier crop he can put
into the ground. If he has not land of an extra-
ordinary quality he had better not venture on the
culture. They love n vpry deep soil, dry, sound,
friable, sandy loam; ploughed as deeply as possi-
ble, towards tlie end of autumn, and left for the
frost to pulverize and sweeten. About the 10th
of February [he here speaks of England] if th<;
weather be favorable, it will be proper to sow and
harrow in five pounds of seed per acre, which
will come up in about six weelLS.'

Under the head of the month of March, Mr
Voung adds the following paragraph. ' Earlv in
this month parsnips are to be sown. They" are
not to be lecommended except in the deepest and
richest soils. The land should be dry, but very
fertile. — The putrid, rich deep sands, worth 40
or £-50 an acre ; the deep, friable, sandy loams
that are as good two feet deep as on the surface.

* This was intended for last week's paper, but receiv-
ed too late for publication. — Editor.

are the soils fittest for this root. On these they
come to a great size ; and no other crops on such
land, can yiay better. Where the soil is proper,
the inducement to cultivate them is very great; for
they will fatten bullocks as well as oil-cake, and
are e.\"cellent in fattening hogs. Of all common
roots they are the most saccharine.

' The tillage and management is the same as
for carrots, but they demand deeper ploughing.
Four or five pounds of seed is the proper quantity,
sown broad cast ; and the first week of this month
the right lime. — If the weather is favorable they
may bo sown the last week in February ; and har-
rowed in. Both these roots have been tried in
drilling, by very skilful drillers; but they have
not answered like broad-cast crops. — Nothing pre-
pares better for irhcat, if due attention be paid to
keeping them entirely clean.'

We heie take leave of Mr Arthur Young
himself to notice a part of tlie report of a certain
Mr Bndd, a considerable farmer, near Guilford,
in Surry, in England, cited in Mr Young's Cal-
endar. Mr Budd found the irarsnips valuable for
bis hogs, bis dairy cows, and (: is horses ; saying
that five of the latter gained him each, half a
guinea a week for ten weeks, besides saving him
hay.* An ox had a most unusual quantity of fat
within him, besides making admirable meat. [See
Arthur Young's Calendar as above p. 92-94, 135.

In Monk's Agricultural Dictionary vol xi. p.
272-275, we have an addition to these accounts,
but with some variation. The first article is from
Mr J. Hazard, who writes thus.

'To cultivate parsnips so as to make them ad-
vantageous to the farmer, it wiil he right to sow
the seeds in autumn, immediately after they are
ripe, or come to perfection ; by which means the
plants will a]>pRar early in the following spring,
and will get strong before the weeds can grow to
injure them. Frosts never affect the seed, nor do
the young plants ever suflTer from the severity of
the seasons. Not only on this ground but for many
other reasons the autumn is preferable to the spring
sowing, as the weeds at this latter time will keep
pace with the parsnips; and often when they are
hoed or cleared, great part of the crop is pulled
up, cut out, or otherwise destroyed, as (when
sown in the spring) they are so small, when they
first appear, as not easily to be distinguished from
the weeds. If no rains fall at that season some
of the seeds will not vegetate, till late in the sum-
mer ; and the few plants which do appear will
scarcely pay the expense of cleaning them. Be-
sides they will never grow to any size, but be
■sticky, or cankered, and consequently will be
destitute of nutrimental juice ; while on the con-
trary those which are sown in autumn will be
large.

'The best soil for par.siiips is a rich deep loan •:^.
next to this is sand ; or they will thrive well in al-
black gritty soil ; but will never pay for cultivation
in stone, gravel or clay soils, and they always are
largest where the earth is deepest. Dry liglit land
is pleasing to them ; but stiff' or hide-bound land
is destructive. If the soil is proper they do not
require much manure. A very good crop (says
the writer) has been obtained by himself for three
successive years, from the same land without using

* If parsnips, like carrots, when given alone furnish
weight of earcase rather than strength ; then shoidd im-
mediate service be required, strength ana bottom may
easily bo gained by a mixture of niore heai'tening food
with the root in question.

* It is an established rule that the proper mixture of
soils by art, is in the first instance equivalent to manure ;
or is a pertnanent manure. Manure whicli is absorbed
may bfi' added.

f The only reason fm- taking up the plant, when it is
destined for ppoducinj seed, is to have the power ol se-
lecting the best; but when it is knpwn that the plants^
aie all good, to transplant Uieni is doing much mischiet.
and losing lime.

any manure, — but when he laid sand, at the rati;
of about forty cart loads per acre, upon a very
stiff loam, and ploughed it in, he found it answer-
ed very well ; from which he concluded that a
mixture of soils may be proper for this root.*

It is best to sow the seed in driliss at about 18
inches distance from each other, that the land may
be more conveniently hand or horse hoed ; andt hey
will be more luxuriant if they undergo a sound
hoeing, and are carefully earthed, so as not to
cover the leaves.

If ptople would in general be attentive to the
soil, the season for sowing, the cleaning and earth-
ing up of the plants, and raising their seed from
the largest and best parsni[)s (which should be
selected and transplantedf for that jnirpose,) tliere
is no doubt such a crop would answer better than
a cro|) of carrots. They are equal if not superior
for fatting pigs, as they make their flesh whiter ;
and the pigs eat them with more satisfaction.
When they are clean washed, and sliced among
bran, liorses eat them greedily.' Bath Papers, vol.
iv. 1788.

Another writer in the same volume of the Bath
papers, saj's ' I am of opinion that there is a plant,
I mean Parsnip, which has not been yet tried by any
of your correspondents. — but which is in France,
and in our adjoining islands [in the British channel]
held in high estimation as a food, particularly for
cattle and swine. In Britany [in France] especially,
they mention it as little inferior in value to icheat,
whilst cows fed with it in winter (say they) give
as good milk, and which yields as well flavored
butter as milk in May or June; and in as great
abundance. It is much commended for swine,,
icltich rear young pigs. It also proves very useful
in fattening pigs.'

Here end our citations from the Bath Papers.

After the reference just made to French/arming
on the subject of parsnips, something might have
been expected to have been found in the Maison
Rustique ; but in its tenth editon (in 1775) nothing
of moment appears ; except that parsnips are said t

to be of two kinds, ivhite and yelloio ; and that 1

more apprehension is expressed of frost acting
upon the crops, put up for keeping, than Dr Deane
seemed to think necessary in his edition of tlw
A'cic England Farmer for 1790.

Though the experience of the writer of this
letter only regards the jiarsnip in garden culiure,
in the northern part of the Union, yet this experi-
ence proves that the Parsnip may be cultivated
with spring sowing, like the carrot. It may be
added also that the Surrey Farmer (Mr Budd
above mentioned) varied bis mode of giving his
parsnips to his animals, when he found them for
the moment glutted with them. And lastly, let
it be recollected, that a variety of farms have
.■>ots of deep soil, which their annual crops never
eni,..^y down to its bottom; and that it is so mucli
gain to a firrmer, when any of tlris deep soil is
brought from time to time into extra use.

I am. Sir, your constant reader, S. O.

Ilallowell, June 1831.

Vol. IX.— No. 51.

AND HOllTICULTUllAL JOURNAL.

407

BEES.

Mr Fessf.ndf.n— It is proper that those persons
"vvho make use of the bee-hive furnished with CTlazeJ
Drnwcrs, should be i:iformed that they will find it
ditficult to drive the bees out of llio drawers while
taking; the honey, unless the glass be covered ; but
if the drawers be entirely dark, the bees will imme-
diately rush out at the aperture by which they enter-
ed.

In case oj receiving a sling, tliero is no remedy
that affords such speedy and effectual relief a3 to-
bacco moistened witli vinegar.

I have four swarms that have this season taken
possession of conticruous empty hives without swarm-
ing in the usual mode. It is only necessary to place
liives in contact with apertures of communication,
and to keep the empty hive dark without any outlet
in front. I am yours,

Plymouth, Jut;/, iH^l. J. T.

Fat Cattle. — Col. Stevens, of Dutchess county,
N. Y. passed tlirough this village last week
with about 90 liead of cattle, for the New York
market. He informed us that ho had paid 70,000
<3ollars this season for cattle purchased in the vicin-
ity of Connecticut river, in Massachusetts, New
Hampshire and WermovA.-N'orthampton Gazette.

The season. — This is a growing season, and a
very busy one for farmers. Corn and broom corn
are unusually promising. There is a great crop of
grass, but the weather has been unfavorable for
hay making. Many fields of rye, it is said are
blasted. — Ibid.

Com Bug. — The Lansingburg Gazette states,
that a black bug, about the size of a lightning, bug
]ias recently made its appearance in the neighbor-
hood of that village — and says that it is the worst
enemy to corn the farmers have ever known.
AVhole fields have been destroyed by it.

Tf'liy Cream collects on the surface of Milk. — When
a vessel of milk is allowed to remain a certain time
at rest, it is observed that a stratum of fluid will
collect at the surface, differing in many qualities
.from Uliat upon which it rests. This is called
cream ; and the property by which it ascends to
the surface is itis relative levity ; it is composed of
th,e lightest particles of the milk, which arein the
first instance mixed generally in the fluid ; hut
Tvhich, when the liquid is allowed to rest, gradu-
ally rise through it, and settle at the surface. —
J)r Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopcedia. — Hydrostatics
and Pneumatics.

Temperance in .Vtio Hampshire. — According to
a late report of the N. ' H. Temperance Soci-
ety, as given in the N. H. Statesman, the con-
sumption of ardent spirits in that State has been
reduced in the proportion of about 4-9ths, making
an annual saving of expenditure in this article of
$268,000. The present consumption is estimated
at 2 gallons to each individual, at an annual cost
of ?33.5,000.— £. Falls Int.

The first edition of Halsted's Dys)iepsia, 10,000
copies, having been sold, another of 1000 is just
published.

IVrought-lron Plough.^. — Bar-Iron, S,r.
Wriught-Iron Ploughs, of all -izes. — iho, A Complatc
assortmeul of American, Eiislish, Swedes and Russia Har
Iran — American Braziers' Rods — Spike arc! >>ail Rods,
Shoe-Shape!— Hoop and Band Iroii — riuel of all kind.-. —
PlPfi-bos and Mould-board plales, &c. cm = andy lor sale
by GAY 4- UIRD,

Slis. No. 44, India Street, Bostswu

Bees.

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sale, In his
Patent iShde Becliives, at 20 cents pet pound, weight of
cacli swarm fioin tO to 101) lbs. lare ol hive (le<lucled ;
Ihe price of the Palcut hives is §2 a piece, and the price
of a sintrlc riijlit $5.

.\l<o tor sale, 200 swarms of bees in the old lasliioncd
hive, price 17 cents per poviiid, l.u-e ot hive ilediicled.

The above will he delivcreil wiihiii htiy miles of Bos-
ton, in good oriler, (warraiiled free Irom mollis or other-
wise damaged) by the first day of March. 1832.

.^11 letters must be sent in before the first day of Sep-
tember, 1831, so as to have time to transpoit them from
Maine. KBKNKZEU BEARD

July 6 ep2m

Brass Syringes.
For sale .it the Agricultooh. Warehouse, Nos. 51 and
52 North Market street, a ' -ful article for destroy-
ing Caterpillars, Bugs ae .nsects. Liliewise to

prevent Ibe mildew on Yines and Goosei-t^rry Bushes. —
.See N. E. Farmer, vol. 8, page 358 and 363. •

Turnip Seed.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with Ibe New
England Farmer, No. 52 North itlarket Street, Boston,

200 lbs White Flat Turnip Seed, the f;rou-lh of the
present reason, raised in this vicinity e.'spressly for this
Establishment. ;r

.\L.so — Ruta Ba,*i' of the very first quality, of both
American and European growth; Yellow Aberdeen,
Yellow Stone, Wiiite Norfolk Field, and Yellow French
Turnips; Long Prickly and other Cucumbers, for pick-
ling, warranted genuine and fresh. July 6

Farm Wanted.

Wanted, a first rate Farm in the vicinity of Boston,
containing 100 to 150 acres of land, with a good and con-
venient house, barn, &.e.

Letters (postage paid) addressed to R. S. H. Salem,
Mass. giving a particular description o( Farms, offered,
cash price, taxes. Sec, will receive itnmediate attention.

7ViC true Sugar Beet.

For sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, Noi'tb
Market street, Boston, 100 lbs. of the true French Sugar
Beet Seed, — received this day from Paris, by the hist
Havre packet, via Newport. The excellence ol this
loot for cattle, and for culinary and other purposes, is too
well known to require comment.

Also— Large and Small Lima Beans— Early Dwarf
Beans — several varieties of pickling and other Cucum-
bers—Radishes, Lettuces, Cabbages, Turnips, &c.
BnooM Corn.

Also, just received, a few busfielsof prime Broom Corn
raised last season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.

^~Sheep — Sheep.

Yaluable Books on the best method of forming good
flocks, of increasing tbein, and treating them properly
when in health and when diseased— on tlie character
and value of .Merino Sheep — anatomical structure, &c,
&c — 5 valuable works, viz:

Sir George Stewart Makenzie, Bart.

Robert R Livingston, LL. D.

Samuel Bard, M. D.

M. Daubenlon, a man of letters, and profound Natural-
ist ; his work was published in Germany, Italy, Spain,
and America— and in France, at the expense of the na-
tion.

Mr Tesslu, inspector of the Rarabpuillet Establish-
raent— .ind others in France.

Also for sale — n valuable collection of Books on Agri-
culture, Manures, various treatises on Horses, Cattle,
Bolanv, &c, &c. By R. P. & C. WILLIAMS, whole-
sale and retail Booksellers and Stationers, No. IS and 20
Cornhill, Boston. May 25.

Howard's Cast Iron Ploughs, ^r..
Just received at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51
and 52 North Market street, a few of C. Howard's Patent
Cast Iron Ploughs. This is the most approved Plough
now in use, anti is highly recommended by our best lar-
mers for doing the work with ease and in the most per-
fect manner; the casting being ground smooth, the
Pleush is not liable to clog even at the first time using,
but runs perfectly free at all times.

Also,- Taft's superior cast steel SCYTHES, raanufac-
tared exprcssW for this establishment. Likewise, Pass-
more's, Farwell's, Dudley's and Enghsh Scythes, v»i!h a
large assortment of Gardeo tools.

Aleo,- Hall's superior Hay Rakes— Ihe best article ol
the kind manufactured in the country. June li.

Lead Pipe.
LEAD PIPE, all .sizes, constantly for sale by Lincoln
Fe.vring k Co , No. 110, State Street.
.'Iprll 13, 1S31. 6w.

Bones If'anted.
Shin and Leg Bones constantly purchased by GEO.
H.GRAY 5- CO. No. Cti Kilby street.
.\pril °20. 2ma9

For Sale, Full blood .lldnerncy and Short Horn
Bull and Htiftr Calves.
Two Aldorncy Bull ("jlves, and one IleifT Calf. ,K\-
.so, one Bull aiil two Heifer Calves of the Short Horn or
Teeswater lufcii. all from full blood imported slock, on
both sides. For Icrms apply alibis olhce. -It JLiy 1 1

PJilCES OF COU.VTRY PRODUCE.

APPLES.russetlings, - I barrel

ASHES, poi, first sort, . ton.

i'earl, tirsisorl, - "

BEANS, white, . jhasliel

BEEF, mess, - barrel

Cargo, No. 1, . "

• Cargo, No. 2, - | "

BUTTER, iiispecied, No. 1, new, - tpouod

CHEESE, new milk, - I "

.Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,

FLOUR, lialiimore, Howard-street, - barrel
Genesee,
Alexandria,
Baltimore, wharf,

GRAIN, Corn, Niirikcni, . jbusliel
Corn, Southern Yellow,
Rye,
Barley,
Ouls,
HAY,

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,
HOPS, Isiqualiiv,

I.IME, ■ - I cask.

I'LAlSTER PARIS retails ai - I ion.

I'ORK, clear, - barrel.

Navy mess. - I '

Cargo, No. I, . "

SEEDS, Hpnl', Grass, - Ibushcl

Red Top ^7ior;/iem,^ - I "

Red Clover, (nonliern) - ipound

TALLOW, hied, . ] cwt.
WOOL, Merino, I'ullblood, washed, - pound
JMeriilo, mixed with Saxony, **

Merino, ilirre fourths wasbod, i "

Merino, half blood, - | "

ftlerino, quarter, - I <*

Native, washed, - "

Pulled superfine, - I '*

1st Lamb's, - ) "

2<l, " - "

3d, " • ''

I si Spinning, - ' "

TO

:( 00 J .W
105 00 108 OO
1'20 00 122 50
un I 00

PROVISION MARKET.

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, Ircsh, besl pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTrER,kegaiidtub,.
Lump, best,
EGGS,
.MEAL, Rve, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, taccordiogto quality]

poundj

8

C

!•'

^

b

<'

i

li

8

H

12

t*

13

dozen.

12

bushel.

C2

1'

82

"

30

'barrel-

1 oo|

10
7
7
8
E

n

13
20
14
8*
84

£ UO

Brighto.n Market — Monday, July 4,

fUeportcd for the Chronicle and Patri.it. J

Al Market lliis day 189 Beef Cattle ; 1(306 Sheep and
Lambs, and 57 small pigs. About 50 Beet Cattle cam*
in iMt week, after Monday, and were sold.

Pricks. — Beef Cattle — We quote today from $4 50
to 5 58. A few pairs ertra brought a Iriflj more.

Slieep and Lambs — Sales were noticed at 2 75, 2 88t
2 92. 2 12A, 2 2o, and [^2 33. Some welbcrs wera at
mail;ct, but we did not Kearn the price al wliich they
were taken.

Sicint— No tale* notleed.

40 S

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

July C, 1S3I.

MISCELL,A^fY

THE THREE HOMES.
' Where is lliy home ;' I asked a chilJ,

Who, in the morning air,
Was twiiiins flowers most sweet and wild.

In garlands I'oi' iier liair.
" My home,' tlie happy heart replied,

And smiled in childish glee,
'Is on the sunny n.ounlain's side.

Where soft winds wander free.'
O, blessings fall on artless you'h.

And aM its rosy hours.
When every word is joy and truth.

And treasures live in flowers.

' Where is tliy home ?' 1 asked of one.

Who bent wilh flushing face,
To hear a lover's tender tone

In the wild wood's secret place.
She spoke not, but her varying cheek

The tale might well impart ;
The home ior a young spirit meek

Was in a kindred lieart.
Ah! souls, that well migiil soar above.

To earth will fondly cling,
And build their hopes on human love,

That light and fragile thing.

'Where is thy home, thou lonely man ?'

I asked a pilgrim gri-y.
Who came with furiowed brow and wan.

Slow marching on his way.
He paused, and with a solemn mien.

Upturned his holy eyes,
' The land I seek thou ne'er hast seen,

MY home is in the skies !'
O ! hleet, thrice blest ! the heart must be,

To whom such thoughts are given.
That walks from worldly fetters fiee ;

Its only home is heaven.

NATIVE SILKWORMS.

We are informed that a lady iiptir Georgetown,
D. C. litis a couple of cocoons oC tlie native silk-
worm, iif so extraor.linary a size that a (Je.-scriptioii
of tlicin and the fly that lias come out of tliem is
deemed worthy of iiiiblicatioii. The cocoon is
fully as lar.^e as a tnrUey's en-g, and resenibles that
of the common silkworm, in other respects, ex-
cept in the fibre, which looks like flax. The fly
is very beautiful, and very large, the size of a wren.
Its anteiii:;e ;ire black, legs and back red, body
striped. It measures between the extremities of
its wings six inches. We should be glad to ob-
tain the flies for preservation ; and if they shall
have produced eggs a few would be very accepta-
ble.— American Farmer.

CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES.

EASTERN STATES.

Maine,

New Hampshire,

Vermont,

Massachusetts,

Coimectii-ut,

iUiode Island

1820.
293,335
241.101

235,71)4
523,287
27.5,248
83,059

1830.
. 399,462
269,533
2811,605
610,100
297,711
97,211

INCREASE

101,127

28.372
44,901
86,813
22,463
4,152

New Yoik,
New Jer.?ey,
Pennsylvania,
Dclew.ire,
M ar^land.

Virginia,
N. Carolina,
S. Carolina,
Georgia,

1,059,854 1,954,982

MIDDLE STATES.

1,372.812 1.964,496

277,579 320,779

1,049,458 1,330,034

72.749, 70,737

4i;ri rli\ 446,913

Troad-ca:'^^

^,.. -r ,;'•' 4,108959

SOUTHERX ST.\TES

1,065,360 1,186,297
538,829 738,470
502,741 581,478

34o,'js;i 5ii;,5(;7

2,547,025 3,022,812

WESTERN STATES.

297

>V>,-

afil ,684
43,2114

28'J,576

3,988

39,503

929,015

120,931
'j;».641

78,838
175,.578

474,887

Ohio,

581,434

937,679

350,245

Kentucky,

504,317

6fe ,844

124,-527

Indiana,

147,178

34 1 ,585

194,404

Illinois,

.55,211

157,.575

102,304

Missouri,

00,580

137,427

70, 41

1,414,726

2,203,107

848,381

SOUTH WKSTERN"

STATES.

Tennessc,

422,813

68.4,822

262,009

Louisiana,

153,407

215,275

62,108

Alabama,

127.9111

309,216

181,151

Mississippi,

75,448

97,805

22,417

779.509

1,307,478

527,909

TERRITORIES.

District of Co

lumbia, 33,039

39,858

6,819

Michigan,

S,8f)G

31,096

22,302

Arkansas,

14,240

30,380

16,134

34,725

56,181

130,611

80,430

RECAPITULATION.

E. States,

1,()59,854

1,954,682

297,828

M. States,

3,177,944

4,108,959

929,015

S. States,

2,547,925

3,022,312

474,887

W. States,

1,414,726

2,203,107

848,34 1

S. W. States,

779,5t>9

1 ,307,478

527,909

Territories,

.50,181
9,037,299

130,611

12,796,649

80,430

Total,

3,1.58,450

Intemperance. — The following information is
derived from an examination of tlie records of the
office of tlie county clerk of Rensselaer, and lias
been communicated by the clerk : —

That during the year 1830, ?^.5 paii(iers have
received public charity at the exiionaeof $7871 13;
and that from an accurate investigation, nine
tenths of the expenditure was traced to the use
of ardent spirits ; so that the county during the
year lias been put to the expense of .§7084 2.5 to
support its drunkards or paupers thrown upon the
public by drunkenness, while only S7S7 13 ! has
been required fiir the support of all others, claim-
ng public charity from old age or providential
jinability — Ontario Rochester.

Good advice. — The fcillowing advice from Mad-
ame Tereiri, a lady of great literary attainments,
given to Marmontel, when a young man,v,'ith res-
pect to authorship, should be a perpetual le.sson
to writers by profession. • Secure yourself,' said
she, ' a livelihood independent of literary successes,
and put into this lottery only the overplus of your
time; for wo to him who depends only on his pen !
Nothing is more casual. Tlie man who makes
shoes is sure of his wages : but a man who writes a
book, or a tragedy, is never sure of anything.' —
Life of Marmontel.

The dearest is always the best. — In the western
part of iMassachiisetts, where oak abounds, pine
is preferred and generally used in constructing
pumps for wells; in this part of the State where
pine can readily be procured, oak, which it is very
difiicult to obtain, is esteemed the best and com-
monly used fijr that purpose. — Barnstable Journal.

A farmer having lost his horse and cart in Ncny
York, pinned a sheet of paper on his back, and
another in front, displaying ' Lost my horse and
Cart.' A crowd followed him, and he had not gone
far before he beard of his property.

1

Valuable and Cheap Lamf — for Sale.

The subscriber otrers for !s;ile, 14,000 acres of clioice
Lam!, silunkMl in ihe (own orPiiickncy, coiinly of Lewi^
and stiitc of New Voik. Some o! Ibe larul is in proved
ami iimb'r culti\';ition. The countiy is leiiiat kiibly heal-
lliy, l)i.iii^ eniiroly free froni I'le fever and a^ue ami froiri
tlie coniMion bilious fevers which often afllict (he towns
upon Liike Onlario, tliis town beinfi; 18 miles east of Ihe
hike. The soil is principally a samly loam, much of it
covered with rich hbck mou'd. The timber is chiefly
Sui^ar iM;ipIe, IJlack Ash, Dutternut, Beech, Elm, &c.
The hiiiil yields fir^t rate crops of Gras-, Rye, Oals, Bar-
ley, Polatoes and Flax; and Oii some lot.^, eiood Wheat
and Corn may he grown. To those wishina; lo obtain su-
perior or-izinc; i'arms, a tine opportunity now offers itself.
The pioduce of pasturai^e and hay from an ncre of this
l-Uid, is very larji;^', fully equalling if not suip;i^sin^ that
from the same quuniiiy of land in any other of the Black
River townsliipj. The land is admiiably well watered,
theie being tmt few lots which liave not durable running;
streams upon them. The land is well atlapted (o Orchard-
ino" — Ihe Apple tree thnvini:; very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds may be dispO'^ed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doois o! the farmers, and paying
the hiiihost cash prices fur their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
from the New England Stales, and some of them fioni
iMassachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at the very low
price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a half (or the improved lots. The
l.md will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, anil trom two
to live years' credit for payment in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, lor which. products he will
allow the highest cash prices. The title to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Per.sons desirou-^ of puicha>ing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Ilaibor, county
of Je(feison,Statcof New Vork, or to David Can field,
Esq. on the town. JAiMES H. HENDERSON.

March 9. eplGt

Amnuiviiion ^£0

Of the best quality at.d i(.?/v5i /Jriccs, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
G; Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will b(! refunded, tf Jan. ^

Hickonj.

This astonishing fleet horse was raised in IMontreal, is
from an English blood mare, (sire unknown,) is not in-
ferior to any in the U. States for speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well built, good size, and pro-
nounced by (g^od) judges in every respect a first rate
horse; trots a 3 minute gait, fast walker, and has paced
around the trottmg course, Long Island, in 2 minutes, 34
seconds, and was oflered publicly to match against any
lior^e that could be produced, it is considered unneces-
sary to say ni0re,a3 his qualifications are too well known
to he doubled.

He will stand at Abbott's Inn. Holden, during the
season. Terms ,^8, the season. 6t iMay 11.

Pablished every Wednesday Evening, ;it J^o per annum,
payable at the end of die year— but tiiose who pay within
sixty days from the lime of eubscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

W'J^ No paper will be sent to a distance without pHyment
ho\ )g made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Bussell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet tlu^
wishes of customers. Order? for printing received by J. B.
KuSsEi.r, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agknts.

New York — G.THoniiuKN ix. Sons, G7 Liberty-street
A/lhitiij — Wm. TiioitEuviN,31-7 iAlarket-slreet.
P!ii!'ulelpltia~\). &;. C Laneikkth. 155 Cliesliiut-streel.
B'Jiimore — G. B. Smith, Editor ol the American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Pakkhurst,^3 Lower IVIarket-slreel.
Fill shiner. A''. Y. Wm. Prince & Sons, l*rop. Lin. Bot.CIardca
Middkbury. 17. — Wight Chapman.
iiaiiford — GoonwiN & Co. Buokscliers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Ehwards.
Neitburijport, EriENEZKU Steuman, Bookselhr..
Portsmouth, N. II. 3. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, A fe. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
.f]a£rusta, Me, Wm. Mann.

Hillfax, N. S.— P. J. HoiLAND, Esq. Recorder Office.
yiontreai, L. C. — A. Bowman, Booksgller

NEW EIVGl-AND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. IX.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 13, 1831.

NO. 62.

roR THE NEW E.NGLANU FARMER.

MANUFACTURE OF CHEESE.

Mr Eoitor — Ifyou lliink the followinj; .Tiiswers
lo the qiirstioiis in the Xew Eii^'laiid Farmer, vol.
ix. p. 313,iire worth iiiihlisliin^',lhcy are at your dis-
posal ; they ure eoiii|iileil from various |>ublication.s
and the tinwrilleii 0|iiiiiiins of tliose experienced
in tlie inaniilaitiire of Clieese. There are, no
doubt, some error.", and the compiler would be
highly pleased to have them pointed out fur the
good of the piddic.

If'iiidliam, Con. July, 1831.

1. ffhai effect has it on milk, in hot weather, if it
is much agitiitcd and heated in the udder, by the
colons beiti'j; driven a long distance, or running about ?

It greatly injures the milk ; it is very difficult to
^iiakc it into cheese, and instead of one hour (the
time very commoidy given 'ly dairy-women in
bringing the cheese) it will frequently not come
in 3, 4, or 5 hours, and then in an imperfect stale ;
and when the cheese is released from the press it
•%\'ill heave or pulf up.

2. Which is the best method to keep milk siceet over
night in warm iceather ?

Set the milk in small brass, or tin vessels, and
■put one lalile spoonful of fine salt to each gallon,
anil ])our in some cold water according to the heat
of the weather ; let the milk stand where there is
a free eirculaiion of air. In the morning lake ofl'
the cream and ini.\ it thoroughly with the warm
jnorning's milk.

3. Si'hich is the hcs' •nelhni! In preserve .■'■nnct «/ii).s .-
Let the calf suck about 11 hours before it is

killed. Take out ihe maw-skin, and let it lie
three hours in a cool place, then empty the maw,
^\el no water touch it,) and rub it well with salt on
each side, and aCleruards cover it with salt, and
put it in a bowl ; turn and rub it every day for
about three days, then open it to dry, being
stretched out on a stick, that it may dry regularly.
It is of great importance that the maw skin be
Avell prepare<l ; good cheese cannot be made with
bad rennet. It is reckoned best to be one year
old before used ; it will fetch more cheese, and it is
said the cheese will be milder. To prepare the
rennet, make 2 quarts of brine that will swim an
egg ; when the heat is gone off to about blood
warm, put in one maw-skin cut in pieces, let it
steep two days (4S hour.'^) then strain and bottle it.

4. tf'hat quantity of new cheese will one rennet
ikin produce ?

The average aijout 250 l!)s. (some produce 600
lb^..)

■5. How many quarts of milk (milk measure) irill
produce curd for a cheese which will weigh 15 lbs.
rom the press ?
Fortyfive to 60 quarts, according to the richness
of the milk.

0. Jlhul trill a cheese ivhich U'tighs 1.5 lbs. from

tlie press shrink the first five months after it is made '?

Near three pomnls. (.\ cheese which weighs 24

lbs. green, will shrink 4 lbs. in 5 months.*

I 7. Jfhat degree of the thermometer should be lie

,beat of the milk when the rennet is put in ?

I From 80 to 90. accordin;' to the heat of the

' weaiher, and the quantity of milk. (The smaller
ihe quantity of milk, and the cooler the weather,
I the hotter .-^hnuhl be the milk.)

8. It hat is the effect if the milk is too hot when the
rennet is put to it ;'

The cheese will partake of the elastic ors|n'iiig-
ing quality of a. sponge. It leaves it in a very
oiigli state. It inclines the cheese to heave and
lie strong. The whey will look green and then
while ; it spoils the cheese.

9. H hat is the effect if the milk is too cold, tvhen
the rennet is put to it ?

It will hardly come at all, and it is not easy to
separate the whey, and is in danger in warm
weather of souring. The cheese is apt to cut cliis-
selly ;md break and fly before the knife.

10. How long time should be allowed after the ren-
net is put to Ihe titilk to cause it to turn to curd fit
for the clitese knife .-

One hour in warm sultry southwesterly weather,
anil nni less tiiaii one and a half hour in clear north-
west weather.

[Cheese will come in warm weather quicker
than in cool, with the same quantity of rennet, as
it does nut cool so quick. \Vhen the whey looks
blue, the curd is fully formed and the whey nniy bo
carefully separated.]

11. iriiat is ihe effect if the curd is stirred, or bro-
ken too soon :-

The rennet will not take full effect. It will
cause slip curd, which will never make good cheese.
The chf ese will be unsettled and ill flavored. The
whey will be rich, and the cheese poor.

l'^ ll'hi'f •■■■ ihe effect if too much rennet is put to
the milk :'

The cheese will be rank, or very strong, and is
liable to heave and spread.

13. If'hat is the effect if too liltle rennet is put to
the milk ?

It works too slow, and is liable to become sour
iu warm we.itber.

14. If'hat kind of salt is best for cheese ?
The very best o{ Blown Liverpool salt.

Some prefer the best of Rock or Turks Island
salt, washed and ground.

1.5. If'hat quantity of salt should be put to the curd
which will make a cheese iveighing 15 lbs. from the
press ?

About si.K ounces, (If a cheese of 15 lbs. is
salted when turned in the press, and afterward put
in a lirine 15 hours, 1 oz. of salt to the curd will
be sufficient.)

16. It'hai is the effect if too tnxich salt is put to the
curd ?

The cheese will be hard, dry, poor, and warty.

17. If'hat is the effect if too Utile salt is put to the
curd, or it is not icell cured in brine .-

The cheese will taste strong, be liable to heave,
spread and uill not cure well.

18. If'hat is the effect if cheese is not sufficiently
presse i 'f

The cheese will crack, leak, mould and rot.

[Press the cheese gently at first, and advance
grailnallylo the ntenost power of the press. If
cheese is not sc^ilded right, and well ini.\ed, we
cannot by pressing make it firm. If cheese is
pressed too much it is apt to be hard and poor,]

19. If hy dots .hncricnn cheese dry sooner than
English when il is cut open '

^Vhelher it is because they mi.v a liltle salt-
petre with ihe salt, or cine them in brine, without
putting much salt to the curd, or il is caused by
adding suet to the curd, I have no means of
knowing.

20, Can as goodcheese be made upon a farm on
the seaboard as in the interior ? (See N. E, Farmer,
vol. ix. p, 326.)

No doubt, if ihe manufacturer has as much ex-
perience and skill, (Those living near large
towns where fresh buller bears a high price, .tro
sirongly tempted to skim the milk, hel'ore it is made
into cheese.)

GEXERAI. ItEM.VRKS OS CHEESE MAKING,

It is recommended to have the milk in the tub
measured with a guaging rod, the salt weighed,
the rennet measured, and ihe temperature of the
milk when the rennet is added, deteimined by a
thernKuneter ; if there was less guessing about
making cheese, there would be less poor cheese
made.

Skimmed cheeses do not require so much scald-
ing as new inilli.

If curd for cheese is not well scalded the
cheeses w iU look warty, spread and leak ; scald
the curd ratlier more than is generally practised,
and then cool it in cold water, the whey will work
out more leailily. If cheese is put into the press
warm, it is apt to puff up, and be strong.

Sour curd will not make good cheese, and sour
milk should be given to the swine, clieese mads
of it would be buid, crack, leak, and be wriakl*
coated.

Scalded milk makes rich cheese.

The practice of coloring cheese and butter, we
think, should be discouraged ; who would thank a
milk man to color his milk ?

As to cheese hoops for a middling size cheese,
let the height be about two tli irds of the diameter ;
for small cheese, let the height be about half the
diameter.

Be careful that the renin, where rich new cheese
is kept in hot weather, be not too warm.

The whey may be let off when the curd is
siiflicienlly formed by a plug at the bottom of
the tub ; placing somelhing over the hole to keep
the curd from stopping it.

Seed Wheat. — A writer in the Va, Herald re-
commends that wheal intended for seed should
become c;i(iVf/^ ripe before reaping; lielieving il
less liable to he injured by the fly, or the winter.
He is also 'satisfied that smut is mainly attributed
to umipe seed wijcat,'

Bees. — The Genesee Farmer recommends anew
way ofsicormi'iig- bees. When the hive becomes
overstocked, turn it bottom upwards, set an empty
hive upon it, and .strike gently on ihe lower hive,
till a siifiicient number have ascended to their new
abode; and then remove both hives to the place
intended fur them. If there is a queen in the new
hive, the sentinels will be seen buzzing at the en-
trance within 24 hours. Some preferring it at
noon, others ia the evening Vt. Chronicle.

410

NEW ENGLAND FARMEll,

July 13, 183i.

II o r

t i c u 1 t u r e

Proceedings of the .Massachusetts Horticultural
Soekiy at a 'meeting, held in the Hall of the
Institution, on Saturday, July 9th, 1S31.
The following leucrs fioin tlie Ri;v. Henry Col-
man and Doct. P. G. Robbins, were read.

Resolved, That the ihanks of tlie Society, be
presented to Capt. Th. Iloldu;) Stevens, Com-
mander of the U. S. Ship Ontario, for a vahia-
bly collection of grape vines, and melon seeds,
obtained in Smyrna.

MEMBERS ADMITTED.

! Corresponding, Capt. Th. Holdup Stevcna.
H. A. S. Dearborn, Esq. ^ 1 Subscribinjr, Isaac Stone.

Dear Sir — I send you with this my Crescent j The grape vines and seeds, presented by Cap-
Hoe for garden purposes, and particularly lor weed- j tains I'erry and Stevens, were divided amonj the '
ing and thinning carrots, turjiips, onions and small iiK^mlicrs, e.xcept one parcel, which will be disuib-
l)lants. I have found it very useful and better j „ied ne\i Satin-day.
adapted to these purposes, than any other kn

to me. Its advantages are that while it loosens the
ground it leaves it smooth ; by being pointed it is
easily inserted among the plants ; and being curved
at the ends it enables you to extract by a side-stridce
weeds, which could not be removeil by a Ibrward
blow without destroying the plant. It is a small
affair, but is very convenient and will save troidjie.

After laying it on the table of the Horticultural
Society as long a time as you think proper, please
appropriate it to your own use. It cannot bo in
better hands.

Very truly and respectfully,

Your friend and servant,

IIkxry Col-\ia>'.

Salem, July 9, 1831.

SF.CDRITV AGAINST CANKER WORMS.
To the Presidi-nt nntie HassachuseUs llnrlicullural Society.

Dear Sir — Last antumu, I communicated to
the New England Farmer, a method, which I had
jdaimed two years ago, for protecting my apple-
trees from canker worms, by means of leaden gut-
ters filled with some fluid, over which the grub
could not pass. I have tested the experiment, and
beg leave, as an act of duty and pleasure, to re-
port to you the result.

In October, 1830, 1 applied gutters, (in the man-
ner mentioned in a former publication, N. E. Far-
mer vol. vili. page 3S5) around tlie trunks of foiv
ty apple-trees and one English walnut tree ; not
knowing that the latter was ever injured by the
grub. At first I filled the troughs with lamp oil.
The moment the insect plunged into the canal, the
oil closed its spiracles, and all its vitality ceased.
The first fortnight in November, I v.as obliged to
clear the gutters as often as once in two or three
d.ays, or the dead insect;; woiilil have furnished a
bridge, over which the h'l'i'rig- could have passed.

1 found oil, though effectual fur my purpose,
too expensive ; — for the rain^ would float it away.
I then tried a solution of salt and water, — also
strong ley. — These fluids, though not so immedi-
ately fatal to the enemy, soon overcame him.

I have three English walnut trees in my garden.
On one of them, as before stated, I placed a
guard. This was completely jirotected ; the others
were eaten, and one of them as completely tn-
leaved as it ever was in mid-winter. Although
my apple-trees, the present year, are not all in
bfarin", (having been severely handled, from foes
witi'iOiit and foes within, the last five years) yet
their ve.rtltire is as perfect as I ever saw it, and
some ofthfc.m promise to yield abundantly.

With much esteem and respect yours,

Roxbunj, July .^, 1831. O. P. Kobbiks.

Resolved, That the Jhanks of the Society, be
presented to Cajit. M. C. Periy, Commander of
the U. S. Ship Concord, for a collection of seeds
which he kindly transmitted from the Me.diterra-
nean.

Ilorliciilluriil Hall, I
Saturday, July 9, 1831. \

fruits.

A basket of large and tine Gooseberries of dif-
ferent varieties was presented by iMr N. Seaver of
Koxbiiry.

Also a Box of tlie same from Mr A. I). Williams
of Koxbuiy.

A specimen of large Red Dutch Currants, by
Mr S. Walker of Roxlmry.

Six boxes of very beautiful honey taken from one
hive contjyning 36i lbs. — made sinc3 May 16,
1831 — was pre.seiited from Mr Geo. Johnson of
Charlestown.

FLOWERS.

Fine Carnations from Mr Haggerston, of the
Charlestown Vineyard, Messrs Winships, of the
Brighton Nursery, Samuel Walker, of Roxbnry,
John Lemist, of lloxbury.

From Roderick Toohey, of Waltham, fine
specimens of Rhododendron maximum, and
Bignonia grandiflora.

From Mr Peltee of Newton, a beautiful speci-
inan of Yucca filainentosa, or Adam's thread.

From Messrs Winshi|)s of Brighton, a large
collection of Flowers, and several fine plants of
the Gardenia Florida, in pots.

From Mr G. W. Pratt, a fine specimen of the
Gloxinia caulesceng.

[Omission.]

The following notice which was prepared and
designed for the New England Farmer two weeks
since miscarried by some accident.

Il.jrticuliural 11:111, June 2.5.

Fruits. — A large and very fine bunch of Sweet
Water Gra|)fis, to appearance pcrlectly ripe at this
unusual period, was exhibited by John Prince, Esq.

Samples of very fine large Gooseberries, by Mr
Z. Cook, Jr. and a specimen of very fine Black Tar-
tarean Cherries from Mr Fosdick of Charlestown.

/ Preserved Fruit. — Collect your Gooseberries
'about the midille of June and July, pick them as
you would for present use, and put tlicm quite dry
in bottles, the neck large enough to receive them
without bruising ; then place them in a kettle of
cold water, which boil, let iliem remain in this
water 10 or 1.5 minutes, then take them out, and
after thoy have remained long enough to get per-
fectly cool, cork the bottles closely, then put them
away in a cool place for use. Currants may be
preserved green in the same easy manner. .

/ Fallen Fruit. — Be very careful to gather all
punctured or decayed fruit, whether on your trees
or on the ground, and give them to your hogs.
If you do not, the worms which they contain, and
which have been the cause of their premature de-
cay, will make their escape into the ground, and
you will find the evils which await their visitations
will increase upon you another season. ^

ANECDOTES OF SHEEP,

BY THE ETTRICK SHEPHERD.

•

The Sheep has scairely any marked charactei"
save that of natural aflectioii, of which it pos-
sesses a very great share. It is otherwise a stti-
pirl, indifferent animal, having few wants and
fewer cxpiclients. The old black faced, or for-
est breed, have far more poWi^iul capabilities than
any of the finer breeds that have been introduced
into Scotlaiiil, and therefore the few anecdotes
that I have to relate shall be confined to them.

I have heard of sheep returning from York-
shire to the Higlilands. This is certain, that
wlien one, or a few sheep, get away from the rest
of their acquaintances, they return homeward
with great eagerness and perseverance. I have
lived beside a drove road the better part of m-y
life, and many stra^'glers have I seen bending their
steps nortlnvard in the spring of the year.. A
shcphcf.l rarely sees these journeyers twice. If
he sees them, and stops them in the morning,
they are gone long belore lught ; and if he sees
them at night they will be gone many miles bo-
fore morning. This strong attachment to the
place of their nativity is mu'-li more predominant
in our aboriginal breed, than in any of the other
kinds with which I am acquainted.

A shepherd in Blackhouse bought a few sheep
from another in Crawuiel, about ten miles dis-
tant. In tlie spring following, one of the ewes
went back to her native place, and yeaned on d
wild hill called Crawmill Craig. On a certain
day about the beginning of July following, the
shephenl went and brought home his ewe and

Iamb took the fleece from the ewe, and kepi

the lamb for one of his stock. The lamb lived
and throve, and never offered to leave home, but;
when three years of age, and about to have her
first laird) she vanished ; and the morning aftei
the Crawmel shepherd, in going his rounds found
her with a new-yeaned lamb on the very gair ol
the Crawmel Craig, where she was lambed her
self. She remained there till the first week ot
July, the time when she was brought a lanii
herself, and then she came home with hers ol
her own accord ; and this custom she continuec
annually with the greatest punctuality as long as she
lived. At length Iser lambs, when they came o
age, began the same practice, and the shepherd
was obliged to dispose of the whole breed.

But with regard to their natural affection, thi
instances that might be mentioned are witlinu
number, stu-pid and a:ctionless creatures as the'
arc. W'bcn one loses its sight in a flock ofslior
sheep it is rarely abandoned to itself in that hap
less an'l helpless state. Some one al ways attachei
Itself toil, and by bleating calls it back from ihi
precipice, the lake, the pool, and all dangers what
ever.

There is another manifest provision of natnr
with regard to these animals, which is, that tl
more inliospitablc the land is on which they feet
the greater their kindness and attention to tliei
young. I once herded two years on a wild an
bare farm, called Willenslee, on the border o
Mid Lothian, and of all the sheep I ever sav
these were the kindest and most affectionate t
their young. I was often deeply affected at scene
which I witnessed there. We had one very liar
winter, so that our sheep grow lean in the spring
and the tbwarter-ill, (a sort of paralytic aljectioi
came among them, and carried off a niunbe
Often have I seen these poor victims, when ftdle

Vol. IX.— No. 6-2.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

41i

down to rise no more, even wlien nnulile to lift
tlieii- iieads Iroiii tlie ground, liolding up tlie leg,
to invite tlie starvinir lanil) to tlie miserable iiillanee
that the udder sliil could .-siipiily. I lind never
seen auglit more painfully atl'ectiiii,'.

It id well known lli.vt it is a custom with sliep-
lierds, when a lamh dies, if the mother have sutli-
ciency of milk, to hring her in and put another
lamb to her. I have d. scribed the procesei suinc-
wherc else — it is done by putting the sUiii of the
dead lamb upon the living one, the eye imuiediate-
ly acknowledges the relationship, and after the
skill has warmed on it, so as to give it sotnetbing
of the smell of her own proi^eny, and it has sucked
ber two or three time.-, she aceipis and nourishes
it^as her own ever after. Whether it is from joy at
tllis np|)arent reaiiimalion of her young one, or
n little duubt remaining on her mind that she would
fain dispel, I cannot decide, but, for a immherof
dajs, she shows far more fondness, more bleat-
ing, and caressing, over this one, than she did
formerly ovei the one that was really her own.

But this is not what I wanted to explain ; it was,
that such sheep as thus lose their lambs must be
driven to a house with dogs, so that the lamb may
be put to them ; for they will only take it in a
dark contineil place. I5ut here, in Willens-lee, 1
never need to drive home a slieep by force, with
dogs, or in any other way than the following : —
I found every ewe, of course, standing hanging
ber head over her dead lamb, and having a piece
of twine with me for the purpose, 1 lied that to the
lamb's neck or toes, and trailing it along, the ewe
followed me into any house or fold that 1 chose
to lead her. Any of them would have followed
me iu that way for miles, her nose close on the
lamb, which she never quitted for a moment, ex-
cept to chase the dog, which she would not suffer
to wallv near me. I often, out of curiosity, led
thciu in to the side of the kitchen fire by this
means, into the midst of servants and dogs, but
the more the dangers multiplied around the ewe,
she clung the closer to her dead offspring, and
thought of nothing but protecting it.

From Loudon's Encyclopedia of Agricullure.

Shetp ill f}pain. — Tiie sheep in Spain have
long been celebrated. I'liny relates, that in his
time Spanish cloths were of an e.xcellent texture,
and much used in Rome. For many centuries
the wool has been transported to Flanders, fur the
supply of the Flemish manufactories, and iifter-
•wards, to England, when the same manufacture
was introduced theie. By far the greater part of
Spanish sheep are migratory, and belong to what
is called the mesta or Merino corporation: but
there are also stationary flocks belonging to jiri-
vate individuals in Andalusia, whose wool is of
equal fineness and value. The carcass of the
Sheep in Spain is held in no estimation, and only
used by the shepherds and the poor.

The flocks which form the mesta usually con-
sist of about 10,000 sheep. Each flock is under
the care of a ilirecting oflicer, fifty shepherds and
fifty dogs. The whole flock composing the mesta,
consist of about five millions of sheep, and em-
ploy about 45 or 50,000 persons, ami nearly as
many dogs. The flocks are put in motion the
latter end of April, or beginning of May, leaving
the plains of EsU-amadura, Andalusia, Leon, Old
and New Castile, whercthey t^sually winter ; they
repair to the mountahis of the two latter provin-
ces, and those of Biscay, Navarre, and Arragon.

The sheep, while feeding on the mountains, have
occasionally administered to them small quantities
of salt. It is laid upon flat stones, to which the
flocks are driven, and permitted to eat what quan-
tity ihey please.

In September the sheep are ochred, their backs
and loins being rubbed with red ochre, or ruddle
dissolved in water. This practice is fuunded
upon an ancient custom, the reason of which is
not clearly ascertained. Some suppose that the
ochre uniting with the oleaginous matter of the
fleece, forms a kinds of varnish which defends
the animal from the inclemonfy of the weather.
Olhers think the ponderosity of this earth pre-
vents the wool growing too thick and long in the
staple. But the more eligible opinion is, th it the
earth absorbs the supcrabumlant perspiration,
which would otherwise render the wool both
harsh and coarse.

Towards the end of September, the flocks re-
commence their march. Descending from the
mountains, they travel towards ilie warmer part
of the (•onnlry, and again reiiair to the plains of
Leon, Estramadiira, and .Andalusia. The sheep
are generally conducted to the same jiastures they
bad grazed the preceding year, and where most of
them had been yeaned ; there they are kept du-
ring the winter.

Sheep shearing commences the beginning of
May, and is performed while the sheep are on
their summer journey, in large buildings. Those
which are placed upon the road are capable of
containing forty, fifty, and some sixty thousand
sheep. The shearing is preceded by a pompous
jjreparation, conducted in due form, and the inter-
val is considered a time of feasting and recreation.
One hundred and twentyfive men are usually
employed for shearing a thonsaiul ewes, and
two hundred for a thousand wethers. Each
sheep affords four kinds of wool, more or less
according to the parts of the animal whence it is
taken. The ewes produce the finest fleeces and the
wethers the heaviest; three wether fleeces ordina-
rily weigh on the average twentyfive lbs.; but
it will take five ewe fleeces to amount to the
weight.

The journey which the flocks make in their
peregrination is regulated by particular laws,
and immemorial customs. The sheep pass iinino-
lested over the pastures belonging to the villages
and the commons which lie in their road, and have
a right to feed on them. They arc not, however
allowed to pass over cultivated land ; but the pro-
prietors of such lands are obliged to leave for
them a path, about forty toises (eightyfour yards)
in breadth. When they traverse the commonable
pasture.^, they seldom travel more than five miles
or five and a half miles a day ; but when they
walk in close order over the cultivated field.s,
ofien more than six varas, or near !-evciitecn

miles. The whole of their journey is usually

an extent of one hundred and twenty, thirty, or
forty leagues, which they perform in thiity or
thirtyfive days. The jirice paid for depasturing
the lands, where they winter, is qually regulated
by usage, and is very low : but it is not iu the
power of the landed proprietors to make the
smallest ailvaiice.

Tlie public o| inion in Spain hiia long been
against the mesta, on account of the number oj
people it employs, the extent of land it keeps un-
cultivated, the injury done to the pasture and
cultivated lands of individuals, and iho tyranny

of the directors and shepherds. These havo
been grievances from lime iimnemorial. Gov-
ernment yielding to the pressing solicitations of
the people, instituted a comniiltee to inquire in-
to them about the middle of the eighteenth cen-
tury ; but it dill V.I goiid, and it was not till the
revolution of ISIO, that the powers and privi-
leges of the mesta were greatly reduced.

ON WEEDING YOUNG CROl'S.

' To keep ofl'the s)in and biiprs from our encum-
bers,' was our reply to our neighbor L. who on
seeing a jiarcel of weeds standing in oiir garden,
iulerrogatid us why they were left. We noticed
the mnscl'S of his face were a little disinrbed,
but noihing more passed on the subject. Yester-
day as we sat clialiing on various subjects, ho took
up Cobbft's G(tn!eitci; anil began very accidental-
ly reading his observations on Stoeks. — Now there
has always appeared to us, to be such a love of
quackery in eveiy thing, with this man, that many
of bis observaiidus have been underrated by us.
Notwithstanding he has written many very excel-
lent things both in politics and horticulture. Our
neighbor L. read as follows :

'I cannot help observing here, upon an obser-
vation of Mr Marshall : as to weeding,' says ColUjet,
'though seedling trees iniift not be siuolhered, yet
some small weeds may be suffered to grow in sum-
mar, as they help to shade the plants, and to_keep
the ground cool.'

' Mercy on this gentleman's readers ! Mr Mar-
shall had not read T\tll ; if he had, he never would
have written diis very erroneous sentence. It is
the root of the weed that does the mischief. Let
there be a rod of ground, set with small meeds,
and another md kept weeded. Let them adjoin
each other. Go after fifteen or twenty days of
dry weather, and examine the two ; when you will
find the wcedless ground moist and fresh ; whilo
the other is dry as dusi, to a foot in Joptb : tho
root of the weed sucks up every particle of mois-
ture. What pretty things they are then to keep
seedling trees cool.'

After he was gone, we went to our cucumbers,
and found that the weeds had not sheltered them
from the bugs ; but that they were actually eaten
more than those that were weeded, besides they
were not as large. We have frequently asked
farmers whpii we have seen their co«iifields full of
weeds, why tlu-y did not hoe their corn.' and they
have answered, 'because the ground is too dry.'
It will be found that Cobbet's theory in tliiK
respect is correct. The dryer the ground the
ofleuer it should be stirred, even where it is
clear from weeds. Ifyour corn is wilting with
the drought, hoe it ; ifyour cabbages droop, hoe
them; if the bugs eat your melons or cucumUern,
hoe and manure them ; the inoro rapid their growth,
the less will they be attacked with line bugs. A
rusty hoe iu summer, ia the sign of a bad farmer^
— Genesee Farmer.

Jfool. — The fidlowing suggestions in Niles' Reg-
ister may be deserving of notice just now :

We advise the wool growers to dispose of the
stocks which they may have on hand, as soon as
they can. We think it impossible that the present
price can long be inainlKiiied, .nnd if the 5/)ecu/a-
(ors suffer, we shall not regrut it. The manufac-
turers geHerally, cannot pay such prices, and live
by their business ; and wool will be imported in,
cloth..

412

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

From the New York Farmer.

SPESUTIA FARM.

The f;irm, which is the suhject of the pres-
ent article, belongs to Mr W. Siiiilh, of Balti- 1
more, Maryland. The account, which we take from
the American Farmer, cannot fail of being read |
with interest by farmers. One of the leading
principles on wliich this farm is condiicteil. is not
employing an overseer, liy which an expense of
$500 is saved. Mr Smith lias found the conse- ,
qiience of not trusting his farm to the manage-
ment of an overseer, to be an increase of its pro-
ductions. The experiment is a striking instance
of what may be accomplished by systematic reg- i
Illations. We consider a ilescription of farms to
be among the most useful topics I'or agriculluiists ; 1
and we shoidd be happy to have comnumications
on the subject for the New York Purnier.

1st. The farm is situated at the distance ofj
about thirtyfive miles from the residence of the
owner, ^his circumstance alone would seem to
render an overseer indispensably necessary. To
diminish the evils of so great a distance, he has
established an invariable rotation of crops, and a
systematic arrangejnent of all the various 0|ier-
ations of the farm. With such uniform regular-
ity, as to time, altered only by casualties, are the
several pieces of work begun and ended every year,
that in visitijig his farm, he knows to a moral cer-
tainty, in what particular work he will find his
people employed, what progress they have, or
ought to have made in the gensral l;nsiness, and
of course what are the indications, if any, of neg-
ligence or idleness. All this, it is obvious, evhices,
on the part of the negroes, vigilance and industry.
2d. The farm consists of 450 acres of rich
upland, and of about 550 acres of reclaimed
marsh, which is in progress of being completely
drained. That portion of the upland which is un-
der ctdiiyotion, is divided into five equal fields of
70 acres each. The course of rotation is corn,
outs, wheat, clover. Wheat ; a system too severe,
were it not for the abundant supply of manure
every spring and autuiim. The field in corn is
manured throughout every spring, and that field
in wheat which is on the oat stuldile, is manured
partially every fall. The accumidatin!r, the hauling
and the spread of such a large quantity of manure
require unceasing zeal and industry.

3d. To get out the wheal, oats, and clover
seeds there is a costly threshing machine, which
necessarily requires the utmost vigilance.

4th. The whole crop of wheat, and part of
the crops of corn, and oats, are sent every vear
by water to the ov/ner in Baltimore ; so are also
.sent, from time to time, beef, hams, butter and va-
rious other articles for the table.

5th. The operations of ploughing, harrowing,
and hauling are performed by breeding mares,
which have been selected with a view, not only to
their work, but to the value of their progeny.
From them there are now on the farm many cells
of various ages, the sales of which constitute a
clear annual gain over and above the profit accru-
ing from the labor of their dams. These colts are
served by a full blooded horse, owned by Mr S.
In the place of this horse has been purchased
this spring a beauiiful stallion of the trotting breed,
a colt of the celebrated Fagdovvii.

6th, Besides these working mares, there are
two full blor .led valuable Virginia mares, and three
tolts from them — one a much admired two years
old filly, from a favorite son of the New York

Eclipse, and the other two are foals of this spring
from the Virginia horse Monsieur Tonson. These
colts are also intended for sale as part of the profits
of the farm.

7th. To this stock of neat cattle, a cross of the
Holstein and iSakewell, there has been recently
added a bull and two cows of the improved Dur-
ham short horn breed.

Sth. On the north side of along line of sta-
bles, sheds and barracks, are three convenient
grass lots, and on the south side there are, besides
the stack yard, three spacious yards with a few
subdivisions for the accommodation of every vaiie-
ty of stock. The full blooded mares, the working
mares, the neat cattle, the colts and calves are,
during the winler,. kept in these stables and sheds,
and ill the yards and lots thereto attached ; and
they are duly supplied with water from a pump
witli troughs so arranged as to suit the several
yards and lots. The neat catde are occasionally
fed on long necked winter squashes, turnijis and
potatoes. In addition to ihcse articles of green food
they will the ensuing winter, have cow cabbages
and carrots both raised in the field. In the cul-
tivation of carrots, Mr S. has adopted, by way of
trial, the plan recommended in a number of the
American Farmer of last March. And accor-
dingly on an acre of ground, sowed with the
usual quantity of flaxseed, he has sowed, this
s|iring, a quart of carrot-seed. Should this exper-
iment answer, his cultivation of carrots will here-
after be every year co-extensive with his flax
ground.

9th. The great extent of his rich outside
pasturage and the great abundance o bis wiutei
provender, enable him to maintain, besides other
live stock, a vast number of mares, cnlts, cows and
calves, which of course require untiring assiduity
at all seasons and especially in winter.

lOtli. Such is the attention of this fixrm to
domestic manufactures that no part of.the bed-
ding or of the clothing of the people, except their
shoes and hats, is imrcliased.

11th. The ice house, built by the negroes them-
selves, is every year so carefully tilled as to keep
the ice in a stale of high preservation throughout
the whole season.

12th. The apricot and plum trees are along
the fence on one side of the lane leading to the
dwelling. They are protected by a parallel tem-
porary fence, made so as to admit the hogs and to
exclude the rattle. And as the aiiricots and plums
of these trees do not fall but ripen every year un-
less destroyed by an early frost, their preservation
is attributecl to the good ofiices of the hogs.

I3th. The peach and pear trees are jireserv-
ed by a very simple process. As soon as tlie,
leaves of a tree begin to curl or to change their color
the dirt is removed from the roots to the distance
of about 12 or 18 inches from the stem of the
tree. The roots are carefully scraped and every
p.-irt wounded by the insects, or at all discolored is
cutout and the incision made smooth by a sharp
knife. All the roots are then plastered with a
thick coat of fresh cow dung, upon this coat of
dung are put fresh Jiickory ashes enough to fill
the bole. The dirt dug out is thrown asiile, so
that the surface around the tree is altogether of
ashes.

This enumeration of particulars has been here
set forth for the purpose of shewing the multifa-
rious matter.s, requiring circumspection and fore-
thougbt, which for a series of years, have been

July 13, 1S31.

advantageously committed to the care of negroes,
and for the further purpose of calling attention to
the practical details of the management of a farm,
which, for some time, has been gradually imiiroving,
as is indicated by its general appearance and by
lbs progressive augmentation and anielioration of
its productions of every nature and kind.

LIGHTNING RODS.

The following are the most approved rules fof
the construction of the Lightning Rod, and for
its proper adaption to buildings ; and we recom-
mend them to those who are concerned in the
erection of Houses, Ships, and Mannfactories.

1st. 'The Rod should consist of Iron, about
three quarters of an inch in diameter; closely
joined throughout, either by securing one part
within the other, or by welding the several part*
together ; it being found, that links or loose joints
prove a great interruption to the passage of the'
electric fluid.

2d. The upper end of the rod should ter-
minate in three prongs, or branches, of a pyra-
midial form, witli the edges, as well as the point,
very shar|) ; this part also should be gilded, be-
cause its conducting power will be impaired by
oxidation or rust.

3d. It should be elevated five or six feet above
the highest part of the building, giving preference-
to the kitchen chimney, if it be equally high with
the others; as it is more of a conductor, by reason
of the vapor and smoke, which are constantly as-
ceniliig through it.

4th; The rod should be secured to the build--
ing by wooden cramps, instead of iron ones, as is
frequently done ; for, although electricity will take
the shortest route, through a good conductor, yet
in case the rod should become slightly imperfect
from any cause, the |)assage of the fluid into the
buihiing would be fiivored by iron bolls.

5th. The lower end of the rod should descend
into the eaith in a direction leading from the foun-
dations ; and deep enough to be connected with
earth ichirh is continualhj moist. In some places
four feet will be suflicient, in others five or six,,
and even more will be required ; and in situations
which are very dry and rocky; it will be best to
connect the bottom of the rod by means of n
chain, or the rod continued, with a well or veiri
of water. If this cannot be done, a trench
should be dug at some distance, and filled with
charcoal, in which the rod should terminate; as
charcoal, from its power of absorbing and retain-
ing moisture, is always a good conductor of elec-
tricity : It would be well also to have this end of
the rod pointed, and branch ofl['in several di-
rections, to facilitate the passage of the fluid.

6th. Paint made of lamb-black, is best suited
to Lightning Rods, to jirotect them from rust ;
this substance being a better conductor than other
kinds of paints.

7th. Manufactories, and other large buildings
should be furnished with more than one conductor ;
for it is a mistake that a single rod will protect
all in its neighborliooil or even a very large build-
ing : Its ])rotecting power is said to extend t»
only about forty, oifortyfive feet in eacli direction.

Sth. For ships, a large copper wire, secured to
the mast as above directed, and made to extend a
foot or two above it, and to pass over the deck in
a groc-ve made for the purpose and to terminate
in the water, will be an ample protection un-
less the ship should be a large one ; in which
case, it should have two or more. — Mech. Mv

Vol. IX.— Nn. 52.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

413

From tile Geiieiee Farmer.

THE CURCULIO.

Prost so frequently occurred in tlie 5lh montli,
1830, that the operations of tlie Curculio weri;
nearly sus|)endeil, even on trees which were nut
protected, and which in other years had hist th;
whole crop of fruit. — Althou^'li on the coininenct-
ment of wuriner weather, some of these insects
appeared, yet I liclicve<l that few of the tarvn-
had escn|HUl the vigilance of the peeso and pigs ;
and felt a confidence that we hail little to appiv-
heud fioni their depredations this season. It
appears however, that the nuniher of irnarils
which I had appointed was too small for the size
of my fruit garden. We have liitely discovered
that nnich of the fruit has heen punctured liy the
Curculio, and we have fouud it necessary to re-
sort to the method which I proposeil in the N.
York Farmer, Vol. 3, No. 3. By spreading sheets
and jarring the trees, we have destroyed more
than 300 of these insects within the last 24
hours, and have only to regret that this work lias
been so long delayed.

I now tiuil that the trees in my fruit garden
might have been much better arranged. Had
the aprirots, plums, and nectarines been planted
on one side, a temporary fence would have con-
fined the geese anti pigs amongst those trees, and
their services would have been rendered much
more effectual.

It has been said by the late DrTiLTON', (to whom
we have been imlebted for much information on
this subject) that the Curculio seldom uses its
wings, and tliat it climbs up the tree. Probably
this may be its usual practice, but we have seen
it fly from one tree to another, and we have ob-
served in a great many cases, that in falling on
the sheets the wings were at least partially ex-
panded. One observer has even seen it fly from
the sheet into the tree.

Before clnsing this note, I wish to express my
entire confidence in the method which we now
employ fur desti-oying this insect; and again re-
commend it to lliosc whose fruit trees stand in
inclosures from vvhich geese and pigs must neces-
sarily be excludetl. Diligent attention to this busi-
ness night and morning, for a short period,
though it may not destroy the whole" colony, will
secure a sufficiency of fruit; and we ought to re-
member that the labors I'f next year may be great-
ly lessened by gathering and destroying in the
present season, the damaged fruit as it falls.

6th mo. 2. D. T.

placeil them in the boiiom of the box ; pouring the
sand well in among the berries, so as to prevent j
as much as possilile any two berries from touch- i
ing each other. I llien placed the box in a
warm dry room ; and by these means I have
kept the grapes ibis season for above two months '
(Vom the time 1 cut them, as I only fiiiisbi'il the
last of them yesterday ; and they were ackiiow-
h'dgcd, by those who |iaitook of them, to be as i
good as when put into ihc sand, except that the
stalks had luriied brown. Yoiu's, &c. — E. 8. —
Gardiner's .Mairaziyic.

How can Crapes he best and longest preserved
after they are cut ) — 1 have many vines under my
care, and am expected to supply grapes at table as
long as possible: I consequently allow them to
hang longeron the vines than is right tbcy sliould.
Anxious to learn the very best mode ofkeejiing
grapes after they are cut, I communicate my pre-
sent mode, that its defects may be perceived ami
amended by some kind correspondent knowing
a better. I save the Syrian till last ; the Ham-
burgh and other kinds were last year ripe at the
end of July, and were not all cut till Pecember 2.
The Syrian, which I never cut till perfectly ripe,
T cut about the lOih of Decembes". I tlien procur
ed some clean sand, and dried it by the fhc, till it
would pass ibrough a fine hair sieve. The grapes
and the sand being dry, and llie sand become cold
I took a shallow box, and having separated the
shoulders from the main stalks of llie bunches, I

Jl'li;i do Peas boil hard? — Sir, Your correspond-
ent J. M. wishes to know the cause why
peas boil bard. I suppose he means when dry

' for siiup. The cause is I believe their being too
old. I mean more than one year old. After that
age they do not break well, not even the best boilers;

\ I have seen Knight's crumbled marrow ami the
blue Prussiin, at three years ohl, boiled for twelve
hours in soft water and in an iron pot (which one
would suppose is iron enough, if that metal wou'd

1 affect tbeni,) and tlicy would not break nor bruise

! kindly when beaten in a marble niorter with a
wooden pestle. From this I consider the cause

1 of bard boiling peas to ho age, even iftheyare
split — so far probnlum est. — Eng. Gar. Mag.

Uses and Benefit of the .'Icarus, or, as it is com-
monly called, the Red Spider. — Sir, I have frerpient-
ly observed in the spring and summer, beautiful
msects of a rich crimson velvet appe;iram:c, both ;
in the open air and under glass : and have heard j
them stigmatised by amateurs, and once by a prac- I
tical gardener, as 'red spiders, the gardener's great-
est enemy, &c.' I have also had the mortification of
wnncssing their des'ruction before I could utter a
word in iheir behalf. Now, I, Sir, know not wheth-
er this insect belongs to the genus Acarus or not ;
but tills I do know, that some of its habits richly |
entitle it to the appellation of tliegardener's/ri'oirf.
In the soring of 182S, I observed the under-side
of the leaf of a iilant of Neriuni splendens had a i
row of Coccus hesperidum attaeheil along one '
side of the midrib ; and, about half way alonir
this row, I observed one of the crimson insects, \
above deserilied, apparently feeding upon one of!
the Coccior scales (which, by means of a botanical
glass, I convinced myself was actually the case): I
iuileed, the insect in its rear were become truly
scales, the spider liavi:ig reduced them to mere
dry films ; and those in front progressively shared
the same fate. 1 took particular pains to ascer-
tain the fact. Since then I have frequently found
the Acari not only assisting the gardener ii; the ile-
struction of the scales, but of the green Aphis
also.

Indeed, on one occasion, I Kept a quantity of the
spiders under a. bell-glass, with no oilier food than
the Aphiaes, for several days, upon wnich they
appeared to thrive amazingly ; and I afterwards
distributed them amongst plants infested by ibe
Aphis, when they recommenced their work of
destruction. I therefore venture to jilead for in-
sects, the appearance of whii-h gives adilitional
beauty to our plants, and the utility ofw liicb I would
fain make more generally known. I am Sir, yours,
&:c. — JVilliam Godsall. Hereford. Loudon.

tions — his mind not only soars to, and embraces,
the most sublime topics, and the most useful coti
trivances Uliii-b man has ever designed, but it
takes within its scope, objects which would seem
of the most trilling importance, and of the leant
possible benefit lo the communily. The spirit of
improvement is by no means confined to patent
rigbls. Hibold it mnrrbing westward, like a strong
host — you see a le'v hardy imlividuals enter the bor-
der of a deep ami tangled forest, eagiuly bent upon
some object, wbii-li it is not easy, perliips, for you
to divine ; follow these ever-stirring spirits and
you soon see in their rear, villages, towns, and
even cities arise, as if by the magic wand of en-
chanlment.

It is only a few years since Rochester, in the
Slate of New York, was a desert — a place where
the owl held hi'r ri.'ign unniolesled, and l!ie fox
and wild cat sported in their native foresis secure,
and were seldom started from their gambols by
the noisy sounds of busy industry in their borders
— now a City — a place where thousamis have
gathered and call it their home — where luxuries
from the remotest seas and lands are unladen, and
where all riations and all tongues arc engaged in
the business of life, each seeking bis own indi-
virlual comfort and advancement — how unlike
the scene.

*VVl)en will! in woods the noble savage ran.'

A*. If. Speclafor.

Spirit of Improvement. — Perhaps at no age of
the world has the spirit of improvment so general-
! ly jiervaded inankind, as from 1812 up to the pre-
sent time. Man is constanllv eniaged in new inven-

The following is from a periodical published by
the students of tlie Virginia University.

DEATH OF ADAMS AND JEFFERSON.

When it was announced tint the deatli of Thomas
Jefferson had occtirrerl on the fourlb of July, ly2(i, at
the time when the wliole Aiiicrican people were en-
gaged in celebrating the jubilee of their independ-
ence, in the consummation of which be hail acted
so distinguished a part, we were struck with wonder
at the extraordinary coincidence. But when the
intelligence soon afterwards arrived, that his illus-
trious colleague, John .'Mams, had died on the same
day, our astonishment knew no bounds. Every one
considered the concurrence of these two events, each
in itself so iinpro'.ablc, as a, prodigy most iiiiracu-.
loiis, and nothing but an amount of evidence abso-
lutely irrcsistible,coul(l have convinced iis of its truth.

But while every one can thus feel that this event
was in the highest degree improbable, we have not
seen any attempt made to estimate in numbers, the
amount of this improbability. Yet the problem is as
capable of solution as any other in the doctrine of
chances.

[Here follows an arilhiiiclical calculation, llie
result of which is as follows.] — En.

Hence it appears that the odds wore more than
1721 millions to one against the occurrence of both
these events ; or that a bet against it, to correspond
with the chances, should have been more than eev-
entccn millions of dollars to a cent. Yet it did ac-
tually happen ; and we see how much reason there
was for the universal astonishment which it excited.

.Qge of Ships. — The Royal William was launched
in 171!), and is supposed not to have been repaired
tilll7.")7: it was surveyed alloat in 17^.1,. and prob-
ably lasted many years more. The Betsey Coins
yacht, in which Kiiiff William performed fiis first
voyage to England, was then several years old ; it
was sold to a merchant in the reign of George I.
and employed in the coal trade, in which services
she existed till February, 1827, when she struck on a
reef of rocks near Tynemouth Bar, and was there
lost, only for want of timely tssistance, her timbers
being, after the lapse of at least one hundred and
forty years, still perfectly sound. — How is it that no
such slii|)s are built now-a-days.-' It is the dry-rot,
or underwriting that flourishes.

414

BOSTON, WEDXESnAY EVENING, JULY 13, 1831.

CLOSE OF TUE NI.NTH VOLUME OF THE NEW E.\G-
La.ND FARMEH.

It would be ungraicrul in us not to avuil oiir-
Belves of the opporliinity, which the present stnge
of our labors presents, to arknowledge with grat-
itude past favors from patrons anil correspondents,
and solicit their coiuinuaui'c. Our paper from its
connnencement to its present advanced sla^o has
increased by regular, and nearly luiiforni additions,
as well to its correspondc-nts as its subscribers;
and we are now favored, as regards both those
iudispensables, beyond the extent of our anticipa-
tions when we eoin<nenced our jiublioatioM. No
exertions on our part shall be wanting to make
The .Veto England Fanner and Horticultural Jour-
nal, in some degree worthy of the extensive and
increasing patronage with which it has been hon-
ored. Ami as one step towards the consummation
of our wishes, in this |)aiticular, we hope to be
able to publish accoinUs of the best farms, the
improvements made in their cultivation Sfc, in this
vicinitj', that our agricidtural friends may derive
advantages from the experience of others, in the
same honorable vocation.

We would beg leave to intimate that those gen-
riemeiT who may happen to be somewhat in ar-
rears relative to payments for the paper would
oblige us by transmitting tlie sums due ; and that
somewliat may be saved by anticipated payments
of the next volume.

FARMER'S WORK FOR JULY.

The following valuable observations on harvesting
grain, are froai Lorain's Husbandrif.

Custom has induced farmers generally to believe,
that it is an improper and wasteful practice to cut
either wheat or rye with the scythe and cradle.
If the grain be neither lodged nor entangled, it
may be cut oft" as clean by the scythe anil cradle,
as by the sickle. If it be properly gathered and
bound, but little, if any, more loss will arise from
gathering it in this way. If the grain be cradled
in proper time, it shatters less, on the whole, than
when it is reaped and secured in the usual way.
It is readily granted that if grain be cradled and
reaped at the same time, it shatters more liy the
former practice. It should be recollected, how-
ever, that the very tardy progress of the sickle
greatly increases the shattering, by |)rocrastinating
tlib' harvest so long that the chaff opens, and nmch
of t-lie grain falls out. Wlicrea^ the rapid progress
of these, "'lie and cradle cuts off the grain, before
any material' loss ,''rom shattering can take place,
if the cultivator' conH.->cncrs in time. No evil, but
much good, will ar>e frouj beginidng early. This
not only prevents sha.'tering, but also the risk of
encountering the various injuri-^s to which tbe crop
is exposed by useless delay. Some fanners of the
first respectability assert, that practice and obser-
vation have convinc!ed iliem, that the grain, and
also the flour, are best v.-lien wheat is cut much
before the usual time. This, howeier, does not
accord with my iiractice. The middle course, be-
HVipen the extremes of cutting very early, or at
the usual time, will be found the best ; except
when mildew occurs. In that case, wheat should
be cut immediately after it can be determined that
the disease is severe. If the crop is only slightly
affected, it is far better to let it stand tintil ihe
grain be fit to cut.

NEW EISiiLAlND FARMER,

Many judicious, and well attested, experiments
deterjnine, that when wheat is baijljr, inj ured by
mildew, the grain gets no bettCT, "if it,'ije s»pfercd
to stand. That if it be cut off ininied,mti>iy ivCter
the injury is seen, the grain aiititiTIly' d^ri^es very
considerable advantage froiTi-^fi-e sdj), cbfttauijed in
the straw. '] '' ''^', "i,/ ; :t . .

l!ad cradlers, aiid bad-' reapers, desti'oy tniK^h
grain : irdinitely more, however, is lost by those
wdio could perform either well, if harvest was not
considered, as the holidays loo generally are, a
time for drinking to excess. This renders many
incapable of duing anything properly. Others,
wdio are not quite so far gone, are disposed to run
races a part of the day, and spend the rest of it
in drinking under the shade, or in quarrelling anil
fjg'iting.

In fiict, too many of the laboring (lart of the
community are, at this season of the year, more
like drunken savages than members of a civilized
communily. This evil does not sjiring either frmn
benevolence or hospltalily in their employers.
Avarice seems to have been the first moving cause
of this enormity. In direct oppositiot) to the laws
of God, and the reason of man, this contempti-
ble, selfish principle, induced many to outbid
their neighbors by a more plentiful supply of ar-
dent spirits.

If those fiirmers had known their own interest,
or wished to promote the interest, and rational
happiness of those employed by them, or to act
as men professing Christianity should, or, indeed,
as an infidel would ac', if he were not blinded by
a false estimate of self interest, this shocking
practice would not have been introduced.

Every farmer who wishes to promote the inter-
est of agriculture, should set his face against it,
and in lieu of whiskey, &c, pay an cqidvalent in
money. I have never found it difficult to ])rocure,
either in the back-woods, or elsewhere, as full a
supply of workmen as my neighbors, wh'o gave
them as much ardent spirit as they would drink,
although they got none of this from me. After
the harvest was over, it was clearly seen, that
the workmen were far belter satisfie<l with receiv-
ino- an equivalent In money, in place of injunng
their health by drinking ardent spirits to the
amount of it. It is not, however, in my practice
only, that the beneficial efl^ects of not allowing
workmen either in harvest, or at any other time,
intoxicating liquors appear. There are many fiir-
mers in Pennsylvania, who would sooner suffer
their grain to rot on the ground, than sanction
this enormity.

Now, it is very observable, that these men
never suffer by this arrangement ; on the contrary,
their fields are cleaner reaped, and with much less
trouble and expense. Why then, is not this dis-
graceful practice, of injuring the morals, health,
reputation, and circumstances of neighbors aban-
doned ? especially, as in doing this, we also in-
jure ourselves.

July 13, 1S31.

TOOTH WASH.
We have used with benefit to ourselves, and are
happy to recommend to oiliers, a new article for
cleaning and preserving the teeth, and cleansing
the moutlij- which npjiears to us to be much supe-
rior to a-fty other dentifrice, which has ever at-
tracted uuy^juilice. There seems to be some sub-
stance or siihstanCes held in sidution by the liquidy
which combine witli and destroy or render bartn^
less any unwholesome or offensive matter which
may adhere to the teeth or gums, or prevent the
mouth and breath from In ing perfectly free fron*
any disagreeable taint or odour.

The composition to which we allude is called.
Compound Chlorine Tooth IVash. It has been
recommended by Dr Webster, Erviiig Professor
of Chemistry at Harvard University, DrStcdman,
of the U. S. Marine Hospital, l)r George C. Shat-
tuck, Dr S. A. Shurtleff, of Boston, and a num-
ber of other medical and scientilic gentlemen, who
have witnessed or exjierienccd its ethcacy ; not
only as a lotion for the teeth, but a valuable appli-
cation in cases of fever, canker, diseases occasion-
ed by mercury, &c, &c. We have every rea-
son to suppose, not only from our limited experi-
ence, but from the testimony of the most scienti-
fic and best qualified judges, that this dentifrice
is a very valuable article, and one which ought \o
comi)ose a part of the contents of every medi-
cine chest, intended for domestic use or for ex-
portation. We think it preferable to anij powder,
on several accounts ; among others it may be
more easily applied to extensive surfaces, to the-
interior pans of carious teeth, injected with a
syringe, in cases of ulceration, or imbibed by the
pores and ca|vdlary tubes of the skin, &c : and
that it possesses other advantages wdnch a little
use will develope without our recajiitulation.

The above mentioned article may be obtaineil
of Messrs Lowe Sf Reed, Druggists, No. Ill,
State Street, and of most other druggists in Bos-
ton.

As this article has been counterfeited the jjub-
lic should be apprised that none is genuine except
that which has the written signature of the above
named Lowe & Reed.

We notice in the Lansinburg N. Y. papers that
the Renssela«: Horticultural Society recently held
their fourth meeting and exliibition at that place. A
lecture was delivered by Professor Eaton, and a
display of early fruits, flowers, and vegetables made,
that would do honor to any part of the country.
Mr Alexander Walsh of Lnnsinburg, brought
forward eleven varieties of cherries, two of straw-
berries, two of gooseberries, many fine vegetables,
rare plants, and specimens of last season's iieeled
silk and cocoons. We believe it is owing mainly
to the activity and public spirit of this gentleman,
that the society has been organized, which has
given a new impulse to the culture of garden crops
and fruits in.that quarter.

Cattle Show and Fair. — The Trustees of the
Winthrop Agricultm-al Society, have given notice
rhet they shall hold a Cattle Show and Fair at
Winthrop, (Me.) in September next ; and have
offered liberal premiums on Stock, Domestic
M.'inufactnres, and Grain and Vegetable crops, viz.
Indian Corn, Sprinj Wheat, Barley, Potatoes, Ru-
ta Baga, IMangel Wurtzel, and Carrots : applicants
for premiums to give the particulars of their modes
of cultivation.

We are happy to state that Doct. Malthus A-
Ward, of Salem, has accepted the invitation to
deliver ihe Annual Address before the Massachu-
setts Horticultural Society at their ensuing anni-
versary in September.

lioston and Jf'arcesta- Railroad. — About inno
hundred thousand dollars were subscribed to thia
stock, in this cit_y, by yesterday.

To Correspondents. — Several communicatk)aarec«iveil.

Vol. IX.— ?^o. 52.

AND HOIITICULTUIIAL JOURNAL.

415

Jfonl — Has fallen and is fallin;;. The Manufac-
lorcrs have nearly their slock for ihe year. The
farmers have hceii hiUing their ralves ami raising'
tlieir lariihs ; so that next year the otiaiitity of wool
in the market will be greater and the priec less ; | — . — —>

and so on, till the fanners call raisin'; wool a losing | Btes.

Imsincss, and give their slieep to the lioirs. Then I The Su'i-criber has 300 swai ms of Bees for sale. In his
wool will heeoMic searec and the priee will rise, I Patent Sli.lc lieeliivos, at 20 cents per |iound, wei^lit of

Cure for orcn strained by over drawim:. — Abont
half a pint of conirnun soap, stirred np with a quart ,
of milk, poured down the throat of the nuima'
will, we are told, speedily efi'oct a cine.

will

cacli swairn hoia -10 to 100 lbs. tare of hive ileducleil;

and more sheep will he raised andlhc pnee >vn, | ,|^^, ^^,.^^ ^|.„,,, p^,,^,,,, ,,j^.^^ ;, ^^ ^ ^^.^^^^ ^„,, ,j,^ ^^.^^
come down again, and so on iiideliniti-ly. It wdl | of ^ sinrrle ri^lit ij(5.

liowever he a i^ood luisiness on the w!i- le for
those who follow it steadily and jiulieionsly ; as all
that it brink's at the shearin;; lloor, over twentyfive
■cents per pound, where sheep are v.elU niana;jed,
is clear profit. Keep ahont as many sheep as
ynnr farm will most C(mveniei'.tly maintain, and
you will have p. steady, thouj;h unequal profit. Go
to speculating — disarrange your other hu.siuess for
tl}e sake of keeping a great many sheep, just be-
■cause wool now brings a good priec, and you will
]irobahly bring your great crop of wool to market
Justin season to Catch a loss. — Vermonl Chronicle.

Dr Drown. — This enthusiastic and scientific
iprofessor, has just commenced a course of Botani-
cal LiPCtures in this tc-.vn, which arc fashionably
attended. The terms of admission are inconsid-
erable compared with tlte value of the lectures.
We have never heard a more charming lecturer
than £L^^^irii. His faculty of illustrating ev-
ory s'uIiJ'^Bkw comes under his view, is exxelleut.
He is never tedious or unnecessarily prolix, but ai-
rways clear and energetic. His lectures are worth
the attention of all who may wish, in so easy a
manner, and at so small an expense, to obtain a
Itnowledge of the science of Botany. — Providence
Journal.

It is stated in the Aurora that 600 boxes of
strawberries have been gathered from one bed of
a quarter of an acre in West Cambridge, and that
the yield frcm it th"is season will be 1400. 100
bushels of app'os where gathered from five trees
in the same luivn last year : two yielded 25 bbls.
each.

Mr Slimpson's "Horse Car. — The experiment
made on Saturday, with the car moved by horses
travelling in it on a moving floor, was entirely
■satisfactory as to the mode of applying Horse pow-
er, as to cause a great increase of velocity with-
out increasing exertion to the horses.

The ingenious inventor has so constructed his
•car, that the horses moving it, by walking at the
rale of two and a half mdes per hour, propel
the car at the rate of fifteen miles per hour, evi-
dently with as little fatigue as horses experienced
in plocghing or travelling with a wagon conveying
a moderate loail. Tlie rate of speed appears to
us the medium, which may be used without injury
to the horses. It may be increased on a level,
or descending rail-way free from short curves
— and should be reduced in uscondiug or very
crooked roads. If the use of horso power should
be continued on our Itail-Roads such a mode of
iipplying it wouhl he important, indeed iudispensa.
bl« for travelling at a greater medium speed than
ten miles an hour. — Bait. Oaz.

a sm^rle

Al'O for sale, 2(io swarais of bees in the old lasluoned
hive, priee 17 cents per pound, tare ol hive deducted.

The above will be delivered within iihy miles of lios-
ton, in good order, (wariaiited free Iroiii mollis or other-
wise ilainagod) by the fii?l ilay of March. 1832.

All lellcis must be sent in before the lirst day of Sep-
tember, 1S31, post paid, to the sub-criber, at I'risbton,
Ma-s. so as to have lime to transpoit them h'om Maine,

N. 15. Tbe wci;^iit of the above bives will betaken
in September. EBENKZER BEARD.

July 6 cp2ai

.Medical School in Bonlon.
Tbe Medical Lectures of Harvard University dehvcr-
e& in Boston will be commenced in the Autumn, at the
usual perioil, viz. on the third WeJnesday in October.
They will be conlimied lour m"nths.

This extension in the term of Ihe Lectures has been
thought necessary to atibixl Mnie (or such a course of in-
stiOction and deinoHstraiion, as is deemed by the Faculty
to be requisite, under tbe advantages which have recent-
ly accrued to the .Sehoid.

The Legislature of Massachusetts, with an enlighten-
ed liberality, which does honor to onr age and country,
have extended the protection of law to the cultivation of
Anatomy within this Commonwealth, The advantages
which will hence result to students resorting to this
school will bo sufficiently obvious. It will be the aim ol
the Professors to carry into elTect the intentions of the
Lef^islatnrc, in such a manner as to evince at the same
time their respect for the rights of humanity, and their
interest in the promotion of the healing art.

The opportimities lor practical instruction at the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital continue undiminished.
The course of Lectures will be —
On Anatomy and Surgery, by Dr Warren.
" Chemistry, by Dr Webster.
" Materia Sledica, by Dr Bigelow.
" Obsletiics and Medical Jurisprudence, by DrChan-

ning,
" Theory and Practice of Physic and on Clinical Me-
dicine, by Dr Jackson.

AVALTER CHANNING,
Dean of the Faculty of Slecliciop,
Boston, Jime 15, 1831. 6i" jnlyltJ

1f'roiif;ht-Iron Ploughs.— Bar-Iron, S,-c.

Wr)ught-lron Ploughs, oi all sizes,— .^i/so, A Complete
assortment of American, English, .Swedes and Russia Har
Iron— .American Braziers' Ro.ls-Spike and Nad Rods,
Shoe-Shapes— Hoop and Ban. I Iron— Steel of all kinds—
Pipe-box and Mould-board plates, &c. constantly lor sale
by <;aY cV BIRD.

Glis. No, •11, India Street, Boston.

Lead Pipe.
LEAD PIPE, all si-/.cs, constantly for sale by Lincoln
Fe-iklvg U Ci> , No. no. Stale Strec',
.'Iprit 13, 1831. Gw.

Bones Wanted.
Shin and Leg Bones constantly purchased
II. GR.W Sf CO, No. es Kilby street.

April 20. 2ir,03

,y GEO.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Turnip Seed.

For sale at the Peed Store coi;nec(ed with the Nev,
England Farmer, No, 52 North Ularket Street, Boston,

200 lbs Wliite Flat Turnip Seed, the groii'th o' the
presed reason, raised in this vicinity expressly for this
Establishment,

Also— Ruta Baga of the very first qualify, of both
American and European- growth ; Yellow Aberdeen,
Yellow Stone, While Norfolk Field, and Vellow French
Turnips; Long Prickly and other Cucu'nbers, for pick-
ling, warranted genuine and fresh. july 6

Farm iVunlei' ,

Wanted, afirstiate Farm in the Ticinily of Boston,
containing 100 to 150 acres ol '.and, with a good and con-
venient house, barn, fee.

Letters (postage paid) addres.^ed to R. S. H, Salem,
Mass, giving a parliculav description ol Farms, offered,
cash price, taxes, &c, will receive immediate attention.

.\l'rLF.S,nisseliings,
ASHES, [lot. nrs( son,

IVarl, llrsl sort,
I'.K.VNS, while, ■
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, No, 'J,
ISUTTEIl, iiispertrd, No. l,ncw, -
CliEESE, new inilk,

Skimmed milk,
FL.\XSEEI),
FLUUR, r.aliinu. re, Howard-street, -

Cieiiesi'f,

Alexanilria,

Baluinore, «harf,
GRAIN, Corn, Norllicni.

Corn, Southern Yellow,

Rye,

Barley,
Outs,
HAY,

HOG'S LAUn, (irsl sort,nc-.v,
HUPS, Isl quality,
I.IME,

PL.AISTEU PARIS reiails al
I'ORK, clear,

Navy me'.s.
Cargo,1Vo. I,
SEEDS, Her, I', Grass,

Red To|. (rwrlhem)

RcdCK.ver, (northern)
TALLOW, tried,
WOOL, Merino, follblood, washed, -

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

IMerinrv, three fourths washed.

Merino, half blood,

Mo. ino, quarter,

^,alive, washed,

Pnl'ed superfyic,

Isi Lamb's,

2,1, "

3d, "

1st Spinning,

barrrl
ion.

b-jshid
barrel

0()und

barrel

bush el.

cwt.

owl.

cask.

Ion.

barrel

bushel
((

pound

cwl.

pound

FBOK TO

uonel

la') no' 103 ce

120 00 122 50

yo

8 51

G 50

C 37

15

e

3
1 12

5 25]

5 37

4 G2

4 C2
C8
63
75
GO
3b
GO

10 00

a 00

1 Oil
3 00
17 OOi
13 OOl

1 3 .w!

1751
50
1.

8 00
70
75
60
6G
4G
42
C3
58
45
30i
50

1 00

9 00
G 75
6 G2

18

8

4

I BO

5 £0

5 C2

4 87

4 75

70

66

78

6J

40

'f 25

10 00
I 25
3 25

13 00

14 Ou
14 00

-00
G'i
12

3 00
75
'80
fi3
58
4S
4a
65
GO
47
32

Temperance 1 — Here is an example worthy of
imitalion. The town of LEE, the second largest
manufacturing town in the comily of lierkshire,
Mass. has not in it a store, shop, dwelling, hoveTor
cellar, in which ardent spirit of any kind is cither
bought or sold. — Jllbany Adv.

J 'he true Sugar Beet.
For Sale at the New England Seed Store, 52, North
Market street, Boston, 100 lbs, of the (rue French Sugar
Beet Seed, — received this day from Paris, by the last
Havre packet, via Newport, The excellence ol this
root for cattle, and for culinary and other purpo-^es, is loo
wel'i known to require comment.

Also — Largo and Smalt Lima Beans — Early Dwarf
Beans — several varieties of pickling and other Cucum-
bers— Radishes, Lettuce?, Cabbages, Turnips, &e.
Broom Corn.
Also, just received, a few bushels of prime Broom Corn
raised last season in the vicinity of Connecticut river.

phovisio.x

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, fresh, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, keg and loh,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rve, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOr.S,
CIDER, (acrording in quality]

MARKET

pound

dozen
bushel

barrel. i

51,

^■1

12
13
12
EZ'

■a

so

I ool

in

7
7
8

t;
13
13
SO

11

81
81

2 (10

Brighton Markkt — Monday, July II.

f Uoporlcd for tho Chronicle and Pattiot.J

At Market this day 217 Beef Cattle ; 12 Cows and
Calves, 263G Sheep and Lambs, and about 50 small pigs.

Pricks, — Beef Cattle — We shall quote ahont the
sime we ilid last week, from $1 50 to j 50, extra at 3 67
a 5 75.

.Sheep and inmfis— Sales were noticed at 1 50. 1 73-,
1 8S, 2 00, 2 25 and 2 50 ; a few wethers at about $3.

Coics and Cu/ces- Sates were eOected at IB, 20, »t
and $30.

41G

M I S C E I. L A M Y .

The follnwiilg wns sung at the table in rharleslown, Slass. by

Jlr J. \V. Newell, in celebraliiij tlie lale aniuversaiy of llie

4th of July.

JONATHAN AND JOHN BULL.

A FESTIVE SON'G.

BY T. G. FESSENDEN.

By Bigots coerced and by Tyi'ants oppressed,
F^iir Liberty fled from the minions of Power,

And tbund an asylum in wilds of the West; — •
The glade washer mansion-house, forest her bower.

But John Bull, (in mischief not apt to demur,
A churlish curmudgeon as hi'ead ever broke,)

Declared that he meant to annihilate her,

And make her bold offspring pass under his yoke.

But Freedom's sou Jonathan, subtle and stout.
Said Bull v/as the most brutal hear ever cubb'd,

• Then quicker ihan lii^htning get off and back out,

Or I rather guess you'il get decently drubb'd.

■ Taxation no Tyranny,' that's true enough.

As Doctor Pomposity says, ne'erlheless.
To tax without representation is stulT,

Wc sOiVs OF CoLui.rBi.i sha'nt swallow, I guess.

• I've been for three months to a nice winter-school.

Have heard of JIan's Rights, and I know wliat is
wrong.
With leave of your Z»H//-ship, I'm not sucli a fool.
That my birth-right I'll swap for a sop or a song.

■ By my larnin I've found out a thing and ahnlf.

Of ccnsequence know that ' all men are born/rec ;'
Knd if I'm old Bos' legitimate calf.
Like a stag in the stanchfoiis you can't tether me .'

Bully Bull but re-butted rough words with tough horns,
Bade cannon re-belloiv tlie logic of power ;

Thus might treads on right — thus strength ever scoins
Strong reasons, though plenty asdrops in ashov/cr.

Jock couldn't stand that, and so — at it they went.
And fought like two catamounts seven long yeais;

By the least computation the combatants spent
An ocean of blooJ, and a deluge of texrs.

Indepenilenc'e we won, and establish'd at last,
Thi> brightest and best cf otir Festival days;

And the 4th of July should never be past,
Unhonor'd by Gloi y's most splendid displays.

But the Memory of Heroes, who l>Ieil on j-on heiglit.
Should chasten and hallow festivity's mirth.

And bid the philanthrrpis: hail with delight
The erd when e«ar sliall bo banislied from earth.

The epocli's approaching, we hope it 's not far,

Wlien nations shall shudder at national crimes,
And Witchcraft and IVar-craft he placed on a par,
In annals of bye-gone and haibai'ous times.

May Liberty's lambent innocuous blaze,

Lately lighted in Europe, the wide woild illume.

Bat may its most vivid and ardent displays.

Like the flame in the bush, bur.v— 6uf never coi
awne.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

morning, for twentyfive years. Hearing of the death
of a near relative in Germany, of whose property he
was the lieir, he determined to quit his milk cart,
take ship, and revisit the land of his fathers. Ac-
cordingly having put on board his mpsi valuable et-
fects, deposited in a pine chest, and having also em-
barked an American bison, for the purpose, as he
e.xpressed it, of 'making de show mit his ButTalo' —
he set sail. 'Dere vas,' said he, 'ein mun in ter

July 13, 1831.

Valuable and Cheap Land—^for Sale.
The subscriber olTers for sale, 14,0U0 acres of choice
Land, situated in the lown of Pinckney, county of Lewis
and state of New York. Some ol the land is improved
and under cultivation. The country is remarkably heal-
thy, being enlirely free from the fever and ague and from
the comii7on bilious fevers which often afflict the towns
upon Lake Ontario, this town being IS tidies east of the
lake. The soil is principally a sandy ioam, much of il
covered with rich black niould. Tlie_timber i> chiefly

ne ScL sail. J/cie vas, sani lit, v-iii uiim m K^ • ..u.t.- - . . „ Ti 1 T'l p ;

slieep, I dono vat de teivk nation ho vas; they call , Sugar Maple Black Ash, Buttemu Be^ech, Elm, &c.

this animal, which was a inonkey, the German from
the beginning showed the., most decided avcrsioii. —
He coidd not endure his iniscliiefs and grimaces, and
the monkey seemed tcf have a sense of revenge in
doing all sorts of ill turns, and practising his most
contemptible mimicries upon the German. One
day when the latter had opened his chest, and tak-
en out a bag, of which he was busy in fingering and
counting over the contents, a sudden and strange
noise on deck so alarmed him, that he ran up to see
what was the matter, dropping his bag into the open
chest. After ascertaining that there was no cause
of alarm, he was descending to the cabin, when he
saw Mungy ascending the rigging, grasping his own
bag of guineas ! The German roared for help, and
the sailors went aloft to rescue the bag, butJacko
skipped from rope to rope, and pcrcliing safely on
the extremity of a yard, he began to overhaul the
contents of the bag, while the poor German watched
his motions with a breathless anxiety. 'Mungy put
his hand in de bag, and take mine guinea ; he put
him to his nose, den chatter, chatter, chatter, and
drop him in de vatter ! take another, chatter, chat-
ter, chatter, and drop him in de bag ; take another,
and chatter, chatter, chatter, and drop him in de
vat'er ; I wonder how de teivel de tarn mungy know
dat I put vatter in de milk ; for vat belonged to de
vatter, he give it to de vatter, and what belongit to
de milk he put it in der bag.'

After the monkey had amused himself sufficiently
at the German's expense, and separated the 7ni7A; from
the water, being left to himself, he quietly descend-
ed and replaced the bag in the chest. '

lieat
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior grazing farins, a tine opportunity now offers itself.
The produce' of pasturage and hay horn an acre of this
land, is very large, fully equalling if not sui passing that
from the same quantity of land in any other ol the Black
River townships. The land is adujiiably well watered,
there bein<r nut few lots which have not ilui able running
streams upon them. The land is well ailapled to Orchard-
in<r— llie Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Slock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and to the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying
the highest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally-
from the New England .Stales, and some of them from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered lor sale at the very low
price of ftom two dollars and a hall to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a^
half to five dollars and a half for the improved lo;s. The
land will be sold in lots to suit purchasers, and from two
to five years' credit for payment, in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to purchasers,
the subscriber will receive in payment, CattL', Sheep,
Perk, Giain or Grass Seed, for which products he will
allow the highest cash prices. The tille to the land is
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Persons desirous of pui chasing will please
to apply to (he subscriber, at Henderson Haihor, county
of JetreVson,Stateof New V'oik.or to David Canfield,
Esq. on the town. JAMES H. HENDERSON.

March y.

ep

I6t

A Hogsbj Disgraced. — The following anecdote is
extracted from an address delivered before the Tem-
perance Society in Bristol, Conn: — ' A certain per-
son, whose relative gave ine the information, return-
j ing home one evening intoxicated, mistook his hog-
sty for his dvvel'.ing house ; and on attempting to
enter it, a little error in calculating the comparative
height of the door sill and his toes, caused him to
make a speedy fall at full length within. Instantly
relieved from the burden of carrying his head high-
est, he gave himself up to the full enjoyment of
drunken inaction. Startled at his abrupt intrusion,
the inmates of the sty had made a precipitate retreat
to the remotest part of il; but seeing no further
movement, then began to reconnoitre the animal
which had surprised them by conduct so much more
grovelling than their own ; and, by degrees, ventur-
ing to approach him, they cajne up around him at
length, and commenced a c oser examination by
u-ently rooting him up alternately on each side.
This hoisting by the swine, at length became so vio-
lent as rather to disturb him ; at which time the
comfortable condition in which he imagined himself
may be conceived from the exclamation that he slug-
n-islilv uttered — ' Do leave off tucking up, and come
to bed.' "

Ammunition ,_/^

01 the best quality ai.d ii.Hiest/in'ces, for sporting —
constantly lor sale at COPELAND'.s POW DER STORE,,
6 : Broad Street.

N. C. If the quality is not founil satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will bo rclm'iled. tl Jan.

Proai the i^hidiacliusulls Juurnil ami 'I'ribuiie.

A DISCRIMINATING MONKEY.
.\n industrious German in tlie neighboriiood of
Philadelphia, before th" revolution, hail laid up a
eousiderable sum of money in guineas, (at that time
tlio common and favorite currency in the colonies,
as well as in the mother country.) His gains were
«h;sfly obtained by carrying milk to market every

Hickory.

This astonishing fleet horse was raised in Monli-eal, ii
from an English blood tnare, (sire unknown,) is not In-
ferior 10 aiiy in the U. Slates for speotl, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well built, good size, and pro-
nounced by (good) judges in every respect a lirst rate
hoi-je ; trots a 3 minute gait, last walker, and has paced
around the trotting course. Long Island, in 2 minutes, 34
seconds, and was offered publicly lo match against any
hor.^e that could be produced.. It is considered unneces-
sary to say more, as his qualifications arc teo well knowrs
to fe doubled.

He will stand at Abbott's Inn, Holden, during the
season. Terms ;J3, the sea?on. 6t May 11.

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Allijinj — W»i- TiiouHuuN, .'!i7 .llarUri-siivct
Croly in his life of George the Fourth, states that ' pirhutelplda- 1). & C L.^nhketh. I'.o Ch'-sinui-sireei
George the Third, in the height of his popularity, be ~ ' " "" - - ■' '

'Bxllimoie—G. li. «JilTH , Ediliir of the Ameilcaii Farmer.
Ciriciimali—H. C. Pakkiiuust, -3,Lii\M-r Markei-slreet.
Rijs/i/Hg, N. V. W'n PU1NCE&. Sons, Prop. Liu. Bot.flardea
Mildlehunj. T(.— Vv'iGHT Chapman.
y/,(i//iir./— (JouiiwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, .Ms. — E. Edw.4.rds.

came so sensitive to the attacks made upon liim by

the opposition, in consequence of the appointment of

Lord Bute as prime minister, that he is said to liave

conceived the idea of abandoning England, and re- ^

tirino- to Hanover. Atone time, his inclination to i iVcioAij/v/port, EnF.sKZKr, SrEnMA.t, Bookseller.

take this stop was so great, that he communicated it ! I'orlfofb, N. II. J. W. Foster, >'""k*<';|er.

. .. T 1/^1 iiT.1 t 1 1 .1 , , I I /^i'W/iiH(/.jl/>;.— Sajiuel CoLjiA.'j, Bookseller.

to the Lord (chancellor Thurlow, who honestly told | 'j,,,,,,^,,;^ _,/„. Wji. Mann.

him, that ' though it might be easy to go to Hanover, h^ijjx. N. S,— P. J. llot,L^M>. Esq. Recorder OfIl«c.

it might be difficult to return to England.' ' iljuirei^! .U. C.— A. l!owaAN,nocksi-tler

i-